Sample records for total optical absorption
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Shao, Tiantian; Zheng, Hui; Song, Kaishan; Zhao, Ying; Zhang, Bai
2017-08-01
Absorption characteristics of optically active substances, including non-algal particles, phytoplankton, and chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM), were measured in conjunction with environmental factors in five rivers within the Liaohe River watershed. Spectral absorption of non-algal particles [a NAP (λ)] was similar to that of total particles for most samples, suggesting that the absorption of the total particles [a p (λ)] was dominated by a NAP (λ). The CDOM absorption spectra [a CDOM (λ)] of West Liaohe and Taizihe rivers were easily distinguished from those of Hunhe, Liaohe, and East Liaohe rivers. Redundancy analysis indicated that absorption by optically active substances and anthropogenic nutrient disturbances probably resulted in the diversity of water quality parameters. The environmental variables including dissolved organic carbon, total alkalinity (TAlk), and total nitrogen (TN) had a significant correlation with CDOM absorption at 440 nm [a CDOM (440)]. There was almost no correlation between a p (λ) and chlorophyll a, TN, total phosphorus, and TAlk. Moreover, total copper ion concentration and mercury ion concentration had a strong correlation with a p (440), a p (675), a NAP (440), and a NAP (675). The concentration of total aluminum ions exhibited a positive correlation with a p (675) and a NAP (675) (p < 0.05), and a significant correlation was observed between total arsenic concentration and a CDOM (440). Furthermore, the interaction between metal ions and optically active substances provided an insight into particulates and CDOM properties linked to water quality characteristics for rivers in semiarid areas.
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Intra-Cavity Total Reflection For High Sensitivity Measurement Of Optical Properties
Pipino, Andrew Charles Rule
1999-11-16
An optical cavity resonator device is provided for conducting sensitive murement of optical absorption by matter in any state with diffraction-limited spatial resolution through utilization of total internal reflection within a high-Q (high quality, low loss) optical cavity. Intracavity total reflection generates an evanescent wave that decays exponentially in space at a point external to the cavity, thereby providing a localized region where absorbing materials can be sensitively probed through alteration of the Q-factor of the otherwise isolated cavity. When a laser pulse is injected into the cavity and passes through the evanescent state, an amplitude loss resulting from absorption is incurred that reduces the lifetime of the pulse in the cavity. By monitoring the decay of the injected pulse, the absorption coefficient of manner within the evanescent wave region is accurately obtained from the decay time measurement.
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Intra-Cavity Total Reflection For High Sensitivity Measurement Of Optical Properties
Pipino, Andrew C. R.; Hudgens, Jeffrey W.
1999-08-24
An optical cavity resonator device is provided for conducting sensitive murement of optical absorption by matter in any state with diffraction-limited spatial resolution through utilization of total internal reflection within a high-Q (high quality, low loss) optical cavity. Intracavity total reflection generates an evanescent wave that decays exponentially in space at a point external to the cavity, thereby providing a localized region where absorbing materials can be sensitively probed through alteration of the Q-factor of the otherwise isolated cavity. When a laser pulse is injected into the cavity and passes through the evanescent state, an amplitude loss resulting from absorption is incurred that reduces the lifetime of the pulse in the cavity. By monitoring the decay of the injected pulse, the absorption coefficient of manner within the evanescent wave region is accurately obtained from the decay time measurement.
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Ultraviolet optical absorptions of semiconducting copper phosphate glasses
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Bae, Byeong-Soo; Weinberg, Michael C.
1993-01-01
Results are presented of a quantitative investigation of the change in UV optical absorption in semiconducting copper phosphate glasses with batch compositions of 40, 50, and 55 percent CuO, as a function of the Cu(2+)/Cu(total) ratio in the glasses for each glass composition. It was found that optical energy gap, E(opt), of copper phosphate glass is a function of both glass composition and Cu(2+)/Cu(total) ratio in the glass. E(opt) increases as the CuO content for fixed Cu(2+)/Cu(total) ratio and the Cu(2+)/Cu(total) ratio for fixed glass composition are reduced.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Guo, Zijian; Favazza, Christopher; Garcia-Uribe, Alejandro; Wang, Lihong V.
2012-06-01
Photoacoustic (PA) microscopy (PAM) can image optical absorption contrast with ultrasonic spatial resolution in the optical diffusive regime. Conventionally, accurate quantification in PAM requires knowledge of the optical fluence attenuation, acoustic pressure attenuation, and detection bandwidth. We circumvent this requirement by quantifying the optical absorption coefficients from the acoustic spectra of PA signals acquired at multiple optical wavelengths. With the acoustic spectral method, the absorption coefficients of an oxygenated bovine blood phantom at 560, 565, 570, and 575 nm were quantified with errors of <3%. We also quantified the total hemoglobin concentration and hemoglobin oxygen saturation in a live mouse. Compared with the conventional amplitude method, the acoustic spectral method provides greater quantification accuracy in the optical diffusive regime. The limitations of the acoustic spectral method was also discussed.
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Guo, Zijian; Favazza, Christopher; Garcia-Uribe, Alejandro
2012-01-01
Abstract. Photoacoustic (PA) microscopy (PAM) can image optical absorption contrast with ultrasonic spatial resolution in the optical diffusive regime. Conventionally, accurate quantification in PAM requires knowledge of the optical fluence attenuation, acoustic pressure attenuation, and detection bandwidth. We circumvent this requirement by quantifying the optical absorption coefficients from the acoustic spectra of PA signals acquired at multiple optical wavelengths. With the acoustic spectral method, the absorption coefficients of an oxygenated bovine blood phantom at 560, 565, 570, and 575 nm were quantified with errors of <3%. We also quantified the total hemoglobin concentration and hemoglobin oxygen saturation in a live mouse. Compared with the conventional amplitude method, the acoustic spectral method provides greater quantification accuracy in the optical diffusive regime. The limitations of the acoustic spectral method was also discussed. PMID:22734767
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Guo, Zijian; Favazza, Christopher; Garcia-Uribe, Alejandro; Wang, Lihong V
2012-06-01
Photoacoustic (PA) microscopy (PAM) can image optical absorption contrast with ultrasonic spatial resolution in the optical diffusive regime. Conventionally, accurate quantification in PAM requires knowledge of the optical fluence attenuation, acoustic pressure attenuation, and detection bandwidth. We circumvent this requirement by quantifying the optical absorption coefficients from the acoustic spectra of PA signals acquired at multiple optical wavelengths. With the acoustic spectral method, the absorption coefficients of an oxygenated bovine blood phantom at 560, 565, 570, and 575 nm were quantified with errors of <3%. We also quantified the total hemoglobin concentration and hemoglobin oxygen saturation in a live mouse. Compared with the conventional amplitude method, the acoustic spectral method provides greater quantification accuracy in the optical diffusive regime. The limitations of the acoustic spectral method was also discussed.
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Cloud and aerosol optical depths
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Pueschel, R. F.; Russell, P. B.; Ackerman, Thomas P.; Colburn, D. C.; Wrigley, R. C.; Spanner, M. A.; Livingston, J. M.
1988-01-01
An airborne Sun photometer was used to measure optical depths in clear atmospheres between the appearances of broken stratus clouds, and the optical depths in the vicinity of smokes. Results show that (human) activities can alter the chemical and optical properties of background atmospheres to affect their spectral optical depths. Effects of water vapor adsorption on aerosol optical depths are apparent, based on data of the water vapor absorption band centered around 940 nm. Smoke optical depths show increases above the background atmosphere by up to two orders of magnitude. When the total optical depths measured through clouds were corrected for molecular scattering and gaseous absorption by subtracting the total optical depths measured through the background atmosphere, the resultant values are lower than those of the background aerosol at short wavelengths. The spectral dependence of these cloud optical depths is neutral, however, in contrast to that of the background aerosol or the molecular atmosphere.
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Song, Yan Yan; Su, Dong Hui; Shao, Tian Tian
2017-06-18
The absorption characteristics of optically active constituents (OACs) in water column are important optical properties and basic parameters of establishing the inverse analysis model. Comparative analyses about seasonal variability of the optical absorption characteristics (phytoplankton, non-algal particles and chromophoric dissolved organic matter absorption characteristics) and water quality status of East Liaohe River basin were conducted based on the water samples in Erlong-hu Reservoir collected in June, September and October of 2011 and samples in East Liaohe River in October of 2012. The results demonstrated that the eutrophication status of Erlonghu Reservoir was lower in June, eutrophic in September and moderately eutrophic in October. Some of the sampling points of the East Liaohe River belonged to the middle trophic level and the other part belonged to the eutrophic level. The absorption coefficient of each component of water increased with increasing nutrient level. Besides, the absorption spectra of total suspended particulate of Erlonghu Reservoir in June and October were similar to that of non-algal particles, and chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) contributed most to the total absorption of water. The absorption spectra of total suspended particulate matter in September were similar to that of phytoplankton and phytoplankton was the dominant contributor to the total absorption. For samples of Erlonghu Reservoir in June and September, a ph (440) and total phosphorus (TP) were correlated closely with each other. Significant correlation between a ph (440) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) of Erlonghu Reservoir in June was observed, while a d (440) was only correlated with Chla. There were positive correlations between a ph (675) and Chla, Carlson index (TLI) in Erlonghu Reservoir (September) and East Liaohe River. Obvious differences of water optical properties were found between river and lake located in the East Liaohe River basin as follows: There were two types of phytoplankton spectra curves of East Liaohe River and the contribution rates of different components varied greatly from sites to sites; Phytoplankton dominated spectral absorption in waters with high nutrition level (Erlonghu Reservoir in September and the East Liaohe River) while CDOM and the particles were both the main components for Erlonghu Reservoir in June and October; CDOM was composed of large-size molecules in waters of Erlonghu Reservoir in June and in the East Liaohe River in October and mainly of small-size molecules in Erlonghu Reservoir in September and October.
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Broad Band Intra-Cavity Total Reflection Chemical Sensor
Pipino, Andrew C. R.
1998-11-10
A broadband, ultrahigh-sensitivity chemical sensor is provided that allows etection through utilization of a small, extremely low-loss, monolithic optical cavity. The cavity is fabricated from highly transparent optical material in the shape of a regular polygon with one or more convex facets to form a stable resonator for ray trajectories sustained by total internal reflection. Optical radiation enters and exits the monolithic cavity by photon tunneling in which two totally reflecting surfaces are brought into close proximity. In the presence of absorbing material, the loss per pass is increased since the evanescent waves that exist exterior to the cavity at points where the circulating pulse is totally reflected, are absorbed. The decay rate of an injected pulse is determined by coupling out an infinitesimal fraction of the pulse to produce an intensity-versus-time decay curve. Since the change in the decay rate resulting from absorption is inversely proportional to the magnitude of absorption, a quantitative sensor of concentration or absorption cross-section with 1 part-per-million/pass or better sensitivity is obtained. The broadband nature of total internal reflection permits a single device to be used over a broad wavelength range. The absorption spectrum of the surrounding medium can thereby be obtained as a measurement of inverse decay time as a function of wavelength.
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Tsuchiya, Y
2001-08-01
A concise theoretical treatment has been developed to describe the optical responses of a highly scattering inhomogeneous medium using functions of the photon path distribution (PPD). The treatment is based on the microscopic Beer-Lambert law and has been found to yield a complete set of optical responses by time- and frequency-domain measurements. The PPD is defined for possible photons having a total zigzag pathlength of l between the points of light input and detection. Such a distribution is independent of the absorption properties of the medium and can be uniquely determined for the medium under quantification. Therefore, the PPD can be calculated with an imaginary reference medium having the same optical properties as the medium under quantification except for the absence of absorption. One of the advantages of this method is that the optical responses, the total attenuation, the mean pathlength, etc are expressed by functions of the PPD and the absorption distribution.
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Contribution to a bio-optical model for remote sensing of Lena River water
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Örek, H.; Doerffer, R.; Röttgers, R.; Boersma, M.; Wiltshire, K. H.
2013-11-01
Bio-optical measurements and sampling were carried out in the delta of the Lena River (northern Siberia, Russia) between 26 June and 4 July 2011. The aim of this study was to determine the inherent optical properties of the Lena water, i.e., absorption, attenuation, and scattering coefficients, during the period of maximum runoff. This aimed to contribute to the development of a bio-optical model for use as the basis for optical remote sensing of coastal water of the Arctic. In this context the absorption by CDOM (colored dissolved organic matter) and particles, and the concentrations of total suspended matter, phytoplankton-pigments, and carbon were measured. CDOM was found to be the most dominant parameter affecting the optical properties of the river, with an absorption coefficient of 4.5-5 m-1 at 442 nm, which was almost four times higher than total particle absorption values at visible wavelength range. The wavelenght-dependence of absorption of the different water constituents was chracterized by determining the semi logarithmic spectral slope. Mean CDOM, and detritus slopes were 0.0149 nm-1(standard deviation (stdev) = 0.0003, n = 18), and 0.0057 nm-1 (stdev = 0.0017, n = 19), respectively, values which are typical for water bodies with high concentrations of dissolved and particulate carbon. Mean chlorophyll a and total suspended matter were 1.8 mg m-3 (stdev = 0.734 n = 18) and 31.9 g m-3 (stdev = 19.94, n = 27), respectively. DOC (dissolved organic carbon) was in the range 8-10 g m-3 and the total particulate carbon (PC) in the range 0.25-1.5 g m-3. The light penetration depth (Secchi disc depth) was in the range 30-90 cm and was highly correlated with the suspended matter concentration. The period of maximum river runoff in June was chosen to obtain bio-optical data when maximum water constituents are transported into the Laptev Sea. However, we are aware that more data from other seasons and other years need to be collected to establish a general bio-optical model of the Lena water and conclusively characterize the light climate with respect to primary production.
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Validation Test Report for the BioCast Optical Forecast Model Version 1.0
2015-04-09
can generate such as: total absorption (a), backscattering (bb), chlorophyll (chl), sea surface temperature (SST), diver visibility, etc. The...optical backscattering coefficient BSP - Battle Space Profiler CHARTS - Compact Hydrographic Airborne Rapid Total Survey Chl - Chlorophyll EO
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
König, Tobias A. F.; Ledin, Petr A.; Russell, Michael; Geldmeier, Jeffrey A.; Mahmoud, Mahmoud. A.; El-Sayed, Mostafa A.; Tsukruk, Vladimir V.
2015-03-01
We fabricated monolayer coatings of a silver nanocube aggregation to create a step-wise optical strip by applying different surface pressures during slow Langmuir-Blodgett deposition. The varying amount of randomly distributed nanocube aggregates with different surface coverages in gradient manner due to changes in surface pressure allows for continuous control of the polarization sensitive absorption of the incoming light over a broad optical spectrum. Optical characterization under total internal reflection conditions combined with electromagnetic simulations reveal that the broadband light absorption depends on the relative orientation of the nanoparticles to the polarization of the incoming light. By using computer simulations, we found that the electric field vector of the s-polarized light interacts with the different types of silver nanocube aggregations to excite different plasmonic resonances. The s-polarization shows dramatic changes of the plasmonic resonances at different angles of incidence (shift of 64 nm per 10° angle of incidence). With a low surface nanocube coverage (from 5% to 20%), we observed a polarization-selective high absorption of 80% (with an average 75%) of the incoming light over a broad optical range in the visible region from 400 nm to 700 nm. This large-area gradient material with location-dependent optical properties can be of particular interest for broadband light absorption, phase-sensitive sensors, and imaging.We fabricated monolayer coatings of a silver nanocube aggregation to create a step-wise optical strip by applying different surface pressures during slow Langmuir-Blodgett deposition. The varying amount of randomly distributed nanocube aggregates with different surface coverages in gradient manner due to changes in surface pressure allows for continuous control of the polarization sensitive absorption of the incoming light over a broad optical spectrum. Optical characterization under total internal reflection conditions combined with electromagnetic simulations reveal that the broadband light absorption depends on the relative orientation of the nanoparticles to the polarization of the incoming light. By using computer simulations, we found that the electric field vector of the s-polarized light interacts with the different types of silver nanocube aggregations to excite different plasmonic resonances. The s-polarization shows dramatic changes of the plasmonic resonances at different angles of incidence (shift of 64 nm per 10° angle of incidence). With a low surface nanocube coverage (from 5% to 20%), we observed a polarization-selective high absorption of 80% (with an average 75%) of the incoming light over a broad optical range in the visible region from 400 nm to 700 nm. This large-area gradient material with location-dependent optical properties can be of particular interest for broadband light absorption, phase-sensitive sensors, and imaging. Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI: 10.1039/c4nr06430e
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Giant optical field enhancement in multi-dielectric stacks by photon scanning tunneling microscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ndiaye, C.; Zerrad, M.; Lereu, A. L.; Roche, R.; Dumas, Ph.; Lemarchand, F.; Amra, C.
2013-09-01
Dielectric optical thin films, as opposed to metallic, have been very sparsely explored as good candidates for absorption-based optical field enhancement. In such materials, the low imaginary part of the refractive index implies that absorption processes are usually not predominant. This leads to dielectric-based optical resonances mainly via waveguiding modes. We show here that when properly designed, a multi-layered dielectric thin films stack can give rise to optical resonances linked to total absorption. We report here, on such dielectric stack designed to possess a theoretical optical field enhancement above 1000. Using photon scanning tunneling microscopy, we experimentally evaluate the resulting field enhancement of the stack as well as the associated penetration depth. We thus demonstrate the capability of multi-dielectric stacks in generating giant optical field with tunable penetration depth (down to few dozens of nm).
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Edner, H.; Ragnarson, P.; Svanberg, S.
The authors present measurements of the total flux of sulfur dioxide from three Italian volcanoes Etna, Stromboli, and Vulcano, measured in a three day period in Sept, 1992. The fluxes were measured from shipboard by means of an active differential absorption lidar technique, and a passive differential optical absorption spectroscopy technique. Corrections had to be applied to the passive optical technique because the light source paths were not well defined. The total fluxes were found to be roughly 25, 180, and 1300 tons/day for Vulcano, Stromboli, and Etna, respectively. 43 refs., 10 figs., 6 tabs.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Otani, Minoru; Biro, Ryuji; Ouchi, Chidane; Hasegawa, Masanobu; Suzuki, Yasuyuki; Sone, Kazuho; Niisaka, Shunsuke; Saito, Tadahiko; Saito, Jun; Tanaka, Akira
2002-06-01
The total loss that can be suffered by an antireflection (AR) coating consists of reflectance loss, absorption loss, and scatter loss. To separate these losses we developed a calorimetric absorption measurement apparatus and an ellipsoidal Coblentz hemisphere based scatterometer for 157-nm optics. Reflectance, absorption, and scatter of AR coatings were measured with these apparatuses. The AR coating samples were supplied by Japanese vendors. Each AR coating as supplied was coated with the vendor's coating design by that vendor's coating process. Our measurement apparatuses, methods, and results for these AR coatings are presented here.
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Observation and analysis of water inherent optical properties
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sun, Deyong; Li, Yunmei; Le, Chengfeng; Huang, Changchun
2008-03-01
Inherent optical property is an important part of water optical properties, and is the foundation of water color analytical model establishment. Through quantity filter technology (QFT) and backscattering meter BB9 (WETlabs Inc), absorption coefficients of CDOM, total suspended minerals and backscattering coefficients of total suspended minerals had been observed in Meiliang Bay of Taihu lake at summer and winter respectively. After analyzing the spectral characteristics of absorption and backscattering coefficients, the differences between two seasons had been illustrated adequately, and the reasons for the phenomena, which are related to the changes of water quality coefficient, had also been explained. So water environment states can be reflected by inherent optical properties. In addition, the relationship models between backscattering coefficients and suspended particle concentrations had been established, which can support coefficients for analytical models.
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Target correlation effects on neutron-nucleus total, absorption, and abrasion cross sections
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Cucinotta, Francis A.; Townsend, Lawrence W.; Wilson, John W.
1991-01-01
Second order optical model solutions to the elastic scattering amplitude were used to evaluate total, absorption, and abrasion cross sections for neutron nucleus scattering. Improved agreement with experimental data for total and absorption cross sections is found when compared with first order (coherent approximation) solutions, especially below several hundred MeV. At higher energies, the first and second order solutions are similar. There are also large differences in abrasion cross section calculations; these differences indicate a crucial role for cluster knockout in the abrasion step.
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Qin, Yuan; Michalowski, Andreas; Weber, Rudolf; Yang, Sen; Graf, Thomas; Ni, Xiaowu
2012-11-19
Ray-tracing is the commonly used technique to calculate the absorption of light in laser deep-penetration welding or drilling. Since new lasers with high brilliance enable small capillaries with high aspect ratios, diffraction might become important. To examine the applicability of the ray-tracing method, we studied the total absorptance and the absorbed intensity of polarized beams in several capillary geometries. The ray-tracing results are compared with more sophisticated simulations based on physical optics. The comparison shows that the simple ray-tracing is applicable to calculate the total absorptance in triangular grooves and in conical capillaries but not in rectangular grooves. To calculate the distribution of the absorbed intensity ray-tracing fails due to the neglected interference, diffraction, and the effects of beam propagation in the capillaries with sub-wavelength diameter. If diffraction is avoided e.g. with beams smaller than the entrance pupil of the capillary or with very shallow capillaries, the distribution of the absorbed intensity calculated by ray-tracing corresponds to the local average of the interference pattern found by physical optics.
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Specific absorption and backscatter coefficient signatures in southeastern Atlantic coastal waters
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bostater, Charles R., Jr.
1998-12-01
Measurements of natural water samples in the field and laboratory of hyperspectral signatures of total absorption and reflectance were obtained using long pathlength absorption systems (50 cm pathlength). Water was sampled in Indian River Lagoon, Banana River and Port Canaveral, Florida. Stations were also occupied in near coastal waters out to the edge of the Gulf Stream in the vicinity of Kennedy Space Center, Florida and estuarine waters along Port Royal Sound and along the Beaufort River tidal area in South Carolina. The measurements were utilized to calculate natural water specific absorption, total backscatter and specific backscatter optical signatures. The resulting optical cross section signatures suggest different models are needed for the different water types and that the common linear model may only appropriate for coastal and oceanic water types. Mean particle size estimates based on the optical cross section, suggest as expected, that particle size of oceanic particles are smaller than more turbid water types. The data discussed and presented are necessary for remote sensing applications of sensors as well as for development and inversion of remote sensing algorithms.
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Yadgarov, Lena; Choi, Charina L; Sedova, Anastasiya; Cohen, Ayala; Rosentsveig, Rita; Bar-Elli, Omri; Oron, Dan; Dai, Hongjie; Tenne, Reshef
2014-04-22
The optical and electronic properties of suspensions of inorganic fullerene-like nanoparticles of MoS2 are studied through light absorption and zeta-potential measurements and compared to those of the corresponding microscopic platelets. The total extinction measurements show that, in addition to excitonic peaks and the indirect band gap transition, a new peak is observed at 700-800 nm. This spectral peak has not been reported previously for MoS2. Comparison of the total extinction and decoupled absorption spectrum indicates that this peak largely originates from scattering. Furthermore, the dependence of this peak on nanoparticle size, shape, and surface charge, as well as solvent refractive index, suggests that this transition arises from a plasmon resonance.
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A new insight into black blooms: Synergies between optical and chemical factors
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Duan, Hongtao; Loiselle, Steven Arthur; Li, Zuochen; Shen, Qiushi; Du, Yingxun; Ma, Ronghua
2016-06-01
Black blooms have been associated with fish-kills and the loss of benthic fauna as well as closure of potable water supplies. Their frequency and duration has increased in recent decades in rivers, inland lakes and reservoirs, and has often been associated with the decay and release of organic matter (planktonic algae, aquatic macrophytes, sediment release, etc.). However, the interactions between microbial, chemical, hydrodynamic and optical conditions necessary for black blooms are poorly understood. The present study combines field investigations and laboratory mesocosm studies to show that black blooms are caused by a combination of high CDOM (chromophoric dissolved organic matter) absorption, the formation of CDOM-Fe complexes and low backscattering. Mesocosm experiments showed that black bloom conditions occur after 4 days, with a significant increase in the concentrations of Fe2+ and ∑S2-. Total absorption (excluding absorption due to water) at 440 nm increased by 30% over this time to 7.3 m-1. In addition, the relative contribution of CDOM absorption to the non-water total absorption increased from 18% to 50%. Regression analyses between chemical and bio-optical data in both field and mesocosm experiments indicated that the concentrations of Fe2+ co-varied positively with CDOM absorption ag(440) (R2 > 0.70), and the specific CDOM absorption (ag(440)/DOC). Conditions that favored the development of black blooms were elevated algal or macrophyte biomass and limited water column mixing.
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Dmitriev, Egor V; Khomenko, Georges; Chami, Malik; Sokolov, Anton A; Churilova, Tatyana Y; Korotaev, Gennady K
2009-03-01
The absorption of sunlight by oceanic constituents significantly contributes to the spectral distribution of the water-leaving radiance. Here it is shown that current parameterizations of absorption coefficients do not apply to the optically complex waters of the Crimea Peninsula. Based on in situ measurements, parameterizations of phytoplankton, nonalgal, and total particulate absorption coefficients are proposed. Their performance is evaluated using a log-log regression combined with a low-pass filter and the nonlinear least-square method. Statistical significance of the estimated parameters is verified using the bootstrap method. The parameterizations are relevant for chlorophyll a concentrations ranging from 0.45 up to 2 mg/m(3).
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Rezaei, G.; Vaseghi, B.; Doostimotlagh, N. A.
2012-03-01
Simultaneous effects of an on-center hydrogenic impurity and band edge non-parabolicity on intersubband optical absorption coefficients and refractive index changes of a typical GaAs/AlxGa1-x As spherical quantum dot are theoretically investigated, using the Luttinger—Kohn effective mass equation. So, electronic structure and optical properties of the system are studied by means of the matrix diagonalization technique and compact density matrix approach, respectively. Finally, effects of an impurity, band edge non-parabolicity, incident light intensity and the dot size on the linear, the third-order nonlinear and the total optical absorption coefficients and refractive index changes are investigated. Our results indicate that, the magnitudes of these optical quantities increase and their peaks shift to higher energies as the influences of the impurity and the band edge non-parabolicity are considered. Moreover, incident light intensity and the dot size have considerable effects on the optical absorption coefficients and refractive index changes.
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Biomass burning dominates brown carbon absorption in the rural southeastern United States
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Washenfelder, R. A.; Attwood, A. R.; Brock, C. A.; Guo, H.; Xu, L.; Weber, R. J.; Ng, N. L.; Allen, H. M.; Ayres, B. R.; Baumann, K.; Cohen, R. C.; Draper, D. C.; Duffey, K. C.; Edgerton, E.; Fry, J. L.; Hu, W. W.; Jimenez, J. L.; Palm, B. B.; Romer, P.; Stone, E. A.; Wooldridge, P. J.; Brown, S. S.
2015-01-01
carbon aerosol consists of light-absorbing organic particulate matter with wavelength-dependent absorption. Aerosol optical extinction, absorption, size distributions, and chemical composition were measured in rural Alabama during summer 2013. The field site was well located to examine sources of brown carbon aerosol, with influence by high biogenic organic aerosol concentrations, pollution from two nearby cities, and biomass burning aerosol. We report the optical closure between measured dry aerosol extinction at 365 nm and calculated extinction from composition and size distribution, showing agreement within experiment uncertainties. We find that aerosol optical extinction is dominated by scattering, with single-scattering albedo values of 0.94 ± 0.02. Black carbon aerosol accounts for 91 ± 9% of the total carbonaceous aerosol absorption at 365 nm, while organic aerosol accounts for 9 ± 9%. The majority of brown carbon aerosol mass is associated with biomass burning, with smaller contributions from biogenically derived secondary organic aerosol.
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The absorption budget of fresh biomass burning aerosol from realistic laboratory fires
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wagner, N. L.; Adler, G. A.; Franchin, A.; Lamb, K.; Manfred, K.; Middlebrook, A. M.; Selimovic, V.; Schwarz, J. P.; Washenfelder, R. A.; Womack, C.; Yokelson, R. J.
2017-12-01
Wildfires are expected to increase globally due to climate change. The smoke from these wildfires has a highly uncertain radiative effect, largely due to the lack of detailed understanding of its optical properties. As part of the NOAA FIREX project, we have measured the optical properties of smoke primarily from laboratory burning of North American fuels at the Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory. Here, we present a budget of the aerosol absorption from a portion of the laboratory fires. The total aerosol absorption was measured with photoacoustic spectrometers (PAS) at four wavelengths (405 nm, 532 nm, 660 nm, 870 nm) spanning the visible spectral region. The aerosol absorption is attributed to black carbon which absorbs broadly across the visible and ultraviolet (UV) spectral region and brown carbon (BrC) which absorbs in the blue and UV spectral regions. Then aerosol absorption measurements are compared with measurements of refractory black carbon (rBC) concentration by laser induced incandescence (SP2) and measurements of BrC concentration from a particle-into-liquid sampler coupled to a liquid absorption cell (BrC-PILS). Periodically, a thermodenuder was inserted upstream of all of the instruments to constrain the relationship between aerosol volatility and absorption. We synthesize these measurements to constrain the various contributors to total absorption including effects of lensing on rBC absorption, and of BrC that is not volatilized in the thermodenuder.
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Optical switching property of electromagnetically induced transparency in a Λ system
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhang, Lianshui; Wang, Jian; Feng, Xiaomin; Yang, Lijun; Li, Xiaoli; Zhao, Min
2008-12-01
In this paper we study the coherent transient property of a Λ-three-level system (Ωd = 0) and a quasi- Λ -four-level system (Ωd>0). Optical switching of the probe field can be achieved by applying a pulsed coupling field or rf field. In Λ -shaped three-level system, when the coupling field was switched on, there is a almost total transparency of the probe field and the time required for the absorption changing from 90% to 10% of the maximum absorption is 2.9Γ0 (Γ0 is spontaneous emission lifetime). When the coupling field was switched off, there is an initial increase of the probe field absorption and then gradually evolves to the maximum of absorption of the two-level absorption, the time required for the absorption of the system changing from 10% to 90% is 4.2Γ0. In four-level system, where rf driving field is used as switching field, to achieve the same depth of the optical switching, the time of the optical switching is 2.5Γ0 and 6.1Γ0, respectively. The results show that with the same depth of the optical switching, the switch-on time of the four-level system is shorter than that of the three-level system, while the switch-off time of the four-level system is longer. The depth of the optical switching of the four-level system was much larger than that of the three-level system, where the depth of the optical switching of the latter is merely 14.8% of that of the former. The speed of optical switching of the two systems can be increased by the increase of Rabi frequency of coupling field or rf field.
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Optical properties of the Tietz-Hua quantum well under the applied external fields
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kasapoglu, E.; Sakiroglu, S.; Ungan, F.; Yesilgul, U.; Duque, C. A.; Sökmen, I.
2017-12-01
In this study, the effects of the electric and magnetic fields as well as structure parameter- γ on the total absorption coefficient, including linear and third order nonlinear absorption coefficients for the optical transitions between any two subband in the Tietz-Hua quantum well have been investigated. The optical transitions were investigated by using the density matrix formalism and the perturbation expansion method. The Tietz-Hua quantum well becomes narrower (wider) when the γ - structure parameter increases (decreases) and so the energies of the bound states will be functions of this parameter. Therefore, we can provide the red or blue shift in the peak position of the absorption coefficient by changing the strength of the electric and magnetic fields as well as the structure parameters and these results can be used to adjust and control the optical properties of the Tietz-Hua quantum well.
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Investigating the Spectral Dependence of Biomass Burning Aerosol Optical Properties
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Odwuor, A.; Corr, C.; Pusede, S.
2016-12-01
Aerosol optical properties, such as light absorption and scattering, are important for understanding how aerosols affect the global radiation budget and for comparison with data gathered from remote sensing. It has been established that the optical properties of aerosols are wavelength dependent, although some remote sensing measurements do not consider this. Airborne measurements of these optical properties were used to calculate the absorption Angstrom exponent, a parameter that characterizes the wavelength dependence of light absorption by aerosols, and single scattering albedo, which measures the relative magnitude of light scattering to total extinction (scattering and absorption combined). Aerosols produced by biomass burning in Saskatchewan, Canada in July 2008 and a forest fire in Southern California, U.S. in June 2016 were included in this analysis. These wildfires were sampled by the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) and NASA Student Airborne Research Program (SARP) missions, respectively. Aerosol absorption was measured using a particle soot photometer (PSAP) at 470, 532 and 660 nm. Scattering was measured using a 3-wavelength (450, 550 and 700 nm) nephelometer. Absorption Angstrom exponents were calculated at 470 and 660 nm and single scattering albedos were calculated at 450 and 550 nm. Results of this study indicate that disregarding the wavelength dependence of organic aerosol can understate the positive radiative forcing (warming) associated with aerosol absorption.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Vartanian, A. L.; Asatryan, A. L.; Vardanyan, L. A.
2017-03-01
We have investigated the influence of an image charge effect (ICE) on the energies of the ground and first few excited states of a hydrogen-like impurity in a spherical quantum dot (QD) in the presence of an external electric field. The oscillator strengths of transitions from the 1 s -like state to excited states of 2px and 2pz symmetries are calculated as the functions of the strengths of the confinement potential and the electric field. Also, we have studied the effect of image charges on linear and third-order nonlinear optical absorption coefficients and refractive index changes (RICs). The results show that image charges lead to the decrease of energies for all the hydrogen-like states, to the significant enhancement of the oscillator strengths of transitions between the impurity states, and to comparatively large blue shifts in linear, nonlinear, and total absorption coefficients and refractive index changes. Our results indicate that the total optical characteristics can be controlled by the strength of the confinement and the electric field.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hu, Chuanmin; Lee, Zhongping; Muller-Karger, Frank E.; Carder, Kendall L.
2003-05-01
A spectra-matching optimization algorithm, designed for hyperspectral sensors, has been implemented to process SeaWiFS-derived multi-spectral water-leaving radiance data. The algorithm has been tested over Southwest Florida coastal waters. The total spectral absorption and backscattering coefficients can be well partitioned with the inversion algorithm, resulting in RMS errors generally less than 5% in the modeled spectra. For extremely turbid waters that come from either river runoff or sediment resuspension, the RMS error is in the range of 5-15%. The bio-optical parameters derived in this optically complex environment agree well with those obtained in situ. Further, the ability to separate backscattering (a proxy for turbidity) from the satellite signal makes it possible to trace water movement patterns, as indicated by the total absorption imagery. The derived patterns agree with those from concurrent surface drifters. For waters where CDOM overwhelmingly dominates the optical signal, however, the procedure tends to regard CDOM as the sole source of absorption, implying the need for better atmospheric correction and for adjustment of some model coefficients for this particular region.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Jordan, C. E.; Stauffer, R. M.; Lamb, B.; Novak, M. G.; Mannino, A.; Hudgins, C.; Thornhill, K. L., II; Crosbie, E.; Winstead, E.; Anderson, B.; Martin, R.; Shook, M.; Ziemba, L. D.; Beyersdorf, A. J.; Corr, C.
2017-12-01
A new in situ spectral aerosol extinction instrument (custom built, SpEx) built to cover the 300-700 nm range at 1 nm spectral resolution and temporal resolution of 4 minutes was deployed on the top deck ( 10 m above the water surface) of the R/V Onnuri during the KORUS-OC research cruise around South Korea in spring 2016. This new instrument was one component of a suite of in situ aerosol optical measurements that included 3-visible-wavelength scattering (Airphoton IN101 Nephelometer, at 450, 532, & 632 nm) and absorption (Brechtel Tricolor Absorption Photometer Model 2901, at 467, 528, & 652 nm) with sub-minute temporal resolution; two sets of filters (Teflon and glass fiber, both collected over 3 hour daytime and 12 hour overnight intervals) to provide aerosol absorption spectra over the same wavelength range as SpEx. The glass fiber filters were placed in the center of an integrating sphere (Labsphere DRA-CA-30) attached to a dual beam spectrophotometer (Cary 100 Bio UV-Visible Spectrophotometer) to measure total aerosol absorption spectra via an established method used by the ocean color community to obtain absorption spectra from particles suspended in sea water. Adapting this methodology for atmospheric aerosol measurements provides a new avenue to obtain spectral total aerosol absorption, particularly useful for expanding in situ measurement capabilities into the UV range. The Teflon filters were cut in half with one half extracted in deionized water and the other half extracted in methanol. The solutions were filtered and injected into a liquid waveguide capillary cell (World Precision Instruments LWCC-3100, 100 cm pathlength) to measure the absorption spectra for each solution. In addition, the water extracts were measured via ion chromatography (Dionex ICS-3000 Ion Chromatography System) to obtain water-soluble inorganic ion concentrations, as well as via aerosol mass spectrometry (Aerodyne Research, Inc. HR-ToF High Resolution Aerosol Mass Spectrometer) to obtain organic aerosol concentrations. Results from the KORUS-OC data set will be discussed. In particular, the relationships between the optical information and chemical information will be examined.
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Optical properties of armchair (7, 7) single walled carbon nanotubes
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Gharbavi, K.; Badehian, H., E-mail: hojatbadehian@gmail.com
2015-07-15
Full potential linearized augmented plane waves method with the generalized gradient approximation for the exchange-correlation potential was applied to calculate the optical properties of (7, 7) single walled carbon nanotubes. The both x and z directions of the incident photons were applied to estimate optical gaps, dielectric function, electron energy loss spectroscopies, optical conductivity, optical extinction, optical refractive index and optical absorption coefficient. The results predict that dielectric function, ε (ω), is anisotropic since it has higher peaks along z-direction than x-direction. The static optical refractive constant were calculated about 1.4 (z-direction) and 1.1 (x- direction). Moreover, the electron energymore » loss spectroscopy showed a sharp π electron plasmon peaks at about 6 eV and 5 eV for z and x-directions respectively. The calculated reflection spectra show that directions perpendicular to the tube axis have further optical reflection. Moreover, z-direction indicates higher peaks at absorption spectra in low range energies. Totally, increasing the diameter of armchair carbon nanotubes cause the optical band gap, static optical refractive constant and optical reflectivity to decrease. On the other hand, increasing the diameter cause the optical absorption and the optical conductivity to increase. Moreover, the sharp peaks being illustrated at optical spectrum are related to the 1D structure of CNTs which confirm the accuracy of the calculations.« less
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Liang, Xiaoping; Zhang, Qizhi; Staal, Stephen; Grobmyer, Stephen; Jiang, Huabei
2009-02-01
Multispectral and phase-contrast diffuse optical tomography are used to track treatment progress in a patient with locally advanced invasive carcinoma of the breast cancer during neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Two types of chemotherapy treatment including four cycles of Adriamycin/Cytoxin (AC cycles) and twelve cycles of Taxol/Herceptin (TH cycles) were applied to patient. A total of eight optical exams were performed before and within the chemotherapy. Images of tissue refractive index, and absorption and scattering coefficients, as well as oxy-hemoglobin and deoxy-hemoglobin concentrations along with scattering particle volume fraction and mean diameter of cellular components were all obtained. The tumor was identified through absorption and scattering images. Tumor shrinkage was observed during the course of chemotherapy from all the optical images. Our results show that oxy-hemoglobin, deoxy-hemoglobin and total hemoglobin in tumor decreased after chemotherapy compared to that of before chemotherapy. Significant changes in tumor refractive index along with tumor cellular morphology during the entire chemotherapy are also observed.
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Rezaei, Nasim; Isabella, Olindo; Vroon, Zeger; Zeman, Miro
2018-01-22
A 3-D optical modelling was calibrated to calculate the light absorption and the total reflection of fabricated CIGS solar cells. Absorption losses at molybdenum (Mo) / CIGS interface were explained in terms of plasmonic waves. To quench these losses, we assumed the insertion of a lossless dielectric spacer between Mo and CIGS, whose optical properties were varied. We show that such a spacer with low refractive index and proper thickness can significantly reduce absorption in Mo in the long wavelength regime and improve the device's rear reflectance, thus leading to enhanced light absorption in the CIGS layer. Therefore, we optimized a realistic two-layer MgF 2 / Al 2 O 3 dielectric spacer to exploit (i) the passivation properties of ultra-thin Al 2 O 3 on the CIGS side for potential high open-circuit voltage and (ii) the low refractive index of MgF 2 on the Mo side to reduce its optical losses. Combining our realistic spacer with optically-optimized point contacts increases the implied photocurrent density of a 750 nm-thick CIGS layer by 10% for the wavelengths between 700 and 1150 nm with respect to the reference cell. The elimination of plasmonic resonances in the new structure leads to a higher electric field magnitude at the bottom of CIGS layer and justifies the improved optical performance.
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Chin, Mian; Dubovik, Oleg; Holben, Brent; Torres, Omar; Anderson, Tad; Quinn, Patricia; Ginoux, Paul
2004-01-01
Aerosol absorption in the atmosphere poses a major uncertainty in assessing the aerosol climate effects. This uncertainty arises from the poorly quantified aerosol sources, especially black carbon emissions, and our limited knowledge of aerosol mixing state and optical properties. Here we use a global model GOCART to simulate atmospheric aerosols, including sulfate, black carbon, organic carbon, dust, and sea salt. We compare the model calculated total aerosol optical thickness, extinction, and absorption with those quantities from the ground-based sun photometer measurements from AERONET, satellite retrievals from the TOMS instrument, and field observations from ACE-Asia. We will examine the most sensitive factors in determining the aerosol absorption. and the consequences of assessing the aerosol radiative forcing and atmospheric heating associated with those factors.
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Chin, Mian; Dubovik, Oleg; Holben, Brent; Anderson, Tad; Quinn, Patricia; Duncan, Bryan; Ginoux, Paul
2003-01-01
Aerosol absorption in the atmosphere poses a major uncertainty in assessing the aerosol climate effects. This uncertainty arises from the poorly quantified aerosol sources, especially black carbon emissions, and our limited knowledge of aerosol mixing state and optical properties. Here we use a global model GOCART to simulate atmospheric aerosols, including sulfate, black carbon, organic carbon, dust, and sea salt. We compare the model calculated total aerosol optical thickness, extinction, and absorption with those quantities from the ground-based sun photometer measurements from AERONET at several different wavelengths and the field observations from ACE-Asia. We will examine what are the most sensitive factors in determining the aerosol absorption, and the consequences of assessing the aerosol radiative forcing and atmospheric heating associated with those factors.
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Chin, Main; Dubovik, Oleg; Holben, Brent; Anderson, Tad; Quinn, Patricia; Duncan, Bryan; Ginoux, Paul
2004-01-01
Aerosol absorption in the atmosphere poses a major uncertainty in assessing the aerosol climate effects. This uncertainty arises from the poorly quantified aerosol sources, especially black carbon emissions, and our limited knowledge of aerosol mixing state and optical properties. Here we use a global model GOCART to simulate atmospheric aerosols, including sulfate, black carbon, organic carbon, dust, and sea salt. We compare the model calculated total aerosol optical thickness, extinction, and absorption with those quantities from the ground-based sun photometer measurements from AERONET at several different wavelengths and the field observations from ACE-Asia. We will examine the most sensitive factors in determining the aerosol absorption, and the consequences of assessing the aerosol radiative forcing and atmospheric heating associated with those factors.
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Brown carbon and internal mixing in biomass burning particles
Lack, Daniel A.; Langridge, Justin M.; Bahreini, Roya; Cappa, Christopher D.; Middlebrook, Ann M.; Schwarz, Joshua P.
2012-01-01
Biomass burning (BB) contributes large amounts of black carbon (BC) and particulate organic matter (POM) to the atmosphere and contributes significantly to the earth’s radiation balance. BB particles can be a complicated optical system, with scattering and absorption contributions from BC, internal mixtures of BC and POM, and wavelength-dependent absorption of POM. Large amounts of POM can also be externally mixed. We report on the unique ability of multi-wavelength photo-acoustic measurements of dry and thermal-denuded absorption to deconstruct this complicated wavelength-dependent system of absorption and mixing. Optical measurements of BB particles from the Four Mile Canyon fire near Boulder, Colorado, showed that internal mixtures of BC and POM enhanced absorption by up to 70%. The data supports the assumption that the POM was very weakly absorbing at 532 nm. Enhanced absorption at 404 nm was in excess of 200% above BC absorption and varied as POM mass changed, indicative of absorbing POM. Absorption by internal mixing of BC and POM contributed 19( ± 8)% to total 404-nm absorption, while BC alone contributed 54( ± 16)%. Approximately 83% of POM mass was externally mixed, the absorption of which contributed 27( ± 15)% to total particle absorption (at 404 nm). The imaginary refractive index and mass absorption efficiency (MAE) of POM at 404 nm changed throughout the sampling period and were found to be 0.007 ± 0.005 and 0.82 ± 0.43 m2 g-1, respectively. Our analysis shows that the MAE of POM can be biased high by up to 50% if absorption from internal mixing of POM and BC is not included. PMID:22927381
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Brown carbon and internal mixing in biomass burning particles.
Lack, Daniel A; Langridge, Justin M; Bahreini, Roya; Cappa, Christopher D; Middlebrook, Ann M; Schwarz, Joshua P
2012-09-11
Biomass burning (BB) contributes large amounts of black carbon (BC) and particulate organic matter (POM) to the atmosphere and contributes significantly to the earth's radiation balance. BB particles can be a complicated optical system, with scattering and absorption contributions from BC, internal mixtures of BC and POM, and wavelength-dependent absorption of POM. Large amounts of POM can also be externally mixed. We report on the unique ability of multi-wavelength photo-acoustic measurements of dry and thermal-denuded absorption to deconstruct this complicated wavelength-dependent system of absorption and mixing. Optical measurements of BB particles from the Four Mile Canyon fire near Boulder, Colorado, showed that internal mixtures of BC and POM enhanced absorption by up to 70%. The data supports the assumption that the POM was very weakly absorbing at 532 nm. Enhanced absorption at 404 nm was in excess of 200% above BC absorption and varied as POM mass changed, indicative of absorbing POM. Absorption by internal mixing of BC and POM contributed 19( ± 8)% to total 404-nm absorption, while BC alone contributed 54( ± 16)%. Approximately 83% of POM mass was externally mixed, the absorption of which contributed 27( ± 15)% to total particle absorption (at 404 nm). The imaginary refractive index and mass absorption efficiency (MAE) of POM at 404 nm changed throughout the sampling period and were found to be 0.007 ± 0.005 and 0.82 ± 0.43 m(2) g(-1), respectively. Our analysis shows that the MAE of POM can be biased high by up to 50% if absorption from internal mixing of POM and BC is not included.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Prabhakaran, Sai Shri; Sahu, Sanjay Kumar; Dev, Pravin Jeba; Shanmugam, Palanisamy
2018-05-01
Spectral absorption coefficients of particulate (algal and non-algal components) and dissolved substances are modelled and combined with the pure seawater component to determine the total light absorption coefficients of seawater in the Bay of Bengal. Two parameters namely chlorophyll-a (Chl) concentration and turbidity were measured using commercially available instruments with high sampling rates. For modelling the light absorption coefficients of oceanic waters, the measured data are classified into two broad groups - algal dominant and non-algal particle (NAP) dominant. With these criteria the individual absorption coefficients of phytoplankton and NAP were established based on their concentrations using an iterative method. To account for the spectral dependence of absorption by phytoplankton, the wavelength-dependent coefficients were introduced into the model. The CDOM absorption was determined by subtracting the individual absorption coefficients of phytoplankton and NAP from the measured total absorption data and then related to the Chl concentration. Validity of the model is assessed based on independent in-situ data from certain discrete locations in the Bay of Bengal. The total absorption coefficients estimated using the new model by considering the contributions of algal, non-algal and CDOM have good agreement with the measured total absorption data with the error range of 6.9 to 28.3%. Results obtained by the present model are important for predicting the propagation of the radiant energy within the ocean and interpreting remote sensing observation data.
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Colina-Márquez, Jose; Machuca-Martínez, Fiderman; Li Puma, Gianluca
2010-07-01
This study provides a systematic and quantitative approach to the analysis and optimization of solar photocatalytic reactors utilized in environmental applications such as pollutant remediation and conversion of biomass (waste) to hydrogen. Ray tracing technique was coupled with the six-flux absorption scattering model (SFM) to analyze the complex radiation field in solar compound parabolic collectors (CPC) and tubular photoreactors. The absorption of solar radiation represented by the spatial distribution of the local volumetric rate of photon absorption (LVRPA) depends strongly on catalyst loading and geometry. The total radiation absorbed in the reactors, the volumetric rate of absorption (VRPA), was analyzed as a function of the optical properties (scattering albedo) of the photocatalyst. The VRPA reached maxima at specific catalyst concentrations in close agreement with literature experimental studies. The CPC has on average 70% higher photon absorption efficiency than a tubular reactor and requires 39% less catalyst to operate under optimum conditions. The "apparent optical thickness" is proposed as a new dimensionless parameter for optimization of CPC and tubular reactors. It removes the dependence of the optimum catalyst concentration on tube diameter and photocatalyst scattering albedo. For titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) Degussa P25, maximum photon absorption occurs at apparent optical thicknesses of 7.78 for CPC and 12.97 for tubular reactors.
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Pulsatile and steady-state hemodynamics of the human patella bone by diffuse optical spectroscopy.
Farzam, Parisa; Zirak, Peyman; Binzoni, Tiziano; Durduran, Turgut
2013-08-01
The cardiac cycle related pulsatile behavior of the absorption and scattering coefficients of diffuse light and the corresponding alterations in hemoglobin concentrations in the human patella was studied. The pulsations in scattering is considerably smaller than absorption. The difference in amplitude of absorption coefficient pulsations for different wavelengths was translated to pulsations in oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin, which leads to strong pulsations in the total hemoglobin concentration and oxygen saturation. The physiological origin of the observed signals was confirmed by applying a thigh-cuff. Moreover, we have investigated the optical and physiological properties of the patella bone and their changes in response to arterial cuff occlusion.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Louban, Ilia; Píriz, Gustavo; Platt, Ulrich; Frins, Erna
2008-04-01
SO2 and NO2 were remotely measured in a main street of Montevideo city using Multiaxis-Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) combined with on-field selected targets. Target-based measurements are the basis of a new experimental procedure called Topographic Target Light scattering-DOAS (TOTAL-DOAS) that provides a well define absorption path to measure the near surface distribution of trace gases in the boundary layer. It combines the measurement principles of the long-path DOAS and zenith-scattered sunlight DOAS, within the near UV and VIS spectral range. We give a general description of the procedure and present first results of the 2006 campaign at Montevideo.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Al, E. B.; Kasapoglu, E.; Sakiroglu, S.; Duque, C. A.; Sökmen, I.
2018-04-01
For a quantum well which has the Tietz-Hua potential, the ground and some excited donor impurity binding energies and the total absorption coefficients, including linear and third order nonlinear terms for the transitions between the related impurity states with respect to the structure parameters and the impurity position as well as the electric field strength are investigated. The binding energies were obtained using the effective-mass approximation within a variational scheme and the optical transitions between any two impurity states were calculated by using the density matrix formalism and the perturbation expansion method. Our results show that the effects of the electric field and the structure parameters on the optical transitions are more pronounced. So we can adjust the red or blue shift in the peak position of the absorption coefficient by changing the strength of the electric field as well as the structure parameters.
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Nucleon and deuteron scattering cross sections from 25 MV/Nucleon to 22.5 GeV/Nucleon
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Townsend, L. W.; Wilson, J. W.; Bidasaria, H. B.
1983-01-01
Within the context of a double-folding optical potential approximation to the exact nucleus-nucleus multiple-scattering series, eikonal scattering theory is used to generate tables of nucleon and deuteron total and absorption cross sections at kinetic energies between 25 MeV/nucleon and 22.5 GeV/nucleon for use in cosmic-ray transport and shielding studies. Comparisons of predictions for nucleon-nucleus and deuteron-nucleus absorption and total cross sections with experimental data are also made.
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Linear and nonlinear magneto-optical properties of monolayer phosphorene
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Nguyen, Chuong V.; Ngoc Hieu, Nguyen; Duque, C. A.; Quoc Khoa, Doan; Van Hieu, Nguyen; Van Tung, Luong; Vinh Phuc, Huynh
2017-01-01
We theoretically study the magneto-optical properties of monolayer phosphorene under a perpendicular magnetic field. We evaluate linear, third-order nonlinear, and total absorption coefficients and relative refractive index changes as functions of the photon energy and the magnetic field, and show that they are strongly influenced by the magnetic field. The magneto-optical absorption coefficients and relative refractive index changes appear in two different regimes: the microwave to THz and the visible frequency. The amplitude of intra-band transition peaks is larger than that of the inter-band transitions. The resonant peaks are blue-shifted with the magnetic field. Our results demonstrate the potential of monolayer phosphorene as a new two-dimensional material for applications in nano-electronic and optical devices as a promising alternative to graphene.
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2007-08-01
solely to the absorption by the calibration gas. By equating the path-integrated extinction to the total absorption, we have ε(1/m) = α(1/m), where 6 α...using a high-resolution (0.02 wave-number) Bomem MR Series FTIR spectrometer. A radiometrically stabilized IR Nernst glow-bar is used as the broadband
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Wang, Dongxing; Zhu, Wenqi; Best, Michael D.; Camden, Jon P.; Crozier, Kenneth B.
2013-01-01
The ability to detect molecules at low concentrations is highly desired for applications that range from basic science to healthcare. Considerable interest also exists for ultrathin materials with high optical absorption, e.g. for microbolometers and thermal emitters. Metal nanostructures present opportunities to achieve both purposes. Metal nanoparticles can generate gigantic field enhancements, sufficient for the Raman spectroscopy of single molecules. Thin layers containing metal nanostructures (“metasurfaces”) can achieve near-total power absorption at visible and near-infrared wavelengths. Thus far, however, both aims (i.e. single molecule Raman and total power absorption) have only been achieved using metal nanostructures produced by techniques (high resolution lithography or colloidal synthesis) that are complex and/or difficult to implement over large areas. Here, we demonstrate a metasurface that achieves the near-perfect absorption of visible-wavelength light and enables the Raman spectroscopy of single molecules. Our metasurface is fabricated using thin film depositions, and is of unprecedented (wafer-scale) extent. PMID:24091825
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2014-01-01
7330-14-2132. REFERENCE [1] Guo, Z., Lin, T., Zhang, G., et al., "The sedimentary fluxes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Yangtze ...Total Light Absorption in Optically Complex Waters, a Case Study in Yangtze Estuary and Adjacent Coast," Advances in Computational Environment
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Chen, Qingcai; Ikemori, Fumikazu; Mochida, Michihiro
2016-10-18
The present study used a combination of solvent and solid-phase extractions to fractionate organic compounds with different polarities from total suspended particulates in Nagoya, Japan, and their optical characteristics were obtained on the basis of their UV-visible absorption spectra and excitation-emission matrices (EEMs). The relationship between their optical characteristics and chemical structures was investigated based on high-resolution aerosol mass spectra (HR-AMS spectra), soft ionization mass spectra and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra. The major light-absorption organics were less polar organic fractions, which tended to have higher mass absorption efficiencies (MAEs) and lower wavelength dependent Ångström exponents (Å) than the more polar organic fractions. Correlation analyses indicate that organic compounds with O and N atoms may contribute largely to the total light absorption and fluorescence of the organic aerosol components. The extracts from the aerosol samples were further characterized by a classification of the EEM profiles using a PARAFAC model. Different fluorescence components in the aerosol organic EEMs were associated with specific AMS ions and with different functional groups from the FT-IR analysis. These results may be useful to determine and further classify the chromophores in atmospheric organic aerosols using EEM spectroscopy.
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Bio-Optics of the Chesapeake Bay from Measurements and Radiative Transfer Calculations
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Tzortziou, Maria; Herman, Jay R.; Gallegos, Charles L.; Neale, Patrick J.; Subramaniam, Ajit; Harding, Lawrence W., Jr.; Ahmad, Ziauddin
2005-01-01
We combined detailed bio-optical measurements and radiative transfer (RT) modeling to perform an optical closure experiment for optically complex and biologically productive Chesapeake Bay waters. We used this experiment to evaluate certain assumptions commonly used when modeling bio-optical processes, and to investigate the relative importance of several optical characteristics needed to accurately model and interpret remote sensing ocean-color observations in these Case 2 waters. Direct measurements were made of the magnitude, variability, and spectral characteristics of backscattering and absorption that are critical for accurate parameterizations in satellite bio-optical algorithms and underwater RT simulations. We found that the ratio of backscattering to total scattering in the mid-mesohaline Chesapeake Bay varied considerably depending on particulate loading, distance from land, and mixing processes, and had an average value of 0.0128 at 530 nm. Incorporating information on the magnitude, variability, and spectral characteristics of particulate backscattering into the RT model, rather than using a volume scattering function commonly assumed for turbid waters, was critical to obtaining agreement between RT calculations and measured radiometric quantities. In situ measurements of absorption coefficients need to be corrected for systematic overestimation due to scattering errors, and this correction commonly employs the assumption that absorption by particulate matter at near infrared wavelengths is zero.
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
DSa, E. J.; Miller, R. L.; DelCastillo, C.
2003-01-01
The Mississippi River Bight is a highly dynamic region influenced by the seasonally variable outflow from the Mississippi River. In an effort to characterize the distribution of particulate and dissolved organic matter in the region, we conducted a two-year field program in the spring and fall (high and low flow river discharge) of 2000 and 2002. We collected a comprehensive set of bio-optical measurements consisting of vertical profiles (absorption, scattering, chlorophyll fluorescence and radiometry) and discrete measurements (pigment concentrations, particulate and CDOM absorption) that enabled us to obtain better insight into the seasonal and spatial variability of some important biogeochemical parameters. Our field measurements generally showed higher phytoplankton clorophyll concentrations in the plume waters (associated with lower surface salinities) and confirmed the high biological activity abserved in other studies. The seasonal flow of river discharge and advective currents due to wind forcing exerted a strong influence on the biological and optical properties of the region. An examination of absorption at 440 nm by the algal and non-algal fraction of the particulate pool and of CDOM revealed that at nearshore stations, contributions by the non-algal particles were high (about 40%) and decresed with increasing salinities. While CDOM absorption exhibited conservative mixing, its relative contribution to the total absorption was variable. Surface waters at most stations had lower salinities that generalliy increased with dept. Particulate matter and CDOM also decreased with depth as evidenced by absorption and scattering measurements. Good correlations in surface waters between concentrations of particulate and dissolved matter, the inherent optical properties of absorption and ackscattering and remote sensing reflectance values has allowed the development of robust empirical algorithms for phytoplankton chlorophyll and CDOM absorption.
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Optical Model and Cross Section Uncertainties
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Herman,M.W.; Pigni, M.T.; Dietrich, F.S.
2009-10-05
Distinct minima and maxima in the neutron total cross section uncertainties were observed in model calculations using spherical optical potential. We found this oscillating structure to be a general feature of quantum mechanical wave scattering. Specifically, we analyzed neutron interaction with 56Fe from 1 keV up to 65 MeV, and investigated physical origin of the minima.We discuss their potential importance for practical applications as well as the implications for the uncertainties in total and absorption cross sections.
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2012-01-01
The linear and nonlinear intraband optical absorption coefficients in GaAs three-dimensional single quantum rings are investigated. Taking into account the combined effects of hydrostatic pressure and electric field, applied along the growth direction of the heterostructure, the energies of the ground and first excited states of a donor impurity have been found using the effective mass approximation and a variational method. The energies of these states are examined as functions of the dimensions of the structure, electric field, and hydrostatic pressure. We have also investigated the dependencies of the linear, nonlinear, and total optical absorption coefficients as a function of incident photon energy for several configurations of the system. It is found that the variation of distinct sizes of the structure leads to either a redshift and/or a blueshift of the resonant peaks of the intraband optical spectrum. In addition, we have found that the application of an electric field leads to a redshift, whereas the influence of hydrostatic pressure leads to a blueshift (in the case of on-ring-center donor impurity position) of the resonant peaks of the intraband optical spectrum. PMID:23021497
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Stochastic inversion of ocean color data using the cross-entropy method.
Salama, Mhd Suhyb; Shen, Fang
2010-01-18
Improving the inversion of ocean color data is an ever continuing effort to increase the accuracy of derived inherent optical properties. In this paper we present a stochastic inversion algorithm to derive inherent optical properties from ocean color, ship and space borne data. The inversion algorithm is based on the cross-entropy method where sets of inherent optical properties are generated and converged to the optimal set using iterative process. The algorithm is validated against four data sets: simulated, noisy simulated in-situ measured and satellite match-up data sets. Statistical analysis of validation results is based on model-II regression using five goodness-of-fit indicators; only R2 and root mean square of error (RMSE) are mentioned hereafter. Accurate values of total absorption coefficient are derived with R2 > 0.91 and RMSE, of log transformed data, less than 0.55. Reliable values of the total backscattering coefficient are also obtained with R2 > 0.7 (after removing outliers) and RMSE < 0.37. The developed algorithm has the ability to derive reliable results from noisy data with R2 above 0.96 for the total absorption and above 0.84 for the backscattering coefficients. The algorithm is self contained and easy to implement and modify to derive the variability of chlorophyll-a absorption that may correspond to different phytoplankton species. It gives consistently accurate results and is therefore worth considering for ocean color global products.
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Microlens array induced light absorption enhancement in polymer solar cells
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Chen, Yuqing; Elshobaki, Moneim; Ye, Zhuo
2013-01-24
Over the last decade, polymer solar cells (PSCs) have attracted a lot of attention and highest power conversion efficiencies (PCE) are now close to 10%. Here we employ an optical structure – the microlens array (MLA) – to increase light absorption inside the active layer, and PCE of PSCs increased even for optimized devices. Normal incident light rays are refracted at the MLA and travel longer optical paths inside the active layers. Two PSC systems – poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl):(6,6)-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) and poly[[9-(1-octylnonyl)-9H-carbazole-2,7-diyl]-2,5-thiophenediyl-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-4,7-diyl-2,5-thiophenediyl]:(6,6)-phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester (PCDTBT:PC70BM) – were investigated. In the P3HT:PCBM system, MLA increasedmore » the absorption, absolute external quantum efficiency, and the PCE of an optimized device by [similar]4.3%. In the PCDTBT:PC70BM system, MLA increased the absorption, absolute external quantum efficiency, and PCE by more than 10%. In addition, simulations incorporating optical parameters of all structural layers were performed and they support the enhancement of absorption in the active layer with the assistance of MLA. Our results show that utilizing MLA is an effective strategy to further increase light absorption in PSCs, in which optical losses account for [similar]40% of total losses. MLA also does not pose materials processing challenges to the active layers since it is on the other side of the transparent substrate.« less
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Lee, ZhongPing; Arnone, Robert; Hu, Chuanmin; Werdell, P Jeremy; Lubac, Bertrand
2010-01-20
Following the theory of error propagation, we developed analytical functions to illustrate and evaluate the uncertainties of inherent optical properties (IOPs) derived by the quasi-analytical algorithm (QAA). In particular, we evaluated the effects of uncertainties of these optical parameters on the inverted IOPs: the absorption coefficient at the reference wavelength, the extrapolation of particle backscattering coefficient, and the spectral ratios of absorption coefficients of phytoplankton and detritus/gelbstoff, respectively. With a systematically simulated data set (46,200 points), we found that the relative uncertainty of QAA-derived total absorption coefficients in the blue-green wavelengths is generally within +/-10% for oceanic waters. The results of this study not only establish theoretical bases to evaluate and understand the effects of the various variables on IOPs derived from remote-sensing reflectance, but also lay the groundwork to analytically estimate uncertainties of these IOPs for each pixel. These are required and important steps for the generation of quality maps of IOP products derived from satellite ocean color remote sensing.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kasapoglu, E.; Sakiroglu, S.; Sökmen, I.; Restrepo, R. L.; Mora-Ramos, M. E.; Duque, C. A.
2016-10-01
We have calculated the effects of electric and intense laser fields on the binding energies of the ground and some excited states of conduction electrons coupled to shallow donor impurities as well as the total optical absorption coefficient for transitions between 1s and 2p± electron-impurity states in a asymmetric parabolic GaAs/Ga1-x AlxAs quantum well. The binding energies were obtained using the effective-mass approximation within a variational scheme. Total absorption coefficient (linear and nonlinear absorption coefficient) for the transitions between any two impurity states were calculated from first- and third-order dielectric susceptibilities derived within a perturbation expansion for the density matrix formalism. Our results show that the effects of the electric field, intense laser field, and the impurity location on the binding energy of 1s-impurity state are more pronounced compared with other impurity states. If the well center is changed to be Lc<0 (Lc>0), the effective well width decreases (increases), and thus we can obtain the red or blue shift in the resonant peak position of the absorption coefficient by changing the intensities of the electric and non-resonant intense laser field as well as dimensions of the well and impurity positions.
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Effect of Ram and Zenith Exposure on the Optical Properties of Polymers in Space
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Li, Yuachun; de Groh, Kim K.; Banks, Bruce A.; Leneghan, Halle; Asmar, Olivia
2017-01-01
The temperature of spacecraft is influenced by the solar absorptance and thermal emittance of the external spacecraft materials. Optical and thermal properties can degrade over time in the harsh low Earth orbital (LEO) space environment where spacecraft external materials are exposed to various forms of radiation, thermal cycling, and atomic oxygen. Therefore, it is important to test the durability of spacecraft materials in the space environment. One objective of the Polymers and Zenith Polymers Experiments was to determine the effect of LEO space exposure on the optical properties of various spacecraft polymers. These experiments were flown as part of the Materials International Space Station Experiment 7 (MISSE 7) mission on the exterior of the International Space Station (ISS) for 1.5 years. Samples were flown in ram, wake or zenith directions, receiving varying amounts of atomic oxygen and solar radiation exposure. Total and diffuse reflectance and transmittance of flight and corresponding control samples were obtained post-flight using a Cary 5000 UV-Vis-NIR Spectrophotometer. Integrated air mass zero solar absorptance (s) of the flight and control samples were computed from the total transmittance and reflectance, and compared. The optical data are compared with similar polymers exposed to space for four years as part of MISSE 2, and with atomic oxygen erosion data, to help understand the degradation of these polymers in the space environment. Results show that prolonged space exposure increases the solar absorptance of some materials. Knowing which polymers remain stable will benefit future spacecraft design.
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Optical properties of marine stratocumulus clouds modified by ships
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
King, Michael D.; Radke, Lawrence F.; Hobbs, Peter V.
1993-01-01
Results are presented of an application of the diffusion domain method to multispectral solar radiation measurements obtained deep within a marine stratocumulus cloud layer modified by pollution from ships. In situ airborne measurements of the relative angular distribution of scattered radiation are compared to known asymptotic expressions for the intensity field deep within an optically thick cloud layer. Analytical expressions relating the ratio of the nadir-to-zenith intensities to surface reflectance, similarity parameter, and scaled optical depth beneath the aircraft flight level are used to analyze measurements obtained with the cloud absorption radiometer mounted on the University of Washington's C-131A research aircraft. It is shown that the total optical thickness of the cloud layer increased in the ship tracks, in contrast to the similarity parameter, which decreased. The decrease in absorption was a direct consequence of the reduction in cloud droplet size that occurred within the ship tracks.
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Kuzmenko, Paul J
2013-10-01
An optical system according to one embodiment includes a substrate; and an optical absorption layer coupled to the substrate, wherein the optical absorption layer comprises a layer of diamond-like carbon, wherein the optical absorption layer absorbs at least 50% of mid wave infrared light (3-5 .mu.m wavelength) and at least 50% of long wave infrared light (8-13 .mu.m wavelength). A method for applying an optical absorption layer to an optical system according to another embodiment includes depositing a layer of diamond-like carbon of an optical absorption layer above a substrate using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition, wherein the optical absorption layer absorbs at least 50% of mid wave infrared light (3-5 .mu.m wavelength) and at least 50% of long wave infrared light (8-13 .mu.m wavelength). Additional systems and methods are also presented.
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An ultra-fast optical shutter exploiting total light absorption in a phase change material
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Jafari, Mohsen; Guo, L. Jay; Rais-Zadeh, Mina
2017-02-01
In this paper, we present an ultra-fast and high-contrast optical shutter with applications in atomic clock assemblies, integrated photonic systems, communication hardware, etc. The shutter design exploits the total light absorption phenomenon in a thin phase change (PC) material placed over a metal layer. The shutter switches between ON and OFF states by changing PC material phase and thus its refractive index. The PC material used in this work is Germanium Telluride (GeTe), a group IV-VI chalcogenide compound, which exhibits good optical contrast when switching from amorphous to crystalline state and vice versa. The stable phase changing behavior and reliability of GeTe and GeSbTe (GST) have been verified in optical memories and RF switches. Here, GeTe is used as it has a lower extinction coefficient in near-IR regions compared to GST. GeTe can be thermally transitioned between two phases by applying electrical pulses to an integrated heater. The memory behavior of GeTe results in zero static power consumption which is useful in applications requiring long time periods between switching activities. We previously demonstrated a meta-surface employing GeTe in sub-wavelength slits with >14 dB isolation at 1.5 μm by exciting the surface plasmon polariton and localized slit resonances. In this work, strong interference effects in a thin layer of GeTe over a gold mirror result in near total light absorption of up to 40 dB (21 dB measured) in the amorphous phase of the shutter at 780 nm with much less fabrication complexity. The optical loss at the shutter ON state is less than 1.5 dB. A nickel chrome (NiCr) heater provides the Joule heating energy required to achieve the crystallographic phase change. The measured switching speed is 2 μs.
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Models of filter-based particle light absorption measurements
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hamasha, Khadeejeh M.
Light absorption by aerosol is very important in the visible, near UN, and near I.R region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Aerosol particles in the atmosphere have a great influence on the flux of solar energy, and also impact health in a negative sense when they are breathed into lungs. Aerosol absorption measurements are usually performed by filter-based methods that are derived from the change in light transmission through a filter where particles have been deposited. These methods suffer from interference between light-absorbing and light-scattering aerosol components. The Aethalometer is the most commonly used filter-based instrument for aerosol light absorption measurement. This dissertation describes new understanding of aerosol light absorption obtained by the filter method. The theory uses a multiple scattering model for the combination of filter and particle optics. The theory is evaluated using Aethalometer data from laboratory and ambient measurements in comparison with photoacoustic measurements of aerosol light absorption. Two models were developed to calculate aerosol light absorption coefficients from the Aethalometer data, and were compared to the in-situ aerosol light absorption coefficients. The first is an approximate model and the second is a "full" model. In the approximate model two extreme cases of aerosol optics were used to develop a model-based calibration scheme for the 7-wavelength Aethalometer. These cases include those of very strong scattering aerosols (Ammonium sulfate sample) and very absorbing aerosols (kerosene soot sample). The exponential behavior of light absorption in the strong multiple scattering limit is shown to be the square root of the total absorption optical depth rather than linear with optical depth as is commonly assumed with Beer's law. 2-stream radiative transfer theory was used to develop the full model to calculate the aerosol light absorption coefficients from the Aethalometer data. This comprehensive model allows for studying very general cases of particles of various sizes embedded on arbitrary filter media. Application of this model to the Reno Aerosol Optics Study (Laboratory data) shows that the aerosol light absorption coefficients are about half of the Aethalometer attenuation coefficients, and there is a reasonable agreement between the model calculated absorption coefficients at 521 nm and the measured photoacoustic absorption coefficients at 532 nm. For ambient data obtained during the Las Vegas study, it shows that the model absorption coefficients at 521 nm are larger than the photoacoustic coefficients at 532 nm. Use of the 2-stream model shows that particle penetration depth into the filter has a strong influence on the interpretation of filter-based aerosol light absorption measurements. This is likely explanation for the difference found between model results for filter-based aerosol light absorption and those from photoacoustic measurements for ambient and laboratory aerosol.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Foucher, Mickaël; Marinov, Daniil; Carbone, Emile; Chabert, Pascal; Booth, Jean-Paul
2015-08-01
Inductively-coupled plasmas in pure O2 (at pressures of 5-80 mTorr and radiofrequency power up to 500 W) were studied by optical absorption spectroscopy over the spectral range 200-450 nm, showing the presence of highly vibrationally excited O2 molecules (up to vʺ = 18) by Schumann-Runge band absorption. Analysis of the relative band intensities indicates a vibrational temperature up to 10,000 K, but these hot molecules only represent a fraction of the total O2 density. By analysing the (11-0) band at higher spectral resolution the O2 rotational temperature was also determined, and was found to increase with both pressure and power, reaching 900 K at 80 mTorr 500 W. These measurements were achieved using a new high-sensitivity ultra-broad-band absorption spectroscopy setup, based on a laser-plasma light source, achromatic optics and an aberration-corrected spectrograph. This setup allows the measurement of weak broadband absorbances due to a baseline variability lower than 2 × 10-5 across a spectral range of 250 nm.
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Ohi, Nobuaki; Makinen, Carla P.; Mitchell, Richard; Moisan, Tiffany A.
2008-01-01
Ocean color algorithms are based on the parameterization of apparent optical properties as a function of inherent optical properties. WET Labs underwater absorption and attenuation meters (ac-9 and ac-s) measure both the spectral beam attenuation [c (lambda)] and absorption coefficient [a (lambda)]. The ac-s reports in a continuous range of 390-750 nm with a band pass of 4 nm, totaling approximately 83 distinct wavelengths, while the ac-9 reports at 9 wavelengths. We performed the ac-s field measurements at nine stations in the Mid-Atlantic Bight from water calibrations to data analysis. Onboard the ship, the ac-s was calibrated daily using Milli Q-water. Corrections for the in situ temperature and salinity effects on optical properties of water were applied. Corrections for incomplete recovery of the scattered light in the ac-s absorption tube were performed. The fine scale of spectral and vertical distributions of c (lambda) and a (lambda) were described from the ac-s. The significant relationships between a (674) and that of spectrophotometric analysis and chlorophyll a concentration of discrete water samples were observed.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ramírez-Pérez, M.; Twardowski, M.; Trees, C.; Piera, J.; McKee, D.
2018-01-01
A deconvolution approach is presented to use spectral light absorption and attenuation data to estimate the concentration of the major nonwater compounds in complex shelf sea waters. The inversion procedure requires knowledge of local material-specific inherent optical properties (SIOPs) which are determined from natural samples using a bio-optical model that differentiates between Case I and Case II waters and uses least squares linear regression analysis to provide optimal SIOP values. A synthetic data set is used to demonstrate that the approach is fundamentally consistent and to test the sensitivity to injection of controlled levels of artificial noise into the input data. Self-consistency of the approach is further demonstrated by application to field data collected in the Ligurian Sea, with chlorophyll (Chl), the nonbiogenic component of total suspended solids (TSSnd), and colored dissolved organic material (CDOM) retrieved with RMSE of 0.61 mg m-3, 0.35 g m-3, and 0.02 m-1, respectively. The utility of the approach is finally demonstrated by application to depth profiles of in situ absorption and attenuation data resulting in profiles of optically significant constituents with associated error bar estimates. The advantages of this procedure lie in the simple input requirements, the avoidance of error amplification, full exploitation of the available spectral information from both absorption and attenuation channels, and the reasonably successful retrieval of constituent concentrations in an optically complex shelf sea.
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Munday, Jeremy N; Atwater, Harry A
2011-06-08
We describe an ultrathin solar cell architecture that combines the benefits of both plasmonic photovoltaics and traditional antireflection coatings. Spatially resolved electron generation rates are used to determine the total integrated current improvement under AM1.5G solar illumination, which can reach a factor of 1.8. The frequency-dependent absorption is found to strongly correlate with the occupation of optical modes within the structure, and the improved absorption is mainly attributed to improved coupling to guided modes rather than localized resonant modes.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Frins, Erna; Bobrowski, Nicole; Platt, Ulrich; Wagner, Thomas
2006-08-01
A novel experimental procedure to measure the near-surface distribution of atmospheric trace gases by using passive multiaxis differential absorption optical spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) is proposed. The procedure consists of pointing the receiving telescope of the spectrometer to nonreflecting surfaces or to bright targets placed at known distances from the measuring device, which are illuminated by sunlight. We show that the partial trace gas absorptions between the top of the atmosphere and the target can be easily removed from the measured total absorption. Thus it is possible to derive the average concentration of trace gases such as NO2, HCHO, SO2, H2O, Glyoxal, BrO, and others along the line of sight between the instrument and the target similar to the well-known long-path DOAS observations (but with much less expense). If tomographic arrangements are used, even two- or three-dimensional trace gas distributions can be retrieved. The basic assumptions of the proposed method are confirmed by test measurements taken across the city of Heidelberg.
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The current development status of the Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO) instrument optical design
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Haring, Robert; Sutin, Brian; Crisp, David; Pollock, Randy; Sundstrand, Hamilton
2005-01-01
The status of the OCO instrument optical design is presented in this paper. The optical bench assembly comprises three cooled grating spectrometers coupled to an all-reflective telescope/relay system. Dichroic beam splitters are used to separate the light from a common telescope into the three spectral bands. The three bore sighted spectrometers allow the total column CO2 absorption path to be corrected for optical path and surface pressure uncertainties, aerosols, and water vapor. The design of the instrument is based on classic flight proven technologies.
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A parity-time symmetric coherent plasmonic absorber-amplifier
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Baum, Brian, E-mail: bbaum@stanford.edu; Dionne, Jennifer, E-mail: jdionne@stanford.edu; Alaeian, Hadiseh
Non-Hermitian parity-time (PT)-symmetric optical potentials have led to a new class of unidirectional photonic components based on the spatially symmetric and balanced inclusion of loss and gain. While most proposed and implemented PT-symmetric optical devices have wavelength-scale dimensions, no physical constraints preclude development of subwavelength PT-symmetric components. We theoretically demonstrate a nanoscale PT-symmetric, all-optical plasmonic modulator capable of phase-controlled amplification and directional absorption. The modulator consists of two deeply subwavelength channels composed of either gain or loss dielectric material, embedded in a metallic cladding. When illuminating on-resonance by two counter-propagating plane waves, the aperture's total output can be modulated bymore » changing the phase offset between the two waves. Modulation depths are greater than 10 dB, with output power varying from less than one half of the incident power to more than six times amplification. Off-resonance, the aperture possesses strong phase-controlled directionality with the output from one side varying from perfect absorption to strong scattering and transmission. The device design provides a platform for nanoscale all-optical modulators with gain while potentially enabling coherent perfect absorption and lasing in a single, compact structure.« less
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Sherman, David M.; Vergo, N.
1988-01-01
Near-ultraviolet to near-infrared optical (diffuse reflectance) spectra of several nontronites and related Fe-bearing smectites [(Fe2+,Fe3+)-bearing saponite and (Fe2+,Fe3+)-bearing montmorillonite] are presented and interpreted. Mossbauer spectra at 298 K are also presented to help interpret the optical spectra. The optical spectra of nontronites are dominated by the ligand field transitions of Fe3+ in octahedral coordination sites. In addition to the ligand field transitions of single Fe3+ cations, a broad absorption band centered near 22000 cm-1 is observed that may be due to the simultaneous excitation of two Fe3+ cations to the 4T1g (4G) state. Alternatively, this band may represent excitations to the 2A2g and 2T1g ligand field states. For most samples, the amount of tetrahedrally coordinated Fe3+ was below that detectable by Mossbauer spectroscopy (1-3% of total Fe). However, the optical spectra of all of the nontronites show an absorption band near 23000 cm-1. This band is assigned to the 6A1 ??? 4E,4A1 transition of tetrahedrally coordinated Fe3+. The optical spectra of mixed-valence Fe-bearing smectites show a broad absorption band at 14000-15000 cm-1 owing to Fe2+ ??? Fe3+ charge transfer. -from Authors
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Moisan, John R.; Moisan, Tiffany A. H.; Linkswiler, Matthew A.
2011-01-01
Phytoplankton absorption spectra and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) pigment observations from the Eastern U.S. and global observations from NASA's SeaBASS archive are used in a linear inverse calculation to extract pigment-specific absorption spectra. Using these pigment-specific absorption spectra to reconstruct the phytoplankton absorption spectra results in high correlations at all visible wavelengths (r(sup 2) from 0.83 to 0.98), and linear regressions (slopes ranging from 0.8 to 1.1). Higher correlations (r(sup 2) from 0.75 to 1.00) are obtained in the visible portion of the spectra when the total phytoplankton absorption spectra are unpackaged by multiplying the entire spectra by a factor that sets the total absorption at 675 nm to that expected from absorption spectra reconstruction using measured pigment concentrations and laboratory-derived pigment-specific absorption spectra. The derived pigment-specific absorption spectra were further used with the total phytoplankton absorption spectra in a second linear inverse calculation to estimate the various phytoplankton HPLC pigments. A comparison between the estimated and measured pigment concentrations for the 18 pigment fields showed good correlations (r(sup 2) greater than 0.5) for 7 pigments and very good correlations (r(sup 2) greater than 0.7) for chlorophyll a and fucoxanthin. Higher correlations result when the analysis is carried out at more local geographic scales. The ability to estimate phytoplankton pigments using pigment-specific absorption spectra is critical for using hyperspectral inverse models to retrieve phytoplankton pigment concentrations and other Inherent Optical Properties (IOPs) from passive remote sensing observations.
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Tandem resonator reflectance modulator
Fritz, I.J.; Wendt, J.R.
1994-09-06
A wide band optical modulator is grown on a substrate as tandem Fabry-Perot resonators including three mirrors spaced by two cavities. The absorption of one cavity is changed relative to the absorption of the other cavity by an applied electric field, to cause a change in total reflected light, as light reflecting from the outer mirrors is in phase and light reflecting from the inner mirror is out of phase with light from the outer mirrors. 8 figs.
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Determination of the optical absorption spectra of thin layers from their photoacoustic spectra
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bychto, Leszek; Maliński, Mirosław; Patryn, Aleksy; Tivanov, Mikhail; Gremenok, Valery
2018-05-01
This paper presents a new method for computations of the optical absorption coefficient spectra from the normalized photoacoustic amplitude spectra of thin semiconductor samples deposited on the optically transparent and thermally thick substrates. This method was tested on CuIn(Te0.7Se0.3)2 thin films. From the normalized photoacoustic amplitude spectra, the optical absorption coefficient spectra were computed with the new formula as also with the numerical iterative method. From these spectra, the value of the energy gap of the thin film material and the type of the optical transitions were determined. From the experimental optical transmission spectra, the optical absorption coefficient spectra were computed too, and compared with the optical absorption coefficient spectra obtained from photoacoustic spectra.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Li, Chao; Liu, Chunling; Li, Quanshui; Gong, Qihuang
2004-12-01
The nonlinear transmittance of a novel hyperbranched conjugated polymer named DMA-HPV has been measured in CHCl 3 solution using a nanosecond optical parametric oscillator. DMA-HPV shows excellent optical limiting performance in the visible region from 490 to 610 nm. An explanation based on the combination of two-photon absorption and reverse saturable absorption was proposed for its huge and broadband nonlinear optical absorption.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Liu, W. H.; Qu, Y.; Ban, S. L.
2017-02-01
The intersubband optical absorption between multi energy levels of electrons in InxGa1-xN/GaN spherical core-shell quantum dots (CSQDs) and ternary mixed crystal and size effects have been investigated by using the principle of density matrix. Electronic eigenstates under the effect of built-in electric field (BEF) have been calculated by a finite element method. The results show that optical absorption between intersubbands with main quantum numbers n = 1 and n = 2 are as important as that between ones with n = 1 and different angular quantum numbers when the BEF is taken into account. In consideration of BEF, the saturation of total optical absorption coefficients (ACs) and secondary peaks of refractive index changes (RICs) appear when incident light intensity I surpasses a certain value. For a given I, the maximum ACs and zero RICs positions in InxGa1-xN/GaN CSQDs with a fixed shell size have a blue-shift when x increases or the core InxGa1-xN radius R1 decreases from 5 nm. However, when R1 > 5 nm, ACs and RICs tend to be stable. The results indicate that effective adjustment of ACs and RICs in CSQDs with BEFs by size is in a limited scale range. The saturation of ACs or secondary peaks of RICs appear more likely in CSQDs with smaller x or larger R1. These results are expected to be helpful both in the further theoretical and experimental study on optic devices consisting of CSQDs.
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Optical properties of nasal septum cartilage
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bagratashvili, Nodar V.; Sviridov, Alexander P.; Sobol, Emil N.; Kitai, Moishe S.
1998-05-01
Optical parameters (scattering coefficient s, absorption coefficient k and scattering anisotropy coefficient g) of hyaline cartilage were studied for the first time. Optical properties of human and pig nasal septum cartilage, and of bovine ear cartilage were examined using a spectrophotometer with an integrating sphere, and an Optical Multi-Channel Analyser. We measured total transmission Tt, total reflection Rt, and on-axis transmission Ta for light propagating through cartilage sample, over the visible spectral range (14000 - 28000 cm-1). It is shown that transmission and reflection spectra of human, pig and bovine cartilage are rather similar. It allows us to conclude that the pig cartilage can be used for in-vivo studies instead of human cartilage. The data obtained were treated by means of the one-dimensional diffusion approximation solution of the optical transport equation. We have found scattering coefficient s, absorption coefficient k and scattering anisotropy coefficient g by the iterative comparison of measured and calculated Tt, Rt and Ta values for human and pig cartilage. We found, in particular, that for 500 nm irradiation s equals 37,6 plus or minus 3.5 cm-1, g equals 0,56 plus or minus 0.05, k approximately equals 0,5 plus or minus 0.3 cm-1. The above data were used in Monte Carlo simulation for spatial intensity profile of light scattered by a cartilage sample. The computed profile was very similar to the profile measured using an Optical Multi-Channel Analyzer (OMA).
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Optical properties of human colon tissues in the 350 – 2500 nm spectral range
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Bashkatov, A N; Genina, E A; Kochubey, V I
2014-08-31
We present the optical characteristics of the mucosa and submucosa of human colon tissue. The experiments are performed in vitro using a LAMBDA 950 spectrophotometer in the 350 – 2500 nm spectral range. The absorption and scattering coefficients and the scattering anisotropy factor are calculated based on the measured diffuse reflectance and total and collimated transmittance spectra using the inverse Monte Carlo method. (laser biophotonics)
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Zhang, Yunlin; Zhou, Yongqiang; Shi, Kun; Qin, Boqiang; Yao, Xiaolong; Zhang, Yibo
2017-12-26
Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) is an important optically active substance in aquatic environments and plays a key role in light attenuation and in the carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus biogeochemical cycles. Although the optical properties, abundance, sources, cycles, compositions and remote sensing estimations of CDOM have been widely reported in different aquatic environments, little is known about the optical properties and composition changes in CDOM along trophic gradients. Therefore, we collected 821 samples from 22 lakes along a trophic gradient (oligotrophic to eutrophic) in China from 2004 to 2015 and determined the CDOM spectral absorption and nutrient concentrations. The total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and chlorophyll a (Chla) concentrations and the Secchi disk depth (SDD) ranged from 0.02 to 24.75 mg/L, 0.002-3.471 mg/L, 0.03-882.66 μg/L, and 0.05-17.30 m, respectively. The trophic state index (TSI) ranged from 1.55 to 98.91 and covered different trophic states, from oligotrophic to hyper-eutrophic. The CDOM absorption coefficient at 254 nm (a(254)) ranged from 1.68 to 92.65 m -1 . Additionally, the CDOM sources and composition parameters, including the spectral slope and relative molecular size value, exhibited a substantial variability from the oligotrophic level to other trophic levels. The natural logarithm value of the CDOM absorption, lna(254), is highly linearly correlated with the TSI (r 2 = 0.92, p < .001, n = 821). Oligotrophic lakes are distinguished by a(254)<4 m -1 , and mesotrophic and eutrophic lakes are classified as 4 ≤ a(254)≤10 and a(254)>10 m -1 , respectively. The results suggested that the CDOM absorption coefficient a(254) might be a more sensitive single indicator of the trophic state than TN, TP, Chla and SDD. Therefore, we proposed a CDOM absorption coefficient and determined the threshold for defining the trophic state of a lake. Several advantages of measuring and estimating CDOM, including rapid experimental measurements, potential in situ optical sensor measurements and large-spatial-scale remote sensing estimations, make it superior to traditional TSI techniques for the rapid monitoring and assessment of lake trophic states. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Sensitive And Selective Chemical Sensor With Nanostructured Surfaces.
Pipino, Andrew C. R.
2003-02-04
A chemical sensor is provided which includes an optical resonator including a nanostructured surface comprising a plurality of nanoparticles bound to one or more surfaces of the resonator. The nanoparticles provide optical absorption and the sensor further comprises a detector for detecting the optical absorption of the nanoparticles or their environment. In particular, a selective chemical interaction is provided which modifies the optical absorption of the nanoparticles or their environment, and an analyte is detected based on the modified optical absorption. A light pulse is generated which enters the resonator to interrogate the modified optical absorption and the exiting light pulse is detected by the detector.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Mirshafieyan, Seyed Sadreddin; Luk, Ting S.; Guo, Junpeng
Here, we demonstrated perfect light absorption in optical nanocavities made of ultra-thin percolation aluminum and silicon films deposited on an aluminum surface. The total layer thickness of the aluminum and silicon films is one order of magnitude less than perfect absorption wavelength in the visible spectral range. The ratio of silicon cavity layer thickness to perfect absorption wavelength decreases as wavelength decreases due to the increased phase delays at silicon-aluminum boundaries at shorter wavelengths. It is explained that perfect light absorption is due to critical coupling of incident wave to the fundamental Fabry-Perot resonance mode of the structure where themore » round trip phase delay is zero. Simulations were performed and the results agree well with the measurement results.« less
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A comparative review of optical surface contamination assessment techniques
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Heaney, James B.
1987-01-01
This paper will review the relative sensitivities and practicalities of the common surface analytical methods that are used to detect and identify unwelcome adsorbants on optical surfaces. The compared methods include visual inspection, simple reflectometry and transmissiometry, ellipsometry, infrared absorption and attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy (ATR), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), and mass accretion determined by quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). The discussion is biased toward those methods that apply optical thin film analytical techniques to spacecraft optical contamination problems. Examples are cited from both ground based and in-orbit experiments.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Churilova, T.; Suslin, V.; Berseneva, G.; Georgieva, L.
At present time for the analysis and prediction of marine ecosystem state Chlorophyll and Primary production models based on optical satellite data are widely used. However, the SeaWiFS algorithms providing the transformation of color images to chlorophyll maps give inaccurate estimation of chlorophyll "a" (Chl "a") concentration in the Black Sea - an overestimation approximately two times in summer and an underestimation - ~1,5 times during the large diatom bloom in winter-spring. A development of the regional Chl "a" algorithm requires an estimation of spectral characteristics of all light absorbing components and their relationships with Chl "a" concentration. With this aim bio-optical monitoring was organized in two fixed stations in deep-water central western part of the Black Sea and in shelf waters near the Crimea. The weekly monitoring in deep-waters region allowed to determine phytoplankton community succession: seasonal dynamics of size and taxonomic structure, development of large diatoms blooming in March and coccolithophores - in June. The significant variability in pigment concentration and species content of phytoplankton is accompanied by high variability in shape of the phytoplankton absorption spectra and in values of chl a-specific absorption coefficients. This variability had seasonal character depending mostly on the optical status of phytoplankton cells and partly on taxonomic structure of phytoplankton. The pigment packaging parameter fluctuated from 0.64-0.68 (October-December) to 0.95-0.97 (April-May). The package effect depended on intracellular pigment concentration and the size and geometry of cells, which change significantly over the year, because of extremely different environmental conditions. The relationships between phytoplankton specific absorption coefficients (at 412, 443, 490, 510, 555, 678 nm) and Chl "a" concentration have been described by power functions. The contribution of detritus to total particulate absorption significantly varied and correlated with Chl "a" concentration. The main light-absorbing component in the Black Sea is colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), its absorption at 443 nm is 50-70 % to total particulate and CDOM absorption. Special attention should be given to shelf regions. The comparison of bio-optical data for the open part with those for the shelf region showed pronounced differences: a) the relationships between phytoplankton specific absorption coefficients and Chl "a" concentrations (at 412, 443, 490, 510, 555 nm) are different; b) in the shelf waters relative absorption by detritus was higher and weakly correlated with Chl "a" in comparison with deep-water part of the Sea. Obtained relationships have been used for development of regional algorithms to estimate Chl "a" concentration. The new regional algorithm allowed to get more correct values of Chl "a" in comparison with standard SeaWiFS algorithm.
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Cho, Tae-Sik; Choi, Ki-Sun; Seo, Dae-Cheol; Kwon, Il-Bum; Lee, Jung-Ryul
2012-01-01
The use of a fiber optic quasi-distributed sensing technique for detecting the location and severity of water leakage is suggested. A novel fiber optic sensor probe is devised with a vessel of water absorption material called as water combination soil (WCS) located between two highly reflected connectors: one is a reference connector and the other is a sensing connector. In this study, the sensing output is calculated from the reflected light signals of the two connectors. The first reflected light signal is a reference and the second is a sensing signal which is attenuated by the optical fiber bending loss due to the WCS expansion absorbing water. Also, the bending loss of each sensor probe is determined by referring to the total number of sensor probes and the total power budget of an entire system. We have investigated several probe characteristics to show the design feasibility of the novel fiber sensor probe. The effects of vessel sizes of the probes on the water detection sensitivity are studied. The largest vessel probe provides the highest sensitivity of 0.267 dB/mL, while the smallest shows relatively low sensitivity of 0.067 dB/mL, and unstable response. The sensor probe with a high output value provides a high sensitivity with various detection levels while the number of total installable sensor probes decreases.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yi, Ji; Zhang, Lei
2017-02-01
Melanosome is an organelle for synthesis, storage and transport the melanin, a major intrinsic pigment. In retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE), it is generally accepted that melanosome plays a critical photoprotective role, and it has been shown that that loss of melanin from RPE could be an early event towards age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Meanwhile, melanosome is also the major contributor to the optical properties of RPE, due to its high refractive index and the strong optical absorption of melanin. Therefore, a characterization and understanding the optical properties of melanin is of great interest to relate the physical and chemical changes of melanosomes, and their fundamental roles in RPE-related retinal diseases such as AMD. Here, we present a theoretical study to characterize the full optical properties of melanosomes. We modeled melanosomes as uniformly melanin filled spheroids, based on their morphology under transmission electron microscopy. T-matrix method was used to simulate the wavelength dependent total scattering, backscattering, absorption cross sections, and anisotropy factor. We verified our simulation on backscattering cross section of melanosome by comparing optical coherence tomography taken in visible and NIR ranges. In addition, we studied the changes of the optical properties of melanosomes on melanin bleaching. The results suggested a spectroscopic mechanism for optical detection of melanin loss by inverse spectroscopic optical coherence tomography.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Phillips, Stephen Robert; Costa, Maycira
2017-12-01
The use of standard ocean colour reflectance based algorithms to derive surface chlorophyll may have limited applicability for optically dynamic coastal waters due to the pre-defined coefficients based on global datasets. Reflectance based algorithms adjusted to regional optical water characteristics are a promising alternative. A class-based definition of optically diverse coastal waters was investigated as a first step towards the development of temporal and spatial constrained reflectance based algorithms for optically variable coastal waters. A large set of bio-optical data were collected as part of five research cruises and bi-weekly trips aboard a ship of opportunity in the west coast of Canada, to assess the spatial and temporal variability of above-water reflectance in this contrasted coastal environment. To accomplish this, in situ biophysical and optical measurements were collected in conjunction with above-water hyperspectral remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) at 145 stations. The concentrations of measured biophysical data varied considerably; chlorophyll a (Chla) (mean = 1.64, range: 0.10-7.20 μg l-1), total suspended matter (TSM) (3.09, 0.82-20.69 mg l-1), and absorption by chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) (acdom(443 nm)) (0.525, 0.007-3.072 m-1), thus representing the spatio-temporal variability of the Salish Sea. Optically, a similar large range was also found; particulate scattering (bp(650 nm)) (1.316, 0.250-7.450 m-1), particulate backscattering (bbp(650 nm)) (0.022, 0.005-0.097 m-1), total beam attenuation coefficient (ct(650)) (1.675, 0.371-9.537 m-1) and particulate absorption coefficient (ap(650 nm)) (0.345, 0.048-2.020 m-1). An empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis revealed that Rrs variability was highly correlated to bp (r = 0.90), bbp (r = 0.82) and concentration of TSM (r = 0.80), which highlighted the dominant role of water turbidity in this region. Hierarchical clustering analysis was applied to the normalized Rrs spectra to define optical water classes. Class 1 was defined by the highest Rrs values, particularly above 570 nm, indicating more turbid waters; Class 2 was dominated by high Chla and TSM concentrations, which is shown by high Rrs at 570 nm as well as fluorescence and absorption peaks; Class 3 shows strong fluorescence signatures accompanied by low TSM influence; and Class 4 is most representative of clear waters with a less defined absorption peak around 440 nm. By understanding the bio-optical factors which control the variability of the Rrs spectra this study aims to develop a sub-regional characterization of this coastal region aiming to improve bio-optical algorithms in this complex coastal area.
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[Differences of inherent optical properties of inland lake water body in typical seasons].
Sun, De-Yong; Li, Yun-Mei; Wang, Qiao; Le, Cheng-Fen; Huang, Chang-Chun; Wang, Li-Zhen
2008-05-01
Inherent optical property is one of the important properties of water body, which lays the foundation for the establishment of water color analytical models. By using quantity filter technology (QFT) and BB9 backscattering meter, the absorption coefficients of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and total suspended matters (TSM) and the backscattering coefficient of TSM in the water body at Meiliang Bay of Taihu Lake were measured in summer and winter. Based on the spectral comparison of the absorption and backscattering coefficients, their differences between the two seasons were demonstrated, and the reasons that caused these differences were also explored in the context of their relations to the changes in water quality. Consequently, water environment condition could be revealed by using the inherent optical property. The relationship between the backscattering coefficient and the TSM concentration was established, which could provide supporting coefficients to the analytical models to be developed.
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Solar absorption by elemental and brown carbon determined from spectral observations.
Bahadur, Ranjit; Praveen, Puppala S; Xu, Yangyang; Ramanathan, V
2012-10-23
Black carbon (BC) is functionally defined as the absorbing component of atmospheric total carbonaceous aerosols (TC) and is typically dominated by soot-like elemental carbon (EC). However, organic carbon (OC) has also been shown to absorb strongly at visible to UV wavelengths and the absorbing organics are referred to as brown carbon (BrC), which is typically not represented in climate models. We propose an observationally based analytical method for rigorously partitioning measured absorption aerosol optical depths (AAOD) and single scattering albedo (SSA) among EC and BrC, using multiwavelength measurements of total (EC, OC, and dust) absorption. EC is found to be strongly absorbing (SSA of 0.38) whereas the BrC SSA varies globally between 0.77 and 0.85. The method is applied to the California region. We find TC (EC + BrC) contributes 81% of the total absorption at 675 nm and 84% at 440 nm. The BrC absorption at 440 nm is about 40% of the EC, whereas at 675 nm it is less than 10% of EC. We find an enhanced absorption due to OC in the summer months and in southern California (related to forest fires and secondary OC). The fractions and trends are broadly consistent with aerosol chemical-transport models as well as with regional emission inventories, implying that we have obtained a representative estimate for BrC absorption. The results demonstrate that current climate models that treat OC as nonabsorbing are underestimating the total warming effect of carbonaceous aerosols by neglecting part of the atmospheric heating, particularly over biomass-burning regions that emit BrC.
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Passive thermo-optic feedback for robust athermal photonic systems
Rakich, Peter T.; Watts, Michael R.; Nielson, Gregory N.
2015-06-23
Thermal control devices, photonic systems and methods of stabilizing a temperature of a photonic system are provided. A thermal control device thermally coupled to a substrate includes a waveguide for receiving light, an absorption element optically coupled to the waveguide for converting the received light to heat and an optical filter. The optical filter is optically coupled to the waveguide and thermally coupled to the absorption element. An operating point of the optical filter is tuned responsive to the heat from the absorption element. When the operating point is less than a predetermined temperature, the received light is passed to the absorption element via the optical filter. When the operating point is greater than or equal to the predetermined temperature, the received light is transmitted out of the thermal control device via the optical filter, without being passed to the absorption element.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Chang, Y. H.; Wang, C. Y.; Qi, L. Q.; Liu, H.
2017-08-01
In order to optimize the performance of fluoride thin films in wavelength of Deep Ultraviolet (DUV), GdF3 single layers are prepared by thermal evaporation at different deposition temperatures on Fused Silica. Optical and structure properties of each sample are characterized. The results that the refrac-tive index increased gradually and the crystallization status becomes stronger with the temperature rising, the inhomogeneous of the thin films present linearity. The decrease total optical loss with deposited temper-ature is attributed to the higher packing density and lower optical absorption.
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Time-reversed wave mixing in nonlinear optics
Zheng, Yuanlin; Ren, Huaijin; Wan, Wenjie; Chen, Xianfeng
2013-01-01
Time-reversal symmetry is important to optics. Optical processes can run in a forward or backward direction through time when such symmetry is preserved. In linear optics, a time-reversed process of laser emission can enable total absorption of coherent light fields inside an optical cavity of loss by time-reversing the original gain medium. Nonlinearity, however, can often destroy such symmetry in nonlinear optics, making it difficult to study time-reversal symmetry with nonlinear optical wave mixings. Here we demonstrate time-reversed wave mixings for optical second harmonic generation (SHG) and optical parametric amplification (OPA) by exploring this well-known but underappreciated symmetry in nonlinear optics. This allows us to observe the annihilation of coherent beams. Our study offers new avenues for flexible control in nonlinear optics and has potential applications in efficient wavelength conversion, all-optical computing. PMID:24247906
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Relative f-values from interstellar absorption lines: advantages and pitfalls
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Jenkins, Edward B.
2009-05-01
Interstellar absorption features seen in the ultraviolet and visible spectra of stars provide opportunities for comparing the strengths of different transitions out of the ground electronic states of atoms, ions and simple molecules. In principle, such measurements are straightforward since the radiative transfer is manifested as a simple exponential absorption law at any given radial velocity. Complications arise when the velocity structures of the lines are not completely resolved, or when the lines are either very strongly saturated or too weak to observe. Dynamic range limitations can compromise the comparisons of two transitions that have very different absorption f-values, but they can be mitigated if there are examples with very different column densities and transitions of intermediate strength that can help to bridge the large gap in line strengths. Attempts to unravel the effects of saturation include the use of a curve of growth when only equivalent widths are available, or the measurements of the 'apparent optical depth' when the line is mostly resolved by the instrument. Unfortunately, the application of the curve of growth for one constituent to that of another can sometimes create systematic errors, since the two may have different velocity structures. Likewise, unresolved fine velocity structures in features that have large optical depths can make the apparent optical depths misrepresent the smoothed versions of the true optical depths. One method to compare the strength of a very weak line to that of a very strong one is to measure the total absorption of the former and compare it with the strength of the damping wings of the latter. However in many circumstances, small amounts of gas at velocities well displaced from the line center can masquerade as damping wings. For this reason, it is important to check that these wings have the proper shape.
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Superenhancers: novel opportunities for nanowire optoelectronics.
Khudiyev, Tural; Bayindir, Mehmet
2014-12-16
Nanowires play a crucial role in the development of new generation optoelectronic devices ranging from photovoltaics to photodetectors, as these designs capitalize on the low material usage, utilize leaky-mode optical resonances and possess high conversion efficiencies associated with nanowire geometry. However, their current schemes lack sufficient absorption capacity demanded for their practical applicability, and more efficient materials cannot find widespread usage in these designs due to their rarity and cost. Here we suggest a novel and versatile nanoconcentrator scheme utilizing unique optical features of non-resonant Mie (NRM) scattering regime associated with low-index structures. The scattering regime is highly compatible with resonant Mie absorption effect taking place in nanowire absorbers. This technique in its optimized forms can provide up to 1500% total absorption enhancement, 400-fold material save and is suitable for large-area applications with significant area preservation compared to thin-film of same materials. Proposed superenhancer concept with its exceptional features such as broadband absorption enhancement, polarization immunity and material-independent manner paves the way for development of efficient nanowire photosensors or solar thermophotovoltaic devices and presents novel design opportunities for self-powered nanosystems.
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Linking Aerosol Optical Properties Between Laboratory, Field, and Model Studies
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Murphy, S. M.; Pokhrel, R. P.; Foster, K. A.; Brown, H.; Liu, X.
2017-12-01
The optical properties of aerosol emissions from biomass burning have a significant impact on the Earth's radiative balance. Based on measurements made during the Fourth Fire Lab in Missoula Experiment, our group published a series of parameterizations that related optical properties (single scattering albedo and absorption due to brown carbon at multiple wavelengths) to the elemental to total carbon ratio of aerosols emitted from biomass burning. In this presentation, the ability of these parameterizations to simulate the optical properties of ambient aerosol is assessed using observations collected in 2017 from our mobile laboratory chasing wildfires in the Western United States. The ambient data includes measurements of multi-wavelength absorption, scattering, and extinction, size distribution, chemical composition, and volatility. In addition to testing the laboratory parameterizations, this combination of measurements allows us to assess the ability of core-shell Mie Theory to replicate observations and to assess the impact of brown carbon and mixing state on optical properties. Finally, both laboratory and ambient data are compared to the optical properties generated by a prominent climate model (Community Earth System Model (CESM) coupled with the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM 5)). The discrepancies between lab observations, ambient observations and model output will be discussed.
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Laser absorption waves in metallic capillaries
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Anisimov, V. N.; Arutiunian, R. V.; Bol'Shov, L. A.; Kanevskii, M. F.; Kondrashov, V. V.
1987-07-01
The propagation of laser absorption waves in metallic capillaries was studied experimentally and numerically during pulsed exposure to CO2 laser radiation. The dependence of the plasma front propagation rate on the initial air pressure in the capillary is determined. In a broad range of parameters, the formation time of the optically opaque plasma layer is governed by the total laser pulse energy from the beginning of the exposure to the instant screening appears, and is weakly dependent on the pulse shape and gas pressure.
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Temporal intracavity detection of parasitic infrared absorption in Ti:Sapphire lasers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Deleva, A. D.; Peshev, Z. Y.; Aneva, Z. I.
1993-12-01
An intracavity technique with temporal sensitivity to optical losses is used to detect parasitic infrared absorption (PIRA) in Ti:sapphire crystals with high active-center concentrations. By means of comparative analysis, re-emission is established of part of the parasitically absorbed energy back into the laser action channel. A method is proposed for approximate quantitative determination of the relative part of re-emitting PIRA-centers with respect to their total number; for the highly-doped crystal described, it is estimated at about 11%.
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Non-LTE H2+ as the source of missing opacity in the solar atmosphere
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Swamy, K. S. K.; Stecher, T. P.
1974-01-01
The population of the various vibrational levels of the H2+ molecule has been calculated from the consideration of formation and destruction mechanisms. The resulting population is used in calculating the total absorption due to H2+ and is compared with the other known sources of opacity at several optical depths of the solar atmosphere. It is shown that the absorption due to H2+ can probably account for the missing ultraviolet opacity in the solar atmosphere.
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1 Mixing state and absorbing properties of black carbon during Arctic haze
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zanatta, Marco; Gysel, Martin; Eleftheriadis, Kosas; Laj, Paolo; Hans-Werner, Jacobi
2016-04-01
The Arctic atmosphere is periodically affected by the Arctic haze occurring in spring. One of its particulate components is the black carbon (BC), which is considered to be an important contributor to climate change in the Arctic region. Beside BC-cloud interaction and albedo reduction of snow, BC may influence Arctic climate interacting directly with the solar radiation, warming the corresponding aerosol layer (Flanner, 2013). Such warming depends on BC atmospheric burden and also on the efficiency of BC to absorb light, in fact the light absorption is enhanced by mixing of BC with other atmospheric non-absorbing materials (lensing effect) (Bond et al., 2013). The BC reaching the Arctic is evilly processed, due to long range transport. Aging promote internal mixing and thus absorption enhancement. Such modification of mixing and is quantification after long range transport have been observed in the Atlantic ocean (China et al., 2015) but never investigated in the Arctic. During field experiments conducted at the Zeppelin research site in Svalbard during the 2012 Arctic spring, we investigated the relative precision of different BC measuring techniques; a single particle soot photometer was then used to assess the coating of Arctic black carbon. This allowed quantifying the absorption enhancement induced by internal mixing via optical modelling; the optical assessment of aged black carbon in the arctic will be of major interest for future radiative forcing assessment.Optical characterization of the total aerosol indicated that in 2012 no extreme smoke events took place and that the aerosol population was dominated by fine and non-absorbing particles. Low mean concentration of rBC was found (30 ng m-3), with a mean mass equivalent diameter above 200 nm. rBC concentration detected with the continuous soot monitoring system and the single particle soot photometer was agreeing within 15%. Combining absorption coefficient observed with an aethalometer and rBC mass concentration from SP2, a mass absorption cross section of 6.0 m2 g-1 was found at a wavelength of 880 nm. Concerning mixing, rBC cores with a dimeter between 170 nm and 280 nm were found to be covered by a layer of non-absorbing material having a median thickness of 50 nm. From Mie calculation, such mixing would lead to an enhancement of absorption of 46% compared to a bare BC core. The aforementioned absorption enhancement would lead to a net decrease of single scattering albedo of the total aerosol of less than 1%. The reliability of Mie approach was confirmed by agreement with observations, while MAC values commonly used in radiative forcing models might lead to discrepancies up to 80%. Our work provides all the major optical properties of total aerosol and BC to minimize the uncertainty of radiative estimations based on a priori assumptions.
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Thennadil, Suresh N; Chen, Yi-Chieh
2017-02-01
The usual approach for estimating bulk optical properties using an integrating sphere measurement setup is by acquiring spectra from three measurement modes namely collimated transmittance (T c ), total transmittance (T d ), and total diffuse reflectance (R d ), followed by the inversion of these measurements using the adding-doubling method. At high scattering levels, accurate acquisition of T c becomes problematic due to the presence of significant amounts of forward-scattered light in this measurement which is supposed to contain only unscattered light. In this paper, we propose and investigate the effectiveness of using alternative sets of integrating sphere measurements that avoid the use of T c and could potentially increase the upper limit of concentrations of suspensions at which bulk optical property measurements can be obtained in the visible-near-infrared (Vis-NIR) region of the spectrum. We examine the possibility of replacing T c with one or more reflectance measurements at different sample thicknesses. We also examine the possibility of replacing both the collimated (T c ) and total transmittance (T d ) measurements with reflectance measurements taken from different sample thicknesses. The analysis presented here indicates that replacing T c with a reflectance measurement can reduce the errors in the bulk scattering properties when scattering levels are high. When only multiple reflectance measurements are used, good estimates of the bulk optical properties can be obtained when the absorption levels are low. In addition, we examine whether there is any advantage in using three measurements instead of two to obtain the reduced bulk scattering coefficient and the bulk absorption coefficient. This investigation is made in the context of chemical and biological suspensions which have a much larger range of optical properties compared to those encountered with tissue.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Valligatla, Sreeramulu; Haldar, Krishna Kanta; Patra, Amitava; Desai, Narayana Rao
2016-10-01
The semiconductor nanocrystals are found to be promising class of third order nonlinear optical materials because of quantum confinement effects. Here, we highlight the nonlinear optical switching and optical limiting of cadmium selenide (CdSe) quantum dots (QDs) using nanosecond Z-scan measurement. The intensity dependent nonlinear absorption and nonlinear refraction of CdSe QDs were investigated by applying the Z-scan technique with 532 nm, nanosecond laser pulses. At lower intensities, the nonlinear process is dominated by saturable absorption (SA) and it is changed to reverse saturable absorption (RSA) at higher intensities. The SA behaviour is attributed to the ground state bleaching and the RSA is ascribed to free carrier absorption (FCA) of CdSe QDs. The nonlinear optical switching behaviour and reverse saturable absorption makes CdSe QDs are good candidate for all-optical device and optical limiting applications.
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Contrasting seasonality in optical-biogeochemical properties of the Baltic Sea.
Simis, Stefan G H; Ylöstalo, Pasi; Kallio, Kari Y; Spilling, Kristian; Kutser, Tiit
2017-01-01
Optical-biogeochemical relationships of particulate and dissolved organic matter are presented in support of remote sensing of the Baltic Sea pelagic. This system exhibits strong seasonality in phytoplankton community composition and wide gradients of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM), properties which are poorly handled by existing remote sensing algorithms. Absorption and scattering properties of particulate matter reflected the seasonality in biological (phytoplankton succession) and physical (thermal stratification) processes. Inherent optical properties showed much wider variability when normalized to the chlorophyll-a concentration compared to normalization to either total suspended matter dry weight or particulate organic carbon. The particle population had the largest optical variability in summer and was dominated by organic matter in both seasons. The geographic variability of CDOM and relationships with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) are also presented. CDOM dominated light absorption at blue wavelengths, contributing 81% (median) of the absorption by all water constituents at 400 nm and 63% at 442 nm. Consequentially, 90% of water-leaving radiance at 412 nm originated from a layer (z90) no deeper than approximately 1.0 m. With water increasingly attenuating light at longer wavelengths, a green peak in light penetration and reflectance is always present in these waters, with z90 up to 3.0-3.5 m depth, whereas z90 only exceeds 5 m at biomass < 5 mg Chla m-3. High absorption combined with a weakly scattering particle population (despite median phytoplankton biomass of 14.1 and 4.3 mg Chla m-3 in spring and summer samples, respectively), characterize this sea as a dark water body for which dedicated or exceptionally robust remote sensing techniques are required. Seasonal and regional optical-biogeochemical models, data distributions, and an extensive set of simulated remote-sensing reflectance spectra for testing of remote sensing algorithms are provided as supplementary data.
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Optical activity of helical quantum-dot supercrystals
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Baimuratov, A. S.; Tepliakov, N. V.; Gun'ko, Yu. K.; Baranov, A. V.; Federov, A. V.; Rukhlenko, I. D.
2017-01-01
The size of chiral nanoparticles is much smaller than the optical wavelength. As a result, the difference in interaction of enantiomers with circularly polarized light of different handedness is practically unobservable. Due to the large mismatch in scale, the problem of enhancement of enantioselectivity of optical properties of nanoparticles is particularly important for modern photonics. In this work, we show that ordering of achiral nanoparticles into a chiral supercrystal with dimensions comparable to the wavelength of light allows achieving nearly total dissymmetry of optical absorption and demonstrate this using a helical super-crystal made of semiconductor quantum dots as an example. The proposed approach may find numerous applications in various optical and analytical methods used in biomedicine, chemistry, and pharmacology.
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Dong, Xiquan; Wielicki, Bruce A.; Xi, Baike; Hu, Yongxiang; Mace, Gerald G.; Benson, Sally; Rose, Fred; Kato, Seiji; Charlock, Thomas; Minnis, Patrick
2008-01-01
Atmospheric column absorption of solar radiation A(sub col) is a fundamental part of the Earth's energy cycle but is an extremely difficult quantity to measure directly. To investigate A(sub col), we have collocated satellite-surface observations for the optically thick Deep Convective Systems (DCS) at the Department of Energy Atmosphere Radiation Measurement (ARM) Tropical Western Pacific (TWP) and Southern Great Plains (SGP) sites during the period of March 2000 December 2004. The surface data were averaged over a 2-h interval centered at the time of the satellite overpass, and the satellite data were averaged within a 1 deg X 1 deg area centered on the ARM sites. In the DCS, cloud particle size is important for top-of-atmosphere (TOA) albedo and A(sub col) although the surface absorption is independent of cloud particle size. In this study, we find that the A(sub col) in the tropics is approximately 0.011 more than that in the middle latitudes. This difference, however, disappears, i.e., the A(sub col) values at both regions converge to the same value (approximately 0.27 of the total incoming solar radiation) in the optically thick limit (tau greater than 80). Comparing the observations with the NASA Langley modified Fu_Liou 2-stream radiative transfer model for optically thick cases, the difference between observed and model-calculated surface absorption, on average, is less than 0.01, but the model-calculated TOA albedo and A(sub col) differ by 0.01 to 0.04, depending primarily on the cloud particle size observation used. The model versus observation discrepancies found are smaller than many previous studies and are just within the estimated error bounds. We did not find evidence for a large cloud absorption anomaly for the optically thick limit of extensive ice cloud layers. A more modest cloud absorption difference of 0.01 to 0.04 cannot yet be ruled out. The remaining uncertainty could be reduced with additional cases, and by reducing the current uncertainty in cloud particle size.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Rudich, Y.; Bluvshtein, N.; Lin, P.; Flores, J. M.; Segey, L.; Tas, E.; Snider, G.; Weagle, C. L. M.; Brown, S. S.; Laskin, J.; Laskin, A.
2017-12-01
Accurate modeling of the radiative effects of smoke aerosols requires wavelength-dependent measurements and parameterizations of their optical properties in the UV and visible spectral ranges along with improved description of their chemical composition. To address this issue, we used a recently developed approach to retrieve the time- and spectral-dependent optical properties of ambient biomass burning aerosols from 300 to 650 nm wavelengths during a regional nighttime bonfire festival in Israel. During the biomass burning event, the overall absorption at 400 nm increased by about two orders of magnitude, changing the single scattering albedo from a background level of 0.95 to 0.7. In addition, PM2.5 filter samples were collected for detailed chemical analysis of the water soluble organics that contribute to light absorption. Nitroaromatic compounds were identified as major organic species responsible for the 50-80% of the total visible light absorption (> 400 nm). Typical chromophores include 4-nitrocatechol, 4-nitrophenol, nitro-syringol and nitro-guaiacol; oxidation-nitration products of methoxyphenols, and known products of lignin pyrolysis. Our results suggests that night time chemistry of nitrogen oxides with particles may play a significant role in atmospheric transformations of brown carbon.
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Reanalysis of X-ray emission from M87. 2: The multiphase medium
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Tsai, John C.
1994-01-01
In a previous paper, we showed that a single-phase model for the gas around M87 simultaneously explained most available X-ray data. Total enclosed masses derived from the model, however, fell well below the determinations from optical measurements. In this paper, we consider possible solutions to the inconsistency, including two multiphase medium models for the gas and the consequences of systematic errors of the Einstein Focal Point Crystal Spectrometer (FPCS). First, we find that when constraints from optical mass determinations are not considered, the best-fit model to the X-ray data is always the single-phase model. Multiphase models or consideration of FPCS systematic errors are required only when optical mass constraints are included. We find that the cooling time model of White & Sarazin adequately explains the available X-ray data and predicts total masses which agree with optical measurements. An ad hoc power-law multiphase does not. This shows both that the existence of mass dropping out of the ambient phase is consistent with the data and that the cooling-time model gives a reasonable parameterization of the dropout rate. Our derived mass accretion rate is similar to previous determinations. The implications of this result for cluster mass determinations in general are discussed. We then consider 'self absorbing' models where we assume that material dropping out of the ambient medium goes completely into X-ray absorbing gas. The resulting internal absorption is small compared to Galactic absorption at most radii. The models are therefore indistinguishable from models with only Galactic absorption. We finally show that it is alternatively possible to simultaneously fit optical mass measurements and X-ray data with a single-phase model if some of the observed FPCS line fluxes are too high by the maximum systematic error. This possiblity can be checked with new data from satellites such as ASCA.
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Electro-optical equivalent calibration technology for high-energy laser energy meters
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Wei, Ji Feng, E-mail: wjfcom2000@163.com; Institute of Applied Electronics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900; Graduate School of China Academy of Engineering Physics, Beijing 100088
Electro-optical equivalent calibration with high calibration power and high equivalence is particularly well-suited to the calibration of high-energy laser energy meters. A large amount of energy is reserved during this process, however, which continues to radiate after power-off. This study measured the radiation efficiency of a halogen tungsten lamp during power-on and after power-off in order to calculate the total energy irradiated by a lamp until the high-energy laser energy meter reaches thermal equilibrium. A calibration system was designed based on the measurement results, and the calibration equivalence of the system was analyzed in detail. Results show that measurement precisionmore » is significantly affected by the absorption factor of the absorption chamber and by heat loss in the energy meter. Calibration precision is successfully improved by enhancing the equivalent power and reducing power-on time. The electro-optical equivalent calibration system, measurement uncertainty of which was evaluated as 2.4% (k = 2), was used to calibrate a graphite-cone-absorption-cavity absolute energy meter, yielding a calibration coefficient of 1.009 and measurement uncertainty of 3.5% (k = 2). A water-absorption-type high-energy laser energy meter with measurement uncertainty of 4.8% (k = 2) was considered the reference standard, and compared to the energy meter calibrated in this study, yielded a correction factor of 0.995 (standard deviation of 1.4%).« less
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Infrared laboratory studies of synthetic planetary atmospheres
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Williams, D.
1977-01-01
Topics covered include: the broadening of individual lines in the CO fundamental by various gases; total band absorptance as a function of absorber thickness and total effect pressure at various temperatures for bands of CO and N2O; nitric acid vapor content in the region of the ozone layer; optical properties of solid NH3; HSO4 concentration in Venus clouds; Burch's law of multiplicative transmittance for mixing absorbing gases when their lines are broadened by helium and hydrogen; ling strength and self-broadening parameters in the v3 fundamental of CO2 and N2O; optical constants of liquid ammonia, liquid methane, saturated hydrocarbons, ammonium hydride and ammonium salts.
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Lee, Zhong-Ping; Carder, Kendall L.
2001-01-01
A multi-band analytical (MBA) algorithm is developed to retrieve absorption and backscattering coefficients for optically deep waters, which can be applied to data from past and current satellite sensors, as well as data from hyperspectral sensors. This MBA algorithm applies a remote-sensing reflectance model derived from the Radiative Transfer Equation, and values of absorption and backscattering coefficients are analytically calculated from values of remote-sensing reflectance. There are only limited empirical relationships involved in the algorithm, which implies that this MBA algorithm could be applied to a wide dynamic range of waters. Applying the algorithm to a simulated non-"Case 1" data set, which has no relation to the development of the algorithm, the percentage error for the total absorption coefficient at 440 nm a (sub 440) is approximately 12% for a range of 0.012 - 2.1 per meter (approximately 6% for a (sub 440) less than approximately 0.3 per meter), while a traditional band-ratio approach returns a percentage error of approximately 30%. Applying it to a field data set ranging from 0.025 to 2.0 per meter, the result for a (sub 440) is very close to that using a full spectrum optimization technique (9.6% difference). Compared to the optimization approach, the MBA algorithm cuts the computation time dramatically with only a small sacrifice in accuracy, making it suitable for processing large data sets such as satellite images. Significant improvements over empirical algorithms have also been achieved in retrieving the optical properties of optically deep waters.
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Pan, Xiaoju; Mannino, Antonio; Russ, Mary E.; Hooker, Stanford B.
2008-01-01
At present, satellite remote sensing of coastal water quality and constituent concentration is subject to large errors as compared to the capability of satellite sensors in oceanic waters. In this study, field measurements collected on a series of cruises within U.S. southern Middle Atlantic Bight (SMAB) were applied to improve retrievals of satellite ocean color products in order to examine the factors that regulate the bio-optical properties within the continental shelf waters of the SMAB. The first objective was to develop improvements in satellite retrievals of absorption coefficients of phytoplankton (a(sub ph)), colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) (a(sub g)), non-pigmented particles (a(sub d)), and non-pigmented particles plus CDOM (a(sub dg)), and chlorophyll a concentration ([Chl_a]). Several algorithms were compared to derive constituent absorption coefficients from remote sensing reflectance (R(sub rs)) ratios. The validation match-ups showed that the mean absolute percent differences (MAPD) were typically less than 35%, although higher errors were found for a(sub d) retrievals. Seasonal and spatial variability of satellite-derived absorption coefficients and [Chl_a] was apparent and consistent with field data. CDOM is a major contributor to the bio-optical properties of the SMAB, accounting for 35-70% of total light absorption by particles plus CDOM at 443 nm, as compared to 30-45% for phytoplankton and 0-20% for non-pigmented particles. The overestimation of [Chl_a] from the operational satellite algorithms may be attributed to the strong CDOM absorption in this region. River discharge is important in controlling the bio-optical environment, but cannot explain all of the regional and seasonal variability of biogeochemical constituents in the SMAB.
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Electronic Structures and Optical Properties of α-Al2O3Nanowires
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wang, Zhiqiang; Li, Chunlei; Liu, Lijia; Sham, Tsun-Kong
2013-04-01
The electronic structure and optical properties of α-Al2O3 nanowires (NWs) have been investigated using X-ray absorption near-edge structures (XANES) and X-ray excited optical luminescence (XEOL). The XANES were recorded in total electron yield (TEY) and total fluorescence yield (TFY) across the K- and L3,2-edges of aluminium and the K-edge of oxygen. The results indicate that the NWs are of a core/shell structure with a single-crystalline core and an amorphous shell. The XEOL spectra of the NWs show an intense peak at 404 nm, which comes from the F centre located in the amorphous shell of the NWs. The implication of these findings and the sensitivity of XEOL for defect detection are discussed.
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Statistical Fine Structure of Inhomogeneously Broadened Absorption Lines.
1987-07-31
inhomogeneously broadened optical absorption of pentacene n p-terphenyl at liquid helium temperatures... SFS is the actual frequency- ependent, time...statistical fine structure (SFS) in the inhomogeneously broadened optical absorption of pentacene in p-terphenyl at liquid helium temperatures. SFS is the...quite difficult . -2- We have observed for the first time statistical fine structure in the inhomogeneously broadened optical absorption of pentacene
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Remote Sensing Reflectance and Inherent Optical Properties in the Mid-mesohaline Chesapeake Bay
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Tzortziou, Maria; Subramaniam, Ajit; Herman, Jay R.; Gallegos, Charles L.; Neal, Patrick J.; Harding, Lawrence W., Jr.
2006-01-01
We used an extensive set of bio-optical data and radiative transfer (RT) model simulations of radiation fields to investigate relationships between inherent optical properties and remotely sensed quantities in the optically complex, mid-mesohaline Chesapeake Bay waters. Field observations showed that the chlorophyll algorithms used by the MODIS (MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) ocean color sensor (i.e. Chlor_a, chlor_MODIS, chlor_a_3 products) do not perform accurately in these Case 2 waters. This is because, when applied to waters with high concentrations of chlorophyll, all MODIS algorithms are based on empirical relationships between chlorophyll concentration and blue-green wavelength remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) ratios that do not account for the typically strong blue-wavelength absorption by non-covarying, dissolved and non-algal particulate components. Stronger correlation was observed between chlorophyll concentration and Rrs ratios in the red (i.e. Rrs(677)/Rrs(554)) where dissolved and non-algal particulate absorption become exponentially smaller. Regionally-specific algorithms that are based on the phytoplankton optical properties in the red wavelength region provide a better basis for satellite monitoring of phytoplankton blooms in these Case 2 waters. Good optical closure was obtained between independently measured Rrs spectra and the optical properties of backscattering, b(sub b), and absorption, a, over the wide range of in-water conditions observed in the Chesapeake Bay. Observed variability in the quantity f/Q (proportionality factor in the relationship between Rrs and the water inherent optical properties ratio b(sub b)/(a+b(sub b)) was consistent with RT model calculations for the specific measurement geometry and water bio-optical characteristics. Data and model results showed that f/Q values in these Case 2 coastal waters are not considerably different from those estimated in previous studies for Case 1 waters. Variation in surface backscattering significantly affected Rrs magnitude across the visible spectrum and was most strongly correlated (R(sup 2)=0.88) with observed variability in Rrs at 670 nm. Surface values of particulate backscattering were strongly correlated with non-algal particulate absorption, a(sub nap), in the blue wavelengths (R(sup 2)=0.83). These results, along with the measured values of backscattering fraction magnitude and non-algal particulate absorption spectral slope, suggest that suspended non-algal particles with high inorganic content are the major water constituents regulating b(sub b) variability in the mid-mesohaline Chesapeake Bay. Remote retrieval of surface b(sub b) and (a(sub nap), from Rrs(670) can be used in regionally-specific satellite algorithms to separate contribution by non-algal particles and dissolved organic matter to total light absorption in the blue, and monitor non-algal suspended particle concentration and distribution in these Case 2 waters.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Tanna, A.; Webb, J. K.; Curran, S. J.
2013-08-01
We report the detection of a strong H I 21 cm absorption system at z = 0.5344, as well as a candidate system at z = 0.3389, in the sight line toward the z = 2.64 quasar MG J0414+0534. This, in addition to the absorption at the host redshift and the other two intervening absorbers, takes the total to four (possibly five). The previous maximum number of 21 cm absorbers detected along a single sight line is two and so we suspect that this number of gas-rich absorbers is in some way related to the very red color of themore » background source. Despite this, no molecular gas (through OH absorption) has yet been detected at any of the 21 cm redshifts, although, from the population of 21 cm absorbers as a whole, there is evidence for a weak correlation between the atomic line strength and the optical-near-infrared color. In either case, the fact that so many gas-rich galaxies (likely to be damped Ly{alpha} absorption systems) have been found along a single sight line toward a highly obscured source may have far-reaching implications for the population of faint galaxies not detected in optical surveys, a possibility which could be addressed through future wide-field absorption line surveys with the Square Kilometer Array.« less
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DOAS-based total column ozone retrieval from Phaethon system
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Gkertsi, F.; Bais, A. F.; Kouremeti, N.; Drosoglou, Th; Fountoulakis, I.; Fragkos, K.
2018-05-01
This study introduces the measurement of the total ozone column using Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) analysis of direct-sun spectra recorded by the Phaethon system. This methodology is based on the analysis of spectra relative to a reference spectrum that has been recorded by the same instrument. The slant column density of ozone associated with the reference spectrum is derived by Langley extrapolation. Total ozone data derived by Phaethon over two years in Thessaloniki are compared with those of a collocated, well-maintained and calibrated, Brewer spectrophotometer. When the retrieval of total ozone is based on the absorption cross sections of (Paur and Bass, 1984) at 228 K, Phaethon shows an average overestimation of 1.85 ± 1.86%. Taking into account the effect of the day-to-day variability of stratospheric temperature on total ozone derived by both systems, the bias is reduced to 0.94 ± 1.26%. The sensitivity of the total ozone retrieval to changes in temperature is larger for Phaethon than for Brewer.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Beesley, Ramon; Panapitiya, Gihan; Lewis, James; Lewis Group Team
Delafossite oxides are a family of materials with the form ABO2 , where the A-site is a monovalent cation (Cu , Ag , Au) and the B-site is a trivalent cation (Ga , Al , In). Delafossites typically have a wide optical band gap, this band gap may be tuned by adding a second B-site element forming an AB(1- x) 1B(x)2O2 alloy. We investigate changes in the electronic structure of CuAlO2 , CuGaO2 , and CuInO2 when alloyed with CuFeO2 . Using the FIREBALL program to optimize the atomic structure, calculate the total and partial density of states, calculate the valence band edge for each alloy level, and investigate the clustering factor of the second B-site atom, it is found that alloying with Fe creates midgap states caused by Fe - O interactions. From the partial density of state, each type of atoms contribution to the change in the valence band edge can be seen. Observed changes to the materials include increased optical absorption in the visible range, and symmetry breaking because of the deformation in the crystal structure. The CuFeO2 alloying percentages range from 0-5%. We are synthesizing these alloys to experimentally verify the changes in the optical absorption spectra.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Saberi-Pouya, S.; Vazifehshenas, T.; Salavati-fard, T.; Farmanbar, M.; Peeters, F. M.
2017-08-01
We calculate the optical conductivity of an anisotropic two-dimensional system with Rashba spin-flip excitation within the Kubo formalism. We show that the anisotropic Rashba effect caused by an external field significantly changes the magnitude of the spin splitting. Furthermore, we obtain an analytical expression for the longitudinal optical conductivity associated with interband transitions as a function of the frequency for arbitrary polarization angle. We find that the diagonal components of the optical conductivity tensor are direction dependent and the optical absorption spectrum exhibits a strongly anisotropic absorption window. The height and width of this absorption window are very sensitive to the anisotropy of the system. While the height of absorption peak increases with increasing effective mass anisotropy ratio, the peak intensity is larger when the light polarization is along the armchair direction. Moreover, the absorption peak width becomes broader as the density-of-states mass or Rashba interaction is enhanced. These features in the optical absorption spectrum can be used to determine parameters relevant for spintronics.
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Broadband and wide angle near-unity absorption in graphene-insulator-metal thin film stacks
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhang, H. J.; Zheng, G. G.; Chen, Y. Y.; Xu, L. H.
2018-05-01
Broadband unity absorption in graphene-insulator-metal (GIM) structures is demonstrated in the visible (VIS) and near-infrared (NIR) spectra. The spectral characteristics possess broadband absorption peaks, by simply choosing a stack of GIM, while no nanofabrication steps and patterning are required, and thus can be easily fabricated to cover a large area. The electromagnetic (EM) waves can be entirely trapped and the absorption can be greatly enhanced are verified with the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) and rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA) methods. The position and the number of the absorption peak can be totally controlled by adjusting the thickness of the insulator layer. The proposed absorber maintains high absorption (above 90%) for both transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) polarizations, and for angles of incidence up to 80°. This work opens up a promising approach to realize perfect absorption (PA) with ultra-thin film, which could implicate many potential applications in optical detection and optoelectronic devices.
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Photothermal measurement of optical surface absorption using strain transducers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Leslie, D. H.; Trusty, G. L.
1981-09-01
We discuss the measurement of small optical surface absorption coefficients. A demonstration experiment was performed using a metallurgical strain gauge to measure 488 nm absorption on the surface of a glass plate. A strain of 10 to the minus 8th power resulted from absorption of 0.3 watts. The results are interpreted and the sensitivity of a proposed fiber optic strain gauge is discussed.
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Annealing effects on electron-beam evaporated Al 2O 3 films
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Shuzhen, Shang; Lei, Chen; Haihong, Hou; Kui, Yi; Zhengxiu, Fan; Jianda, Shao
2005-04-01
The effects of post-deposited annealing on structure and optical properties of electron-beam evaporated Al 2O 3 single layers were investigated. The films were annealed in air for 1.5 h at different temperatures from 250 to 400 °C. The optical constants and cut-off wavelength were deduced. Microstructure of the samples was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Profile and surface roughness measurement instrument was used to determine the rms surface roughness. It was found that the cut-off wavelength shifted to short wavelength as the annealing temperature increased and the total optical loss decreased. The film structure remained amorphous even after annealing at 400 °C temperature and the samples annealed at higher temperature had the higher rms surface roughness. The decreasing total optical loss with annealing temperature was attributed to the reduction of absorption owing to oxidation of the film by annealing. Guidance to reduce the optical loss of excimer laser mirrors was given.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Mazzoleni, C.; Dubey, M.; Chakrabarty, R.; Moosmuller, H.; Onasch, T.; Zavala, M.; Herndon, S.; Kolb, C.
2007-12-01
Aerosol optical properties affect planetary radiative balance and depend on chemical composition, size distribution, and morphology. During the MILAGRO field campaign, we measured aerosol absorption and scattering in Mexico City using the Los Alamos aerosol photoacoustic (LAPA) instrument operating at 781 nm. The LAPA was mounted on-board the Aerodyne Research Inc. mobile laboratory, which hosted a variety of gaseous and aerosol instruments. During the campaign, the laboratory was moved to different sites, capturing spatial and temporal variability. Additionally, we collected ambient aerosols on Nuclepore filters for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. SEM images of selected filters were taken to study particle morphology. Between March 7th and 19th air was sampled at the top of Pico Tres Padres, a mountain on the north side of Mexico City. Aerosol absorption and scattering followed diurnal patterns related to boundary layer height and solar insulation. We report an analysis of aerosol absorption, scattering, and morphology for three days (9th, 11th and 12th of March 2006). The single scattering albedo (SSA, ratio of scattering to total extinction) showed a drop in the tens-of-minutes-to-hour time frame after the boundary layer grew above the sampling site. Later in the day the SSA rose steadily reaching a maximum in the afternoon. The SEM images showed a variety of aerosol shapes including fractal-like aggregates, spherical particles, and other shapes. The absorption correlated with the CO2 signal and qualitatively with the fraction of fractal-like particles to the total particle count. In the afternoon the SSA qualitatively correlated with a relative increase in spherical particles and total particle count. These observed changes in optical properties and morphology can be explained by the dominant contribution of freshly emitted particles in the morning and by secondary particle formation in the afternoon. SSA hourly averaged values ranged from ~0.63 in the morning to ~0.83 in the afternoon/night, indicating light absorbing aerosols, which have a large impact on radiative forcing.
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Mirshafieyan, Seyed Sadreddin; Luk, Ting S.; Guo, Junpeng
2016-03-04
Here, we demonstrated perfect light absorption in optical nanocavities made of ultra-thin percolation aluminum and silicon films deposited on an aluminum surface. The total layer thickness of the aluminum and silicon films is one order of magnitude less than perfect absorption wavelength in the visible spectral range. The ratio of silicon cavity layer thickness to perfect absorption wavelength decreases as wavelength decreases due to the increased phase delays at silicon-aluminum boundaries at shorter wavelengths. It is explained that perfect light absorption is due to critical coupling of incident wave to the fundamental Fabry-Perot resonance mode of the structure where themore » round trip phase delay is zero. Simulations were performed and the results agree well with the measurement results.« less
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Communication: X-ray excited optical luminescence from TbCl3 at the giant resonance of terbium
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Heigl, F.; Jürgensen, A.; Zhou, X.-T.; Hu, Y.-F.; Zuin, L.; Sham, T. K.
2013-02-01
We have studied the optical recombination channels of TbCl3 using x-ray excited optical luminescence at the N4,5 absorption edge of Tb (giant resonance) in both the energy and time domain. The luminescence exhibits a relatively fast 5D3, and a slow 5D4 decay channel in the blue and green, respectively. The rather short lifetime of the 5D3 state indicates that the decay is mainly driven by Tb-Tb ion interaction via non-radiative energy transfer (cross-relaxation). At the giant resonance the X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) recorded using partial photoluminescence yield is inverted. In the pre-edge region the contrast of the spectral feature is significantly better in optical XANES than in total electron yield. Changes in the intensity of 5D3-7F5 (544 nm) and 5D4-7F6 (382 nm) optical transitions as the excitation energy is tuned across the giant resonance are also noted. The results provide detailed insight into the dynamics of the optical recombination channels and an alternative method to obtain high sensitivity, high energy resolution XANES at the giant resonance of light emitting rare-earth materials.
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Optical and electrical properties of ion beam textured Kapton and Teflon
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Mirtich, M. J.; Sovey, J. S.
1977-01-01
An electron bombardment argon ion source was used to ion etch polyimide (Kapton) and fluorinated ethylene, FEP (Teflon). Samples of polyimide and FEP were exposed to (0.5-1.0) keV Ar ions at ion current densities of (1.0-1/8) mA/sq cm for various exposure times. Changes in the optical and electrical properties of the samples were used to characterize the exposure. Spectral reflectance and transmittance measurements were made between 0.33 and 2.16 micron m using an integrating sphere after each exposure. From these measurements, values of solar absorptance were obtained. Total emittance measurements were also recorded for some samples. Surface resistivity was used to determine changes in the electrical conductivity of the etched samples. A scanning electron microscope recorded surface structure after exposure. Spectral optical data, resistivity measurements, calculated absorptance and emittance measurements are presented along with photomicrographs of the surface structure for the various exposures to Ar ions.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wen, Jun-Qing; Zhang, Jian-Min; Chen, Guo-Xiang; Wu, Hua; Yang, Xu
2018-04-01
The density functional theory calculations using general gradient approximation (GGA) applying Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) as correlation functional have been systematically performed to research the formation energy, the electronic structures, band structures, total and partial DOS, and optical properties of Nd doping ZnO with the content from 6.25% to 12.5%. The formation energies are negative for both models, which show that two structures are energetically stable. Nd doping ZnO crystal is found to be a direct band gap semiconductor and Fermi level shifts upward into conduction band, which show the properties of n-type semiconductor. Band structures are more compact after Nd doping ZnO, implying that Nd doping induces the strong interaction between different atoms. Nd doping ZnO crystal presents occupied states at near Fermi level, which mainly comes from the Nd 4f orbital. The calculated optical properties imply that Nd doping causes a red-shift of absorption peaks, and enhances the absorption of the visible light.
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Analysis and parameterization of absorption properties of northern Norwegian coastal water
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Nima, Ciren; Frette, Øyvind; Hamre, Børge; Erga, Svein Rune; Chen, Yi-Chun; Zhao, Lu; Sørensen, Kai; Norli, Marit; Stamnes, Knut; Muyimbwa, Dennis; Ssenyonga, Taddeo; Ssebiyonga, Nicolausi; Stamnes, Jakob J.
2017-02-01
Coastal water bodies are generally classified as Case 2 water, in which non-algal particles (NAP) and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) contribute significantly to the optical properties in addition to phytoplankton. These three constituents vary independently in Case 2 water and tend to be highly variable in space and time. We present data from measurements and analyses of the spectral absorption due to CDOM, total suspended matter (TSM), phytoplankton, and NAP in high-latitude northern Norwegian coastal water based on samples taken in spring, summer, and autumn.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bijeesh, M. M.; Shakhi, P. K.; Varier, Geetha K.; Nandakumar, P.
2018-06-01
We report on the nonlinear optical absorption coefficient of Au/BaTiO3 nanocomposite films and its dependence on gold nanoparticle concentration. Au/BaTiO3 nanocomposite films with different molar ratio of Au/Ba are prepared by sol-gel technique and characterized by X-ray diffraction, UV Visible absorption spectroscopy and high resolution transmission electron microscopy. An open aperture Z-scan technique is employed to study the third order nonlinear optical properties of Au/BaTiO3 thin films. An Nd:YAG laser operating at 532 nm wavelength having a pulse width of 5 ns is used for the measurements. The two-photon absorption coefficient of the films increases linearly with gold nanoparticle concentration and significant enhancement of nonlinear optical absorption is observed. This ability to fine tune the nonlinear optical coefficients of Au/BaTiO3 films would be handy in optical device applications.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lee, Seunghyun; Kim, Hyemin; Shin, Seungjun; Doh, Junsang; Kim, Chulhong
2017-03-01
Optical microscopy (OM) and photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) have previously been used to image the optical absorption of intercellular features of biological cells. However, the optical diffraction limit ( 200 nm) makes it difficult for these modalities to image nanoscale inner cell structures and the distribution of internal cell components. Although super-resolution fluorescence microscopy, such as stimulated emission depletion microscopy (STED) and stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM), has successfully performed nanoscale biological imaging, these modalities require the use of exogenous fluorescence agents, which are unfavorable for biological samples. Our newly developed atomic force photoactivated microscopy (AFPM) can provide optical absorption images with nanoscale lateral resolution without any exogenous contrast agents. AFPM combines conventional atomic force microscopy (AFM) and an optical excitation system, and simultaneously provides multiple contrasts, such as the topography and magnitude of optical absorption. AFPM can detect the intrinsic optical absorption of samples with 8 nm lateral resolution, easily overcoming the diffraction limit. Using the label-free AFPM system, we have successfully imaged the optical absorption properties of a single melanoma cell (B16F10) and a rosette leaf epidermal cell of Arabidopsis (ecotype Columbia (Col-0)) with nanoscale lateral resolution. The remarkable images show the melanosome distribution of a melanoma cell and the biological structures of a plant cell. AFPM provides superior imaging of optical absorption with a nanoscale lateral resolution, and it promises to become widely used in biological and chemical research.
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Characterizing light attenuation within Northwest Florida ...
Water Quality (WQ) condition is based on ecosystem stressor indicators (e.g. water clarity) which are biogeochemically important and critical when considering the Deepwater Horizon oil spill restoration efforts under the 2012 RESTORE Act. Nearly all of the proposed RESTORE projects list restoring WC as a goal, but 90% neglect water clarity. Here, dynamics of optical constituents impacting clarity are presented from a 2009-2011 study within Pensacola, Choctawhatchee, St. Andrew and St. Joseph estuaries (targeted RESTORE sites) in Northwest Florida. Phytoplankton were the smallest contribution to total absorption (at-wPAR) at 412 nm (5-11%), whereas colored dissolved organic matter was the largest (61-79%). Estuarine at-wPAR was significantly related to light attenuation (KdPAR), where individual contributors to clarity and the influence of climatic events were discerned. Provided are conversion equations demonstrating interoperability of clarity indicators between traditional State-measured WQ measures (e.g. secchi disc), optical constituents, and even satellite remote sensing for obtaining baseline assessments. This paper arose from efforts under SSWR and SHC to utilize water quality data as baseline measures for RESTORE Act monitoring in Florida estuaries. This paper aims to (1) describe dynamics of optical constituents that impact water clarity in four NW Florida estuaries, and (2) make a case for the total absorption coefficient (at-wPAR) as a valuable
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A Novel Optical Diagnostic for In Situ Measurements of Lithium Polysulfides in Battery Electrolytes.
Saqib, Najmus; Silva, Cody J; Maupin, C Mark; Porter, Jason M
2017-07-01
An optical diagnostic technique to determine the order and concentration of lithium polysulfides in lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery electrolytes has been developed. One of the major challenges of lithium-sulfur batteries is the problem of polysulfide shuttling between the electrodes, which leads to self-discharge and loss of active material. Here we present an optical diagnostic for quantitative in situ measurements of lithium polysulfides using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Simulated infrared spectra of lithium polysulfide molecules were generated using computational quantum chemistry routines implemented in Gaussian 09. The theoretical spectra served as a starting point for experimental characterization of lithium polysulfide solutions synthesized by the direct reaction of lithium sulfide and sulfur. Attenuated total reflection FT-IR spectroscopy was used to measure absorption spectra. The lower limit of detection with this technique is 0.05 M. Measured spectra revealed trends with respect to polysulfide order and concentration, consistent with theoretical predictions, which were used to develop a set of equations relating the order and concentration of lithium polysulfides in a sample to the position and area of a characteristic infrared absorption band. The diagnostic routine can measure the order and concentration to within 5% and 0.1 M, respectively.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Moiseeva, N.; Churilova, T.; Efimova, T.; Krivenko, O.; Latushkin, A.
2017-11-01
Variability of the bio-optical properties of the Crimean coastal waters in June 2016 has been analyzed. The type of vertical distribution chlorophyll a concentration and phytoplankton light absorption coefficients and spectra shape differed between shallow and deeper water. In the deeper water seasonal stratification divided euphotic zone into layers with different environmental conditions. In the deeper part of the euphotic zone (below the thermocline) phytoplankton absorption spectra had local maximum at 550 nm, which was likely to be associated with high abundance of cyanobacteria (Synechococcus sps.) in the phytoplankton community. The concentration of chlorophyll a specific light absorption coefficient of phytoplankton decreased with depth (especially pronounced in the blue domain of the spectrum). In the shallow water the vertical distributions of all absorption properties were relatively homogeneous due to vertical water mixing. In the shallow water non-algal particles light absorption coefficient and its contribution to total particulate absorption were higher than those in the deeper water. The non-algal particles (NAP) and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) light absorption spectra were well described by an exponential function with a slope averaging 0.010 nm-1 (SD = 0.001 nm-1) and 0.022 nm-1 (SD = 0.0060 nm-1), correspondingly. The CDOM absorption at 440 nm and slope coefficient varied significantly across the investigated area, which was possibly associated with the terrestrial influences. The assessment of the contribution of phytoplankton, NAP and CDOM to total light absorption showed that CDOM dominated in the absorption at 440 nm.
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Wu, Jun
2018-03-01
The polarization-independent enhanced absorption effect of graphene in the near-infrared range is investigated. This is achieved by placing a graphene square array on top of a dielectric square array backed by a two-dimensional multilayer grating. Total optical absorption in graphene can be attributed to critical coupling, which is achieved through the combined effect of guided-mode resonance with the dielectric square array and the photonic band gap with the two-dimensional multilayer grating. To reveal the physical origin of such a phenomenon, the electromagnetic field distributions for both polarizations are illustrated. The designed graphene absorber exhibits near-unity polarization-independent absorption at resonance with an ultra-narrow spectrum. Moreover, the polarization-independent absorption can be tuned simply by changing the geometric parameters. The results may have promising potential for the design of graphene-based optoelectronic devices.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Grein, C. H.; John, Sajeev
1990-04-01
We present the results of a parameter-free first-principles theory for the fine structure of the Urbach optical-absorption edge in crystalline and disordered semiconductors. The dominant features are recaptured by means of a simple physical argument based on the most probable potential-well analogy. At finite temperatures, the overall linear exponential Urbach behavior of the subgap optical-absorption coefficient is a consequence of multiple LA-phonon emission and absorption sidebands that accompany the electronic transition. The fine structure of subgap absorption spectra observed in some materials is accounted for by multiple TO-, LO-, and TA-phonon absorption and emission sidebands. Good agreement is found with experimental data on crystalline silicon. The effects of nonadiabaticity in the electron-phonon interaction are calculated.
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Multiple-Path-Length Optical Absorbance Cell
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
2001-01-01
An optical absorbance cell that offers a selection of multiple optical path lengths has been developed as part of a portable spectrometric instrument that measures absorption spectra of small samples of water and that costs less than does a conventional, non-portable laboratory spectrometer. The instrument is intended, more specifically, for use in studying colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in seawater, especially in coastal regions. Accurate characterization of CDOM is necessary for building bio-optical mathematical models of seawater. The multiple path lengths of the absorption cell afford a wide range of sensitivity needed for measuring the optical absorbances associated with the wide range of concentrations of CDOM observed in nature. The instrument operates in the wavelength range of 370 to 725 nm. The major subsystems of the instrument (see figure) include a color-balanced light source; the absorption cell; a peristaltic pump; a high-precision, low-noise fiber optic spectrometer; and a laptop or other personal computer. A fiber-optic cable transmits light from the source to the absorption cell. Other optical fibers transmit light from the absorption cell to the spectrometer,
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Modeling investigation of light-absorbing aerosols in the Amazon Basin during the wet season
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wang, Qiaoqiao; Saturno, Jorge; Chi, Xuguang; Walter, David; Lavric, Jost; Moran-Zuloaga, Daniel; Ditas, Florian; Pöhlker, Christopher; Brito, Joel; Carbone, Samara; Artaxo, Paulo; Andreae, Meinrat
2017-04-01
We use a global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) to interpret observed light-absorbing aerosols in Amazonia during the wet season. Observed aerosol properties, including black carbon (BC) concentration and light absorption, at the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO) site in the central Amazon have relatively low background levels but frequently show high peaks during the study period of January-April 2014. With daily temporal resolution for open fire emissions and modified aerosol optical properties, our model successfully captures the observed variation in fine/coarse aerosol and BC concentrations as well as aerosol light absorption and its wavelength dependence over the Amazon Basin. The source attribution in the model indicates the important influence of open fire on the observed variances of aerosol concentrations and absorption, mainly from regional sources (northern South America) and from northern Africa. The contribution of open fires from these two regions is comparable, with the latter becoming more important in the late wet season. The analysis of correlation and enhancement ratios of BC versus CO suggests transport times of < 3 days for regional fires and 11 days for African plumes arriving at ATTO during the wet season. The model performance of long-range transport of African plumes is also evaluated with observations from AERONET, MODIS, and CALIOP. Simulated absorption aerosol optical depth (AAOD) averaged over the wet season is lower than 0.0015 over the central Amazon, including the ATTO site. We find that more than 50% of total absorption at 550 nm is from BC, except for the northeastern Amazon and the Guianas, where the influence of dust becomes significant (up to 35 %). The brown carbon contribution is generally between 20 and 30 %. The distribution of absorption Ångström exponents (AAE) suggests more influence from fossil fuel combustion in the southern part of the basin (AAE 1) but more open fire and dust influence in the northern part (AAE > 1.8). Uncertainty analysis shows that accounting for absorption due to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and primary biogenic aerosol (PBA) particles could result in differences of < 8 and 5-40% in total absorption, respectively.
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Fabrication of metasurface-based infrared absorber structures using direct laser write lithography
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Fanyaeu, Ihar; Mizeikis, Vygantas
2016-03-01
We report fabrication and optical properties of ultra-thin polarization-invariant electromagnetic absorber metasurface for infra-red spectral. The absorber structure, which uses three-dimensional architecture is based on single-turn metallic helices arranged into a periodic square lattice on a metallic substrate, is expected to exhibit total resonant absorption due to balanced coupling between resonances of the helices. The structure was designed using numerical simulations aiming to tune the total absorption resonance to infra-red wavelength range by appropriately downscaling the unit cell of the structure, and taking into account dielectric dispersion and losses of the metal. The designed structures were subsequently fabricated using femtosecond direct laser write technique in a dielectric photoresist, and subsequent metallisation by gold sputtering. In accordance with the expectations, the structure was found to exhibit resonant absorption centred near the wavelength of 6 - 9 µm, with peak absorption in excess of 82%. The absorber metasurface may be applied in various areas of science and technology, such as harvesting infra-red radiation in thermal detectors and energy converters.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Demkin, Artem S.; Nikitin, Dmitriy G.; Ryabushkin, Oleg A.
2016-04-01
In current work optical properties of LiB3O5 (LBO) crystal with ultraviolet (UV) (λ= 266 nm) induced volume macroscopic defect (track) are investigated using novel piezoelectric resonance laser calorimetry technique. Pulsed laser radiation of 10 W average power at 532 nm wavelength, is consecutively focused into spatial regions with and without optical defect. For these cases exponential fitting of crystal temperature kinetics measured during its irradiation gives different optical absorption coefficients α1 = 8.1 • 10-4 cm-1 (region with defect) and α =3.9ṡ10-4 cm-1 (non-defected region). Optical scattering coefficient is determined as the difference between optical absorption coefficients measured for opaque and transparent lateral facets of the crystal respectively. Measurements reveal that scattering coefficient of LBO in the region with defect is three times higher than the optical absorption coefficient.
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Optical state-of-charge monitor for batteries
Weiss, Jonathan D.
1999-01-01
A method and apparatus for determining the instantaneous state-of-charge of a battery in which change in composition with discharge manifests itself as a change in optical absorption. In a lead-acid battery, the sensor comprises a fiber optic system with an absorption cell or, alternatively, an optical fiber woven into an absorbed-glass-mat battery. In a lithium-ion battery, the sensor comprises fiber optics for introducing light into the anode to monitor absorption when lithium ions are introduced.
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Liu, Zhengqi; Liu, Guiqiang; Liu, Xiaoshan; Huang, Shan; Wang, Yan; Pan, Pingping; Liu, Mulin
2015-06-12
Resonant plasmonic and metamaterial absorbers are of particular interest for applications in a wide variety of nanotechnologies including thermophotovoltaics, photothermal therapy, hot-electron collection and biosensing. However, it is rather challenging to realize ultra-narrow absorbers using plasmonic materials due to large optical losses in metals that inevitably decrease the quality of optical resonators. Here, we theoretically report methods to achieve an ultra-narrow light absorption meta-surface by using photonic modes of the optical cavities, which strongly couple with the plasmon resonances of the metallic nanostructures. Multispectral light absorption with absorption amplitude exceeding 99% and a bandwidth approaching 10 nm is achieved at the optical frequencies. Moreover, by introducing a thick dielectric coupling cavity, the number of absorption bands can be strongly increased and the bandwidth can even be narrowed to less than 5 nm due to the resonant spectrum splitting enabled by strong coupling between the plasmon resonances and the optical cavity modes. Designing such optical cavity-coupled meta-surface structures is a promising route for achieving ultra-narrow multiband absorbers, which can be used in absorption filters, narrow-band multispectral thermal emitters and thermophotovoltaics.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yesilgul, U.; Al, E. B.; Martínez-Orozco, J. C.; Restrepo, R. L.; Mora-Ramos, M. E.; Duque, C. A.; Ungan, F.; Kasapoglu, E.
2016-08-01
In the present study, the effects of electric and magnetic fields on the linear and third-order nonlinear optical absorption coefficients and relative change of the refractive index in asymmetric GaAs/GaAlAs double quantum wells under intense laser fields are theoretically investigated. The electric field is oriented along the growth direction of the heterostructure while the magnetic field is taken in-plane. The intense laser field is linear polarization along the growth direction. Our calculations are made using the effective-mass approximation and the compact density-matrix approach. Intense laser effects on the system are investigated with the use of the Floquet method with the consequent change in the confinement potential of heterostructures. Our results show that the increase of the electric and magnetic fields blue-shifts the peak positions of the total absorption coefficient and of the total refractive index while the increase of the intense laser field firstly blue-shifts the peak positions and later results in their red-shifting.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Johansson, Malin B.; Baldissera, Gustavo; Valyukh, Iryna; Persson, Clas; Arwin, Hans; Niklasson, Gunnar A.; Österlund, Lars
2013-05-01
The optical and electronic properties of nanocrystalline WO3 thin films prepared by reactive dc magnetron sputtering at different total pressures (Ptot) were studied by optical spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Monoclinic films prepared at low Ptot show absorption in the near infrared due to polarons, which is attributed to a strained film structure. Analysis of the optical data yields band-gap energies Eg ≈ 3.1 eV, which increase with increasing Ptot by 0.1 eV, and correlate with the structural modifications of the films. The electronic structures of triclinic δ-WO3, and monoclinic γ- and ε-WO3 were calculated using the Green function with screened Coulomb interaction (GW approach), and the local density approximation. The δ-WO3 and γ-WO3 phases are found to have very similar electronic properties, with weak dispersion of the valence and conduction bands, consistent with a direct band-gap. Analysis of the joint density of states shows that the optical absorption around the band edge is composed of contributions from forbidden transitions (>3 eV) and allowed transitions (>3.8 eV). The calculations show that Eg in ε-WO3 is higher than in the δ-WO3 and γ-WO3 phases, which provides an explanation for the Ptot dependence of the optical data.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Karthikeyan, B., E-mail: bkarthik@nitt.edu; Hariharan, S.; Udayabhaskar, R.
2016-07-11
We report the optical and nonlinear optical properties of graphene oxide (GO)-polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) free standing films. The composite polymer films were prepared in ex-situ method. The variation in optical absorption spectra and optical constants with the amount of GO loading was noteworthy from the optical absorption spectroscopic studies. Nonlinear optical studies done at 532 nm using 5 ns laser pulses show three photon absorption like behaviour. Both steady state and time resolved fluorescence studies reveal that the GO was functioning as a pathway for the decay of fluorescence from PVA. This is attributed to the energy level modifications of GO throughmore » hydroxyl groups with PVA. Raman spectroscopy also supports the interaction between GO and PVA ions through OH radicals.« less
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Phonon-assisted optical absorption in BaSnO 3 from first principles
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Monserrat, Bartomeu; Dreyer, Cyrus E.; Rabe, Karin M.
2018-03-01
The perovskite BaSnO3 provides a promising platform for the realization of an earth-abundant n -type transparent conductor. Its optical properties are dominated by a dispersive conduction band of Sn 5 s states and by a flatter valence band of O 2 p states, with an overall indirect gap of about 2.9 eV . Using first-principles methods, we study the optical properties of BaSnO3 and show that both electron-phonon interactions and exact exchange, included using a hybrid functional, are necessary to obtain a qualitatively correct description of optical absorption in this material. In particular, the electron-phonon interaction drives phonon-assisted optical absorption across the minimum indirect gap and therefore determines the absorption onset, and it also leads to the temperature dependence of the absorption spectrum. Electronic correlations beyond semilocal density functional theory are key to determine the dynamical stability of the cubic perovskite structure, as well as the correct energies of the conduction bands that dominate absorption. Our work demonstrates that phonon-mediated absorption processes should be included in the design of novel transparent conductor materials.
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High-temperature multipass cell for infrared spectroscopy of heated gases and vapors.
Bartlome, R; Baer, M; Sigrist, M W
2007-01-01
In absorption spectroscopy, infrared spectra of heated gases or condensed samples in the vapor phase are usually recorded with a single pass heated gas cell. This device exhibits two orders of magnitude lower sensitivity than the high-temperature multipass cell presented in this article. Our device is a novel type of compact long path absorption cell that can withstand aggressive chemicals in addition to temperatures up to 723 K. The construction of the cell and its technical features are described in detail, paying special attention to the mechanisms that compensate for thermal expansion and that allow the user to vary the optical path length under any thermal or vacuum condition. The cell may be used with a laser source or implemented within a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. Its design is compatible with optical arrangements using astigmatic mirrors or spherical mirrors in a Herriott configuration. Here we implement a homebuilt Herriott-type cell with a total optical path length of up to 35 m. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of the cell, methane and water vapor absorption lines showing dissimilar temperature effects on line intensity were recorded with the help of a mid-infrared laser source tunable between 3 and 4 microm. Emphasis is put on lines that are too weak to be recorded with a single pass cell.
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Lin, Junfang; Cao, Wenxi; Wang, Guifeng; Hu, Shuibo
2013-06-20
Using a data set of 1333 samples, we assess the spectral absorption relationships of different wave bands for phytoplankton (ph) and particles. We find that a nonlinear model (second-order quadratic equations) delivers good performance in describing their spectral characteristics. Based on these spectral relationships, we develop a method for partitioning the total absorption coefficient into the contributions attributable to phytoplankton [a(ph)(λ)], colored dissolved organic material [CDOM; a(CDOM)(λ)], and nonalgal particles [NAP; a(NAP)(λ)]. This method is validated using a data set that contains 550 simultaneous measurements of phytoplankton, CDOM, and NAP from the NASA bio-Optical Marine Algorithm Dataset. We find that our method is highly efficient and robust, with significant accuracy: the relative root-mean-square errors (RMSEs) are 25.96%, 38.30%, and 19.96% for a(ph)(443), a(CDOM)(443), and the CDOM exponential slope, respectively. The performance is still satisfactory when the method is applied to water samples from the northern South China Sea as a regional case. The computed and measured absorption coefficients (167 samples) agree well with the RMSEs, i.e., 18.50%, 32.82%, and 10.21% for a(ph)(443), a(CDOM)(443), and the CDOM exponential slope, respectively. Finally, the partitioning method is applied directly to an independent data set (1160 samples) derived from the Bermuda Bio-Optics Project that contains relatively low absorption values, and we also obtain good inversion accuracy [RMSEs of 32.37%, 32.57%, and 11.52% for a(ph)(443), a(CDOM)(443), and the CDOM exponential slope, respectively]. Our results indicate that this partitioning method delivers satisfactory performance for the retrieval of a(ph), a(CDOM), and a(NAP). Therefore, this may be a useful tool for extracting absorption coefficients from in situ measurements or remotely sensed ocean-color data.
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Crystal structure and electronic properties of a thiolate-protected Au24 nanocluster
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Das, Anindita; Li, Tao; Li, Gao; Nobusada, Katsuyuki; Zeng, Chenjie; Rosi, Nathaniel L.; Jin, Rongchao
2014-05-01
Solving the total structures of gold nanoclusters is of critical importance for understanding their electronic, optical and catalytic properties. Herein, we report the X-ray structure of a charge-neutral Au24(SCH2Ph-tBu)20 nanocluster. This structure features a bi-tetrahedral Au8 kernel protected by four tetrameric staple-like motifs. Electronic structure analysis is further carried out and the optical absorption spectrum is interpreted. The Au24(SCH2Ph-tBu)20, Au23(S-c-C6H11)16 and Au25(SCH2CH2Ph)18 nanoclusters constitute the first crystallographically characterized ``trio''.Solving the total structures of gold nanoclusters is of critical importance for understanding their electronic, optical and catalytic properties. Herein, we report the X-ray structure of a charge-neutral Au24(SCH2Ph-tBu)20 nanocluster. This structure features a bi-tetrahedral Au8 kernel protected by four tetrameric staple-like motifs. Electronic structure analysis is further carried out and the optical absorption spectrum is interpreted. The Au24(SCH2Ph-tBu)20, Au23(S-c-C6H11)16 and Au25(SCH2CH2Ph)18 nanoclusters constitute the first crystallographically characterized ``trio''. Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Experimental and supporting Fig. S1-S3. CCDC NUMBER(1000102). For ESI and crystallographic data in CIF or other electronic format see DOI: 10.1039/c4nr01350f
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Nitrogen dioxide sensing using a novel gas correlation detector
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kebabian, Paul L.; Annen, Kurt D.; Berkoff, Timothy A.; Freedman, Andrew
2000-05-01
A nitrogen dioxide point sensor, based on a novel nondispersive gas filter spectroscopic scheme, is described. The detection scheme relies on the fact that the absorption spectrum of nitrogen dioxide in the 400-550 nm region consists of a complicated line structure superimposed on an average broadband absorption. A compensating filter is used to remove the effect of the broadband absorption, making the sensor insensitive both to small particles in the optical path and to potentially interfering gases with broadband absorption features in the relevant wavelength region. Measurements are obtained using a remote optical absorption cell that is linked via multimode fibre optics to the source and detection optics. The incorporation of blue light emitting diodes which spectrally match the nitrogen dioxide absorption allows the employment of electronic (instead of mechanical) switching between optical paths. A sensitivity of better than 1.0 ppm m column density (1 s integration time) has been observed; improvements in electronics and thermal stabilization should increase this sensitivity.
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Non linear optical investigations of silver nanoparticles synthesised by curcumin reduction
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Dhanya, N. P.
2017-11-01
Metal nanoparticles have considerable applications in assorted fields like medicine, biology, photonics, metallurgy etc. Optical applications of Silver nanoparticles are of significant interest among researchers nowadays. In this paper, we report a single step chemical reduction of silver nanoparticles with Curcumin both as a reducing and stabilising agent at room temperature. Structural, plasmonic and non linear optical properties of the prepared nanoparticles are explored using Scanning Electron Microscope, Transmission Electron Microscope, UV absorption spectrometry, Spectroflurometry and Z scan. UV-Vis absorption studies affirm the Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) absorption and spectroflurometric studies announce the emission spectrum of the prepared silvernanoparticles at 520 nm. SEM and TEM images uphold the existence of uniform sized, spherical silvernanoparticles. Nonlinear optical studies are accomplished with the open aperture z scan technique in the nanosecond regime. The nonlinearity is in virtue of saturable absorption, two-photon absorption and excited state absorption. The marked nonlinearity and optical limiting of the Curcumin reduced silvernanoparticles enhances its photonic applications.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Abookasis, David; Lay, Christopher C.; Mathews, Marlon S.; Linskey, Mark E.; Frostig, Ron D.; Tromberg, Bruce J.
2009-03-01
We describe a technique that uses spatially modulated near-infrared (NIR) illumination to detect and map changes in both optical properties (absorption and reduced scattering parameters) and tissue composition (oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin, total hemoglobin, and oxygen saturation) during acute ischemic injury in the rat barrel cortex. Cerebral ischemia is induced using an open vascular occlusion technique of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). Diffuse reflected NIR light (680 to 980 nm) from the left parietal somatosensory cortex is detected by a CCD camera before and after MCA occlusion. Monte Carlo simulations are used to analyze the spatial frequency dependence of the reflected light to predict spatiotemporal changes in the distribution of tissue absorption and scattering properties in the brain. Experimental results from seven rats show a 17+/-4.7% increase in tissue concentration of deoxyhemoglobin and a 45+/-3.1, 23+/-5.4, and 21+/-2.2% decrease in oxyhemoglobin, total hemoglobin concentration and cerebral tissue oxygen saturation levels, respectively, 45 min following induction of cerebral ischemia. An ischemic index (Iisch=ctHHb/ctO2Hb) reveals an average of more then twofold contrast after MCAo. The wavelength-dependence of the reduced scattering (i.e., scatter power) decreased by 35+/-10.3% after MCA occlusion. Compared to conventional CCD-based intrinsic signal optical imaging (ISOI), the use of structured illumination and model-based analysis allows for generation of separate maps of light absorption and scattering properties as well as tissue hemoglobin concentration. This potentially provides a powerful approach for quantitative monitoring and imaging of neurophysiology and metabolism with high spatiotemporal resolution.
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Determination of optical absorption coefficient with focusing photoacoustic imaging.
Li, Zhifang; Li, Hui; Zeng, Zhiping; Xie, Wenming; Chen, Wei R
2012-06-01
Absorption coefficient of biological tissue is an important factor for photothermal therapy and photoacoustic imaging. However, its determination remains a challenge. In this paper, we propose a method using focusing photoacoustic imaging technique to quantify the target optical absorption coefficient. It utilizes the ratio of the amplitude of the peak signal from the top boundary of the target to that from the bottom boundary based on wavelet transform. This method is self-calibrating. Factors, such as absolute optical fluence, ultrasound parameters, and Grüneisen parameter, can be canceled by dividing the amplitudes of the two peaks. To demonstrate this method, we quantified the optical absorption coefficient of a target with various concentrations of an absorbing dye. This method is particularly useful to provide accurate absorption coefficient for predicting the outcomes of photothermal interaction for cancer treatment with absorption enhancement.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Blondeau-Patissier, D.; Tilstone, G. H.; Martinez-Vicente, V.; Moore, G. F.
2004-09-01
In this paper, we compare bio-physical marine products from SeaWiFS, MODIS and a novel bio-optical absorption model with in situ measurements of chlorophyll-a (Chla) concentrations, total suspended material (TSM) concentrations, normalized water-leaving radiances (nLw) and absorption coefficients of coloured dissolved organic matter (aCDOM), total particulate (atotal) and phytoplankton (aphy) for 26 satellite match-ups in three Northern European seas. Cruises were undertaken in 2002 and 2003 in phytoplankton dominated open ocean waters of the Celtic Sea and optically complex waters of the Western English Channel (WEC) and North Sea. For all environments, Chla concentrations varied from 0.4 to 7.8 mg m-3, TSM from 0.2 to 6.0 mg l-1 and aCDOM at 440 nm from 0.02 to 0.30 m-1. SeaWiFS OC4v4, with the Remote Sensing Data Analysis Service (RSDAS) atmospheric correction for turbid waters, showed the most accurate retrieval of in situ Chla (RMS = 0.24; n = 26), followed by MODIS chlor_a_3 (RMS = 0.40; n = 26). This suggested that improving the atmospheric correction over optically complex waters results in more accurate Chla concentrations compared to those obtained using more complicated Chla algorithms. We found that the SeaWiFS OC4v4 and the MODIS chlor_a_2 switching band ratio algorithms, which mainly use longer wavebands than 443 nm, were less affected by CDOM. They were both more accurate than chlor_MODIS in the higher CDOM waters of the North Sea. Compared to MODIS the absorption model was better at retrieving atotal (RMS = 0.39; n = 78) and aCDOM (RMS = 0.79; n = 12) in all study areas and TSM in the WEC (RMS = 0.04; n = 10) but it underestimated Chla concentrations (RMS = 0.45; n = 26). The results are discussed in terms of atmospheric correction, sensor characteristics and the functioning and performance of Chla algorithms. This paper was presented at the Institute of Physics Meeting on Underwater Optics held during Photonex 03 at Warwick, UK, in October 2003. Four companion papers from this conference were published in Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics, volume 6, issue 7 (July 2004), on pages 684, 690, 698 and 703.
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Carambola optics for recycling of light.
Leutz, Ralf; Fu, Ling; Ries, Harald
2006-04-20
Recycling of light allows the luminance (radiance) emitted by a light source to be increased at the cost of reducing the total luminous flux (radiant power). Recycling of light means returning part of the emitted light to the source, where part of it will escape absorption. An optical design that is suitable for multiple and controlled recycling is described. Carambola optics is named for its resemblance to star fruit. Several pairs of mirrors or prisms redirect light repeatedly onto the source, thus achieving multiple transits of the light through the source. This recycled light exits the carambola in the same phase space as light directly emitted and not recycled.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Patadia, Falguni; Levy, Robert C.; Mattoo, Shana
2018-06-01
Retrieving aerosol optical depth (AOD) from top-of-atmosphere (TOA) satellite-measured radiance requires separating the aerosol signal from the total observed signal. Total TOA radiance includes signal from the underlying surface and from atmospheric constituents such as aerosols, clouds and gases. Multispectral retrieval algorithms, such as the dark-target (DT) algorithm that operates upon the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS, on board Terra and Aqua satellites) and Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS, on board Suomi-NPP) sensors, use wavelength bands in
window
regions. However, while small, the gas absorptions in these bands are non-negligible and require correction. In this paper, we use the High-resolution TRANsmission (HITRAN) database and Line-By-Line Radiative Transfer Model (LBLRTM) to derive consistent gas corrections for both MODIS and VIIRS wavelength bands. Absorptions from H2O, CO2 and O3 are considered, as well as other trace gases. Even though MODIS and VIIRS bands aresimilar
, they are different enough that applying MODIS-specific gas corrections to VIIRS observations results in an underestimate of global mean AOD (by 0.01), but with much larger regional AOD biases of up to 0.07. As recent studies have been attempting to create a long-term data record by joining multiple satellite data sets, including MODIS and VIIRS, the consistency of gas correction has become even more crucial. -
Phonon-Assisted Optical Absorption in Silicon from First Principles
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Noffsinger, Jesse; Kioupakis, Emmanouil; Van de Walle, Chris G.; Louie, Steven G.; Cohen, Marvin L.
2012-04-01
The phonon-assisted interband optical absorption spectrum of silicon is calculated at the quasiparticle level entirely from first principles. We make use of the Wannier interpolation formalism to determine the quasiparticle energies, as well as the optical transition and electron-phonon coupling matrix elements, on fine grids in the Brillouin zone. The calculated spectrum near the onset of indirect absorption is in very good agreement with experimental measurements for a range of temperatures. Moreover, our method can accurately determine the optical absorption spectrum of silicon in the visible range, an important process for optoelectronic and photovoltaic applications that cannot be addressed with simple models. The computational formalism is quite general and can be used to understand the phonon-assisted absorption processes in general.
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First-principles study of direct and indirect optical absorption in BaSnO3
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kang, Youngho; Peelaers, Hartwin; Krishnaswamy, Karthik; Van de Walle, Chris G.
2018-02-01
We report first-principles results for the electronic structure and the optical absorption of perovskite BaSnO3 (BSO). BSO has an indirect fundamental gap, and hence, both direct and indirect transitions need to be examined. We assess direct absorption by calculations of the dipole matrix elements. The phonon-assisted indirect absorption spectrum at room temperature is calculated using a quasiclassical approach. Our analysis provides important insights into the optical properties of BSO and addresses several inconsistencies in the results of optical absorption experiments. We shed light on the variety of bandgap values that have been previously reported, concluding that the indirect gap is 2.98 eV and the direct gap is 3.46 eV.
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Optical Properties of the Organic Semiconductor Polyacetylene.
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Feldblum, Avinoam Y.
Polyacetylene is the prototype conducting organic polymer. In its pristine form, it exhibits physical properties closely resembling those of a conventional inorganic semiconductor. When chemically or electrochemically doped, the polymer undergoes a semiconductor-metal transition. The nature of lightly doped polyacetylene, prior to the metallic transition, is not well understood. In addition, there still remain questions as to the nature of the pristine film itself. In this thesis, optical absorption experiments were performed in order to gain a clearer understanding of the electronic structure of polyacetylene. To attain this understanding, opto-electrochemical spectroscopy (OES), a new technique combining optical measurements with in situ electrochemical doping was developed. Optical absorption measurements were performed on cis-(CH)(,x) in order to examine doping induced isomerization. When doped to metallic levels followed by compensation or undoping, cis-(CH)(,x) isomerizes to trans-(CH)(,x). Using OES, one finds that with light doping, the main contribution to the midgap transition comes from the small trans content in the film. Electrochemical cycling shows isomerization beginning below y = 0.01 and repeated cycling to different concentrations indicate that the total isomerization depends on the value of the highest dopant level. These results suggest that upon light doping, the trans-(CH)(,x) dopes first, followed by enough cis-(CH)(,x) isomerizing to accomodate the injected charge. A quantitative study of the effects of doping on the absorption coefficient of trans-(CH)(,x) was carried out using OES. Upon doping, the interband absorption uniformly decreases over an extremely wide range. A strong absorbtion appeared at mid-gap; its oscillator strength increasing linearly with dopant concentration. A weak shoulder is observed on the interband edge which grows at low concentrations and then decreases to zero by 4%. These results agree with the predictions of the soliton model--the midgap absorption is identified as a soliton level and the shoulder as a transition between localized polaron levels. The pressure dependence of the photoabsorption of cis- and trans-(CH)(,x) has been measured. In both cases the bandedge shifted to a lower energy, and the value of the peak absorption coefficient decreased. These results suggest that the observed bandwidth is due primarily to the transverse transfer integral.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Watanabe, Shohei; Laurion, Isabelle; Markager, Stiig; Vincent, Warwick F.
2015-08-01
In optically complex inland waters, the underwater attenuation of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) is controlled by a variable combination of absorption and scattering components of the lake or river water. Here we applied a photon budget approach to identify the main optical components affecting PAR attenuation in Lake St. Charles, a drinking water reservoir for Québec City, Canada. This analysis showed the dominant role of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) absorption (average of 44% of total absorption during the sampling period), but with large changes over depth in the absolute and relative contribution of the individual absorption components (water, nonalgal particulates, phytoplankton and CDOM) to PAR attenuation. This pronounced vertical variation occurred because of the large spectral changes in the light field with depth, and it strongly affected the average in situ diffuse absorption coefficients in the water column. For example, the diffuse absorption coefficient for pure-water in the ambient light field was 10-fold higher than the value previously measured in the blue open ocean and erroneously applied to lakes and coastal waters. Photon absorption budget calculations for a range of limnological conditions confirmed that phytoplankton had little direct influence on underwater light, even at chlorophyll a values above those observed during harmful algal blooms in the lake. These results imply that traditional measures of water quality such as Secchi depth and radiometric transparency do not provide a meaningful estimate of the biological state of the water column in CDOM-colored lakes and reservoirs.
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Contrasting seasonality in optical-biogeochemical properties of the Baltic Sea
Ylöstalo, Pasi; Kallio, Kari Y.; Spilling, Kristian; Kutser, Tiit
2017-01-01
Optical-biogeochemical relationships of particulate and dissolved organic matter are presented in support of remote sensing of the Baltic Sea pelagic. This system exhibits strong seasonality in phytoplankton community composition and wide gradients of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM), properties which are poorly handled by existing remote sensing algorithms. Absorption and scattering properties of particulate matter reflected the seasonality in biological (phytoplankton succession) and physical (thermal stratification) processes. Inherent optical properties showed much wider variability when normalized to the chlorophyll-a concentration compared to normalization to either total suspended matter dry weight or particulate organic carbon. The particle population had the largest optical variability in summer and was dominated by organic matter in both seasons. The geographic variability of CDOM and relationships with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) are also presented. CDOM dominated light absorption at blue wavelengths, contributing 81% (median) of the absorption by all water constituents at 400 nm and 63% at 442 nm. Consequentially, 90% of water-leaving radiance at 412 nm originated from a layer (z90) no deeper than approximately 1.0 m. With water increasingly attenuating light at longer wavelengths, a green peak in light penetration and reflectance is always present in these waters, with z90 up to 3.0–3.5 m depth, whereas z90 only exceeds 5 m at biomass < 5 mg Chla m-3. High absorption combined with a weakly scattering particle population (despite median phytoplankton biomass of 14.1 and 4.3 mg Chla m-3 in spring and summer samples, respectively), characterize this sea as a dark water body for which dedicated or exceptionally robust remote sensing techniques are required. Seasonal and regional optical-biogeochemical models, data distributions, and an extensive set of simulated remote-sensing reflectance spectra for testing of remote sensing algorithms are provided as supplementary data. PMID:28384157
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Smolin, Sergey; Scafetta, Mark; Choquette, Amber; Sfeir, Matthew; Baxter, Jason; May, Steven
We study optical absorption and recombination dynamics in La1-xSrxFeO3-δ thin films, uncovering the effects of tuning nominal Fe valence via A-site substitution and oxygen stoichiometry. Variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry was used to measure static optical properties, revealing a linear increase in absorption coefficient at 1.25 eV and a red-shifting of the optical absorption edge with increasing Sr fraction. The absorption spectra can be similarly tuned through the introduction of oxygen vacancies, indicating the critical role that nominal Fe valence plays in optical absorption. Dynamic optoelectronic properties were studied with ultrafast transient reflectance spectroscopy, revealing similar nanosecond photoexcited carrier lifetimes for oxygen deficient and stoichiometric films with the same nominal Fe valence. These results demonstrate that while the static optical absorption is strongly dependent on Fe valence tuned through cation or anion stoichiometry, oxygen vacancies do not appear to play a significantly detrimental role in the recombination kinetics. Nsf: ECCS-1201957, MRI DMR-0922929, MRI DMR-1040166. This research used resources of the Center for Functional Nanomaterials, which is a U.S. DOE Office of Science Facility, at Brookhaven National Laboratory under Contract No. DE-SC0012704.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wagnieres, Georges A.; Cheng, Shangguan; Zellweger, Matthieu; Doegnitz-Utke, Nora; Braichotte, Daniel; Ballini, Jean-Pierre; van den Bergh, Hubert
1996-12-01
The design and characterization of optical phantoms which have the same absorption and scattering characteristics as biological tissues in a broad spectral window (between 400 and 650 nm) are presented. These low cost phantoms use agarose dissolved in water as the transparent matrix. The latter is loaded with various amounts of silicon dioxide, intralipid, ink, bovine serum, blood, azide, penicillin and fluorochromes. The silicon dioxide and intralipid particles are responsible for the light scattering whereas the ink and blood are the absorbers. The penicillin and the azide are used to insure the conservation of such phantoms when stored at 4 degrees Celsius. The serum and fluorochromes, such as Coumarin 30, produce an autofluorescence similar to human tissues. Various fluorochromes or photosensitizers can be added to these phantoms to simulate a photodetection procedure. The absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy of the dyes tested was not different in these phantoms than in live tissues. The mechanical properties of these gelatinous phantoms are also of interest as they can easily be molded and reshaped with a conventional cutter, so that for instance layered structures, with different optical properties in each layer, can be designed. The optical properties of these phantoms were determined between 400 and 650 nm by measuring their effective attenuation coefficient ((mu) eff) and total reflectance (Rd). The microscopic absorption and reduced scattering coefficients ((mu) a, (mu) s') were deduced from (mu) eff and Rd using a Monte-Carlo simulation.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Heineman, William R.; Seliskar, Carl J.; Morris, Laura K.
2012-12-19
Spectroelectrochemistry provides improved selectivity for sensors by electrochemically modulating the optical signal associated with the analyte. The sensor consists of an optically transparent electrode (OTE) coated with a film that preconcentrates the target analyte. The OTE functions as an optical waveguide for attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectroscopy, which detects the analyte by absorption. Alternatively, the OTE can serve as the excitation light for fluorescence detection, which is generally more sensitive than absorption. The analyte partitions into the film, undergoes an electrochemical redox reaction at the OTE surface, and absorbs or emits light in its oxidized or reduced state. The changemore » in the optical response associated with electrochemical oxidation or reduction at the OTE is used to quantify the analyte. Absorption sensors for metal ion complexes such as [Fe(CN)6]4- and [Ru(bpy)3]2+ and fluorescence sensors for [Ru(bpy)3]2+ and the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon 1-hydroxypyrene have been developed. The sensor concept has been extended to binding assays for a protein using avidin–biotin and 17β-estradiol–anti-estradiol antibodies. The sensor has been demonstrated to measure metal complexes in complex samples such as nuclear waste and natural water. This sensor has qualities needed for security and defense applications that require a high level of selectivity and good detection limits for target analytes in complex samples. Quickly monitoring and designating intent of a nuclear program by measuring the Ru/Tc fission product ratio is such an application.« less
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Lu, Xiaonan; Schreiber, Daniel K.; Neeway, James J.
Atom probe tomography (APT) is a novel analytical microscopy method that provides three dimensional elemental mapping with sub-nanometer spatial resolution and has only recently been applied to insulating glass and ceramic samples. In this paper, we have studied the influence of the optical absorption in glass samples on APT characterization by introducing different transition metal optical dopants to a model borosilicate nuclear waste glass (international simple glass). A systematic comparison is presented of the glass optical properties and the resulting APT data quality in terms of compositional accuracy and the mass spectra quality for two APT systems: one with amore » green laser (532 nm, LEAP 3000X HR) and one with a UV laser (355 nm, LEAP 4000X HR). These data were also compared to the study of a more complex borosilicate glass (SON68). The results show that the analysis data quality such as compositional accuracy and total ions collected, was clearly linked to optical absorption when using a green laser, while for the UV laser optical doping aided in improving data yield but did not have a significant effect on compositional accuracy. Comparisons of data between the LEAP systems suggest that the smaller laser spot size of the LEAP 4000X HR played a more critical role for optimum performance than the optical dopants themselves. The smaller spot size resulted in more accurate composition measurements due to a reduced background level independent of the material’s optical properties.« less
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Huo, Yanfeng; Duan, Minzheng; Tian, Wenshou; Min, Qilong
2015-08-01
A differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS)-like algorithm is developed to retrieve the column-averaged dryair mole fraction of carbon dioxide from ground-based hyper-spectral measurements of the direct solar beam. Different to the spectral fitting method, which minimizes the difference between the observed and simulated spectra, the ratios of multiple channel-pairs—one weak and one strong absorption channel—are used to retrieve from measurements of the shortwave infrared (SWIR) band. Based on sensitivity tests, a super channel-pair is carefully selected to reduce the effects of solar lines, water vapor, air temperature, pressure, instrument noise, and frequency shift on retrieval errors. The new algorithm reduces computational cost and the retrievals are less sensitive to temperature and H2O uncertainty than the spectral fitting method. Multi-day Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) measurements under clear-sky conditions at two sites (Tsukuba and Bremen) are used to derive xxxx for the algorithm evaluation and validation. The DOAS-like results agree very well with those of the TCCON algorithm after correction of an airmass-dependent bias.
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Jin, Ruifa; Wang, Kai
2015-01-01
A series of diketopyrrolopyrrole-based small molecules have been designed to explore their optical, electronic, and charge transport properties as organic solar cell (OSCs) materials. The calculation results showed that the designed molecules can lower the band gap and extend the absorption spectrum towards longer wavelengths. The designed molecules own the large longest wavelength of absorption spectra, the oscillator strength, and absorption region values. The optical, electronic, and charge transport properties of the designed molecules are affected by the introduction of different π-bridges and end groups. We have also predicted the mobility of the designed molecule with the lowest total energies. Our results reveal that the designed molecules are expected to be promising candidates for OSC materials. Additionally, the designed molecules are expected to be promising candidates for electron and/or hole transport materials. On the basis of our results, we suggest that molecules under investigation are suitable donors for [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) and its derivatives as acceptors of OSCs. PMID:26343640
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Evanescent Field Based Photoacoustics: Optical Property Evaluation at Surfaces
Goldschmidt, Benjamin S.; Rudy, Anna M.; Nowak, Charissa A.; Tsay, Yowting; Whiteside, Paul J. D.; Hunt, Heather K.
2016-01-01
Here, we present a protocol to estimate material and surface optical properties using the photoacoustic effect combined with total internal reflection. Optical property evaluation of thin films and the surfaces of bulk materials is an important step in understanding new optical material systems and their applications. The method presented can estimate thickness, refractive index, and use absorptive properties of materials for detection. This metrology system uses evanescent field-based photoacoustics (EFPA), a field of research based upon the interaction of an evanescent field with the photoacoustic effect. This interaction and its resulting family of techniques allow the technique to probe optical properties within a few hundred nanometers of the sample surface. This optical near field allows for the highly accurate estimation of material properties on the same scale as the field itself such as refractive index and film thickness. With the use of EFPA and its sub techniques such as total internal reflection photoacoustic spectroscopy (TIRPAS) and optical tunneling photoacoustic spectroscopy (OTPAS), it is possible to evaluate a material at the nanoscale in a consolidated instrument without the need for many instruments and experiments that may be cost prohibitive. PMID:27500652
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Microscopic theory of optical absorption in graphene enhanced by lattices of plasmonic nanoparticles
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Mueller, Niclas S.; Reich, Stephanie
2018-06-01
We present a microscopic description of plasmon-enhanced optical absorption in graphene, which is based on perturbation theory. We consider the interaction of graphene with a lattice of plasmonic nanoparticles, as was previously realized experimentally. By using tight-binding wave functions for the electronic states of graphene and the dipole approximation for the plasmon, we obtain analytic expressions for the coupling matrix element and enhanced optical absorption. The plasmonic nanostructure induces nonvertical optical transitions in the band structure of graphene with selection rules for the momentum transfer that depend on the periodicity of the plasmonic lattice. The plasmon-mediated optical absorption leads to an anisotropic carrier population around the K point in phase space, which depends on the polarization pattern of the plasmonic near field in the graphene plane. Using Fourier optics, we draw a connection to a macroscopic approach, which is independent from graphene-specific parameters. Each Fourier component of the plasmonic near field corresponds to the momentum transfer of an optical transition. Both approaches lead to the same expression for the integrated optical absorption enhancement, which is relevant for the photocurrent enhancement in graphene-based optoelectronic devices.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wu, Xingzhi; Xiao, Jinchong; Sun, Ru; Jia, Jidong; Yang, Junyi; Ao, Guanghong; Shi, Guang; Wang, Yuxiao; Zhang, Xueru; Song, Yinglin
2018-06-01
Spindle-type molecules containing twisted acenes (PyBTA-1 &PyBTA-2) are designed, synthesized characterized. Picosecond Z-scan experiments under 532 nm show reverse saturable absorption and negative nonlinear refraction, indicating large third-order optical nonlinearity in PyBTA-1. The mechanism of the optical nonlinearity is investigated and the results show that the nonlinear absorption and refraction in PyBTA-1 originates from a charge transfer (CT) state. Furthermore, relatively long lifetime and absorptive cross section of the CT state are measured. Based on the excited state absorption in PyBTA-1, strong optical limiting with ∼0.3 J/cm2 thresholds are obtained when excited by picoseconds and nanoseconds pulses. The findings on nonlinear optics suggest PyBTA-1 a promising material of all optical modulation and laser protection, which enrich the potential applications of these spindle-type molecules. Comparing to the previously reported spindle-type molecules with analogous structures, the introduction of ICT in PyBTA-1 &PyBTA-2 dramatically decreases the two-photon absorption while enhances the nonlinear refraction. The results could be used to selectively tailor the optical nonlinearity in such kind of compounds.
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Enhanced optical limiting effect in fluorine-functionalized graphene oxide
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhang, Fang; Wang, Zhengping; Wang, Duanliang; Wang, Shenglai; Xu, Xinguang
2017-09-01
Nonlinear optical absorption of fluorine-functionalized graphene oxide (F-GO) solution was researched by the open-aperture Z-scan method using 1064 and 532 nm lasers as the excitation sources. The F-GO dispersion exhibited strong optical limiting property and the fitted results demonstrated that the optical limiting behavior was the result of a two-photon absorption process. For F-GO nanosheets, the two-photon absorption coefficients at 1064 nm excitation are 20% larger than the values at 532 nm excitation and four times larger than that of pure GO nanosheets. It indicates that the doping of fluorine can effectively improve the nonlinear optical property of GO especially in infrared waveband, and fluorine-functionalized graphene oxide is an excellent nonlinear absorption material in infrared waveband.
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AERONET derived (BC) aerosol absorption
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kinne, S.
2015-12-01
AERONET is a ground-based sun-/sky-photometer network with good annual statistics at more than 400 sites worldwide. Inversion methods applied to these data define all relevant column aerosol optical properties and reveal even microphysical detail. The extracted data include estimates for aerosol size-distributions and for aerosol refractive indices at four different solar wavelengths. Hereby, the imaginary parts of the refractive indices define the aerosol column absorption. For regional and global averages and radiative impact assessment with off-line radiative transfer, these local data have been extended with distribution patterns offered by AeroCom modeling experiments. Annual and seasonal absorption distributions for total aerosol and estimates for component contributions (such as BC) are presented and associated direct forcing impacts are quantified.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Leighly, Karen M.; Baron, Eddie; Lucy, Adrian B.
2014-06-20
We present the first J-band spectrum of Mrk 231, which reveals a large He I* λ10830 broad absorption line with a profile similar to that of the well-known Na I broad absorption line. Combining this spectrum with optical and UV spectra from the literature, we show that the unusual reddening noted by Veilleux et al. is explained by a reddening curve like those previously used to explain low values of total-to-selective extinction in Type Ia supernovae. The nuclear starburst may be the origin and location of the dust. Spatially resolved emission in the broad absorption line trough suggests nearly fullmore » coverage of the continuum emission region. The broad absorption lines reveal higher velocities in the He I* lines (produced in the quasar-photoionized H II region) compared with the Na I and Ca II lines (produced in the corresponding partially ionized zone). Cloudy simulations show that a density increase is required between the H II and partially ionized zones to produce ionic column densities consistent with the optical and IR absorption line measurements and limits, and that the absorber lies ∼100 pc from the central engine. These results suggest that the He I* lines are produced in an ordinary quasar BAL wind that impacts upon, compresses, and accelerates the nuclear starburst's dusty effluent (feedback in action), and the Ca II and Na I lines are produced in this dusty accelerated gas. This unusual circumstance explains the rarity of Na I absorption lines; without the compression along our line of sight, Mrk 231 would appear as an ordinary iron low-ionization, broad absorption line quasar.« less
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Rohrbach, Daniel J.; Muffoletto, Daniel; Huihui, Jonathan; Saager, Rolf; Keymel, Kenneth; Paquette, Anne; Morgan, Janet; Zeitouni, Nathalie; Sunar, Ulas
2014-01-01
Rationale and Objectives The treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is usually by surgical excision or Mohs micrographic surgery and alternatively may include photodynamic therapy (PDT). To guide surgery and to optimize PDT, information about the tumor structure, optical parameters, and vasculature is desired. Materials and Methods Spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) can map optical absorption, scattering, and fluorescence parameters that can enhance tumor contrast and quantify light and photosensitizer dose. High frequency ultrasound (HFUS) imaging can provide high-resolution tumor structure and depth, which is useful for both surgery and PDT planning. Results Here, we present preliminary results from our recently developed clinical instrument for patients with NMSC. We quantified optical absorption and scattering, blood oxygen saturation (StO2), and total hemoglobin concentration (THC) with SFDI and lesion thickness with ultrasound. These results were compared to histological thickness of excised tumor sections. Conclusions SFDI quantified optical parameters with high precision, and multiwavelength analysis enabled 2D mappings of tissue StO2 and THC. HFUS quantified tumor thickness that correlated well with histology. The results demonstrate the feasibility of the instrument for noninvasive mapping of optical, physiological, and ultrasound contrasts in human skin tumors for surgery guidance and therapy planning. PMID:24439339
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Daikoku, Masahiro; Yoshikane, Noboru; Otani, Tomohiro; Tanaka, Hideaki
2006-03-01
An all-optical 3R regenerator with a combination of self-phase modulation (SPM) and cross-absorption modulation (XAM) effects is proposed and investigated. Principle performances of the proposed all-optical 3R regenerator were experimentally investigated at a signal bit rate of 40 Gb/s. The all-optical 3R regenerator, which is located at the midpoint of a 1080-km transmission line, successfully provided an approximately 3-dB improvement of the Q-factor both just after regeneration and after totally 1080-km transmission. The chromatic dispersion tolerance of the proposed 3R regenerator was also investigated and successfully enhanced to about twice as wide by introducing a predistortion block configuration including a highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF). It was confirmed that the proposed all-optical 3R regenerator can become one of the strong candidates for the actual deployment of the all-optical network.
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Karan, Niladri S.; Keller, Aaron M.; Sampat, Siddharth; ...
2015-02-09
Hybrid semiconductor–metal nanoscale constructs are of both fundamental and practical interest. Semiconductor nanocrystals are active emitters of photons when stimulated optically, while the interaction of light with nanosized metal objects results in scattering and ohmic damping due to absorption. In a combined structure, the properties of both components can be realized together. At the same time, metal–semiconductor coupling may intervene to modify absorption and/or emission processes taking place in the semiconductor, resulting in a range of effects from photoluminescence quenching to enhancement. We show here that photostable ‘giant’ quantum dots when placed at the center of an ultrathin gold shellmore » retain their key optical property of bright and blinking-free photoluminescence, while the metal shell imparts efficient photothermal transduction. The latter is despite the highly compact total particle size (40–60 nm “inorganic” diameter and <100 nm hydrodynamic diameter) and the very thin nature of the optically transparent Au shell. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the quantum dot emission to local temperature provides a novel internal thermometer for recording temperature during infrared irradiation-induced photothermal heating.« less
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Vincenti, M A; de Ceglia, D; Scalora, Michael
2016-08-01
We investigate nonlinear absorption in films of epsilon-near-zero materials. The combination of large local electric fields at the fundamental frequency and material losses at the harmonic frequencies induce unusual intensity-dependent phenomena. We predict that the second-order nonlinearity of a low-damping, epsilon-near-zero slab produces an optical limiting effect that mimics a two-photon absorption process. Anomalous absorption profiles that depend on low permittivity values at the pump frequency are also predicted for third-order nonlinearities. These findings suggest new opportunities for all-optical light control and novel ways to design reconfigurable and tunable nonlinear devices.
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Mercury-cell chlor-alkali plants can emit significant quantities of fugitive elemental mercury vapor to the air as part of production operations and maintenance activities. In the fall of 2006, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) conducted a measurement project at a ch...
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Chattopadhyay, P.; Karim, B.; Guha Roy, S.
2013-12-01
The sub-band gap optical absorption in chemical bath deposited cadmium sulphide thin films annealed at different temperatures has been critically analyzed with special reference to Urbach relation. It has been found that the absorption co-efficient of the material in the sub-band gap region is nearly constant up to a certain critical value of the photon energy. However, as the photon energy exceeds the critical value, the absorption coefficient increases exponentially indicating the dominance of Urbach rule. The absorption coefficients in the constant absorption region and the Urbach region have been found to be sensitive to annealing temperature. A critical examination of the temperature dependence of the absorption coefficient indicates two different kinds of optical transitions to be operative in the sub-band gap region. After a careful analyses of SEM images, energy dispersive x-ray spectra, and the dc current-voltage characteristics, we conclude that the absorption spectra in the sub-band gap domain is possibly associated with optical transition processes involving deep levels and the grain boundary states of the material.
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Sources, Transport, and Climate Impacts of Biomass Burning Aerosols
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Chin, Mian
2010-01-01
In this presentation, I will first talk about fundamentals of modeling of biomass burning emissions of aerosols, then show the results of GOCART model simulated biomass burning aerosols. I will compare the model results with observations of satellite and ground-based network in terms of total aerosol optical depth, aerosol absorption optical depth, and vertical distributions. Finally the long-range transport of biomass burning aerosols and the climate effects will be addressed. I will also discuss the uncertainties associated with modeling and observations of biomass burning aerosols
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Mani, Kamal P.; Sreekanth, Perumbilavil; Vimal, G.; Biju, P. R.; Unnikrishnan, N. V.; Ittyachen, M. A.; Philip, Reji; Joseph, Cyriac
2016-12-01
Photoluminescence properties and optical limiting behavior of pure and Sm3+/Eu3+ doped Tb2(MoO4)3 nanophosphors are investigated. The prepared nanophosphors exhibit excellent emission when excited by UV light. Color-tunable emissions in Tb2-xSmx(MoO4)3 and Tb2-xEux(MoO4)3 are realized by employing different excitation wavelengths or by controlling the doping concentration of Sm3+ and Eu3+. Luminescence quantum yield and CIE chromatic coordinates of the prepared phosphors were also presented. Optical limiting properties of the samples are investigated by open aperture Z-scan technique using 5 ns laser pulses at 532 nm. Numerical fitting of the measured Z-scan data to the relevant nonlinear transmission equations reveals that the nonlinear absorption is arising from strong excited state absorption, along with weak absorption saturation and it is found that the optical nonlinearity of Tb2(MoO4)3 increases with Sm3+/Eu3+doping. Parameters such as saturation fluence, excited state absorption cross section and ground state absorption cross section of the samples have been determined numerically, from which the figure of merit for nonlinear absorption is calculated. The excited state absorption cross-section of the samples is found to be one order of magnitude higher than that of the ground state absorption cross-section, indicating strong reverse saturable absorption. These results indicate that Sm3+/Eu3+ doped Tb2(MoO4)3 nanophosphors are efficient media for UV/n-UV pumped LEDs, and are also potential candidates for designing efficient optical limiting devices for the protection of human eyes and sensitive optical detectors from harmful laser radiation.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Vercamer, Vincent; Hunault, Myrtille O. J. Y.; Lelong, Gérald; Haverkort, Maurits W.; Calas, Georges; Arai, Yusuke; Hijiya, Hiroyuki; Paulatto, Lorenzo; Brouder, Christian; Arrio, Marie-Anne; Juhin, Amélie
2016-12-01
Advanced semiempirical calculations have been performed to compute simultaneously optical absorption and K pre-edge x-ray absorption spectra of Fe2 + in four distinct site symmetries found in minerals. The four symmetries, i.e., a distorted octahedron, a distorted tetrahedron, a square planar site, and a trigonal bipyramidal site, are representative of the Fe2 + sites found in crystals and glasses. A particular attention has been paid to the definition of the p -d hybridization Hamiltonian which occurs for noncentrosymmetric symmetries in order to account for electric dipole transitions. For the different sites under study, an excellent agreement between calculations and experiments was found for both optical and x-ray absorption spectra, in particular in terms of relative intensities and energy positions of electronic transitions. To our knowledge, these are the first calculations of optical absorption spectra on Fe2 + placed in such diverse site symmetries, including centrosymmetric sites. The proposed theoretical model should help to interpret the features of both the optical absorption and the K pre-edge absorption spectra of 3 d transition metal ions and to go beyond the usual fingerprint interpretation.
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Absorption effects in electron-sulfur-dioxide collisions
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Machado, L. E.; Sugohara, R. T.; Santos, A. S. dos
2011-09-15
A joint experimental-theoretical study on electron-SO{sub 2} collisions in the low and intermediate energy range is reported. More specifically, experimental elastic differential, integral, and momentum transfer cross sections in absolute scale are measured in the 100-1000 eV energy range using the relative-flow technique. Calculated elastic differential, integral, and momentum transfer cross sections as well as grand-total and total absorption cross sections are also presented in the 1-1000 eV energy range. A complex optical potential is used to represent the electron-molecule interaction dynamics, whereas the Schwinger variational iterative method combined with the distorted-wave approximation is used to solve the scattering equations.more » Comparison of the present results is made with the theoretical and experimental results available in the literature.« less
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lim, Hoong-Ta; Murukeshan, Vadakke Matham
2017-01-01
Photoacoustic spectroscopy has been used to measure optical absorption coefficient and the application of tens of wavelength bands in photoacoustic spectroscopy was reported. Using optical methods, absorption-related information is, generally, derived from reflectance or transmittance values. Hence measurement accuracy is limited for highly absorbing samples where the reflectance or transmittance is too low to give reasonable signal-to-noise ratio. In this context, this paper proposes and illustrates a hyperspectral photoacoustic spectroscopy system to measure the absorption-related properties of highly absorbing samples directly. The normalized optical absorption coefficient spectrum of the highly absorbing iris is acquired using an optical absorption coefficient standard. The proposed concepts and the feasibility of the developed diagnostic medical imaging system are demonstrated using fluorescent microsphere suspensions and porcine eyes as test samples.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Guo, Zijian; Favazza, Christopher; Wang, Lihong V.
2012-02-01
Photoacoustic (PA) tomography (PAT) can image optical absorption contrast with ultrasonic spatial resolution in the optical diffusive regime. Multi-wavelength PAT can noninvasively monitor hemoglobin oxygen saturation (sO2) with high sensitivity and fine spatial resolution. However, accurate quantification in PAT requires knowledge of the optical fluence distribution, acoustic wave attenuation, and detection system bandwidth. We propose a method to circumvent this requirement using acoustic spectra of PA signals acquired at two optical wavelengths. With the acoustic spectral method, the absorption coefficients of an oxygenated bovine blood phantom at 560 and 575 nm were quantified with errors of ><5%.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wen, Z. D.; Song, K. S.; Zhao, Y.; Du, J.; Ma, J. H.
2016-02-01
Spectral characteristics of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) were examined in conjunction with environmental factors in the waters of rivers and terminal lakes within the Hulun Buir plateau, northeast China. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorous (TP) were significantly higher in terminal lakes than rivers waters (p < 0.01). Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that non-water light absorption and anthropogenic nutrient disturbances were the likely causes of the diversity of water quality parameters. CDOM absorption in river waters was significantly lower than terminal lakes. Analysis of the ratio of absorption at 250 to 365 nm (E250 : 365), specific ultraviolet (UV) absorbance (SUVA254), and the spectral slope ratio (Sr) indicated that CDOM in river waters had higher aromaticity, molecular weight, and vascular plant contribution than in terminal lakes. Furthermore, results showed that DOC concentration, CDOM light absorption, and the proportion of autochthonous sources of CDOM in plateau waters were all higher than in other freshwater rivers reported in the literature. The strong evapoconcentration, intense ultraviolet irradiance, and landscape features of the Hulun Buir plateau may be responsible for the above phenomenon. Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that the environmental variables total suspended matter (TSM), TN, and electrical conductivity (EC) had a strong correlation with light absorption characteristics, followed by total dissolved solid (TDS) and chlorophyll a. In most sampling locations, CDOM was the dominant non-water light-absorbing substance. Light absorption by non-algal particles often exceeded that by phytoplankton in the plateau waters. Study of these optical-physicochemical correlations is helpful in the evaluation of the potential influence of water quality factors on non-water light absorption in cold plateau water environments. The construction of a correlation between DOC concentration and water quality factors may help contribute to regional estimates of carbon sources and fate for catchment carbon budget assessments.
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Quantitative absorption data from thermally induced wavefront distortions on UV, Vis, and NIR optics
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Mann, Klaus; Schäfer, Bernd; Leinhos, Uwe; Lübbecke, Maik
2017-11-01
A photothermal absorption measurement system was set up, deploying a Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor with extreme sensitivity to accomplish spatially resolved monitoring of thermally induced wavefront distortions. Photothermal absorption measurements in the near-infrared and deep ultra-violet spectral range are performed for the characterization of optical materials, utilizing a Yb fiber laser (λ = 1070 nm) and an excimer laser (193nm, 248nm) to induce thermal load. Wavefront deformations as low as 50pm (rms) can be registered, allowing for a rapid assessment of material quality. Absolute calibration of the absorption data is achieved by comparison with a thermal calculation. The method accomplishes not only to measure absorptances of plane optical elements, but also wavefront deformations and focal shifts in lenses as well as in complex optical systems, such as e.g. F-Theta objectives used in industrial high power laser applications. Along with a description of the technique we present results from absorption measurements on coated and uncoated optics at various laser wavelengths ranging from deep UV to near IR.
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Remote sensing of particle dynamics: a two-component unmixing model in a western UK shelf sea.
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Mitchell, Catherine; Cunningham, Alex
2014-05-01
The relationship between the backscattering and absorption coefficients, in particular the backscattering to absorption ratio, is mediated by the type of particles present in the water column. By considering the optical signals to be driven by phytoplankton and suspended minerals, with a relatively constant influence from CDOM, radiative transfer modelling is used to propose a method for retrieving the optical contribution of phytoplankton and suspended minerals to the total absorption coefficient with mean percentage errors of below 5% for both components. These contributions can be converted to constituent concentrations if the appropriate specific inherent optical properties are known or can be determined from the maximum and minimum backscattering to absorption ratios of the data. Remotely sensed absorption and backscattering coefficients from eight years of MODIS data for the Irish Sea reveal maximum backscattering to absorption coefficient ratios over the winter (with an average for the region of 0.27), which then decrease to a minimum over the summer months (with an average of 0.06) before increasing again through to winter, indicating a change in the particles present in the water column. Application of the two-component unmixing model to this data showed seasonal cycles of both phytoplankton and suspended mineral concentrations which vary in both amplitude and periodicity depending on their location. For example, in the Bristol Channel the amplitude of the suspended mineral concentration throughout one cycle is approximately 75% greater than a yearly cycle in the eastern Irish Sea. These seasonal cycles give an insight into the complex dynamics of particles in the water column, indicating the suspension of sediment throughout the winter months and the loss of sediments from the surface layer over the summer during stratification. The relationship between the timing of the phytoplankton spring bloom and changes in the availability of light in the water column can be studied to gain an understanding into the phytoplankton phenology across the region.
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Chin, Mian; Ginoux, Paul; Dubovik, Oleg; Holben, Brent; Kaufman, Yoram; chu, Allen; Anderson, Tad; Quinn, Patricia
2003-01-01
Aerosol climate forcing is one of the largest uncertainties in assessing the anthropogenic impact on the global climate system. This uncertainty arises from the poorly quantified aerosol sources, especially black carbon emissions, our limited knowledge of aerosol mixing state and optical properties, and the consequences of intercontinental transport of aerosols and their precursors. Here we use a global model GOCART to simulate atmospheric aerosols, including sulfate, black carbon, organic carbon, dust, and sea salt, from anthropogenic, biomass burning, and natural sources. We compare the model calculated aerosol extinction and absorption with those quantities from the ground-based sun photometer measurements from AERONET at several different wavelengths and the field observations from ACE-Asia, and model calculated total aerosol optical depth and fine mode fractions with the MODIS satellite retrieval. We will also estimate the intercontinental transport of pollution and dust aerosols from their source regions to other areas in different seasons.
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Chin, Mian; Chu, Allen; Levy, Robert; Remer, Lorraine; Kaufman, Yoram; Dubovik, Oleg; Holben, Brent; Eck, Tom; Anderson, Tad; Quinn, Patricia
2004-01-01
Aerosol climate forcing is one of the largest uncertainties in assessing the anthropogenic impact on the global climate system. This uncertainty arises from the poorly quantified aerosol sources, especially black carbon emissions, our limited knowledge of aerosol mixing state and optical properties, and the consequences of intercontinental transport of aerosols and their precursors. Here we use a global model GOCART to simulate atmospheric aerosols, including sulfate, black carbon, organic carbon, dust, and sea salt, from anthropogenic, .biomass burning, and natural sources. We compare the model calculated aerosol extinction and absorption with those quantities from the ground-based sun photometer measurements from AERON" at several different wavelengths and the field observations from ACE-Asia, and model calculated total aerosol optical depth and fine mode fractions with the MODIS satellite retrieval. We will also estimate the intercontinental transport of pollution and dust aerosols from their source regions to other areas in different seasons.
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Meso-Scale Wetting of Paper Towels
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Abedsoltan, Hossein
In this study, a new experimental approach is proposed to investigate the absorption properties of some selected retail paper towels. The samples were selected from two important manufacturing processes, conventional wet pressing (CWP) considered value products, and through air drying (TAD) considered as high or premium products. The tested liquids were water, decane, dodecane, and tetradecane with the total volumes in micro-liter range. The method involves the point source injection of liquid with different volumetric flowrates, in the nano-liter per second range. The local site for injection was chosen arbitrarily on the sample surface. The absorption process was monitored and recorded as the liquid advances, with two distinct imaging system methods, infrared imaging and optical imaging. The microscopic images were analyzed to calculate the wetted regions during the absorption test, and the absorption diagrams were generated. These absorption diagrams were dissected to illustrate the absorption phenomenon, and the absorption properties of the samples. The local (regional) absorption rates were computed for Mardi Gras and Bounty Basic as the representative samples for CWP and TAD, respectively in order to be compared with the absorption capacity property of these two samples. Then, the absorption capacity property was chosen as an index factor to compare the absorption properties of all the tested paper towels.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Murphy, M. W.; Yiu, Y. M.; Ward, M. J.; Liu, L.; Hu, Y.; Zapien, J. A.; Liu, Yingkai; Sham, T. K.
2014-11-01
The electronic structure and optical properties of a series of iso-electronic and iso-structural CdSxSe1-x solid solution nanostructures have been investigated using X-ray absorption near edge structure, extended X-ray absorption fine structure, and X-ray excited optical luminescence at various absorption edges of Cd, S, and Se. It is found that the system exhibits compositions, with variable local structure in-between that of CdS and CdSe accompanied by tunable optical band gap between that of CdS and CdSe. Theoretical calculation using density functional theory has been carried out to elucidate the observations. It is also found that luminescence induced by X-ray excitation shows new optical channels not observed previously with laser excitation. The implications of these observations are discussed.
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Hong, Byungsik; Buck, Warren W.; Maung, Khin M.
1989-01-01
Two kinds of number density distributions of the nucleus, harmonic well and Woods-Saxon models, are used with the t-matrix that is taken from the scattering experiments to find a simple optical potential. The parameterized two body inputs, which are kaon-nucleon total cross sections, elastic slope parameters, and the ratio of the real to imaginary part of the forward elastic scattering amplitude, are shown. The eikonal approximation was chosen as the solution method to estimate the total and absorptive cross sections for the kaon-nucleus scattering.
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Noninvasive detection of skin cancers by measuring optical properties of tissues
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wang, Lihong V.; Jacques, Steven L.
1995-05-01
Skin cancer is the most frequently occurring cancer of all cancers. Each yea rover 500,000 new cases of skin cancer will be detected. A high percentage of skin cancers are diseases in which fatalities can be all but eliminated and morbidity reduced if detected early and treated properly. These skin lesions are distinguished generally by subjective visual inspection and their definitive diagnosis requires time-consuming expensive histopathological evaluation of excisional or incisional biopsies. In vivo experimental evidence published in the literature has shown that cancerous skin lesions have different total diffuse reflectance spectra than non- cancerous lesions or normal skin. Therefore, cancerous skin lesions may be differentiated from non-cancerous skin lesions by comparing the optical properties of the skin lesions with those of the surrounding normal skin sites, where the optical properties of the normal skin sites are used to account for different types of skin or different areas of skin. We have demonstrated that the effect of melanin concentration on the diffuse reflectance may be removed by extrapolating the reflectance at different wavelengths to an apparent pivot point. Because the concentration of melanin does not indicate malignancy, the removal of its effect is important to avoid false detection. The total diffuse reflectance depends on the albedo and anisotropy of tissues. Therefore, the total diffuse reflectance will remain the same as long as the anisotropy and the ratio between the absorption coefficient and the reduced scattering coefficient remain the same. Separating the absorption and scattering effects should enhance the detection sensitivity of skin cancers.
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Cappa, Christopher D.; Kolesar, Katheryn R.; Zhang, Xiaolu; ...
2016-05-27
Here, measurements of the optical properties (absorption, scattering and extinction) of PM 1, PM 2.5 and PM 10 made at two sites around Sacramento, CA, during the June 2010 Carbonaceous Aerosols and Radiative Effects Study (CARES) are reported. These observations are used to establish relationships between various intensive optical properties and to derive information about the dependence of the optical properties on photochemical aging and sources. Supermicron particles contributed substantially to the total light scattering at both sites, about 50 % on average. A strong, linear relationship is observed between the scattering Ångström exponent for PM 10 and the fraction of themore » scattering that is contributed by submicron particles ( f sca, PM 1 ) at both sites and with similar slopes and intercepts (for a given pair of wavelengths), suggesting that the derived relationship may be generally applicable for understanding variations in particle size distributions from remote sensing measurements. At the more urban T0 site, the f sca, PM 1 increased with photochemical age, whereas at the downwind, more rural T1 site the f sca, PM 1 decreased slightly with photochemical age. This difference in behavior reflects differences in transport, local production and local emission of supermicron particles between the sites. Light absorption is dominated by submicron particles, but there is some absorption by supermicron particles (~15 % of the total). The supermicron absorption derives from a combination of black carbon that has penetrated into the supermicron mode and from dust, and there is a clear increase in the mass absorption coefficient of just the supermicron particles with increasing average particle size. The mass scattering coefficient (MSC) for the supermicron particles was directly observed to vary inversely with the average particle size, demonstrating that MSC cannot always be treated as a constant in estimating mass concentrations from scattering measurements, or vice versa. The total particle backscatter fraction exhibited some dependence upon the relative abundance of sub- versus supermicron particles; however this was modulated by variations in the median size of particles within a given size range; variations in the submicron size distribution had a particularly large influence on the observed backscatter efficiency and an approximate method to account for this variability is introduced. The relationship between the absorption and scattering Ångström exponents is examined and used to update a previously suggested particle classification scheme. Differences in composition led to differences in the sensitivity of PM 2.5 to heating in a thermodenuder to the average particle size, with more extensive evaporation (observed as a larger decrease in the PM 2.5 extinction coefficient) corresponding to smaller particles; i.e., submicron particles were generally more susceptible to heating than the supermicron particles. The influence of heating on the particle hygroscopicity varied with the effective particle size, with larger changes observed when the PM 2.5 distribution was dominated by smaller particles.« less
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Cappa, Christopher D.; Kolesar, Katheryn R.; Zhang, Xiaolu
2016-01-01
Measurements of the optical properties (absorption, scattering and extinction) of PM 1, PM 2.5 and PM 10 made at two sites around Sacramento, CA, during the June 2010 Carbonaceous Aerosols and Radiative Effects Study (CARES) are reported. These observations are used to establish relationships between various intensive optical properties and to derive information about the dependence of the optical properties on photochemical aging and sources. Supermicron particles contributed substantially to the total light scattering at both sites, about 50 % on average. A strong, linear relationship is observed between the scattering Ångström exponent for PM 10 and the fraction of the scatteringmore » that is contributed by submicron particles ( f sca, PM 1 ) at both sites and with similar slopes and intercepts (for a given pair of wavelengths), suggesting that the derived relationship may be generally applicable for understanding variations in particle size distributions from remote sensing measurements. At the more urban T0 site, the f sca, PM 1 increased with photochemical age, whereas at the downwind, more rural T1 site the f sca, PM 1 decreased slightly with photochemical age. This difference in behavior reflects differences in transport, local production and local emission of supermicron particles between the sites. Light absorption is dominated by submicron particles, but there is some absorption by supermicron particles (~15 % of the total). The supermicron absorption derives from a combination of black carbon that has penetrated into the supermicron mode and from dust, and there is a clear increase in the mass absorption coefficient of just the supermicron particles with increasing average particle size. The mass scattering coefficient (MSC) for the supermicron particles was directly observed to vary inversely with the average particle size, demonstrating that MSC cannot always be treated as a constant in estimating mass concentrations from scattering measurements, or vice versa. The total particle backscatter fraction exhibited some dependence upon the relative abundance of sub- versus supermicron particles; however this was modulated by variations in the median size of particles within a given size range; variations in the submicron size distribution had a particularly large influence on the observed backscatter efficiency and an approximate method to account for this variability is introduced. The relationship between the absorption and scattering Ångström exponents is examined and used to update a previously suggested particle classification scheme. Differences in composition led to differences in the sensitivity of PM 2.5 to heating in a thermodenuder to the average particle size, with more extensive evaporation (observed as a larger decrease in the PM 2.5 extinction coefficient) corresponding to smaller particles; i.e., submicron particles were generally more susceptible to heating than the supermicron particles. The influence of heating on the particle hygroscopicity varied with the effective particle size, with larger changes observed when the PM 2.5 distribution was dominated by smaller particles.« less
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Cappa, Christopher D.; Kolesar, Katheryn R.; Zhang, Xiaolu
Here, measurements of the optical properties (absorption, scattering and extinction) of PM 1, PM 2.5 and PM 10 made at two sites around Sacramento, CA, during the June 2010 Carbonaceous Aerosols and Radiative Effects Study (CARES) are reported. These observations are used to establish relationships between various intensive optical properties and to derive information about the dependence of the optical properties on photochemical aging and sources. Supermicron particles contributed substantially to the total light scattering at both sites, about 50 % on average. A strong, linear relationship is observed between the scattering Ångström exponent for PM 10 and the fraction of themore » scattering that is contributed by submicron particles ( f sca, PM 1 ) at both sites and with similar slopes and intercepts (for a given pair of wavelengths), suggesting that the derived relationship may be generally applicable for understanding variations in particle size distributions from remote sensing measurements. At the more urban T0 site, the f sca, PM 1 increased with photochemical age, whereas at the downwind, more rural T1 site the f sca, PM 1 decreased slightly with photochemical age. This difference in behavior reflects differences in transport, local production and local emission of supermicron particles between the sites. Light absorption is dominated by submicron particles, but there is some absorption by supermicron particles (~15 % of the total). The supermicron absorption derives from a combination of black carbon that has penetrated into the supermicron mode and from dust, and there is a clear increase in the mass absorption coefficient of just the supermicron particles with increasing average particle size. The mass scattering coefficient (MSC) for the supermicron particles was directly observed to vary inversely with the average particle size, demonstrating that MSC cannot always be treated as a constant in estimating mass concentrations from scattering measurements, or vice versa. The total particle backscatter fraction exhibited some dependence upon the relative abundance of sub- versus supermicron particles; however this was modulated by variations in the median size of particles within a given size range; variations in the submicron size distribution had a particularly large influence on the observed backscatter efficiency and an approximate method to account for this variability is introduced. The relationship between the absorption and scattering Ångström exponents is examined and used to update a previously suggested particle classification scheme. Differences in composition led to differences in the sensitivity of PM 2.5 to heating in a thermodenuder to the average particle size, with more extensive evaporation (observed as a larger decrease in the PM 2.5 extinction coefficient) corresponding to smaller particles; i.e., submicron particles were generally more susceptible to heating than the supermicron particles. The influence of heating on the particle hygroscopicity varied with the effective particle size, with larger changes observed when the PM 2.5 distribution was dominated by smaller particles.« less
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Cappa, Christopher D.; Kolesar, Katheryn R.; Zhang, Xiaolu; Atkinson, Dean B.; Pekour, Mikhail S.; Zaveri, Rahul A.; Zelenyuk, Alla; Zhang, Qi
2016-05-01
Measurements of the optical properties (absorption, scattering and extinction) of PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 made at two sites around Sacramento, CA, during the June 2010 Carbonaceous Aerosols and Radiative Effects Study (CARES) are reported. These observations are used to establish relationships between various intensive optical properties and to derive information about the dependence of the optical properties on photochemical aging and sources. Supermicron particles contributed substantially to the total light scattering at both sites, about 50 % on average. A strong, linear relationship is observed between the scattering Ångström exponent for PM10 and the fraction of the scattering that is contributed by submicron particles (fsca, PM
1 ) at both sites and with similar slopes and intercepts (for a given pair of wavelengths), suggesting that the derived relationship may be generally applicable for understanding variations in particle size distributions from remote sensing measurements. At the more urban T0 site, the fsca, PM1 increased with photochemical age, whereas at the downwind, more rural T1 site the fsca, PM1 decreased slightly with photochemical age. This difference in behavior reflects differences in transport, local production and local emission of supermicron particles between the sites. Light absorption is dominated by submicron particles, but there is some absorption by supermicron particles ( ˜ 15 % of the total). The supermicron absorption derives from a combination of black carbon that has penetrated into the supermicron mode and from dust, and there is a clear increase in the mass absorption coefficient of just the supermicron particles with increasing average particle size. The mass scattering coefficient (MSC) for the supermicron particles was directly observed to vary inversely with the average particle size, demonstrating that MSC cannot always be treated as a constant in estimating mass concentrations from scattering measurements, or vice versa. The total particle backscatter fraction exhibited some dependence upon the relative abundance of sub- versus supermicron particles; however this was modulated by variations in the median size of particles within a given size range; variations in the submicron size distribution had a particularly large influence on the observed backscatter efficiency and an approximate method to account for this variability is introduced. The relationship between the absorption and scattering Ångström exponents is examined and used to update a previously suggested particle classification scheme. Differences in composition led to differences in the sensitivity of PM2.5 to heating in a thermodenuder to the average particle size, with more extensive evaporation (observed as a larger decrease in the PM2.5 extinction coefficient) corresponding to smaller particles; i.e., submicron particles were generally more susceptible to heating than the supermicron particles. The influence of heating on the particle hygroscopicity varied with the effective particle size, with larger changes observed when the PM2.5 distribution was dominated by smaller particles. -
Zhang, Zhi-Hai; Yuan, Jian-Hui; Guo, Kang-Xian
2018-04-25
Studies aimed at understanding the nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of GaAs/Ga 0.7 Al 0.3 As morse quantum well (QW) have focused on the intersubband optical absorption coefficients (OACs) and refractive index changes (RICs). These studies have taken two complimentary approaches: (1) The compact-density-matrix approach and iterative method have been used to obtain the expressions of OACs and RICs in morse QW. (2) Finite difference techniques have been used to obtain energy eigenvalues and their corresponding eigenfunctions of GaAs/Ga 0.7 Al 0.3 As morse QW under an applied magnetic field, hydrostatic pressure, and temperature. Our results show that the hydrostatic pressure and magnetic field have a significant influence on the position and the magnitude of the resonant peaks of the nonlinear OACs and RICs. Simultaneously, a saturation case is observed on the total absorption spectrum, which is modulated by the hydrostatic pressure and magnetic field. Physical reasons have been analyzed in depth.
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Modeling silica aerogel optical performance by determining its radiative properties
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhao, Lin; Yang, Sungwoo; Bhatia, Bikram; Strobach, Elise; Wang, Evelyn N.
2016-02-01
Silica aerogel has been known as a promising candidate for high performance transparent insulation material (TIM). Optical transparency is a crucial metric for silica aerogels in many solar related applications. Both scattering and absorption can reduce the amount of light transmitted through an aerogel slab. Due to multiple scattering, the transmittance deviates from the Beer-Lambert law (exponential attenuation). To better understand its optical performance, we decoupled and quantified the extinction contributions of absorption and scattering separately by identifying two sets of radiative properties. The radiative properties are deduced from the measured total transmittance and reflectance spectra (from 250 nm to 2500 nm) of synthesized aerogel samples by solving the inverse problem of the 1-D Radiative Transfer Equation (RTE). The obtained radiative properties are found to be independent of the sample geometry and can be considered intrinsic material properties, which originate from the aerogel's microstructure. This finding allows for these properties to be directly compared between different samples. We also demonstrate that by using the obtained radiative properties, we can model the photon transport in aerogels of arbitrary shapes, where an analytical solution is difficult to obtain.
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THE IMPACT OF ACCURATE EXTINCTION MEASUREMENTS FOR X-RAY SPECTRAL MODELS
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Smith, Randall K.; Valencic, Lynne A.; Corrales, Lia, E-mail: lynne.a.valencic@nasa.gov
Interstellar extinction includes both absorption and scattering of photons from interstellar gas and dust grains, and it has the effect of altering a source's spectrum and its total observed intensity. However, while multiple absorption models exist, there are no useful scattering models in standard X-ray spectrum fitting tools, such as XSPEC. Nonetheless, X-ray halos, created by scattering from dust grains, are detected around even moderately absorbed sources, and the impact on an observed source spectrum can be significant, if modest, compared to direct absorption. By convolving the scattering cross section with dust models, we have created a spectral model asmore » a function of energy, type of dust, and extraction region that can be used with models of direct absorption. This will ensure that the extinction model is consistent and enable direct connections to be made between a source's X-ray spectral fits and its UV/optical extinction.« less
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Mascarenhas, V. J.; Voß, D.; Wollschlaeger, J.; Zielinski, O.
2017-05-01
Optically active constituents (OACs) in addition to water molecules attenuate light via processes of absorption and scattering and thereby determine underwater light availability. An analysis of their optical properties helps in determining the contribution of each of these to light attenuation. With an aim to study the bio-optical variability, absorption budget and 1% spectral light availability, hydrographical (temperature and salinity), and hyperspectral optical (downwelling irradiance and upwelling radiance) profiles were measured along fjord transects in Sognefjord and Trondheimsfjord, Norway. Optical water quality observations were also performed using Secchi disc and Forel-Ule scale. In concurrence, water samples were collected and analyzed via visible spectrophotometry, fluorometry, and gravimetry to quantify and derive inherent optical properties of the water constituents. An absorption model (R2 = 0.91, n = 36, p < 0.05) as a function of OACs is developed for Sognefjord using multiple regression analysis. Influenced by glacial meltwater, Sognefjord had higher concentration of inorganic suspended matter, while Trondheimsfjord had higher concentrations of CDOM. Increase in turbidity caused increased attenuation of light upstream, as a result of which the euphotic depth decreased from outer to inner fjord sections. Triangular representation of absorption budget revealed dominant absorption by CDOM at 443-555 nm, while that by phytoplankton at 665 nm. Sognefjord however exhibited much greater optical complexity. A significantly strong correlation between salinity and acdom440 is used to develop an algorithm to estimate acdom440 using salinity in Trondheimsfjord.
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Optical band gap of thermally deposited Ge-S-Ga thin films
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Rana, Anjli; Heera, Pawan; Singh, Bhanu Pratap; Sharma, Raman
2018-05-01
Thin films of Ge20S80-xGax glassy alloy, obtained from melt quenching technique, were deposited on the glass substrate by thermal evaporation technique under a high vacuum conditions (˜ 10-5 Torr). Absorption spectrum fitting method (ASF) is employed to obtain the optical band gap from absorption spectra. This method requires only the measurement of the absorption spectrum of the sample. The width of the band tail was also determined. Optical band gap computed from absorption spectra is found to decrease with an increase in Ga content. The evaluated optical band gap (Eg) is in well agreement with the theoretically predicted Eg and obtained from transmission spectra.
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Optical nonlinear absorption characteristics of Sb2Se3 nanoparticles
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Muralikrishna, Molli; Kiran, Aditha Sai; Ravikanth, B.; Sowmendran, P.; Muthukumar, V. Sai; Venkataramaniah, Kamisetti
2014-04-01
In this work, we report for the first time, the nonlinear optical absorption properties of antimony selenide (Sb2Se3) nanoparticles synthesized through solvothermal route. X-ray diffraction results revealed the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles. Electron microscopy studies revealed that the nanoparticles are in the range of 10 - 40 nm. Elemental analysis was performed using EDAX. By employing open aperture z-scan technique, we have evaluated the effective two-photon absorption coefficient of Sb2Se3 nanoparticles to be 5e-10 m/W at 532 nm. These nanoparticles exhibit strong intensity dependent nonlinear optical absorption and hence could be considered to have optical power limiting applications in the visible range.
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Exploring the origin of high optical absorption in conjugated polymers.
Vezie, Michelle S; Few, Sheridan; Meager, Iain; Pieridou, Galatia; Dörling, Bernhard; Ashraf, Raja Shahid; Goñi, Alejandro R; Bronstein, Hugo; McCulloch, Iain; Hayes, Sophia C; Campoy-Quiles, Mariano; Nelson, Jenny
2016-07-01
The specific optical absorption of an organic semiconductor is critical to the performance of organic optoelectronic devices. For example, higher light-harvesting efficiency can lead to higher photocurrent in solar cells that are limited by sub-optimal electrical transport. Here, we compare over 40 conjugated polymers, and find that many different chemical structures share an apparent maximum in their extinction coefficients. However, a diketopyrrolopyrrole-thienothiophene copolymer shows remarkably high optical absorption at relatively low photon energies. By investigating its backbone structure and conformation with measurements and quantum chemical calculations, we find that the high optical absorption can be explained by the high persistence length of the polymer. Accordingly, we demonstrate high absorption in other polymers with high theoretical persistence length. Visible light harvesting may be enhanced in other conjugated polymers through judicious design of the structure.
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Cuppo, F L S; Gómez, S L; Figueiredo Neto, A M
2004-04-01
In this paper is reported a systematic experimental study of the linear-optical-absorption coefficient of ferrofluid-doped isotropic lyotropic mixtures as a function of the magnetic-grains concentration. The linear optical absorption of ferrolyomesophases increases in a nonlinear manner with the concentration of magnetic grains, deviating from the usual Beer-Lambert law. This behavior is associated to the presence of correlated micelles in the mixture which favors the formation of small-scale aggregates of magnetic grains (dimers), which have a higher absorption coefficient with respect to that of isolated grains. We propose that the indirect heating of the micelles via the ferrofluid grains (hyperthermia) could account for this nonlinear increase of the linear-optical-absorption coefficient as a function of the grains concentration.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Peng, Dong-qing; Zhu, Li-li; Li, Zhi-fang; Li, Hui
2017-09-01
Absorption coefficient of biological tissue is an important parameter in biomedicine, but its determination remains a challenge. In this paper, we propose a method using focusing photoacoustic imaging technique and internal light irradiation of cylindrical diffusing fiber (CDF) to quantify the target optical absorption coefficient. Absorption coefficients for ink absorbers are firstly determined through photoacoustic and spectrophotometric measurements at the same excitation, which demonstrates the feasibility of this method. Also, the optical absorption coefficients of ink absorbers with several concentrations are measured. Finally, the two-dimensional scanning photoacoustic image is obtained. Optical absorption coefficient measurement and simultaneous photoacoustic imaging of absorber non-invasively are the typical characteristics of the method. This method can play a significant role for non-invasive determination of blood oxygen saturation, the absorption-based imaging and therapy.
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Correction to the Beer-Lambert-Bouguer law for optical absorption.
Abitan, Haim; Bohr, Henrik; Buchhave, Preben
2008-10-10
The Beer-Lambert-Bouguer absorption law, known as Beer's law for absorption in an optical medium, is precise only at power densities lower than a few kW. At higher power densities this law fails because it neglects the processes of stimulated emission and spontaneous emission. In previous models that considered those processes, an analytical expression for the absorption law could not be obtained. We show here that by utilizing the Lambert W-function, the two-level energy rate equation model is solved analytically, and this leads into a general absorption law that is exact because it accounts for absorption as well as stimulated and spontaneous emission. The general absorption law reduces to Beer's law at low power densities. A criterion for its application is given along with experimental examples. (c) 2008 Optical Society of America
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Chemical detection demonstrated using an evanescent wave graphene optical sensor
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Maliakal, Ashok; Reith, Leslie; Cabot, Steve
Graphene devices have been constructed on silicon mirrors, and the graphene is optically probed through an evanescent wave interaction in an attenuated total reflectance configuration using an infrared spectrometer. The graphene is electrically biased in order to tune its optical properties. Exposure of the device to the chemicals iodine and ammonia causes observable and reversible changes to graphene's optical absorption spectra in the mid to near infrared range which can be utilized for the purpose of sensing. Electrical current measurements through the graphene are made simultaneously with optical measurements allowing for simultaneous sensing using two separate detection modalities. Our currentmore » results reveal sub-ppm detection limits for iodine and approximately 100 ppm detection limits for ammonia. We have also demonstrated that this approach will work at 1.55 μm, which opens up the possibility for graphene optical sensors that leverage commercial telecom light sources.« less
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Broadband noise limit in the photodetection of ultralow jitter optical pulses.
Sun, Wenlu; Quinlan, Franklyn; Fortier, Tara M; Deschenes, Jean-Daniel; Fu, Yang; Diddams, Scott A; Campbell, Joe C
2014-11-14
Applications with optical atomic clocks and precision timing often require the transfer of optical frequency references to the electrical domain with extremely high fidelity. Here we examine the impact of photocarrier scattering and distributed absorption on the photocurrent noise of high-speed photodiodes when detecting ultralow jitter optical pulses. Despite its small contribution to the total photocurrent, this excess noise can determine the phase noise and timing jitter of microwave signals generated by detecting ultrashort optical pulses. A Monte Carlo simulation of the photodetection process is used to quantitatively estimate the excess noise. Simulated phase noise on the 10 GHz harmonic of a photodetected pulse train shows good agreement with previous experimental data, leading to the conclusion that the lowest phase noise photonically generated microwave signals are limited by photocarrier scattering well above the quantum limit of the optical pulse train.
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Water-based metamaterial absorbers for optical transparency and broadband microwave absorption
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Pang, Yongqiang; Shen, Yang; Li, Yongfeng; Wang, Jiafu; Xu, Zhuo; Qu, Shaobo
2018-04-01
Naturally occurring water is a promising candidate for achieving broadband absorption. In this work, by virtue of the optically transparent character of the water, the water-based metamaterial absorbers (MAs) are proposed to achieve the broadband absorption at microwave frequencies and optical transparence simultaneously. For this purpose, the transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) are chosen as the constitutive materials. The water is encapsulated between the ITO backed plate and PMMA, serving as the microwave loss as well as optically transparent material. Numerical simulations show that the broadband absorption with the efficiency over 90% in the frequency band of 6.4-30 GHz and highly optical transparency of about 85% in the visible region can be achieved and have been well demonstrated experimentally. Additionally, the proposed water-based MA displays a wide-angle absorption performance for both TE and TM waves and is also robust to the variations of the structure parameters, which is much desired in a practical application.
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Optical absorption in planar graphene superlattice: The role of structural parameters
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Azadi, L.; Shojaei, S.
2018-04-01
We theoretically studied the optically driven interband transitions in a planar graphene superlattices (PGSL) formed by patterning graphene sheet on laterally hetrostructured substrate as Sio2/hBN. A tunable optical transitions between minibands is observed based on engineering structural parameters. We derive analytically expression for optical absorption from two-band model. Considerable optical absorption is obtained for different ratios between widths of heterostructured substrate and is explained analytically from the view point of wavefunction engineering and miniband dispersion, in details. The role of different statuses of polarization as circular and linear are considered. Our study paves a way toward the control of optical properties of PGSLs to be implemented in optoelectronics devices.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ong, Yi Hong; Padawer-Curry, Jonah; Finlay, Jarod C.; Kim, Michele M.; Dimofte, Andreea; Cengel, Keith; Zhu, Timothy C.
2018-02-01
PDT efficacy depends on the concentration of photosensitizer, oxygen, and light delivery in patient tissues. In this study, we measure the in-vivo distribution of important dosimetric parameters, namely the tissue optical properties (absorption μa (λ) and scattering μs ' (λ) coefficients), photofrin concentration (cphotofrin), blood oxygen saturation (%StO2), and total hemoglobin concentration (THC), before and after PDT. We characterize the inter- and intra-patient heterogeneity of these quantities and explore how these properties change as a result of PDT treatment. The result suggests the need for real-time dosimetry during PDT to optimize the treatment condition depending on the optical and physiological properties.
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Neeley, Aimee Renee
2014-01-01
The color of the ocean (apparent optical properties or AOPs) is determined by the spectral scattering and absorption of light by its dissolved and particulate constituents.The absorption and scattering properties of the water column are the so-called inherent optical properties.
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CW laser damage testing of RAR nano-textured fused silica and YAG
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
MacLeod, Bruce D.; Hobbs, Douglas S.; Manni, Anthony D.; Sabatino, Ernest; Bernot, David M.; DeFrances, Sage; Randi, Joseph A.; Thomas, Jeffrey
2017-11-01
A study of the continuous wave (CW) laser induced damage threshold (LiDT) of fused silica and yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) optics was conducted to further illustrate the enhanced survivability within high power laser systems of an anti-reflection (AR) treatment consisting of randomly distributed surface relief nanostructures (RAR). A series of three CW LiDT tests using the 1070nm wavelength, 16 KW fiber laser test bed at Penn State Electro-Optic Center (PSEOC) were designed and completed, with improvements in the testing protocol, areal coverage, and maximum exposure intensities implemented between test cycles. Initial results for accumulated power, stationary site exposures of RAR nano-textured optics showed no damage and low surface temperatures similar to the control optics with no AR treatment. In contrast, optics with thin-film AR coatings showed high surface temperatures consistent with absorption by the film layers. Surface discriminating absorption measurements made using the Photothermal Common-path Interferometry (PCI) method, showed zero added surface absorption for the RAR nanotextured optics, and absorption levels in the 2-5 part per million range for thin-film AR coated optics. In addition, the surface absorption of thin-film AR coatings was also found to have localized absorption spikes that are likely pre-cursors for damage. Subsequent CW LiDT testing protocol included raster scanning an increased intensity focused beam over the test optic surface where it was found that thin-film AR coated optics damaged at intensities in the 2 to 5 MW/cm2 range with surface temperatures over 250C during the long-duration exposures. Significantly, none of the 10 RAR nano-textured fused silica optics tested could be damaged up to the maximum system intensity of 15.5 MW/cm2, and surface temperatures remained low. YAG optics tested during the final cycle exhibited a similar result with RAR nano-textured surfaces surviving intensities over 3 times higher than thin-film AR coated surfaces. This result was correlated with PCI measurements that also show zero-added surface absorption for the RAR nano-textured YAG optics.
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Torres, Omar; Bhartia, P. K.; Herman, J. R.; Einaudi, Franco (Technical Monitor)
2000-01-01
The interaction between the strong Rayleigh scattering in the near UV spectral region (330-380 nm) and the processes of aerosol absorption and scattering, produce a clear spectral signal in the upwelling radiance at the top of the atmosphere. This interaction is the basis of the TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) aerosol retrieval technique that can be used for their characterization and to differentiate non-absorbing sulfates from strongly UV-absorbing aerosols such as mineral dust. For absorbing aerosols, the characterization is in terms of the optical depth and single scattering albedo with assumptions about the aerosol plume height. The results for non-absorbing aerosols are not dependent on plume height. Although iron compounds represent only between 5% to 8% of desert dust aerosol mass, hematite (Fe2O3) accounts for most of the near UV absorption. Because of the large ultraviolet absorption characteristic of hematite, the near UV method of aerosol sensing is especially suited for the detection and characterization of desert dust aerosols. Using the combined record of near UV measurements by the Nimbus7 (1978-1992) and Earth Probe (1996-present) TOMS instruments, a global longterm climatology of near UV optical depth and single scattering albedo has been produced. The multi-year long record of mineral aerosol properties over the area of influence of the Saharan desert, will be discussed.
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Cheng, Yuan; He, Ke-Bin; Engling, Guenter; Weber, Rodney; Liu, Jiu-Meng; Du, Zhen-Yu; Dong, Shu-Ping
2017-12-01
Brown carbon (BrC) is increasingly included in climate models as an emerging category of particulate organic compounds that can absorb solar radiation efficiently at specific wavelengths. Water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) has been commonly used as a surrogate for BrC; however, it only represents a limited fraction of total organic carbon (OC) mass, which could be as low as about 20% in urban atmosphere. Using methanol as the extraction solvent, up to approximately 90% of the OC in Beijing aerosol was isolated and measured for absorption spectra over the ultraviolet-to-visible wavelength range. Compared to methanol-soluble OC (MSOC), WSOC underestimated BrC absorption by about 50% at 365nm. The mass absorption efficiencies measured for BrC in Beijing aerosol were converted to the imaginary refractive indices of BrC and subsequently used to compute BrC coating-induced enhancement of light absorption (E abs ) by black carbon. E abs attributed to lensing was reduced in the case of BrC coating relative to that caused by purely-scattering coating. However, this reduction was overwhelmed by the effect of BrC shell absorption, indicating that the overall effect of BrC coating was an increase in E abs . Methanol extraction significantly reduced charring of OC during thermal-optical analysis, leading to a large increase in the measured elemental carbon (EC) mass and an apparent improvement in the consistency of EC measurements by different thermal-optical methods. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Cremers, David A.; Keller, Richard A.
1984-01-01
An apparatus and method for the measurement of small differences in optical absorptivity of weakly absorbing solutions using differential interferometry and the thermooptic effect has been developed. Two sample cells are placed in each arm of an interferometer and are traversed by colinear probe and heating laser beams. The interrogation probe beams are recombined forming a fringe pattern, the intensity of which can be related to changes in optical pathlength of these laser beams through the cells. This in turn can be related to small differences in optical absorptivity which results in different amounts of sample heating when the heating laser beams are turned on, by the fact that the index of refraction of a liquid is temperature dependent. A critical feature of this invention is the stabilization of the optical path of the probe beams against drift. Background (solvent) absorption can then be suppressed by a factor of approximately 400. Solute absorptivities of about 10.sup.-5 cm.sup.-1 can then be determined in the presence of background absorptions in excess of 10.sup.-3 cm.sup.-1. In addition, the smallest absorption measured with the instant apparatus and method is about 5.times. 10.sup.-6 cm.sup.-1.
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Cremers, D.A.; Keller, R.A.
1982-06-08
An apparatus and method for the measurement of small differences in optical absorptivity of weakly absorbing solutions using differential interferometry and the thermooptic effect has been developed. Two sample cells are placed in each arm of an interferometer and are traversed by colinear probe and heating laser beams. The interrogation probe beams are recombined forming a fringe pattern, the intensity of which can be related to changes in optical pathlength of these laser beams through the cells. This in turn can be related to small differences in optical absorptivity which results in different amounts of sample heating when the heating laser beams are turned on, by the fact that the index of refraction of a liquid is temperature dependent. A critical feature of this invention is the stabilization of the optical path of the probe beams against drift. Background (solvent) absorption can then be suppressed by a factor of approximately 400. Solute absorptivities of about 10/sup -5/ cm/sup -1/ can then be determined in the presence of background absorptions in excess of 10/sup -3/ cm/sup -1/. In addition, the smallest absorption measured with the instant apparatus and method is about 5 x 10/sup -6/ cm/sup -1/.
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Optical band gap studies on lithium aluminum silicate glasses doped with Cr3+ ions
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
El-Diasty, Fouad; Abdel Wahab, Fathy A.; Abdel-Baki, Manal
2006-11-01
Lithium aluminum silicate glass system (LAS) implanted with chromium ions is prepared. The reflectance and transmittance measurements are used to determine the dispersion of absorption coefficient. The optical data are explained in terms of the different oxidation states adopted by the chromium ions into the glass network. It is found that the oxidation state of the chromium depends on its concentration. Across a wide spectral range, 0.2-1.6μm, analysis of the fundamental absorption edge provides values for the average energy band gaps for allowed direct and indirect transitions. The optical absorption coefficient just below the absorption edge varies exponentially with photon energy indicating the presence of Urbach's tail. Such tail is decreased with the increase of the chromium dopant. From the analysis of the optical absorption data, the absorption peak at ground state exciton energy, the absorption at band gap, and the free exciton binding energy are determined. The extinction coefficient data are used to determine the Fermi energy level of the studied glasses. The metallization criterion is obtained and discussed exploring the nature of the glasses. The measured IR spectra of the different glasses are used to throw some light on the optical properties of the present glasses correlating them with their structure and composition.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Mashooq, Kishwar; Talukder, Muhammad Anisuzzaman, E-mail: anis@eee.buet.ac.bd
2016-05-21
Although ultra-thin-film solar cells can be attractive in reducing the cost, they suffer from low absorption as the thickness of the active layer is usually much smaller than the wavelength of incident light. Different nano-photonic techniques, including plasmonic structures, are being explored to increase the light absorption in ultra-thin-film solar cells. More than one layer of active materials with different energy bandgaps can be used in tandem to increase the light absorption as well. However, due to different amount of light absorption in different active layers, photo-generated currents in different active layers will not be the same. The current mismatchmore » between the tandem layers makes them ineffective in increasing the efficiency. In this work, we investigate the light absorption properties of tandem solar cells with two ultra-thin active layers working as two subcells and a metal layer with periodically perforated holes in-between the two subcells. While the metal layer helps to overcome the current mismatch, the periodic holes increase the absorption of incident light by helping extraordinary optical transmission of the incident light from the top to the bottom subcell, and by coupling the incident light to plasmonic and photonic modes within ultra-thin active layers. We extensively study the effects of the geometry of holes in the intermediate metal layer on the light absorption properties of tandem solar cells with ultra-thin active layers. We also study how different metals in the intermediate layer affect the light absorption; how the geometry of holes in the intermediate layer affects the absorption when the active layer materials are changed; and how the intermediate metal layer affects the collection of photo-generated electron-hole pairs at the terminals. We find that in a solar cell with 6,6-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester top subcell and copper indium gallium selenide bottom subcell, if the periodic holes in the metal layer are square or polygon, total absorption remains approximately the same. However, the total absorption suffers significantly if the holes are triangle. The transmission spectra of incident light into the bottom subcell, and hence the absorption, change significantly for square and circle holes if the active materials change to cadmium selenide (CdSe) and cadmium telluride (CdTe) in the top and bottom subcells, respectively. Although the intermediate metal layer may induce electron-hole pair recombination due to surface defects, the short-circuit current density of an ultra-thin plasmonic solar cell with an intermediate metal layer with two-dimensional hole array is >9% of that of a structure without the intermediate metal layer.« less
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Pokhrel, Rudra Prasad
This dissertation examines the optical properties of fresh and aged biomass burning aerosols, parameterization of these properties, and development of new instrumentation and calibration techniques to measure aerosol optical properties. Data sets were collected from the fourth Fire Lab at Missoula Experiment (FLAME-4) that took place from October 15 to November 16, 2012. Biomass collected from the various parts of the world were burned under controlled laboratory conditions and fresh emissions from different stages of burning were measured and analyzed. Optical properties of aged aerosol under different conditions was also explored. A photoacoustic absorption spectrometer (PAS) was built and integrated with a newly designed thermal denuder to improve upon observations made during Flame-4. A novel calibration technique for the PAS was developed. Single scattering albedo (SSA) and absorption Angstrom exponent (AAE) from 12 different fuels with 41 individual burns were estimated and parameterized with modified combustion efficiency (MCE) and the ratio of elemental carbon (EC) to organic carbon (OC) mass. The EC / OC ratio has better capability to parameterize SSA and AAE than MCE. The simple linear regression model proposed in this study accurately predicts SSA during the first few hours of plume aging with the ambient data from a biomass burning event. In addition, absorption due to brown carbon (BrC) can significantly lower the SSA at 405 nm resulting in a wavelength dependence of SSA. Furthermore, smoldering dominated burns have larger AAE values while flaming dominated burns have smaller AAE values indicating a large fraction of BrC is emitted during the smoldering stage of the burn. Enhancement in BC absorption (EAbs) due to coating by absorbing and non-absorbing substances is estimated at 405 nm and 660 nm. Relatively smaller values of EAbs at 660 nm compared to 405 nm suggests lensing is a less important contributor to biomass burning aerosol absorption at lower wavelengths. Multiple burns of the same fuel produced significantly different EAbs values at 405 nm, but show good correlation with the EC/OC ratio indicating less dependency on fuel type and more dependency on burn conditions. In addition, absorption due to BrC can contribute up to 92 % of the total biomass burning aerosol absorption at 405 nm and up to 58 % of the total absorption at 532 nm. Indicating BrC absorption in biomass burning emissions is equally or more important than the absorption due to BC at short wavelengths. Furthermore, fractional absorption due to BrC shows reasonably good correlation with EC/OC ratio and AAE. Primary organic aerosol is found to be more volatile than secondary organic aerosol and it is found that the thermal denuder deployed in this study removes less organic aerosol if secondary organic aerosol is present. SSA at 532 nm remains constant during different conditions of aging while SSA at 405 nm increases under certain conditions suggesting the degradation of BrC. Decreases in AAE under the same experiment further support the proposed BrC degradation. The novel thermal denuder designed completely removes non-refractory material and can be used under higher flow rates (maximum of 5 LPM) than the most commercially available thermal denuders. The new calibration techniques proposed for the photoacousitc absorption spectrometer will reduce uncertainty during calibration compared to the conventional calibration methods.
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Tissue characterization with ballistic photons: counting scattering and/or absorption centres
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Corral, F.; Strojnik, M.; Paez, G.
2015-03-01
We describe a new method to separate ballistic from the scattered photons for optical tissue characterization. It is based on the hypothesis that the scattered photons acquire a phase delay. The photons passing through the sample without scattering or absorption preserve their coherence so they may participate in interference. We implement a Mach-Zehnder experimental setup where the ballistic photons pass through the sample with the delay caused uniquely by the sample indices of refraction. We incorporate a movable mirror on the piezoelectric actuator in the sample arm to detect the amplitude of the modulation term. We present the theory that predicts the path-integrated (or total) concentration of the scattering and absorption centres. The proposed technique may characterize samples with transmission attenuation of ballistic photons by a factor of 10-14.
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Hietala, V.M.; Vawter, G.A.
1993-12-14
The traveling-wave photodetector of the present invention combines an absorptive optical waveguide and an electrical transmission line, in which optical absorption in the waveguide results in a photocurrent at the electrodes of the electrical transmission line. The optical waveguide and electrical transmission line of the electrically distributed traveling-wave photodetector are designed to achieve matched velocities between the light in the optical waveguide and electrical signal generated on the transmission line. This velocity synchronization provides the traveling-wave photodetector with a large electrical bandwidth and a high quantum efficiency, because of the effective extended volume for optical absorption. The traveling-wave photodetector also provides large power dissipation, because of its large physical size. 4 figures.
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Hietala, Vincent M.; Vawter, Gregory A.
1993-01-01
The traveling-wave photodetector of the present invention combines an absorptive optical waveguide and an electrical transmission line, in which optical absorption in the waveguide results in a photocurrent at the electrodes of the electrical transmission line. The optical waveguide and electrical transmission line of the electrically distributed traveling-wave photodetector are designed to achieve matched velocities between the light in the optical waveguide and electrical signal generated on the transmission line. This velocity synchronization provides the traveling-wave photodetector with a large electrical bandwidth and a high quantum efficiency, because of the effective extended volume for optical absorption. The traveling-wave photodetector also provides large power dissipation, because of its large physical size.
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Dawson, Jay W.; Pax, Paul H.; Allen, Graham S.; ...
2016-12-08
A 9.3dB improvement in optical gain and a 100x improvement in total optical power over prior published experimental results from the 4F 3/2 to 4I 13/2 transition in an Nd 3+ doped fused silica optical fiber is demonstrated. This is enabled via an optical fiber waveguide design that creates high spectral attenuation in the 1050-1120nm-wavelength range, a continuous spectral filter for the primary 4F 3/2 to 4I 11/2 optical transition. A maximum output power at 1427nm of 1.2W was attained for 43mW coupled seed laser power and 22.2W of coupled pump diode laser power at 880nm a net optical gainmore » of 14.5dB. Reducing the coupled seed laser power to 2.5mW enabled the system to attain 19.3dB of gain for 16.5W of coupled pump power. Four issues limited results; non-optimal seed laser wavelength, amplified spontaneous emission on the 4F 3/2 to 4I 9/2 optical transition, low absorption of pump light from the cladding and high spectral attenuation in the 1350-1450nm range. Lastly, future fibers that mitigate these issues should lead to significant improvements in the efficiency of the laser amplifier, though the shorter wavelength region of the transition from 1310nm to >1350nm is still expected to be limited by excited state absorption.« less
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Dawson, Jay W.; Pax, Paul H.; Allen, Graham S.
A 9.3dB improvement in optical gain and a 100x improvement in total optical power over prior published experimental results from the 4F 3/2 to 4I 13/2 transition in an Nd 3+ doped fused silica optical fiber is demonstrated. This is enabled via an optical fiber waveguide design that creates high spectral attenuation in the 1050-1120nm-wavelength range, a continuous spectral filter for the primary 4F 3/2 to 4I 11/2 optical transition. A maximum output power at 1427nm of 1.2W was attained for 43mW coupled seed laser power and 22.2W of coupled pump diode laser power at 880nm a net optical gainmore » of 14.5dB. Reducing the coupled seed laser power to 2.5mW enabled the system to attain 19.3dB of gain for 16.5W of coupled pump power. Four issues limited results; non-optimal seed laser wavelength, amplified spontaneous emission on the 4F 3/2 to 4I 9/2 optical transition, low absorption of pump light from the cladding and high spectral attenuation in the 1350-1450nm range. Lastly, future fibers that mitigate these issues should lead to significant improvements in the efficiency of the laser amplifier, though the shorter wavelength region of the transition from 1310nm to >1350nm is still expected to be limited by excited state absorption.« less
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Three-dimensional diffuse optical mammography with ultrasound localization in a human subject
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Holboke, Monica J.; Tromberg, Bruce J.; Li, Xingde; Shah, Natasha; Fishkin, Joshua B.; Kidney, D.; Butler, J.; Chance, Britton; Yodh, Arjun G.
2000-04-01
We describe an approach that combines clinical ultrasound and photon migration techniques to enhance the sensitivity and information content of diffuse optical tomography. Measurements were performed on a postmenopausal woman with a single 1.8 X 0.9 cm malignant ductal carcinoma in situ approximately 7.4 mm beneath the skin surface (UCI IRB protocol 95-563). The ultrasound-derived information about tumor geometry enabled us to segment the breast tissue into tumor and background regions. Optical data was obtained with a multifrequency, multiwavelength hand-held frequency-domain photon migration backscattering probe. The optical properties of the tumor and background were then computed using the ultrasound-derived geometrical constraints. An iterative perturbative approach, using parallel processing, provided quantitative information about scattering and absorption simultaneously with the ability to incorporate and resolve complex boundary conditions and geometries. A three to four fold increase in the tumor absorption coefficient and nearly 50% reduction in scattering coefficient relative to background was observed ((lambda) equals 674, 782, 803, and 849 nm). Calculations of the mean physiological parameters reveal fourfold greater tumor total hemoglobin concentration [Hbtot] than normal breast (67 (mu) M vs 16 (mu) M) and tumor hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SOx) values of 63% (vs 73% and 68% in the region surrounding the tumor and the opposite normal tissue, respectively). Comparison of semi-infinite to heterogeneous models shows superior tumor/background contrast for the latter in both absorption and scattering. Sensitivity studies assessing the impact of tumor size and refractive index assumptions, as well as scan direction, demonstrate modest effects on recovered properties.
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The Ascension Island Boundary Layer in the Remote Southeast Atlantic is Often Smoky
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zuidema, Paquita; Sedlacek, Arthur J.; Flynn, Connor; Springston, Stephen; Delgadillo, Rodrigo; Zhang, Jianhao; Aiken, Allison C.; Koontz, Annette; Muradyan, Paytsar
2018-05-01
Observations from June to October 2016, from a surface-based ARM Mobile Facility deployment on Ascension Island (8°S, 14.5°W) indicate that refractory black carbon (rBC) is almost always present within the boundary layer. The rBC mass concentrations, light absorption coefficients, and cloud condensation nuclei concentrations vary in concert and synoptically, peaking in August. Light absorption coefficients at three visible wavelengths as a function of rBC mass are approximately double that calculated from black carbon in lab studies. A spectrally-flat absorption angstrom exponent suggests most of the light absorption is from lens-coated black carbon. The single-scattering-albedo increases systematically from August to October in both 2016 and 2017, with monthly means of 0.78 ± 0.02 (August), 0.81 ± 0.03 (September), and 0.83 ± 0.03 (October) at the green wavelength. Boundary layer aerosol loadings are only loosely correlated with total aerosol optical depth, with smoke more likely to be present in the boundary layer earlier in the biomass burning season, evolving to smoke predominantly present above the cloud layers in September-October, typically resting upon the cloud top inversion. The time period with the campaign-maximum near-surface light absorption and column aerosol optical depth, on 13-16 August 2016, is investigated further. Backtrajectories that indicate more direct boundary layer transport westward from the African continent is central to explaining the elevated surface aerosol loadings.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Ho, Clifford K.; Ortega, Jesus D.; Christian, Joshua Mark
Novel designs to increase light trapping and thermal efficiency of concentrating solar receivers at multiple length scales have been conceived, designed, and tested. The fractal-like geometries and features are introduced at both macro (meters) and meso (millimeters to centimeters) scales. Advantages include increased solar absorptance, reduced thermal emittance, and increased thermal efficiency. Radial and linear structures at the meso (tube shape and geometry) and macro (total receiver geometry and configuration) scales redirect reflected solar radiation toward the interior of the receiver for increased absorptance. Hotter regions within the interior of the receiver can reduce thermal emittance due to reduced localmore » view factors to the environment, and higher concentration ratios can be employed with similar surface irradiances to reduce the effective optical aperture, footprint, and thermal losses. Coupled optical/fluid/thermal models have been developed to evaluate the performance of these designs relative to conventional designs. Modeling results showed that fractal-like structures and geometries can increase the effective solar absorptance by 5 – 20% and the thermal efficiency by several percentage points at both the meso and macro scales, depending on factors such as intrinsic absorptance. Meso-scale prototypes were fabricated using additive manufacturing techniques, and a macro-scale bladed receiver design was fabricated using Inconel 625 tubes. On-sun tests were performed using the solar furnace and solar tower at the National Solar Thermal Test facility. The test results demonstrated enhanced solar absorptance and thermal efficiency of the fractal-like designs.« less
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Franta, Benjamin, E-mail: bafranta@gmail.com; Pastor, David; Gandhi, Hemi H.
2015-12-14
Hyperdoped black silicon fabricated with femtosecond laser irradiation has attracted interest for applications in infrared photodetectors and intermediate band photovoltaics due to its sub-bandgap optical absorptance and light-trapping surface. However, hyperdoped black silicon typically has an amorphous and polyphasic polycrystalline surface that can interfere with carrier transport, electrical rectification, and intermediate band formation. Past studies have used thermal annealing to obtain high crystallinity in hyperdoped black silicon, but thermal annealing causes a deactivation of the sub-bandgap optical absorptance. In this study, nanosecond laser annealing is used to obtain high crystallinity and remove pressure-induced phases in hyperdoped black silicon while maintainingmore » high sub-bandgap optical absorptance and a light-trapping surface morphology. Furthermore, it is shown that nanosecond laser annealing reactivates the sub-bandgap optical absorptance of hyperdoped black silicon after deactivation by thermal annealing. Thermal annealing and nanosecond laser annealing can be combined in sequence to fabricate hyperdoped black silicon that simultaneously shows high crystallinity, high above-bandgap and sub-bandgap absorptance, and a rectifying electrical homojunction. Such nanosecond laser annealing could potentially be applied to non-equilibrium material systems beyond hyperdoped black silicon.« less
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Li, Si-jia; Song, Kai-shan; Zhao, Ying; Mu, Guang-yi; Shao, Tian-tian; Ma, Jian-hang
2016-01-15
Field surveys and laboratory analysis were carried out in Chagan Lake and Xinlicheng Reservoir under different salinity conditions in September 2012. In the laboratory, the absorption coefficients of particulates and chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) were measured, aiming to compare the absorption features, source of optical active substances and relative contribution of optical active constituents over the range of PAR (400-700 nm) in Chagan Lake and Xinlicheng Reservoir. The results showed that the Chagan Lake and Xinlicheng Reservoir were water bodies with medium eutrophication in autumn by TAL nutrient index and the absorption spectra of particulates matters were similar to those of phytoplankton. For the Chagan Lake with high salinity( EC = 988. 87 micro S x cm(-1)), the total particulate absorption was dominated by the nonalgal particles, and the contribution rate was in the order of nonalgal particles > phytoplankton > CDOM. For the Xinlicheng Reservoir with low salinity (EC = 311.67 microS x -cm(-1)), the total particulate absorption was dominated by the phytoplankton, and the contribution rate was ranked as phytoplankton > nonalgal particles > CDOM. Positive correlation was observed between a(p) (440), a(p) (675), a(d) (440) and total suspended matter (TSM), inorganic suspended matter (ISM), organic suspended matter (OSM) and Chl-a respectively in Chagan Lake, with correlation coefficients all above 0.55. Positive correlation was observed between a(p)(440), a(p) (675) and Chl-a (0.77 and 0.85, P < 0.05) , so did a(d) (440) and ISM (0.74, P < 0.01), while negative correlation was observed between a(p) (440) and OSM in the Xinlicheng Reservoir. In terms of Chagan Lake, negative correlation was merely observed between a(g) (440) and OSM (-0.54, P < 0.05) , but not in the Xinlicheng Reservoir. Both Sg, which was calculated by the fitting absorption curve from 250 to 400 nm, and relative molecular weight M showed that Sg[ (0.021 +/- 0.001) m(-1)] in Chagan Lake was greater than that in the Xinlicheng Reservoir [(0.0176 +/- 0.001) m(-1)], and Mr, in Chagan Lake was 11.44 +/- 2.00 (7.5-15.09), which was greater than that in Xinlicheng Reservoir 7.53 +/- 0.79 (6.17-8.89), indicating that the relative molecular weight of CDOM in the Chagan Lake was less than that in the Xinlicheng Reservoir. The Chagan Lake was greatly affected by wind speed and shore collapse to produce suspended mineral and sediment particles. Thereby the total particulate absorption was dominated by the nonalgal particles. The waters in the Xinlicheng Reservoir were greatly impacted by terrestrial inorganic matter, and the growth of phytoplankton was weakened and microbes activities were strengthened simultaneously, which led to the negative correlations between a(g)(lamda) and OSM.
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Theoretical model for optical properties of porphyrin
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Phan, Anh D.; Nga, Do T.; Phan, The-Long; Thanh, Le T. M.; Anh, Chu T.; Bernad, Sophie; Viet, N. A.
2014-12-01
We propose a simple model to interpret the optical absorption spectra of porphyrin in different solvents. Our model successfully explains the decrease in the intensity of optical absorption at maxima of increased wavelengths. We also prove the dependence of the intensity and peak positions in the absorption spectra on the environment. The nature of the Soret band is supposed to derive from π plasmon. Our theoretical calculations are consistent with previous experimental studies.
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2007-01-01
Stable films containing CdS quantum dots of mean size 3.4 nm embedded in a solid host matrix are prepared using a room temperature chemical route of synthesis. CdS/synthetic glue nanocomposites are characterized using high resolution transmission electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. Significant blue shift from the bulk absorption edge is observed in optical absorption as well as photoacoustic spectra indicating strong quantum confinement. The exciton transitions are better resolved in photoacoustic spectroscopy compared to optical absorption spectroscopy. We assign the first four bands observed in photoacoustic spectroscopy to 1se–1sh, 1pe–1ph, 1de–1dhand 2pe–2phtransitions using a non interacting particle model. Nonlinear absorption studies are done using z-scan technique with nanosecond pulses in the off resonant regime. The origin of optical limiting is predominantly two photon absorption mechanism.
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Investigation on optical absorption properties of ion irradiated single walled carbon nanotubes
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Vishalli,, E-mail: vishalli-2008@yahoo.com; Dharamvir, Keya, E-mail: keya@pu.ac.in; Kaur, Ramneek
2015-08-28
In the present study change in the optical absorption properties of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) under nickel ion (60 MeV) irradiation at various fluences has been investigated. Langmuir Blodgett technique is used to deposit SWCNT thin film of uniform thickness. AFM analysis shows a network of interconnected bundles of nanotubes. UV-Vis-NIR absorption spectra indicate that the sample mainly contain SWCNTs of semiconducting nature. It has been found in absorption spectra that there is decrease in the intensity of the characteristic SWCNT peaks with increase in fluence. At fluence value 1×10{sup 14} ions/cm{sup 2} there is almost complete suppression of themore » characteristic SWCNTs peaks.The decrease in the optical absorption with increase in fluence is due to the increase in the disorder in the system which leads to the decrease in optically active states.« less
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Force-detected nanoscale absorption spectroscopy in water at room temperature using an optical trap
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Parobek, Alexander; Black, Jacob W.; Kamenetska, Maria; Ganim, Ziad
2018-04-01
Measuring absorption spectra of single molecules presents a fundamental challenge for standard transmission-based instruments because of the inherently low signal relative to the large background of the excitation source. Here we demonstrate a new approach for performing absorption spectroscopy in solution using a force measurement to read out optical excitation at the nanoscale. The photoinduced force between model chromophores and an optically trapped gold nanoshell has been measured in water at room temperature. This photoinduced force is characterized as a function of wavelength to yield the force spectrum, which is shown to be correlated to the absorption spectrum for four model systems. The instrument constructed for these measurements combines an optical tweezer with frequency domain absorption spectroscopy over the 400-800 nm range. These measurements provide proof-of-principle experiments for force-detected nanoscale spectroscopies that operate under ambient chemical conditions.
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Relative optical absorption of metallic and semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes.
Huang, Houjin; Kajiura, Hisashi; Maruyama, Ryuichiro; Kadono, Koji; Noda, Kazuhiro
2006-03-16
While it is well-known that tube-tube interaction causes changes (peak red-shift and suppression) in the optical absorption of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), we found in this work that, upon bundling, the optical absorption of metallic SWNTs (M11) is less affected compared to their semiconducting counterparts (S11 or S22), resulting in enhanced absorbance ratio of metallic and semiconducting SWNTs (A(M)/A(S)). Annealing of the SWNTs increases this ratio due to the intensified tube-tube interaction. We have also found that the interaction between SWNTs and the surfactant Triton X-405 has a similar effect. The evaluation of SWNT separation by types (metallic or semiconducting) based on the optical absorption should take these effects into account.
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Nonlinear optical transmittance of semiconductors in the presence of high-intensity radiation fields
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Dong, H. M.; Han, F. W.; Duan, Y. F.; Huang, F.; Liu, J. L.
2018-04-01
We developed a systematic theoretical study of nonlinear optical properties of semiconductors. The eight-band kṡp model and the energy-balance equation are employed to calculate the transmission and optical absorption coefficients in the presence of both the linear one-photon absorption and the nonlinear two-photon absorption (TPA) processes. A substantial reduction of the optical transmittance far below the band-gap can be observed under relatively high-intensity radiation fields due to the nonlinear TPA. The TPA-induced optical transmittance decreases with increasing intensity of the radiation fields. Our theoretical results are in line with those observed experimentally. The theoretical approach can be applied to understand the nonlinear optical properties of semiconductors under high-field conditions.
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Optical limiting properties of optically active phthalocyanine derivatives
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wang, Peng; Zhang, Shuang; Wu, Peiji; Ye, Cheng; Liu, Hongwei; Xi, Fu
2001-06-01
The optical limiting properties of four optically active phthalocyanine derivatives in chloroform solutions and epoxy resin thin plates were measured at 532 nm with 10 ns pulses. The excited state absorption cross-section σex and refractive-index cross-section σr were determined with the Z-scan technique. These chromophores possess larger σex than the ground state absorption cross-section σ0, indicating that they are the potential materials for reverse saturable absorption (RSA). The negative σr values of these chromophores add to the thermal contribution, producing a larger defocusing effect, which may be helpful in further enhancing their optical limiting performance. The optical limiting responses of the thin plate samples are stronger than those of the chloroform solutions.
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Effects of long-duration exposure on optical system components
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Harvey, Gale A.
1991-01-01
The optical materials and UV detectors experiment (SOO50-1) was a set of 18 optical windows, filters, and ultraviolet detectors. The optical specimens were all retrieved in excellent condition. No delamination or blistering of the filters occurred. No discoloration of the optical window materials occurred, but the MgF2 window did experience roughing. The most notable degradation of the optics were the deposition of an organic film on the exposed surfaces. The film absorption was measured using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and a UV spectrometer. The 6 percent absorption at 3.4 microns corresponds to about 100 mgm/sq ft of organic film. The UV absorption was almost 100 percent at 200 nm and about 50 percent at 380 nm.
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Preparation, optical and non-linear optical power limiting properties of Cu, CuNi nanowires
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Udayabhaskar, R.; Karthikeyan, B., E-mail: bkarthik@nitt.edu; Ollakkan, Muhamed Shafi
2014-01-06
Metallic nanowires show excellent Plasmon absorption which is tunable based on its aspect ratio and alloying nature. We prepared Cu and CuNi metallic nanowires and studied its optical and nonlinear optical behavior. Optical properties of nanowires are theoretically explained using Gans theory. Nonlinear optical behavior is studied using a single beam open aperture z-scan method with the use of 5 ns Nd: YAG laser. Optical limiting is found to arise from two-photon absorption.
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Preparation, optical and non-linear optical power limiting properties of Cu, CuNi nanowires
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Udayabhaskar, R.; Ollakkan, Muhamed Shafi; Karthikeyan, B.
2014-01-01
Metallic nanowires show excellent Plasmon absorption which is tunable based on its aspect ratio and alloying nature. We prepared Cu and CuNi metallic nanowires and studied its optical and nonlinear optical behavior. Optical properties of nanowires are theoretically explained using Gans theory. Nonlinear optical behavior is studied using a single beam open aperture z-scan method with the use of 5 ns Nd: YAG laser. Optical limiting is found to arise from two-photon absorption.
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Nonreciprocal optical properties based on magneto-optical materials: n-InAs, GaAs and HgCdTe
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wang, Han; Wu, Hao; Zhou, Jian-qiu
2018-02-01
Compared with reciprocal optical materials, nonreciprocal materials can break the time reversal and detailed balance due to special nonreciprocal effect, while how its characteristics performing on infrared wavelength have not been paid enough attention. In this paper, the optical properties of three magneto-optical materials was investigated in infrared band, that are n-InAs, GaAs, HgCdTe, based on Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method. The equations of dielectric constant tensor are present and the effect of magnetic field intensity and frequency has been studied in detail. Additionally, the effect of incidence angle at positive and negative directions to the nonreciprocal absorptivity is also investigated. It is found that the nonreciprocal effect is obvious in infrared wavelength, and the nonreciprocal effect could adjust the absorption characteristic, thus be able to tune the absorption for the specific frequency of incident light. In addition to modeling the directional radiative properties at various angles of incidence, the absorption peaks of three materials under different incident angles are also calculated to understand the light absorption and to facilitate the optimal design of high-performance photovoltaic and optical instrument.
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Fishman, M.
1977-01-01
An automated method to determine both inorganic and organic forms of arsenic In water, water-suspended mixtures, and streambed materials Is described. Organic arsenic-containing compounds are decomposed by either ultraviolet radiation or by suHurlc acid-potassium persulfate digestion. The arsenic liberated, with Inorganic arsenic originally present, is reduced to arsine with sodium borohydrlde. The arable Is stripped from the solution with the aid of nitrogen and Is then decomposed In a tube furnace heated to 800 ??C which Is placed in the optical path of an atomic absorption spectrometer. Thirty samples per hour can be analyzed to levels of 1 ??g arsenic per liter.
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Random-hole optical fiber evanescent-wave gas sensing.
Pickrell, G; Peng, W; Wang, A
2004-07-01
Research on development of optical gas sensors based on evanescent-wave absorption in random-hole optical fibers is described. A process to produce random-hole optical fibers was recently developed that uses a novel in situ bubble formation technique. Gas molecules that exhibit characteristic vibrational absorption lines in the near-IR region that correspond to the transmission window for silica optical fiber have been detected through the evanescent field of the guided mode in the pore region. The presence of the gas molecules in the holes of the fiber appears as a loss at wavelengths that are characteristic of the particular gas species present in the holes. An experimental setup was constructed with these holey fibers for detection of acetylene gas. The results clearly demonstrate the characteristic absorptions in the optical spectra that correspond to the narrow-line absorptions of the acetylene gas, and this represents what is to our knowledge the first report of random-hole fiber gas sensing in the literature.
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Characterization of laser damage performance of fused silica using photothermal absorption technique
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wan, Wen; Shi, Feng; Dai, Yifan; Peng, Xiaoqiang
2017-06-01
The subsurface damage and metal impurities have been the main laser damage precursors of fused silica while subjected to high power laser irradiation. Light field enhancement and thermal absorption were used to explain the appearance of damage pits while the laser energy is far smaller than the energy that can reach the intrinsic threshold of fused silica. For fused silica optics manufactured by magnetorheological finishing or advanced mitigation process, no scratch-related damage site occurs can be found on the surface. In this work, we implemented a photothermal absorption technique based on thermal lens method to characterize the subsurface defects of fused silica optics. The pump beam is CW 532 nm wavelength laser. The probe beam is a He-Ne laser. They are collinear and focused through the same objective. When pump beam pass through the sample, optical absorption induces the local temperature rise. The lowest absorptance that we can detect is about the order of magnitude of 0.01 ppm. When pump beam pass through the sample, optical absorption induces the local temperature rise. The photothermal absorption value of fused silica samples range from 0.5 to 10 ppm. The damage densities of the samples were plotted. The damage threshold of samples at 8J/cm2 were gived to show laser damage performance of fused silica.The results show that there is a strong correlation between the thermal absorption and laser damage density. The photothermal absorption technique can be used to predict and evaluate the laser damage performance of fused silica optics.
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Samburova, Vera; Connolly, Jessica; Gyawali, Madhu; Yatavelli, Reddy L N; Watts, Adam C; Chakrabarty, Rajan K; Zielinska, Barbara; Moosmüller, Hans; Khlystov, Andrey
2016-10-15
In recent years, brown carbon (BrC) has been shown to be an important contributor to light absorption by biomass-burning atmospheric aerosols in the blue and near-ultraviolet (UV) part of the solar spectrum. Emission factors and optical properties of 113 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined for combustion of five globally important fuels: Alaskan, Siberian, and Florida swamp peat, cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) needles. The emission factors of total analyzed PAHs were between 1.9±0.43.0±0.6 and 9.6±1.2-42.2±5.4mgPAHkg(-1)fuel for particle- and gas phase, respectively. Spectrophotometric analysis of the identified PAHs showed that perinaphthenone, methylpyrenes, and pyrene contributed the most to the total PAH light absorption with 17.2%, 3.3 to 10.5%, and 7.6% of the total particle-phase PAH absorptivity averaged over analyzed emissions from the fuels. In the gas phase, the top three PAH contributors to BrC were acenaphthylene (32.6%), anthracene (8.2%), and 2,4,5-trimethylnaphthalene (8.0%). Overall, the identified PAHs were responsible for 0.087-0.16% (0.13% on average) and 0.033-0.15% (0.11% on average) of the total light absorption by dichloromethane-acetone extracts of particle and gas emissions, respectively. Toxic equivalency factor (TEF) analysis of 16 PAHs prioritized by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) showed that benzo(a)pyrene contributed the most to the PAH carcinogenic potency of particle phase emissions (61.8-67.4% to the total carcinogenic potency of Σ16EPA PAHs), while naphthalene played the major role in carcinogenicity of the gas phase PAHs in the biomass-burning emission analyzed here (35.4-46.0% to the total carcinogenic potency of Σ16EPA PAHs). The 16 EPA-prioritized PAHs contributed only 22.1±6.2% to total particle and 23.4±11% to total gas phase PAH mass, thus toxic properties of biomass-burning PAH emissions are most likely underestimated. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Bio-optical characteristics along the Straits of Magallanes
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lutz, Vivian; Frouin, Robert; Negri, Rubén; Silva, Ricardo; Pompeu, Mayza; Rudorff, Natalia; Cabral, Anderson; Dogliotti, Ana; Martinez, Gustavo
2016-05-01
The Straits of Magallanes at the tip of South America connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The variability in the absorption characteristics by phytoplankton (aph(440)), non-pigmented particles, NPP (aNPP(440)), and chromophoric dissolved organic matter, CDOM (ay(440)), measured along the Straits in late summer 2011 (R/V Melville MV1102 cruise), was analyzed. Satellite-derived monthly PAR data showed that at the time of the cruise the western sector was exposed to a low-light environment (~ 16 mol quanta m-2d-1) while the eastern sector received higher irradiance (~ 28 mol quanta m-2d-1). In the Patagonian Shelf total absorption was dominated by phytoplankton (up to 76%; aph(440)=0.265 m-1), while in the Atlantic Sector of the Straits, the major contributor was NPP (up to 42%; aNPP(440)=0.138 m-1), and in the Pacific Sector of the Straits CDOM contributed up to 80% of the total absorption (ay(440)=0.232 m-1). These changes could be related in part to the input of fresh water from glacier melting and rain in the Pacific Sector (ay(440) vs salinity rs=-0.98). The carbon biomass (C) was composed in its majority by pico-phytoplankton and secondly by nano-phytoplankton, with exception of the Atlantic Sector where the micro-phytoplankton dominated. Carbon to chlorophyll-a ratios (C:Chla) were very low throughout the Straits (average of ~ 6) because of photoacclimation to the extremely low light. Complementary pigments data obtained in spring 2003 by the BEAGLE expedition indicated the predominance of diatoms all along the Straits, but the bio-optical trend resembled the one found in late summer 2011, i.e., NPP dominated the absorption in the well mixed Atlantic Sector, phytoplankton in the Middle Sector, and CDOM in the Pacific Sector. These results emphasize that underwater light is the major factor affecting phytoplankton growth and physiology, and that prevalent physical and geochemical conditions play an important role regulating the bio-optical properties in this heterogeneous area. These effects should be considered to adjust parameters (such as C:Chla) when running biogeochemical models for this region.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Fairuz Budiman, Mohd; Hu, Weiguo; Igarashi, Makoto; Tsukamoto, Rikako; Isoda, Taiga; Itoh, Kohei M.; Yamashita, Ichiro; Murayama, Akihiro; Okada, Yoshitaka; Samukawa, Seiji
2012-02-01
A sub-10 nm, high-density, periodic silicon-nanodisc (Si-ND) array has been fabricated using a new top-down process, which involves a 2D array bio-template etching mask made of Listeria-Dps with a 4.5 nm diameter iron oxide core and damage-free neutral-beam etching (Si-ND diameter: 6.4 nm). An Si-ND array with an SiO2 matrix demonstrated more controllable optical bandgap energy due to the fine tunability of the Si-ND thickness and diameter. Unlike the case of shrinking Si-ND thickness, the case of shrinking Si-ND diameter simultaneously increased the optical absorption coefficient and the optical bandgap energy. The optical absorption coefficient became higher due to the decrease in the center-to-center distance of NDs to enhance wavefunction coupling. This means that our 6 nm diameter Si-ND structure can satisfy the strict requirements of optical bandgap energy control and high absorption coefficient for achieving realistic Si quantum dot solar cells.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Frins, E.; Platt, U.; Wagner, T.
2008-06-01
Tomographic Target Light scattering - Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (ToTaL-DOAS), also called Target-DOAS, is a novel experimental procedure to retrieve trace gas concentrations present in the low atmosphere. Scattered sunlight (partially or totally) reflected from natural or artificial targets of similar albedo located at different distances is analyzed to retrieve the concentration of different trace gases like NO2, SO2 and others. We report high spatial resolution measurements of NO2 mixing ratios in the city of Montevideo (Uruguay) observing three buildings as targets with a Mini-DOAS instrument. Our instrument was 146 m apart from the first building, 196 m from the second and 286 m from the third one. All three buildings are located along a main Avenue. We obtain temporal variation of NO2 mixing ratios between 30 ppb and 65 ppb (±2 ppb). Our measurements demonstrate that ToTaL-DOAS measurements can be made over very short distances. In polluted air masses, the retrieved absorption signal was found to be strong enough to allow measurements over distances in the range of several ten meters, and achieve a spatial resolution of 50 m approximately.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Silant’ev, A. V., E-mail: kvvant@rambler.ru
2015-10-15
Anticommutator Green’s functions and the energy spectrum of C{sub 60} fullerene are calculated in the approximation of static fluctuations within the Hubbard model. On the basis of this spectrum, an interpretation is proposed for the experimentally observed optical absorption bands of C{sub 60} fullerene. The parameters of C{sub 60} fullerene that characterize it within the Hubbard model are calculated by the optical absorption spectrum.
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Are the World's Oceans Optically Different?
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Szeto, M.; Werdell, P. J.; Moore, T. S.; Campbell, J. W.
2011-01-01
Regional differences in the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor chlorophyll algorithm uncertainty were observed in a large global data set containing coincident in situ measurements of chlorophyll a concentration (Chla) and spectral radiometry. The uncertainty was found to be systematic when the data were sorted by ocean: Atlantic, Pacific, Southern, and Indian Oceans. Artifacts associated with different instrumentation and analytical methods had been previously ruled out. Given these oceanic biases in the chlorophyll algorithm, we hypothesized that the oceans may be optically different, and their optical differences may be intrinsically related to regional differences in phytoplankton community structure or biogeochemical processes. The oceanic biases, originally observed using radiometric measurements, were independently verified using total absorption measurements in a subset of the data. Moreover, they were explained through oceanic differences in the absorption of colored detrital matter (CDM) and phytoplankton. Both effects were considered together in explaining the ocean biases through a stepwise linear regression analysis. Significant oceanic differences in the amount of CDM and in phytoplankton cell sizes and pigmentation would give rise to optical differences, but we raise a concern for the spatial coverage of the data. We do not suggest the application of ocean-based algorithms but rather emphasize the importance of consolidating regional data sets before reaching this conclusion.
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Karan, Niladri S.; Keller, Aaron M.; Sampat, Siddharth; Roslyak, Oleksiy; Arefin, Ayesha; Hanson, Christina J.; Casson, Joanna L.; Desireddy, Anil; Ghosh, Yagnaseni; Piryatinski, Andrei; Iyer, Rashi; Htoon, Han; Malko, Anton V.
2015-01-01
Hybrid semiconductor–metal nanoscale constructs are of both fundamental and practical interest. Semiconductor nanocrystals are active emitters of photons when stimulated optically, while the interaction of light with nanosized metal objects results in scattering and ohmic damping due to absorption. In a combined structure, the properties of both components can be realized together. At the same time, metal–semiconductor coupling may intervene to modify absorption and/or emission processes taking place in the semiconductor, resulting in a range of effects from photoluminescence quenching to enhancement. We show here that photostable ‘giant’ quantum dots when placed at the center of an ultrathin gold shell retain their key optical property of bright and blinking-free photoluminescence, while the metal shell imparts efficient photothermal transduction. The latter is despite the highly compact total particle size (40–60 nm “inorganic” diameter and <100 nm hydrodynamic diameter) and the very thin nature of the optically transparent Au shell. Importantly, the sensitivity of the quantum dot emission to local temperature provides a novel internal thermometer for recording temperature during infrared irradiation-induced photothermal heating. PMID:29163879
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Optical remote measurement of toxic gases
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Grant, W. B.; Kagann, R. H.; McClenny, W. A.
1992-01-01
Enactment of the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990 has resulted in increased ambient air monitoring needs for industry, some of which may be met efficiently using open-path optical remote sensing techniques. These techniques include Fourier transform spectroscopy, differential optical absorption spectroscopy, laser long-path absorption, differential absorption lidar, and gas cell correlation spectroscopy. With this regulatory impetus, it is an opportune time to consider applying these technologies to the remote and/or path-averaged measurement and monitoring of toxic gases covered by the CAAA. This article reviews the optical remote sensing technology and literature for that application.
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Cremers, D.A.; Keller, R.A.
1984-05-08
An apparatus and method for the measurement of small differences in optical absorptivity of weakly absorbing solutions using differential interferometry and the thermooptic effect have been developed. Two sample cells are placed in each arm of an interferometer and are traversed by colinear probe and heating laser beams. The interrogation probe beams are recombined forming a fringe pattern, the intensity of which can be related to changes in optical path length of these laser beams through the cells. This in turn can be related to small differences in optical absorptivity which results in different amounts of sample heating when the heating laser beams are turned on, by the fact that the index of refraction of a liquid is temperature dependent. A critical feature of this invention is the stabilization of the optical path of the probe beams against drift. Background (solvent) absorption can then be suppressed by a factor of approximately 400. Solute absorptivities of about 10[sup [minus]5] cm[sup [minus]1] can then be determined in the presence of background absorptions in excess of 10[sup [minus]3] cm[sup [minus]1]. In addition, the smallest absorption measured with the instant apparatus and method is about 5 [times] 10[sup [minus]6] cm[sup [minus]1]. 6 figs.
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Subgap Absorption in Conjugated Polymers
DOE R&D Accomplishments Database
Sinclair, M.; Seager, C. H.; McBranch, D.; Heeger, A. J; Baker, G. L.
1991-01-01
Along with X{sup (3)}, the magnitude of the optical absorption in the transparent window below the principal absorption edge is an important parameter which will ultimately determine the utility of conjugated polymers in active integrated optical devices. With an absorptance sensitivity of < 10{sup {minus}5}, Photothermal Deflection Spectroscopy (PDS) is ideal for determining the absorption coefficients of thin films of transparent'' materials. We have used PDS to measure the optical absorption spectra of the conjugated polymers poly(1,4-phenylene-vinylene) (and derivitives) and polydiacetylene-4BCMU in the spectral region from 0.55 eV to 3 eV. Our spectra show that the shape of the absorption edge varies considerably from polymer to polymer, with polydiacetylene-4BCMU having the steepest absorption edge. The minimum absorption coefficients measured varied somewhat with sample age and quality, but were typically in the range 1 cm{sup {minus}1} to 10 cm{sup {minus}1}. In the region below 1 eV, overtones of C-H stretching modes were observed, indicating that further improvements in transparency in this spectral region might be achieved via deuteration of fluorination.
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Nillius, Peter; Klamra, Wlodek; Sibczynski, Pawel; Sharma, Diksha; Danielsson, Mats; Badano, Aldo
2015-02-01
The authors report on measurements of light output and spatial resolution of microcolumnar CsI:Tl scintillator detectors for x-ray imaging. In addition, the authors discuss the results of simulations aimed at analyzing the results of synchrotron and sealed-source exposures with respect to the contributions of light transport to the total light output. The authors measured light output from a 490-μm CsI:Tl scintillator screen using two setups. First, the authors used a photomultiplier tube (PMT) to measure the response of the scintillator to sealed-source exposures. Second, the authors performed imaging experiments with a 27-keV monoenergetic synchrotron beam and a slit to calculate the total signal generated in terms of optical photons per keV. The results of both methods are compared to simulations obtained with hybridmantis, a coupled x-ray, electron, and optical photon Monte Carlo transport package. The authors report line response (LR) and light output for a range of linear absorption coefficients and describe a model that fits at the same time the light output and the blur measurements. Comparing the experimental results with the simulations, the authors obtained an estimate of the absorption coefficient for the model that provides good agreement with the experimentally measured LR. Finally, the authors report light output simulation results and their dependence on scintillator thickness and reflectivity of the backing surface. The slit images from the synchrotron were analyzed to obtain a total light output of 48 keV -1 while measurements using the fast PMT instrument setup and sealed-sources reported a light output of 28 keV -1 . The authors attribute the difference in light output estimates between the two methods to the difference in time constants between the camera and PMT measurements. Simulation structures were designed to match the light output measured with the camera while providing good agreement with the measured LR resulting in a bulk absorption coefficient of 5 × 10 -5 μm -1 . The combination of experimental measurements for microcolumnar CsI:Tl scintillators using sealed-sources and synchrotron exposures with results obtained via simulation suggests that the time course of the emission might play a role in experimental estimates. The procedure yielded an experimentally derived linear absorption coefficient for microcolumnar Cs:Tl of 5 × 10 -5 μm -1 . To the author's knowledge, this is the first time this parameter has been validated against experimental observations. The measurements also offer insight into the relative role of optical transport on the effective optical yield of the scintillator with microcolumnar structure. © 2015 American Association of Physicists in Medicine.
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Nillius, Peter; Klamra, Wlodek; Sibczynski, Pawel; Sharma, Diksha; Danielsson, Mats; Badano, Aldo
2015-02-01
The authors report on measurements of light output and spatial resolution of microcolumnar CsI:Tl scintillator detectors for x-ray imaging. In addition, the authors discuss the results of simulations aimed at analyzing the results of synchrotron and sealed-source exposures with respect to the contributions of light transport to the total light output. The authors measured light output from a 490-μm CsI:Tl scintillator screen using two setups. First, the authors used a photomultiplier tube (PMT) to measure the response of the scintillator to sealed-source exposures. Second, the authors performed imaging experiments with a 27-keV monoenergetic synchrotron beam and a slit to calculate the total signal generated in terms of optical photons per keV. The results of both methods are compared to simulations obtained with hybridmantis, a coupled x-ray, electron, and optical photon Monte Carlo transport package. The authors report line response (LR) and light output for a range of linear absorption coefficients and describe a model that fits at the same time the light output and the blur measurements. Comparing the experimental results with the simulations, the authors obtained an estimate of the absorption coefficient for the model that provides good agreement with the experimentally measured LR. Finally, the authors report light output simulation results and their dependence on scintillator thickness and reflectivity of the backing surface. The slit images from the synchrotron were analyzed to obtain a total light output of 48 keV−1 while measurements using the fast PMT instrument setup and sealed-sources reported a light output of 28 keV−1. The authors attribute the difference in light output estimates between the two methods to the difference in time constants between the camera and PMT measurements. Simulation structures were designed to match the light output measured with the camera while providing good agreement with the measured LR resulting in a bulk absorption coefficient of 5 × 10−5μm−1. The combination of experimental measurements for microcolumnar CsI:Tl scintillators using sealed-sources and synchrotron exposures with results obtained via simulation suggests that the time course of the emission might play a role in experimental estimates. The procedure yielded an experimentally derived linear absorption coefficient for microcolumnar Cs:Tl of 5 × 10−5μm−1. To the author’s knowledge, this is the first time this parameter has been validated against experimental observations. The measurements also offer insight into the relative role of optical transport on the effective optical yield of the scintillator with microcolumnar structure.
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Al+Si Interface Optical Properties Obtained in the Si Solar Cell Configuration
Subedi, Indra; Silverman, Timothy J.; Deceglie, Michael G.; ...
2017-10-18
Al is a commonly used material for rear side metallization in commercial silicon (Si) wafer solar cells. In this study, through-the-silicon spectroscopic ellipsometry is used in a test sample to measure Al+Si interface optical properties like those in Si wafer solar cells. Two different spectroscopic ellipsometers are used for measurement of Al+Si interface optical properties over the 1128-2500 nm wavelength range. For validation, the measured interface optical properties are used in a ray tracing simulation over the 300-2500 nm wavelength range for an encapsulated Si solar cell having random pyramidal texture. The ray tracing model matches well with the measuredmore » total reflectance at normal incidence of a commercially available Si module. The Al+Si optical properties presented here enable quantitative assessment of major irradiance/current flux losses arising from reflection and parasitic absorption in encapsulated Si solar cells.« less
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Al+Si Interface Optical Properties Obtained in the Si Solar Cell Configuration
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Subedi, Indra; Silverman, Timothy J.; Deceglie, Michael G.
Al is a commonly used material for rear side metallization in commercial silicon (Si) wafer solar cells. In this study, through-the-silicon spectroscopic ellipsometry is used in a test sample to measure Al+Si interface optical properties like those in Si wafer solar cells. Two different spectroscopic ellipsometers are used for measurement of Al+Si interface optical properties over the 1128-2500 nm wavelength range. For validation, the measured interface optical properties are used in a ray tracing simulation over the 300-2500 nm wavelength range for an encapsulated Si solar cell having random pyramidal texture. The ray tracing model matches well with the measuredmore » total reflectance at normal incidence of a commercially available Si module. The Al+Si optical properties presented here enable quantitative assessment of major irradiance/current flux losses arising from reflection and parasitic absorption in encapsulated Si solar cells.« less
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Decrease and enhancement of third-order optical nonlinearity in metal-dielectric composite films
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ning, Tingyin; Lu, Heng; Zhou, Yueliang; Man, Baoyuan
2018-04-01
We investigate third-order optical nonlinearity in gold nanoparticles embedded in CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) films using the Z-scan method. We observe that the effective third-order nonlinear optical susceptibilities in such composite films can not only be enhanced, in line with the conventional behavior, but also be decreased, depending on the volume concentration of gold. In particular, the nonlinear absorption behavior can be changed from saturable absorption in pure CCTO films to reversed saturable absorption in composite films, and theoretically, even zero nonlinear absorption could be obtained. These results indicate that it should be possible to tune the third-order optical nonlinearity in Au:CCTO composite films by altering the gold concentration, thus making them suitable for applications in photonic devices.
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[The study of CO2 cavity enhanced absorption and highly sensitive absorption spectroscopy].
Pei, Shi-Xin; Gao, Xiao-Ming; Cui, Fen-Ping; Huang, Wei; Shao, Jie; Fan, Hong; Zhang, Wei-Jun
2005-12-01
Cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy (CEAS) is a new spectral technology that is based on the cavity ring down absorption spectroscopy. In the present paper, a DFB encapsulation narrow line width tunable diode laser (TDL) was used as the light source. At the center output, the TDL radiation wavelength was 1.573 microm, and an optical cavity, which consisted of two high reflectivity mirrors (near 1.573 microm, the mirror reflectivity was about 0.994%), was used as a sample cell. A wavemeter was used to record the accurate frequency of the laser radiation. In the experiment, the method of scanning the optical cavity to change the cavity mode was used, when the laser frequency was coincident with one of the cavity mode; the laser radiation was coupled into the optical cavity and the detector could receive the light signals that escaped the optical cavity. As a result, the absorption spectrum of carbon dioxide weak absorption at low pressure was obtained with an absorption intensity of 1.816 x 10(-23) cm(-1) x (molecule x cm(-2)(-1) in a sample cell with a length of only 33.5 cm. An absorption sensitivity of about 3.62 x 10(-7) cm(-1) has been achieved. The experiment result indicated that the cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy has the advantage of high sensivity, simple experimental setup, and easy operation.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sato, T.; Kasaba, Y.; Takahashi, Y.; Murata, I.; Uno, T.; Tokimasa, N.; Sakamoto, M.
2008-12-01
We conducted ground-based observation of Jupiter with the liquid crystal tunable filter (LCTF) and EM-CCD camera in two methane absorption bands (700-757nm, 872-950nm at 3 nm step: total of 47 wavelengths) to derive detailed Jupiter's vertical cloud structure. The 2-meter reflector telescope at Nishi-Harima astronomical observatory in Japan was used for our observation on 26-30 May, 2008. After a series of image processing (composition of high quality images in each wavelength and geometry calibration), we converted observed intensity to absolute reflectivity at each pixel using standard star. As a result, we acquired Jupiter's data cubes with high-spatial resolution (about 1") and narrow band imaging (typically 7nm) in each methane absorption band by superimposing 30 Jupiter's images obtained in short exposure time (50 ms per one image). These data sets enable us to probe different altitudes of Jupiter from 100 mbar down to 1bar level with higher vertical resolution than using convectional interference filters. To interpret observed center-limb profiles, we developed radiative transfer code based on layer adding doubling algorithm to treat multiple scattering of solar light theoretically and extracted information on aerosol altitudes and optical properties using two-cloud model. First, we fit 5 different profiles simultaneously in continuum data (745-757 nm) to retrieve information on optical thickness of haze and single scattering albedo of cloud. Second, we fit 15 different profiles around 727nm methane absorption band and 13 different profiles around 890 nm methane absorption band to retrieve information on the aerosol altitude location and optical thickness of cloud. In this presentation, we present the results of these modeling simulations and discuss the latitudinal variations of Jupiter's vertical cloud structure.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lihavainen, H.; Alghamdi, M.; Hyvärinen, A.; Hussein, T.; Neitola, K.; Khoder, M.; Abdelmaksoud, A. S.; Al-Jeelani, H.; Shabbaj, I. I.; Almehmadi, F. M.
2017-12-01
To derive the comprehensive aerosol in situ characteristics at a rural background area in Saudi Arabia, an aerosol measurements station was established to Hada Al Sham, 60 km east from the Red Sea and the city of Jeddah. The present sturdy describes the observational data from February 2013 to February 2015 of scattering and absorption coefficients, Ångström exponents and single scattering albedo over the measurement period. As expected, the scattering coefficient was dominated by large desert dust particles with low Ångström scattering exponent. Especially from February to June the Ångström scattering exponent was clearly lower and scattering coefficients higher than total averages because of the dust outbreak season. Aerosol optical properties had clear diurnal cycle. The lowest scattering and absorption coefficients and aerosol optical depths were observed around noon. The observed diurnal variation is caused by wind direction and speed, during night time very calm easterly winds are dominating whereas during daytime the stronger westerly winds are dominating (sea breeze). Positive Matrix Factorization mathematical tool was applied to the scattering and absorption coefficients and PM2.5 and coarse mode (PM10- PM2.5) mass concentrations to characterise aerosols from different sources. Analysis revealed three clearly different types of sources, anthropogenic, BC source and desert dust. These factors have clearly different seasonal and diurnal variation. The contribution of desert dust factor was dominating from February to May, whereas the contribution of anthropogenic factor is quite steady over the whole year. We estimated the mass absorption and scattering efficiencies for the factors and they agreed well with earlier observations. Hence, this method could be used to distinguish aerosol source characteristics, at least in fairly simple cases.
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Optical detection of tracer species in strongly scattering media.
Brauser, Eric M; Rose, Peter E; McLennan, John D; Bartl, Michael H
2015-03-01
A combination of optical absorption and scattering is used to detect tracer species in a strongly scattering medium. An optical setup was developed, consisting of a dual-beam scattering detection scheme in which sample scattering beam overlaps with the characteristic absorption feature of quantum dot tracer species, while the reference scattering beam is outside any absorption features of the tracer. This scheme was successfully tested in engineered breakthrough tests typical of wastewater and subsurface fluid analysis, as well as in batch analysis of oil and gas reservoir fluids and biological samples. Tracers were detected even under highly scattering conditions, conditions in which conventional absorption or fluorescence methods failed.
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ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Hamilton, M. W.
2007-01-01
A nonlinear aspect of the acousto-optic interaction that is analogous to multi-photon absorption is discussed. An experiment is described in which the second-order acousto-optically scattered intensity is measured and found to scale with the square of the acoustic intensity. This experiment using a commercially available acousto-optic modulator is…
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Aerosol Optical Properties of Smoke from the Las Conchas Wildfire, Los Alamos, NM
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Gorkowski, K.; Dubey, M. K.; Flowers, B. A.; Aiken, A. C.; Klein, B. Z.; Mazzoleni, C.; Sharma, N.; China`, S.
2011-12-01
The Las Conchas wildfire in Northern New Mexico started on June, 26 2011 and spread rapidly, eventually burning an area of 634 km2 (245 mi2). Due to the close proximity to the fire, the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) was shut down and the town evacuated for several days. Immediately after LANL reopened (7/6/2011) the Earth and Environmental Sciences Division (EES-14) attained unique measurements of the smoke by sampling the ambient air. Three Integrated Photoacoustic/Nephelometer Spectrometers (DMT Inc.) were set up to measure aerosol light absorption and scattering coefficients. A University of Northwest Switzerland thermodenuder was used to remove compounds that are volatile at temperatures up to 200C. The aerosol's optical properties were measured before and after denuding the sample at 405nm (blue), 532nm (green), 781nm (red), and for non-denuded particles also at 375nm (ultraviolet). The aerosol size distributions were measured after the denuder with a Laser Aerosol Spectrometer (LAS, TSI Inc.) and black carbon was measured with a Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2, DMT Inc.). Additionally, ambient measurements of Total Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10) were collected continuously at the LANL air monitoring stations. These measurements are used in conjunction with numerical simulations to determine the bulk optical properties of the aerosol. Aerosols in wildfire smoke are composed of organic and black carbon (soot) particles that are formed during wood combustion and pyrolysis. The optical properties of the smoke particles are complex and lead to large uncertainties in assessing the global climate. During the measurement period, the Las Conchas fire provided very high particle concentrations (up to 200 μg/m3) that were exploited to investigate their optical properties. By heating the particles to temperatures ranging from 75 to 200C in the denuder, volatile organics were removed and the optical properties of the remaining particles were measured. Denuding of the aerosols, removed the outer organic coatings leaving behind the inner core of black carbon (soot) and any compounds that did not volatize completely. By simultaneously measuring the optical properties of the non-denuded as well as the denuded aerosol, we can study how the coatings affect the optical properties. The absorption coefficient measurements showed that coatings can cause an increase or decrease in absorption. The photoacoustic measurements were also combined with SP2 measurements to gain a mechanistic understanding of the effect of composition on the mass light absorption cross-sections of carbonaceous aerosols emitted by fires.
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Spatial frequency domain spectroscopy of two layer media
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yudovsky, Dmitry; Durkin, Anthony J.
2011-10-01
Monitoring of tissue blood volume and oxygen saturation using biomedical optics techniques has the potential to inform the assessment of tissue health, healing, and dysfunction. These quantities are typically estimated from the contribution of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin to the absorption spectrum of the dermis. However, estimation of blood related absorption in superficial tissue such as the skin can be confounded by the strong absorption of melanin in the epidermis. Furthermore, epidermal thickness and pigmentation varies with anatomic location, race, gender, and degree of disease progression. This study describes a technique for decoupling the effect of melanin absorption in the epidermis from blood absorption in the dermis for a large range of skin types and thicknesses. An artificial neural network was used to map input optical properties to spatial frequency domain diffuse reflectance of two layer media. Then, iterative fitting was used to determine the optical properties from simulated spatial frequency domain diffuse reflectance. Additionally, an artificial neural network was trained to directly map spatial frequency domain reflectance to sets of optical properties of a two layer medium, thus bypassing the need for iteration. In both cases, the optical thickness of the epidermis and absorption and reduced scattering coefficients of the dermis were determined independently. The accuracy and efficiency of the iterative fitting approach was compared with the direct neural network inversion.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Shandarov, S. M.; Dyu, V. G.; Kisteneva, M. G.; Khudyakova, E. S.; Smirnov, S. V.; Akrestina, A. S.; Kargin, Yu F.
2017-02-01
Modifications of the spectral dependences of the optical absorption induced in the Bi12TiO20:Al crystal as a result of sequential exposition to cw laser radiation first with the wavelength λ g = 532 nm and then with the longer wavelength λ l,n = 588, 633, 655, 658, 663, 700, 780, 871, or 1064 nm are investigated. We revealed that after the short-wavelength exposition to radiation with λg = 532 nm, the optical absorption in the crystal increases, and in the range 470-1000 nm, yields the spectrum whose form is independent of a prehistory. The subsequent exposition to longer-wavelength radiation leads to bleaching of the crystal in the examined spectral range. A maximum diminishing of the optical absorption in the crystal is observed upon exposure to radiation with the wavelength λ l,5 = 663 nm. To describe the experimentally observed reversible changes in the optical absorption spectrum in the Bi12TiO20:Al we use the impurity absorption model that takes into account the photoinduced transitions between two metastable states of a deep defect center leading to the change of its position in the crystal lattice under conditions of strong lattice relaxation.
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Optical radiative properties of ablating polymers exposed to high-power arc plasmas
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Becerra, Marley; Pettersson, Jonas
2018-03-01
The radiative properties of polymers exposed to high-intensity radiation are of importance for the numerical simulation of arc-induced ablation. The paper investigates the optical properties of polymethylmethacrylate PMMA and polyamide PA6 films exposed to high-power arc plasmas, which can cause ablation of the material. A four-flux radiative approximation is first used to estimate absorption and scattering coefficients of the tested materials in the ultraviolet (UV) and in the visible (VIS) ranges from spectrophotometric measurements. The temperature-induced variation of the collimated transmissivity of the polymers is also measured from room temperature to the glass temperature of PMMA and the melting temperature of PA6. Furthermore, band-averaged absorption and scattering coefficients of non-ablating and ablating polymers are estimated from the UV to the short-wavelength infrared (SWIR), covering the range of interest for the simulation of arc-induced ablation. These estimates are obtained from collimated transmissivities measured with an additional in situ photometric system that uses a high-power, transient arc plasma to both illuminate the samples and to induce ablation. It is shown that the increase in the bulk temperature of PA6 leads to a strong reversible increase in collimated transmissivity, significantly reducing the absorption and scattering coefficients of the material. A weaker but opposite effect of temperature on the optical properties is found in PMMA. As a consequence, it is suggested that the absorption coefficient of polymers used for arc-induced ablation estimates should not be taken directly from direct collimated transmissivity measurements at room temperature. The band-averaged radiation measurements also show that the layer of products released by ablation of PMMA produces scattering radiation losses mainly in the VIS-SWIR ranges, which are only a small fraction of the total incident arc radiation. In a similar manner, the ablation layer of PA6 leads to weak absorption radiation losses, although mainly in the UV range.
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Aerosol optical properties at rural background area in Western Saudi Arabia
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lihavainen, H.; Alghamdi, M. A.; Hyvärinen, A.; Hussein, T.; Neitola, K.; Khoder, M.; Abdelmaksoud, A. S.; Al-Jeelani, H.; Shabbaj, I. I.; Almehmadi, F. M.
2017-11-01
To derive the comprehensive aerosol in situ characteristics at a rural background area in Saudi Arabia, an aerosol measurements station was established to Hada Al Sham, 60 km east from the Red Sea and the city of Jeddah. The present sturdy describes the observational data from February 2013 to February 2015 of scattering and absorption coefficients, Ångström exponents and single scattering albedo over the measurement period. The average scattering and absorption coefficients at wavelength 525 nm were 109 ± 71 Mm- 1 (mean ± SD, at STP conditions) and 15 ± 17 Mm- 1 (at STP conditions), respectively. As expected, the scattering coefficient was dominated by large desert dust particles with low Ångström scattering exponent, 0.49 ± 0.62. Especially from February to June the Ångström scattering exponent was clearly lower (0.23) and scattering coefficients higher (124 Mm- 1) than total averages because of the dust outbreak season. Aerosol optical properties had clear diurnal cycle. The lowest scattering and absorption coefficients and aerosol optical depths were observed around noon. The observed diurnal variation is caused by wind direction and speed, during night time very calm easterly winds are dominating whereas during daytime the stronger westerly winds are dominating (sea breeze). Positive Matrix Factorization mathematical tool was applied to the scattering and absorption coefficients and PM2.5 and coarse mode (PM10-PM2.5) mass concentrations to identify source characteristics. Three different factors with clearly different properties were found; anthropogenic, BC source and desert dust. Mass absorption efficiencies for BC source and desert dust factors were, 6.0 m2 g- 1 and 0.4 m2 g- 1, respectively, and mass scattering efficiencies for anthropogenic (sulphate) and desert dust, 2.5 m2 g- 1 and 0.8 m2 g- 1, respectively.
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OCoc- from Ocean Colour to Organic Carbon
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Heim, B.; Overduin, P. P.; Schirrmeister, L.; Doerffer, R.
2009-04-01
Enhanced permafrost warming and increased arctic river discharges have heightened concern about the input of terrigenous matter into Arctic coastal waters. Especially, large parts of the Central and Eastern Siberian coastline are characterized by highly erosive sedimentary ice-rich material. The ‘OCoc-from Ocean Colour to Organic Carbon' project (IPY-project 1176), funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG), is an Ocean Colour study joined with the Arctic Circum-polar Coastal Observatory Network Acco-Net (ACCO-Net: IPY-project 90) originating from the Arctic Coastal Dynamics ACD project . OCoc uses Ocean Colour satellite data for synoptic monitoring of the input of organic matter - from both fluvial and coastal sources - into the Arctic coastal waters. Initial results from the German-Russian Expedition Lena08 along the southeastern Laptev Sea Coast (Arctic Siberia, Russia) in August 2008 are presented. Ocean Colour MERIS Reduced Resolution (RR)-LIB data of the Laptev Sea Coast from August 2008 have been processed towards L2 parameters using Beam-Visat4.2© and the MERIS case2 regional processor for coastal application (C2R). C2R uses neural network procedures for the retrieval of water leaving reflectances and neural network procedures to derive the inherent optical properties (IOPs) from the water leaving reflectances. C2R output parameters are IOPs (absorption and backscattering coefficients), apparent optical properties (AOPs) (water leaving radiance reflectance, attenuation coefficient ‘k'), optical parameters such as the first attenuation depth (‘Z90') and calculated concentrations of chlorophyll, total suspended matter, and yellow substance absorption. Initial comparisons with Lena08-Expedition data (Secchi depths, cDOM) and water transparency data from former arctic cruises show that the MERIS-C2R optical parameters 'total absorption' and the first attenuation depth, 'Z90', seem adequately to represent true conditions. High attenuation values are the tracers for the organic-rich terrigenous input. The synoptic information of MERIS Ocean Colour products will provide valuable spatial and dynamical information on the Organic Carbon and sediment fluxes from the Siberian permafrost coast.
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Role of Quantum Vibrations on the Structural, Electronic, and Optical Properties of 9-Methylguanine.
Law, Yu Kay; Hassanali, Ali A
2015-11-05
In this work, we report theoretical predictions of the UV-absorption spectra of 9-methylguanine using time dependent density functional theory (TDDFT). Molecular dynamics simulations of the hydrated DNA base are peformed using an empirical force field, Born-Oppenheimer ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD), and finally path-integral AIMD to understand the role of the underlying electronic potential, solvation, and nuclear quantum vibrations on the absorption spectra. It is shown that the conformational distributions, including hydrogen bonding interactions, are perturbed by the inclusion of nuclear quantum effects, leading to significant changes in the total charge and dipole fluctuations of the DNA base. The calculated absorption spectra using the different sampling protocols shows that the inclusion of nuclear quantum effects causes a significant broadening and red shift of the spectra bringing it into closer agreement with experiments.
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Tanaka, Yoshinori; Kawamoto, Yosuke; Fujita, Masayuki; Noda, Susumu
2013-08-26
We numerically investigate broadband optical absorption enhancement in thin, 400-nm thick microcrystalline silicon (µc-Si) photovoltaic devices by photonic crystals (PCs). We realize absorption enhancement by coupling the light from the free space to the large area resonant modes at the photonic band-edge induced by the photonic crystals. We show that multiple photonic band-edge modes can be produced by higher order modes in the vertical direction of the Si photovoltaic layer, which can enhance the absorption on multiple wavelengths. Moreover, we reveal that the photonic superlattice structure can produce more photonic band-edge modes that lead to further optical absorption. The absorption average in wavelengths of 500-1000 nm weighted to the solar spectrum (AM 1.5) increases almost twice: from 33% without photonic crystal to 58% with a 4 × 4 period superlattice photonic crystal; our result outperforms the Lambertian textured structure.
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Spectral Absorption Properties of Atmospheric Aerosols
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Bergstrom, R. W.; Pilewskie, P.; Russell, P. B.; Redemann, J.; Bond, T. C.; Quinn, P. K.; Sierau, B.
2007-01-01
We have determined the solar spectral absorption optical depth of atmospheric aerosols for specific case studies during several field programs (three cases have been reported previously; two are new results). We combined airborne measurements of the solar net radiant flux density and the aerosol optical depth with a detailed radiative transfer model for all but one of the cases. The field programs (SAFARI 2000, ACE Asia, PRIDE, TARFOX, INTEX-A) contained aerosols representing the major absorbing aerosol types: pollution, biomass burning, desert dust and mixtures. In all cases the spectral absorption optical depth decreases with wavelength and can be approximated with a power-law wavelength dependence (Absorption Angstrom Exponent or AAE). We compare our results with other recent spectral absorption measurements and attempt to briefly summarize the state of knowledge of aerosol absorption spectra in the atmosphere. We discuss the limitations in using the AAE for calculating the solar absorption. We also discuss the resulting spectral single scattering albedo for these cases.
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Surface plasmon-enhanced optical absorption in monolayer MoS2 with one-dimensional Au grating
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Song, Jinlin; Lu, Lu; Cheng, Qiang; Luo, Zixue
2018-05-01
The optical absorption of a composite photonic structure, namely monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)-covered Au grating, is theoretically investigated using a rigorous coupled-wave analysis algorithm. The enhancement of localized electromagnetic field due to surface plasmon polaritons supported by Au grating can be utilized to enhance the absorption of MoS2. The remarkable enhancement of absorption due to exciton transition can also be realized. When the period of grating is 600 nm, the local absorption of the monolayer MoS2 on Au grating is nearly 7 times higher than the intrinsic absorption due to B exciton transition. A further study reveals that the absorption properties of Au grating can be tailored by altering number of MoS2 layers, changing to a MoS2 nanoribbon array, and inserting a hafnium dioxide (HfO2) spacer. This work will contribute to the design of MoS2-based optical and optoelectronic devices.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
John, Pauline; Manoj, Murali; Sujatha, N.; Vasa, Nilesh J.; Rao, Suresh R.
2015-07-01
This work presents a combination of differential absorption technique and frequency domain optical coherence tomography for detection of glucose, which is an important analyte in medical diagnosis of diabetes. Differential absorption technique is used to detect glucose selectively in the presence of interfering species especially water and frequency domain optical coherence tomography (FDOCT) helps to obtain faster acquisition of depth information. Two broadband super-luminescent diode (SLED) sources with centre wavelengths 1586 nm (wavelength range of 1540 to 1640 nm) and 1312 nm (wavelength range of 1240 to 1380 nm) and a spectral width of ≍ 60 nm (FWHM) are used. Preliminary studies on absorption spectroscopy using various concentrations of aqueous glucose solution gave promising results to distinguish the absorption characteristics of glucose at two wavelengths 1310 nm (outside the absorption band of glucose) and 1625 nm (within the absorption band of glucose). In order to mimic the optical properties of biological skin tissue, 2% and 10% of 20% intralipid with various concentrations of glucose (0 to 4000 mg/dL) was prepared and used as sample. Using OCT technique, interference spectra were obtained using an optical spectrum analyzer with a resolution of 0.5 nm. Further processing of the interference spectra provided information on reflections from the surfaces of the cuvette containing the aqueous glucose sample. Due to the absorption of glucose in the wavelength range of 1540 nm to 1640 nm, a trend of reduction in the intensity of the back reflected light was observed with increase in the concentration of glucose.
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Z-scan measurement for nonlinear absorption property of rGO/ZnO:Al thin film
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sreeja, V. G.; Anila, E. I.
2018-04-01
We report the fabrication of reduced graphene oxide integrated aluminium doped zinc oxide (rGO/ZnO:Al) composite thin film on a glass substrate by spin coating technique. The effect of rGO on structural and linear optical properties of rGO/ZnO:Al composite thin film was explored with the help of X-Ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. Structural studies reveals that the composite film has hexagonal wurtzite structure with a strong bonding between rGO and ZnO:Al material. The band gap energy of ZnO:Al thin film was red shifted by the addition of rGO. The Nonlinear absorption property was investigated by open aperture Z-scan technique by using Q switched Nd-YAG laser at 532nm. The Z-scan results showed that the composite film demonstrates reverse saturable absorption property with a nonlinear absorption coefficient, β, of 12.75×10-7m/w. The results showed that investigated rGO/ZnO:Al thin film is a promising material suitable for the applications in absorbing type optical devices such as optical limiters, optical switches and protection of the optical sensors in the field of nonlinear optics.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Varghese, Babu; Bonito, Valentina; Turco, Simona; Verhagen, Rieko
2016-03-01
Laser induced optical breakdown (LIOB) is a non-linear absorption process leading to plasma formation at locations where the threshold irradiance for breakdown is surpassed. In this paper we experimentally demonstrate the influence of polarization and absorption on laser induced breakdown threshold in transparent, absorbing and scattering phantoms made from water suspensions of polystyrene microspheres. We demonstrate that radially polarized light yields a lower irradiance threshold for creating optical breakdown compared to linearly polarized light. We also demonstrate that the thermal initiation pathway used for generating seed electrons results in a lower irradiance threshold compared to multiphoton initiation pathway used for optical breakdown.
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Electronic absorption spectrum of copper-doped magnesium potassium phosphate hexahydrate
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Rao, S. N.; Sivaprasad, P.; Reddy, Y. P.; Rao, P. S.
1992-04-01
The optical absorption and EPR spectra of magnesium potassium phosphate hexahydrate (MPPH) doped with copper ions are recorded both at room and liquid nitrogen temperatures. The spectrum is characteristic of Cu2+ in tetragonal symmetry. The spin-Hamiltonian parameters and molecular orbital coefficients are evaluated. A correlation between EPR and optical absorption studies is drawn.
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Optical properties of humic substances and CDOM: relation to structure.
Boyle, Erin S; Guerriero, Nicolas; Thiallet, Anthony; Del Vecchio, Rossana; Blough, Neil V
2009-04-01
The spectral dependencies of absorption and fluorescence emission (emission maxima (lamdamax), quantum yields (phi), and mean lifetimes (taum)) were acquired for a commercial lignin, Suwannee River humic (SRHA) and fulvic (SRFA) acids, and a series solid phase extracts (C18) from the Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB extracts). These parameters were compared with the relative average size and total lignin phenol content (TLP). TLP was strongly correlated with absorption at 280 and 355 nm for the MAB extracts, SRHA, and SRFA. The spectral dependence of lamdamax, phi), and taum was very similar for all samples, suggesting a common photophysical and thus structural basis. A strong decrease of phi and taum with increasing average size indicates that intramolecular interactions must be important. When combined with previous work, the results lead us to conclude that the optical properties commonly associated with terrestrial humic substances and chromophoric dissolved organic matter arise primarily from an ensemble of partially oxidized lignins derived from vascular plant sources. Theyfurther provide additional support for an electronic interaction model in which intramolecular energy transfer, excited-state electron transfer, as well as charge transfer likely play important roles in producing the observed optical and photochemical properties of these materials.
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Bilayered Hybrid Perovskite Ferroelectric with Giant Two-Photon Absorption.
Li, Lina; Shang, Xiaoying; Wang, Sasa; Dong, Ningning; Ji, Chengmin; Chen, Xueyuan; Zhao, Sangen; Wang, Jun; Sun, Zhihua; Hong, Maochun; Luo, Junhua
2018-06-06
Perovskite ferroelectrics with prominent nonlinear optical absorption have attracted great attention in the field of photonics. However, they are traditionally dominated by inorganic oxides and exhibit relatively small nonlinear optical absorption coefficients, which hinder their further applications. Herein, we report a new organic-inorganic hybrid bilayered perovskite ferroelectric, (C 4 H 9 NH 3 ) 2 (NH 2 CHNH 2 )Pb 2 Br 7 (1), showing an above-room-temperature Curie temperature (∼322 K) and notable spontaneous polarization (∼3.8 μC cm -2 ). Significantly, the unique quantum-well structure of 1 results in intriguing two-photon absorption properties with a giant nonlinear optical absorption coefficient as high as 5.76 × 10 3 cm GW -1 , which is almost two-orders of magnitude larger than those of mostly traditional all-inorganic perovskite ferroelectrics. To our best knowledge, 1 is the first example of hybrid ferroelectrics with giant two-photon absorption coefficient. The mechanisms for ferroelectric and two-photon absorption are revealed. This work will shed light on the design of new ferroelectrics with two-photon absorption and promote their potentials in the photonic application.
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Bulk damage and absorption in fused silica due to high-power laser applications
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Nürnberg, F.; Kühn, B.; Langner, A.; Altwein, M.; Schötz, G.; Takke, R.; Thomas, S.; Vydra, J.
2015-11-01
Laser fusion projects are heading for IR optics with high broadband transmission, high shock and temperature resistance, long laser durability, and best purity. For this application, fused silica is an excellent choice. The energy density threshold on IR laser optics is mainly influenced by the purity and homogeneity of the fused silica. The absorption behavior regarding the hydroxyl content was studied for various synthetic fused silica grades. The main absorption influenced by OH vibrational excitation leads to different IR attenuations for OH-rich and low-OH fused silica. Industrial laser systems aim for the maximum energy extraction possible. Heraeus Quarzglas developed an Yb-doped fused silica fiber to support this growing market. But the performance of laser welding and cutting systems is fundamentally limited by beam quality and stability of focus. Since absorption in the optical components of optical systems has a detrimental effect on the laser focus shift, the beam energy loss and the resulting heating has to be minimized both in the bulk materials and at the coated surfaces. In collaboration with a laser research institute, an optical finisher and end users, photo thermal absorption measurements on coated samples of different fused silica grades were performed to investigate the influence of basic material properties on the absorption level. High purity, synthetic fused silica is as well the material of choice for optical components designed for DUV applications (wavelength range 160 nm - 260 nm). For higher light intensities, e.g. provided by Excimer lasers, UV photons may generate defect centers that effect the optical properties during usage, resulting in an aging of the optical components (UV radiation damage). Powerful Excimer lasers require optical materials that can withstand photon energy close to the band gap and the high intensity of the short pulse length. The UV transmission loss is restricted to the DUV wavelength range below 300 nm and consists of three different absorption bands centered at 165 nm (peroxy radicals), 215 nm (E'-center), and 265 nm (non-bridging oxygen hole center (NBOH)), which change the transmission behavior of material.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Nandur, Abhishek S.
Thin film solar cells are gaining momentum as a renewable energy source. Reduced material requirements (< 2 mum in total film thickness) coupled with fast, low-cost production processes make them an ideal alternative to Si (>15 mum in total thickness) solar cells. Among the various thin film solar absorbers that have been proposed, CZTS (Cu2ZnSnS4) has become the subject of intense interest because of its optimal band gap (1.45 eV), high absorption coefficient (104 cm--1 ) and abundant elemental components. Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) provides excellent control over film composition since films are deposited under high vacuum with excellent stoichiometry transfer from the target. Defect-free, near-stoichiometric poly-crystalline CZTS thin films were deposited using PLD from a stoichiometrically close CZTS target (Cu2.6Zn1.1Sn0.7S3.44). The effects of fabrication parameters such as laser energy density, deposition time, substrate temperature and sulfurization (annealing in sulfur) on the surface morphology, composition and optical absorption of the CZTS thin films were examined. The results show that the presence of secondary phases, present both in the bulk and on the surface, affected the electrical and optical properties of the CZTS thin films and the CZTS based TFSCs. After selectively etching away the secondary phases with DIW, HCl and KCN, it was observed that their removal improved the performance of CZTS based TFSCs. Optimal CZTS thin films exhibited an optical band gap of 1.54 eV with an absorption coefficient of 4x10 4cm-1 with a low volume of secondary phases. A TFSC fabricated with the best CZTS thin film obtained from the experimental study done in this thesis showed a conversion efficiency of 6.41% with Voc = 530 mV, Jsc= 27.5 mA/cm2 and a fill factor of 0.44.
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Absorption and scattering of laser radiation by the diffusion flame of aviation kerosene
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Gvozdev, S V; Glova, A F; Dubrovskii, V Yu
2012-04-30
The absorption coefficient of the radiation of a repetitively pulsed Nd : YAG laser with an average output power up to 6 W and of a cw ytterbium optical fibre laser with an output power up to 3 kW was measured in the diffusion flame of aviation kerosene burning on a free surface in the atmospheric air. The absorption coefficient as a function of flame length, radiation power, and radiation intensity, which was varied in the {approx}10{sup 3} - 5 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 4} W cm{sup -2} range, was obtained for two distances (1 and 2 cm) between the laser beammore » axis and the surface. The coefficient of radiation absorption by kerosene flame was compared with that in ethanol and kerosene - ethanol mixture flames. The radiation power scattered by a small segment of the kerosene flame irradiated by Nd : YAG laser radiation was measured as a function of longitudinal and azimuthal coordinates. An estimate was made of the total scattered radiation power.« less
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Absorption and scattering of laser radiation by the diffusion flame of aviation kerosene
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Gvozdev, S. V.; Glova, A. F.; Dubrovskii, V. Yu; Durmanov, S. T.; Krasyukov, A. G.; Lysikov, A. Yu; Smirnov, G. V.; Solomakhin, V. B.
2012-04-01
The absorption coefficient of the radiation of a repetitively pulsed Nd : YAG laser with an average output power up to 6 W and of a cw ytterbium optical fibre laser with an output power up to 3 kW was measured in the diffusion flame of aviation kerosene burning on a free surface in the atmospheric air. The absorption coefficient as a function of flame length, radiation power, and radiation intensity, which was varied in the ~103 — 5×104 W cm-2 range, was obtained for two distances (1 and 2 cm) between the laser beam axis and the surface. The coefficient of radiation absorption by kerosene flame was compared with that in ethanol and kerosene — ethanol mixture flames. The radiation power scattered by a small segment of the kerosene flame irradiated by Nd : YAG laser radiation was measured as a function of longitudinal and azimuthal coordinates. An estimate was made of the total scattered radiation power.
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A liquid-He cryostat for structural and thermal disorder studies by X-ray absorption.
Bouamrane, F; Ribbens, M; Fonda, E; Adjouri, C; Traverse, A
2003-07-01
A new device operating from 4.2 to 300 K is now installed on the hard X-ray station of the DCI ring in LURE in order to measure absorption coefficients. This liquid-He bath device has three optical windows. One allows the incident beam to impinge on the sample, one located at 180 degrees with respect to the sample allows transmitted beams to be detected, and another located at 90 degrees is used to detect emitted photons. Total electron yield detection mode is also possible thanks to a specific sample holder equipped with an electrode that collects the charges created by the emitted electrons in the He gas brought from the He bath around the sample. The performance of the cryostat is described by measurements of the absorption coefficients versus the temperature for Cu and Co foils. For comparison, the absorption coefficient is also measured for Cu clusters. As expected from dimension effects, the Debye temperature obtained for the clusters is lower than that of bulk Cu.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ogashawara, Igor; Mishra, Deepak R.; Nascimento, Renata F. F.; Alcântara, Enner H.; Kampel, Milton; Stech, Jose L.
2016-12-01
Quasi-Analytical Algorithms (QAAs) are based on radiative transfer equations and have been used to derive inherent optical properties (IOPs) from the above surface remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) in aquatic systems in which phytoplankton is the dominant optically active constituents (OACs). However, Colored Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) and Non Algal Particles (NAP) can also be dominant OACs in water bodies and till now a QAA has not been parametrized for these aquatic systems. In this study, we compared the performance of three widely used QAAs in two CDOM dominated aquatic systems which were unsuccessful in retrieving the spectral shape of IOPS and produced minimum errors of 350% for the total absorption coefficient (a), 39% for colored dissolved matter absorption coefficient (aCDM) and 7566.33% for phytoplankton absorption coefficient (aphy). We re-parameterized a QAA for CDOM dominated (hereafter QAACDOM) waters which was able to not only achieve the spectral shape of the OACs absorption coefficients but also brought the error magnitude to a reasonable level. The average errors found for the 400-750 nm range were 30.71 and 14.51 for a, 14.89 and 8.95 for aCDM and 25.90 and 29.76 for aphy in Funil and Itumbiara Reservoirs, Brazil respectively. Although QAACDOM showed significant promise for retrieving IOPs in CDOM dominated waters, results indicated further tuning is needed in the estimation of a(λ) and aphy(λ). Successful retrieval of the absorption coefficients by QAACDOM would be very useful in monitoring the spatio-temporal variability of IOPS in CDOM dominated waters.
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Single-shot measurement of nonlinear absorption and nonlinear refraction.
Jayabalan, J; Singh, Asha; Oak, Shrikant M
2006-06-01
A single-shot method for measurement of nonlinear optical absorption and refraction is described and analyzed. A spatial intensity variation of an elliptical Gaussian beam in conjugation with an array detector is the key element of this method. The advantages of this single-shot technique were demonstrated by measuring the two-photon absorption and free-carrier absorption in GaAs as well as the nonlinear refractive index of CS2 using a modified optical Kerr setup.
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Long-range parametric amplification of THz wave with absorption loss exceeding parametric gain.
Wang, Tsong-Dong; Huang, Yen-Chieh; Chuang, Ming-Yun; Lin, Yen-Hou; Lee, Ching-Han; Lin, Yen-Yin; Lin, Fan-Yi; Kitaeva, Galiya Kh
2013-01-28
Optical parametric mixing is a popular scheme to generate an idler wave at THz frequencies, although the THz wave is often absorbing in the nonlinear optical material. It is widely suggested that the useful material length for co-directional parametric mixing with strong THz-wave absorption is comparable to the THz-wave absorption length in the material. Here we show that, even in the limit of the absorption loss exceeding parametric gain, the THz idler wave can grows monotonically from optical parametric amplification over a much longer distance in a nonlinear optical material until pump depletion. The coherent production of the non-absorbing signal wave can assist the growth of the highly absorbing idler wave. We also show that, for the case of an equal input pump and signal in difference frequency generation, the quick saturation of the THz idler wave predicted from a much simplified and yet popular plane-wave model fails when fast diffraction of the THz wave from the co-propagating optical mixing waves is considered.
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Graphene-based ultrasonic detector for photoacoustic imaging
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yang, Fan; Song, Wei; Zhang, Chonglei; Fang, Hui; Min, Changjun; Yuan, Xiaocong
2018-03-01
Taking advantage of optical absorption imaging contrast, photoacoustic imaging technology is able to map the volumetric distribution of the optical absorption properties within biological tissues. Unfortunately, traditional piezoceramics-based transducers used in most photoacoustic imaging setups have inadequate frequency response, resulting in both poor depth resolution and inaccurate quantification of the optical absorption information. Instead of the piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer, we develop a graphene-based optical sensor for detecting photoacoustic pressure. The refractive index in the coupling medium is modulated due to photoacoustic pressure perturbation, which creates the variation of the polarization-sensitive optical absorption property of the graphene. As a result, the photoacoustic detection is realized through recording the reflectance intensity difference of polarization light. The graphene-based detector process an estimated noise-equivalentpressure (NEP) sensitivity of 550 Pa over 20-MHz bandwidth with a nearby linear pressure response from 11.0 kPa to 53.0 kPa. Further, a graphene-based photoacoustic microscopy is built, and non-invasively reveals the microvascular anatomy in mouse ears label-freely.
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Remarkable optical red shift and extremely high optical absorption coefficient of V-Ga co-doped TiO2
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Deng, Quanrong; Han, Xiaoping; Gao, Yun; Shao, Guosheng
2012-07-01
A first attempt has been made to study the effect of codoping of transition metal and sp metal on the electronic structure and associated optical properties of TiO2, through V-Ga codoped thin films. V-Ga codoped rutile TiO2 films were fabricated on fused quartz substrates using pulsed laser ablation, followed by heat treatment at high temperatures. Gigantic redshift in the optical absorption edge was observed in V-Ga co-doped TiO2 materials, from UV to infrared region with high absorption coefficient. Through combined structural characterization and theoretical modeling, this is attributed to the p-d hybridization between the two metals. This leads to additional energy bands to overlap with the minimum of the conduction band, leading to remarkably narrowed band gap free of mid-gap states. The direct-gap of the co-doped phase is key to the remarkably high optical absorption coefficient of the coped titania.
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Kim, Richard S; Zhu, Jinfeng; Park, Jeung Hun; Li, Lu; Yu, Zhibin; Shen, Huajun; Xue, Mei; Wang, Kang L; Park, Gyechoon; Anderson, Timothy J; Pei, Qibing
2012-06-04
We report the plasmon-assisted photocurrent enhancement in Ag-nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) embedded PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:PCBM organic solar cells, and systematically investigate the causes of the improved optical absorption based on a cylindrical Ag-NPs optical model which is simulated with a 3-Dimensional finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. The proposed cylindrical Ag-NPs optical model is able to explain the optical absorption enhancement by the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) modes, and to provide a further understanding of Ag-NPs shape parameters which play an important role to determine the broadband absorption phenomena in plasmonic organic solar cells. A significant increase in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the plasmonic solar cell was experimentally observed and compared with that of the solar cells without Ag-NPs. Finally, our conclusion was made after briefly discussing the electrical effects of the fabricated plasmonic organic solar cells.
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Measurements of the optical properties of tissue in conjunction with photodynamic therapy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Nilsson, Annika M. K.; Berg, Roger; Andersson-Engels, Stefan
1995-07-01
A simple optical dosimeter was used to measure the light intensity in rat liver and muscle in vivo with fibers positioned at different depths to investigate whether the light penetration changed during photodynamic therapy (PDT). The results were then correlated with measurements of the three optical-interaction coefficients mu s, mu a, and g for wavelengths in the range 500-800 nm for PDT-treated and nontreated rat liver and muscle tissue in vitro. A distinct increase in the absorption coefficient was seen immediately after treatment, in agreement with the decreasing light intensity observed during the treatment, as measured with the optical dosimeter. The collimated transmittance was measured with a narrow-beam setup, and an optical integrating sphere was used to measure the diffuse reflectance and total transmittance of the samples. The corresponding optical properties were obtained by spline interpolation of Monte Carlo-simulated data. To ensure that the measured values were correct, we performed calibration measurements with suspensions of polystyrene microspheres and ink.
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Absorption bleaching of squarylium dye J aggregates via a two-photon excitation process
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Furuki, Makoto; Tian, Minquan; Sato, Yasuhiro; Pu, Lyong Sun; Tatsuura, Satoshi; Abe, Shuji
2001-08-01
Squarylium dye J aggregates exhibit ultrafast nonlinear optical response of absorption saturation at the resonant wavelength of 770 nm. We studied the two-photon excitation process of J aggregates. By fluorescence measurement, we found the two-photon absorption band at 1.3 μm, which was different from that of the dye solution at 1.2 μm. Absorption saturation at 770 nm via a two-photon excitation process was observed by two-photon resonant excitation at 1.3 μm and also by off-resonant excitation at 1.55 μm, suggesting the possibility of J aggregates for optical switching materials working at the wavelength used in optical communications.
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Oya, Masayuki; Kishikawa, Hiroki; Goto, Nobuo; Yanagiya, Shin-ichiro
2012-11-19
At routing nodes in future photonic networks, pico-second switching will be a key function. We propose an all-optical switch consisting of two-stage Mach-Zehnder interferometers, whose arms contain graphene saturable absorption films. Optical amplitudes along the interferometers are controlled to perform switching between two output ports instead of phase control used in conventional switches. Since only absorption is used for realizing complete switching, insertion loss of 10.2 dB is accompanied in switching. Picosecond response can be expected because of the fast response of saturable absorption of graphene. The switching characteristics are theoretically analyzed and numerically simulated by the finite-difference beam propagation method (FD-BPM).
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In, Sungjun; Park, Namkyoo
2016-02-23
We propose a metallic-particle-based two-dimensional quasi-grating structure for application to an organic solar cell. With the use of oblate spheroidal nanoparticles in contact with an anode of inverted, ultrathin organic solar cells (OSCs), the quasi-grating structure offers strong hybridization between localized surface plasmons and plasmonic gap modes leading to broadband (300~800 nm) and uniform (average ~90%) optical absorption spectra. Both strong optical enhancement in extreme confinement within the active layer (90 nm) and improved hole collection are thus realized. A coupled optical-electrical multi-physics optimization shows a large (~33%) enhancement in the optical absorption (corresponding to an absorption efficiency of ~47%, AM1.5G weighted, visible) when compared to a control OSC without the quasi-grating structure. That translates into a significant electrical performance gain of ~22% in short circuit current and ~15% in the power conversion efficiency (PCE), leading to an energy conversion efficiency (~6%) which is comparable to that of optically-thick inverted OSCs (3-7%). Detailed analysis on the influences of mode hybridization to optical field distributions, exciton generation rate, charge carrier collection efficiency and electrical conversion efficiency is provided, to offer an integrated understanding on the coupled optical-electrical optimization of ultrathin OSCs.
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Photon interaction study of organic nonlinear optical materials in the energy range 122-1330 keV
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Awasarmol, Vishal V.; Gaikwad, Dhammajyot K.; Raut, Siddheshwar D.; Pawar, Pravina P.
2017-01-01
In the present study, the mass attenuation coefficient (μm) of six organic nonlinear optical materials has been calculated in the energy range 122-1330 keV and compared with the obtained values from the WinXCOM program. It is found that there is a good agreement between theoretical and experimental values (<3%). The linear attenuation coefficients (μ) total atomic cross section (σt, a), and total electronic cross section (σt, el) have also been calculated from the obtained μm values and their variations with photon energy have been plotted. From the present work, it is observed that the variation of obtained values of μm, μ, σt, a, and σt, el strongly depends on the photon energy and decreases or increases due to chemical composition and density of the sample. All the samples have been studied extensively using transmission method with a view to utilize the material for radiation dosimetry. Investigated samples are good material for radiation dosimetry due their low effective atomic number. The mass attenuation coefficient (μm), linear attenuation coefficients (μ), total atomic cross section (σt, a), total electronic cross section (σt, el), effective atomic numbers (Zeff), molar extinction coefficient (ε), mass energy absorption coefficient (μen/ρ) and effective atomic energy absorption cross section (σa, en) of all sample materials have been carried out and transmission curves have been plotted. The transmission curve shows that the variation of all sample materials decreases with increasing photon energy.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Artaxo, P.; Brito, J. F.; Rizzo, L. V.
2012-12-01
The megacity of São Paulo with its 19 million people and 7 million cars is a challenge from the point of view of air pollution. High levels of organic aerosols, PM10, black carbon and ozone and the peculiar situation of the large scale use of ethanol fuel makes it a special case. Little is known about the impact of ethanol on air quality and human health and the increase of ethanol as vehicle fuel is rising worldwide An experiment was designed to physico-chemical properties of aerosols in São Paulo, as well as their optical properties. Aerosol size distribution in the size range of 1nm to 10 micrometers is being measured with a Helsinki University SMPS (Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer), an NAIS (Neutral ion Spectrometer) and a GRIMM OPC (Optical Particle Counter). Optical properties are being measured with a TSI Nephelometer and a Thermo MAAP (Multi Angle Absorption Photometer). A CIMEL sunphotometer from the AERONET network measure the aerosol optical depth. Furthermore, a Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometer (PTR-MS) and an Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) are used to real-time VOC analysis and aerosol composition, respectively. The ACSM was operated for 3 months continuosly during teh wintertime of 2012. The measured total particle concentration typically varies between 10,000 and 30,000 cm-3 being the lowest late in the night and highest around noon and frequently exceeding 50,000 cm-3. Clear diurnal patterns in aerosol optical properties were observed. Scattering and absorption coefficients typically range between 20 and 100 Mm-1 at 450 nm, and between 10 to 40 Mm-1 at 637 nm, respectively, both of them peaking at 7:00 local time, the morning rush hour. The corresponding single scattering albedo varies between 0.50 and 0.85, indicating a significant contribution of primary absorbing particles to the aerosol population. During the first month a total of seven new particle formation events were observed with growth rates ranging from 9 to 25 nm h-1. Interestingly enough there were also events were condensed vapors were evaporating from the condensed phase thus shrinking the size of the particles in all sizes. Aerosol optical thickness was relatively small at 0.1-0.3 at 500 nm, with high daily variability, showing how meteorological conditions are critical for the observed aerosol concentrations. The study allows the characterization of a unique fueled fleet emissions and its impact on atmospheric chemistry, particle formation and other atmospheric dynamic processes.
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Application of the Tauc-Lorentz formulation to the interband absorption of optical coating materials
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
von Blanckenhagen, Bernhard; Tonova, Diana; Ullmann, Jens
2002-06-01
Recent progress in ellipsometry instrumentation permits precise measurement and characterization of optical coating materials in the deep-UV wavelength range. Dielectric coating materials exhibit their first electronic interband transition in this spectral range. The Tauc-Lorentz model is a powerful tool with which to parameterize interband absorption above the band edge. The application of this model for the parameterization of the optical absorption of TiO2, Ta2O5, HfO2, Al2O3, and LaF3 thin-film materials is described.
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Hildebrandt, Lars; Knispel, Richard; Stry, Sandra; Sacher, Joachim R; Schael, Frank
2003-04-20
Commercially available GaN-based laser diodes were antireflection coated in our laboratory and operated in an external cavity in a Littrow configuration. A total tuning range of typically 4 nm and an optical output power of up to 30 mW were observed after optimization of the external cavity. The linewidth was measured with a beterodyne technique, and 0.8 MHz at a sweep time of 50 ms was obtained. The mode-hop-free tuning range was more than 50 GHz. We demonstrated the performance of the laser by detecting the saturated absorption spectrum of atomic indium at 410 nm, allowing observation of well-resolved Lamb dips.
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XAFSmass: a program for calculating the optimal mass of XAFS samples
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Klementiev, K.; Chernikov, R.
2016-05-01
We present a new implementation of the XAFSmass program that calculates the optimal mass of XAFS samples. It has several improvements as compared to the old Windows based program XAFSmass: 1) it is truly platform independent, as provided by Python language, 2) it has an improved parser of chemical formulas that enables parentheses and nested inclusion-to-matrix weight percentages. The program calculates the absorption edge height given the total optical thickness, operates with differently determined sample amounts (mass, pressure, density or sample area) depending on the aggregate state of the sample and solves the inverse problem of finding the elemental composition given the experimental absorption edge jump and the chemical formula.
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Cross sections for electron scattering by carbon disulfide in the low- and intermediate-energy range
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Brescansin, L. M.; Iga, I.; Lee, M.-T.
2010-01-15
In this work, we report a theoretical study on e{sup -}-CS{sub 2} collisions in the low- and intermediate-energy ranges. Elastic differential, integral, and momentum-transfer cross sections, as well as grand total (elastic + inelastic) and absorption cross sections, are reported in the 1-1000 eV range. A recently proposed complex optical potential composed of static, exchange, and correlation-polarization plus absorption contributions is used to describe the electron-molecule interaction. The Schwinger variational iterative method combined with the distorted-wave approximation is applied to calculate the scattering amplitudes. The comparison between our calculated results and the existing experimental and/or theoretical results is encouraging.
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The vertical structure of Arctic haze as determined from airborne net-flux radiometer measurements
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Ackerman, T. P.; Valero, F. P. J.
1984-01-01
From net-flux radiometer measurements and model results, the vertical layer structure is deduced of the Arctic haze encountered during two of the AGASP flights. The total value of the absorption optical depth is found to be on the order of 0.065 for both flights, with the majority of the absorbing aerosol concentrated in the lowest 1.6 km of the atmosphere. A comparison of these results with measurements of the carbon concentration leads to a value of the specific absorption of carbon of 24 sq m g. While higher than expected, this value is shown to be consistent with an internally-mixed aerosol of carbon cores and sulfate shells.
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Optical absorption properties of Ge 2–44 and P-doped Ge nanoparticles
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Qin, Wei; Lu, Wen-Cai; Zhao, Li-Zhen
The optical absorption properties of non-crystalline and crystalline Ge nanoparticles with the sizes from ~ 2.5 to 15 Å have been studied at the B3LYP/6-31G level using time-dependent density functional theory. Hydrogen passivation and phosphorus doping on some selected Ge nanoparticles were also calculated. With the increase of cluster size, the optical absorption spectra of the non-crystalline Ge nanoparticles change from many peaks to a continuous broad band and at the same time exhibit a systematic red-shift. Doping phosphorus also causes the absorption spectra to shift toward the lower energy region for both non-crystalline and crystalline Ge nanoparticles. The non-crystallinemore » Ge nanoparticles are found to have stronger absorption in the visible region in comparison with the crystalline ones, regardless phosphorus doping.« less
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Optical absorption properties of Ge 2–44 and P-doped Ge nanoparticles
Qin, Wei; Lu, Wen-Cai; Zhao, Li-Zhen; ...
2017-09-15
The optical absorption properties of non-crystalline and crystalline Ge nanoparticles with the sizes from ~ 2.5 to 15 Å have been studied at the B3LYP/6-31G level using time-dependent density functional theory. Hydrogen passivation and phosphorus doping on some selected Ge nanoparticles were also calculated. With the increase of cluster size, the optical absorption spectra of the non-crystalline Ge nanoparticles change from many peaks to a continuous broad band and at the same time exhibit a systematic red-shift. Doping phosphorus also causes the absorption spectra to shift toward the lower energy region for both non-crystalline and crystalline Ge nanoparticles. The non-crystallinemore » Ge nanoparticles are found to have stronger absorption in the visible region in comparison with the crystalline ones, regardless phosphorus doping.« less
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Dependence of the optical conductivity on the uniaxial and biaxial strains in black phosphorene
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yang, C. H.; Zhang, J. Y.; Wang, G. X.; Zhang, C.
2018-06-01
By using the Kubo formula, the optical conductivity of strained black phosphorene was studied. The anisotropic band dispersion gives rise to an orientation dependent optical conductivity. The energy gap can be tuned by the uniaxial and biaxial strains which can be observed from the interband optical conductivity polarized along the armchair (x ) direction. The preferential conducting direction is along the x direction. The dependence of the intraband optical conductivity along the zigzag (y ) direction on the Fermi energy and strain exhibits increasing or decreasing monotonously. However, along the x direction this dependence is complicated which originates from the carriers' inverse-direction movements obtained by two types of the nearest phosphorus atom interactions. The modification of the biaxial strain on the energy structure and optical-absorption property is more effective. The imaginary part of the total optical conductivity (Im σ ) can be negative around the threshold of the interband optical transition by modifying the chemical potential. Away from this frequency region, Im σ exhibits positive value. It can be used in the application of the surface plasmon propagations in multilayer dielectric structures.
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Tuning the nonlinear optical absorption of reduced graphene oxide by chemical reduction.
Shi, Hongfei; Wang, Can; Sun, Zhipei; Zhou, Yueliang; Jin, Kuijuan; Redfern, Simon A T; Yang, Guozhen
2014-08-11
Reduced graphene oxides with varying degrees of reduction have been produced by hydrazine reduction of graphene oxide. The linear and nonlinear optical properties of both graphene oxide as well as the reduced graphene oxides have been measured by single beam Z-scan measurement in the picosecond region. The results reveal both saturable absorption and two-photon absorption, strongly dependent on the intensity of the pump pulse: saturable absorption occurs at lower pump pulse intensity (~1.5 GW/cm2 saturation intensity) whereas two-photon absorption dominates at higher intensities (≥5.7 GW/cm2). Intriguingly, we find that the two-photon absorption coefficient (from 1.5 cm/GW to 4.5cm/GW) and the saturation intensity (from 1 GW/cm2 to 2 GW/cm2) vary with chemical reduction, which is ascribed to the varying concentrations of sp2 domains and sp2 clusters in the reduced graphene oxides. Our results not only provide an insight into the evolution of the nonlinear optical coefficient in reduced graphene oxide, but also suggest that chemical engineering techniques may usefully be applied to tune the nonlinear optical properties of various nano-materials, including atomically thick graphene sheets.
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Cavity ring-down spectroscopy in the liquid phase
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Xu, Shucheng; Sha, Guohe; Xie, Jinchun
2002-02-01
A new application for cavity ring-down spectroscopic (CRDS) technique using a pulsed polarized light source has been developed in the absorption measurement of liquids for "colorless" organic compounds using both a single sample cell and double sample cells inserted in an optical cavity at Brewster angle. At present an experimental capability of measuring absorption coefficients as small as 2-5×10-7 cm-1 has been demonstrated by measurement of the absorption baselines. The first spectra for CRDS in the liquid phase, the C-H stretching fifth vibrational overtones of benzene in the pure liquid and hexane solution are obtained. The optical absorption length for liquids in both a single sample cell and double sample cells of 1 cm length is up to 900 cm due to multipass of light within an optical cavity. Compared to the thermal lens and optoacoustic spectroscopic techniques, the sensitivity for CRDS mainly depends on the optical absorption path of the sample (single passing path of the sample times multipass times), is not determined by the laser power and the length of the sample cell. The absolute absorption coefficient and band intensity for the sample are determined directly by the spectroscopy.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wang, D.; Cui, Y.
2015-12-01
The objectives of this paper are to validate the applicability of a multi-band quasi-analytical algorithm (QAA) in retrieval absorption coefficients of optically active constituents in turbid coastal waters, and to further improve the model using a proposed semi-analytical model (SAA). The ap(531) and ag(531) semi-analytically derived using SAA model are quite different from the retrievals procedures of QAA model that ap(531) and ag(531) are semi-analytically derived from the empirical retrievals results of a(531) and a(551). The two models are calibrated and evaluated against datasets taken from 19 independent cruises in West Florida Shelf in 1999-2003, provided by SeaBASS. The results indicate that the SAA model produces a superior performance to QAA model in absorption retrieval. Using of the SAA model in retrieving absorption coefficients of optically active constituents from West Florida Shelf decreases the random uncertainty of estimation by >23.05% from the QAA model. This study demonstrates the potential of the SAA model in absorption coefficients of optically active constituents estimating even in turbid coastal waters. Keywords: Remote sensing; Coastal Water; Absorption Coefficient; Semi-analytical Model
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Retrieval columns of SO2 in industrial chimneys using DOAS passive in traverse
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Galicia Mejía, Rubén; de la Rosa Vázquez, José Manuel; Sosa Iglesias, Gustavo
2011-10-01
The optical Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) is a technique to measure pollutant emissions like SO2, from point sources and total fluxes in the atmosphere. Passive DOAS systems use sunlight like source. Measurements with such systems can be made in situ and in real time. The goal of this work is to report the implementation of hardware and software of a portable system to evaluate the pollutants emitted in the atmosphere by industrial chimneys. We show SO2 measurements obtained around PEMEX refinerys in Tula Hidalgo that enables the identification of their pollution degree with the knowledge of speed wind.
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Fundamentals and techniques of nonimaging optics for solar energy concentration
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Winston, R.; Gallagher, J. J.
1980-05-01
The properties of a variety of new and previously known nonimaging optical configurations were investigated. A thermodynamic model which explains quantitatively the enhancement of effective absorptance of gray body receivers through cavity effects was developed. The classic method of Liu and Jordan, which allows one to predict the diffuse sunlight levels through correlation with the total and direct fraction was revised and updated and applied to predict the performance of nonimaging solar collectors. The conceptual design for an optimized solar collector which integrates the techniques of nonimaging concentration with evacuated tube collector technology was carried out and is presently the basis for a separately funded hardware development project.
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Computational Design of Tunable UV-Vis-IR Filters Based on Silver Nanoparticle Arrays
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Waters, Michael; Shi, Guangsha; Kioupakis, Emmanouil
We propose design strategies to develop selective optical filters in the UV-Vis-IR spectrum using the surface plasmon response of silver nanoparticle arrays. Our finite-difference time-domain simulations allow us to rapidly evaluate many nanostructures comprising simple geometries while varying their shape, height, width, and spacing. Our results allow us to identify trends in the filtering spectra as well as the relative amount of absorption and reflection. Optical filtering with nanoparticles is applicable to any transparent substrate and can be easily adapted to existing manufacturing processes while keeping the total cost of materials low. This work was supported by Guardian Industries Corp.
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Charge-transfer optical absorption mechanism of DNA:Ag-nanocluster complexes
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Longuinhos, R.; Lúcio, A. D.; Chacham, H.; Alexandre, S. S.
2016-05-01
Optical properties of DNA:Ag-nanoclusters complexes have been successfully applied experimentally in Chemistry, Physics, and Biology. Nevertheless, the mechanisms behind their optical activity remain unresolved. In this work, we present a time-dependent density functional study of optical absorption in DNA:Ag4. In all 23 different complexes investigated, we obtain new absorption peaks in the visible region that are not found in either the isolated Ag4 or isolated DNA base pairs. Absorption from red to green are predominantly of charge-transfer character, from the Ag4 to the DNA fragment, while absorption in the blue-violet range are mostly associated to electronic transitions of a mixed character, involving either DNA-Ag4 hybrid orbitals or intracluster orbitals. We also investigate the role of exchange-correlation functionals in the calculated optical spectra. Significant differences are observed between the calculations using the PBE functional (without exact exchange) and the CAM-B3LYP functional (which partly includes exact exchange). Specifically, we observe a tendency of charge-transfer excitations to involve purines bases, and the PBE spectra error is more pronounced in the complexes where the Ag cluster is bound to the purines. Finally, our results also highlight the importance of adding both the complementary base pair and the sugar-phosphate backbone in order to properly characterize the absorption spectrum of DNA:Ag complexes.
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Charge-transfer optical absorption mechanism of DNA:Ag-nanocluster complexes.
Longuinhos, R; Lúcio, A D; Chacham, H; Alexandre, S S
2016-05-01
Optical properties of DNA:Ag-nanoclusters complexes have been successfully applied experimentally in Chemistry, Physics, and Biology. Nevertheless, the mechanisms behind their optical activity remain unresolved. In this work, we present a time-dependent density functional study of optical absorption in DNA:Ag_{4}. In all 23 different complexes investigated, we obtain new absorption peaks in the visible region that are not found in either the isolated Ag_{4} or isolated DNA base pairs. Absorption from red to green are predominantly of charge-transfer character, from the Ag_{4} to the DNA fragment, while absorption in the blue-violet range are mostly associated to electronic transitions of a mixed character, involving either DNA-Ag_{4} hybrid orbitals or intracluster orbitals. We also investigate the role of exchange-correlation functionals in the calculated optical spectra. Significant differences are observed between the calculations using the PBE functional (without exact exchange) and the CAM-B3LYP functional (which partly includes exact exchange). Specifically, we observe a tendency of charge-transfer excitations to involve purines bases, and the PBE spectra error is more pronounced in the complexes where the Ag cluster is bound to the purines. Finally, our results also highlight the importance of adding both the complementary base pair and the sugar-phosphate backbone in order to properly characterize the absorption spectrum of DNA:Ag complexes.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Chen, Yin-Chu; Ferracane, Jack L.; Prahl, Scott A.
2005-03-01
Photo-cured dental composites are widely used in dental practices to restore teeth due to the esthetic appearance of the composites and the ability to cure in situ. However, their complex optical characteristics make it difficult to understand the light transport within the composites and to predict the depth of cure. Our previous work showed that the absorption and scattering coefficients of the composite changed after the composite was cured. The static Monte Carlo simulation showed that the penetration of radiant exposures differed significantly for cured and uncured optical properties. This means that a dynamic model is required for accurate prediction of radiant exposure in the composites. The purpose of this study was to develop and verify a dynamic Monte Carlo (DMC) model simulating light propagation in dental composites that have dynamic optical properties while photons are absorbed. The composite was divided into many small cubes, each of which had its own scattering and absorption coefficients. As light passed through the composite, the light was scattered and absorbed. The amount of light absorbed in each cube was calculated using Beer's Law and was used to determine the next optical properties in that cube. Finally, the predicted total reflectance and transmittance as well as the optical property during curing were verified numerically and experimentally. Our results showed that the model predicted values agreed with the theoretical values within 1% difference. The DMC model results are comparable with experimental results within 5% differences.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zacharias, Marios; Giustino, Feliciano
2016-08-01
Recently, Zacharias et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 177401 (2015), 10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.177401] developed an ab initio theory of temperature-dependent optical absorption spectra and band gaps in semiconductors and insulators. In that work, the zero-point renormalization and the temperature dependence were obtained by sampling the nuclear wave functions using a stochastic approach. In the present work, we show that the stochastic sampling of Zacharias et al. can be replaced by fully deterministic supercell calculations based on a single optimal configuration of the atomic positions. We demonstrate that a single calculation is able to capture the temperature-dependent band-gap renormalization including quantum nuclear effects in direct-gap and indirect-gap semiconductors, as well as phonon-assisted optical absorption in indirect-gap semiconductors. In order to demonstrate this methodology, we calculate from first principles the temperature-dependent optical absorption spectra and the renormalization of direct and indirect band gaps in silicon, diamond, and gallium arsenide, and we obtain good agreement with experiment and with previous calculations. In this work we also establish the formal connection between the Williams-Lax theory of optical transitions and the related theories of indirect absorption by Hall, Bardeen, and Blatt, and of temperature-dependent band structures by Allen and Heine. The present methodology enables systematic ab initio calculations of optical absorption spectra at finite temperature, including both direct and indirect transitions. This feature will be useful for high-throughput calculations of optical properties at finite temperature and for calculating temperature-dependent optical properties using high-level theories such as G W and Bethe-Salpeter approaches.
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Spectroelectrochemical Sensors: New Polymer Films for Improved Sensitivity
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Morris, Laura K.; Seliskar, Carl J.; Bryan, Samuel A.
2014-10-31
The selectivity of an optical sensor can be improved by combining optical detection with electrochemical oxidation or reduction of the target analyte to change its spectral properties. The changing signal can distinguish the analyte from interferences with similar spectral properties that would otherwise interfere. The analyte is detected by measuring the intensity of the electrochemically modulated signal. In one form this spectroelectrochemical sensor consists of an optically transparent electrode (OTE) coated with a film that preconcentrates the target analyte. The OTE functions as an optical waveguide for attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectroscopy, which detects the analyte by absorption. Sensitivity reliesmore » in part on a large change in molar absorptivity between the two oxidation states used for electrochemical modulation of the optical signal. A critical part of the sensor is the ion selective film. It should preconcentrate the analyte and exclude some interferences. At the same time the film must not interfere with the electrochemistry or the optical detection. Therefore, since the debut of the sensor’s concept one major focus of our group has been developing appropriate films for different analytes. Here we report the development of a series of quaternized poly(vinylpyridine)-co-styrene (QPVP-co-S) anion exchange films for use in spectroelectrochemical sensors to enable sensitive detection of target anionic analytes in complex samples. The films were either 10% or 20% styrene and were prepared with varying degrees of quaternized pyridine groups, up to 70%. Films were characterized with respect to thickness with spectroscopic ellipsometry, degree of quaternization with FTIR, and electrochemically and spectroelectrochemically using the anions ferrocyanide and pertechnetate.« less
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Seasonal And Regional Differentiation Of Bio-Optical Properties Within The North Polar Atlantic
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Stramska, Malgorzata; Stramski, Dariusz; Kaczmarek, Slawomir; Allison, David B.; Schwarz, Jill
2005-01-01
Using data collected during spring and summer seasons in the north polar Atlantic we examined the variability of the spectral absorption, a(lambda), and backscattering, b(sub b)(lambda), coefficients of surface waters and its relation to phytoplankton pigment concentration and composition. For a given chlorophyll a concentration (TChla), the concentrations of photosynthetic carotenoids (PSC), photoprotective carotenoids (PPC), and total accessory pigments (AP) were consistently lower in spring than in summer. The chlorophyll-specific absorption coefficients of phytoplankton and total particulate matter were also lower in spring, which can be partly attributed to lower proportions of PPC, PSC, and AP in spring. The spring values of the green-to-blue band ratio of the absorption coefficient were higher than the summer ratios. The blue-to-green ratios of backscattering coefficient were also higher in spring. The higher b(sub b) values and lower blue-to-green b(sub b) ratios in summer were likely associated with higher concentrations of detrital particles in summer compared to spring. Because the product of the green-to-blue absorption ratio and the blue-to-green backscattering ratio is a proxy for the blue-to-green ratio of remote-sensing reflectance, we conclude that the performance of ocean color band-ratio algorithms for estimating pigments in the north polar Atlantic is significantly affected by seasonal shifts in the relationships between absorption and TChla as well as between backscattering and TChla. Intriguingly, however, fairly good estimate of the particulate beam attenuation coefficient at 660 nm (potential measure of total particulate matter or particulate organic carbon concentration) can be obtained by applying a single blue-to-green band-ratio algorithm for both spring and summer seasons.
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Effect of idler absorption in pulsed optical parametric oscillators.
Rustad, Gunnar; Arisholm, Gunnar; Farsund, Øystein
2011-01-31
Absorption at the idler wavelength in an optical parametric oscillator (OPO) is often considered detrimental. We show through simulations that pulsed OPOs with significant idler absorption can perform better than OPOs with low idler absorption both in terms of conversion efficiency and beam quality. The main reason for this is reduced back conversion. We also show how the beam quality depends on the beam width and pump pulse length, and present scaling relations to use the example simulations for other pulsed nanosecond OPOs.
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Photovoltaic device with increased light absorption and method for its manufacture
Glatfelter, Troy; Vogeli, Craig; Call, Jon; Hammond, Ginger
1993-07-20
A photovoltaic cell having a light-directing optical element integrally formed in an encapsulant layer thereof. The optical element redirects light to increase the internal absorption of light incident on the photovoltaic device.
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Deep seawater inherent optical properties in the Southern Ionian Sea
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Riccobene, G.; Capone, A.; Aiello, S.; Ambriola, M.; Ameli, F.; Amore, I.; Anghinolfi, M.; Anzalone, A.; Avanzini, C.; Barbarino, G.; Barbarito, E.; Battaglieri, M.; Bellotti, R.; Beverini, N.; Bonori, M.; Bouhadef, B.; Brescia, M.; Cacopardo, G.; Cafagna, F.; Caponetto, L.; Castorina, E.; Ceres, A.; Chiarusi, T.; Circella, M.; Cocimano, R.; Coniglione, R.; Cordelli, M.; Costa, M.; Cuneo, S.; D'Amico, A.; de Bonis, G.; de Marzo, C.; de Rosa, G.; de Vita, R.; Distefano, C.; Falchini, E.; Fiorello, C.; Flaminio, V.; Fratini, K.; Gabrielli, A.; Galeotti, S.; Gandolfi, E.; Grimaldi, A.; Habel, R.; Leonora, E.; Lonardo, A.; Longo, G.; Lo Presti, D.; Lucarelli, F.; Maccioni, E.; Margiotta, A.; Martini, A.; Masullo, R.; Megna, R.; Migneco, E.; Mongelli, M.; Montaruli, T.; Morganti, M.; Musumeci, M.; Nicolau, C. A.; Orlando, A.; Osipenko, M.; Osteria, G.; Papaleo, R.; Pappalardo, V.; Petta, C.; Piattelli, P.; Raffaelli, F.; Raia, G.; Randazzo, N.; Reito, S.; Ricco, G.; Ripani, M.; Rovelli, A.; Ruppi, M.; Russo, G. V.; Russo, S.; Russo, S.; Sapienza, P.; Sedita, M.; Schuller, J.-P.; Shirokov, E.; Simeone, F.; Sipala, V.; Spurio, M.; Taiuti, M.; Terreni, G.; Trasatti, L.; Urso, S.; Valente, V.; Vicini, P.
2007-02-01
The NEMO (NEutrino Mediterranean Observatory) Collaboration has been carrying out since 1998 an evaluation programme of deep sea sites suitable for the construction of the future Mediterranean km3 Čerenkov neutrino telescope. We investigated the seawater optical and oceanographic properties of several deep sea marine areas close to the Italian Coast. Inherent optical properties (light absorption and attenuation coefficients) have been measured as a function of depth using an experimental apparatus equipped with standard oceanographic probes and the commercial transmissometer AC9 manufactured by WETLabs. This paper reports on the visible light absorption and attenuation coefficients measured in deep seawater of a marine region located in the Southern Ionian Sea, 60 100 km SE of Capo Passero (Sicily). Data show that blue light absorption coefficient is about 0.015 m-1 (corresponding to an absorption length of 67 m) close to the one of optically pure water and it does not show seasonal variation.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Dyu, V. G.; Kisteneva, M. G.; Shandarov, S. M.; Khudyakova, E. S.; Smirnov, S. V.; Kargin, Yu. F.
Changes in the spectral dependences of the optical absorption induced in the bismuth titanium oxide crystal doped by aluminum as a result of sequential exposition to cw laser radiation first with the wavelength λi = 532 nm and then with the longer wavelength λn = 633, 655, 663, 780, 871, or 1064 nm are investigated. Our experiments show that after the short-wavelength exposition to radiation with λi = 532 nm, the optical absorption in the crystal increases, and in the range 470-1000 nm, yields the spectrum whose form is independent of the initial crystal state. The subsequent exposition to longer-wavelength radiation leads to enhanced transmittance of the crystal in the examined spectral range. A maximum decrease of the optical absorption in the crystal is observed upon exposure to radiation with the wavelength λn = 663 nm.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bellier, Quentin; Bouit, Pierre-Antoine; Kamada, Kenji; Feneyrou, Patrick; Malmström, E.; Maury, Olivier; Andraud, Chantal
2009-09-01
The rapid development of frequency-tunable pulsed lasers up to telecommunication wavelengths (1400-1600 nm) led to the design of new materials for nonlinear absorption in this spectral range. In this context, two families of near infra-red (NIR) chromophores, namely heptamethine cyanine and aza-borondipyrromethene (aza-bodipy) dyes were studied. In both cases, they show significant two-photon absorption (TPA) cross-sections in the 1400-1600 nm spectral range and display good optical power limiting (OPL) properties. OPL curves were interpreted on the basis of TPA followed by excited state absorption (ESA) phenomena. Finally these systems have several relevant properties like nonlinear absorption properties, gram scale synthesis and high solubility. In addition, they could be functionalized on several sites which open the way to numerous practical applications in biology, solid-state optical limiting and signal processing.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kong, Ming; Liu, Yanqiu; Wang, Hui; Luo, Junshan; Li, Dandan; Zhang, Shengyi; Li, Shengli; Wu, Jieying; Tian, Yupeng
2015-01-01
Four novel Zn(II) terpyridine complexes (ZnLCl2, ZnLBr2, ZnLI2, ZnL(SCN)2) based on carbazole derivative group were designed, synthesized and fully characterized. Their photophysical properties including absorption and one-photon excited fluorescence, two-photon absorption (TPA) and optical power limiting (OPL) were further investigated systematically and interpreted on the basis of theoretical calculations (TD-DFT). The influences of different solvents on the absorption and One-Photon Excited Fluorescence (OPEF) spectral behavior, quantum yields and the lifetime of the chromophores have been investigated in detail. The third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties were investigated by open/closed aperture Z-scan measurements using femtosecond pulse laser in the range from 680 to 1080 nm. These results revealed that ZnLCl2 and ZnLBr2 exhibited strong two-photon absorption and ZnLCl2 showed superior optical power limiting property.
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Optical evidence of strong coupling between valence-band holes and d -localized spins in Zn1-xMnxO
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sokolov, V. I.; Druzhinin, A. V.; Gruzdev, N. B.; Dejneka, A.; Churpita, O.; Hubicka, Z.; Jastrabik, L.; Trepakov, V.
2010-04-01
We report on optical-absorption study of Zn1-xMnxO (x=0-0.06) films on fused silica substrates taking special attention to the spectral range of the fundamental absorption edge (3.1-4 eV). Well-pronounced excitonic lines observed in the region 3.40-3.45 eV were found to shift to higher energies with increasing Mn concentration. The optical band-gap energy increases with x too, reliably evidencing strong coupling between oxygen holes and localized spins of manganese ions. In the 3.1-3.3 eV region the optical-absorption curve in the manganese-contained films was found to shift to lower energies with respect to that for undoped ZnO. The additional absorption observed in this range is interpreted as a result of splitting of a localized Zhang-Rice-type state into the band gap.
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Resonant indirect optical absorption in germanium
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Menéndez, José; Noël, Mario; Zwinkels, Joanne C.; Lockwood, David J.
2017-09-01
The optical absorption coefficient of pure Ge has been determined from high-accuracy, high-precision optical measurements at photon energies covering the spectral range between the indirect and direct gaps. The results are compared with a theoretical model that fully accounts for the resonant nature of the energy denominators that appear in perturbation-theory expansions of the absorption coefficient. The model generalizes the classic Elliott approach to indirect excitons, and leads to a predicted optical absorption that is in excellent agreement with the experimental values using just a single adjustable parameter: the average deformation potential DΓ L coupling electrons at the bottom of the direct and indirect valleys in the conduction band. Remarkably, the fitted value, DΓ L=4.3 ×108eV /cm , is in nearly perfect agreement with independent measurements and ab initio predictions of this parameter, confirming the validity of the proposed theory, which has general applicability.
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Optical Absorption in Liquid Semiconductors
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bell, Florian Gene
An infrared absorption cell has been developed which is suitable for high temperature liquids which have absorptions in the range .1-10('3) cm('-1). The cell is constructed by clamping a gasket between two flat optical windows. This unique design allows the use of any optical windows chemically compatible with the liquid. The long -wavelength limit of the measurements is therefore limited only by the choice of the optical windows. The thickness of the cell can easily be set during assembly, and can be varied from 50 (mu)m to .5 cm. Measurements of the optical absorption edge were performed on the liquid alloy Se(,1-x)Tl(,x) for x = 0, .001, .002, .003, .005, .007, and .009, from the melting point up to 475(DEGREES)C. The absorption was found to be exponential in the photon energy over the experimental range from 0.3 eV to 1.2 eV. The absorption increased linearly with concentration according to the empirical relation (alpha)(,T)(h(nu)) = (alpha)(,1) + (alpha)(,2)x, and the absorption (alpha)(,1) was interpreted as the absorption in the absence of T1. (alpha)(,1) also agreed with the measured absorption in 100% Se at corresponding temperatures and energies. The excess absorption defined by (DELTA)(alpha) = (alpha)(,T)(h(nu))-(alpha)(,1) was interpreted as the absorption associated with Tl and was found to be thermally activated with an activation energy E(,t) = 0.5 eV. The exponential edge is explained as absorption on atoms immersed in strong electric fields surrounding ions. The strong fields give rise to an absorption tail similar to the Franz-Keldysh effect. A simple calculation is performed which is based on the Dow-Redfield theory of absorption in an electric field with excitonic effects included. The excess absorption at low photon energies is proportional to the square of the concentration of ions, which are proposed to exist in the liquid according to the relation C(,i) (PROPORTIONAL) x(' 1/2)(.)e('-E)t('/kT), which is the origin of the thermal activation and the proportionality to Tl concentration. The ionic model satisfactorily explains the observed concentration and temperature dependence of the absorption. It also provides for the first time, a universal explanation of the exponential edge in liquid semiconductors where charged defects are present, and provides a means of measuring the concentration of ions when the absorption can be calibrated.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wen, Z. D.; Song, K. S.; Zhao, Y.; Du, J.; Ma, J. H.
2015-06-01
Spectral characteristics of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) were examined in conjunction with environmental factors in the waters of 22 rivers and 26 terminal waters in Hulun Buir plateau, northeast China. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorous (TP) were significantly higher in terminal waters than rivers waters (p < 0.01). Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that non-water light absorption and anthropogenic nutrient disturbances might be the causes of the diversity of water quality parameters in Hulun Buir plateau. CDOM absorption in river waters was significantly lower than terminal waters (p < 0.01). Analysis of ratio of absorption at 250-365 nm (E250 : 365), specific UV absorbance (SUVA254), and spectral slope ratio (Sr) indicated that CDOM in river waters had higher aromaticity, molecular weight, and vascular plant contribution than in terminal waters. Furthermore, results showed that DOC concentration, CDOM light absorption, and the proportion of autochthonous sources of CDOM in plateau waters were all higher than in other freshwater rivers reported in the literature. The strong evapoconcentration, intense ultraviolet irradiance and landscape features of Hulun Buir plateau may be responsible for the above phenomenon. Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that the environmental variables TSM, TN, and EC had a strong correlation with light absorption characteristics, followed by TDS and chlorophyll a. In most sampling locations, CDOM was the dominant non-water light-absorbing substance. Light absorption by non-algal particles often exceeded that by phytoplankton in the plateau waters. Study of these optical-physicochemical correlations is helpful in the evaluation of the potential influence of water quality factors on non-water light absorption in cold plateau water environments. And the study on organic carbon in plateau lakes had a vital contribution to global carbon balance estimation.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Shinbo, Kazunari; Uno, Akihiro; Hirakawa, Ryo; Baba, Akira; Ohdaira, Yasuo; Kato, Keizo; Kaneko, Futao
2013-05-01
In this study, we fabricated a novel quartz-crystal-microbalance (QCM)/optical-waveguide hybrid sensor. An in situ observation of a lead phthalocyanine (PbPc) thin-film deposition was conducted during vacuum evaporation, and the effectiveness of the sensor was demonstrated. The film thickness was obtained from the QCM frequency, and the optical absorption of the film was observed by optical waveguide spectroscopy using part of the QCM substrate without the electrode. The film absorption depends on the polarization direction, substrate temperature and deposition rate, owing to aggregate formation. The thickness dependence of the absorption property was also investigated.
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Role of HfO 2/SiO 2 thin-film interfaces in near-ultraviolet absorption and pulsed laser damage
Papernov, Semyon; Kozlov, Alexei A.; Oliver, James B.; ...
2016-07-15
Here, the role of thin-film interfaces in the near-ultraviolet (near-UV) absorption and pulsed laser-induced damage was studied for ion-beam-sputtered and electron-beam-evaporated coatings comprised from HfO 2 and SiO 2 thin-film pairs. To separate contributions from the bulk of the film and from interfacial areas, absorption and damage threshold measurements were performed for a one-wave (355-nm wavelength) thick, HfO 2 single-layer film and for a film containing seven narrow HfO 2 layers separated by SiO 2 layers. The seven-layer film was designed to have a total optical thickness of HfO 2 layers, equal to one wave at 355 nm and anmore » E-field peak and average intensity similar to a single-layer HfO 2 film. Absorption in both types of films was measured using laser calorimetry and photothermal heterodyne imaging. The results showed a small contribution to total absorption from thin-film interfaces as compared to HfO 2 film material. The relevance of obtained absorption data to coating near-UV, nanosecond-pulse laser damage was verified by measuring the damage threshold and characterizing damage morphology. The results of this study revealed a higher damage resistance in the seven-layer coating as compared to the single-layer HfO 2 film in both sputtered and evaporated coatings. The results are explained through the similarity of interfacial film structure with structure formed during the codeposition of HfO 2 and SiO 2 materials.« less
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Theory of absorption integrated optical sensor of gaseous materials
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Egorov, A. A.
2010-10-01
The eigen and noneigen (leaky) modes of a three-layer planar integrated optical waveguide are described. The dispersion relation of a three-layer planar waveguide and other dependences are derived, and the cutoff conditions are analyzed. The diagram of propagation constants of the guided and radiation modes of an irregular asymmetric three-layer waveguide and the dependence of the electric field amplitudes of radiation modes of substrate on vertical coordinate in a tantalum integrated optical waveguide are presented. The operating principles of an absorption integrated optical waveguide sensor are investigated. The dependences of sensitivity of an integrated optical waveguide sensor on the sensory cell length, the coupling efficiency of the laser radiation into the waveguide, the absorption cross-section of the studied material, and the level of additive statistical noise are investigated. Some of the prospective areas of application of integrated-optical waveguide sensors are outlined.
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Sergey Y. Smolin; Sfeir, Matthew Y.; Scafetta, Mark D.; ...
2015-12-09
Perovskite oxides are a promising material class for photovoltaic and photocatalytic applications due to their visible band gaps, nanosecond recombination lifetimes, and great chemical diversity. However, there is limited understanding of the link between composition and static and dynamic optical properties, despite the critical role these properties play in the design of light-harvesting devices. To clarify these relationships, we systemically studied the optoelectronic properties in La 1-xSr xFeO 3-δ epitaxial films, uncovering the effects of A-site cation substitution and oxygen stoichiometry. Variable-angle spectroscopic ellipsometry was used to measure static optical properties, revealing a linear increase in absorption coefficient at 1.25more » eV and a red-shifting of the optical absorption edge with increasing Sr fraction. The absorption spectra can be similarly tuned through the introduction of oxygen vacancies, indicating the critical role that nominal Fe valence plays in optical absorption. Dynamic optoelectronic properties were studied with ultrafast transient reflectance spectroscopy, revealing similar nanosecond photoexcited carrier lifetimes for oxygen deficient and stoichiometric films with the same nominal Fe valence. Furthermore, these results demonstrate that while the static optical absorption is strongly dependent on nominal Fe valence tuned through cation or anion stoichiometry, oxygen vacancies do not appear to play a significantly detrimental role in the recombination kinetics.« less
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Geometrical-optics code for computing the optical properties of large dielectric spheres.
Zhou, Xiaobing; Li, Shusun; Stamnes, Knut
2003-07-20
Absorption of electromagnetic radiation by absorptive dielectric spheres such as snow grains in the near-infrared part of the solar spectrum cannot be neglected when radiative properties of snow are computed. Thus a new, to our knowledge, geometrical-optics code is developed to compute scattering and absorption cross sections of large dielectric particles of arbitrary complex refractive index. The number of internal reflections and transmissions are truncated on the basis of the ratio of the irradiance incident at the nth interface to the irradiance incident at the first interface for a specific optical ray. Thus the truncation number is a function of the angle of incidence. Phase functions for both near- and far-field absorption and scattering of electromagnetic radiation are calculated directly at any desired scattering angle by using a hybrid algorithm based on the bisection and Newton-Raphson methods. With these methods a large sphere's absorption and scattering properties of light can be calculated for any wavelength from the ultraviolet to the microwave regions. Assuming that large snow meltclusters (1-cm order), observed ubiquitously in the snow cover during summer, can be characterized as spheres, one may compute absorption and scattering efficiencies and the scattering phase function on the basis of this geometrical-optics method. A geometrical-optics method for sphere (GOMsphere) code is developed and tested against Wiscombe's Mie scattering code (MIE0) and a Monte Carlo code for a range of size parameters. GOMsphere can be combined with MIE0 to calculate the single-scattering properties of dielectric spheres of any size.
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Bowman, R. L.; Spisz, E. W.; Jack, J. R.
1973-01-01
The changes are presented in spectral transmittance, and reflectance due to exposure of various optical materials to the exhaust plume of a 5-pound thrust bipropellant rocket. The engine was fired in a pulsed mode for a total exposure of 223.7 second. Spectral optical properties were measured in air before and after exposure to the exhaust plume in vacuum. The contaminating layer resulted in both absorption and scattering effects which caused changes as large as 30-50% for transmitting elements and 15% for mirrors in the near ultraviolet wavelengths. The changes in spectral properties of materials exposed to the exhaust plume for 44 and 223.7 seconds are compared and found to be similar.
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NMR imaging of cell phone radiation absorption in brain tissue
Gultekin, David H.; Moeller, Lothar
2013-01-01
A method is described for measuring absorbed electromagnetic energy radiated from cell phone antennae into ex vivo brain tissue. NMR images the 3D thermal dynamics inside ex vivo bovine brain tissue and equivalent gel under exposure to power and irradiation time-varying radio frequency (RF) fields. The absorbed RF energy in brain tissue converts into Joule heat and affects the nuclear magnetic shielding and the Larmor precession. The resultant temperature increase is measured by the resonance frequency shift of hydrogen protons in brain tissue. This proposed application of NMR thermometry offers sufficient spatial and temporal resolution to characterize the hot spots from absorbed cell phone radiation in aqueous media and biological tissues. Specific absorption rate measurements averaged over 1 mg and 10 s in the brain tissue cover the total absorption volume. Reference measurements with fiber optic temperature sensors confirm the accuracy of the NMR thermometry. PMID:23248293
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An, Xinliang; Brittelle, Mack S; Lauzier, Pascal T; Gord, James R; Roy, Sukesh; Chen, Guang-Hong; Sanders, Scott T
2015-11-01
This paper introduces temperature imaging by total-variation-based compressed sensing (CS) tomography of H2O vapor absorption spectroscopy. A controlled laboratory setup is used to generate a constant two-dimensional temperature distribution in air (a roughly Gaussian temperature profile with a central temperature of 677 K). A wavelength-tunable laser beam is directed through the known distribution; the beam is translated and rotated using motorized stages to acquire complete absorption spectra in the 1330-1365 nm range at each of 64 beam locations and 60 view angles. Temperature reconstructions are compared to independent thermocouple measurements. Although the distribution studied is approximately axisymmetric, axisymmetry is not assumed and simulations show similar performance for arbitrary temperature distributions. We study the measurement error as a function of number of beams and view angles used in reconstruction to gauge the potential for application of CS in practical test articles where optical access is limited.
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NMR imaging of cell phone radiation absorption in brain tissue.
Gultekin, David H; Moeller, Lothar
2013-01-02
A method is described for measuring absorbed electromagnetic energy radiated from cell phone antennae into ex vivo brain tissue. NMR images the 3D thermal dynamics inside ex vivo bovine brain tissue and equivalent gel under exposure to power and irradiation time-varying radio frequency (RF) fields. The absorbed RF energy in brain tissue converts into Joule heat and affects the nuclear magnetic shielding and the Larmor precession. The resultant temperature increase is measured by the resonance frequency shift of hydrogen protons in brain tissue. This proposed application of NMR thermometry offers sufficient spatial and temporal resolution to characterize the hot spots from absorbed cell phone radiation in aqueous media and biological tissues. Specific absorption rate measurements averaged over 1 mg and 10 s in the brain tissue cover the total absorption volume. Reference measurements with fiber optic temperature sensors confirm the accuracy of the NMR thermometry.
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Thermal emission and absorption of radiation in finite inverted-opal photonic crystals
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Florescu, Marian; Stimpson, Andrew J.; Lee, Hwang
We study theoretically the optical properties of a finite inverted-opal photonic crystal. The light-matter interaction is strongly affected by the presence of the three-dimensional photonic crystal and the alterations of the light emission and absorption processes can be used to suppress or enhance the thermal emissivity and absorptivity of the dielectric structure. We investigate the influence of the absorption present in the system on the relevant band edge frequencies that control the optical response of the photonic crystal. Our study reveals that the absorption processes cause spectral broadening and shifting of the band edge optical resonances, and determine a strongmore » reduction of the photonic band gap spectral range. Using the angular and spectral dependence of the band edge frequencies for stop bands along different directions, we argue that by matching the blackbody emission spectrum peak with a prescribed maximum of the absorption coefficient, it is possible to achieve an angle-sensitive enhancement of the thermal emission/absorption of radiation. This result opens a way to realize a frequency-sensitive and angle-sensitive photonic crystal absorbers/emitters.« less
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Guo, D C; Jiang, X D; Huang, J; Wang, F R; Liu, H J; Xiang, X; Yang, G X; Zheng, W G; Zu, X T
2014-11-17
The effects of γ-irradiation on potassium dihydrogen phosphate crystals containing arsenic impurities are investigated with different optical diagnostics, including UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy, photo-thermal common-path interferometer and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The optical absorption spectra indicate that a new broad absorption band near 260 nm appears after γ-irradiation. It is found that the intensity of absorption band increases with the increasing irradiation dose and arsenic impurity concentration. The simulation of radiation defects show that this absorption is assigned to the formation of AsO₄⁴⁻ centers due to arsenic ions substituting for phosphorus ions. Laser-induced damage threshold test is conducted by using 355 nm nanosecond laser pulses. The correlations between arsenic impurity concentration and laser induced damage threshold are presented. The results indicate that the damage performance of the material decreases with the increasing arsenic impurity concentration. Possible mechanisms of the irradiation-induced defects formation under γ-irradiation of KDP crystals are discussed.
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Light trapping structures in wing scales of butterfly Trogonoptera brookiana.
Han, Zhiwu; Niu, Shichao; Shang, Chunhui; Liu, Zhenning; Ren, Luquan
2012-04-28
The fine optical structures in wing scales of Trogonoptera brookiana, a tropical butterfly exhibiting efficient light trapping effect, were carefully examined and the reflectivity was measured using reflectance spectrometry. The optimized 3D configuration of the coupling structure was determined using SEM and TEM data, and the light trapping mechanism of butterfly scales was studied. It is found that the front and back sides of butterfly wings possess different light trapping structures, but both can significantly increase the optical path and thus result in almost total absorption of all incident light. An optical model was created to check the properties of this light trapping structure. The simulated reflectance spectra are in concordance with the experimental ones. The results reliably confirm that these structures induce efficient light trapping effect. This functional "biomimetic structure" would have a potential value in wide engineering and optical applications. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2012
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Papernov, Semyon; Kozlov, Alexei A.; Oliver, James B.
Here, the role of thin-film interfaces in the near-ultraviolet (near-UV) absorption and pulsed laser-induced damage was studied for ion-beam-sputtered and electron-beam-evaporated coatings comprised from HfO 2 and SiO 2 thin-film pairs. To separate contributions from the bulk of the film and from interfacial areas, absorption and damage threshold measurements were performed for a one-wave (355-nm wavelength) thick, HfO 2 single-layer film and for a film containing seven narrow HfO 2 layers separated by SiO 2 layers. The seven-layer film was designed to have a total optical thickness of HfO 2 layers, equal to one wave at 355 nm and anmore » E-field peak and average intensity similar to a single-layer HfO 2 film. Absorption in both types of films was measured using laser calorimetry and photothermal heterodyne imaging. The results showed a small contribution to total absorption from thin-film interfaces as compared to HfO 2 film material. The relevance of obtained absorption data to coating near-UV, nanosecond-pulse laser damage was verified by measuring the damage threshold and characterizing damage morphology. The results of this study revealed a higher damage resistance in the seven-layer coating as compared to the single-layer HfO 2 film in both sputtered and evaporated coatings. The results are explained through the similarity of interfacial film structure with structure formed during the codeposition of HfO 2 and SiO 2 materials.« less
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The Ascension Island Boundary Layer in the Remote Southeast Atlantic is Often Smoky
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Zuidema, Paquita; Sedlacek, Arthur J.; Flynn, Connor
Observations from June through October, 2016, from a surface-based ARM Mobile Facility deployment on Ascension Island (8°S, 14.5°W) indicate that refractory black carbon (rBC) is almost always present within the boundary layer. rBC mass concentrations, light absorption coefficients, and cloud condensation nuclei concentrations vary in concert and synoptically, peaking in August. Derived mass absorption cross-sections using light absorptioin coefficients at three wavelengths as a function of rBC mass indirectly indicate the presence of other light-absorbing organic aerosols (e.g., brown carbon), most pronounced in June. A filter-based estimate of single-scattering-albedo increases systematically from August to October, also apparent in 2017. Boundary-layermore » aerosol loadings are only loosely correlated with total aerosol optical depth, with smoke more likely to be present in the boundary layer earlier in the biomass-burning season, evolving to smoke predominantly present in the free-troposphere in September-October, typically resting upon the cloud-top inversion. The time period with the campaign-maximum near-surface light absorption and column aerosol optical depth, on 13-16 August of 2016, is investigated further. Back trajectories indicate the boundary layer transport was directly westward from the African continent, which is unusual in August.« less
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Coastal Atmosphere and Sea Time Series (CoASTS)
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Hooker, Stanford B. (Editor); Firestone, Elaine R. (Editor); Zibordi, Giuseppe; Berthon, Jean-Francoise; Doyle, John P.; Grossi, Stefania; vanderLinde, Dirk; Targa, Cristina; Alberotanza, Luigi; McClain, Charles R. (Technical Monitor)
2002-01-01
The Coastal Atmosphere and Sea Time Series (CoASTS) Project aimed at supporting ocean color research and applications, from 1995 up to the time of publication of this document, has ensured the collection of a comprehensive atmospheric and marine data set from an oceanographic tower located in the northern Adriatic Sea. The instruments and the measurement methodologies used to gather quantities relevant for bio-optical modeling and for the calibration and validation of ocean color sensors, are described. Particular emphasis is placed on four items: (1) the evaluation of perturbation effects in radiometric data (i.e., tower-shading, instrument self-shading, and bottom effects); (2) the intercomparison of seawater absorption coefficients from in situ measurements and from laboratory spectrometric analysis on discrete samples; (3) the intercomparison of two filter techniques for in vivo measurement of particulate absorption coefficients; and (4) the analysis of repeatability and reproducibility of the most relevant laboratory measurements carried out on seawater samples (i.e., particulate and yellow substance absorption coefficients, and pigment and total suspended matter concentrations). Sample data are also presented and discussed to illustrate the typical features characterizing the CoASTS measurement site in view of supporting the suitability of the CoASTS data set for bio-optical modeling and ocean color calibration and validation.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Qu, Shiliang; Gao, Yachen; Jiang, Xiongwei; Zeng, Huidan; Song, Yinglin; Qiu, Jianrong; Zhu, Congshan; Hirao, K.
2003-09-01
Nonlinear absorptions of Au nanoparticles precipitated silicate glasses by irradiation of a focused femtosecond pulsed laser were investigated using Z-scan technique with 8 ns pulses at 532 nm. Optical limiting (OL) effects in such glasses have been also measured. It is observed that the behaviors of transition from saturable absorption to reverse saturable absorption and the OL performances for different samples are significantly different, which depend drastically on the irradiation power density of the femtosecond laser used for the Au nanoparticles precipitation in the glass. Strong nonlinear absorptions in these samples are mainly attributed to the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and free carrier absorptions of the precipitated Au nanoparticles.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Nayak, Aditya B.; Price, James M.; Dai, Bin; Perkins, David; Chen, Ding Ding; Jones, Christopher M.
2015-06-01
Multivariate optical computing (MOC), an optical sensing technique for analog calculation, allows direct and robust measurement of chemical and physical properties of complex fluid samples in high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) downhole environments. The core of this MOC technology is the integrated computational element (ICE), an optical element with a wavelength-dependent transmission spectrum designed to allow the detector to respond sensitively and specifically to the analytes of interest. A key differentiator of this technology is it uses all of the information present in the broadband optical spectrum to determine the proportion of the analyte present in a complex fluid mixture. The detection methodology is photometric in nature; therefore, this technology does not require a spectrometer to measure and record a spectrum or a computer to perform calculations on the recorded optical spectrum. The integrated computational element is a thin-film optical element with a specific optical response function designed for each analyte. The optical response function is achieved by fabricating alternating layers of high-index (a-Si) and low-index (SiO2) thin films onto a transparent substrate (BK7 glass) using traditional thin-film manufacturing processes (e.g., ion-assisted e-beam vacuum deposition). A proprietary software and process are used to control the thickness and material properties, including the optical constants of the materials during deposition to achieve the desired optical response function. The ion-assisted deposition is useful for controlling the densification of the film, stoichiometry, and material optical constants as well as to achieve high deposition growth rates and moisture-stable films. However, the ion-source can induce undesirable absorption in the film; and subsequently, modify the optical constants of the material during the ramp-up and stabilization period of the e-gun and ion-source, respectively. This paper characterizes the unwanted absorption in the a-Si thin-film using advanced thin-film metrology methods, including spectroscopic ellipsometry and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The resulting analysis identifies a fundamental mechanism contributing to this absorption and a method for minimizing and accounting for the unwanted absorption in the thin-film such that the exact optical response function can be achieved.
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Two schemes for quantitative photoacoustic tomography based on Monte Carlo simulation
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Liu, Yubin; Yuan, Zhen, E-mail: zhenyuan@umac.mo
Purpose: The aim of this study was to develop novel methods for photoacoustically determining the optical absorption coefficient of biological tissues using Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. Methods: In this study, the authors propose two quantitative photoacoustic tomography (PAT) methods for mapping the optical absorption coefficient. The reconstruction methods combine conventional PAT with MC simulation in a novel way to determine the optical absorption coefficient of biological tissues or organs. Specifically, the authors’ two schemes were theoretically and experimentally examined using simulations, tissue-mimicking phantoms, ex vivo, and in vivo tests. In particular, the authors explored these methods using several objects withmore » different absorption contrasts embedded in turbid media and by using high-absorption media when the diffusion approximation was not effective at describing the photon transport. Results: The simulations and experimental tests showed that the reconstructions were quantitatively accurate in terms of the locations, sizes, and optical properties of the targets. The positions of the recovered targets were accessed by the property profiles, where the authors discovered that the off center error was less than 0.1 mm for the circular target. Meanwhile, the sizes and quantitative optical properties of the targets were quantified by estimating the full width half maximum of the optical absorption property. Interestingly, for the reconstructed sizes, the authors discovered that the errors ranged from 0 for relatively small-size targets to 26% for relatively large-size targets whereas for the recovered optical properties, the errors ranged from 0% to 12.5% for different cases. Conclusions: The authors found that their methods can quantitatively reconstruct absorbing objects of different sizes and optical contrasts even when the diffusion approximation is unable to accurately describe the photon propagation in biological tissues. In particular, their methods are able to resolve the intrinsic difficulties that occur when quantitative PAT is conducted by combining conventional PAT with the diffusion approximation or with radiation transport modeling.« less
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Electrically tunable coherent optical absorption in graphene with ion gel.
Thareja, Vrinda; Kang, Ju-Hyung; Yuan, Hongtao; Milaninia, Kaveh M; Hwang, Harold Y; Cui, Yi; Kik, Pieter G; Brongersma, Mark L
2015-03-11
We demonstrate electrical control over coherent optical absorption in a graphene-based Salisbury screen consisting of a single layer of graphene placed in close proximity to a gold back reflector. The screen was designed to enhance light absorption at a target wavelength of 3.2 μm by using a 600 nm-thick, nonabsorbing silica spacer layer. An ionic gel layer placed on top of the screen was used to electrically gate the charge density in the graphene layer. Spectroscopic reflectance measurements were performed in situ as a function of gate bias. The changes in the reflectance spectra were analyzed using a Fresnel based transfer matrix model in which graphene was treated as an infinitesimally thin sheet with a conductivity given by the Kubo formula. The analysis reveals that a careful choice of the ionic gel layer thickness can lead to optical absorption enhancements of up to 5.5 times for the Salisbury screen compared to a suspended sheet of graphene. In addition to these absorption enhancements, we demonstrate very large electrically induced changes in the optical absorption of graphene of ∼3.3% per volt, the highest attained so far in a device that features an atomically thick active layer. This is attributable in part to the more effective gating achieved with the ion gel over the conventional dielectric back gates and partially by achieving a desirable coherent absorption effect linked to the presence of the thin ion gel that boosts the absorption by 40%.
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The Optical Properties of Ion Implanted Silica
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Smith, Cydale C.; Ila, D.; Sarkisov, S.; Williams, E. K.; Poker, D. B.; Hensley, D. K.
1997-01-01
We will present our investigation on the change in the optical properties of silica, 'suprasil', after keV through MeV implantation of copper, tin, silver and gold and after annealing. Suprasil-1, name brand of silica glass produced by Hereaus Amerisil, which is chemically pure with well known optical properties. Both linear nonlinear optical properties of the implanted silica were investigated before and after thermal annealing. All implants, except for Sn, showed strong optical absorption bands in agreement with Mie's theory. We have also used Z-scan to measure the strength of the third order nonlinear optical properties of the produced thin films, which is composed of the host material and the metallic nanoclusters. For implants with a measurable optical absorption band we used Doyle's theory and the full width half maximum of the absorption band to calculate the predicted size of the formed nanoclusters at various heat treatment temperatures. These results are compared with those obtained from direct observation using transmission electron microscopic techniques.
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Characterization of micron-sized, optical coating defects by photothermal deflection microscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Abate, J. A.; Schmid, A. W.; Guardalben, M. G.; Smith, D. J.; Jacobs, S. D.
1984-04-01
Information about the localized absorbing defects in optical thin films is required for a better understanding of laser induced damage. Photothermal deflection microscopy offers a nondestructive optical diagnostic which yields spatially resolved absorption data on simple and multiple layer AR and HR dielectric coatings. The computer controlled apparatus used to generate absorption maps of dielectric thin films and an experiment in which a partial correlation between localized absorption sites and damage caused by nanosecond laser irradiation at 351 nm is established are described. An absolute calibration of absorption for our measurement technique is presented here. Micron sized absorbtive defects of Cu were introduced into our coatings to provide a means of calibration. Also presented here are some preliminary data on the modification of the absorption signatures measured by photothermal deflection as a function of the location of the defect within the coating layers.
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Rich magneto-absorption spectra of AAB-stacked trilayer graphene.
Do, Thi-Nga; Shih, Po-Hsin; Chang, Cheng-Peng; Lin, Chiun-Yan; Lin, Ming-Fa
2016-06-29
A generalized tight-binding model is developed to investigate the feature-rich magneto-optical properties of AAB-stacked trilayer graphene. Three intragroup and six intergroup inter-Landau-level (inter-LL) optical excitations largely enrich magneto-absorption peaks. In general, the former are much higher than the latter, depending on the phases and amplitudes of LL wavefunctions. The absorption spectra exhibit single- or twin-peak structures which are determined by quantum modes, LL energy spectra and Fermion distribution. The splitting LLs, with different localization centers (2/6 and 4/6 positions in a unit cell), can generate very distinct absorption spectra. There exist extra single peaks because of LL anti-crossings. AAB, AAA, ABA, and ABC stackings considerably differ from one another in terms of the inter-LL category, frequency, intensity, and structure of absorption peaks. The main characteristics of LL wavefunctions and energy spectra and the Fermi-Dirac function are responsible for the configuration-enriched magneto-optical spectra.
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Paper area density measurement from forward transmitted scattered light
Koo, Jackson C.
2001-01-01
A method whereby the average paper fiber area density (weight per unit area) can be directly calculated from the intensity of transmitted, scattered light at two different wavelengths, one being a non-absorpted wavelength. Also, the method makes it possible to derive the water percentage per fiber area density from a two-wavelength measurement. In the optical measuring technique optical transmitted intensity, for example, at 2.1 microns cellulose absorption line is measured and compared with another scattered, optical transmitted intensity reference in the nearby spectrum region, such as 1.68 microns, where there is no absorption. From the ratio of these two intensities, one can calculate the scattering absorption coefficient at 2.1 microns. This absorption coefficient at this wavelength is, then, experimentally correlated to the paper fiber area density. The water percentage per fiber area density can be derived from this two-wavelength measurement approach.
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Borycki, Dawid; Kholiqov, Oybek; Srinivasan, Vivek J
2017-02-01
Interferometric near-infrared spectroscopy (iNIRS) is a new technique that measures time-of-flight- (TOF-) resolved autocorrelations in turbid media, enabling simultaneous estimation of optical and dynamical properties. Here, we demonstrate reflectance-mode iNIRS for noninvasive monitoring of a mouse brain in vivo. A method for more precise quantification with less static interference from superficial layers, based on separating static and dynamic components of the optical field autocorrelation, is presented. Absolute values of absorption, reduced scattering, and blood flow index (BFI) are measured, and changes in BFI and absorption are monitored during a hypercapnic challenge. Absorption changes from TOF-resolved iNIRS agree with absorption changes from continuous wave NIRS analysis, based on TOF-integrated light intensity changes, an effective path length, and the modified Beer-Lambert Law. Thus, iNIRS is a promising approach for quantitative and noninvasive monitoring of perfusion and optical properties in vivo.
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Nanopillar Optical Antenna Avalanche Detectors
2014-08-30
tuning and hybridization of the optical absorption via Surface Plasmon Polariton Bloch Waves (SPP-BWs) and Localized Surface Plasmon Resonances (LSPRs...of the optical absorption via Surface Plasmon Polariton Bloch Waves (SPP-BWs) and Localized Surface Plasmon Resonances (LSPRs) will be discussed...Surface Plasmon Polariton Bloch wave (SPP-BW) 36, 40. Also, resonant-field enhancement occurs in bounded metallic/dielectric structures that support
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Miniaturized differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) system for the analysis of NO2
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Morales, J. Alberto; Walsh, James E.; Treacy, Jack E.; Garland, Wendy E.
2003-03-01
Current trends in optical design engineering are leading to the development of new systems which can analyze atmospheric pollutants in a fast and easy way, allowing remote-sensing and miniaturization at a low cost. A small portable fiber-optic based system is presented for the spectroscopic analysis of a common gas pollutant, NO2. The novel optical set-up described consists of a small telescope that collects ultraviolet-visible light from a xenon lamp located 600 m away. The light is coupled into a portable diode array spectrometer through a fiber-optic cable and the system is controlled by a lap-top computer where the spectra are recorded. Using the spectrum of the lamp as a reference, the absorption spectrum of the open path between the lamp and the telescope is calculated. Known absorption features in the NO2 spectrum are used to calculate the concentration of the pollutant using the principles of Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS). Calibration is carried by using sample gas bags of known concentration of the pollutant. The results obtained demonstrate that it is possible to detect and determine NO2 concentrations directly from the atmosphere at typical environment levels by using an inexpensive field based fiber-optic spectrometer system.
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Optical properties of embedded metal nanoparticles at low temperatures
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Heilmann, A.; Kreibig, U.
2000-06-01
Metal nanoparticles (gold, silver, copper) that are embedded in an insulating organic host material exhibit optical plasma resonance absorption in the visible and near-infrared region. The spectral position, the half width and the intensity of the plasma resonance absorption all depend on the particle size, the particle shape, and the optical behavior of the cluster and the host material. The optical extinction of various gold, silver or copper particle assemblies embedded in plasma polymer or gelatin was measured at 4.2 K and 1.2 K as well as at room temperature. The packing density of several samples was high enough to resolve a reversible increase of the plasma resonance absorption intensity towards lower temperatures. Additionally, at larger silver particles D_m > 50 nm a significant blue shift of the plasma resonance absorption was measured. Particle size and shape distribution were determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). For the first time, simultaneous measurements of the electrical and optical properties at one and the same particle assembly were performed at low temperatures. Contrary to the increasing optical extinction, the d.c. conductivity decreased to two orders of magnitude. At silver particles embedded in a plasma polymer made from thiophene a significant photocurrent was measured.
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Hong, Byungsik; Maung, Khin Maung; Wilson, John W.; Buck, Warren W.
1989-01-01
The derivations of the Lippmann-Schwinger equation and Watson multiple scattering are given. A simple optical potential is found to be the first term of that series. The number density distribution models of the nucleus, harmonic well, and Woods-Saxon are used without t-matrix taken from the scattering experiments. The parameterized two-body inputs, which are kaon-nucleon total cross sections, elastic slope parameters, and the ratio of the real to the imaginary part of the forward elastic scattering amplitude, are presented. The eikonal approximation was chosen as our solution method to estimate the total and absorptive cross sections for the kaon-nucleus scattering.
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Materials for Digital Optical Design:. a Survey Study
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ismail, Ayman Abdel Khader; Ismail, Imane Aly Saroit; Ahmed, S. H.
2010-04-01
In the last few years digital optical design had major attention in research fields. Many researches were published in the fields of optical materials, instruments, circuit design and devices. This is considered to be the most multidisciplinary field and requires for its success collaborative efforts of many disciplines, ranging from device and optical engineers to computer architects, chemists, material scientists, and optical physicists. In this study we will introduce a survey of the latest papers in the field of optical materials and its properties for light; this paper is organized in three major sections, optical glasses, compound materials and nonlinear absorption (multi photon absorption) and up-conversion.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Karimi, M.; Seraji, F. E.
2010-01-01
We report a new simple technique for the simultaneous measurements of absorption-, emission cross-sections, background loss coefficient, and dopant density of doped optical fibers with low dopant concentration. Using our proposed technique, the experimental characterization of a sample Ge-Er-doped optical fiber is presented, and the results are analyzed and compared with other reports. This technique is suitable for production line of doped optical fibers.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Behzad, Somayeh
2016-04-01
The electronic and optical properties of α-graphyne sheet are investigated by using density functional theory. The results confirm that α-graphyne sheet is a zero-gap semimetal. The optical properties of the α-graphyne sheet such as dielectric function, refraction index, electron energy loss function, reflectivity, absorption coefficient and extinction index are calculated for both parallel and perpendicular electric field polarizations. The optical spectra are strongly anisotropic along these two polarizations. For (E ∥ x), absorption edge is at 0 eV, while there is no absorption below 8 eV for (E ∥ z).
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Grein, C. H.; John, Sajeev
1989-04-01
We present a first principles theory of the temperature dependence of the Urbach optical absorption edge in crystals and disordered semiconductors which incorporates the effects of short range correlated static disorder and the non-adiabatic quantum dynamics of the coupled electron-phonon system. At finite temperatures the dominant features of the Urbach tail are accounted for by multiple phonon absorption and emission side bands which accompany the optically induced electronic transition and which provide a dynamic polaronic potential well that localizes the electron. Excellent agreement is found with experimental data on both crystalline and amorphous silicon.
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Terahertz optical properties of nonlinear optical CdSe crystals
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yan, Dexian; Xu, Degang; Li, Jining; Wang, Yuye; Liang, Fei; Wang, Jian; Yan, Chao; Liu, Hongxiang; Shi, Jia; Tang, Longhuang; He, Yixin; Zhong, Kai; Lin, Zheshuai; Zhang, Yingwu; Cheng, Hongjuan; Shi, Wei; Yao, Jianquan; Wu, Yicheng
2018-04-01
We investigate the optical properties of cadmium selenide (CdSe) crystals in a wide terahertz (THz) range from 0.2 to 6 THz by THz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The refractive index, absorption coefficient and transmittance are measured and analyzed. The properties are characterized by several absorption peaks which represent the relevant phonon vibrations modes. The experimental results are in agreement with the theoretical results. The dispersion and absorption properties of CdSe crystal are analyzed in THz range. These properties indicate a good potential for THz sources and THz modulated devices.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ren, Dahua; Xiang, Baoyan; Hu, Cheng; Qian, Kai; Cheng, Xinlu
2018-04-01
Hydrogen can be trapped in the bulk materials in four forms: interstitial molecular H2, interstitial atom H, O‑H+(2Si=O–H)+, Si‑H‑( {{4O}}\\bar \\equiv {{Si&x2212H}})‑ to affect the electronic and optical properties of amorphous silica. Therefore, the electronic and optical properties of defect-free and hydrogen defects in amorphous silica were performed within the scheme of density functional theory. Initially, the negative charged states hydrogen defects introduced new defect level between the valence band top and conduction band bottom. However, the neutral and positive charged state hydrogen defects made both the valence band and conduction band transfer to the lower energy. Subsequently, the optical properties such as absorption spectra, conductivity and loss functions were analyzed. It is indicated that the negative hydrogen defects caused the absorption peak ranging from 0 to 2.0 eV while the positive states produced absorption peaks at lower energy and two strong absorption peaks arose at 6.9 and 9.0 eV. However, the neutral hydrogen defects just improved the intensity of absorption spectrum. This may give insights into understanding the mechanism of laser-induced damage for optical materials. Project supported by the Science and Technology of Hubei Provincial Department of Education (No. B2017098).
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Two Photon Absorption And Refraction in Bulk of the Semiconducting Materials
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Kumari, Vinay; Department of Physics, DCRUST Murthal, Haryana; Kumar, Vinod
2011-10-20
Fast electronic detection systems have opened up a number of new fields like nonlinear optics, optical communication, coherent optics, optical bistability, two/four wave mixing. The interest in this field has been stimulated by the importance of multiphoton processes in many fundamental aspects of physics. It has proved to be an invaluable tool for determining the optical and electronic properties of the solids because of the fact that one gets the information about the bulk of the material rather than the surface one. In this paper we report, the measurement of the nonlinear absorption and refraction from the band gap tomore » half-band gap region of bulk of semiconductors in the direct and indirect band gap crystals with nanosecond laser. The measured theoretical calculated values of two-photon absorption coefficients ({beta}) and nonlinear refraction n{sub 2}({omega}) of direct band gap crystal match the earlier reported theoretical predictions. By making use of these theoretical calculated values, we have estimated {beta} and n{sub 2}({omega}) in the case of indirect band gap crystals. Low value of absorption coefficient in case of indirect band gap crystals have been attributed to phonon assisted transition while reduction in nonlinear refraction is due to the rise in saturation taking place in the absorption.« less
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Dakhlaoui, Hassen ben Bechir; Mouna, Nefzi
2018-02-01
In this work, we investigated the effects of polarizations and structural parameters on the optical absorption coefficient (OAC) and the intersubband transition between the three lowest energy levels E1,E2 , and E3 in the MgxZn(1-x)O/ZnO single quantum well. The energy of the electron in each level and its respective wavefunction are calculated by the numerical solution of Schrödinger and Poisson equations self-consistently using an effective mass approximation. Our findings exhibit that the intersubband transitions, ΔE12 and ΔE13 , can be altered and controlled by varying the quantum well width and the magnesium composition, x. Moreover, our results suggest that the optical absorption coefficients, α12 and α13 , can be modulated principally by adjusting the quantum well width, especially the optical absorption coefficient (α12), which presents a red shift by raising the quantum well thickness. Contrary to α12 , the optical absorption coefficient, α13 , can present either a red or a blue shift by increasing the quantum well width. The process responsible for this behavior, which can be suitable for optoelectronic device applications, is discussed here in detail.
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O2 adsorbed on Ptn clusters: Structure and optical absorption
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wang, Ruiying; Zhao, Liang; Jia, Jianfeng; Wu, Hai-Shun
2018-03-01
The interaction of O2 with Ptn and the optical absorption properties of PtnO2 were explored under the framework of density functional theory. The Ptn (n= 2, 4, 6, 9, 10, 14, 18, 22, and 27) clusters were selected, which were reported as magnetic number Ptn clusters in reference (V. Kumar and Y. Kawazoe, Phys. Rev. B 77(20), 205418 (2008)). The single Pt atom was also considered. The longest O2 bonds were found for Pt27O2, Pt6O2 and Pt14O2, while PtO2 and Pt2O2 have the shortest O2 bonds. This result showed that the single Pt atom was not preferred for O2 activation. The O2 bond length was closely related to the electron transfer from Ptn to O2. The optical absorptions of PtnO2 were investigated with time-dependent density functional theory method. A new term of charge transfer strength was defined to estimate the further electron transfer from Ptn to O2 caused by the optical absorption in the visible light range. Our calculations showed that with the increasing n, the further electron transfer from Ptn to O2 caused by optical absorption will become very weak.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Li, H.; Chang, C.; Cheng, H. H., E-mail: hhcheng@ntu.edu.tw
We report an investigation on the absorption mechanism of a GeSn photodetector with 2.4% Sn composition in the active region. Responsivity is measured and absorption coefficient is calculated. Square root of absorption coefficient linearly depends on photon energy indicating an indirect transition. However, the absorption coefficient is found to be at least one order of magnitude higher than that of most other indirect materials, suggesting that the indirect optical absorption transition cannot be assisted only by phonon. Our analysis of absorption measurements by other groups on the same material system showed the values of absorption coefficient on the same ordermore » of magnitude. Our study reveals that the strong enhancement of absorption for the indirect optical transition is the result of alloy disorder from the incorporation of the much larger Sn atoms into the Ge lattice that are randomly distributed.« less
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Theoretical Prediction of Si 2–Si 33 Absorption Spectra
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Zhao, Li -Zhen; Lu, Wen -Cai; Qin, Wei
Here, the optical absorption spectra of Si 2–Si 33 clusters were systematically studied by a time-dependent density functional theory approach. The calculations revealed that the absorption spectrum becomes significantly broad with increasing cluster size, stretching from ultraviolet to the infrared region. The absorption spectra are closely related to the structural motifs. With increasing cluster size, the absorption intensity of cage structures gradually increases, but the absorption curves of the prolate and the Y-shaped structures are very sensitive to cluster size. If the transition energy reaches ~12 eV, it is noted that all the clusters have remarkable absorption in deep ultravioletmore » region of 100–200 nm, and the maximum absorption intensity is ~100 times that in the visible region. Further, the optical responses to doping in the Si clusters were studied.« less
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Theoretical Prediction of Si 2–Si 33 Absorption Spectra
Zhao, Li -Zhen; Lu, Wen -Cai; Qin, Wei; ...
2017-07-07
Here, the optical absorption spectra of Si 2–Si 33 clusters were systematically studied by a time-dependent density functional theory approach. The calculations revealed that the absorption spectrum becomes significantly broad with increasing cluster size, stretching from ultraviolet to the infrared region. The absorption spectra are closely related to the structural motifs. With increasing cluster size, the absorption intensity of cage structures gradually increases, but the absorption curves of the prolate and the Y-shaped structures are very sensitive to cluster size. If the transition energy reaches ~12 eV, it is noted that all the clusters have remarkable absorption in deep ultravioletmore » region of 100–200 nm, and the maximum absorption intensity is ~100 times that in the visible region. Further, the optical responses to doping in the Si clusters were studied.« less
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Comparison of exact solution with Eikonal approximation for elastic heavy ion scattering
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Dubey, Rajendra R.; Khandelwal, Govind S.; Cucinotta, Francis A.; Maung, Khin Maung
1995-01-01
A first-order optical potential is used to calculate the total and absorption cross sections for nucleus-nucleus scattering. The differential cross section is calculated by using a partial-wave expansion of the Lippmann-Schwinger equation in momentum space. The results are compared with solutions in the Eikonal approximation for the equivalent potential and with experimental data in the energy range from 25A to 1000A MeV.
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Evaluation of polymer based third order nonlinear integrated optics devices
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Driessen, A.; Hoekstra, H. J. W. M.; Blom, F. C.; Horst, F.; Krijnen, G. J. M.; van Schoot, J. B. P.; Lambeck, P. V.; Popma, Th. J. A.; Diemeer, M. B.
1998-01-01
Nonlinear polymers are promising materials for high speed active integrated optics devices. In this paper we evaluate the perspectives polymer based nonlinear optical devices can offer. Special attention is directed to the materials aspects. In our experimental work we applied mainly Akzo Nobel DANS side-chain polymer that exhibits large second and third order coefficients. This material has been characterized by third harmonic generation, z-scan and pump-probe measurements. In addition, various waveguiding structures have been used to measure the nonlinear absorption (two photon absorption) on a ps time-scale. Finally an integrated optics Mach Zehnder interferometer has been realized and evaluated. It is shown that the DANS side-chain polymer has many of the desired properties: the material is easily processable in high-quality optical waveguiding structures, has low linear absorption and its nonlinearity has a pure electronic origin. More materials research has to be done to arrive at materials with higher nonlinear coefficients to allow switching at moderate light intensity ( < 1 W peak power) and also with lower nonlinear absorption coefficients.
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Mid-infrared crystalline supermirrors with ultralow optical absorption (Conference Presentation)
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Deutsch, Christoph; Cole, Garrett D.; Follman, David; Heu, Paula; Bjork, Bryce J.; Franz, Chris; Alexandrovski, Alexei L.; Heckl, Oliver H.; Ye, Jun; Aspelmeyer, Markus
2017-02-01
Substrate-transferred crystalline coatings are a groundbreaking new concept for the fabrication of ultralow-loss mirrors. The single-crystal lattice structure of these substrate-transferred GaAs/AlGaAs Bragg mirrors exhibits the lowest mechanical losses and hence unmatched Brownian noise performance, which nowadays limits the stability of precision optical interferometers. Another outstanding feature of these coatings is the wide spectral coverage of the GaAs/AlGaAs material platform. Limited by interband absorption at short wavelengths and the reststrahlen band at long wavelengths, crystalline coatings can be employed as low-loss multilayers from approximately 900 nm up to 5 μm and beyond. Excellent optical performance has been demonstrated in the near-infrared with excess optical losses (scatter + absorption) as low as 3 parts per million (ppm), enabling cavity finesse values up to 360,000 at 1.55 μm. Our first attempts at applying crystalline coatings in the mid-infrared has resulted in mirrors with excess optical losses of 159 and 242 ppm at 3.3 and 3.7 μm, respectively. Remarkably, these results are already on par with current state-of-the-art amorphous mirror coatings. Absorption measurements based on photothermal common-path interferometry (PCI) reveal that the optical losses are largely dominated by optical scatter. Via, PCI, we have confirmed absorption losses below 10 ppm at 3.7 μm, showing the enormous potential of GaAs/AlGaAs Bragg mirrors at mid-infrared wavelengths. An optimized fabrication process, which is currently under development, can efficiently suppress optical scatter due to accumulated growth defects on the surface. Ultimately, we foresee excess losses significantly less than 50 ppm in the mid-infrared spectral region.
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Linear and nonlinear magneto-optical absorption in a triangular quantum well
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Tung, Luong V.; Vinh, Pham T.; Dinh, Le; Phuc, Huynh V.
2018-05-01
In this work, we study the linear and nonlinear magneto-optical absorption spectrum in a triangular quantum well (TrQW) created by the applied electric field via investigating the phonon-assisted cyclotron resonance (PACR) effect. The results are calculated for a specific Ga0.7Al0.3As/GaAs quantum well. The magneto-optical absorption coefficient (MOAC) and the full width at half maximum (FWHM) are found to be significantly dependent on the magnetic field, the electric field and the temperature. Our results showed that the MOAC and FWHM increase with the magnetic, electric fields and temperature. The obtained results also suggest a useful way to control the magneto-optical properties of TrQW by changing these parameters.
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2014-01-01
Quadratic electro-optic effects (QEOEs) and electro-absorption (EA) process in a GaN/AlGaN spherical quantum dot are theoretically investigated. It is found that the magnitude and resonant position of third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility depend on the nanostructure size and aluminum mole fraction. With increase of the well width and barrier potential, quadratic electro-optic effect and electro-absorption process nonlinear susceptibilities are decreased and blueshifted. The results show that the DC Kerr effect in this case is much larger than that in the bulk case. Finally, it is observed that QEOEs and EA susceptibilities decrease and broaden with the decrease of relaxation time. PMID:24646318
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A High Spectral Resolution Lidar Based on Absorption Filter
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Piironen, Paivi
1996-01-01
A High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL) that uses an iodine absorption filter and a tunable, narrow bandwidth Nd:YAG laser is demonstrated. The iodine absorption filter provides better performance than the Fabry-Perot etalon that it replaces. This study presents an instrument design that can be used a the basis for a design of a simple and robust lidar for the measurement of the optical properties of the atmosphere. The HSRL provides calibrated measurements of the optical properties of the atmospheric aerosols. These observations include measurements of aerosol backscatter cross sections, optical depth, backscatter phase function depolarization, and multiple scattering. The errors in the HSRL data are discussed and the effects of different errors on the measured optical parameters are shown.
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Determination of optical band gap of powder-form nanomaterials with improved accuracy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ahsan, Ragib; Khan, Md. Ziaur Rahman; Basith, Mohammed Abdul
2017-10-01
Accurate determination of a material's optical band gap lies in the precise measurement of its absorption coefficients, either from its absorbance via the Beer-Lambert law or diffuse reflectance spectrum via the Kubelka-Munk function. Absorption coefficients of powder-form nanomaterials calculated from absorbance spectrum do not match those calculated from diffuse reflectance spectrum, implying the inaccuracy of the traditional optical band gap measurement method for such samples. We have modified the Beer-Lambert law and the Kubelka-Munk function with proper approximations for powder-form nanomaterials. Applying the modified method for powder-form nanomaterial samples, both absorbance and diffuse reflectance spectra yield exactly the same absorption coefficients and therefore accurately determine the optical band gap.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Abbas, Syed Adeel; Rashid, Muhammad; Faridi, Muhammad Ayub; Saddique, Muhammad Bilal; Mahmood, Asif; Ramay, Shahid Muhammad
2018-02-01
In the present study, we performed first principles total energy calculations to explore the electronic, elastic, optical, and thermoelectric behavior of MRh2O4(M = Zn, Cd) spinel oxides. We employed Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof-sol as well as the modified Becke and Johnson potential to compute the elastic, optoelectronic, and thermoelectric behavior of MRh2O4(M = Zn, Cd). The optical behavior was investigated by calculating the complex dielectric constant, refractive index, optical reflectivity, absorption coefficient, and optical conductivity. All of the optical parameters indicated a shift to lower energies as the atomic size increased from Zn to Cd, thereby suggesting potential applications of the spinel oxides in optoelectronic device. Moreover, the thermoelectric properties of MRh2O4(M = Zn, Cd) spinel oxides were computed in terms of the electrical conductivity (σ), Seebeck coefficient (S), thermal conductivity (k), and power factor (σS2) using the BoltzTraP code.
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Light Trapping for Silicon Solar Cells: Theory and Experiment
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhao, Hui
Crystalline silicon solar cells have been the mainstream technology for photovoltaic energy conversion since their invention in 1954. Since silicon is an indirect band gap material, its absorption coefficient is low for much of the solar spectrum, and the highest conversion efficiencies are achieved only in cells that are thicker than about 0.1 mm. Light trapping by total internal reflection is important to increase the optical absorption in silicon layers, and becomes increasingly important as the layers are thinned. Light trapping is typically characterized by the enhancement of the absorptance of a solar cell beyond the value for a single pass of the incident beam through an absorbing semiconductor layer. Using an equipartition argument, in 1982 Yablonovitch calculated an enhancement of 4n2 , where n is the refractive index. We have extracted effective light-trapping enhancements from published external quantum efficiency spectra in several dozen silicon solar cells. These results show that this "thermodynamic" enhancement has never been achieved experimentally. The reasons for incomplete light trapping could be poor anti-reflection coating, inefficient light scattering, and parasitic absorption. We report the light-trapping properties of nanocrystalline silicon nip solar cells deposited onto two types of Ag/ZnO backreflectors at United Solar Ovonic, LLC. We prepared the first type by first making silver nanparticles onto a stainless steel substrate, and then overcoating the nanoparticles with a second silver layer. The second type was prepared at United Solar using a continuous silver film. Both types were then overcoated with a ZnO film. The root mean square roughness varied from 27 to 61 nm, and diffuse reflectance at 1000 nm wavelength varied from 0.4 to 0.8. The finished cells have a thin, indium-tin oxide layer on the top that acts as an antireflection coating. For both backreflector types, the short-circuit photocurrent densities J SC for solar illumination were about 25 mA/cm2 for 1.5 micron cells. We also measured external quantum efficiency spectra and optical reflectance spectra, which were only slightly affected by the back reflector morphology. We performed a thermodynamic calculation for the optical absorptance in the silicon layer and the top oxide layer to explain the experimental results; the calculation is an extension of previous work by Stuart and Hall that incorporates the antireflection properties and absorption in the top oxide film. From our calculations and experimental measurements, we concluded that parasitic absorption in this film is the prominent reason for incomplete light trapping in these cells. To reduce the optical parasitic loss in the top oxide layer, we propose a bilayer design, and show the possible benefits to the photocurrent density.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yao, Cheng-Bao; Wen, Xin; Li, Qiang-Hua; Yan, Xiao-Yan; Li, Jin; Zhang, Ke-Xin; Sun, Wen-Jun; Bai, Li-Na; Yang, Shou-Bin
2017-03-01
We present the structure and nonlinear absorption (NLA) properties of Cu-doped ZnO (CZO) films prepared by magnetron sputtering. The films were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The results show that the CZO films can maintain a wurtzite structure. Furthermore, the open-aperture (OA) Z-scan measurements of the film were carried out by nanosecond laser pulse. A transition from saturable absorption (SA) to reverse saturable absorption (RSA) was observed as the excitation intensity increasing. With good excellent nonlinear optical coefficient, the samples were expected to be the potential applications in optical devices.
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Wan, Yuhang; Carlson, John A; Kesler, Benjamin A; Peng, Wang; Su, Patrick; Al-Mulla, Saoud A; Lim, Sung Jun; Smith, Andrew M; Dallesasse, John M; Cunningham, Brian T
2016-07-08
A compact analysis platform for detecting liquid absorption and emission spectra using a set of optical linear variable filters atop a CMOS image sensor is presented. The working spectral range of the analysis platform can be extended without a reduction in spectral resolution by utilizing multiple linear variable filters with different wavelength ranges on the same CMOS sensor. With optical setup reconfiguration, its capability to measure both absorption and fluorescence emission is demonstrated. Quantitative detection of fluorescence emission down to 0.28 nM for quantum dot dispersions and 32 ng/mL for near-infrared dyes has been demonstrated on a single platform over a wide spectral range, as well as an absorption-based water quality test, showing the versatility of the system across liquid solutions for different emission and absorption bands. Comparison with a commercially available portable spectrometer and an optical spectrum analyzer shows our system has an improved signal-to-noise ratio and acceptable spectral resolution for discrimination of emission spectra, and characterization of colored liquid's absorption characteristics generated by common biomolecular assays. This simple, compact, and versatile analysis platform demonstrates a path towards an integrated optical device that can be utilized for a wide variety of applications in point-of-use testing and point-of-care diagnostics.
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Optical absorption in recycled waste plastic polyethylene
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Aji, M. P.; Rahmawati, I.; Priyanto, A.; Karunawan, J.; Wati, A. L.; Aryani, N. P.; Susanto; Wibowo, E.; Sulhadi
2018-03-01
We investigated the optical properties of UV spectrum absorption in recycled waste plastic from polyethylene polymer type. Waste plastic polyethylene showed an optical spectrum absorption after it’s recycling process. Spectrum absorption is determined using spectrophotometer UV-Nir Ocean Optics type USB 4000. Recycling method has been processed using heating treatment around the melting point temperature of the polyethylene polymer that are 200°C, 220°C, 240°C, 260°C, and 280°C. In addition, the recycling process was carried out with time variations as well, which are 1h, 1.5h, 2h, and 2.5h. The result of this experiment shows that recycled waste plastic polyethylene has a spectrum absorption in the ∼ 340-550 nm wavelength range. The absorbance spectrum obtained from UV light which is absorbed in the orbital n → π* and the orbital π → π*. This process indicates the existence of electron transition phenomena. This mechanism is affected by the temperature and the heating time where the intensity of absorption increases and widens with the increase of temperature and heating time. Furthermore this study resulted that the higher temperature affected the enhancement of the band gap energy of waste plastic polyethylene. These results show that recycled waste plastic polyethylene has a huge potential to be absorber materials for solar cell.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Shen, Ke-Sheng; Jiao, Zhao-Yong; Zhang, Xian-Zhou; Huang, Xiao-Fen
2013-11-01
The structural, electronic and optical properties of the CuGa (Se x S1- x )2 alloy system have been performed systematic within generalized gradient approximation (GGA) of Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) implemented in the Cambridge serial total energy package (CASTEP) code. We calculate the lattice parameters and axial ratio, which agree with the experimental values quite well. The anion position parameters u are also predicted using the model of Abrahams and Bernstein and the results seem to be trustworthy as compared to the experimental and theoretical values. The total and part density of states are discussed which follow the common rule of the conventional semiconductors. The static dielectric tenser and refractive index are summarized compared with available experimental and theoretical values. Also the spectra of the dielectric functions, refractive index, reflectance, absorption coefficient and real parts of photoconductivity are discussed in details.
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Semiconductor Optical Nonlinearities in the IR
2007-09-01
study of the nonlinear properties of semiconductors in the infrared spectral region to develop a fundamental understanding of their optical... infrared countermeasures. 15. SUBJECT TERMS 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF 18. NUMBER 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON a. REPORT b...absorption [I] B. S. Wherrett, "Scaling rules for multiphoton interband absorption in semiconductors", Journal of Optical Society ofAmerica B, 1, 67 (1984) [2
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Magneto-optical properties of semi-parabolic plus semi-inverse squared quantum wells
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Tung, Luong V.; Vinh, Pham T.; Phuc, Huynh V.
2018-06-01
We theoretically study the optical absorption in a quantum well with the semi-parabolic potential plus the semi-inverse squared potential (SPSIS) in the presence of a static magnetic field in which both one- and two-photon absorption processes have been taken into account. The expression of the magneto-optical absorption coefficient (MOAC) is expressed by the second-order golden rule approximation including the electron-LO phonon interaction. We also use the profile method to obtain the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the absorption peaks. Our numerical results show that either MOAC or FWHM strongly depends on the confinement frequency, temperature, and magnetic field but their dependence on the parameter β is very weak. The temperature dependence of FWHM is consistent with the previous theoretical and experimental works.
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Radiation effects on beta /10.6/ of pure and europium doped KCl
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Grimes, H. H.; Maisel, J. E.; Hartford, R. H.
1975-01-01
Changes in the optical absorption coefficient as the result of X-ray and electron bombardment of pure monocrystalline and polycrystalline KCl and of divalent europium doped polycrystalline KCl were determined. A constant heat flow calorimetric method was used to measure the optical absorption coefficients. Both 300 kV X-ray irradiation and 2 MeV electron irradiation produced increases in the optical absorption coefficient at room temperature. X-ray irradiation produced more significant changes in pure monocrystalline KCl than equivalent amounts of electron irradiation. Electron irradiation of pure and Eu-doped polycrystalline KCl produced increases in the absorption by as much as a factor of 20 over untreated material. Bleaching of the electron-irradiated doped KCl with 649 millimicron light produced a further increase.
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Lin, Chenxi; Povinelli, Michelle L
2009-10-26
In this paper, we use the transfer matrix method to calculate the optical absorptance of vertically-aligned silicon nanowire (SiNW) arrays. For fixed filling ratio, significant optical absorption enhancement occurs when the lattice constant is increased from 100 nm to 600 nm. The enhancement arises from an increase in field concentration within the nanowire as well as excitation of guided resonance modes. We quantify the absorption enhancement in terms of ultimate efficiency. Results show that an optimized SiNW array with lattice constant of 600 nm and wire diameter of 540 nm has a 72.4% higher ultimate efficiency than a Si thin film of equal thickness. The enhancement effect can be maintained over a large range of incidence angles.
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Enhancement of optical absorption of Si (100) surfaces by low energy N+ ion beam irradiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bhowmik, Dipak; Karmakar, Prasanta
2018-05-01
The increase of optical absorption efficiency of Si (100) surface by 7 keV and 8 keV N+ ions bombardment has been reported here. A periodic ripple pattern on surface has been observed as well as silicon nitride is formed at the ion impact zones by these low energy N+ ion bombardment [P. Karmakar et al., J. Appl. Phys. 120, 025301 (2016)]. The light absorption efficiency increases due to the presence of silicon nitride compound as well as surface nanopatterns. The Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) study shows the formation of periodic ripple pattern and increase of surface roughness with N+ ion energy. The enhancement of optical absorption by the ion bombarded Si, compared to the bare Si have been measured by UV - visible spectrophotometer.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Crescimanno, Michael; Dawson, Nathan J.; Andrews, James H.
2012-09-01
Two classes of conservative, linear, optical rotary effects (optical activity and Faraday rotation) are distinguished by their behavior under time reversal. Faraday rotation, but not optical activity, is capable of coherent perfect rotation, by which we mean the complete transfer of counterpropagating coherent light fields into their orthogonal polarization. Unlike coherent perfect absorption, however, this process is explicitly energy conserving and reversible. Our study highlights the necessity of time-reversal-odd processes (not just absorption) and coherence in perfect mode conversion and thus informs the optimization of active multiport optical devices.
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Analytical modeling of light transport in scattering materials with strong absorption.
Meretska, M L; Uppu, R; Vissenberg, G; Lagendijk, A; Ijzerman, W L; Vos, W L
2017-10-02
We have investigated the transport of light through slabs that both scatter and strongly absorb, a situation that occurs in diverse application fields ranging from biomedical optics, powder technology, to solid-state lighting. In particular, we study the transport of light in the visible wavelength range between 420 and 700 nm through silicone plates filled with YAG:Ce 3+ phosphor particles, that even re-emit absorbed light at different wavelengths. We measure the total transmission, the total reflection, and the ballistic transmission of light through these plates. We obtain average single particle properties namely the scattering cross-section σ s , the absorption cross-section σ a , and the anisotropy factor µ using an analytical approach, namely the P3 approximation to the radiative transfer equation. We verify the extracted transport parameters using Monte-Carlo simulations of the light transport. Our approach fully describes the light propagation in phosphor diffuser plates that are used in white LEDs and that reveal a strong absorption (L/l a > 1) up to L/l a = 4, where L is the slab thickness, l a is the absorption mean free path. In contrast, the widely used diffusion theory fails to describe this parameter range. Our approach is a suitable analytical tool for industry, since it provides a fast yet accurate determination of key transport parameters, and since it introduces predictive power into the design process of white light emitting diodes.
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Optical properties of soot particles: measurement - model comparison
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Forestieri, S.; Lambe, A. T.; Lack, D.; Massoli, P.; Cross, E. S.; Dubey, M.; Mazzoleni, C.; Olfert, J.; Freedman, A.; Davidovits, P.; Onasch, T. B.; Cappa, C. D.
2013-12-01
Soot, a product of incomplete combustion, plays an important role in the earth's climate system through the absorption and scattering of solar radiation. In order to accurately model the direct radiative impact of black carbon (BC), the refractive index and shape dependent scattering and absorption characteristics must be known. At present, the assumed shape remains highly uncertain because BC particles are fractal-like, being agglomerates of smaller (20-40 nm) spherules, yet traditional optical models such as Mie theory typically assume a spherical particle morphology. To investigate the ability of various optical models to reproduce observed BC optical properties, we measured light absorption and extinction coefficients of methane and ethylene flame soot particles. Optical properties were measured by multiple instruments: absorption by a dual cavity ringdown photoacoustic spectrometer (CRD-PAS), absorption and scattering by a 3-wavelength photoacoustic/nephelometer spectrometer (PASS-3) and extinction and scattering by a cavity attenuated phase shift spectrometer (CAPS). Soot particle mass was quantified using a centrifugal particle mass analyzer (CPMA) and mobility size was measured with a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS). Measurements were made for nascent soot particles and for collapsed soot particles following coating with dioctyl sebacate or sulfuric acid and thermal denuding to remove the coating. Wavelength-dependent refractive indices for the sampled particles were derived by fitting the observed absorption and extinction cross-sections to spherical particle Mie theory and Rayleigh-Debye-Gans theory. The Rayleigh-Debye-Gans approximation assumes that the absorption properties of soot are dictated by the individual spherules and neglects interaction between them. In general, Mie theory reproduces the observed absorption and extinction cross-sections for particles with volume equivalent diameters (VED) < ~160 nm, but systematically predicts lower absorption cross-sections relative to observations for larger particles with VED > ~160 nm. The discrepancy is most pronounced for measurements made at shorter wavelengths. In contrast, Rayleigh-Debye-Gans theory, which does not assume spherical particle morphology, exhibited good agreement with the observations for all particle diameters and wavelengths. These results indicate that the use of Mie theory to describe the absorption behavior of particles >160 nm VED will underestimate the absorption by these particles. Concurrent measurements of the absorption Angstrom exponent and the single scattering albedo, and their dependence on particle size, will also be discussed.
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Systematic determination of absolute absorption cross-section of individual carbon nanotubes
Liu, Kaihui; Hong, Xiaoping; Choi, Sangkook; Jin, Chenhao; Capaz, Rodrigo B.; Kim, Jihoon; Wang, Wenlong; Bai, Xuedong; Louie, Steven G.; Wang, Enge; Wang, Feng
2014-01-01
Optical absorption is the most fundamental optical property characterizing light–matter interactions in materials and can be most readily compared with theoretical predictions. However, determination of optical absorption cross-section of individual nanostructures is experimentally challenging due to the small extinction signal using conventional transmission measurements. Recently, dramatic increase of optical contrast from individual carbon nanotubes has been successfully achieved with a polarization-based homodyne microscope, where the scattered light wave from the nanostructure interferes with the optimized reference signal (the reflected/transmitted light). Here we demonstrate high-sensitivity absorption spectroscopy for individual single-walled carbon nanotubes by combining the polarization-based homodyne technique with broadband supercontinuum excitation in transmission configuration. To our knowledge, this is the first time that high-throughput and quantitative determination of nanotube absorption cross-section over broad spectral range at the single-tube level was performed for more than 50 individual chirality-defined single-walled nanotubes. Our data reveal chirality-dependent behaviors of exciton resonances in carbon nanotubes, where the exciton oscillator strength exhibits a universal scaling law with the nanotube diameter and the transition order. The exciton linewidth (characterizing the exciton lifetime) varies strongly in different nanotubes, and on average it increases linearly with the transition energy. In addition, we establish an empirical formula by extrapolating our data to predict the absorption cross-section spectrum for any given nanotube. The quantitative information of absorption cross-section in a broad spectral range and all nanotube species not only provides new insight into the unique photophysics in one-dimensional carbon nanotubes, but also enables absolute determination of optical quantum efficiencies in important photoluminescence and photovoltaic processes. PMID:24821815
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Systematic determination of absolute absorption cross-section of individual carbon nanotubes.
Liu, Kaihui; Hong, Xiaoping; Choi, Sangkook; Jin, Chenhao; Capaz, Rodrigo B; Kim, Jihoon; Wang, Wenlong; Bai, Xuedong; Louie, Steven G; Wang, Enge; Wang, Feng
2014-05-27
Optical absorption is the most fundamental optical property characterizing light-matter interactions in materials and can be most readily compared with theoretical predictions. However, determination of optical absorption cross-section of individual nanostructures is experimentally challenging due to the small extinction signal using conventional transmission measurements. Recently, dramatic increase of optical contrast from individual carbon nanotubes has been successfully achieved with a polarization-based homodyne microscope, where the scattered light wave from the nanostructure interferes with the optimized reference signal (the reflected/transmitted light). Here we demonstrate high-sensitivity absorption spectroscopy for individual single-walled carbon nanotubes by combining the polarization-based homodyne technique with broadband supercontinuum excitation in transmission configuration. To our knowledge, this is the first time that high-throughput and quantitative determination of nanotube absorption cross-section over broad spectral range at the single-tube level was performed for more than 50 individual chirality-defined single-walled nanotubes. Our data reveal chirality-dependent behaviors of exciton resonances in carbon nanotubes, where the exciton oscillator strength exhibits a universal scaling law with the nanotube diameter and the transition order. The exciton linewidth (characterizing the exciton lifetime) varies strongly in different nanotubes, and on average it increases linearly with the transition energy. In addition, we establish an empirical formula by extrapolating our data to predict the absorption cross-section spectrum for any given nanotube. The quantitative information of absorption cross-section in a broad spectral range and all nanotube species not only provides new insight into the unique photophysics in one-dimensional carbon nanotubes, but also enables absolute determination of optical quantum efficiencies in important photoluminescence and photovoltaic processes.
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Optical absorption in degenerately doped semiconductors: Mott transition or Mahan excitons?
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Schleife, André.; Rödl, Claudia; Hannewald, Karsten; Bechstedt, Friedhelm
2012-02-01
In the exploration of material properties, parameter-free calculations are a modern, sophisticated complement to cutting-edge experimental techniques. Ab-initio calculations are now capable of providing a deep understanding of the interesting physics underlying the electronic structure and optical absorption, e.g., of the transparent conductive oxides. Due to electron doping, these materials are conductive even though they have wide fundamental band gaps. The degenerate electron gas in the lowest conduction-band states drastically modifies the Coulomb interaction between the electrons and, hence, the optical properties close to the absorption edge. We describe these effects by developing an ab-initio technique which captures also the Pauli blocking and the Fermi-edge singularity at the optical absorption onset, that occur in addition to quasiparticle and excitonic effects. We answer the question whether free carriers induce an excitonic Mott transition or trigger the evolution of Wannier-Mott excitons into Mahan excitons. The prototypical n-type zinc oxide is studied as an example.
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Functionalizing a Tapered Microcavity as a Gas Cell for On-Chip Mid-Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy
Mandon, Julien; Harren, Frans J. M.; Wolffenbuttel, Reinoud F.
2017-01-01
Increasing demand for field instruments designed to measure gas composition has strongly promoted the development of robust, miniaturized and low-cost handheld absorption spectrometers in the mid-infrared. Efforts thus far have focused on miniaturizing individual components. However, the optical absorption path that the light beam travels through the sample defines the length of the gas cell and has so far limited miniaturization. Here, we present a functionally integrated linear variable optical filter and gas cell, where the sample to be measured is fed through the resonator cavity of the filter. By using multiple reflections from the mirrors on each side of the cavity, the optical absorption path is elongated from the physical μm-level to the effective mm-level. The device is batch-fabricated at the wafer level in a CMOS-compatible approach. The optical performance is analyzed using the Fizeau interferometer model and demonstrated with actual gas measurements. PMID:28878167
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Optical levitation of 10-ng spheres with nano-g acceleration sensitivity
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Monteiro, Fernando; Ghosh, Sumita; Fine, Adam Getzels; Moore, David C.
2017-12-01
We demonstrate optical levitation of SiO2 spheres with masses ranging from 0.1 to 30 ng. In high vacuum, we observe that the measured acceleration sensitivity improves for larger masses and obtain a sensitivity of 0.4 ×10-6g /√{Hz } for a 12-ng sphere, more than an order of magnitude better than previously reported for optically levitated masses. In addition, these techniques permit long integration times and a mean acceleration of (-0.7 ±2.4 [stat] ±0.2 [syst] ) ×10-9g is measured in 1.4 ×104 s. Spheres larger than 10 ng are found to lose mass in high vacuum where heating due to absorption of the trapping laser dominates radiative cooling. This absorption constrains the maximum size of spheres that can be levitated and allows a measurement of the absorption of the trapping light for the commercially available spheres tested here. Spheres consisting of material with lower absorption may allow larger objects to be optically levitated in high vacuum.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sanjuan, Federico; Gaborit, Gwenaël; Coutaz, Jean-Louis
2018-04-01
We report for the first time on the observation of an angular anisotropy of the THz signal generated by optical rectification in a < 111 > ZnTe crystal. This cubic (zinc-blende) crystal in the < 111 > orientation exhibits both transverse isotropy for optical effects involving the linear χ (1) and nonlinear χ (2) susceptibilities. Thus, the observed anisotropy can only be related to χ (3) effect, namely two-photon absorption, which leads to the photo-generation of free carriers that absorb the generated THz signal. Two-photon absorption in zinc-blende crystals is known to be due to a spin-orbit interaction between the valence and higher-conduction bands. We perform a couple of measurements that confirm our hypothesis, as well as we fit the recorded data with a simple model. This two-photon absorption effect makes difficult an efficient generation, through optical rectification in < 111 > zinc-blende crystals, of THz beams of any given polarization state by only monitoring the laser pump polarization.
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Short wavelength infrared optical windows for evaluation of benign and malignant tissues
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sordillo, Diana C.; Sordillo, Laura A.; Sordillo, Peter P.; Shi, Lingyan; Alfano, Robert R.
2017-04-01
There are three short wavelength infrared (SWIR) optical windows outside the conventionally used first near-infrared (NIR) window (650 to 950 nm). They occur in the 1000- to 2500-nm range and may be considered second, third, and fourth NIR windows. The second (1100 to 1350 nm) and third windows (1600 to 1870 nm) are now being explored through label-free linear and multiphoton imaging. The fourth window (2100 to 2350 nm) has been mostly ignored because of water absorption and the absence of sensitive detectors and ultrafast lasers. With the advent of new technology, use of window IV is now possible. Absorption and scattering properties of light through breast and prostate cancer, bone, lipids, and intralipid solutions at these windows were investigated. We found that breast and prostate cancer and bone have longer total attenuation lengths at NIR windows III and IV, whereas fatty tissues and intralipid have longest lengths at windows II and III. Since collagen is the major chromophore at 2100 and 2350 nm, window IV could be especially valuable in evaluating cancers and boney tissues, whereas windows II and III may be more useful for tissues with high lipid content. SWIR windows may be utilized as additional optical tools for the evaluation of collagen in tissues.
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Short wavelength infrared optical windows for evaluation of benign and malignant tissues.
Sordillo, Diana C; Sordillo, Laura A; Sordillo, Peter P; Shi, Lingyan; Alfano, Robert R
2017-04-01
There are three short wavelength infrared (SWIR) optical windows outside the conventionally used first near-infrared (NIR) window (650 to 950 nm). They occur in the 1000- to 2500-nm range and may be considered second, third, and fourth NIR windows. The second (1100 to 1350 nm) and third windows (1600 to 1870 nm) are now being explored through label-free linear and multiphoton imaging. The fourth window (2100 to 2350 nm) has been mostly ignored because of water absorption and the absence of sensitive detectors and ultrafast lasers. With the advent of new technology, use of window IV is now possible. Absorption and scattering properties of light through breast and prostate cancer, bone, lipids, and intralipid solutions at these windows were investigated. We found that breast and prostate cancer and bone have longer total attenuation lengths at NIR windows III and IV, whereas fatty tissues and intralipid have longest lengths at windows II and III. Since collagen is the major chromophore at 2100 and 2350 nm, window IV could be especially valuable in evaluating cancers and boney tissues, whereas windows II and III may be more useful for tissues with high lipid content. SWIR windows may be utilized as additional optical tools for the evaluation of collagen in tissues.
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Experimental realization of a terahertz all-dielectric metasurface absorber.
Liu, Xinyu; Fan, Kebin; Shadrivov, Ilya V; Padilla, Willie J
2017-01-09
Metamaterial absorbers consisting of metal, metal-dielectric, or dielectric materials have been realized across much of the electromagnetic spectrum and have demonstrated novel properties and applications. However, most absorbers utilize metals and thus are limited in applicability due to their low melting point, high Ohmic loss and high thermal conductivity. Other approaches rely on large dielectric structures and / or a supporting dielectric substrate as a loss mechanism, thereby realizing large absorption volumes. Here we present a terahertz (THz) all dielectric metasurface absorber based on hybrid dielectric waveguide resonances. We tune the metasurface geometry in order to overlap electric and magnetic dipole resonances at the same frequency, thus achieving an experimental absorption of 97.5%. A simulated dielectric metasurface achieves a total absorption coefficient enhancement factor of FT=140, with a small absorption volume. Our experimental results are well described by theory and simulations and not limited to the THz range, but may be extended to microwave, infrared and optical frequencies. The concept of an all-dielectric metasurface absorber offers a new route for control of the emission and absorption of electromagnetic radiation from surfaces with potential applications in energy harvesting, imaging, and sensing.
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Roesler, Collin S.; Pery, Mary Jane
1995-01-01
An inverse model was developed to extract the absortion and scattering (elastic and inelastic) properties of oceanic constituents from surface spectral reflectance measurements. In particular, phytoplankton spectral absorption coefficients, solar-stimulated chlorophyll a fluorescence spectra, and particle backscattering spectra were modeled. The model was tested on 35 reflectance spectra obtained from irradiance measurements in optically diverse ocean waters (0.07 to 25.35 mg/cu m range in surface chlorophyll a concentrations). The universality of the model was demonstrated by the accurate estimation of the spectral phytoplankton absorption coefficents over a range of 3 orders of magnitude (rho = 0.94 at 500 nm). Under most oceanic conditions (chlorophyll a less than 3 mg/cu m) the percent difference between measured and modeled phytoplankton absorption coefficents was less than 35%. Spectral variations in measured phytoplankton absorption spectra were well predicted by the inverse model. Modeled volume fluorescence was weakly correlated with measured chl a; fluorescence quantum yield varied from 0.008 to 0.09 as a function of environment and incident irradiance. Modeled particle backscattering coefficients were linearly related to total particle cross section over a twentyfold range in backscattering coefficents (rho = 0.996, n = 12).
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Interlaced spin grating for optical wave filtering
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Linget, H.; Chanelière, T.; Le Gouët, J.-L.; Berger, P.; Morvan, L.; Louchet-Chauvet, A.
2015-02-01
Interlaced spin grating is a scheme for the preparation of spectrospatial periodic absorption gratings in an inhomogeneously broadened absorption profile. It relies on the optical pumping of atoms in a nearby long-lived ground state sublevel. The scheme takes advantage of the sublevel proximity to build large contrast gratings with unlimited bandwidth and preserved average optical depth. It is particularly suited to Tm-doped crystals in the context of classical and quantum signal processing. In this paper, we study the optical pumping dynamics at play in an interlaced spin grating and describe the corresponding absorption profile shape in an optically thick atomic ensemble. We show that, in Tm:YAG, the diffraction efficiency of such a grating can reach 18.3 % in the small-angle and 11.6 % in the large-angle configuration when the excitation is made of simple pulse pairs, considerably outperforming conventional gratings.
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Valley- and spin-polarized oscillatory magneto-optical absorption in monolayer MoS2 quantum rings
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Oliveira, D.; Villegas-Lelovsky, L.; Soler, M. A. G.; Qu, Fanyao
2018-03-01
Besides optical valley selectivity, strong spin-orbit interaction along with Berry curvature effects also leads to unconventional valley- and spin-polarized Landau levels in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) under a perpendicular magnetic field. We find that these unique properties are inherited to the magneto-optical absorption spectrum of the TMDC quantum rings (QRs). In addition, it is robust against variation of the magnetic flux and of the QR geometry. In stark contrast to the monolayer bulk material, the MoS2 QRs manifest themselves in both the optical valley selectivity and unprecedented size tunability of the frequency of the light absorbed. We also find that when the magnetic field setup is changed, the phase transition from Aharonov-Bohm (AB) quantum interference to aperiodic oscillation of magneto-optical absorption spectrum takes place. The exciton spectrum in a realistic finite thickness MoS2 QR is also discussed.
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Skowronski, M.; Lagowski, J.; Gatos, H. C.
1986-01-01
A high-resolution optical study was carried out on GaAs crystals grown by horizontal Bridgman and liquid-encapsulated-Czochralski methods. An excellent correlation was found between the intensity of the 1.039-eV no-phonon line and the characteristic absorption of EL2, the major deep donor level in GaAs. A correlation was also found between the characteristic optical absorption of EL2 and its concentration as determined by junction capacitance measurements. The presence of EL0, another midgap level contained in heavily oxygen-doped crystals at concentration always less than those of EL2, had no effect on the optical spectra, but altered the capacitance measurements. Accordingly, an accurate calibration for the determination of EL2 by optical absorption was obtained from capacitance measurements on crystals containing only EL2; in this way the uncertainties introduced by other midgap levels were eliminated.
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Properties of the 4.45 eV optical absorption band in LiF:Mg,Ti.
Nail, I; Oster, L; Horowitz, Y S; Biderman, S; Belaish, Y
2006-01-01
The optical absorption (OA) and thermoluminescence (TL) of dosimetric LiF:Mg,Ti (TLD-100) as well as nominally pure LiF single crystal have been studied as a function of irradiation dose, thermal and optical bleaching in order to investigate the role of the 4.45 eV OA band in low temperature TL. Computerised deconvolution was used to resolve the absorption spectrum into individual gaussian bands and the TL glow curve into glow peaks. Although the 4.45 eV OA band shows thermal decay characteristics similar to the 4.0 eV band its dose filling constant and optical bleaching properties suggest that it cannot be associated with the TL of composite peaks 4 or 5. Its presence in optical grade single crystal LiF further suggests that it is an intrinsic defect or possibly associated with chance impurities other than Mg, Ti.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Mignani, A. G.; Ciaccheri, L.; Ottevaere, H.; Thienpont, H.; Conte, L.; Marega, M.; Cichelli, A.; Attilio, C.; Cimato, A.
2010-09-01
A fiber optic setup for diffuse-light absorption spectroscopy in the wide 400-1700 nm spectral range is experimented for detecting and quantifying the adulteration of extra virgin olive oil caused by lower-grade olive oils. Absorption measurements provide spectral fingerprints of authentic and adulterated oils. A multivariate processing of spectroscopic data is applied for discriminating the type of adulterant and for predicting its fraction.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Othman, H. A.; Arzumanyan, G. M.; Möncke, D.
2016-12-01
Undoped, singly Sm doped, Ce doped, and Sm/Ce co-doped lithium alumino-phosphate glasses with different alkaline earth modifiers were prepared by melt quenching. The structure of the prepared glasses was investigated by FT-IR and Raman, as well as by optical spectroscopy. The effect of the optical basicity of the host glass matrix on the added active dopants was studied, as was the effect doping had on the phosphate structural units. The optical edge shifts toward higher wavelengths with an increase in the optical basicity due to the increased polarizability of the glass matrix, but also with increasing CeO2 concentration as a result of Ce3+/Ce4+ inter valence charge transfer (IV-CT) absorption. The optical band gap for direct and indirect allowed transitions was calculated for the undoped glasses. The glass sample containing Mg2+ modifier ions is found to have the highest value (4.16 eV) for the optical band gap while Ba2+ has the lowest value (3.61 eV). The change in the optical band gap arises from the structural changes and the overall polarizability (optical basicity). Refractive index, molar refractivity Rm and molar polarizability αm values increase with increasing optical basicity of the glasses. The characteristic absorption peaks of Sm3+ were also investigated. For Sm/Ce co-doped glasses, especially at high concentration of CeO2, the absorption of Ce3+ hinders the high energy absorption of Sm3+ and this effect becomes more obvious with increasing optical basicity.
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Hollow-core photonic-crystal-fiber-based optical frequency references
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Holá, Miroslava; Hrabina, Jan; Mikel, Břetislav; Lazar, Josef; Číp, Ondřej
2016-12-01
This research deals with preparation of an optical frequency references based on hollow-core photonic crystal fibers (HC-PCF). This fiber-based type of absorption cells represents a effiecient way how to replace classic bulky and fragile glass made tubes references with low-weight and low-volume optical fibers. This approach allows not only to increase possible interaction length between incident light and absorption media but it also carries a possibility of manufacturing of easy-operable reference which is set up just by plugging-in of optical connectors into the optical setup. We present the results of preparation, manufacturing and filling of a set of fiber-based cells intended for lasers frequency stabilization. The work deals with setting and optimalization of HC-PCF splicing processes, minimalization of optical losses between HC-PCF and SMF fiber transitions and finishing of HC-PCF spliced ends with special care for optimal closing of hollow-core structure needed for avoiding of absorption media leakage.
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In vivo spatial frequency domain spectroscopy of two layer media
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yudovsky, Dmitry; Nguyen, John Quan M.; Durkin, Anthony J.
2012-10-01
Monitoring of tissue blood volume and local oxygen saturation can inform the assessment of tissue health, healing, and dysfunction. These quantities can be estimated from the contribution of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin to the absorption spectrum of the dermis. However, estimation of blood related absorption in skin can be confounded by the strong absorption of melanin in the epidermis and epidermal thickness and pigmentation varies with anatomic location, race, gender, and degree of disease progression. Therefore, a method is desired that decouples the effect of melanin absorption in the epidermis from blood absorption in the dermis for a large range of skin types and thicknesses. A previously developed inverse method based on a neural network forward model was applied to simulated spatial frequency domain reflectance of skin for multiple wavelengths in the near infrared. It is demonstrated that the optical thickness of the epidermis and absorption and reduced scattering coefficients of the dermis can be determined independently and with minimal coupling. Then, the same inverse method was applied to reflectance measurements from a tissue simulating phantom and in vivo human skin. Oxygen saturation and total hemoglobin concentrations were estimated from the volar forearms of weakly and strongly pigmented subjects using a standard homogeneous model and the present two layer model.
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Nonlinear Optical Spectroscopy of Two-Dimensional Materials
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Cui, Qiannan
Nonlinear optical properties of two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), graphene, black phosphorus, and so on, play a key role of understanding nanoscale light-matter interactions, as well as developing nanophotonics applications from solar cells to quantum computation. With ultrafast lasers, we experimentally study nonlinear optical properties of 2D materials. Employing transient absorption microscopy, we study several members of 2D materials, such as WSe2, TiS3 and ReS2. The dynamical saturable absorption process of 2D excitons is spatiotemporally resolved. Intrinsic parameters of these 2D materials, such as exciton lifetime, exciton diffusion coefficient, and exciton mobility, are effectively measured. Especially, in-plane anisotropy of transient absorption and diffusive transport is observed for 2D excitons in monolayer ReS2, demonstrating the in-plane degree of freedom. Furthermore, with quantum interference and control nanoscopy, we all-optically inject, detect and manipulate nanoscale ballistic charge currents in a ReS2 thin film. By tuning the phase difference between one photon absorption and two photon absorption transition paths, sub-picosecond timescale of ballistic currents is coherently controlled for the first time in TMDs. In addition, the spatial resolution is two-order of magnitude smaller than optical diffraction limit. The second-order optical nonlinearity of 2D monolayers is resolved by second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy. We measure the second-order susceptibility of monolayer MoS 2. The angular dependence of SHG in monolayer MoS2 shows strong symmetry dependence on its crystal lattice structure. Hence, second harmonic generation microscopy can serve as a powerful tool to noninvasively determine the crystalline directions of 2D monolayers. The real and imaginary parts of third-order optical nonlinearity of 2D monolayers are resolved by third harmonic generation (THG) microscopy and two-photon transient absorption microscopy, respectively. With third harmonic generation microscopy, we observe strong and anisotropic THG in monolayer and multilayer ReS2. Comparing with 2D materials with hexagonal lattice, such as MoS2, the third-order susceptibility is higher by one order of magnitude in ReS2 with a distorted 1T structure. The in-plane anisotropy of THG is attributed to the lattice distortion in ReS2 after comparing with a symmetry analysis. With two-photon transient absorption microscopy, we observe a giant two-photon absorption coefficient of monolayer WS2.
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Optical properties of doped sol-gel silica glasses
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
King, Terence A.
1994-01-01
Sol-gel optical composites were developed and characterized for potential applications in optics, lasers, nonlinear optics, and optoelectronics. Post-doped xerogels were index matched by in-situ polymerization of monomers to form inorganic-organic composites of low scatter and high optical quality. Characterization of the microstructure was made by visible and IR absorption and Raman Spectroscopy and optical quality by attenuation and scatter measurement. Doping techniques were optimized using hypercritical drying and vacuum impregnation and doping distribution monitored by laser-induced fluorescence. One-tenth wavelength surfaces were formed by novel optical polishing. Organic molecular dopants were tested in laser and nonlinear systems. Initial third harmonic generation and Z-scan measurements have shown the potential for saturable absorption and optical limiting.
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Gold nanorods-silicone hybrid material films and their optical limiting property
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Li, Chunfang; Qi, Yanhai; Hao, Xiongwen; Peng, Xue; Li, Dongxiang
2015-10-01
As a kind of new optical limiting materials, gold nanoparticles have optical limiting property owing to their optical nonlinearities induced by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Gold nanorods (GNRs) possess transversal SPR absorption and tunable longitudinal SPR absorption in the visible and near-infrared region, so they can be used as potential optical limiting materials against tunable laser pulses. In this letter, GNRs were prepared using seed-mediated growth method and surface-modified by silica coating to obtain good dispersion in polydimethylsiloxane prepolymers. Then the silicone rubber films doped with GNRs were prepared after vulcanization, whose optical limiting property and optical nonlinearity were investigated. The silicone rubber samples doped with more GNRs were found to exhibit better optical limiting performance.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ahmed, S. Jbara; Zulkafli, Othaman; M, A. Saeed
2016-05-01
Based on the Schrödinger equation for envelope function in the effective mass approximation, linear and nonlinear optical absorption coefficients in a multi-subband lens quantum dot are investigated. The effects of quantum dot size on the interband and intraband transitions energy are also analyzed. The finite element method is used to calculate the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions. Strain and In-mole-fraction effects are also studied, and the results reveal that with the decrease of the In-mole fraction, the amplitudes of linear and nonlinear absorption coefficients increase. The present computed results show that the absorption coefficients of transitions between the first excited states are stronger than those of the ground states. In addition, it has been found that the quantum dot size affects the amplitudes and peak positions of linear and nonlinear absorption coefficients while the incident optical intensity strongly affects the nonlinear absorption coefficients. Project supported by the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research in Iraq, Ibnu Sina Institute and Physics Department of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM RUG Vote No. 06-H14).
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zidan, M. D.; Arfan, A.; Allahham, A.
2017-03-01
Z-scan technique was used to investigate the nonlinear optical properties of Quinine and 1-(carboxymethyl)-6-methoxy-4-(3-(3-vinylpiperidin-4-yl) propanoyl) quinolin-1-ium chloride (Quinotoxine) salts. The two salts were characterized using UV-visible, FTIR and NMR measurements. The characterization spectra confirm the expected molecular structure of the prepared ;Quinotoxine ; salt. The z-scan measurements were performed with a CW Diode laser at 635 nm wavelength and 26 mW power. The nonlinear absorption coefficient (β), nonlinear refractive index (n2), the ground-state absorption cross sections (σg), the excited-state absorption cross sections (σex) and thermo-optic coefficient of the samples were determined. Our results reveal that the σex is higher than the σg indicating that the reverse saturable absorption (RSA) is the dominating mechanism for the observed absorption nonlinearities. The results suggest that this material should be considered as a promising candidate for future optical devices applications.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zidan, M. D.; Arfan, A.; Allahham, A.
2016-12-01
Z-scan technique was used to investigate the nonlinear optical properties of 1-(carboxymethyl)-8-hydroxyquinolin-1-ium chloride and 1-(carboxymethyl)quinolin-1-ium chloride salts. The new 1-(carboxymethyl)-8-hydroxyquinolin-1-ium chloride and 1-(carboxymethyl)quinolin-1-ium chloride salts were synthesized and characterized using UV-visible, FTIR and NMR measurements and the characterization spectra confirm the expected molecular structure of the prepared salts. Measurements were performed with a CW Diode laser at 635 nm wavelength and 26 mW power. The nonlinear optical absorption coefficient (β) and nonlinear refractive index (n2) of the 1-(carboxymethyl)-8-hydroxyquinolin-1-ium chloride was affected by OH group. The excited-state absorption cross sections (σex) and the ground -state absorption cross sections (σg) were calculated for the two studied compounds. It was found that the σex is larger than the σg, indicating that the reverse saturable absorption mechanism (RSA) is the dominating mechanism for the observed absorption nonlinearities. Our results suggest that this material should be considered as a promising candidate for future optical devices applications.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Li, A.S.W.; Kevan, L.
1983-09-07
The photoionization of N,N,N',N'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) in dihexadecylphosphate anionic vesicles and in dioctadecyldimethylammonium chloride cationic vesicles has been studied by optical absorption and electron spin resonance in liquid and frozen solutions. The TMB cation has been observed to be stabilized in both types of vesicles. The photoionization efficiency is about twofold greater in the cationic vesicles compared to the anionic vesicles. Shifts in the optical absorption maximum between micellar and vesicle solutions indicate that TMB is in a less polar environment in the vesicle systems. Electron spin echo modulation spectrometry has been used to detect TMB cation-water interactions that are foundmore » to be weaker than in previously studied micellar solutions. This is consistent with the optical absorption results and with an asymmetric solubilization site for TMB and TMB/sup +/ within the vesicular structure. A new absorption in the photoionized vesicles is assigned to a nonparamagnetic diamine-diimine charge-transfer complex between two TMB cations in the same vesicle. This complex is not formed in micellar systems. 5 figures.« less
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Fathima, Adeeba; Sharma B. S., Mahima; N., Sujatha
2018-03-01
Tissue characterization using optical polarimetry, especially Mueller imaging is receiving sustained interest due to its potential in achieving optical contrast between normal and malignant variations. This is particularly important in identifying the margin of malignant growth in suspected tissue regions for accurate surgical removal, or in aiding the sampling procedure during biopsy. The sensitivity of Mueller matrix derived depolarization index to the combined effects of changes in scattering and absorption occurring in a cancerous growth is illustrated in this study. Depolarization imaging is shown to be useful in demarcating the boundary of two regions of differing optical properties using a tissue phantom, modeled according to the changes expected during cancerous growth in tissue. Tissue scattering and absorption are expected to generally increase with the nuclear size change and crowding as well as angiogenesis associated with malignancy. We have observed that there is selective sensitivity for the Mueller elements and derived depolarization index to tissue scattering over absorption in the object field. Although the scattering and absorption are expected to increase and decrease depolarization respectively, the optical contrast of Mueller images and the derived depolarization index between normal and cancerous tissue is found appreciable in this region.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Abdelaziz, T. D.; Ezz-Eldin, F. M.
2017-09-01
This work reports the synthesis and characterization of silica glass prepared by sol-gel procedure and finds out the effects of doses of gamma irradiation on the steps route of the heat-treated sample at 600 and 1100 °C. Combined characterizations of the glassy samples have been carried out by optical absorption and electron paramagnetic resonance. Also, FT infrared absorption spectra have been measured for both the heat-treated samples before and after gamma irradiation. Optical absorption spectra have identified an absorption band at 212-215 nm beside a broad band at 230-265 nm and the correlation of E' center with heat-treatment and gamma irradiation have been followed. FT infrared absorption spectra indicate the bands within near IR region representing the vibrational modes due to water, OH and SiOH within the wavenumber range 2500-3700 cm-1 are affected by heat treatment due to the elimination of organic residue and amount of OH and water. ESR investigations confirm the results obtained from optical and FTIR measurements. It is concluded from the collective data that sol-gel silica glass can serve as acceptable candidate for gamma-rays irradiator and gamma chamber dosimetry.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Park, Sang Seo; Jung, Yeonjin; Lee, Yun Gon
2016-07-01
Radiative transfer model simulations were used to investigate the erythemal ultraviolet (EUV) correction factors by separating the UV-A and UV-B spectral ranges. The correction factor was defined as the ratio of EUV caused by changing the amounts and characteristics of the extinction and scattering materials. The EUV correction factors (CFEUV) for UV-A [CFEUV(A)] and UV-B [CFEUV(B)] were affected by changes in the total ozone, optical depths of aerosol and cloud, and the solar zenith angle. The differences between CFEUV(A) and CFEUV(B) were also estimated as a function of solar zenith angle, the optical depths of aerosol and cloud, and total ozone. The differences between CFEUV(A) and CFEUV(B) ranged from -5.0% to 25.0% for aerosols, and from -9.5% to 2.0% for clouds in all simulations for different solar zenith angles and optical depths of aerosol and cloud. The rate of decline of CFEUV per unit optical depth between UV-A and UV-B differed by up to 20% for the same aerosol and cloud conditions. For total ozone, the variation in CFEUV(A) was negligible compared with that in CFEUV(B) because of the effective spectral range of the ozone absorption band. In addition, the sensitivity of the CFEUVs due to changes in surface conditions (i.e., surface albedo and surface altitude) was also estimated by using the model in this study. For changes in surface albedo, the sensitivity of the CFEUVs was 2.9%-4.1% per 0.1 albedo change, depending on the amount of aerosols or clouds. For changes in surface altitude, the sensitivity of CFEUV(B) was twice that of CFEUV(A), because the Rayleigh optical depth increased significantly at shorter wavelengths.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Chunaev, D S; Karasik, A Ya
2014-06-30
The nonlinear two-photon light absorption coefficients have been measured in an optical fibre with a quartz glass (SiO{sub 2}) core and in a fibre with a germanosilicate glass (SiO{sub 2} + GeO{sub 2}) core. The two-photon absorption coefficient β measured at a wavelength of 349 nm in the (SiO{sub 2} + GeO{sub 2})-based fibre (13.7 cm TW{sup -1}) multiply exceeds that for the pure quartz glass optical fibre (0.54 cm TW{sup -1}). (nonlinear optical phenomena)
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Optical absorption spectra and energy band gap in manganese containing sodium zinc phosphate glasses
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sardarpasha, K. R.; Hanumantharaju, N.; Gowda, V. C. Veeranna
2018-05-01
Optical band gap energy in the system 25Na2O-(75-x)[0.6P2O5-0.4ZnO]-xMnO2 (where x = 0.5,1,5,10 and 20 mol.%) have been studied. The intensity of the absorption band found to increase with increase of MnO2 content. The decrease in the optical band gap energy with increase in MnO2 content in the investigated glasses is attributed to shifting of absorption edge to a longer wavelength region. The obtained results were discussed in view of the structure of phosphate glass network.
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Differential optical absorption spectrometer for measurement of tropospheric pollutants
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Evangelisti, F.; Baroncelli, A.; Bonasoni, P.; Giovanelli, G.; Ravegnani, F.
1995-05-01
Our institute has recently developed a differential optical absorption spectrometry system called the gas analyzer spectrometer correlating optical absorption differences (GASCOAD), which features as a detector a linear image sensor that uses an artificial light source for long-path tropospheric-pollution monitoring. The GASCOAD, its method of eliminating interference from background sky light, and subsequent spectral analysis are reported and discussed. The spectrometer was used from 7 to 22 February 1993 in Milan, a heavily polluted metropolitan area, to measure the concentrations of SO2, NO2, O3, and HNO2 averaged over a 1.7-km horizontal light path. The findings are reported and briefly discussed.
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Oil-based gel phantom for ultrasound and optical imaging
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Cabrelli, Luciana C.; Pelissari, Pedro I. B. G. B.; Aggarwal, Lucimara P.; Deana, Alessandro M.; Carneiro, Antonio A. O.; Pavan, Theo. Z.
2015-06-01
Water-based materials are commonly used in phantoms for ultrasound and optical imaging techniques. However, these materials have disadvantages such as easy degradation and low temporal stability. In this study, we propose an oil-based new tissue mimicking material for ultrasound and optical imaging, with the advantage of presenting low temporal degradation. Styrene-Ethylene/Butylene-Styrene (SEBS) copolymer in mineral oil samples were made varying the SEBS concentration between 5-15%, and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) between 0-9%. Acoustic properties such as speed of sound and attenuation coefficient were obtained by the substitution technique with frequencies ranging from 2.25-10 MHz, and were consistent to that of soft tissue. These properties were controlled varying SEBS and LDPE concentration; speed of sound from 1445-1480 m/s, and attenuation from 0.86-11.31 dB/cm were observed. SEBS gels with 0% of LDPE were optically transparent, presenting low optical absorption and scattering coefficients in the visible region of the spectrum. In order to fully characterize the optical properties of the samples, the reflectances of the surfaces were measured, along with the absorption. Scattering and absorption coefficients ranging from 400 nm to 1200 nm were calculated for each compound. The results showed that the presence of LDPE increased absorption and scattering of the phantoms. The results suggest the copolymer gels are promising for ultrasound and optical imaging, what make them also potentially useful for photoacoustic imaging.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Ristau, Detlev; Papernov, S.; Kozlov, A. A.
2015-11-23
The role of thin-film interfaces in the near-ultraviolet absorption and pulsed-laser–induced damage was studied for ion-beam–sputtered and electron-beam–evaporated coatings comprised from HfO 2 and SiO 2 thin-film pairs. To separate contributions from the bulk of the film and from interfacial areas, absorption and damage-threshold measurements were performed for a one-wave (355-nm wavelength) thick, HfO 2 single-layer film and for a film containing seven narrow HfO 2 layers separated by SiO 2 layers. The seven-layer film was designed to have a total optical thickness of HfO 2 layers, equal to one wave at 355 nm and an E-field peak and averagemore » intensity similar to a single-layer HfO 2 film. Absorption in both types of films was measured using laser calorimetry and photothermal heterodyne imaging. The results showed a small contribution to total absorption from thin-film interfaces, as compared to HfO 2 film material. The relevance of obtained absorption data to coating near-ultraviolet, nanosecond-pulse laser damage was verified by measuring the damage threshold and characterizing damage morphology. The results of this study revealed a higher damage resistance in the seven-layer coating as compared to the single-layer HfO 2 film in both sputtered and evaporated coatings. Here, the results are explained through the similarity of interfacial film structure with structure formed during the co-deposition of HfO 2 and SiO 2 materials.« less
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Matsui, Hitoshi; Koike, Makoto; Kondo, Yutaka
Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)-chem model calculations were conducted to study aerosol optical properties around Beijing, China, during the Campaign of Air Quality Research in Beijing and Surrounding Region 2006 (CAREBeijing-2006) period. In this paper, we interpret aerosol optical properties in terms of aerosol mass concentrations and their chemical compositions by linking model calculations with measurements. In general, model calculations reproduced observed features of spatial and temporal variations of various surface and column aerosol optical parameters in and around Beijing. Spatial and temporal variations of aerosol absorption, scattering, and extinction coefficient corresponded well to those of elemental carbon (primary aerosol),more » sulfate (secondary aerosol), and the total aerosol mass concentration, respectively. These results show that spatial and temporal variations of the absorption coefficient are controlled by local emissions (within 100 km around Beijing during the preceding 24 h), while those of the scattering coefficient are controlled by regional-scale emissions (within 500 km around Beijing during the preceding 3 days) under synoptic-scale meteorological conditions, as discussed in our previous study of aerosol mass concentration. Vertical profiles of aerosol extinction revealed that the contribution of secondary aerosols and their water uptake increased with altitude within the planetary boundary layer, leading to a considerable increase in column aerosol optical depth (AOD) around Beijing. These effects are the main factors causing differences in regional and temporal variations between particulate matter (PM) mass concentration at the surface and column AOD over a wide region in the northern part of the Great North China Plain.« less
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Determining thin film properties by fitting optical transmittance
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Klein, J. D.; Yen, A.; Cogan, S. F.
1990-08-01
The optical transmission spectra of rf sputtered tungsten oxide films on glass substrates were modeled to determine absorption edge behavior, film thickness, and index of refraction. Removal of substrate reflection and absorption phenomena from the experimental spectra allowed direct examination of thin film optical characteristics. The interference fringe pattern allows determination of the film thickness and the dependence of the real index of refraction on wavelength. Knowledge of the interference fringe behavior in the vicinity of the absorption edge was found essential to unambiguous determination of the optical band gap. In particular, the apparently random deviations commonly observed in the extrapolation of as-acquired data are eliminated by explicitly considering interference fringe phenomena. The multivariable optimization fitting scheme employed allows air-film-substrate reflection losses to be compensated without making reflectance measurements.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Jalali, Tahmineh
2018-05-01
In this work, the effect of one-dimensional photonic crystal on optical absorption, which is implemented at the back side of thin-film crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells, is extensively discussed. The proposed structure acts as a Bragg reflector which reflects back light to the active layer as well as nanograting which couples the incident light to enhance optical absorption. To understand the optical mechanisms responsible for the enhancement of optical absorption, quantum efficiency and current density for all structures are calculated and the effect of influential parameters, such as grating period is investigated. The results confirm that our proposed structure have a great deal for substantial efficiency enhancement in a broad range from 400 to 1100 nm.
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Marcasite revisited: Optical absorption gap at room temperature
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sánchez, C.; Flores, E.; Barawi, M.; Clamagirand, J. M.; Ares, J. R.; Ferrer, I. J.
2016-03-01
Jagadeesh and Seehra published in 1980 that the marcasite band gap energy is 0.34 eV. However, recent calculations and experimental approximations accomplished by several research groups point out that the marcasite band gap energy should be quite similar to that of pyrite (of the order of 0.8-1.0 eV). By using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) we have determined that marcasite has no optical absorption gap at photon energies 0.06 ≤ hν ≤ 0.75 eV and that it has two well defined optical transitions at ~ 0.9 eV and ~ 2.2 eV quite similar to those of pyrite. Marcasite optical absorption gap appears to be Eg ≅ 0.83 ± 0.02 eV and it is due to an allowed indirect transition.
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Soto, Horacio; Tong, Miriam A; Domínguez, Juan C; Muraoka, Ramón
2017-09-04
We have inserted into an unbiased semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) a powerful control beam, with photon energy slightly smaller than that of the band-gap of its active region, for exciting two-photon absorption and the quadratic Stark effect. For the available SOA, we estimated these phenomena generated a nonlinear absorption coefficient β= -865 cm/GW and induced an appreciable birefringence inside the amplifier waveguide, which significantly modified the polarization-state of a probe beam. Based on these effects, we have experimentally demonstrated the operation of an all-optical buffer, using an 80 Gb/s optical pulse comb, as well as an unbiased SOA, which was therefore, devoid of amplified spontaneous emission and pattern effects.
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Scale Closure in Upper Ocean Optical Properties: From Single Particles to Ocean Color
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Green, Rebecca E.
2002-01-01
Predictions of chlorophyll concentration from satellite ocean color are an indicator of primary productivity, with implications for foodwebs, fisheries, and the global carbon cycle. Models describing the relationship between optical properties and chlorophyll do not account for much of the optical variability observed in natural waters, because of the presence of seawater constituents that do not covary with phytoplankton pigments. in order to understand variability in these models, the optical contributions of seawater constituents were investigated. A combination of Mie theory and flow cytometry was used to determine the diameter, complex refractive index, and optical cross-sections of individual particles. In New England continental shelf waters, eukaryotic phytoplankton were the main particle contributors to absorption and scaftering. Minerals were the main contributor to backscattering (bb) in the spring, whereas in the summer both minerals and detritus contributed to bb. Synechococcus and heterotrophic bacteria were relatively unimportant optically. Seasonal differences in the spectral shape of remote sensing reflectance, Rrs, were contributed to approximately equally by eukaryotic phytoplankton absorption, dissolved absorption, and non-phytoplankton bb. Differences between measurements of bb and Prs and modeled values based on chlorophyll concentration were caused by higher dissolved absorption and non-phytoplankton bb than were assumed by the model.
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Emerging Low-Dimensional Materials for Nonlinear Optics and Ultrafast Photonics.
Liu, Xiaofeng; Guo, Qiangbing; Qiu, Jianrong
2017-04-01
Low-dimensional (LD) materials demonstrate intriguing optical properties, which lead to applications in diverse fields, such as photonics, biomedicine and energy. Due to modulation of electronic structure by the reduced structural dimensionality, LD versions of metal, semiconductor and topological insulators (TIs) at the same time bear distinct nonlinear optical (NLO) properties as compared with their bulk counterparts. Their interaction with short pulse laser excitation exhibits a strong nonlinear character manifested by NLO absorption, giving rise to optical limiting or saturated absorption associated with excited state absorption and Pauli blocking in different materials. In particular, the saturable absorption of these emerging LD materials including two-dimensional semiconductors as well as colloidal TI nanoparticles has recently been utilized for Q-switching and mode-locking ultra-short pulse generation across the visible, near infrared and middle infrared wavelength regions. Beside the large operation bandwidth, these ultrafast photonics applications are especially benefit from the high recovery rate as well as the facile processibility of these LD materials. The prominent NLO response of these LD materials have also provided new avenues for the development of novel NLO and photonics devices for all-optical control as well as optical circuits beyond ultrafast lasers. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Munson, C. D.; Choi, S. K.; Coughlin, K. P.; McMahon, J. J.; Miller, K. H.; Page, L. A.; Wollack, E. J.
2017-01-01
Infrared (IR)-blocking filters are crucial for controlling the radiative loading on cryogenic systems and for optimizing the sensitivity of bolometric detectors in the far-IR. We present a new IR filter approach based on a combination of patterned frequency-selective structures on silicon and a thin (2575 micron thick) absorptive composite based on powdered reststrahlen absorbing materials. For a 300 K blackbody, this combination reflects approximately 50% of the incoming light and blocks greater than.99.8% of the total power with negligible thermal gradients and excellent low-frequency transmission. This allows a reduction in the IR thermal loading to negligible levels in a single cold filter. These composite filters are fabricated on silicon substrates, which provide excellent thermal transport laterally through the filter and ensure that the entire area of the absorptive filter stays near the bath temperature. A metamaterial antireflection coating cut into these substrates reduces in-band reflections to below 1%, and the in-band absorption of the powder mix is below 1% for signal bands below 750 GHz. This type of filter can be directly incorporated into silicon refractive optical elements.
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Multimodal hyperspectral optical microscopy
Novikova, Irina V.; Smallwood, Chuck R.; Gong, Yu; ...
2017-09-02
We describe a unique and convenient approach to multimodal hyperspectral optical microscopy, herein achieved by coupling a portable and transferable hyperspectral imager to various optical microscopes. The experimental and data analysis schemes involved in recording spectrally and spatially resolved fluorescence, dark field, and optical absorption micrographs are illustrated through prototypical measurements targeting selected model systems. Namely, hyperspectral fluorescence micrographs of isolated fluorescent beads are employed to ensure spectral calibration of our detector and to gauge the attainable spatial resolution of our measurements; the recorded images are diffraction-limited. Moreover, spatially over-sampled absorption spectroscopy of a single lipid (18:1 Liss Rhod PE)more » layer reveals that optical densities on the order of 10-3 may be resolved by spatially averaging the recorded optical signatures. We also briefly illustrate two applications of our setup in the general areas of plasmonics and cell biology. Most notably, we deploy hyperspectral optical absorption microscopy to identify and image algal pigments within a single live Tisochrysis lutea cell. Overall, this work paves the way for multimodal multidimensional spectral imaging measurements spanning the realms of several scientific disciples.« less
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Multimodal hyperspectral optical microscopy
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Novikova, Irina V.; Smallwood, Chuck R.; Gong, Yu
We describe a unique and convenient approach to multimodal hyperspectral optical microscopy, herein achieved by coupling a portable and transferable hyperspectral imager to various optical microscopes. The experimental and data analysis schemes involved in recording spectrally and spatially resolved fluorescence, dark field, and optical absorption micrographs are illustrated through prototypical measurements targeting selected model systems. Namely, hyperspectral fluorescence micrographs of isolated fluorescent beads are employed to ensure spectral calibration of our detector and to gauge the attainable spatial resolution of our measurements; the recorded images are diffraction-limited. Moreover, spatially over-sampled absorption spectroscopy of a single lipid (18:1 Liss Rhod PE)more » layer reveals that optical densities on the order of 10-3 may be resolved by spatially averaging the recorded optical signatures. We also briefly illustrate two applications of our setup in the general areas of plasmonics and cell biology. Most notably, we deploy hyperspectral optical absorption microscopy to identify and image algal pigments within a single live Tisochrysis lutea cell. Overall, this work paves the way for multimodal multidimensional spectral imaging measurements spanning the realms of several scientific disciples.« less
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Two-Photon-Absorption Scheme for Optical Beam Tracking
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Ortiz, Gerardo G.; Farr, William H.
2011-01-01
A new optical beam tracking approach for free-space optical communication links using two-photon absorption (TPA) in a high-bandgap detector material was demonstrated. This tracking scheme is part of the canonical architecture described in the preceding article. TPA is used to track a long-wavelength transmit laser while direct absorption on the same sensor simultaneously tracks a shorter-wavelength beacon. The TPA responsivity was measured for silicon using a PIN photodiode at a laser beacon wavelength of 1,550 nm. As expected, the responsivity shows a linear dependence with incident power level. The responsivity slope is 4.5 x 10(exp -7) A/W2. Also, optical beam spots from the 1,550-nm laser beacon were characterized on commercial charge coupled device (CCD) and complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) imagers with as little as 13.7 microWatts of optical power (see figure). This new tracker technology offers an innovative solution to reduce system complexity, improve transmit/receive isolation, improve optical efficiency, improve signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and reduce cost for free-space optical communications transceivers.
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Sun, Xingshu; Silverman, Timothy J.; Zhou, Zhiguang; ...
2017-01-20
For commercial one-sun solar modules, up to 80% of the incoming sunlight may be dissipated as heat, potentially raising the temperature 20-30 °C higher than the ambient. In the long term, extreme self-heating erodes efficiency and shortens lifetime, thereby dramatically reducing the total energy output. Therefore, it is critically important to develop effective and practical (and preferably passive) cooling methods to reduce operating temperature of photovoltaic (PV) modules. In this paper, we explore two fundamental (but often overlooked) origins of PV self-heating, namely, sub-bandgap absorption and imperfect thermal radiation. The analysis suggests that we redesign the optical properties of themore » solar module to eliminate parasitic absorption (selective-spectral cooling) and enhance thermal emission (radiative cooling). Comprehensive opto-electro-thermal simulation shows that the proposed techniques would cool one-sun terrestrial solar modules up to 10 °C. As a result, this self-cooling would substantially extend the lifetime for solar modules, with corresponding increase in energy yields and reduced levelized cost of electricity.« less
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Optical and heat transfer performance of a novel non-imaging concentrator
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sellami, Nazmi; Meng, Xian-long; Xia, Xin-Lin; Knox, Andrew R.; Mallick, Tapas K.
2015-09-01
In this study, the Crossed Compound Parabolic Concentrator CCPC is modified to demonstrate for the first time a new generation of solar concentrators working simultaneously as an electricity generator and thermal collector. It is designed to have two complementary surfaces, one reflective and one absorptive, and is called an absorptive/reflective CCPC (AR-CCPC). Usually, the height of the CCPC is truncated with a minor sacrifice of the geometric concentration. These truncated surfaces rather than being eliminated are instead replaced with absorbent surfaces to collect heat from solar radiation. The optical, thermal and total efficiency of the AR-CCPC was simulated and compared for different geometric concentration ratios varying from 3.6x to 4x. It was found that the combined electrical and thermal efficiency of the AR-CCPC 3.6x/4x remains constant and high all day long and the overall efficiency reach up to 94%. In addition, the temperature distributions of AR-CCPC surfaces and the assembled solar cell were simulated based on those heat flux boundary conditions. It shows that the adding of thermal absorbent surface can apparently increase the wall temperature.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hosono, Satsuki; Qi, Wei; Sato, Shun; Suzuki, Yo; Fujiwara, Masaru; Hiramatsu, Hiroyuki; Suzuki, Satoru; Abeygunawardhana, P. K. W.; Wada, Kenji; Nishiyama, Akira; Ishimaru, Ichiro
2015-03-01
For simultaneous measurement of multi-components on-site like factories, the ultra-compact (diameter: 9[mm], length: 45[mm], weight: 200[g]) one-shot ATR (Attenuated Total Reflection) Fourier spectroscopic imager was proposed. Because the proposed one-shot Fourier spectroscopic imaging is based on spatial-phase-shift interferometer, interferograms could be obtained with simple optical configurations. We introduced the transmission-type relativeinclined phase-shifter, that was constructed with a cuboid prism and a wedge prism, onto the optical Fourier transform plane of infinity corrected optical systems. And also, small light-sources and cameras in the mid-infrared light region, whose size are several millimeter on a side, are essential components for the ultra-compact spectroscopic configuration. We selected the Graphite light source (light source area: 1.7×1.7[mm], maker: Hawkeye technologies) whose radiation factor was high. Fortunately, in these days we could apply the cost-effective 2-dimensional light receiving device for smartphone (e.g. product name: LEPTON, maker: FLIR, price: around 400USD). In the case of alcoholic drinks factory, conventionally workers measure glucose and ethanol concentrations by bringing liquid solution back to laboratories every day. The high portable spectroscopy will make it possible to measure multi-components simultaneously on manufacturing scene. But we found experimentally that absorption spectrum of glucose and water and ethanol were overlapped each other in near infrared light region. But for mid-infrared light region, we could distinguish specific absorption peaks of glucose (@10.5[μm]) and ethanol (@11.5[μm]) independently from water absorption. We obtained standard curve between absorption (@9.6[μm]) and ethanol concentration with high correlation coefficient 0.98 successfully by ATR imaging-type 2-dimensional Fourier spectroscopy (wavelength resolution: 0.057[μm]) with the graphite light source (maker: Hawkeye technologies, type: IR-75).
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Liaparinos, P F
2015-11-21
X-ray phosphor-based detectors have enormously improved the quality of medical imaging examinations through the optimization of optical diffusion. In recent years, with the development of science and technology in the field of materials, improved powder phosphors require structural and optical properties that contribute to better optical signal propagation. The purpose of this paper was to provide a quantitative and qualitative understanding of the optical absorption characteristics in the assessment of powder phosphor-based detectors (from nano- scale up to micro-scale). Variations on the optical absorption parameters (i.e. the light extinction coefficient [Formula: see text] and the percentage probability of light absorption p%) were evaluated based on Mie calculations examining a wide range of light wavelengths, particle refractive indices and sizes. To model and assess the effects of the aforementioned parameters on optical diffusion, Monte Carlo simulation techniques were employed considering: (i) phosphors of different layer thickness, 100 μm (thin layer) and 300 μm (thick layer), respectively, (ii) light extinction coefficient values, 1, 3 and 6 μm(-1), and (iii) percentage probability of light absorption p% in the range 10(-4)-10(-2). Results showed that the [Formula: see text] coefficient is high for phosphor grains in the submicron scale and for low light wavelengths. At higher wavelengths (above 650 nm), optical quanta follow approximately similar depths until interaction for grain diameter 500 nm and 1 μm. Regarding the variability of the refractive index, high variations of the [Formula: see text] coefficient occurred above 1.6. Furthermore, results derived from Monte Carlo modeling showed that high spatial resolution phosphors can be accomplished by increasing the [Formula: see text] parameter. More specifically, the FWHM was found to decrease (i.e. higher resolution): (i) 4.8% at 100 μm and (ii) 9.5%, at 300 μm layer thickness. This study attempted to examine the role of the optical absorption parameters on optical diffusion studies. A significant outcome of the present investigation was that the improvement of phosphor spatial resolution without decreasing the light collection efficiency too much can be better achieved by increasing the parameter [Formula: see text] rather than the parameter p%.
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Optical amplification of photothermal therapy with gold nanoparticles and nanoclusters
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Khlebtsov, Boris; Zharov, Vladimir; Melnikov, Andrei; Tuchin, Valery; Khlebtsov, Nikolai
2006-10-01
Recently, several groups (Anderson, Halas, Zharov, and their co-workers, 2003; El-Sayed and co-workers, 2006) demonstrated, through pioneering results, the great potential of photothermal (PT) therapy for the selective treatment of cancer cells, bacteria, viruses, and DNA targeted with gold nanospheres, nanoshells, nanorods, and nanosphere clusters. However, the current understanding of the relationship between the nanoparticle/cluster parameters (size, shape, particle/cluster structure, etc) and the efficiency of PT therapy is limited. Here, we report theoretical simulations aimed at finding the optimal single-particle and cluster structures to achieve its maximal absorption, which is crucial for PT therapeutic effects. To characterize the optical amplification in laser-induced thermal effects, we introduce relevant parameters such as the ratio of the absorption cross section to the gold mass of a single-particle structure and absorption amplification, defined as the ratio of cluster absorption to the total absorption of non-interacting particles. We consider the absorption efficiency of single nanoparticles (gold spheres, rods, and silica/gold nanoshells), linear chains, 2D lattice arrays, 3D random volume clusters, and the random aggregated N-particle ensembles on the outer surface of a larger dielectric sphere, which mimic aggregation of nanosphere bioconjugates on or within cancer cells. The cluster particles are bare or biopolymer-coated gold nanospheres. The light absorption of cluster structures is studied by using the generalized multiparticle Mie solution and the T-matrix method. The gold nanoshells with (silica core diameter)/(gold shell thickness) parameters of (50-100)/(3-8) nm and nanorods with minor/major sizes of (15-20)/(50-70) nm are shown to be more efficient PT labels and sensitizers than the equivolume solid single gold spheres. In the case of nanosphere clusters, the interparticle separations and the short linear-chain fragments are the main structural parameters determining the absorption efficiency and its spectral shifting to the red. Although we have not found a noticeable dependence of absorption amplification on the cluster sphere size, 20-40 nm particles are found to be most effective, in accordance with our experimental observations. The long-wavelength absorption efficiency of random clusters increases with the cluster particle number N at small N and reveals a saturation behaviour at N>20.
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Julien, Jennifer; Dumont, Nathalie; Lebouil, David; Germain, Patrick
2014-01-01
Current waste management policies favor biogases (digester gases (DGs) and landfill gases (LFGs)) valorization as it becomes a way for energy politics. However, volatile organic silicon compounds (VOSiCs) contained into DGs/LFGs severely damage combustion engines and endanger the conversion into electricity by power plants, resulting in a high purification level requirement. Assessing treatment efficiency is still difficult. No consensus has been reached to provide a standardized sampling and quantification of VOSiCs into gases because of their diversity, their physicochemical properties, and the omnipresence of silicon in analytical chains. Usually, samplings are done by adsorption or absorption and quantification made by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). In this objective, this paper presents and discusses the optimization of a patented method consisting in VOSiCs sampling by absorption of 100% ethanol and quantification of total Si by ICP-OES. PMID:25379538
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Chottier, Claire; Chatain, Vincent; Julien, Jennifer; Dumont, Nathalie; Lebouil, David; Germain, Patrick
2014-01-01
Current waste management policies favor biogases (digester gases (DGs) and landfill gases (LFGs)) valorization as it becomes a way for energy politics. However, volatile organic silicon compounds (VOSiCs) contained into DGs/LFGs severely damage combustion engines and endanger the conversion into electricity by power plants, resulting in a high purification level requirement. Assessing treatment efficiency is still difficult. No consensus has been reached to provide a standardized sampling and quantification of VOSiCs into gases because of their diversity, their physicochemical properties, and the omnipresence of silicon in analytical chains. Usually, samplings are done by adsorption or absorption and quantification made by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). In this objective, this paper presents and discusses the optimization of a patented method consisting in VOSiCs sampling by absorption of 100% ethanol and quantification of total Si by ICP-OES.
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Optical losses in p-type layers of GaN ridge waveguides in the IR region
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Westreich, Ohad; Katz, Moti; Atar, Gil; Paltiel, Yossi; Sicron, Noam
2017-07-01
Optical losses in c-plane (0001) GaN ridge waveguides, containing Mg-doped layers, were measured at 1064 nm, using the Fabry-Perot method. The losses increase linearly with the modal content of the p-layer, indicating that the absorption in these waveguides is dominated by p-layer absorption. The p-layer absorption is strongly anisotropic with E⊥c losses 4 times higher than E∥c. The absorption is temperature independent between 10 °C and 60 °C, supporting the possibility that it is related to Mg-bound holes.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Chemla, D. S.; Bar-Joseph, I.; Klingshirn, C.; Miller, D. A. B.; Kuo, J. M.
1987-03-01
Absorption switching in a semiconductor quantum well by electrically varying the charge density in the quantum well conducting channel of a selectively doped heterostructure transistor is reported for the first time. The phase-space absorption quenching (PAQ) is observed at room temperature in an InGaAs/InAlAs grown on InP FET, and it shows large absorption coefficient changes with relatively broad spectral bandwidth. This PAQ is large enough to be used for direct optical determination of the logic state of the FET.
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Nonlinear optical and multi-photon absorption properties in graphene-ZnO nanocomposites
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Tong, Qing; Wang, Yu-Hua; Yu, Xiang-Xiang; Wang, Bo; Liang, Zhuang; Tang, Meng; Wu, An-Shun; Zhang, Hai-Jun; Liang, Feng; Xie, Ya-Feng; Wang, Jun
2018-04-01
Graphene-ZnO (GZO) nanocomposites were synthesized by a modified solvothermal method, and characterized by transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, Raman spectra, and UV-vis absorption spectra. The controllable nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of as-prepared GZO nanocomposites were tested by an open-aperture Z-scan method with 1030 nm fs laser pulses; the tested results showed that there were five-photon absorption (5PA) at 46.8 GW cm-2, 3PA at 28.1 GW cm-2, 2PA at 18.7 GW cm-2, and a vital change from saturable absorption (SA) to reverse SA (RSA) with the increase of incident intensity. This was the first time that 5PA was found in GZO nanocomposites at such a low intensity, 46.8 GW cm-2. The tunable NLO property from SA to RSA and controllable multi-photon absorption provided a facile approach for their applications in optical, optoelectronic devices, and information storage.
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Characterization of absorption and degradation on optical components for high power excimer lasers
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Mann, K.; Eva, E.; Granitza, B.
1996-12-31
At Laser-Laboratorium Goettingen, the performance of UV optical components for high power excimer lasers is characterized, aiming to employ testing procedures that meet industrial conditions, i.e. very high pulse numbers and repetition rates. Measurements include determination of single and multiple pulse damage thresholds, absorption loss and degradation of optical properties under long-term irradiation. Absorption of excimer laser pulses is investigated by a calorimetric technique which provides greatly enhanced sensitivity compared to transmissive measurements. Thus, it allows determining both single and two photon absorption coefficients at intensities of standard excimer lasers. Results of absorption measurements at 248nm are presented for baremore » substrates (CaF{sub 2}, BaF{sub 2}, z-cut quartz and fused silica). UV calorimetry is also employed to investigate laser induced aging phenomena, e.g. color center formation in fused silica. A separation of transient and cumulative effects as a function of intensity is achieved, giving insight into various loss mechanisms.« less
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Borycki, Dawid; Kholiqov, Oybek; Srinivasan, Vivek J.
2017-01-01
Interferometric near-infrared spectroscopy (iNIRS) is a new technique that measures time-of-flight- (TOF-) resolved autocorrelations in turbid media, enabling simultaneous estimation of optical and dynamical properties. Here, we demonstrate reflectance-mode iNIRS for noninvasive monitoring of a mouse brain in vivo. A method for more precise quantification with less static interference from superficial layers, based on separating static and dynamic components of the optical field autocorrelation, is presented. Absolute values of absorption, reduced scattering, and blood flow index (BFI) are measured, and changes in BFI and absorption are monitored during a hypercapnic challenge. Absorption changes from TOF-resolved iNIRS agree with absorption changes from continuous wave NIRS analysis, based on TOF-integrated light intensity changes, an effective path length, and the modified Beer–Lambert Law. Thus, iNIRS is a promising approach for quantitative and non-invasive monitoring of perfusion and optical properties in vivo. PMID:28146535
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Molecular design of TiO2 for gigantic red shift via sublattice substitution.
Shao, Guosheng; Deng, Quanrong; Wan, Lin; Guo, Meilan; Xia, Xiaohong; Gao, Yun
2010-11-01
The effects of 3d transition metal doping in TiO2 phases have been simulated in detail. The results of modelling indicate that Mn has the biggest potential among 3d transition metals, for the reduction of energy gap and the introduction of effective intermediate bands to allow multi-band optical absorption. On the basis of theoretical formulation, we have incorporated considerable amount of Mn in nano-crystalline TiO2 materials. Mn doped samples demonstrate significant red shift in the optical absorption edge, with a secondary absorption edge corresponding to theoretically predicted intermediate bands/states. The gigantic red shift achievable in Mn-doped TiO2 is expected to extend the useful TiO2 functionalities well beyond the UV threshold via the optical absorption of both visible and infrared photon irradiance.
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Broadband nonlinear optical response of monolayer MoSe2 under ultrafast excitation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Nie, Zhonghui; Trovatello, Chiara; Pogna, Eva A. A.; Dal Conte, Stefano; Miranda, Paulo B.; Kelleher, Edmund; Zhu, Chunhui; Turcu, Ion Crisitan Edmond; Xu, Yongbing; Liu, Kaihui; Cerullo, Giulio; Wang, Fengqiu
2018-01-01
Due to their strong light-matter interaction, monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have proven to be promising candidates for nonlinear optics and optoelectronics. Here, we characterize the nonlinear absorption of chemical vapour deposition (CVD)-grown monolayer MoSe2 in the 720-810 nm wavelength range. Surprisingly, despite the presence of strong exciton resonances, monolayer MoSe2 exhibits a uniform modulation depth of ˜80 ± 3% and a saturation intensity of ˜2.5 ± 0.4 MW/cm2. In addition, pump-probe spectroscopy is performed to confirm the saturable absorption and reveal the photocarrier relaxation dynamics over hundreds of picoseconds. Our results unravel the unique broadband nonlinear absorptive behavior of monolayer MoSe2 under ultrafast excitation and highlight the potential of using monolayer TMDs as broadband ultrafast optical switches with customizable saturable absorption characteristics.
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Influence of dose on particle size and optical properties of colloidal platinum nanoparticles.
Gharibshahi, Elham; Saion, Elias
2012-11-12
Attempts to produce colloidal platinum nanoparticles by using steady absorption spectra with various chemical-based reduction methods often resulted in the fast disappearance of the absorption maxima leaving reduced platinum nanoparticles with little information on their optical properties. We synthesized colloidal platinum nanoparticles in an aqueous solution of polyvinyl pyrrolidone by gamma radiolytic reduction method, which produced steady absorption spectra of fully reduced and highly pure platinum nanoparticles free from by-product impurities or reducing agent contamination. The average particle size was found to be in the range of 3.4–5.3 nm and decreased with increasing dose due to the domination of nucleation over ion association in the formation of metal nanoparticles by the gamma radiolytic reduction method. The platinum nanoparticles exhibit optical absorption spectra with two absorption peaks centered at about 216 and 264 nm and the peaks blue shifted to lower wavelengths with decreasing particle size. The absorption spectra of platinum nanoparticles were also calculated using quantum mechanical treatment and coincidently a good agreement was obtained between the calculated and measured absorption peaks at various particle sizes. This indicates that the 216 and 264-nm absorption peaks of platinum nanoparticles conceivably originated from the intra-band transitions of conduction electrons of (n = 5, l = 2) and (n = 6, l = 0) energy states respectively to higher energy states. The absorption energies, i.e., conduction band energies of platinum nanoparticles derived from the absorption peaks increased with increasing dose and decreased with increasing particle size.
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Influence of Dose on Particle Size and Optical Properties of Colloidal Platinum Nanoparticles
Gharibshahi, Elham; Saion, Elias
2012-01-01
Attempts to produce colloidal platinum nanoparticles by using steady absorption spectra with various chemical-based reduction methods often resulted in the fast disappearance of the absorption maxima leaving reduced platinum nanoparticles with little information on their optical properties. We synthesized colloidal platinum nanoparticles in an aqueous solution of polyvinyl pyrrolidone by gamma radiolytic reduction method, which produced steady absorption spectra of fully reduced and highly pure platinum nanoparticles free from by-product impurities or reducing agent contamination. The average particle size was found to be in the range of 3.4–5.3 nm and decreased with increasing dose due to the domination of nucleation over ion association in the formation of metal nanoparticles by the gamma radiolytic reduction method. The platinum nanoparticles exhibit optical absorption spectra with two absorption peaks centered at about 216 and 264 nm and the peaks blue shifted to lower wavelengths with decreasing particle size. The absorption spectra of platinum nanoparticles were also calculated using quantum mechanical treatment and coincidently a good agreement was obtained between the calculated and measured absorption peaks at various particle sizes. This indicates that the 216 and 264-nm absorption peaks of platinum nanoparticles conceivably originated from the intra-band transitions of conduction electrons of (n = 5, l = 2) and (n = 6, l = 0) energy states respectively to higher energy states. The absorption energies, i.e., conduction band energies of platinum nanoparticles derived from the absorption peaks increased with increasing dose and decreased with increasing particle size. PMID:23203091
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Non-destructive evaluation of UV pulse laser-induced damage performance of fused silica optics.
Huang, Jin; Wang, Fengrui; Liu, Hongjie; Geng, Feng; Jiang, Xiaodong; Sun, Laixi; Ye, Xin; Li, Qingzhi; Wu, Weidong; Zheng, Wanguo; Sun, Dunlu
2017-11-24
The surface laser damage performance of fused silica optics is related to the distribution of surface defects. In this study, we used chemical etching assisted by ultrasound and magnetorheological finishing to modify defect distribution in a fused silica surface, resulting in fused silica samples with different laser damage performance. Non-destructive test methods such as UV laser-induced fluorescence imaging and photo-thermal deflection were used to characterize the surface defects that contribute to the absorption of UV laser radiation. Our results indicate that the two methods can quantitatively distinguish differences in the distribution of absorptive defects in fused silica samples subjected to different post-processing steps. The percentage of fluorescence defects and the weak absorption coefficient were strongly related to the damage threshold and damage density of fused silica optics, as confirmed by the correlation curves built from statistical analysis of experimental data. The results show that non-destructive evaluation methods such as laser-induced fluorescence and photo-thermal absorption can be effectively applied to estimate the damage performance of fused silica optics at 351 nm pulse laser radiation. This indirect evaluation method is effective for laser damage performance assessment of fused silica optics prior to utilization.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Valencia, Israel; Ávila-Torres, Yenny; Barba-Behrens, Norah; Garzón, Ignacio L.
2015-04-01
Studies on the physicochemical properties of biomimetic compounds of multicopper oxidases are fundamental to understand their reaction mechanisms and catalytic behavior. In this work, electronic, optical, and chiroptical properties of copper(II) complexes with amino-alcohol chiral ligands are theoretically studied by means of time-dependent density functional theory. The calculated absorption and circular dichroism spectra are compared with experimental measurements of these spectra for an uncoordinated pseudoephedrine derivative, as well as for the corresponding mononuclear and trinuclear copper(II)-coordinated complexes. This comparison is useful to gain insights into their electronic structure, optical absorption and optical activity. The optical absorption and circular dichroism bands of the pseudoephedrine derivative are located in the UV-region. They are mainly due to transitions originated from n to π anti-bonding orbitals of the alcohol and amino groups, as well as from π bonding to π anti-bonding orbitals of carboxyl and phenyl groups. In the case of the mononuclear and trinuclear compounds, additional signals in the visible spectral region are present. In both systems, the origin of these bands is due to charge transfer from ligand to metal and d-d transitions.
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Near-ideal optical metamaterial absorbers with super-octave bandwidth.
Bossard, Jeremy A; Lin, Lan; Yun, Seokho; Liu, Liu; Werner, Douglas H; Mayer, Theresa S
2014-02-25
Nanostructured optical coatings with tailored spectral absorption properties are of interest for a wide range of applications such as spectroscopy, emissivity control, and solar energy harvesting. Optical metamaterial absorbers have been demonstrated with a variety of customized single band, multiple band, polarization, and angular configurations. However, metamaterials that provide near unity absorptivity with super-octave bandwidth over a specified optical wavelength range have not yet been demonstrated experimentally. Here, we show a broadband, polarization-insensitive metamaterial with greater than 98% measured average absorptivity that is maintained over a wide ± 45° field-of-view for mid-infrared wavelengths between 1.77 and 4.81 μm. The nearly ideal absorption is realized by using a genetic algorithm to identify the geometry of a single-layer metal nanostructure array that excites multiple overlapping electric resonances with high optical loss across greater than an octave bandwidth. The response is optimized by substituting palladium for gold to increase the infrared metallic loss and by introducing a dielectric superstrate to suppress reflection over the entire band. This demonstration advances the state-of-the-art in high-performance broadband metamaterial absorbers that can be reliably fabricated using a single patterned layer of metal nanostructures.
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Atomistic simulations of the optical absorption of type-II CdSe/ZnTe superlattices
2012-01-01
We perform accurate tight binding simulations to design type-II short-period CdSe/ZnTe superlattices suited for photovoltaic applications. Absorption calculations demonstrate a very good agreement with optical results with threshold strongly depending on the chemical species near interfaces. PMID:23031315
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Several important optical terms such as "absorbance" and "absorption coefficient" are frequently used ambiguously in the current peer-reviewed literature. Since they are important terms that are required to derive other quantities such as the "apparent quantum yield" of photoprod...
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A Single Optical Fiber Telephone System
1984-09-06
the photophones developed by A. 0, sel1 and his oolleagues. The recent advent of light 30 generators in the form of light eAitthg diodee (ZED@) and... photophone . Such a photophone is shown in Figure 7. I1t comprises a small chamber Ill which is filed with an optically absorptive material 113, which may be...carbonized cotton fiber. A 1 photo-acoustic effect takes place when light interacts with absorptive material of this types The absorption raises the 30
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Study of Photosensitive Dry Films Absorption for Printed Circuit Boards by Photoacoustic Technique
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hernández, R.; Zaragoza, J. A. Barrientos; Jiménez-Pérez, J. L.; Orea, A. Cruz; Correa-Pacheco, Z. N.
2017-08-01
In this work, the study of photosensitive dry-type films by photoacoustic technique is proposed. The dry film photoresist is resistant to chemical etching for printed circuit boards such as ferric chloride, sodium persulfate or ammonium, hydrochloric acid. It is capable of faithfully reproducing circuit pattern exposed to ultraviolet light (UV) through a negative. Once recorded, the uncured portion is removed with alkaline solution. It is possible to obtain good results in surface mount circuits with tracks of 5 mm. Furthermore, the solid resin films are formed by three layers, two protective layers and a UV-sensitive optical absorption layer in the range of 325 nm to 405 nm. By means of optical absorption of UV-visible rays emitted by a low-power Xe lamp, the films transform this energy into thermal waves generated by the absorption of optical radiation and subsequently no-radiative de-excitation occurs. The photoacoustic spectroscopy is a useful technique to measure the transmittance and absorption directly. In this study, the optical absorption spectra of the three layers of photosensitive dry-type films were obtained as a function of the wavelength, in order to have a knowledge of the absorber layer and the protective layers. These analyses will give us the physical properties of the photosensitive film, which are very important in curing the dry film for applications in printed circuit boards.
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Wan, Yuhang; Carlson, John A.; Kesler, Benjamin A.; Peng, Wang; Su, Patrick; Al-Mulla, Saoud A.; Lim, Sung Jun; Smith, Andrew M.; Dallesasse, John M.; Cunningham, Brian T.
2016-01-01
A compact analysis platform for detecting liquid absorption and emission spectra using a set of optical linear variable filters atop a CMOS image sensor is presented. The working spectral range of the analysis platform can be extended without a reduction in spectral resolution by utilizing multiple linear variable filters with different wavelength ranges on the same CMOS sensor. With optical setup reconfiguration, its capability to measure both absorption and fluorescence emission is demonstrated. Quantitative detection of fluorescence emission down to 0.28 nM for quantum dot dispersions and 32 ng/mL for near-infrared dyes has been demonstrated on a single platform over a wide spectral range, as well as an absorption-based water quality test, showing the versatility of the system across liquid solutions for different emission and absorption bands. Comparison with a commercially available portable spectrometer and an optical spectrum analyzer shows our system has an improved signal-to-noise ratio and acceptable spectral resolution for discrimination of emission spectra, and characterization of colored liquid’s absorption characteristics generated by common biomolecular assays. This simple, compact, and versatile analysis platform demonstrates a path towards an integrated optical device that can be utilized for a wide variety of applications in point-of-use testing and point-of-care diagnostics. PMID:27389070
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wan, Yuhang; Carlson, John A.; Kesler, Benjamin A.; Peng, Wang; Su, Patrick; Al-Mulla, Saoud A.; Lim, Sung Jun; Smith, Andrew M.; Dallesasse, John M.; Cunningham, Brian T.
2016-07-01
A compact analysis platform for detecting liquid absorption and emission spectra using a set of optical linear variable filters atop a CMOS image sensor is presented. The working spectral range of the analysis platform can be extended without a reduction in spectral resolution by utilizing multiple linear variable filters with different wavelength ranges on the same CMOS sensor. With optical setup reconfiguration, its capability to measure both absorption and fluorescence emission is demonstrated. Quantitative detection of fluorescence emission down to 0.28 nM for quantum dot dispersions and 32 ng/mL for near-infrared dyes has been demonstrated on a single platform over a wide spectral range, as well as an absorption-based water quality test, showing the versatility of the system across liquid solutions for different emission and absorption bands. Comparison with a commercially available portable spectrometer and an optical spectrum analyzer shows our system has an improved signal-to-noise ratio and acceptable spectral resolution for discrimination of emission spectra, and characterization of colored liquid’s absorption characteristics generated by common biomolecular assays. This simple, compact, and versatile analysis platform demonstrates a path towards an integrated optical device that can be utilized for a wide variety of applications in point-of-use testing and point-of-care diagnostics.
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Focusing Light Beams To Improve Atomic-Vapor Optical Buffers
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Strekalov, Dmitry; Matsko, Andrey; Savchenkov, Anatoliy
2010-01-01
Specially designed focusing of light beams has been proposed as a means of improving the performances of optical buffers based on cells containing hot atomic vapors (e.g., rubidium vapor). There is also a companion proposal to improve performance by use of incoherent optical pumping under suitable conditions. Regarding the proposal to use focusing: The utility of atomic-vapor optical buffers as optical storage and processing devices has been severely limited by nonuniform spatial distributions of intensity in optical beams, arising from absorption of the beams as they propagate in atomic-vapor cells. Such nonuniformity makes it impossible to optimize the physical conditions throughout a cell, thereby making it impossible to optimize the performance of the cell as an optical buffer. In practical terms simplified for the sake of brevity, "to optimize" as used here means to design the cell so as to maximize the group delay of an optical pulse while keeping the absorption and distortion of the pulse reasonably small. Regarding the proposal to use incoherent optical pumping: For reasons too complex to describe here, residual absorption of light is one of the main impediments to achievement of desirably long group delays in hot atomic vapors. The present proposal is directed toward suppressing residual absorption of light. The idea of improving the performance of slow-light optical buffers by use of incoherent pumping overlaps somewhat with the basic idea of Raman-based slow-light systems. However, prior studies of those systems did not quantitatively answer the question of whether the performance of an atomic vapor or other medium that exhibits electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) with Raman gain is superior to that of a medium that exhibits EIT without Raman gain.
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Thermally Resilient, Broadband Optical Absorber from UV to IR Derived from Carbon Nanostructures
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Kaul, Anupama B.; Coles, James B.
2012-01-01
Optical absorber coatings have been developed from carbon-based paints, metal blacks, or glassy carbon. However, such materials are not truly black and have poor absorption characteristics at longer wavelengths. The blackness of such coatings is important to increase the accuracy of calibration targets used in radiometric imaging spectrometers since blackbody cavities are prohibitively large in size. Such coatings are also useful potentially for thermal detectors, where a broadband absorber is desired. Au-black has been a commonly used broadband optical absorber, but it is very fragile and can easily be damaged by heat and mechanical vibration. An optically efficient, thermally rugged absorber could also be beneficial for thermal solar cell applications for energy harnessing, particularly in the 350-2,500 nm spectral window. It has been demonstrated that arrays of vertically oriented carbon nanotubes (CNTs), specifically multi-walled-carbon- nanotubes (MWCNTs), are an exceptional optical absorber over a broad range of wavelengths well into the infrared (IR). The reflectance of such arrays is 100x lower compared to conventional black materials, such as Au black in the spectral window of 350-2,500 nm. Total hemispherical measurements revealed a reflectance of approximately equal to 1.7% at lambda approximately equal to 1 micrometer, and at longer wavelengths into the infrared (IR), the specular reflectance was approximately equal to 2.4% at lambda approximately equal to 7 micrometers. The previously synthesized CNTs for optical absorber applications were formed using water-assisted thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD), which yields CNT lengths in excess of 100's of microns. Vertical alignment, deemed to be a critical feature in enabling the high optical absorption from CNT arrays, occurs primarily via the crowding effect with thermal CVD synthesized CNTs, which is generally not effective in aligning CNTs with lengths less than 10 m. Here it has been shown that the electric field inherent in a plasma yields vertically aligned CNTs at small length scales (less than 10 m), which still exhibit broadband, and high-efficiency optical absorption characteristics from the ultraviolet (UV) to IR. A thin and yet highly absorbing coating is extremely valuable for detector applications for radiometry in order to enhance sensitivity. A plasma-based process also increases the potential of forming the optical absorbers at lower synthesis temperatures in the future, increasing the prospects of integrating the absorbers with flexible substrates for low-cost solar cell applications, for example.
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EPR, optical absorption and luminescence studies of Cr3+-doped antimony phosphate glasses
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
De Vicente, F. S.; Santos, F. A.; Simões, B. S.; Dias, S. T.; Siu Li, M.
2014-12-01
Antimony phosphate glasses (SbPO) doped with 3 and 6 mol% of Cr3+ were studied by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR), UV-VIS optical absorption and luminescence spectroscopy. The EPR spectra of Cr3+-doped glasses showed two principal resonance signals with effective g values at g = 5.11 and g = 1.97. UV-VIS optical absorption spectra of SbPO:Cr3+ presented four characteristics bands at 457, 641, 675, and 705 nm related to the transitions from 4A2(F) to 4T1(F), 4T2(F), 2T1(G), and 2E(G), respectively, of Cr3+ ions in octahedral symmetry. Optical absorption spectra of SbPO:Cr3+ allowed evaluating the crystalline field Dq, Racah parameters (B and C) and Dq/B. The calculated value of Dq/B = 2.48 indicates that Cr3+ ions in SbPO glasses are in strong ligand field sites. The optical band gap for SbPO and SbPO:Cr3+ were evaluated from the UV optical absorption edges. Luminescence measurements of pure and Cr3+-doped glasses excited with 350 nm revealed weak emission bands from 400 to 600 nm due to the 3P1 → 1S0 electronic transition from Sb3+ ions. Cr3+-doped glasses excited with 415 nm presented Cr3+ characteristic luminescence spectra composed by two broad bands, one band centered at 645 nm (2E → 4A2) and another intense band from 700 to 850 nm (4T2 → 4A2).
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Inaba, H.
1986-01-01
An all optical remote sensing system utilizing long distance, ultralow loss optical fiber networks is studied and discussed for near infrared absorption measurements of combustible and/or explosive gases such as CH4 and C3H8 in our environment, including experimental results achieved in a diameter more than 20 km. The use of a near infrared wavelength range is emphasized.
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Far-Field to Near-Field Coupling for Enhancing Light-Matter Interaction
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bonakdar, Alireza
This thesis reports on theoretical, modeling, and experimental research within the framework of a key scientific question, which is enhancing the coupling between diffraction-limited far-field and sub-wavelength quantum emitter/absorber. A typical optoelectronic device delivers an optical process such as light detection (e.g. photodetector) or light intensity modulation (e.g. electro-absorptive modulator). In conventional devices, optical process is in the form of far-field or guided wave modes. The main aim of this thesis is to show that converting these modes into near-field domain can enhance the performance of the optoelectronic device. Light in the form of far-field can be converted into near-field domain by the optical antenna. Among different optoelectronic devices, this thesis focuses mainly on integrating the optical antenna with infrared photodetectors. The available semiconductors have weak infrared absorption that reduces light detection efficiency. Integration of the optical antenna with infrared absorber (such as quantum wells in quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP)) increases the infrared absorption. Particularly this integration is favorable as the optical antenna has low metallic loss in infrared region. The author of this thesis believes that optical antenna has unique properties in confining light on the scale of deep sub-wavelength, enhancing electric field intensity and delivering optical energy to semiconductor absorbers. These properties are reaching into practical applications only if overall optical performance is low loss, parameter free (independent of optical parameters such a polarization and angle of incident) and broadband. In this thesis, the integration of optical antenna with infrared photodetectors and thermophotovoltaic are researched and developed which satisfy the aforementioned criteria. In addition, several different optical antennas have been designed, fabricated and characterized in order to analyze and demonstrate the improvement of infrared absorption. In terms of design, novel optical antennas were simulated and proposed for a variety of infrared photodetectors such as a quantum well infrared photodetector, metal-insulator-metal detector, Schottky infrared photodetector, and two-photon absorption infrared detector. Antenna analyzes are not limited to light detection as a chapter of this thesis devoted on design and develop of a low power and ultrafast all-optical/optomechanical switchable antenna. The rest of the manuscript contains the novel lithography method in order to fabricate optical antennas with low cost and in cm-scale area. The method is based on the microsphere photolithography that expose photoresist underneath each microsphere with a focused intensive light -so called photonic nanojet. The developed lithography method takes advantage of microscopic range of optical path (micro-optics) in microsphere lenses that allows to push the exposure wavelength beyond deep UV region, where the refractive optics becomes impractical due to severe material absorption. The author believes that micro-optics lithography is an excellent candidate for large area and high throughput fabrication of sub-100-nm feature sizes in periodic array. In particular, this method facilitates the feasibility of metasurfaces and metamaterials, optical coating with efficient photon extraction/trapping, and highly sensitive bio-sensors in near IR and visible ranges of spectrum.
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A contribution of black and brown carbon to the aerosol light absorption
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kim, Sang-Woo; Cho, Chaeyoon; Jo, Duseong; Park, Rokjin
2017-04-01
Black carbon (BC) is functionally defined as the absorbing component of atmospheric total carbonaceous aerosols and is typically dominated by soot-like elemental carbon (EC). Organic carbon (OC) has also been shown to absorb strongly at visible to UV wavelengths and the absorbing organics are referred to as brown carbon (BrC; Alexander et al., 2008). These two aerosols contribute to solar radiative forcing through absorption of solar radiation and heating of the absorbing aerosol layer, but most optical instruments that quantify light absorption are unable to distinguish one type of absorbing aerosol from another (Moosmüller et al. 2009). In this study, we separate total aerosol absorption from these two different light absorbers from co-located simultaneous in-situ measurements, such as Continuous Soot Monitoring System (COSMOS), Continuous Light Absorption Photometer (CLAP) and Sunset EC/OC analyzer, at Gosan climate observatory, Korea. We determine the mass absorption cross-section (MAC) of BC, and then estimate the contribution of BC and BrC on aerosol light absorption, together with a global 3-D chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) simulation. At 565 nm wavelength, BC MAC is found to be about 5.4±2.8 m2 g-1 from COSMOS and Sunset EC/OC analyzer measurements during January-May 2012. This value is similar to those from Alexander et al. (2008; 4.3 ˜ 4.8 m2 g-1 at 550 nm) and Chung et al. (2012; 5.1 m2 g-1 at 520 nm), but slightly lower than Bond and Bergstrom (2006; 7.5±1.2 m2 g-1 at 550 nm). The COMOS BC mass concentration calculated with 5.4 m2 g-1 of BC MAC shows a good agreement with thermal EC concentration, with a good slope (1.1). Aerosol absorption coefficient and BC mass concentration from COSMOS, meanwhile, are approximately 25 ˜ 30 % lower than those of CLAP. This difference can be attributable to the contribution of volatile light-absorbing aerosols (i.e., BrC). The absorption coefficient of BrC, which is determined by the difference of absorption coefficients from CLAP and COSMOS measurements, increases with increasing thermal OC mass concentration. Monthly variation of BC and BrC absorption coefficients estimated from in-situ measurements and GEOS-Chem model simulation are generally well agreed, even though GEOS-Chem simulation overestimates BC absorption coefficient while underestimates BrC absorption coefficient. Here, we note that MAC of 5.4 m2 g-1 and3.8 m2 g-1 (taken from Alexander et al., 2008) are used to calculate aerosol absorption coefficient of BC and BrC, respectively. The contribution of BC to aerosol light absorption is estimated to be about 70˜75%, while BrC accounts for about 25˜30% of total aerosol light absorption, having a significant climatic implication in East Asia.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Shori, Ramesh K.
The interaction of high-intensity, short-pulsed radiation with liquid water results in dynamic changes in the optical absorption coefficient of water. These changes and their implications, as related to mid-infrared laser ablation of tissue, were not investigated until the late 1980's and early 1990's. Classical models of absorption and heating do not explain the dynamic, non-linear changes in water. The objective of the present work was to quantify the dynamic changes in the absorption coefficient of liquid water as a function of incident energy at three clinically relevant infrared wavelengths (λ = 2.94, 9.6, 10.6 μm). To investigate the changes in the absorption spectrum of water in the 3-μm band, a stable, high-energy Q- switched Er:YAG laser emitting 2.94-μm radiation in a near-perfect TEMoo spatial beam profile was developed. Key to the development of this laser was careful attention to the gain medium, optical pump system, system optics, and the thermal system. The final system design was capable of emitting 110 mJ/pulse at of 2-4 Hz with a lamp lifetime exceeding 12 million pulses The laser was used in two sets of experiments in order to quantify the above changes. First, the laser was used to measure the velocity of the shock front produced by vaporizing a gelatin-based tissue phantom. The measured shock velocity was related to the optical energy absorbed by the tissue phantom and the absorption coefficient, based on the pressure relationships derived using a 1-D piston model for an expanding plume. The shock front velocity measurements indicate that the absorption coefficient is constant for incident fluences less than 20 J/cm2, a result consistent with transmission data. For higher fluences, the data indicate a decrease in the absorption coefficient, which is again consistent with transmission data. Quantification of the absorption coefficient can, however, not be made without violating assumptions that form the basis for the 1-D piston model. Second, the laser was used to measure the optical transmission across water layers of known thicknesses. The data were used to develop a Dynamic Saturable Absorption (DSA) model to predict the dynamic changes in the absorption coefficient of water as a function of incident energy. The DSA model, based in part upon the homogeneous broadening of an atomic transition in a laser gain medium, accurately predicts the absorption coefficient of water over a wide range of incident fluences. One sees saturation of the absorption at both high and low fluence with a monotonic decrease in absorption with increasing fluence. Transmission measurements were also made at 9.6 and 10.6 μm using a TEA CO2 laser. The data show essentially no change in the absorption coefficient as the fluence is varied. The results from the experiments make a significant contribution towards an understanding of the relationship among the dynamic optical properties of water and clinically relevant properties such as ablation rate and residual thermal damage.
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Improving Assessments of Chlorophyll Concentration From In Situ Optical Measurements
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Nardelli, S.; Twardowski, M.
2016-02-01
Florescence as a chlorophyll proxy has poor accuracy because it is dependent on specific absorption (effective molar absorptivity of packaged chlorophyll in living cells) and fluorescence quantum yield, both of which are highly variable. Absorption is a better proxy, as it is only dependent on specific absorption for packaged chlorophyll, although excepted accuracy in using a nominal specific absorption for all phytoplankton is still about 50%. Bricaud et al. (1995), Ciotti et al. (2002), Mouw et al. (2010), etc. have shown, however, that specific absorption is closely related to the average size of phytoplankton due to the relative packaging effect. Through other methods that have been developed over the years (Morel 1973; Diehl and Haart 1980; Boss et al. 2001; Slade and Boss 2015), it has been shown that measurements of spectral particulate attenuation (i.e., light transmission), and perhaps spectral particulate backscattering, can be used as simple proxies for the average size of the particle field. We therefore test the hypothesis that information on average particle size may be used to better estimate specific absorption for packaged chlorophyll, possibly enabling more accurate retrievals of chlorophyll concentration from optical measurements. The required optical measurements can be made with compact commercial off-the-shelf sensors with high sampling frequency that can be operated from autonomous vehicles; as a result, derived chlorophyll concentration could be resolved at far higher temporal and spatial frequency than is currently possible through extracting chlorophyll from discretely collected samples. This study examines the relationship between specific absorption and the attenuation spectral slope in extensive datasets from Case I and Case II waters found globally in an attempt to assess the link between pigment packaging and phytoplankton size dynamics and the impact on improving the derivation of chlorophyll from in situ optical measurements.
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ElBatal, F H; Abdelghany, A M; ElBatal, H A
2014-03-25
Optical and infrared absorption spectral measurements were carried out for binary bismuth silicate glass and other derived prepared samples with the same composition and containing additional 0.2% of one of 3d transition metal oxides. The same combined spectroscopic properties were also measured after subjecting the prepared glasses to a gamma dose of 8 Mrad. The experimental optical spectra reveal strong UV-near visible absorption bands from the base and extended to all TMs-doped samples and these specific extended and strong UV-near visible absorption bands are related to the contributions of absorption from both trace iron (Fe(3+)) ions present as contaminated impurities within the raw materials and from absorption of main constituent trivalent bismuth (Bi(3+)) ions. The strong UV-near visible absorption bands are observed to suppress any further UV bands from TM ions. The studied glasses show obvious resistant to gamma irradiation and only small changes are observed upon gamma irradiation. This observed shielding behavior is related to the presence of high Bi(3+) ions with heavy mass causing the observed stability of the optical absorption. Infrared absorption spectra of the studied glasses reveal characteristic vibrational bands due to both modes from silicate network and the sharing of Bi-O linkages and the presence of TMs in the doping level (0.2%) causes no distinct changes within the number or position of the vibrational modes. The presence of high Bi2O3 content (70 mol%) appears to cause stability of the structural building units towards gamma irradiation as revealed by FTIR measurements. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Interstellar silicate dust in the z = 0.685 absorber toward TXS 0218+357
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Aller, Monique C.; Kulkarni, Varsha P.; Liger, Nicholas
2014-04-10
We report the detection of interstellar silicate dust in the z {sub abs} = 0.685 absorber along the sightline toward the gravitationally lensed blazar TXS 0218+357. Using Spitzer Space Telescope Infrared Spectrograph data, we detect the 10 μm silicate absorption feature with a detection significance of 10.7σ. We fit laboratory-derived silicate dust profile templates obtained from the literature to the observed 10 μm absorption feature and find that the best single-mineral fit is obtained using an amorphous olivine template with a measured peak optical depth of τ{sub 10} = 0.49 ± 0.02, which rises to τ{sub 10} ∼ 0.67 ±more » 0.04 if the covering factor is taken into account. We also detected the 18 μm silicate absorption feature in our data with a >3σ significance. Due to the proximity of the 18 μm absorption feature to the edge of our covered spectral range, and associated uncertainty about the shape of the quasar continuum normalization near 18 μm, we do not independently fit this feature. We find, however, that the shape and depth of the 18 μm silicate absorption are well matched to the amorphous olivine template prediction, given the optical depth inferred for the 10 μm feature. The measured 10 μm peak optical depth in this absorber is significantly higher than those found in previously studied quasar absorption systems. However, the reddening, 21 cm absorption, and velocity spread of Mg II are not outliers relative to other studied absorption systems. This high optical depth may be evidence for variations in dust grain properties in the interstellar medium between this and the previously studied high redshift galaxies.« less
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Slauch, Ian M.; Deceglie, Michael G.; Silverman, Timothy J.
Waste heat generated during daytime operation of a solar module will raise its temperature and reduce cell efficiency. In addition to thermalization and carrier recombination, one major source of excess heat in modules is the parasitic absorption of light with sub-bandgap energy. Parasitic absorption can be prevented if sub-bandgap radiation is reflected away from the module. We report on the design considerations and projected changes to module energy yield for photonic reflectors capable of reflecting a portion of sub-bandgap radiation while maintaining or improving transmission of light with energy greater than the semiconductor bandgap. Using a previously developed, self-consistent opto-electro-thermalmore » finite-element simulation, we calculate the total additional energy generated by a module, including various photonic reflectors, and decompose these benefits into thermal and optical effects. We show that the greatest total energy yield improvement comes from photonic mirrors designed for the outside of the glass, but that mirrors placed between the glass and the encapsulant can have significant thermal benefit. We then show that optimal photonic mirror design requires consideration of all angles of incidence, despite unequal amounts of radiation arriving at each angle. We find that optimized photonic mirrors will be omnidirectional in the sense that they have beneficial performance, regardless of the angle of incidence of radiation. By fulfilling these criteria, photonic mirrors can be used at different geographic locations or different tilt angles than their original optimization conditions with only marginal changes in performance. We show designs that improve energy output in Golden, Colorado by 3.7% over a full year. This work demonstrates the importance of considering real-world irradiance and weather conditions when designing optical structures for solar applications.« less
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OCoc- from Ocean Colour to Organic Carbon
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Heim, B.; Overduin, P. P.; Schirrmeister, L.; Lantuit, H.; Doerffer, R.
2009-12-01
Enhanced permafrost warming and increased arctic river discharges have heightened concern about the input of terrigenous matter into Arctic coastal waters. The ‘OCoc-from Ocean Colour to Organic Carbon’ project (IPY-project 1176), funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG), is an Ocean Colour study joined with the Arctic Coastal Dynamics ACD network and Arctic Circum-polar Coastal Observatory Network ACCO-Net (IPY-project 90). OCoc uses Ocean Colour satellite data for synoptical monitoring of organic matter fluxes from fluvial and coastal sources. Initial results from German-Russian expeditions at the southeastern Laptev Sea Coast (Arctic Siberia, Russia) in August 2008 and August 2009 are presented. Large parts of this coastal zone are characterized by highly erosive organic-rich material. Ocean Colour MERIS Reduced Resolution (RR)-LIB data of the have been processed towards optical aquatic parameters using Beam-Visat4.2 and the MERIS case2 regional processor for coastal application (C2R). Calculated aquatic parameters are absorption and backscattering coefficients, apparent optical properties such as the first attenuation depth (‘Z90’) and calculated concentrations of chlorophyll, total suspended matter and coloured dissolved organic matter absorption from the water leaving reflectances. Initial comparisons with expedition data (Secchi depths, cDOM) show that the MERIS-C2R optical parameters ’total absorption’ and the first attenuation depth, ’Z90’, seem adequately to represent true conditions. High attenuation values in the spectral blue wavelength range may serve as tracer for the organic-rich terrigenous input. The synoptic information of Ocean Colour products will provide valuable spatial and dynamical information on the Organic Carbon and sediment fluxes from the Siberian permafrost coast.
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Slauch, Ian M.; Deceglie, Michael G.; Silverman, Timothy J.; ...
2018-03-02
Waste heat generated during daytime operation of a solar module will raise its temperature and reduce cell efficiency. In addition to thermalization and carrier recombination, one major source of excess heat in modules is the parasitic absorption of light with sub-bandgap energy. Parasitic absorption can be prevented if sub-bandgap radiation is reflected away from the module. We report on the design considerations and projected changes to module energy yield for photonic reflectors capable of reflecting a portion of sub-bandgap radiation while maintaining or improving transmission of light with energy greater than the semiconductor bandgap. Using a previously developed, self-consistent opto-electro-thermalmore » finite-element simulation, we calculate the total additional energy generated by a module, including various photonic reflectors, and decompose these benefits into thermal and optical effects. We show that the greatest total energy yield improvement comes from photonic mirrors designed for the outside of the glass, but that mirrors placed between the glass and the encapsulant can have significant thermal benefit. We then show that optimal photonic mirror design requires consideration of all angles of incidence, despite unequal amounts of radiation arriving at each angle. We find that optimized photonic mirrors will be omnidirectional in the sense that they have beneficial performance, regardless of the angle of incidence of radiation. By fulfilling these criteria, photonic mirrors can be used at different geographic locations or different tilt angles than their original optimization conditions with only marginal changes in performance. We show designs that improve energy output in Golden, Colorado by 3.7% over a full year. This work demonstrates the importance of considering real-world irradiance and weather conditions when designing optical structures for solar applications.« less
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The Ascension Island boundary layer in the remote southeast Atlantic is often smoky
Zuidema, Paquita; Sedlacek III, Arthur J.; Flynn, Connor; ...
2018-03-31
Observations from June through October, 2016, from a surface-based ARM Mobile Facility deployment on Ascension Island (8°S, 14.5°W) indicate that refractory black carbon (rBC) is almost always present within the boundary layer. rBC mass concentrations, light absorption coefficients, and cloud condensation nuclei concentrations vary in concert and synoptically, peaking in August. Light absorption coefficients at three visible wavelengths as a function of rBC mass indirectly indicate the presence of other light-absorbing aerosols (e.g., brown carbon), most pronounced in June. The single-scattering-albedo increases systematically from August to October in both 2016 and 2017, with monthly-means of 0.78±0.02 (August), 0.81±0.03 (September) andmore » 0.83±0.03 (October) at the green wavelength. Boundary-layer aerosol loadings are only loosely correlated with total aerosol optical depth, with smoke more likely to be present in the boundary layer earlier in the biomass-burning season, evolving to smoke predominantly present above the cloud layers in September-October, typically resting upon the cloud-top inversion. The time period with the campaign-maximum near-surface light absorption and column aerosol optical depth, on 13-16 August of 2016, is investigated further. Also, backtrajectories indicate more direct boundary layer transport westward from the African continent is central to explaining the elevated surface aerosol loadings.« less
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The Ascension Island boundary layer in the remote southeast Atlantic is often smoky
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Zuidema, Paquita; Sedlacek III, Arthur J.; Flynn, Connor
Observations from June through October, 2016, from a surface-based ARM Mobile Facility deployment on Ascension Island (8°S, 14.5°W) indicate that refractory black carbon (rBC) is almost always present within the boundary layer. rBC mass concentrations, light absorption coefficients, and cloud condensation nuclei concentrations vary in concert and synoptically, peaking in August. Light absorption coefficients at three visible wavelengths as a function of rBC mass indirectly indicate the presence of other light-absorbing aerosols (e.g., brown carbon), most pronounced in June. The single-scattering-albedo increases systematically from August to October in both 2016 and 2017, with monthly-means of 0.78±0.02 (August), 0.81±0.03 (September) andmore » 0.83±0.03 (October) at the green wavelength. Boundary-layer aerosol loadings are only loosely correlated with total aerosol optical depth, with smoke more likely to be present in the boundary layer earlier in the biomass-burning season, evolving to smoke predominantly present above the cloud layers in September-October, typically resting upon the cloud-top inversion. The time period with the campaign-maximum near-surface light absorption and column aerosol optical depth, on 13-16 August of 2016, is investigated further. Also, backtrajectories indicate more direct boundary layer transport westward from the African continent is central to explaining the elevated surface aerosol loadings.« less
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zidan, M. D.; Al-Ktaifani, M. M.; Allahham, A.
2017-05-01
Z-scan measurements were performed with a CW diode laser at 635 nm to investigate the nonlinear optical properties of Tris(2‧,2-bipyridyl)iron(II) tetrafluoroborate in ethanol at two concentrations. Theoretical fit was carried out to evaluate the nonlinear absorption coefficient (β) and the negative nonlinear refractive index (n2) for the studied complex. Furthermore, the ground-state absorption cross sections (σg), the excited-state absorption cross sections (σex) and thermo-optic coefficient were also estimated. The investigations show large NLO response, which is predominantly associated with substantial conjugation between the aromatic ring π-electron system and d-electron set metal center. The obtained results give a strong indication that Tris(2‧,2-bipyridyl)iron(II) tetrafluoroborate have a potential application in optical domain.
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Ab-initio calculations of structural, electronic, and optical properties of Zn3(VO4)2
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ahmed, Nisar; Mukhtar, S.; Gao, Wei; Zafar Ilyas, Syed
2018-03-01
The structural, electronic, and optical properties of Zn3(VO4)2 are investigated using full potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method within the framework of density functional theory (DFT). Various approaches are adopted to treat the exchange and correlation potential energy such as generalized gradient approximation (GGA), GGA+U, and the Tran–Blaha modified Becke–Johnson (TB-mBJ) potential. The calculated band gap of 3.424 eV by TB-mBJ is found to be close to the experimental result (3.3 eV). The optical anisotropy is analyzed through optical constants, such as dielectric function and absorption coefficient along parallel and perpendicular crystal orientations. The absorption coefficient reveals high absorption (1.5× {10}6 {cm}}-1) of photons in the ultraviolet region.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Brunetti, Matthew N.; Berman, Oleg L.; Kezerashvili, Roman Ya
2018-06-01
We study optical transitions in spatially indirect excitons in transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) heterostructures separated by an integer number of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) monolayers. By solving the Schrödinger equation with the Keldysh potential for a spatially indirect exciton, we obtain eigenfunctions and eigenenergies for the ground and excited states and study their dependence on the interlayer separation, controlled by varying the number of h-BN monolayers. The oscillator strength, optical absorption coefficient, and optical absorption factor, the fraction of incoming photons absorbed in the TMDC/h-BN/TMDC heterostructure, are evaluated and studied as a function of the interlayer separation. Using input parameters from the existing literature which give the largest and the smallest spatially indirect exciton binding energy, we provide upper and lower bounds on all quantities presented.
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Measurement and compensation of wavefront deformations and focal shifts in high-power laser optics
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Mann, K.; Schäfer, B.; Stubenvoll, M.; Hentschel, K.; Zenz, M.
2015-11-01
We demonstrate the feasibility of passive compensation of the thermal lens effect in fused silica optics, placing suitable optical materials with negative dn/dT in the beam path of a high power near IR fiber laser. Following a brief overview of the involved mechanisms, photo-thermal absorption measurements with a Hartmann-Shack sensor are described, from which coefficients for surface/coating and bulk absorption in various materials are determined. Based on comprehensive knowledge of the 2D wavefront deformations resulting from absorption, passive compensation of thermally induced aberrations in complex optical systems is possible, as illustrated for an F-Theta objective. By means of caustic measurements during high-power operation we are able to demonstrate a 60% reduction of the focal shift in F-Theta lenses through passive compensation.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Bhogi, Ashok; Kumar, R. Vijaya; Kistaiah, P., E-mail: pkistaiah@yahoo.com
Iron ion doped lithium borate glasses with the composition 15RO-25Li{sub 2}O-59B{sub 2}O{sub 3}-1Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} (where R= Ca, Sr and Ba) have been prepared by the conventional melt quenching technique and characterized to investigate the physical and optical properties using XRD, density, molar volume and UV-Visible spectroscopy. The optical absorption spectra exhibit a band at around 460 nm which is assigned to {sup 6}A{sub 1g}(S) → 4E{sub g} (G) of Fe{sup 3+} ions with distorted octahedral symmetry. From ultraviolet absorption edges, the optical band gap and Urbach energies have been evaluated. The effect of alkaline earths on these properties ismore » discussed.« less
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Potyrailo, R A; Ruddy, V P; Hieftje, G M
1999-11-01
A new method is described for the simultaneous determination of absorbance and refractive index of a sample medium. The method is based on measurement of the analyte-modulated modal power distribution (MPD) in a multimode waveguide. In turn, the MPD is quantified by the far-field spatial pattern and intensity of light, i.e., the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern (registered on a CCD camera), that emerges from a multimode optical fiber. Operationally, light that is sent down the fiber interacts with the surrounding analyte-containing medium by means of the evanescent wave at the fiber boundary. The light flux in the propagating beam and the internal reflection angles within the fiber are both affected by optical absorption connected with the analyte and by the refractive index of the analyte-containing medium. In turn, these angles are reflected in the angular divergence of the beam as it leaves the fiber. As a result, the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern of that beam yields two parameters that can, together, be used to deduce refractive index and absorbance. This MPD based detection offers important advantages over traditional evanescent-wave detection strategies which rely on recording only the total transmitted optical power or its lost fraction. First, simultaneous determination of sample refractive index and absorbance is possible at a single probe wavelength. Second, the sensitivity of refractometric and absorption measurements can be controlled simply, either by adjusting the distance between the end face of the fiber and the CCD detector or by monitoring selected modal groups at the fiber output. As a demonstration of these capabilities, several weakly absorbing solutions were examined, with refractive indices in the range from 1.3330 to 1.4553 and with absorption coefficients in the range 0-16 cm-1. The new detection strategy is likely to be important in applications in which sample coloration varies and when it is necessary to compensate for variations in the refractive index of a sample.
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Enhanced Reverse Saturable Absorption and Optical Limiting in Heavy-Atom Substituted Phthalocyanines
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Perry, J. W.; Mansour, K.; Marder, S. R.; Alvarez, D., Jr.; Perry, K. J.; Choong, I.
1994-01-01
The reverse saturable absorption and optical limiting response of metal phthalocyaninies can be enhanced by using the heavy-atom effect. Phthalocyanines containing heavy metal atoms, such as In, Sn, and Pb show nearly a factor of two enhancement in the ratio of effective excited-state to ground-state absorption cross sections compared to those containing lighter atoms, such as Al and Si. In an f/8 optical geometry, homogeneous solutions of heavy metal phthalocyanines, at 30% linear transmission, limit 8-ns, 532-nm laser pulses to less than or equal to 3 (micro)J (the energy for 50% probability of eye damage) for incident pulses up to 800 (micro)J.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ishii, Masashi; Crowe, Iain F.; Halsall, Matthew P.; Hamilton, Bruce; Hu, Yongfeng; Sham, Tsun-Kong; Harako, Susumu; Zhao, Xin-Wei; Komuro, Shuji
2013-10-01
The local structure of luminescent Sm dopants was investigated using an X-ray absorption fine-structure technique with X-ray-excited optical luminescence. Because this technique evaluates X-ray absorption from luminescence, only optically active sites are analyzed. The Sm L3 near-edge spectrum contains split 5d states and a shake-up transition that are specific to luminescent Sm. Theoretical calculations using cluster models identified an atomic-scale distortion that can reproduce the split 5d states. The model with C4v local symmetry and compressive bond length of Sm-O of a six-fold oxygen (SmO6) cluster is most consistent with the experimental results.
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Coastal Atmosphere and Sea Time Series (CoASTS)
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Hooker, Stanford B. (Editor); Firestone, Elaine R. (Editor); Berthon, Jean-Francoise; Zibordi, Giuseppe; Doyle, John P.; Grossi, Stefania; vanderLinde, Dirk; Targa, Cristina; McClain, Charles R. (Technical Monitor)
2002-01-01
In this document, the first three years of a time series of bio-optical marine and atmospheric measurements are presented and analyzed. These measurements were performed from an oceanographic tower in the northern Adriatic Sea within the framework of the Coastal Atmosphere and Sea Time Series (CoASTS) project, an ocean color calibration and validation activity. The data set collected includes spectral measurements of the in-water apparent (diffuse attenuation coefficient, reflectance, Q-factor, etc.) and inherent (absorption and scattering coefficients) optical properties, as well as the concentrations of the main optical components (pigment and suspended matter concentrations). Clear seasonal patterns are exhibited by the marine quantities on which an appreciable short-term variability (on the order of a half day to one day) is superimposed. This short-term variability is well correlated with the changes in salinity at the surface resulting from the southward transport of freshwater coming from the northern rivers. Concentrations of chlorophyll alpha and total suspended matter span more than two orders of magnitude. The bio-optical characteristics of the measurement site pertain to both Case-I (about 64%) and Case-II (about 36%) waters, based on a relationship between the beam attenuation coefficient at 660nm and the chlorophyll alpha concentration. Empirical algorithms relating in-water remote sensing reflectance ratios and optical components or properties of interest (chlorophyll alpha, total suspended matter, and the diffuse attenuation coefficient) are presented.
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McBranch, Duncan W.; Mattes, Benjamin R.; Koskelo, Aaron C.; Heeger, Alan J.; Robinson, Jeanne M.; Smilowitz, Laura B.; Klimov, Victor I.; Cha, Myoungsik; Sariciftci, N. Serdar; Hummelen, Jan C.
1998-01-01
Optical limiting materials. Methanofullerenes, fulleroids and/or other fullerenes chemically altered for enhanced solubility, in liquid solution, and in solid blends with transparent glass (SiO.sub.2) gels or polymers, or semiconducting (conjugated) polymers, are shown to be useful as optical limiters (optical surge protectors). The nonlinear absorption is tunable such that the energy transmitted through such blends saturates at high input energy per pulse over a wide range of wavelengths from 400-1100 nm by selecting the host material for its absorption wavelength and ability to transfer the absorbed energy into the optical limiting composition dissolved therein. This phenomenon should be generalizable to other compositions than substituted fullerenes.
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1993-06-15
for another polar area. For samples from Antartic waters, the mean a*pan(4 3 5 ), normalized to chl a + pheo, was 0.0 18 m2 (mg chl a)-I (Mitchell and...specific absorption coefficients, was suggested as the cause of relatively low mean specific absorption coefficients in the Antartic . The values of c1...moored optical sensors in the Sargasso Sea. J. Geophys. Res. 97, 7399-7412. Mitchell, B.G., and 0. Holm-Hansen 1991. Bio-optical properties of Antartic
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Fishkin, Joshua B.; So, Peter T. C.; Cerussi, Albert E.; Gratton, Enrico; Fantini, Sergio; Franceschini, Maria Angela
1995-03-01
We have measured the optical absorption and scattering coefficient spectra of a multiple-scattering medium (i.e., a biological tissue-simulating phantom comprising a lipid colloid) containing methemoglobin by using frequency-domain techniques. The methemoglobin absorption spectrum determined in the multiple-scattering medium is in excellent agreement with a corrected methemoglobin absorption spectrum obtained from a steady-state spectrophotometer measurement of the optical density of a minimally scattering medium. The determination of the corrected methemoglobin absorption spectrum takes into account the scattering from impurities in the methemoglobin solution containing no lipid colloid. Frequency-domain techniques allow for the separation of the absorbing from the scattering properties of multiple-scattering media, and these techniques thus provide an absolute
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Effect of marine derived deoxyribonucleic acid on nonlinear optical properties of PicoGreen dye
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Pradeep, C.; Mathew, S.; Nithyaja, B.; Radhakrishnan, P.; Nampoori, V. P. N.
2013-06-01
We have investigated the effect of DNA on nonlinear absorption of PicoGreen dye using single beam open aperture Z-scan technique in nanosecond regime. We observed reverse saturable absorption at 532 nm for PicoGreen without DNA. In the presence of DNA, the sample begins to behave like saturable absorbers and this effect increased as the concentration of DNA was increased. The dye-intercalated DNA showed SA characteristics near the focus but exhibited RSA characteristics at the focus. Theoretical analysis has been performed using a two-photon absorption model based on nonlinear absorption coefficient and saturation intensity. Such tailoring of optical nonlinear absorption in PicoGreen makes it a potential candidate for photonic application.
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Integrated Photoacoustic Ophthalmoscopy and Spectral-domain Optical Coherence Tomography
Jiao, Shuliang; Zhang, Hao F.
2013-01-01
Both the clinical diagnosis and fundamental investigation of major ocular diseases greatly benefit from various non-invasive ophthalmic imaging technologies. Existing retinal imaging modalities, such as fundus photography1, confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (cSLO)2, and optical coherence tomography (OCT)3, have significant contributions in monitoring disease onsets and progressions, and developing new therapeutic strategies. However, they predominantly rely on the back-reflected photons from the retina. As a consequence, the optical absorption properties of the retina, which are usually strongly associated with retinal pathophysiology status, are inaccessible by the traditional imaging technologies. Photoacoustic ophthalmoscopy (PAOM) is an emerging retinal imaging modality that permits the detection of the optical absorption contrasts in the eye with a high sensitivity4-7 . In PAOM nanosecond laser pulses are delivered through the pupil and scanned across the posterior eye to induce photoacoustic (PA) signals, which are detected by an unfocused ultrasonic transducer attached to the eyelid. Because of the strong optical absorption of hemoglobin and melanin, PAOM is capable of non-invasively imaging the retinal and choroidal vasculatures, and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) melanin at high contrasts 6,7. More importantly, based on the well-developed spectroscopic photoacoustic imaging5,8 , PAOM has the potential to map the hemoglobin oxygen saturation in retinal vessels, which can be critical in studying the physiology and pathology of several blinding diseases 9 such as diabetic retinopathy and neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Moreover, being the only existing optical-absorption-based ophthalmic imaging modality, PAOM can be integrated with well-established clinical ophthalmic imaging techniques to achieve more comprehensive anatomic and functional evaluations of the eye based on multiple optical contrasts6,10 . In this work, we integrate PAOM and spectral-domain OCT (SD-OCT) for simultaneously in vivo retinal imaging of rat, where both optical absorption and scattering properties of the retina are revealed. The system configuration, system alignment and imaging acquisition are presented. PMID:23354081
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Cucinotta, Francis A.; Yan, Congchong; Saganti, Premkumar B.
2018-01-01
Heavy ion absorption cross sections play an important role in radiation transport codes used in risk assessment and for shielding studies of galactic cosmic ray (GCR) exposures. Due to the GCR primary nuclei composition and nuclear fragmentation leading to secondary nuclei heavy ions of charge number, Z with 3 ≤ Z ≥ 28 and mass numbers, A with 6 ≤ A ≥ 60 representing about 190 isotopes occur in GCR transport calculations. In this report we describe methods for developing a data-base of isotopic dependent heavy ion absorption cross sections for interactions. Calculations of a 2nd-order optical model solution to coupled-channel solutions to the Eikonal form of the nucleus-nucleus scattering amplitude are compared to 1st-order optical model solutions. The 2nd-order model takes into account two-body correlations in the projectile and target ground-states, which are ignored in the 1st-order optical model. Parameter free predictions are described using one-body and two-body ground state form factors for the isotopes considered and the free nucleon-nucleon scattering amplitude. Root mean square (RMS) matter radii for protons and neutrons are taken from electron and muon scattering data and nuclear structure models. We report on extensive comparisons to experimental data for energy-dependent absorption cross sections for over 100 isotopes of elements from Li to Fe interacting with carbon and aluminum targets. Agreement between model and experiments are generally within 10% for the 1st-order optical model and improved to less than 5% in the 2nd-order optical model in the majority of comparisons. Overall the 2nd-order optical model leads to a reduction in absorption compared to the 1st-order optical model for heavy ion interactions, which influences estimates of nuclear matter radii.
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Frequency-domain optical absorption spectroscopy of finite tissue volumes using diffusion theory.
Pogue, B W; Patterson, M S
1994-07-01
The goal of frequency-domain optical absorption spectroscopy is the non-invasive determination of the absorption coefficient of a specific tissue volume. Since this allows the concentration of endogenous and exogenous chromophores to be calculated, there is considerable potential for clinical application. The technique relies on the measurement of the phase and modulation of light, which is diffusely reflected or transmitted by the tissue when it is illuminated by an intensity-modulated source. A model of light propagation must then be used to deduce the absorption coefficient. For simplicity, it is usual to assume the tissue is either infinite in extent (for transmission measurements) or semi-infinite (for reflectance measurements). The goal of this paper is to examine the errors introduced by these assumptions when measurements are actually performed on finite volumes. Diffusion-theory calculations and experimental measurements were performed for slabs, cylinders and spheres with optical properties characteristic of soft tissues in the near infrared. The error in absorption coefficient is presented as a function of object size as a guideline to when the simple models may be used. For transmission measurements, the error is almost independent of the true absorption coefficient, which allows absolute changes in absorption to be measured accurately. The implications of these errors in absorption coefficient for two clinical problems--quantitation of an exogenous photosensitizer and measurement of haemoglobin oxygenation--are presented and discussed.
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Third order nonlinear optical properties of bismuth zinc borate glasses
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Shanmugavelu, B.; Ravi Kanth Kumar, V. V., E-mail: ravi.phy@pondiuni.edu.in; Kuladeep, R.
2013-12-28
Third order nonlinear optical characterization of bismuth zinc borate glasses are reported here using different laser pulse durations. Bismuth zinc borate glasses with compositions xBi{sub 2}O{sub 3}-30ZnO-(70-x) B{sub 2}O{sub 3} (where x = 30, 35, 40, and 45 mol. %) have been prepared by melt quenching method. These glasses were characterized by Raman, UV-Vis absorption, and Z scan measurements. Raman and UV-Vis spectroscopic results indicate that non-bridging oxygens increase with increase of bismuth content in the glass. Nonlinear absorption and refraction behavior in the nanosecond (ns), picosecond (ps), and femtosecond (fs) time domains were studied in detail. Strong reverse saturable absorption due tomore » dominant two-photon absorption (TPA) was observed with both ps and fs excitations. In the case of ns pulse excitations, TPA and free-carrier absorption processes contribute for the nonlinear absorption. Two-photon absorption coefficient (β) and the absorption cross section due to free carriers (σ{sub e}) are estimated by theoretical fit of the open aperture Z-scan measurements and found to be dependent on the amount of bismuth oxide in the glass composition. In both ns and fs regimes the sign and magnitude of the third order nonlinearity are evaluated, and the optical limiting characteristics are also reported.« less
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ye, Huping; Li, Junsheng; Zhu, Jianhua; Shen, Qian; Li, Tongji; Zhang, Fangfang; Yue, Huanyin; Zhang, Bing; Liao, Xiaohan
2017-10-01
The absorption coefficient of water is an important bio-optical parameter for water optics and water color remote sensing. However, scattering correction is essential to obtain accurate absorption coefficient values in situ using the nine-wavelength absorption and attenuation meter AC9. Establishing the correction always fails in Case 2 water when the correction assumes zero absorption in the near-infrared (NIR) region and underestimates the absorption coefficient in the red region, which affect processes such as semi-analytical remote sensing inversion. In this study, the scattering contribution was evaluated by an exponential fitting approach using AC9 measurements at seven wavelengths (412, 440, 488, 510, 532, 555, and 715 nm) and by applying scattering correction. The correction was applied to representative in situ data of moderately turbid coastal water, highly turbid coastal water, eutrophic inland water, and turbid inland water. The results suggest that the absorption levels in the red and NIR regions are significantly higher than those obtained using standard scattering error correction procedures. Knowledge of the deviation between this method and the commonly used scattering correction methods will facilitate the evaluation of the effect on satellite remote sensing of water constituents and general optical research using different scattering-correction methods.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kempema, Nathan J.; Ma, Bin; Long, Marshall B.
2016-09-01
Soot optical properties are essential to the noninvasive study of the in-flame evolution of soot particles since they allow quantitative interpretation of optical diagnostics. Such experimental data are critical for comparison to results from computational models and soot sub-models. In this study, the thermophoretic sampling particle diagnostic (TSPD) technique is applied along with data from a previous spectrally resolved line-of-sight light attenuation experiment to determine the soot volume fraction and absorption function. The TSPD technique is applied in a flame stabilized on the Yale burner, and the soot scattering-to-absorption ratio is calculated using the Rayleigh-Debye-Gans theory for fractal aggregates and morphology information from a previous sampling experiment. The soot absorption function is determined as a function of wavelength and found to be in excellent agreement with previous in-flame measurements of the soot absorption function in coflow laminar diffusion flames. Two-dimensional maps of the soot dispersion exponent are calculated and show that the soot absorption function may have a positive or negative exponential wavelength dependence depending on the in-flame location. Finally, the wavelength dependence of the soot absorption function is related to the ratio of soot absorption functions, as would be found using two-excitation-wavelength laser-induced incandescence.
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Structural and optical properties of furfurylidenemalononitrile thin films
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ali, H. A. M.
2013-03-01
Thin films of furfurylidenemalononitrile (FMN) were deposited on different substrates at room temperature by thermal evaporation technique under a high vacuum. The structure of the powder was confirmed by Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR) technique. The unit cell dimensions were determined from X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. The optical properties were investigated using spectrophotometric measurements of the transmittance and reflectance at normal incidence of light in the wavelength range from 200 to 2500 nm. The refractive index (n), the absorption index (k) and the absorption coefficient (α) were calculated. The analysis of the spectral behavior of the absorption coefficient in the absorption region revealed an indirect allowed transition. The refractive index dispersion was analyzed using the single oscillator model. Some dispersion parameters were estimated. Complex dielectric function and optical conductivity were determined. The influence of the irradiation with high-energy X-rays (6 MeV) on the studied properties was also investigated.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Dey, Soumyodeep; Bongu, Sudhakara Reddy; Bisht, Prem Ballabh
2017-03-01
We study the nonlinear optical response of a standard dye IR26 using the Z-scan technique, but with the white light continuum. The continuum source of wavelength from 450 nm to 1650 nm has been generated from the photonic crystal fiber on pumping with 772 nm of Ti:Sapphire oscillator. The use of broadband incident pulse enables us to probe saturable absorption (SA) and reverse saturable absorption (RSA) over the large spectral range with a single Z-scan measurement. The system shows SA in the resonant region while it turns to RSA in the non-resonant regions. The low saturation intensity of the dye can be explained based on the simultaneous excitation from ground states to various higher energy levels with the help of composite energy level diagram. The cumulative effects of excited state absorption and thermal induced nonlinear optical effects are responsible for the observed RSA.
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Optical properties of an inhomogeneously broadened ΛV-system with multiple excited states
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kaur, Paramjit; Bharti, Vineet; Wasan, Ajay
2014-09-01
We present a theoretical model using a density matrix approach to show the influence of multiple excited states on the optical properties of an inhomogeneously broadened ?V-system of the ?Rb D2 line. These closely spaced multiple excited states cause asymmetry in absorption and dispersion profiles. We observe the reduced absorption profiles, due to dressed state interactions of the applied electromagnetic fields, which results the Mollow sideband-like transparency windows. In a room temperature vapor, we obtain a narrow enhanced absorption and steep positive dispersion at the line center when the strengths of control and pump fields are equal. Here, we show how the probe transmittance varies when it passes through the atomic medium. We also discuss the transient behavior of our system which agrees well with the corresponding absorption and dispersion profiles. This study has potential applications in controllability of group velocity, and for optical and quantum information processing.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Fang, Yun-tuan; Zhang, Yi-chi; Xia, Jing
2018-06-01
In order to obtain tunable unidirectional device, we assumed an ideal periodic layered Parity-Time (PT) symmetry structure inserted by doped LiNbO3 (LN) interlayers. LN is a typical electro-optical material of which the refractive index depends on the external electric field. In our work, we theoretically investigate the modulation effect of the external electric field on the transmittance and reflectance of the structure through numerical method. Through selected structural parameters, the one-way enhanced reflection and high absorption (above 0.9) behaviors are found. Within a special frequency band (not a single frequency), our theoretical model performs enhanced reflection in one incidence direction and high absorption in the other direction. Furthermore, the directions of enhanced reflection and absorption can be reversed through reversing the direction of applied electric field. Such structure with reversible properties has the potential in designing new optical devices.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Luk'yanov, A. Yu; Ral'chenko, Viktor G.; Khomich, A. V.; Serdtsev, E. V.; Volkov, P. V.; Savel'ev, A. V.; Konov, Vitalii I.
2008-12-01
A highly-efficient phase photothermal method is developed for quantitative measurements of the small optical absorption coefficient in thin plates made of highly transparent materials in which bulk losses significantly exceed surface losses. The bulk absorption coefficient at 10.6 μm is estimated in polycrystalline diamond plates grown from the vapour phase (a CVD diamond). The results are compared with those for natural and synthetic diamond single crystals and with the concentrations of nitrogen and hydrogen impurities. The absorption coefficient of the best samples of the CVD diamond did not exceed 0.06 cm-1, which, taking into account the high thermal conductivity of the CVD diamond (1800-2200 W mK-1 at room temperature), makes this material attractive for fabricating output windows of high-power CO2 lasers, especially for manufacturing large-size optics.
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Critical power for self-focusing of optical beam in absorbing media
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Qi, Pengfei; Zhang, Lin; Lin, Lie; Zhang, Nan; Wang, Yan; Liu, Weiwei
2018-04-01
Self-focusing effects are of central importance for most nonlinear optical effects. The critical power for self-focusing is commonly investigated theoretically without considering a material’s absorption. Although this is practicable for various materials, investigating the critical power for self-focusing in media with non-negligible absorption is also necessary, because this is the situation usually met in practice. In this paper, the simple analytical expressions describing the relationships among incident power, absorption coefficient and focal position are provided by a simple physical model based on the Fermat principle. Expressions for the absorption dependent critical power are also derived; these can play important roles in experimental and applied research on self-focusing-related nonlinear optical phenomena in absorbing media. Numerical results, based on the nonlinear wave equation—and which can predict experimental results perfectly—are also presented, and agree quantitatively with the analytical results proposed in this paper.
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Electronic structure and intersubband magnetoabsorption spectra of CdSe/CdS core-shell nanowires
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Xiong, Wen
2016-10-01
The electronic structures of CdSe/CdS core-shell nanowires are calculated based on the effective-mass theory, and it is found that the hole states in CdSe/CdS core-shell nanowires are strongly mixed, which are very different from the hole states in CdSe or CdS nanowires. In addition, we find the three highest hole states at the Γ point are almost localized in the CdSe core and the energies of the hole states in CdSe/CdS core-shell nanowires can be enhanced greatly when the core radius Rc increases and the total radius R is fixed. The degenerate hole states are split by the magnetic field, and the split energies will increase when |Jh | increases from 1/2 to 7/2, while they are almost not influenced by the change of the core radius Rc. The absorption spectra of CdSe/CdS core-shell nanowires at the Γ point are also studied in the magnetic field when the temperature T is considered, and we find there are only two peaks will arise if the core radius Rc and the temperature T increase. The intensity of each optical absorption can be considerably enhanced by increasing the core radius Rc when the temperature T is fixed, it is due to the increase of their optical transition matrix element. Meanwhile, the intensity of each optical absorption can be decreased when the temperature T increases and the core radius Rc is fixed, and this is because the Fermi-Dirac distribution function of the corresponding hole states will increase as the increase of the temperature T.
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Influence of refractive index and solar concentration on optical power absorption in slabs
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Williams, M. D.
1988-01-01
The optical power absorbed by a slab at the focus of a parabolic dish concentrator is calculated. The calculations are plotted versus maximum angle of incidence of irradiation (which corresponds to solar concentration) with absorption coefficient as a parameter for several different indices of refraction that represent real materials.
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Hybrid silicon–carbon nanostructures for broadband optical absorption
Yang, Wen -Hua; Lu, Wen -Cai; Ho, K. M.; ...
2017-01-25
Proper design of nanomaterials for broadband light absorption is a key factor for improving the conversion efficiency of solar cells. Here we present a hybrid design of silicon–carbon nanostructures with silicon clusters coated by carbon cages, i.e., Si m@C 2n for potential solar cell application. The optical properties of these hybrid nanostructures were calculated based on time dependent density function theory (TDDFT). The results show that the optical spectra of Si m@C 2n are very different from those of pure Si m and C 2n clusters. While the absorption spectra of pure carbon cages and Si m clusters exhibit peaksmore » in the UV region, those of the Si m@C 2n nanostructures exhibit a significant red shift. Superposition of the optical spectra of various Si m@C 2n nanostructures forms a broad-band absorption, which extends to the visible light and infrared regions. As a result, the broadband adsorption of the assembled Si m@C 2n nanoclusters may provide a new approach for the design of high efficiency solar cell nanomaterials.« less