Sample records for tsunami generation models

  1. Modeling Tsunami Wave Generation Using a Two-layer Granular Landslide Model

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ma, G.; Kirby, J. T., Jr.; Shi, F.; Grilli, S. T.; Hsu, T. J.

    2016-12-01

    Tsunamis can be generated by subaerial or submarine landslides in reservoirs, lakes, fjords, bays and oceans. Compared to seismogenic tsunamis, landslide or submarine mass failure (SMF) tsunamis are normally characterized by relatively shorter wave lengths and stronger wave dispersion, and potentially may generate large wave amplitudes locally and high run-up along adjacent coastlines. Due to a complex interplay between the landslide and tsunami waves, accurate simulation of landslide motion as well as tsunami generation is a challenging task. We develop and test a new two-layer model for granular landslide motion and tsunami wave generation. The landslide is described as a saturated granular flow, accounting for intergranular stresses governed by Coulomb friction. Tsunami wave generation is simulated by the three-dimensional non-hydrostatic wave model NHWAVE, which is capable of capturing wave dispersion efficiently using a small number of discretized vertical levels. Depth-averaged governing equations for the granular landslide are derived in a slope-oriented coordinate system, taking into account the dynamic interaction between the lower-layer granular landslide and upper-layer water motion. The model is tested against laboratory experiments on impulsive wave generation by subaerial granular landslides. Model results illustrate a complex interplay between the granular landslide and tsunami waves, and they reasonably predict not only the tsunami wave generation but also the granular landslide motion from initiation to deposition.

  2. Airburst-Generated Tsunamis

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Berger, Marsha; Goodman, Jonathan

    2018-04-01

    This paper examines the questions of whether smaller asteroids that burst in the air over water can generate tsunamis that could pose a threat to distant locations. Such airburst-generated tsunamis are qualitatively different than the more frequently studied earthquake-generated tsunamis, and differ as well from tsunamis generated by asteroids that strike the ocean. Numerical simulations are presented using the shallow water equations in several settings, demonstrating very little tsunami threat from this scenario. A model problem with an explicit solution that demonstrates and explains the same phenomena found in the computations is analyzed. We discuss the question of whether compressibility and dispersion are important effects that should be included, and show results from a more sophisticated model problem using the linearized Euler equations that begins to addresses this.

  3. Tsunamis: stochastic models of occurrence and generation mechanisms

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Geist, Eric L.; Oglesby, David D.

    2014-01-01

    The devastating consequences of the 2004 Indian Ocean and 2011 Japan tsunamis have led to increased research into many different aspects of the tsunami phenomenon. In this entry, we review research related to the observed complexity and uncertainty associated with tsunami generation, propagation, and occurrence described and analyzed using a variety of stochastic methods. In each case, seismogenic tsunamis are primarily considered. Stochastic models are developed from the physical theories that govern tsunami evolution combined with empirical models fitted to seismic and tsunami observations, as well as tsunami catalogs. These stochastic methods are key to providing probabilistic forecasts and hazard assessments for tsunamis. The stochastic methods described here are similar to those described for earthquakes (Vere-Jones 2013) and volcanoes (Bebbington 2013) in this encyclopedia.

  4. Tsunami Generation Modelling for Early Warning Systems

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Annunziato, A.; Matias, L.; Ulutas, E.; Baptista, M. A.; Carrilho, F.

    2009-04-01

    In the frame of a collaboration between the European Commission Joint Research Centre and the Institute of Meteorology in Portugal, a complete analytical tool to support Early Warning Systems is being developed. The tool will be part of the Portuguese National Early Warning System and will be used also in the frame of the UNESCO North Atlantic Section of the Tsunami Early Warning System. The system called Tsunami Analysis Tool (TAT) includes a worldwide scenario database that has been pre-calculated using the SWAN-JRC code (Annunziato, 2007). This code uses a simplified fault generation mechanism and the hydraulic model is based on the SWAN code (Mader, 1988). In addition to the pre-defined scenario, a system of computers is always ready to start a new calculation whenever a new earthquake is detected by the seismic networks (such as USGS or EMSC) and is judged capable to generate a Tsunami. The calculation is performed using minimal parameters (epicentre and the magnitude of the earthquake): the programme calculates the rupture length and rupture width by using empirical relationship proposed by Ward (2002). The database calculations, as well the newly generated calculations with the current conditions are therefore available to TAT where the real online analysis is performed. The system allows to analyze also sea level measurements available worldwide in order to compare them and decide if a tsunami is really occurring or not. Although TAT, connected with the scenario database and the online calculation system, is at the moment the only software that can support the tsunami analysis on a global scale, we are convinced that the fault generation mechanism is too simplified to give a correct tsunami prediction. Furthermore short tsunami arrival times especially require a possible earthquake source parameters data on tectonic features of the faults like strike, dip, rake and slip in order to minimize real time uncertainty of rupture parameters. Indeed the earthquake

  5. Issues and Advances in Understanding Landslide-Generated Tsunamis: Toward a Unified Model

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Geist, E. L.; Locat, J.; Lee, H. J.; Lynett, P. J.; Parsons, T.; Kayen, R. E.; Hart, P. E.

    2008-12-01

    The physics of tsunamis generated from submarine landslides is highly complex, involving a cross- disciplinary exchange in geophysics. In the 10 years following the devastating Papua New Guinea tsunami, there have been significant advances in understanding landslide-generated tsunamis. However, persistent issues still remain related to submarine landslide dynamics that may be addressed with collection of new marine geologic and geophysical observations. We review critical elements of landslide tsunamis in the hope of developing a unified model that encompasses all stages of the process from triggering to tsunami runup. Because the majority of non-volcanogenic landslides that generate tsunamis are triggered seismically, advances in understanding inertial displacements and changes in strength and rheologic properties in response to strong-ground motion need to be included in a unified model. For example, interaction between compliant marine sediments and multi-direction ground motion results in greater permanent plastic displacements than predicted by traditional rigid-block analysis. When considering the coupling of the overlying water layer in the generation of tsunamis, the post-failure dynamics of landslides is important since the overall rate of seafloor deformation for landslides is less than or comparable to the phase speed of tsunami waves. As such, the rheologic and mechanical behavior of the slide material needs to be well understood. For clayey and silty debris flows, a non-linear (Herschel-Bulkley) and bilinear rheology have recently been developed to explain observed runout distances and deposit thicknesses. An additional complexity to this rheology is the inclusion of hydrate-laden sediment that commonly occurs along continental slopes. Although it has been proposed in the past that gas hydrate dissociation may provide potential failure planes for slide movement, it is unclear how zones of rigid hydrate-bearing sediment surrounded by a more viscoplastic

  6. Observation and Modeling of Tsunami-Generated Gravity Waves in the Earth’s Upper Atmosphere

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2015-10-08

    Observation and modeling of tsunami -generated gravity waves in the earth’s upper atmosphere 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6...ABSTRACT Build a compatible set of models which 1) calculate the spectrum of atmospheric GWs excited by a tsunami (using ocean model data as input...for public release; distribution is unlimited. Observation and modeling of tsunami -generated gravity waves in the earth’s upper atmosphere Sharon

  7. Numerical modeling of landslide-generated tsunami using adaptive unstructured meshes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wilson, Cian; Collins, Gareth; Desousa Costa, Patrick; Piggott, Matthew

    2010-05-01

    Landslides impacting into or occurring under water generate waves, which can have devastating environmental consequences. Depending on the characteristics of the landslide the waves can have significant amplitude and potentially propagate over large distances. Linear models of classical earthquake-generated tsunamis cannot reproduce the highly nonlinear generation mechanisms required to accurately predict the consequences of landslide-generated tsunamis. Also, laboratory-scale experimental investigation is limited to simple geometries and short time-scales before wave reflections contaminate the data. Computational fluid dynamics models based on the nonlinear Navier-Stokes equations can simulate landslide-tsunami generation at realistic scales. However, traditional chessboard-like structured meshes introduce superfluous resolution and hence the computing power required for such a simulation can be prohibitively high, especially in three dimensions. Unstructured meshes allow the grid spacing to vary rapidly from high resolution in the vicinity of small scale features to much coarser, lower resolution in other areas. Combining this variable resolution with dynamic mesh adaptivity allows such high resolution zones to follow features like the interface between the landslide and the water whilst minimising the computational costs. Unstructured meshes are also better suited to representing complex geometries and bathymetries allowing more realistic domains to be simulated. Modelling multiple materials, like water, air and a landslide, on an unstructured adaptive mesh poses significant numerical challenges. Novel methods of interface preservation must be considered and coupled to a flow model in such a way that ensures conservation of the different materials. Furthermore this conservation property must be maintained during successive stages of mesh optimisation and interpolation. In this paper we validate a new multi-material adaptive unstructured fluid dynamics model

  8. Asteroid-Generated Tsunami and Impact Risk

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Boslough, M.; Aftosmis, M.; Berger, M. J.; Ezzedine, S. M.; Gisler, G.; Jennings, B.; LeVeque, R. J.; Mathias, D.; McCoy, C.; Robertson, D.; Titov, V. V.; Wheeler, L.

    2016-12-01

    The justification for planetary defense comes from a cost/benefit analysis, which includes risk assessment. The contribution from ocean impacts and airbursts is difficult to quantify and represents a significant uncertainty in our assessment of the overall risk. Our group is currently working toward improved understanding of impact scenarios that can generate dangerous tsunami. The importance of asteroid-generated tsunami research has increased because a new Science Definition Team, at the behest of NASA's Planetary Defense Coordinating Office, is now updating the results of a 2003 study on which our current planetary defense policy is based Our group was formed to address this question on many fronts, including asteroid entry modeling, tsunami generation and propagation simulations, modeling of coastal run-ups, inundation, and consequences, infrastructure damage estimates, and physics-based probabilistic impact risk assessment. We also organized the Second International Workshop on Asteroid Threat Assessment, focused on asteroid-generated tsunami and associated risk (Aug. 23-24, 2016). We will summarize our progress and present the highlights of our workshop, emphasizing its relevance to earth and planetary science. Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the United States Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

  9. Landslide-Generated Tsunami Model for Quick Hazard Assessment

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Franz, M.; Rudaz, B.; Locat, J.; Jaboyedoff, M.; Podladchikov, Y.

    2015-12-01

    Alpine regions are likely to be areas at risk regarding to landslide-induced tsunamis, because of the proximity between lakes and potential instabilities and due to the concentration of the population in valleys and on the lakes shores. In particular, dam lakes are often surrounded by steep slopes and frequently affect the stability of the banks. In order to assess comprehensively this phenomenon together with the induced risks, we have developed a 2.5D numerical model which aims to simulate the propagation of the landslide, the generation and the propagation of the wave and eventually the spread on the shores or the associated downstream flow. To perform this task, the process is done in three steps. Firstly, the geometry of the sliding mass is constructed using the Sloping Local Base Level (SLBL) concept. Secondly, the propagation of this volume is performed using a model based on viscous flow equations. Finally, the wave generation and its propagation are simulated using the shallow water equations stabilized by the Lax-Friedrichs scheme. The transition between wet and dry bed is performed by the combination of the two latter sets of equations. The proper behavior of our model is demonstrated by; (1) numerical tests from Toro (2001), and (2) by comparison with a real event where the horizontal run-up distance is known (Nicolet landslide, Quebec, Canada). The model is of particular interest due to its ability to perform quickly the 2.5D geometric model of the landslide, the tsunami simulation and, consequently, the hazard assessment.

  10. Physical modelling of tsunamis generated by three-dimensional deformable granular landslides on planar and conical island slopes

    PubMed Central

    2016-01-01

    Tsunamis generated by landslides and volcanic island collapses account for some of the most catastrophic events recorded, yet critically important field data related to the landslide motion and tsunami evolution remain lacking. Landslide-generated tsunami source and propagation scenarios are physically modelled in a three-dimensional tsunami wave basin. A unique pneumatic landslide tsunami generator was deployed to simulate landslides with varying geometry and kinematics. The landslides were generated on a planar hill slope and divergent convex conical hill slope to study lateral hill slope effects on the wave characteristics. The leading wave crest amplitude generated on a planar hill slope is larger on average than the leading wave crest generated on a convex conical hill slope, whereas the leading wave trough and second wave crest amplitudes are smaller. Between 1% and 24% of the landslide kinetic energy is transferred into the wave train. Cobble landslides transfer on average 43% more kinetic energy into the wave train than corresponding gravel landslides. Predictive equations for the offshore propagating wave amplitudes, periods, celerities and lengths generated by landslides on planar and divergent convex conical hill slopes are derived, which allow an initial rapid tsunami hazard assessment. PMID:27274697

  11. Physical modelling of tsunamis generated by three-dimensional deformable granular landslides on planar and conical island slopes.

    PubMed

    McFall, Brian C; Fritz, Hermann M

    2016-04-01

    Tsunamis generated by landslides and volcanic island collapses account for some of the most catastrophic events recorded, yet critically important field data related to the landslide motion and tsunami evolution remain lacking. Landslide-generated tsunami source and propagation scenarios are physically modelled in a three-dimensional tsunami wave basin. A unique pneumatic landslide tsunami generator was deployed to simulate landslides with varying geometry and kinematics. The landslides were generated on a planar hill slope and divergent convex conical hill slope to study lateral hill slope effects on the wave characteristics. The leading wave crest amplitude generated on a planar hill slope is larger on average than the leading wave crest generated on a convex conical hill slope, whereas the leading wave trough and second wave crest amplitudes are smaller. Between 1% and 24% of the landslide kinetic energy is transferred into the wave train. Cobble landslides transfer on average 43% more kinetic energy into the wave train than corresponding gravel landslides. Predictive equations for the offshore propagating wave amplitudes, periods, celerities and lengths generated by landslides on planar and divergent convex conical hill slopes are derived, which allow an initial rapid tsunami hazard assessment.

  12. A Hybrid Tsunami Risk Model for Japan

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Haseemkunju, A. V.; Smith, D. F.; Khater, M.; Khemici, O.; Betov, B.; Scott, J.

    2014-12-01

    Around the margins of the Pacific Ocean, denser oceanic plates slipping under continental plates cause subduction earthquakes generating large tsunami waves. The subducting Pacific and Philippine Sea plates create damaging interplate earthquakes followed by huge tsunami waves. It was a rupture of the Japan Trench subduction zone (JTSZ) and the resultant M9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake that caused the unprecedented tsunami along the Pacific coast of Japan on March 11, 2011. EQECAT's Japan Earthquake model is a fully probabilistic model which includes a seismo-tectonic model describing the geometries, magnitudes, and frequencies of all potential earthquake events; a ground motion model; and a tsunami model. Within the much larger set of all modeled earthquake events, fault rupture parameters for about 24000 stochastic and 25 historical tsunamigenic earthquake events are defined to simulate tsunami footprints using the numerical tsunami model COMCOT. A hybrid approach using COMCOT simulated tsunami waves is used to generate inundation footprints, including the impact of tides and flood defenses. Modeled tsunami waves of major historical events are validated against observed data. Modeled tsunami flood depths on 30 m grids together with tsunami vulnerability and financial models are then used to estimate insured loss in Japan from the 2011 tsunami. The primary direct report of damage from the 2011 tsunami is in terms of the number of buildings damaged by municipality in the tsunami affected area. Modeled loss in Japan from the 2011 tsunami is proportional to the number of buildings damaged. A 1000-year return period map of tsunami waves shows high hazard along the west coast of southern Honshu, on the Pacific coast of Shikoku, and on the east coast of Kyushu, primarily associated with major earthquake events on the Nankai Trough subduction zone (NTSZ). The highest tsunami hazard of more than 20m is seen on the Sanriku coast in northern Honshu, associated with the JTSZ.

  13. Hydrodynamic modeling of tsunamis from the Currituck landslide

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Geist, E.L.; Lynett, P.J.; Chaytor, J.D.

    2009-01-01

    Tsunami generation from the Currituck landslide offshore North Carolina and propagation of waves toward the U.S. coastline are modeled based on recent geotechnical analysis of slide movement. A long and intermediate wave modeling package (COULWAVE) based on the non-linear Boussinesq equations are used to simulate the tsunami. This model includes procedures to incorporate bottom friction, wave breaking, and overland flow during runup. Potential tsunamis generated from the Currituck landslide are analyzed using four approaches: (1) tsunami wave history is calculated from several different scenarios indicated by geotechnical stability and mobility analyses; (2) a sensitivity analysis is conducted to determine the effects of both landslide failure duration during generation and bottom friction along the continental shelf during propagation; (3) wave history is calculated over a regional area to determine the propagation of energy oblique to the slide axis; and (4) a high-resolution 1D model is developed to accurately model wave breaking and the combined influence of nonlinearity and dispersion during nearshore propagation and runup. The primary source parameter that affects tsunami severity for this case study is landslide volume, with failure duration having a secondary influence. Bottom friction during propagation across the continental shelf has a strong influence on the attenuation of the tsunami during propagation. The high-resolution 1D model also indicates that the tsunami undergoes nonlinear fission prior to wave breaking, generating independent, short-period waves. Wave breaking occurs approximately 40-50??km offshore where a tsunami bore is formed that persists during runup. These analyses illustrate the complex nature of landslide tsunamis, necessitating the use of detailed landslide stability/mobility models and higher-order hydrodynamic models to determine their hazard.

  14. Earthquake mechanism and seafloor deformation for tsunami generation

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Geist, Eric L.; Oglesby, David D.; Beer, Michael; Kougioumtzoglou, Ioannis A.; Patelli, Edoardo; Siu-Kui Au, Ivan

    2014-01-01

    Tsunamis are generated in the ocean by rapidly displacing the entire water column over a significant area. The potential energy resulting from this disturbance is balanced with the kinetic energy of the waves during propagation. Only a handful of submarine geologic phenomena can generate tsunamis: large-magnitude earthquakes, large landslides, and volcanic processes. Asteroid and subaerial landslide impacts can generate tsunami waves from above the water. Earthquakes are by far the most common generator of tsunamis. Generally, earthquakes greater than magnitude (M) 6.5–7 can generate tsunamis if they occur beneath an ocean and if they result in predominantly vertical displacement. One of the greatest uncertainties in both deterministic and probabilistic hazard assessments of tsunamis is computing seafloor deformation for earthquakes of a given magnitude.

  15. Landslide-generated tsunamis in a perialpine lake: Historical events and numerical models

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hilbe, Michael; Anselmetti, Flavio S.

    2014-05-01

    Many of the perialpine lakes in Central Europe - the large, glacier-carved basins formed during the Pleistocene glaciations of the Alps - have proven to be environments prone to subaquatic landsliding. Among these, Lake Lucerne (Switzerland) has a particularly well-established record of subaquatic landslides and related tsunamis. Its sedimentary archive documents numerous landslides over the entire Holocene, which have either been triggered by earthquakes, or which occurred apparently spontaneously, possibly due to rapid sediment accumulation on delta slopes. Due to their controlled boundary conditions and the possibility to be investigated on a complete basinal scale, such lacustrine tsunamis may be used as textbook analogons for their marine counterparts. Two events in the 17th century illustrate these processes and their consequences: In AD 1601, an earthquake (Mw ~ 5.9) led to widespread failure of the sediment drape covering the lateral slopes in several basins. The resulting landslides generated tsunami waves that reached a runup of several metres, as reported in historical accounts. The waves caused widespread damage as well as loss of lives in communities along the shores. In AD 1687, the apparently spontaneous collapse of a river delta in the lake led to similar waves that damaged nearby villages. Based on detailed information on topography, bathymetry and the geometry of the landslide deposits, numerical simulations combining two-dimensional, depth-averaged models for landslide propagation, as well as for tsunami generation, propagation and inundation, are able to reproduce most of the reported tsunami effects for these events. Calculated maximum runup of the waves is 6 to >10 m in the directly affected lake basins, but significantly less in neighbouring basins. Flat alluvial plains adjacent to the most heavily affected areas are inundated over distances of several hundred metres. Taken as scenarios for possible future events, these past events suggest

  16. Asteroid Generated Tsunami Workshop: Summary of NASA/NOAA Workshop

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Morrison, David; Venkatapathy, Ethiraj

    2017-01-01

    A two-day workshop on tsunami generated by asteroid impacts in the ocean resulted in a broad consensus that the asteroid impact tsunami threat is not as great as previously thought, that airburst events in particular are unlikely to produce significant damage by tsunami, and that the tsunami contribution to the global ensemble impact hazard is substantially less than the contribution from land impacts. The workshop, led by Ethiraj Venkatapathy and David Morrison of NASA Ames, was organized into three sessions: 1) Near-field wave generation by the impact; 2) Long distance wave propagation; 3) Damage from coastal run-up and inundation, and associated hazard. Workshop approaches were to compare simulations to understand differences in the results and gain confidence in the modeling for both formation and propagation of tsunami from asteroid impacts, and to use this information for preliminary global risk assessment. The workshop focus was on smaller asteroids (diameter less than 250m), which represent the most frequent impacts.

  17. Theoretical analysis of tsunami generation by pyroclastic flows

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Watts, P.; Waythomas, C.F.

    2003-01-01

    Pyroclastic flows are a common product of explosive volcanism and have the potential to initiate tsunamis whenever thick, dense flows encounter bodies of water. We evaluate the process of tsunami generation by pyroclastic flow by decomposing the pyroclastic flow into two components, the dense underflow portion, which we term the pyroclastic debris flow, and the plume, which includes the surge and coignimbrite ash cloud parts of the flow. We consider five possible wave generation mechanisms. These mechanisms consist of steam explosion, pyroclastic debris flow, plume pressure, plume shear, and pressure impulse wave generation. Our theoretical analysis of tsunami generation by these mechanisms provides an estimate of tsunami features such as a characteristic wave amplitude and wavelength. We find that in most situations, tsunami generation is dominated by the pyroclastic debris flow component of a pyroclastic flow. This work presents information sufficient to construct tsunami sources for an arbitrary pyroclastic flow interacting with most bodies of water. Copyright 2003 by the American Geophysical Union.

  18. Duration of Tsunami Generation Longer than Duration of Seismic Wave Generation in the 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Fujihara, S.; Korenaga, M.; Kawaji, K.; Akiyama, S.

    2013-12-01

    We try to compare and evaluate the nature of tsunami generation and seismic wave generation in occurrence of the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake (hereafter, called as TOH11), in terms of two type of moment rate functions, inferred from finite source imaging of tsunami waveforms and seismic waveforms. Since 1970's, the nature of "tsunami earthquakes" has been discussed in many researches (e.g. Kanamori, 1972; Kanamori and Kikuchi, 1993; Kikuchi and Kanamori, 1995; Ide et al., 1993; Satake, 1994) mostly based on analysis of seismic waveform data , in terms of the "slow" nature of tsunami earthquakes (e.g., the 1992 Nicaragura earthquake). Although TOH11 is not necessarily understood as a tsunami earthquake, TOH11 is one of historical earthquakes that simultaneously generated large seismic waves and tsunami. Also, TOH11 is one of earthquakes which was observed both by seismic observation network and tsunami observation network around the Japanese islands. Therefore, for the purpose of analyzing the nature of tsunami generation, we try to utilize tsunami waveform data as much as possible. In our previous studies of TOH11 (Fujihara et al., 2012a; Fujihara et al., 2012b), we inverted tsunami waveforms at GPS wave gauges of NOWPHAS to image the spatio-temporal slip distribution. The "temporal" nature of our tsunami source model is generally consistent with the other tsunami source models (e.g., Satake et al, 2013). For seismic waveform inversion based on 1-D structure, here we inverted broadband seismograms at GSN stations based on the teleseismic body-wave inversion scheme (Kikuchi and Kanamori, 2003). Also, for seismic waveform inversion considering the inhomogeneous internal structure, we inverted strong motion seismograms at K-NET and KiK-net stations, based on 3-D Green's functions (Fujihara et al., 2013a; Fujihara et al., 2013b). The gross "temporal" nature of our seismic source models are generally consistent with the other seismic source models (e.g., Yoshida et al

  19. Modeling tsunamis induced by retrogressive submarine landslides

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Løvholt, F.; Kim, J.; Harbitz, C. B.

    2015-12-01

    Enormous submarine landslides having volumes up to thousands of km3 and long run-out may cause tsunamis with widespread effects. Clay-rich landslides, such as Trænadjupet and Storegga offshore Norway commonly involve retrogressive mass and momentum release mechanisms that affect the tsunami generation. Therefore, such landslides may involve a large amount of smaller blocks. As a consequence, the failure mechanisms and release rate of the individual blocks are of importance for the tsunami generation. Previous attempts to model the tsunami generation due to retrogressive landslides are few, and limited to idealized conditions. Here, we review the basic effects of retrogression on tsunamigenesis in simple geometries. To this end, two different methods are employed for the landslide motion, a series block with pre-scribed time lags and kinematics, and a dynamic retrogressive model where the inter-block time lag is determined by the model. The effect of parameters such as time lag on wave-height, wave-length, and dispersion are discussed. Finally, we discuss how the retrogressive effects may have influenced the tsunamis due to large landslides such as the Storegga slide. The research leading to these results has received funding from the Research Council of Norway under grant number 231252 (Project TsunamiLand) and the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement 603839 (Project ASTARTE).

  20. A computationally fast, reduced model for simulating landslide dynamics and tsunamis generated by landslides in natural terrains

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mohammed, F.

    2016-12-01

    Landslide hazards such as fast-moving debris flows, slow-moving landslides, and other mass flows cause numerous fatalities, injuries, and damage. Landslide occurrences in fjords, bays, and lakes can additionally generate tsunamis with locally extremely high wave heights and runups. Two-dimensional depth-averaged models can successfully simulate the entire lifecycle of the three-dimensional landslide dynamics and tsunami propagation efficiently and accurately with the appropriate assumptions. Landslide rheology is defined using viscous fluids, visco-plastic fluids, and granular material to account for the possible landslide source materials. Saturated and unsaturated rheologies are further included to simulate debris flow, debris avalanches, mudflows, and rockslides respectively. The models are obtained by reducing the fully three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations with the internal rheological definition of the landslide material, the water body, and appropriate scaling assumptions to obtain the depth-averaged two-dimensional models. The landslide and tsunami models are coupled to include the interaction between the landslide and the water body for tsunami generation. The reduced models are solved numerically with a fast semi-implicit finite-volume, shock-capturing based algorithm. The well-balanced, positivity preserving algorithm accurately accounts for wet-dry interface transition for the landslide runout, landslide-water body interface, and the tsunami wave flooding on land. The models are implemented as a General-Purpose computing on Graphics Processing Unit-based (GPGPU) suite of models, either coupled or run independently within the suite. The GPGPU implementation provides up to 1000 times speedup over a CPU-based serial computation. This enables simulations of multiple scenarios of hazard realizations that provides a basis for a probabilistic hazard assessment. The models have been successfully validated against experiments, past studies, and field data

  1. A review of mechanisms and modelling procedures for landslide tsunamis

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Løvholt, Finn; Harbitz, Carl B.; Glimsdal, Sylfest

    2017-04-01

    Landslides, including volcano flank collapses or volcanically induced flows, constitute the second-most important cause of tsunamis after earthquakes. Compared to earthquakes, landslides are more diverse with respect to how they generation tsunamis. Here, we give an overview over the main tsunami generation mechanisms for landslide tsunamis. In the presentation, a mix of results using analytical models, numerical models, laboratory experiments, and case studies are used to illustrate the diversity, but also to point out some common characteristics. Different numerical modelling techniques for the landslide evolution, and the tsunami generation and propagation, as well as the effect of frequency dispersion, are also briefly discussed. Basic tsunami generation mechanisms for different types of landslides, including large submarine translational landslide, to impulsive submarine slumps, and violent subaerial landslides and volcano flank collapses, are reviewed. The importance of the landslide kinematics is given attention, including the interplay between landslide acceleration, landslide velocity to depth ratio (Froude number) and dimensions. Using numerical simulations, we demonstrate how landslide deformation and retrogressive failure development influence tsunamigenesis. Generation mechanisms for subaerial landslides, are reviewed by means of scaling relations from laboratory experiments and numerical modelling. Finally, it is demonstrated how the different degree of complexity in the landslide tsunamigenesis needs to be reflected by increased sophistication in numerical models.

  2. Modeling for the SAFRR Tsunami Scenario-generation, propagation, inundation, and currents in ports and harbors: Chapter D in The SAFRR (Science Application for Risk Reduction) Tsunami Scenario

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    ,

    2013-01-01

    This U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Open-File report presents a compilation of tsunami modeling studies for the Science Application for Risk Reduction (SAFRR) tsunami scenario. These modeling studies are based on an earthquake source specified by the SAFRR tsunami source working group (Kirby and others, 2013). The modeling studies in this report are organized into three groups. The first group relates to tsunami generation. The effects that source discretization and horizontal displacement have on tsunami initial conditions are examined in section 1 (Whitmore and others). In section 2 (Ryan and others), dynamic earthquake rupture models are explored in modeling tsunami generation. These models calculate slip distribution and vertical displacement of the seafloor as a result of realistic fault friction, physical properties of rocks surrounding the fault, and dynamic stresses resolved on the fault. The second group of papers relates to tsunami propagation and inundation modeling. Section 3 (Thio) presents a modeling study for the entire California coast that includes runup and inundation modeling where there is significant exposure and estimates of maximum velocity and momentum flux at the shoreline. In section 4 (Borrero and others), modeling of tsunami propagation and high-resolution inundation of critical locations in southern California is performed using the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Method of Splitting Tsunami (MOST) model and NOAA’s Community Model Interface for Tsunamis (ComMIT) modeling tool. Adjustments to the inundation line owing to fine-scale structures such as levees are described in section 5 (Wilson). The third group of papers relates to modeling of hydrodynamics in ports and harbors. Section 6 (Nicolsky and Suleimani) presents results of the model used at the Alaska Earthquake Information Center for the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach, as well as synthetic time series of the modeled tsunami for other selected

  3. Quantifying Coastal Hazard of Airburst-Generated Tsunamis

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Titov, V. V.; Boslough, M.

    2017-12-01

    The effort to prevent or mitigate the effects of an impact on Earth is known as planetary defense. A significant component of planetary defense research involves risk assessment. Much of our understanding of the risk from near-Earth objects comes from the geologic record in the form of impact craters, but not all asteroid impacts are crater-forming events. Small asteroids explode before reaching the surface, generating an airburst, and most impacts into the ocean do not penetrate the water to form a crater in the sea floor. The risk from these non-crater-forming ocean impacts and airbursts is difficult to quantify and represents a significant uncertainty in our assessment of the overall threat. One of the suggested mechanisms for the production of asteroid-generated tsunami is by direct coupling of the pressure wave to the water, analogous to the means by which a moving weather front can generate a meteotsunami. To test this hypothesis, we have run a series of airburst simulations and provided time-resolved pressure and wind profiles for tsunami modelers to use as source functions. We used hydrocodes to model airburst scenarios and provide time dependent boundary conditions as input to shallow-water wave propagation codes. The strongest and most destructive meteotsunami are generated by atmospheric pressure oscillations with amplitudes of only a few hPa, corresponding to changes in sea level of a few cm. The resulting wave is strongest when there is a resonance between the ocean and the atmospheric forcing. The blast wave from an airburst propagates at a speed close to a tsunami speed only in the deepest part of the ocean, and a Proudman resonance cannot be usually achieved even though the overpressures are orders of magnitude greater. However, blast wave profiles are N-waves in which a sharp shock wave leading to overpressure is followed by a more gradual rarefaction to a much longer-duration underpressure phase. Even though the blast outruns the water wave it is

  4. Benchmarking Multilayer-HySEA model for landslide generated tsunami. HTHMP validation process.

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Macias, J.; Escalante, C.; Castro, M. J.

    2017-12-01

    Landslide tsunami hazard may be dominant along significant parts of the coastline around the world, in particular in the USA, as compared to hazards from other tsunamigenic sources. This fact motivated NTHMP about the need of benchmarking models for landslide generated tsunamis, following the same methodology already used for standard tsunami models when the source is seismic. To perform the above-mentioned validation process, a set of candidate benchmarks were proposed. These benchmarks are based on a subset of available laboratory data sets for solid slide experiments and deformable slide experiments, and include both submarine and subaerial slides. A benchmark based on a historic field event (Valdez, AK, 1964) close the list of proposed benchmarks. A total of 7 benchmarks. The Multilayer-HySEA model including non-hydrostatic effects has been used to perform all the benchmarking problems dealing with laboratory experiments proposed in the workshop that was organized at Texas A&M University - Galveston, on January 9-11, 2017 by NTHMP. The aim of this presentation is to show some of the latest numerical results obtained with the Multilayer-HySEA (non-hydrostatic) model in the framework of this validation effort.Acknowledgements. This research has been partially supported by the Spanish Government Research project SIMURISK (MTM2015-70490-C02-01-R) and University of Malaga, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech. The GPU computations were performed at the Unit of Numerical Methods (University of Malaga).

  5. The TRIDEC Virtual Tsunami Atlas - customized value-added simulation data products for Tsunami Early Warning generated on compute clusters

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Löwe, P.; Hammitzsch, M.; Babeyko, A.; Wächter, J.

    2012-04-01

    The development of new Tsunami Early Warning Systems (TEWS) requires the modelling of spatio-temporal spreading of tsunami waves both recorded from past events and hypothetical future cases. The model results are maintained in digital repositories for use in TEWS command and control units for situation assessment once a real tsunami occurs. Thus the simulation results must be absolutely trustworthy, in a sense that the quality of these datasets is assured. This is a prerequisite as solid decision making during a crisis event and the dissemination of dependable warning messages to communities under risk will be based on them. This requires data format validity, but even more the integrity and information value of the content, being a derived value-added product derived from raw tsunami model output. Quality checking of simulation result products can be done in multiple ways, yet the visual verification of both temporal and spatial spreading characteristics for each simulation remains important. The eye of the human observer still remains an unmatched tool for the detection of irregularities. This requires the availability of convenient, human-accessible mappings of each simulation. The improvement of tsunami models necessitates the changes in many variables, including simulation end-parameters. Whenever new improved iterations of the general models or underlying spatial data are evaluated, hundreds to thousands of tsunami model results must be generated for each model iteration, each one having distinct initial parameter settings. The use of a Compute Cluster Environment (CCE) of sufficient size allows the automated generation of all tsunami-results within model iterations in little time. This is a significant improvement to linear processing on dedicated desktop machines or servers. This allows for accelerated/improved visual quality checking iterations, which in turn can provide a positive feedback into the overall model improvement iteratively. An approach to set

  6. Generation of realistic tsunami waves using a bottom-tilting wave maker

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Park, Yong Sung; Hwang, Jin Hwan

    2016-11-01

    Tsunamis have caused more than 260,000 human losses and 250 billion in damage worldwide in the last ten years. Observations made during 2011 Japan Tohoku Tsunami revealed that the commonly used waves (solitary waves) to model tsunamis are at least an order-of-magnitude shorter than the real tsunamis, which calls for re-evaluation of the current understanding of tsunamis. To prompt the required paradigm shift, a new wave generator, namely the bottom-tilting wave generator, has been developed at the University of Dundee. The wave tank is fitted with an adjustable slope and a bottom flap hinged at the beginning of the slope. By moving the bottom flap up and down, we can generate very long waves. Here we will report characteristics of waves generated by simple bottom motions, either moving it upward or downward from an initial displacement ending it being horizontal. Two parameters, namely the initial displacement of the bottom and the speed of the motion, determine characteristics of the generated waves. Wave amplitudes scale well with the volume flux of the displaced water. On the other hand, due to combined effects of nonlinearity and dispersion, wavelengths show more complicated relationship with the two bottom motion parameters. We will also demonstrate that by combining simple up and down motions, it is possible to generate waves resembling the one measured during 2011 tsunami. YSP acknowledges financial support from the Royal Society of Edinburgh through the Royal Society of Edinburgh and Scottish Government Personal Research Fellowship Co-Funded by the Marie-Curie Actions.

  7. Tsunami Risk Assessment Modelling in Chabahar Port, Iran

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Delavar, M. R.; Mohammadi, H.; Sharifi, M. A.; Pirooz, M. D.

    2017-09-01

    The well-known historical tsunami in the Makran Subduction Zone (MSZ) region was generated by the earthquake of November 28, 1945 in Makran Coast in the North of Oman Sea. This destructive tsunami killed over 4,000 people in Southern Pakistan and India, caused great loss of life and devastation along the coasts of Western India, Iran and Oman. According to the report of "Remembering the 1945 Makran Tsunami", compiled by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (UNESCO/IOC), the maximum inundation of Chabahar port was 367 m toward the dry land, which had a height of 3.6 meters from the sea level. In addition, the maximum amount of inundation at Pasni (Pakistan) reached to 3 km from the coastline. For the two beaches of Gujarat (India) and Oman the maximum run-up height was 3 m from the sea level. In this paper, we first use Makran 1945 seismic parameters to simulate the tsunami in generation, propagation and inundation phases. The effect of tsunami on Chabahar port is simulated using the ComMIT model which is based on the Method of Splitting Tsunami (MOST). In this process the results are compared with the documented eyewitnesses and some reports from researchers for calibration and validation of the result. Next we have used the model to perform risk assessment for Chabahar port in the south of Iran with the worst case scenario of the tsunami. The simulated results showed that the tsunami waves will reach Chabahar coastline 11 minutes after generation and 9 minutes later, over 9.4 Km2 of the dry land will be flooded with maximum wave amplitude reaching up to 30 meters.

  8. Peru 2007 tsunami runup observations and modeling

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Fritz, H. M.; Kalligeris, N.; Borrero, J. C.

    2008-05-01

    On 15 August 2007 an earthquake with moment magnitude (Mw) of 8.0 centered off the coast of central Peru, generated a tsunami with locally focused runup heights of up to 10 m. A reconnaissance team was deployed in the immediate aftermath and investigated the tsunami effects at 51 sites. The largest runup heights were measured in a sparsely populated desert area south of the Paracas Peninsula resulting in only 3 tsunami fatalities. Numerical modeling of the earthquake source and tsunami suggest that a region of high slip near the coastline was primarily responsible for the extreme runup heights. The town of Pisco was spared by the presence of the Paracas Peninsula, which blocked tsunami waves from propagating northward from the high slip region. The coast of Peru has experienced numerous deadly and destructive tsunamis throughout history, which highlights the importance of ongoing tsunami awareness and education efforts in the region. The Peru tsunami is compared against recent mega-disasters such as the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and Hurricane Katrina.

  9. Tsunami forecast by joint inversion of real-time tsunami waveforms and seismic of GPS data: application to the Tohoku 2011 tsunami

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Yong, Wei; Newman, Andrew V.; Hayes, Gavin P.; Titov, Vasily V.; Tang, Liujuan

    2014-01-01

    Correctly characterizing tsunami source generation is the most critical component of modern tsunami forecasting. Although difficult to quantify directly, a tsunami source can be modeled via different methods using a variety of measurements from deep-ocean tsunameters, seismometers, GPS, and other advanced instruments, some of which in or near real time. Here we assess the performance of different source models for the destructive 11 March 2011 Japan tsunami using model–data comparison for the generation, propagation, and inundation in the near field of Japan. This comparative study of tsunami source models addresses the advantages and limitations of different real-time measurements with potential use in early tsunami warning in the near and far field. The study highlights the critical role of deep-ocean tsunami measurements and rapid validation of the approximate tsunami source for high-quality forecasting. We show that these tsunami measurements are compatible with other real-time geodetic data, and may provide more insightful understanding of tsunami generation from earthquakes, as well as from nonseismic processes such as submarine landslide failures.

  10. Seismically generated tsunamis.

    PubMed

    Arcas, Diego; Segur, Harvey

    2012-04-13

    People around the world know more about tsunamis than they did 10 years ago, primarily because of two events: a tsunami on 26 December 2004 that killed more than 200,000 people around the shores of the Indian Ocean; and an earthquake and tsunami off the coast of Japan on 11 March 2011 that killed nearly 15,000 more and triggered a nuclear accident, with consequences that are still unfolding. This paper has three objectives: (i) to summarize our current knowledge of the dynamics of tsunamis; (ii) to describe how that knowledge is now being used to forecast tsunamis; and (iii) to suggest some policy changes that might protect people better from the dangers of future tsunamis.

  11. Tsunami Hazard Assessment: Source regions of concern to U.S. interests derived from NOAA Tsunami Forecast Model Development

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Eble, M. C.; uslu, B. U.; Wright, L.

    2013-12-01

    Synthetic tsunamis generated from source regions around the Pacific Basin are analyzed in terms of their relative impact on United States coastal locations.. The region of tsunami origin is as important as the expected magnitude and the predicted inundation for understanding tsunami hazard. The NOAA Center for Tsunami Research has developed high-resolution tsunami models capable of predicting tsunami arrival time and amplitude of waves at each location. These models have been used to conduct tsunami hazard assessments to assess maximum impact and tsunami inundation for use by local communities in education and evacuation map development. Hazard assessment studies conducted for Los Angeles, San Francisco, Crescent City, Hilo, and Apra Harbor are combined with results of tsunami forecast model development at each of seventy-five locations. Complete hazard assessment, identifies every possible tsunami variation from a pre-computed propagation database. Study results indicate that the Eastern Aleutian Islands and Alaska are the most likely regions to produce the largest impact on the West Coast of the United States, while the East Philippines and Mariana trench regions impact Apra Harbor, Guam. Hawaii appears to be impacted equally from South America, Alaska and the Kuril Islands.

  12. A new physics-based modeling approach for tsunami-ionosphere coupling

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Meng, X.; Komjathy, A.; Verkhoglyadova, O. P.; Yang, Y.-M.; Deng, Y.; Mannucci, A. J.

    2015-06-01

    Tsunamis can generate gravity waves propagating upward through the atmosphere, inducing total electron content (TEC) disturbances in the ionosphere. To capture this process, we have implemented tsunami-generated gravity waves into the Global Ionosphere-Thermosphere Model (GITM) to construct a three-dimensional physics-based model WP (Wave Perturbation)-GITM. WP-GITM takes tsunami wave properties, including the wave height, wave period, wavelength, and propagation direction, as inputs and time-dependently characterizes the responses of the upper atmosphere between 100 km and 600 km altitudes. We apply WP-GITM to simulate the ionosphere above the West Coast of the United States around the time when the tsunami associated with the March 2011 Tohuku-Oki earthquke arrived. The simulated TEC perturbations agree with Global Positioning System observations reasonably well. For the first time, a fully self-consistent and physics-based model has reproduced the GPS-observed traveling ionospheric signatures of an actual tsunami event.

  13. A simple model for calculating tsunami flow speed from tsunami deposits

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Jaffe, B.E.; Gelfenbuam, G.

    2007-01-01

    This paper presents a simple model for tsunami sedimentation that can be applied to calculate tsunami flow speed from the thickness and grain size of a tsunami deposit (the inverse problem). For sandy tsunami deposits where grain size and thickness vary gradually in the direction of transport, tsunami sediment transport is modeled as a steady, spatially uniform process. The amount of sediment in suspension is assumed to be in equilibrium with the steady portion of the long period, slowing varying uprush portion of the tsunami. Spatial flow deceleration is assumed to be small and not to contribute significantly to the tsunami deposit. Tsunami deposits are formed from sediment settling from the water column when flow speeds on land go to zero everywhere at the time of maximum tsunami inundation. There is little erosion of the deposit by return flow because it is a slow flow and is concentrated in topographic lows. Variations in grain size of the deposit are found to have more effect on calculated tsunami flow speed than deposit thickness. The model is tested using field data collected at Arop, Papua New Guinea soon after the 1998 tsunami. Speed estimates of 14??m/s at 200??m inland from the shoreline compare favorably with those from a 1-D inundation model and from application of Bernoulli's principle to water levels on buildings left standing after the tsunami. As evidence that the model is applicable to some sandy tsunami deposits, the model reproduces the observed normal grading and vertical variation in sorting and skewness of a deposit formed by the 1998 tsunami.

  14. Tsunami Casualty Model

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yeh, H.

    2007-12-01

    More than 4500 deaths by tsunamis were recorded in the decade of 1990. For example, the 1992 Flores Tsunami in Indonesia took away at least 1712 lives, and more than 2182 people were victimized by the 1998 Papua New Guinea Tsunami. Such staggering death toll has been totally overshadowed by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami that claimed more than 220,000 lives. Unlike hurricanes that are often evaluated by economic losses, death count is the primary measure for tsunami hazard. It is partly because tsunamis kill more people owing to its short lead- time for warning. Although exact death tallies are not available for most of the tsunami events, there exist gender and age discriminations in tsunami casualties. Significant gender difference in the victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami was attributed to women's social norms and role behavior, as well as cultural bias toward women's inability to swim. Here we develop a rational casualty model based on humans' limit to withstand the tsunami flows. The application to simple tsunami runup cases demonstrates that biological and physiological disadvantages also make a significant difference in casualty rate. It further demonstrates that the gender and age discriminations in casualties become most pronounced when tsunami is marginally strong and the difference tends to diminish as tsunami strength increases.

  15. Modeling Extra-Long Tsunami Propagation: Assessing Data, Model Accuracy and Forecast Implications

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Titov, V. V.; Moore, C. W.; Rabinovich, A.

    2017-12-01

    Detecting and modeling tsunamis propagating tens of thousands of kilometers from the source is a formidable scientific challenge and seemingly satisfies only scientific curiosity. However, results of such analyses produce a valuable insight into the tsunami propagation dynamics, model accuracy and would provide important implications for tsunami forecast. The Mw = 9.3 megathrust earthquake of December 26, 2004 off the coast of Sumatra generated a tsunami that devastated Indian Ocean coastlines and spread into the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. The tsunami was recorded by a great number of coastal tide gauges, including those located in 15-25 thousand kilometers from the source area. To date, it is still the farthest instrumentally detected tsunami. The data from these instruments throughout the world oceans enabled to estimate various statistical parameters and energy decay of this event. High-resolution records of this tsunami from DARTs 32401 (offshore of northern Chile), 46405 and NeMO (both offshore of the US West Coast), combined with the mainland tide gauge measurements enabled us to examine far-field characteristics of the 2004 in the Pacific Ocean and to compare the results of global numerical simulations with the observations. Despite their small heights (less than 2 cm at deep-ocean locations), the records demonstrated consistent spatial and temporal structure. The numerical model described well the frequency content, amplitudes and general structure of the observed waves at deep-ocean and coastal gages. We present analysis of the measurements and comparison with model data to discuss implication for tsunami forecast accuracy. Model study for such extreme distances from the tsunami source and at extra-long times after the event is an attempt to find accuracy bounds for tsunami models and accuracy limitations of model use for forecast. We discuss results in application to tsunami model forecast and tsunami modeling in general.

  16. Post-eruptive flooding of Santorini caldera and implications for tsunami generation.

    PubMed

    Nomikou, P; Druitt, T H; Hübscher, C; Mather, T A; Paulatto, M; Kalnins, L M; Kelfoun, K; Papanikolaou, D; Bejelou, K; Lampridou, D; Pyle, D M; Carey, S; Watts, A B; Weiß, B; Parks, M M

    2016-11-08

    Caldera-forming eruptions of island volcanoes generate tsunamis by the interaction of different eruptive phenomena with the sea. Such tsunamis are a major hazard, but forward models of their impacts are limited by poor understanding of source mechanisms. The caldera-forming eruption of Santorini in the Late Bronze Age is known to have been tsunamigenic, and caldera collapse has been proposed as a mechanism. Here, we present bathymetric and seismic evidence showing that the caldera was not open to the sea during the main phase of the eruption, but was flooded once the eruption had finished. Inflow of water and associated landsliding cut a deep, 2.0-2.5 km 3 , submarine channel, thus filling the caldera in less than a couple of days. If, as at most such volcanoes, caldera collapse occurred syn-eruptively, then it cannot have generated tsunamis. Entry of pyroclastic flows into the sea, combined with slumping of submarine pyroclastic accumulations, were the main mechanisms of tsunami production.

  17. Post-eruptive flooding of Santorini caldera and implications for tsunami generation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Nomikou, P.; Druitt, T. H.; Hübscher, C.; Mather, T. A.; Paulatto, M.; Kalnins, L. M.; Kelfoun, K.; Papanikolaou, D.; Bejelou, K.; Lampridou, D.; Pyle, D. M.; Carey, S.; Watts, A. B.; Weiß, B.; Parks, M. M.

    2016-11-01

    Caldera-forming eruptions of island volcanoes generate tsunamis by the interaction of different eruptive phenomena with the sea. Such tsunamis are a major hazard, but forward models of their impacts are limited by poor understanding of source mechanisms. The caldera-forming eruption of Santorini in the Late Bronze Age is known to have been tsunamigenic, and caldera collapse has been proposed as a mechanism. Here, we present bathymetric and seismic evidence showing that the caldera was not open to the sea during the main phase of the eruption, but was flooded once the eruption had finished. Inflow of water and associated landsliding cut a deep, 2.0-2.5 km3, submarine channel, thus filling the caldera in less than a couple of days. If, as at most such volcanoes, caldera collapse occurred syn-eruptively, then it cannot have generated tsunamis. Entry of pyroclastic flows into the sea, combined with slumping of submarine pyroclastic accumulations, were the main mechanisms of tsunami production.

  18. Post-eruptive flooding of Santorini caldera and implications for tsunami generation

    PubMed Central

    Nomikou, P.; Druitt, T. H.; Hübscher, C.; Mather, T. A.; Paulatto, M.; Kalnins, L. M.; Kelfoun, K.; Papanikolaou, D.; Bejelou, K.; Lampridou, D.; Pyle, D. M.; Carey, S.; Watts, A. B.; Weiß, B.; Parks, M. M.

    2016-01-01

    Caldera-forming eruptions of island volcanoes generate tsunamis by the interaction of different eruptive phenomena with the sea. Such tsunamis are a major hazard, but forward models of their impacts are limited by poor understanding of source mechanisms. The caldera-forming eruption of Santorini in the Late Bronze Age is known to have been tsunamigenic, and caldera collapse has been proposed as a mechanism. Here, we present bathymetric and seismic evidence showing that the caldera was not open to the sea during the main phase of the eruption, but was flooded once the eruption had finished. Inflow of water and associated landsliding cut a deep, 2.0–2.5 km3, submarine channel, thus filling the caldera in less than a couple of days. If, as at most such volcanoes, caldera collapse occurred syn-eruptively, then it cannot have generated tsunamis. Entry of pyroclastic flows into the sea, combined with slumping of submarine pyroclastic accumulations, were the main mechanisms of tsunami production. PMID:27824353

  19. Unique and remarkable dilatometer measurements of pyroclastic flow generated tsunamis

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mattioli, G. S.; Voight, B.; Linde, A. T.; Sacks, I. S.; Watts, P.; Widiwijayanti, C.; Young, S. R.; Hidayat, D.; Elsworth, D.; Malin, P. E.; Shalev, E.; van Boskirk, E.; Johnston, W.; Sparks, R. S. J.; Neuberg, J.; Bass, V.; Dunkley, P.; Herd, R.; Syers, T.; Williams, P.; Williams, D.

    2007-01-01

    Pyroclastic flows entering the sea may cause tsunamis at coastal volcanoes worldwide, but geophysically monitored field occurrences are rare. We document the process of tsunami generation during a prolonged gigantic collapse of the Soufrière Hills volcano lava dome on Montserrat on 12 13 July 2003. Tsunamis were initiated by large-volume pyroclastic flows entering the ocean. We reconstruct the collapse from seismic records and report unique and remarkable borehole dilatometer observations, which recorded clearly the passage of wave packets at periods of 250 500 s over several hours. Strain signals are consistent in period and amplitude with water loading from passing tsunamis; each wave packet can be correlated with individual pyroclastic flow packages recorded by seismic data, proving that multiple tsunamis were initiated by pyroclastic flows. Any volcano within a few kilometers of water and capable of generating hot pyroclastic flows or cold debris flows with volumes greater than 5 × 106 m3 may generate significant and possibly damaging tsunamis during future eruptions.

  20. Tsunami Simulators in Physical Modelling - Concept to Practical Solutions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chandler, Ian; Allsop, William; Robinson, David; Rossetto, Tiziana; McGovern, David; Todd, David

    2017-04-01

    Whilst many researchers have conducted simple 'tsunami impact' studies, few engineering tools are available to assess the onshore impacts of tsunami, with no agreed methods available to predict loadings on coastal defences, buildings or related infrastructure. Most previous impact studies have relied upon unrealistic waveforms (solitary or dam-break waves and bores) rather than full-duration tsunami waves, or have used simplified models of nearshore and over-land flows. Over the last 10+ years, pneumatic Tsunami Simulators for the hydraulic laboratory have been developed into an exciting and versatile technology, allowing the forces of real-world tsunami to be reproduced and measured in a laboratory environment for the first time. These devices have been used to model generic elevated and N-wave tsunamis up to and over simple shorelines, and at example coastal defences and infrastructure. They have also reproduced full-duration tsunamis including Mercator 2004 and Tohoku 2011, both at 1:50 scale. Engineering scale models of these tsunamis have measured wave run-up on simple slopes, forces on idealised sea defences, pressures / forces on buildings, and scour at idealised buildings. This presentation will describe how these Tsunami Simulators work, demonstrate how they have generated tsunami waves longer than the facilities within which they operate, and will present research results from three generations of Tsunami Simulators. Highlights of direct importance to natural hazard modellers and coastal engineers include measurements of wave run-up levels, forces on single and multiple buildings and comparison with previous theoretical predictions. Multiple buildings have two malign effects. The density of buildings to flow area (blockage ratio) increases water depths and flow velocities in the 'streets'. But the increased building densities themselves also increase the cost of flow per unit area (both personal and monetary). The most recent study with the Tsunami

  1. 3D numerical investigation on landslide generated tsunamis around a conical island

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Montagna, Francesca; Bellotti, Giorgio

    2010-05-01

    This paper presents numerical computations of tsunamis generated by subaerial and submerged landslides falling along the flank of a conical island. The study is inspired by the tsunamis that on 30th December 2002 attacked the coast of the volcanic island of Stromboli (South Tyrrhenian sea, Italy). In particular this paper analyzes the important feature of the lateral spreading of landside generated tsunamis and the associated flooding hazard. The numerical model used in this study is the full three dimensional commercial code FLOW-3D. The model has already been successfully used (Choi et al., 2007; 2008; Chopakatla et al, 2008) to study the interaction of waves and structures. In the simulations carried out in this work a particular feature of the code has been employed: the GMO (General Moving Object) algorithm. It allows to reproduce the interaction between moving objects, as a landslide, and the water. FLOW-3D has been firstly validated using available 3D experiments reproducing tsunamis generated by landslides at the flank of a conical island. The experiments have been carried out in the LIC laboratory of the Polytechnic of Bari, Italy (Di Risio et al., 2009). Numerical and experimental time series of run-up and sea level recorded at gauges located at the flanks of the island and offshore have been successfully compared. This analysis shows that the model can accurately represent the generation, the propagation and the inundation of landslide generated tsunamis and suggests the use of the numerical model as a tool for preparing inundation maps. At the conference we will present the validation of the model and parametric analyses aimed to investigate how wave properties depend on the landslide kinematic and on further parameters such as the landslide volume and shape, as well as the radius of the island. The expected final results of the research are precomputed inundation maps that depend on the characteristics of the landslide and of the island. Finally we

  2. Signals in the ionosphere generated by tsunami earthquakes: observations and modeling suppor

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Rolland, L.; Sladen, A.; Mikesell, D.; Larmat, C. S.; Rakoto, V.; Remillieux, M.; Lee, R.; Khelfi, K.; Lognonne, P. H.; Astafyeva, E.

    2017-12-01

    Forecasting systems failed to predict the magnitude of the 2011 great tsunami in Japan due to the difficulty and cost of instrumenting the ocean with high-quality and dense networks. Melgar et al. (2013) show that using all of the conventional data (inland seismic, geodetic, and tsunami gauges) with the best inversion method still fails to predict the correct height of the tsunami before it breaks onto a coast near the epicenter (< 500 km). On the other hand, in the last decade, scientists have gathered convincing evidence of transient signals in the ionosphere Total Electron Content (TEC) observations that are associated to open ocean tsunami waves. Even though typical tsunami waves are only a few centimeters high, they are powerful enough to create atmospheric vibrations extending all the way to the ionosphere, 300 kilometers up in the atmosphere. Therefore, we are proposing to incorporate the ionospheric signals into tsunami early-warning systems. We anticipate that the method could be decisive for mitigating "tsunami earthquakes" which trigger tsunamis larger than expected from their short-period magnitude. These events are challenging to characterize as they rupture the near-trench subduction interface, in a distant region less constrained by onshore data. As a couple of devastating tsunami earthquakes happens per decade, they represent a real threat for onshore populations and a challenge for tsunami early-warning systems. We will present the TEC observations of the recent Java 2006 and Mentawaii 2010 tsunami earthquakes and base our analysis on acoustic ray tracing, normal modes summation and the simulation code SPECFEM, which solves the wave equation in coupled acoustic (ocean, atmosphere) and elastic (solid earth) domains. Rupture histories are entered as finite source models, which will allow us to evaluate the effect of a relatively slow rupture on the surrounding ocean and atmosphere.

  3. Uncertainty in tsunami sediment transport modeling

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Jaffe, Bruce E.; Goto, Kazuhisa; Sugawara, Daisuke; Gelfenbaum, Guy R.; La Selle, SeanPaul M.

    2016-01-01

    Erosion and deposition from tsunamis record information about tsunami hydrodynamics and size that can be interpreted to improve tsunami hazard assessment. We explore sources and methods for quantifying uncertainty in tsunami sediment transport modeling. Uncertainty varies with tsunami, study site, available input data, sediment grain size, and model. Although uncertainty has the potential to be large, published case studies indicate that both forward and inverse tsunami sediment transport models perform well enough to be useful for deciphering tsunami characteristics, including size, from deposits. New techniques for quantifying uncertainty, such as Ensemble Kalman Filtering inversion, and more rigorous reporting of uncertainties will advance the science of tsunami sediment transport modeling. Uncertainty may be decreased with additional laboratory studies that increase our understanding of the semi-empirical parameters and physics of tsunami sediment transport, standardized benchmark tests to assess model performance, and development of hybrid modeling approaches to exploit the strengths of forward and inverse models.

  4. Preliminary investigation of the hazard faced by Western Australia from tsunami generated along the Sunda Arc

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Burbidge, D.; Cummins, P. R.

    2005-12-01

    Since the Boxing Day tsunami various countries surrounding the Indian Ocean have been investigating the potential hazard from trans-Indian Ocean tsunami generated along the Sunda Arc, south of Indonesia. This study presents some preliminary estimates of the tsunami hazard faced by Western Australia from tsunami generated along the Arc. To estimate the hazard, a suite of tsunami spaced evenly along the subduction zone to the south of Indonesia were numerically modelled. Offshore wave heights from tsunami generated in this region are significantly higher along northwestern part of the Western Australian coast from Exmouth to the Kimberly than they are along the rest of the coast south of Exmouth. Due to the offshore bathymetry, the area around Onslow in particular may face a higher tsunami than other areas the West Australian coast. Earthquakes between Java and Timor are likely to produce the greatest hazard to northwest WA. Earthquakes off Sumatra are likely the main source of tsunami hazard to locations south of Exmouth, however the hazard here is likely to be lower than that along the north western part of the West Australian coast. Tsunami generated by other sources (eg large intra-plate events, volcanoes, landslides and asteroids) could threaten other parts of the coast.

  5. Volcanic Tsunami Generation in the Aleutian Arc of Alaska

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Waythomas, C. F.; Watts, P.

    2003-12-01

    Many of the worlds active volcanoes are situated on or near coastlines, and during eruptions the transfer of mass from volcano to sea is a potential source mechanism for tsunamis. Flows of granular material off of volcanoes, such as pyroclastic flow, debris avalanche, and lahar, often deliver large volumes of unconsolidated debris to the ocean that have a large potential tsunami hazard. The deposits of both hot and cold volcanic grain flows produced by eruptions of Aleutian arc volcanoes are exposed at many locations along the coastlines of the Bering Sea, North Pacific Ocean, and Cook Inlet indicating that the flows entered the sea and in some cases may have initiated tsunamis. We evaluate the process of tsunami generation by granular subaerial volcanic flows using examples from Aniakchak volcano in southwestern Alaska, and Augustine volcano in southern Cook Inlet. Evidence for far-field tsunami inundation coincident with a major caldera-forming eruption of Aniakchak volcano ca. 3.5 ka has been described and is the basis for one of our case studies. We perform a numerical simulation of the tsunami using a large volume pyroclastic flow as the source mechanism and compare our results to field measurements of tsunami deposits preserved along the north shore of Bristol Bay. Several attributes of the tsunami simulation, such as water flux and wave amplitude, are reasonable predictors of tsunami deposit thickness and generally agree with the field evidence for tsunami inundation. At Augustine volcano, geological investigations suggest that as many as 14 large volcanic-rock avalanches have reached the sea in the last 2000 years, and a debris avalanche emplaced during the 1883 eruption may have initiated a tsunami observed about 80 km east of the volcano at the village of English Bay (Nanwalek) on the coast of the southern Kenai Peninsula. By analogy with the 1883 event, previous studies concluded that tsunamis could have been generated many times in the past. If so

  6. Generation, propagation and run-up of tsunamis due to the Chicxulub impact event

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Weisz, R.; Wuennenmann, K.; Bahlburg, H.

    2003-04-01

    The Chicxulub impact event can be investigated in (1) local, (2) regional and in (3) global scales. Our investigations focus on the regional scale, especially on the influence of tsunami waves on the coast around the Gulf of Mexico caused by the impact. During an impact two types of tsunamis are generated. The first wave is known as the "rim wave" and is generated in front of the ejecta curtain. The second one is linked to the late modification stage of the impact and results from the collapsing cavity of water. We designate this wave as "collapse wave". The "rim wave" and "collapse wave" are able to propagate over long distances, without a significant loss of wave amplitude. Corresponding to the amplitudes, the waves have a potentially large influence on the coastal areas. Run-up distance and run-up height can be used as parameters for describing this influence. We are utilizing a multimaterial hydrocode (SALE) to simulate the generation of tsunami waves. The propagation of the waves is based on the non-linear shallow water theory, because tsunami waves are defined to be long waves. The position of the coast line varies according to the tsunami run-up and is implemented with open boundary conditions. We show with our investigations (1) the generation of tsunami waves due to shallow water impacts, (2) wave damping during propagation, and (3) the influence of the "rim wave" and the "collapse wave" on the coastal areas. Here, we present our first results from numerical modeling of tsunami waves owing to a Chicxulub sized impactor. The characteristics of the “rim wave” depend on the size of the bolide and the water depth. However, the amplitude and velocity of the “collapse wave” is only determined by the water depth in the impact area. The numerical modeling of the tsunami propagation and run-up is calculated along a section from the impact point towards to the west and gives the moderate damping of both waves and the run-up on the coastal area. As a first

  7. Modeling potential tsunami sources for deposits near Unalaska Island, Aleutian Islands

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    La Selle, S.; Gelfenbaum, G. R.

    2013-12-01

    In regions with little seismic data and short historical records of earthquakes, we can use preserved tsunami deposits and tsunami modeling to infer if, when and where tsunamigenic earthquakes have occurred. The Aleutian-Alaska subduction zone in the region offshore of Unalaska Island is one such region where the historical and paleo-seismicity is poorly understood. This section of the subduction zone is not thought to have ruptured historically in a large earthquake, leading some to designate the region as a seismic gap. By modeling various historical and synthetic earthquake sources, we investigate whether or not tsunamis that left deposits near Unalaska Island were generated by earthquakes rupturing through Unalaska Gap. Preliminary field investigations near the eastern end of Unalaska Island have identified paleotsunami deposits well above sea level, suggesting that multiple tsunamis in the last 5,000 years have flooded low-lying areas over 1 km inland. Other indicators of tsunami inundation, such as a breached cobble beach berm and driftwood logs stranded far inland, were tentatively attributed to the March 9, 1957 tsunami, which had reported runup of 13 to 22 meters on Umnak and Unimak Islands, to the west and east of Unalaska. In order to determine if tsunami inundation could have reached the runup markers observed on Unalaska, we modeled the 1957 tsunami using GeoCLAW, a numerical model that simulates tsunami generation, propagation, and inundation. The published rupture orientation and slip distribution for the MW 8.6, 1957 earthquake (Johnson et al., 1994) was used as the tsunami source, which delineates a 1200 km long rupture zone along the Aleutian trench from Delarof Island to Unimak Island. Model results indicate that runup and inundation from this particular source are too low to account for the runup markers observed in the field, because slip is concentrated in the western half of the rupture zone, far from Unalaska. To ascertain if any realistic

  8. Tsunami Simulators in Physical Modelling Laboratories - From Concept to Proven Technique

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Allsop, W.; Chandler, I.; Rossetto, T.; McGovern, D.; Petrone, C.; Robinson, D.

    2016-12-01

    Before 2004, there was little public awareness around Indian Ocean coasts of the potential size and effects of tsunami. Even in 2011, the scale and extent of devastation by the Japan East Coast Tsunami was unexpected. There were very few engineering tools to assess onshore impacts of tsunami, so no agreement on robust methods to predict forces on coastal defences, buildings or related infrastructure. Modelling generally used substantial simplifications of either solitary waves (far too short durations) or dam break (unrealistic and/or uncontrolled wave forms).This presentation will describe research from EPI-centre, HYDRALAB IV, URBANWAVES and CRUST projects over the last 10 years that have developed and refined pneumatic Tsunami Simulators for the hydraulic laboratory. These unique devices have been used to model generic elevated and N-wave tsunamis up to and over simple shorelines, and at example defences. They have reproduced full-duration tsunamis including the Mercator trace from 2004 at 1:50 scale. Engineering scale models subjected to those tsunamis have measured wave run-up on simple slopes, forces on idealised sea defences and pressures / forces on buildings. This presentation will describe how these pneumatic Tsunami Simulators work, demonstrate how they have generated tsunami waves longer than the facility within which they operate, and will highlight research results from the three generations of Tsunami Simulator. Of direct relevance to engineers and modellers will be measurements of wave run-up levels and comparison with theoretical predictions. Recent measurements of forces on individual buildings have been generalized by separate experiments on buildings (up to 4 rows) which show that the greatest forces can act on the landward (not seaward) buildings. Continuing research in the 70m long 4m wide Fast Flow Facility on tsunami defence structures have also measured forces on buildings in the lee of a failed defence wall.

  9. The July 17, 2006 Java Tsunami: Tsunami Modeling and the Probable Causes of the Extreme Run-up

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kongko, W.; Schlurmann, T.

    2009-04-01

    On 17 July 2006, an Earthquake magnitude Mw 7.8 off the south coast of west Java, Indonesia generated tsunami that affected over 300 km of south Java coastline and killed more than 600 people. Observed tsunami heights and field measurement of run-up distributions were uniformly scattered approximately 5 to 7 m along a 200 km coastal stretch; remarkably, a locally focused tsunami run-up height exceeding 20 m at Nusakambangan Island has been observed. Within the framework of the German Indonesia Tsunami Early Warning System (GITEWS) Project, a high-resolution near-shore bathymetrical survey equipped by multi-beam echo-sounder has been recently conducted. Additional geodata have been collected using Intermap Technologies STAR-4 airborne interferometric SAR data acquisition system on a 5 m ground sample distance basis in order to establish a most-sophisticated Digital Terrain Model (DTM). This paper describes the outcome of tsunami modelling approaches using high resolution data of bathymetry and topography being part of a general case study in Cilacap, Indonesia, and medium resolution data for other area along coastline of south Java Island. By means of two different seismic deformation models to mimic the tsunami source generation, a numerical code based on the 2D nonlinear shallow water equations is used to simulate probable tsunami run-up scenarios. Several model tests are done and virtual points in offshore, near-shore, coastline, as well as tsunami run-up on the coast are collected. For the purpose of validation, the model results are compared with field observations and sea level data observed at several tide gauges stations. The performance of numerical simulations and correlations with observed field data are highlighted, and probable causes for the extreme wave heights and run-ups are outlined. References Ammon, C.J., Kanamori, K., Lay, T., and Velasco, A., 2006. The July 2006 Java Tsunami Earthquake, Geophysical Research Letters, 33(L24308). Fritz, H

  10. Sensitivity study of the Storegga Slide tsunami using retrogressive and visco-plastic rheology models

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kim, Jihwan; Løvholt, Finn

    2016-04-01

    Enormous submarine landslides having volumes up to thousands of km3 and long run-out may cause tsunamis with widespread effects. Clay-rich landslides, such as Trænadjupet and Storegga offshore Norway commonly involve retrogressive mass and momentum release mechanisms that affect the tsunami generation. As a consequence, the failure mechanisms, soil parameters, and release rate of the retrogression are of importance for the tsunami generation. Previous attempts to model the tsunami generation due to retrogressive landslides are few, and limited to idealized conditions. Here, a visco-plastic model including additional effects such as remolding, time dependent mass release, and hydrodynamic resistance, is employed for simulating the Storegga Slide. As landslide strength parameters and their evolution in time are uncertain, it is necessary to conduct a sensitivity study to shed light on the tsunamigenic processes. The induced tsunami is simulated using Geoclaw. We also compare our tsunami simulations with recent analysis conducted using a pure retrogressive model for the landslide, as well as previously published results using a block model. The availability of paleotsunami run-up data and detailed slide deposits provides a suitable background for improved understanding of the slide mechanics and tsunami generation. The research leading to these results has received funding from the Research Council of Norway under grant number 231252 (Project TsunamiLand) and the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement 603839 (Project ASTARTE).

  11. Development, testing, and applications of site-specific tsunami inundation models for real-time forecasting

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tang, L.; Titov, V. V.; Chamberlin, C. D.

    2009-12-01

    The study describes the development, testing and applications of site-specific tsunami inundation models (forecast models) for use in NOAA's tsunami forecast and warning system. The model development process includes sensitivity studies of tsunami wave characteristics in the nearshore and inundation, for a range of model grid setups, resolutions and parameters. To demonstrate the process, four forecast models in Hawaii, at Hilo, Kahului, Honolulu, and Nawiliwili are described. The models were validated with fourteen historical tsunamis and compared with numerical results from reference inundation models of higher resolution. The accuracy of the modeled maximum wave height is greater than 80% when the observation is greater than 0.5 m; when the observation is below 0.5 m the error is less than 0.3 m. The error of the modeled arrival time of the first peak is within 3% of the travel time. The developed forecast models were further applied to hazard assessment from simulated magnitude 7.5, 8.2, 8.7 and 9.3 tsunamis based on subduction zone earthquakes in the Pacific. The tsunami hazard assessment study indicates that use of a seismic magnitude alone for a tsunami source assessment is inadequate to achieve such accuracy for tsunami amplitude forecasts. The forecast models apply local bathymetric and topographic information, and utilize dynamic boundary conditions from the tsunami source function database, to provide site- and event-specific coastal predictions. Only by combining a Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunami-constrained tsunami magnitude with site-specific high-resolution models can the forecasts completely cover the evolution of earthquake-generated tsunami waves: generation, deep ocean propagation, and coastal inundation. Wavelet analysis of the tsunami waves suggests the coastal tsunami frequency responses at different sites are dominated by the local bathymetry, yet they can be partially related to the locations of the tsunami sources. The study

  12. Tsunami Hockey

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Weinstein, S.; Becker, N. C.; Wang, D.; Fryer, G. J.

    2013-12-01

    An important issue that vexes tsunami warning centers (TWCs) is when to cancel a tsunami warning once it is in effect. Emergency managers often face a variety of pressures to allow the public to resume their normal activities, but allowing coastal populations to return too quickly can put them at risk. A TWC must, therefore, exercise caution when cancelling a warning. Kim and Whitmore (2013) show that in many cases a TWC can use the decay of tsunami oscillations in a harbor to forecast when its amplitudes will fall to safe levels. This technique should prove reasonably robust for local tsunamis (those that are potentially dangerous within only 100 km of their source region) and for regional tsunamis (whose danger is limited to within 1000km of the source region) as well. For ocean-crossing destructive tsunamis such as the 11 March 2011 Tohoku tsunami, however, this technique may be inadequate. When a tsunami propagates across the ocean basin, it will encounter topographic obstacles such as seamount chains or coastlines, resulting in coherent reflections that can propagate great distances. When these reflections reach previously-impacted coastlines, they can recharge decaying tsunami oscillations and make them hazardous again. Warning center scientists should forecast sea-level records for 24 hours beyond the initial tsunami arrival in order to observe any potential reflections that may pose a hazard. Animations are a convenient way to visualize reflections and gain a broad geographic overview of their impacts. The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center has developed tools based on tsunami simulations using the RIFT tsunami forecast model. RIFT is a linear, parallelized numerical tsunami propagation model that runs very efficiently on a multi-CPU system (Wang et al, 2012). It can simulate 30-hours of tsunami wave propagation in the Pacific Ocean at 4 arc minute resolution in approximately 6 minutes of real time on a 12-CPU system. Constructing a 30-hour animation using 1

  13. Post-eruptive flooding of Santorini caldera and implications for tsunami generation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Nomikou, Paraskevi; Druitt, Tim; Hübscher, Christian; Mather, Tamsin; Paulatto, Michele; Kalnins, Lara; Kelfoun, Karim; Papanikolaou, Dimitris; Bejelou, Konstantina; Lampridou, Danai; Pyle, David; Carey, Steven; Watts, Anthony; Weiß, Benedikt; Parks, Michelle

    2017-04-01

    Caldera-forming eruptions of island volcanoes generate tsunamis by the interaction of different eruptive phenomena with the sea. Such tsunamis are a major hazard, but forward models of their impacts are limited by poor understanding of source mechanisms. The eruption of Santorini 3600 years ago was one of the largest of eruptions known worldwide from the past 10,000 years - and was at least 3 times larger than the catastrophic eruption of Krakatoa. This huge eruption evacuated large volumes of magma, causing collapse of the large caldera, which is now filled with seawater. Tsunamis from this eruption have been proposed to have played a role in the demise of the Minoan culture across the southern Aegean, through damage to coastal towns, harbors, shipping and maritime trade. Before the eruption, there was an older caldera in the northern part of Santorini, partly filled with a shallow lagoon. In our study, we present bathymetric and seismic evidence showing that the caldera was not open to the sea during the main phase of the eruption, but was flooded once the eruption had finished. Following subsidence of the caldera floor, rapid inflow of seawater and landslides cut a deep 2.0-2.5 km3 submarine channel into the northern flank of the caldera wall. Hydrodynamic modelling indicates that the caldera was flooded through this breach in less than a couple of days. It was previously proposed that collapse of the caldera could have led to the formation of a major tsunami; but this is ruled out by our new evidence. Any tsunami's generated were most likely caused by entry of pyroclastic flows into the sea, combined with slumping of submarine pyroclastic accumulations. This idea is consistent with previous assertions that pyroclastic flows were the main cause of tsunamis at Krakatau.

  14. Method to Determine Appropriate Source Models of Large Earthquakes Including Tsunami Earthquakes for Tsunami Early Warning in Central America

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tanioka, Yuichiro; Miranda, Greyving Jose Arguello; Gusman, Aditya Riadi; Fujii, Yushiro

    2017-08-01

    Large earthquakes, such as the Mw 7.7 1992 Nicaragua earthquake, have occurred off the Pacific coasts of El Salvador and Nicaragua in Central America and have generated distractive tsunamis along these coasts. It is necessary to determine appropriate fault models before large tsunamis hit the coast. In this study, first, fault parameters were estimated from the W-phase inversion, and then an appropriate fault model was determined from the fault parameters and scaling relationships with a depth dependent rigidity. The method was tested for four large earthquakes, the 1992 Nicaragua tsunami earthquake (Mw7.7), the 2001 El Salvador earthquake (Mw7.7), the 2004 El Astillero earthquake (Mw7.0), and the 2012 El Salvador-Nicaragua earthquake (Mw7.3), which occurred off El Salvador and Nicaragua in Central America. The tsunami numerical simulations were carried out from the determined fault models. We found that the observed tsunami heights, run-up heights, and inundation areas were reasonably well explained by the computed ones. Therefore, our method for tsunami early warning purpose should work to estimate a fault model which reproduces tsunami heights near the coast of El Salvador and Nicaragua due to large earthquakes in the subduction zone.

  15. Modelling of historical tsunami in Eastern Indonesia: 1674 Ambon and 1992 Flores case studies

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pranantyo, Ignatius Ryan; Cummins, Phil; Griffin, Jonathan; Davies, Gareth; Latief, Hamzah

    2017-07-01

    In order to reliably assess tsunami hazard in eastern Indonesia, we need to understand how historical events were generated. Here we consider two such events: the 1674 Ambon and the 1992 Flores tsunamis. Firstly, Ambon Island suffered a devastating earthquake that generated a tsunami with 100 m run-up height on the north coast of the island in 1674. However, there is no known active fault around the island capable of generating such a gigantic wave. Rumphius' report describes that the initial wave was coming from three villages that collapsed immediately after the earthquake with width as far as a musket shot. Moreover, a very high tsunami was only observed locally. We suspect that a submarine landslide was the main cause of the gigantic tsunami on the north side of Ambon Island. Unfortunately, there is no data available to confirm if landslide have occurred in this region. Secondly, several tsunami source models for the 1992 Flores event have been suggested. However, the fault strike is quite different compare to the existing Flores back-arc thrust and has not been well validated against a tide gauge waveform at Palopo, Sulawesi. We considered a tsunami model based on Griffin, et al., 2015, extended with high resolution bathymetry laround Palopo, in order to validate the latest tsunami source model available. In general, the model produces a good agreement with tsunami waveforms, but arrives 10 minutes late compared to observed data. In addition, the source overestimates the tsunami inundation west of Maumere, and does not account for the presumed landslide tsunami on the east side of Flores Island.

  16. Solomon Islands 2007 Tsunami Near-Field Modeling and Source Earthquake Deformation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Uslu, B.; Wei, Y.; Fritz, H.; Titov, V.; Chamberlin, C.

    2008-12-01

    The earthquake of 1 April 2007 left behind momentous footages of crust rupture and tsunami impact along the coastline of Solomon Islands (Fritz and Kalligeris, 2008; Taylor et al., 2008; McAdoo et al., 2008; PARI, 2008), while the undisturbed tsunami signals were also recorded at nearby deep-ocean tsunameters and coastal tide stations. These multi-dimensional measurements provide valuable datasets to tackle the challenging aspects at the tsunami source directly by inversion from tsunameter records in real time (available in a time frame of minutes), and its relationship with the seismic source derived either from the seismometer records (available in a time frame of hours or days) or from the crust rupture measurements (available in a time frame of months or years). The tsunami measurements in the near field, including the complex vertical crust motion and tsunami runup, are particularly critical to help interpreting the tsunami source. This study develops high-resolution inundation models for the Solomon Islands to compute the near-field tsunami impact. Using these models, this research compares the tsunameter-derived tsunami source with the seismic-derived earthquake sources from comprehensive perceptions, including vertical uplift and subsidence, tsunami runup heights and their distributional pattern among the islands, deep-ocean tsunameter measurements, and near- and far-field tide gauge records. The present study stresses the significance of the tsunami magnitude, source location, bathymetry and topography in accurately modeling the generation, propagation and inundation of the tsunami waves. This study highlights the accuracy and efficiency of the tsunameter-derived tsunami source in modeling the near-field tsunami impact. As the high- resolution models developed in this study will become part of NOAA's tsunami forecast system, these results also suggest expanding the system for potential applications in tsunami hazard assessment, search and rescue operations

  17. The Global Tsunami Model (GTM)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Thio, H. K.; Løvholt, F.; Harbitz, C. B.; Polet, J.; Lorito, S.; Basili, R.; Volpe, M.; Romano, F.; Selva, J.; Piatanesi, A.; Davies, G.; Griffin, J.; Baptista, M. A.; Omira, R.; Babeyko, A. Y.; Power, W. L.; Salgado Gálvez, M.; Behrens, J.; Yalciner, A. C.; Kanoglu, U.; Pekcan, O.; Ross, S.; Parsons, T.; LeVeque, R. J.; Gonzalez, F. I.; Paris, R.; Shäfer, A.; Canals, M.; Fraser, S. A.; Wei, Y.; Weiss, R.; Zaniboni, F.; Papadopoulos, G. A.; Didenkulova, I.; Necmioglu, O.; Suppasri, A.; Lynett, P. J.; Mokhtari, M.; Sørensen, M.; von Hillebrandt-Andrade, C.; Aguirre Ayerbe, I.; Aniel-Quiroga, Í.; Guillas, S.; Macias, J.

    2016-12-01

    The large tsunami disasters of the last two decades have highlighted the need for a thorough understanding of the risk posed by relatively infrequent but disastrous tsunamis and the importance of a comprehensive and consistent methodology for quantifying the hazard. In the last few years, several methods for probabilistic tsunami hazard analysis have been developed and applied to different parts of the world. In an effort to coordinate and streamline these activities and make progress towards implementing the Sendai Framework of Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) we have initiated a Global Tsunami Model (GTM) working group with the aim of i) enhancing our understanding of tsunami hazard and risk on a global scale and developing standards and guidelines for it, ii) providing a portfolio of validated tools for probabilistic tsunami hazard and risk assessment at a range of scales, and iii) developing a global tsunami hazard reference model. This GTM initiative has grown out of the tsunami component of the Global Assessment of Risk (GAR15), which has resulted in an initial global model of probabilistic tsunami hazard and risk. Started as an informal gathering of scientists interested in advancing tsunami hazard analysis, the GTM is currently in the process of being formalized through letters of interest from participating institutions. The initiative has now been endorsed by the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) and the World Bank's Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR). We will provide an update on the state of the project and the overall technical framework, and discuss the technical issues that are currently being addressed, including earthquake source recurrence models, the use of aleatory variability and epistemic uncertainty, and preliminary results for a probabilistic global hazard assessment, which is an update of the model included in UNISDR GAR15.

  18. The Global Tsunami Model (GTM)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lorito, S.; Basili, R.; Harbitz, C. B.; Løvholt, F.; Polet, J.; Thio, H. K.

    2017-12-01

    The tsunamis occurred worldwide in the last two decades have highlighted the need for a thorough understanding of the risk posed by relatively infrequent but often disastrous tsunamis and the importance of a comprehensive and consistent methodology for quantifying the hazard. In the last few years, several methods for probabilistic tsunami hazard analysis have been developed and applied to different parts of the world. In an effort to coordinate and streamline these activities and make progress towards implementing the Sendai Framework of Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) we have initiated a Global Tsunami Model (GTM) working group with the aim of i) enhancing our understanding of tsunami hazard and risk on a global scale and developing standards and guidelines for it, ii) providing a portfolio of validated tools for probabilistic tsunami hazard and risk assessment at a range of scales, and iii) developing a global tsunami hazard reference model. This GTM initiative has grown out of the tsunami component of the Global Assessment of Risk (GAR15), which has resulted in an initial global model of probabilistic tsunami hazard and risk. Started as an informal gathering of scientists interested in advancing tsunami hazard analysis, the GTM is currently in the process of being formalized through letters of interest from participating institutions. The initiative has now been endorsed by the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) and the World Bank's Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR). We will provide an update on the state of the project and the overall technical framework, and discuss the technical issues that are currently being addressed, including earthquake source recurrence models, the use of aleatory variability and epistemic uncertainty, and preliminary results for a probabilistic global hazard assessment, which is an update of the model included in UNISDR GAR15.

  19. The Global Tsunami Model (GTM)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Løvholt, Finn

    2017-04-01

    The large tsunami disasters of the last two decades have highlighted the need for a thorough understanding of the risk posed by relatively infrequent but disastrous tsunamis and the importance of a comprehensive and consistent methodology for quantifying the hazard. In the last few years, several methods for probabilistic tsunami hazard analysis have been developed and applied to different parts of the world. In an effort to coordinate and streamline these activities and make progress towards implementing the Sendai Framework of Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) we have initiated a Global Tsunami Model (GTM) working group with the aim of i) enhancing our understanding of tsunami hazard and risk on a global scale and developing standards and guidelines for it, ii) providing a portfolio of validated tools for probabilistic tsunami hazard and risk assessment at a range of scales, and iii) developing a global tsunami hazard reference model. This GTM initiative has grown out of the tsunami component of the Global Assessment of Risk (GAR15), which has resulted in an initial global model of probabilistic tsunami hazard and risk. Started as an informal gathering of scientists interested in advancing tsunami hazard analysis, the GTM is currently in the process of being formalized through letters of interest from participating institutions. The initiative has now been endorsed by the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) and the World Bank's Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR). We will provide an update on the state of the project and the overall technical framework, and discuss the technical issues that are currently being addressed, including earthquake source recurrence models, the use of aleatory variability and epistemic uncertainty, and preliminary results for a probabilistic global hazard assessment, which is an update of the model included in UNISDR GAR15.

  20. Tsunami geology in paleoseismology

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Yuichi Nishimura,; Jaffe, Bruce E.

    2015-01-01

    The 2004 Indian Ocean and 2011 Tohoku-oki disasters dramatically demonstrated the destructiveness and deadliness of tsunamis. For the assessment of future risk posed by tsunamis it is necessary to understand past tsunami events. Recent work on tsunami deposits has provided new information on paleotsunami events, including their recurrence interval and the size of the tsunamis (e.g. [187–189]). Tsunamis are observed not only on the margin of oceans but also in lakes. The majority of tsunamis are generated by earthquakes, but other events that displace water such as landslides and volcanic eruptions can also generate tsunamis. These non-earthquake tsunamis occur less frequently than earthquake tsunamis; it is, therefore, very important to find and study geologic evidence for past eruption and submarine landslide triggered tsunami events, as their rare occurrence may lead to risks being underestimated. Geologic investigations of tsunamis have historically relied on earthquake geology. Geophysicists estimate the parameters of vertical coseismic displacement that tsunami modelers use as a tsunami's initial condition. The modelers then let the simulated tsunami run ashore. This approach suffers from the relationship between the earthquake and seafloor displacement, the pertinent parameter in tsunami generation, being equivocal. In recent years, geologic investigations of tsunamis have added sedimentology and micropaleontology, which focus on identifying and interpreting depositional and erosional features of tsunamis. For example, coastal sediment may contain deposits that provide important information on past tsunami events [190, 191]. In some cases, a tsunami is recorded by a single sand layer. Elsewhere, tsunami deposits can consist of complex layers of mud, sand, and boulders, containing abundant stratigraphic evidence for sediment reworking and redeposition. These onshore sediments are geologic evidence for tsunamis and are called ‘tsunami deposits’ (Figs. 26

  1. Source parameters controlling the generation and propagation of potential local tsunamis along the cascadia margin

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Geist, E.; Yoshioka, S.

    1996-01-01

    The largest uncertainty in assessing hazards from local tsunamis along the Cascadia margin is estimating the possible earthquake source parameters. We investigate which source parameters exert the largest influence on tsunami generation and determine how each parameter affects the amplitude of the local tsunami. The following source parameters were analyzed: (1) type of faulting characteristic of the Cascadia subduction zone, (2) amount of slip during rupture, (3) slip orientation, (4) duration of rupture, (5) physical properties of the accretionary wedge, and (6) influence of secondary faulting. The effect of each of these source parameters on the quasi-static displacement of the ocean floor is determined by using elastic three-dimensional, finite-element models. The propagation of the resulting tsunami is modeled both near the coastline using the two-dimensional (x-t) Peregrine equations that includes the effects of dispersion and near the source using the three-dimensional (x-y-t) linear long-wave equations. The source parameters that have the largest influence on local tsunami excitation are the shallowness of rupture and the amount of slip. In addition, the orientation of slip has a large effect on the directivity of the tsunami, especially for shallow dipping faults, which consequently has a direct influence on the length of coastline inundated by the tsunami. Duration of rupture, physical properties of the accretionary wedge, and secondary faulting all affect the excitation of tsunamis but to a lesser extent than the shallowness of rupture and the amount and orientation of slip. Assessment of the severity of the local tsunami hazard should take into account that relatively large tsunamis can be generated from anomalous 'tsunami earthquakes' that rupture within the accretionary wedge in comparison to interplate thrust earthquakes of similar magnitude. ?? 1996 Kluwer Academic Publishers.

  2. Advanced Tsunami Numerical Simulations and Energy Considerations by use of 3D-2D Coupled Models: The October 11, 1918, Mona Passage Tsunami

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    López-Venegas, Alberto M.; Horrillo, Juan; Pampell-Manis, Alyssa; Huérfano, Victor; Mercado, Aurelio

    2015-06-01

    The most recent tsunami observed along the coast of the island of Puerto Rico occurred on October 11, 1918, after a magnitude 7.2 earthquake in the Mona Passage. The earthquake was responsible for initiating a tsunami that mostly affected the northwestern coast of the island. Runup values from a post-tsunami survey indicated the waves reached up to 6 m. A controversy regarding the source of the tsunami has resulted in several numerical simulations involving either fault rupture or a submarine landslide as the most probable cause of the tsunami. Here we follow up on previous simulations of the tsunami from a submarine landslide source off the western coast of Puerto Rico as initiated by the earthquake. Improvements on our previous study include: (1) higher-resolution bathymetry; (2) a 3D-2D coupled numerical model specifically developed for the tsunami; (3) use of the non-hydrostatic numerical model NEOWAVE (non-hydrostatic evolution of ocean WAVE) featuring two-way nesting capabilities; and (4) comprehensive energy analysis to determine the time of full tsunami wave development. The three-dimensional Navier-Stokes model tsunami solution using the Navier-Stokes algorithm with multiple interfaces for two fluids (water and landslide) was used to determine the initial wave characteristic generated by the submarine landslide. Use of NEOWAVE enabled us to solve for coastal inundation, wave propagation, and detailed runup. Our results were in agreement with previous work in which a submarine landslide is favored as the most probable source of the tsunami, and improvement in the resolution of the bathymetry yielded inundation of the coastal areas that compare well with values from a post-tsunami survey. Our unique energy analysis indicates that most of the wave energy is isolated in the wave generation region, particularly at depths near the landslide, and once the initial wave propagates from the generation region its energy begins to stabilize.

  3. Tsunami: ocean dynamo generator.

    PubMed

    Sugioka, Hiroko; Hamano, Yozo; Baba, Kiyoshi; Kasaya, Takafumi; Tada, Noriko; Suetsugu, Daisuke

    2014-01-08

    Secondary magnetic fields are induced by the flow of electrically conducting seawater through the Earth's primary magnetic field ('ocean dynamo effect'), and hence it has long been speculated that tsunami flows should produce measurable magnetic field perturbations, although the signal-to-noise ratio would be small because of the influence of the solar magnetic fields. Here, we report on the detection of deep-seafloor electromagnetic perturbations of 10-micron-order induced by a tsunami, which propagated through a seafloor electromagnetometer array network. The observed data extracted tsunami characteristics, including the direction and velocity of propagation as well as sea-level change, first to verify the induction theory. Presently, offshore observation systems for the early forecasting of tsunami are based on the sea-level measurement by seafloor pressure gauges. In terms of tsunami forecasting accuracy, the integration of vectored electromagnetic measurements into existing scalar observation systems would represent a substantial improvement in the performance of tsunami early-warning systems.

  4. The 15 August 2007 Peru tsunami runup observations and modeling

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Fritz, Hermann M.; Kalligeris, Nikos; Borrero, Jose C.; Broncano, Pablo; Ortega, Erick

    2008-05-01

    On 15 August 2007 an earthquake with moment magnitude (Mw) of 8.0 centered off the coast of central Peru, generated a tsunami with locally focused runup heights of up to10 m. A reconnaissance team was deployed two weeks after the event and investigated the tsunami effects at 51 sites. Three tsunami fatalities were reported south of the Paracas Peninsula in a sparsely populated desert area where the largest tsunami runup heights were measured. Numerical modeling of the earthquake source and tsunami suggest that a region of high slip near the coastline was primarily responsible for the extreme runup heights. The town of Pisco was spared by the Paracas Peninsula, which blocked tsunami waves from propagating northward from the high slip region. The coast of Peru has experienced numerous deadly and destructive tsunamis throughout history, which highlights the importance of ongoing tsunami awareness and education efforts to ensure successful self-evacuation.

  5. Physical Modeling of Tsunamis Generated By 3D Deformable Landslides in Various Scenarios From Fjords to Conical Islands

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    McFall, B. C.; Fritz, H. M.

    2013-12-01

    Tsunamis generated by landslides and volcano flank collapse can be particularly devastative in the near field region due to locally high wave amplitudes and runup. The events of 1958 Lituya Bay, 1963 Vajont reservoir, 1980 Spirit Lake, 2002 Stromboli and 2010 Haiti demonstrate the danger of tsunamis generated by landslides or volcano flank collapses. Unfortunately critical field data from these events is lacking. Source and runup scenarios based on real world events are physically modeled using generalized Froude similarity in the three dimensional NEES tsunami wave basin at Oregon State University. A novel pneumatic landslide tsunami generator (LTG) was deployed to simulate landslides with varying geometry and kinematics. Two different materials are used to simulate landslides to study the granulometry effects: naturally rounded river gravel and cobble mixtures. The LTG consists of a sliding box filled with 1,350 kg of landslide material which is accelerated by means of four pneumatic pistons down a 2H:1V slope. The landslide is launched from the sliding box and continues to accelerate by gravitational forces up to velocities of 5 m/s. The landslide Froude number at impact with the water is in the range 1

  6. Tsunami Source Modeling of the 2015 Volcanic Tsunami Earthquake near Torishima, South of Japan

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sandanbata, O.; Watada, S.; Satake, K.; Fukao, Y.; Sugioka, H.; Ito, A.; Shiobara, H.

    2017-12-01

    An abnormal earthquake occurred at a submarine volcano named Smith Caldera, near Torishima Island on the Izu-Bonin arc, on May 2, 2015. The earthquake, which hereafter we call "the 2015 Torishima earthquake," has a CLVD-type focal mechanism with a moderate seismic magnitude (M5.7) but generated larger tsunami waves with an observed maximum height of 50 cm at Hachijo Island [JMA, 2015], so that the earthquake can be regarded as a "tsunami earthquake." In the region, similar tsunami earthquakes were observed in 1984, 1996 and 2006, but their physical mechanisms are still not well understood. Tsunami waves generated by the 2015 earthquake were recorded by an array of ocean bottom pressure (OBP) gauges, 100 km northeastern away from the epicenter. The waves initiated with a small downward signal of 0.1 cm and reached peak amplitude (1.5-2.0 cm) of leading upward signals followed by continuous oscillations [Fukao et al., 2016]. For modeling its tsunami source, or sea-surface displacement, we perform tsunami waveform simulations, and compare synthetic and observed waveforms at the OBP gauges. The linear Boussinesq equations are adapted with the tsunami simulation code, JAGURS [Baba et al., 2015]. We first assume a Gaussian-shaped sea-surface uplift of 1.0 m with a source size comparable to Smith Caldera, 6-7 km in diameter. By shifting source location around the caldera, we found the uplift is probably located within the caldera rim, as suggested by Sandanbata et al. [2016]. However, synthetic waves show no initial downward signal that was observed at the OBP gauges. Hence, we add a ring of subsidence surrounding the main uplift, and examine sizes and amplitudes of the main uplift and the subsidence ring. As a result, the model of a main uplift of around 1.0 m with a radius of 4 km surrounded by a ring of small subsidence shows good agreement of synthetic and observed waveforms. The results yield two implications for the deformation process that help us to understanding

  7. Uncertainty in the Modeling of Tsunami Sediment Transport

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Jaffe, B. E.; Sugawara, D.; Goto, K.; Gelfenbaum, G. R.; La Selle, S.

    2016-12-01

    Erosion and deposition from tsunamis record information about tsunami hydrodynamics and size that can be interpreted to improve tsunami hazard assessment. A recent study (Jaffe et al., 2016) explores sources and methods for quantifying uncertainty in tsunami sediment transport modeling. Uncertainty varies with tsunami properties, study site characteristics, available input data, sediment grain size, and the model used. Although uncertainty has the potential to be large, case studies for both forward and inverse models have shown that sediment transport modeling provides useful information on tsunami inundation and hydrodynamics that can be used to improve tsunami hazard assessment. New techniques for quantifying uncertainty, such as Ensemble Kalman Filtering inversion, and more rigorous reporting of uncertainties will advance the science of tsunami sediment transport modeling. Uncertainty may be decreased with additional laboratory studies that increase our understanding of the semi-empirical parameters and physics of tsunami sediment transport, standardized benchmark tests to assess model performance, and the development of hybrid modeling approaches to exploit the strengths of forward and inverse models. As uncertainty in tsunami sediment transport modeling is reduced, and with increased ability to quantify uncertainty, the geologic record of tsunamis will become more valuable in the assessment of tsunami hazard. Jaffe, B., Goto, K., Sugawara, D., Gelfenbaum, G., and La Selle, S., "Uncertainty in Tsunami Sediment Transport Modeling", Journal of Disaster Research Vol. 11 No. 4, pp. 647-661, 2016, doi: 10.20965/jdr.2016.p0647 https://www.fujipress.jp/jdr/dr/dsstr001100040647/

  8. Tsunami Waves Joint Inversion Using Tsunami Inundation, Tsunami Deposits Distribution and Marine-Terrestrial Sediment Signal in Tsunami Deposit

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tang, H.; WANG, J.

    2017-12-01

    Population living close to coastlines is increasing, which creates higher risks due to coastal hazards, such as the tsunami. However, the generation of a tsunami is not fully understood yet, especially for paleo-tsunami. Tsunami deposits are one of the concrete evidence in the geological record which we can apply for studying paleo-tsunami. The understanding of tsunami deposits has significantly improved over the last decades. There are many inversion models (e.g. TsuSedMod, TSUFLIND, and TSUFLIND-EnKF) to study the overland-flow characteristics based on tsunami deposits. However, none of them tries to reconstruct offshore tsunami wave characteristics (wave form, wave height, and length) based on tsunami deposits. Here we present a state-of-the-art inverse approach to reconstruct offshore tsunami wave based on the tsunami inundation data, the spatial distribution of tsunami deposits and Marine-terrestrial sediment signal in the tsunami deposits. Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) Method is used for assimilating both sediment transport simulations and the field observation data. While more computationally expensive, the EnKF approach potentially provides more accurate reconstructions for tsunami waveform. In addition to the improvement of inversion results, the ensemble-based method can also quantify the uncertainties of the results. Meanwhile, joint inversion improves the resolution of tsunami waves compared with inversions using any single data type. The method will be tested by field survey data and gauge data from the 2011 Tohoku tsunami on Sendai plain area.

  9. Sedimentological effects of tsunamis, with particular reference to impact-generated and volcanogenic waves

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Bourgeois, Joanne; Wiberg, Patricia L.

    1988-01-01

    Impulse-generated waves (tsunamis) may be produced, at varying scales and global recurrence intervals (RI), by several processes. Meteorite-water impacts will produce tsunamis, and asteroid-scale impacts with associated mega-tsunamis may occur. A bolide-water impact would undoubtedly produce a major tsunami, whose sedimentological effects should be recognizable. Even a bolide-land impact might trigger major submarine landslides and thus tsunamis. In all posulated scenarios for the K/T boundary event, then, tsunamis are expected, and where to look for them must be determined, and how to distinguish deposits from different tsunamis. Also, because tsunamis decrease in height as they move away from their source, the proximal effects will differ by perhaps orders of magnitude from distal effects. Data on the characteristics of tsunamis at their origin are scarce. Some observations exist for tsunamis generated by thermonuclear explosions and for seismogenic tsunamis, and experimental work was conducted on impact-generated tsunamis. All tsunamis of interest have wave-lengths of 0(100) km and thus behave as shallow-water waves in all ocean depths. Typical wave periods are 0(10 to 100) minutes. The effect of these tsunamis can be estimated in the marine and coastal realm by calculating boundary shear stresses (expressed as U*, the shear velocity). An event layer at the K/T boundary in Texas occurs in mid-shelf muds. Only a large, long-period wave with a wave height of 0(50) m, is deemed sufficient to have produced this layer. Such wave heights imply a nearby volcanic explosion on the scale of Krakatau or larger, or a nearby submarine landslide also of great size, or a bolide-water impact in the ocean.

  10. A consistent model for tsunami actions on buildings

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Foster, A.; Rossetto, T.; Eames, I.; Chandler, I.; Allsop, W.

    2016-12-01

    The Japan (2011) and Indian Ocean (2004) tsunami resulted in significant loss of life, buildings, and critical infrastructure. The tsunami forces imposed upon structures in coastal regions are initially due to wave slamming, after which the quasi-steady flow of the sea water around buildings becomes important. An essential requirement in both design and loss assessment is a consistent model that can accurately predict these forces. A model suitable for predicting forces in the in the quasi-steady range has been established as part of a systematic programme of research by the UCL EPICentre to understand the fundamental physical processes of tsunami actions on buildings, and more generally their social and economic consequences. Using the pioneering tsunami generator at HR Wallingford, this study considers the influence of unsteady flow conditions on the forces acting upon a rectangular building occupying 10-80% of a channel for 20-240 second wave periods. A mathematical model based upon basic open-channel flow principles is proposed, which provides empirical estimates for drag and hydrostatic coefficients. A simple force prediction equation, requiring only basic flow velocity and wave height inputs is then developed, providing good agreement with the experimental results. The results of this study demonstrate that the unsteady forces from the very long waves encountered during tsunami events can be predicted with a level of accuracy and simplicity suitable for design and risk assessment.

  11. Modeling of the 2011 Tohoku-oki Tsunami and its Impacts on Hawaii

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cheung, K.; Yamazaki, Y.; Roeber, V.; Lay, T.

    2011-12-01

    The 2011 Tohoku-oki great earthquake (Mw 9.0) generated a destructive tsunami along the entire Pacific coast of northeastern Japan. The tsunami, which registered 6.7 m amplitude at a coastal GPS gauge and 1.75 m at an open-ocean DART buoy, triggered warnings across the Pacific. The waves reached Hawaii 7 hours after the earthquake and caused localized damage and persistent coastal oscillations along the island chain. Several tide gauges and a DART buoy west of Hawaii Island recorded clear signals of the tsunami. The Tsunami Observer Program of Hawaii State Civil Defense immediately conducted field surveys to gather runup and inundation data on Kauai, Oahu, Maui, and Hawaii Island. The extensive global seismic networks and geodetic instruments allows evaluation and validation of finite fault solutions for the tsunami modeling. We reconstruct the 2011 Tohoku-oki tsunami using the long-wave model NEOWAVE (Non-hydrostatic Evolution of Ocean WAVEs) and a finite fault solution based on inversion of teleseismic P waves. The depth-integrated model describes dispersive waves through the non-hydrostatic pressure and vertical velocity, which also account for tsunami generation from time histories of seafloor deformation. The semi-implicit, staggered finite difference model captures flow discontinuities associated with bores or hydraulic jumps through the momentum-conserved advection scheme. Four levels of two-way nested grids in spherical coordinates allow description of tsunami evolution processes of different time and spatial scales for investigation of the impacts around the Hawaiian Islands. The model results are validated with DART data across the Pacific as well as tide gauge and runup measurements in Hawaii. Spectral analysis of the computed surface elevation reveals a series of resonance modes over the insular shelf and slope complex along the archipelago. Resonance oscillations provide an explanation for the localized impacts and the persistent wave activities in the

  12. Contribution of Asteroid Generated Tsunami to the Impact Hazard

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Morrison, David; Venkatapathy, Ethiraj

    2017-01-01

    The long-standing uncertainty about the importance of asteroid-generated tsunami was addressed at a workshop in August 2016, co-sponsored by NASA and NOAA. Experts from NASA, NOAA, the DoE tri-labs (LLNL, SNL, and LANL), DHS, FEMA, and academia addressed the hazard of tsunami created by asteroid impacts, focusing primarily on NEAs with diameter less than 250m. Participants jointly identified key issues and shared information for nearly a year to coordinate their results for discussion at the workshop. They used modern computational tools to examine 1) Near-field wave generation by the impact; 2) Long-distance wave propagation; 3) Damage from coastal run-up and inundation, and associated hazard. The workshop resulted in broad consensus that the asteroid impact tsunami threat is not as great as previously thought.

  13. Modeling the 1958 Lituya Bay mega-tsunami with a PVM-IFCP GPU-based model

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    González-Vida, José M.; Arcas, Diego; de la Asunción, Marc; Castro, Manuel J.; Macías, Jorge; Ortega, Sergio; Sánchez-Linares, Carlos; Titov, Vasily

    2013-04-01

    In this work we present a numerical study, performed in collaboration with the NOAA Center for Tsunami Research (USA), that uses a GPU version of the PVM-IFCP landslide model for the simulation of the 1958 landslide generated tsunami of Lituya Bay. In this model, a layer composed of fluidized granular material is assumed to flow within an upper layer of an inviscid fluid (e. g. water). The model is discretized using a two dimensional PVM-IFCP [Fernández - Castro - Parés. On an Intermediate Field Capturing Riemann Solver Based on a Parabolic Viscosity Matrix for the Two-Layer Shallow Water System, J. Sci. Comput., 48 (2011):117-140] finite volume scheme implemented on GPU cards for increasing the speed-up. This model has been previously validated by using the two-dimensional physical laboratory experiments data from H. Fritz [Lituya Bay Landslide Impact Generated Mega-Tsunami 50th Anniversary. Pure Appl. Geophys., 166 (2009) pp. 153-175]. In the present work, the first step was to reconstruct the topobathymetry of the Lituya Bay before this event ocurred, this is based on USGS geological surveys data. Then, a sensitivity analysis of some model parameters has been performed in order to determine the parameters that better fit to reality, when model results are compared against available event data, as run-up areas. In this presentation, the reconstruction of the pre-tsunami scenario will be shown, a detailed simulation of the tsunami presented and several comparisons with real data (runup, wave height, etc.) shown.

  14. Confirmation and calibration of computer modeling of tsunamis produced by Augustine volcano, Alaska

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Beget, James E.; Kowalik, Zygmunt

    2006-01-01

    Numerical modeling has been used to calculate the characteristics of a tsunami generated by a landslide into Cook Inlet from Augustine Volcano. The modeling predicts travel times of ca. 50-75 minutes to the nearest populated areas, and indicates that significant wave amplification occurs near Mt. Iliamna on the western side of Cook Inlet, and near the Nanwelak and the Homer-Anchor Point areas on the east side of Cook Inlet. Augustine volcano last produced a tsunami during an eruption in 1883, and field evidence of the extent and height of the 1883 tsunamis can be used to test and constrain the results of the computer modeling. Tsunami deposits on Augustine Island indicate waves near the landslide source were more than 19 m high, while 1883 tsunami deposits in distal sites record waves 6-8 m high. Paleotsunami deposits were found at sites along the coast near Mt. Iliamna, Nanwelak, and Homer, consistent with numerical modeling indicating significant tsunami wave amplification occurs in these areas. 

  15. Combined effects of tectonic and landslide-generated Tsunami Runup at Seward, Alaska during the Mw 9.2 1964 earthquake

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Suleimani, E.; Nicolsky, D.J.; Haeussler, Peter J.; Hansen, R.

    2011-01-01

    We apply a recently developed and validated numerical model of tsunami propagation and runup to study the inundation of Resurrection Bay and the town of Seward by the 1964 Alaska tsunami. Seward was hit by both tectonic and landslide-generated tsunami waves during the Mw 9.2 1964 mega thrust earthquake. The earthquake triggered a series of submarine mass failures around the fjord, which resulted in land sliding of part of the coastline into the water, along with the loss of the port facilities. These submarine mass failures generated local waves in the bay within 5 min of the beginning of strong ground motion. Recent studies estimate the total volume of underwater slide material that moved in Resurrection Bay to be about 211 million m3 (Haeussler et al. in Submarine mass movements and their consequences, pp 269-278, 2007). The first tectonic tsunami wave arrived in Resurrection Bay about 30 min after the main shock and was about the same height as the local landslide-generated waves. Our previous numerical study, which focused only on the local land slide generated waves in Resurrection Bay, demonstrated that they were produced by a number of different slope failures, and estimated relative contributions of different submarine slide complexes into tsunami amplitudes (Suleimani et al. in Pure Appl Geophys 166:131-152, 2009). This work extends the previous study by calculating tsunami inundation in Resurrection Bay caused by the combined impact of landslide-generated waves and the tectonic tsunami, and comparing the composite inundation area with observations. To simulate landslide tsunami runup in Seward, we use a viscous slide model of Jiang and LeBlond (J Phys Oceanogr 24(3):559-572, 1994) coupled with nonlinear shallow water equations. The input data set includes a high resolution multibeam bathymetry and LIDAR topography grid of Resurrection Bay, and an initial thickness of slide material based on pre- and post-earthquake bathymetry difference maps. For

  16. Observations and Modeling of the August 27, 2012 Earthquake and Tsunami affecting El Salvador and Nicaragua

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Borrero, Jose C.; Kalligeris, Nikos; Lynett, Patrick J.; Fritz, Hermann M.; Newman, Andrew V.; Convers, Jaime A.

    2014-12-01

    On 27 August 2012 (04:37 UTC, 26 August 10:37 p.m. local time) a magnitude M w = 7.3 earthquake occurred off the coast of El Salvador and generated surprisingly large local tsunami. Following the event, local and international tsunami teams surveyed the tsunami effects in El Salvador and northern Nicaragua. The tsunami reached a maximum height of ~6 m with inundation of up to 340 m inland along a 25 km section of coastline in eastern El Salvador. Less severe inundation was reported in northern Nicaragua. In the far-field, the tsunami was recorded by a DART buoy and tide gauges in several locations of the eastern Pacific Ocean but did not cause any damage. The field measurements and recordings are compared to numerical modeling results using initial conditions of tsunami generation based on finite-fault earthquake and tsunami inversions and a uniform slip model.

  17. Tsunami-HySEA model validation for tsunami current predictions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Macías, Jorge; Castro, Manuel J.; González-Vida, José Manuel; Ortega, Sergio

    2016-04-01

    Model ability to compute and predict tsunami flow velocities is of importance in risk assessment and hazard mitigation. Substantial damage can be produced by high velocity flows, particularly in harbors and bays, even when the wave height is small. Besides, an accurate simulation of tsunami flow velocities and accelerations is fundamental for advancing in the study of tsunami sediment transport. These considerations made the National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program (NTHMP) proposing a benchmark exercise focussed on modeling and simulating tsunami currents. Until recently, few direct measurements of tsunami velocities were available to compare and to validate model results. After Tohoku 2011 many current meters measurement were made, mainly in harbors and channels. In this work we present a part of the contribution made by the EDANYA group from the University of Malaga to the NTHMP workshop organized at Portland (USA), 9-10 of February 2015. We have selected three out of the five proposed benchmark problems. Two of them consist in real observed data from the Tohoku 2011 event, one at Hilo Habour (Hawaii) and the other at Tauranga Bay (New Zealand). The third one consists in laboratory experimental data for the inundation of Seaside City in Oregon. Acknowledgements: This research has been partially supported by the Junta de Andalucía research project TESELA (P11-RNM7069) and the Spanish Government Research project DAIFLUID (MTM2012-38383-C02-01) and Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Excelencia Andalucía TECH. The GPU and multi-GPU computations were performed at the Unit of Numerical Methods (UNM) of the Research Support Central Services (SCAI) of the University of Malaga.

  18. Tsunami-induced morphological change of a coastal lake: comparing hydraulic experiment with numerical modeling

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sugawara, D.; Imai, K.; Mitobe, Y.; Takahashi, T.

    2016-12-01

    Coastal lakes are one of the promising environments to identify deposits of past tsunamis, and such deposits have been an important key to know the recurrence of tsunami events. In contrast to tsunami deposits on the coastal plains, however, relationship between deposit geometry and tsunami hydrodynamic character in the coastal lakes has poorly been understood. Flume experiment and numerical modeling will be important measures to clarify such relationship. In this study, data from a series of flume experiment were compared with simulations by an existing tsunami sediment transport model to examine applicability of the numerical model for tsunami-induced morphological change in a coastal lake. A coastal lake with a non-erodible beach ridge was modeled as the target geomorphology. The ridge separates the lake from the offshore part of the flume, and the lake bottom was filled by sand. Tsunami bore was generated by a dam-break flow, which is capable of generating a maximum near-bed flow speed of 2.5 m/s. Test runs with varying magnitude of the bore demonstrated that the duration of tsunami overflow controls the scouring depth of the lake bottom behind the ridge. The maximum scouring depth reached up to 7 cm, and sand deposition occurred mainly in the seaward-half of the lake. A conventional depth-averaged tsunami hydrodynamic model coupled with the sediment transport model was used to compare the simulation and experimental results. In the Simulation, scouring depth behind the ridge reached up to 6 cm. In addition, the width of the scouring was consistent between the simulation and experiment. However, sand deposition occurred mainly in a zone much far from the ridge, showing a considerable deviation from the experimental results. This may be associated with the lack of model capability to resolve some important physics, such as vortex generation behind the ridge and shoreward migration of hydraulic jump. In this presentation, the results from the flume experiment and

  19. Tsunami Modeling to Validate Slip Models of the 2007 M w 8.0 Pisco Earthquake, Central Peru

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ioualalen, M.; Perfettini, H.; Condo, S. Yauri; Jimenez, C.; Tavera, H.

    2013-03-01

    Following the 2007, August 15th, M w 8.0, Pisco earthquake in central Peru, Sladen et al. (J Geophys Res 115: B02405, 2010) have derived several slip models of this event. They inverted teleseismic data together with geodetic (InSAR) measurements to look for the co-seismic slip distribution on the fault plane, considering those data sets separately or jointly. But how close to the real slip distribution are those inverted slip models? To answer this crucial question, the authors generated some tsunami records based on their slip models and compared them to DART buoys, tsunami records, and available runup data. Such an approach requires a robust and accurate tsunami model (non-linear, dispersive, accurate bathymetry and topography, etc.) otherwise the differences between the data and the model may be attributed to the slip models themselves, though they arise from an incomplete tsunami simulation. The accuracy of a numerical tsunami simulation strongly depends, among others, on two important constraints: (i) A fine computational grid (and thus the bathymetry and topography data sets used) which is not always available, unfortunately, and (ii) a realistic tsunami propagation model including dispersion. Here, we extend Sladen's work using newly available data, namely a tide gauge record at Callao (Lima harbor) and the Chilean DART buoy record, while considering a complete set of runup data along with a more realistic tsunami numerical that accounts for dispersion, and also considering a fine-resolution computational grid, which is essential. Through these accurate numerical simulations we infer that the InSAR-based model is in better agreement with the tsunami data, studying the case of the Pisco earthquake indicating that geodetic data seems essential to recover the final co-seismic slip distribution on the rupture plane. Slip models based on teleseismic data are unable to describe the observed tsunami, suggesting that a significant amount of co-seismic slip may have

  20. Explanation of temporal clustering of tsunami sources using the epidemic-type aftershock sequence model

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Geist, Eric L.

    2014-01-01

    Temporal clustering of tsunami sources is examined in terms of a branching process model. It previously was observed that there are more short interevent times between consecutive tsunami sources than expected from a stationary Poisson process. The epidemic‐type aftershock sequence (ETAS) branching process model is fitted to tsunami catalog events, using the earthquake magnitude of the causative event from the Centennial and Global Centroid Moment Tensor (CMT) catalogs and tsunami sizes above a completeness level as a mark to indicate that a tsunami was generated. The ETAS parameters are estimated using the maximum‐likelihood method. The interevent distribution associated with the ETAS model provides a better fit to the data than the Poisson model or other temporal clustering models. When tsunamigenic conditions (magnitude threshold, submarine location, dip‐slip mechanism) are applied to the Global CMT catalog, ETAS parameters are obtained that are consistent with those estimated from the tsunami catalog. In particular, the dip‐slip condition appears to result in a near zero magnitude effect for triggered tsunami sources. The overall consistency between results from the tsunami catalog and that from the earthquake catalog under tsunamigenic conditions indicates that ETAS models based on seismicity can provide the structure for understanding patterns of tsunami source occurrence. The fractional rate of triggered tsunami sources on a global basis is approximately 14%.

  1. Near Source 2007 Peru Tsunami Runup Observations and Modeling

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Borrero, J. C.; Fritz, H. M.; Kalligeris, N.; Broncano, P.; Ortega, E.

    2008-12-01

    On 15 August 2007 an earthquake with moment magnitude (Mw) of 8.0 centered off the coast of central Peru, generated a tsunami with locally focused runup heights of up to 10 m. A reconnaissance team was deployed two weeks after the event and investigated the tsunami effects at 51 sites. Three tsunami fatalities were reported south of the Paracas Peninsula in a sparsely populated desert area where the largest tsunami runup heights and massive inundation distances up to 2 km were measured. Numerical modeling of the earthquake source and tsunami suggest that a region of high slip near the coastline was primarily responsible for the extreme runup heights. The town of Pisco was spared by the Paracas Peninsula, which blocked tsunami waves from propagating northward from the high slip region. As with all near field tsunamis, the waves struck within minutes of the massive ground shaking. Spontaneous evacuations coordinated by the Peruvian Coast Guard minimized the fatalities and illustrate the importance of community-based education and awareness programs. The residents of the fishing village Lagunilla were unaware of the tsunami hazard after an earthquake and did not evacuate, which resulted in 3 fatalities. Despite the relatively benign tsunami effects at Pisco from this event, the tsunami hazard for this city (and its liquefied natural gas terminal) cannot be underestimated. Between 1687 and 1868, the city of Pisco was destroyed 4 times by tsunami waves. Since then, two events (1974 and 2007) have resulted in partial inundation and moderate damage. The fact that potentially devastating tsunami runup heights were observed immediately south of the peninsula only serves to underscore this point.

  2. Rapid tsunami models and earthquake source parameters: Far-field and local applications

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Geist, E.L.

    2005-01-01

    Rapid tsunami models have recently been developed to forecast far-field tsunami amplitudes from initial earthquake information (magnitude and hypocenter). Earthquake source parameters that directly affect tsunami generation as used in rapid tsunami models are examined, with particular attention to local versus far-field application of those models. First, validity of the assumption that the focal mechanism and type of faulting for tsunamigenic earthquakes is similar in a given region can be evaluated by measuring the seismic consistency of past events. Second, the assumption that slip occurs uniformly over an area of rupture will most often underestimate the amplitude and leading-wave steepness of the local tsunami. Third, sometimes large magnitude earthquakes will exhibit a high degree of spatial heterogeneity such that tsunami sources will be composed of distinct sub-events that can cause constructive and destructive interference in the wavefield away from the source. Using a stochastic source model, it is demonstrated that local tsunami amplitudes vary by as much as a factor of two or more, depending on the local bathymetry. If other earthquake source parameters such as focal depth or shear modulus are varied in addition to the slip distribution patterns, even greater uncertainty in local tsunami amplitude is expected for earthquakes of similar magnitude. Because of the short amount of time available to issue local warnings and because of the high degree of uncertainty associated with local, model-based forecasts as suggested by this study, direct wave height observations and a strong public education and preparedness program are critical for those regions near suspected tsunami sources.

  3. Numerical study of tsunami generated by multiple submarine slope failures in Resurrection Bay, Alaska, during the MW 9.2 1964 earthquake

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Suleimani, E.; Hansen, R.; Haeussler, Peter J.

    2009-01-01

    We use a viscous slide model of Jiang and LeBlond (1994) coupled with nonlinear shallow water equations to study tsunami waves in Resurrection Bay, in south-central Alaska. The town of Seward, located at the head of Resurrection Bay, was hit hard by both tectonic and local landslide-generated tsunami waves during the MW 9.2 1964 earthquake with an epicenter located about 150 km northeast of Seward. Recent studies have estimated the total volume of underwater slide material that moved in Resurrection Bay during the earthquake to be about 211 million m3. Resurrection Bay is a glacial fjord with large tidal ranges and sediments accumulating on steep underwater slopes at a high rate. Also, it is located in a seismically active region above the Aleutian megathrust. All these factors make the town vulnerable to locally generated waves produced by underwater slope failures. Therefore it is crucial to assess the tsunami hazard related to local landslide-generated tsunamis in Resurrection Bay in order to conduct comprehensive tsunami inundation mapping at Seward. We use numerical modeling to recreate the landslides and tsunami waves of the 1964 earthquake to test the hypothesis that the local tsunami in Resurrection Bay has been produced by a number of different slope failures. We find that numerical results are in good agreement with the observational data, and the model could be employed to evaluate landslide tsunami hazard in Alaska fjords for the purposes of tsunami hazard mitigation. ?? Birkh??user Verlag, Basel 2009.

  4. A Self-Consistent Fault Slip Model for the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yamazaki, Yoshiki; Cheung, Kwok Fai; Lay, Thorne

    2018-02-01

    The unprecedented geophysical and hydrographic data sets from the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami have facilitated numerous modeling and inversion analyses for a wide range of dislocation models. Significant uncertainties remain in the slip distribution as well as the possible contribution of tsunami excitation from submarine slumping or anelastic wedge deformation. We seek a self-consistent model for the primary teleseismic and tsunami observations through an iterative approach that begins with downsampling of a finite fault model inverted from global seismic records. Direct adjustment of the fault displacement guided by high-resolution forward modeling of near-field tsunami waveform and runup measurements improves the features that are not satisfactorily accounted for by the seismic wave inversion. The results show acute sensitivity of the runup to impulsive tsunami waves generated by near-trench slip. The adjusted finite fault model is able to reproduce the DART records across the Pacific Ocean in forward modeling of the far-field tsunami as well as the global seismic records through a finer-scale subfault moment- and rake-constrained inversion, thereby validating its ability to account for the tsunami and teleseismic observations without requiring an exotic source. The upsampled final model gives reasonably good fits to onshore and offshore geodetic observations albeit early after-slip effects and wedge faulting that cannot be reliably accounted for. The large predicted slip of over 20 m at shallow depth extending northward to 39.7°N indicates extensive rerupture and reduced seismic hazard of the 1896 tsunami earthquake zone, as inferred to varying extents by several recent joint and tsunami-only inversions.

  5. Tsunami Forecast Progress Five Years After Indonesian Disaster

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Titov, Vasily V.; Bernard, Eddie N.; Weinstein, Stuart A.; Kanoglu, Utku; Synolakis, Costas E.

    2010-05-01

    Almost five years after the 26 December 2004 Indian Ocean tragedy, tsunami warnings are finally benefiting from decades of research toward effective model-based forecasts. Since the 2004 tsunami, two seminal advances have been (i) deep-ocean tsunami measurements with tsunameters and (ii) their use in accurately forecasting tsunamis after the tsunami has been generated. Using direct measurements of deep-ocean tsunami heights, assimilated into numerical models for specific locations, greatly improves the real-time forecast accuracy over earthquake-derived magnitude estimates of tsunami impact. Since 2003, this method has been used to forecast tsunamis at specific harbors for different events in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Recent tsunamis illustrated how this technology is being adopted in global tsunami warning operations. The U.S. forecasting system was used by both research and operations to evaluate the tsunami hazard. Tests demonstrated the effectiveness of operational tsunami forecasting using real-time deep-ocean data assimilated into forecast models. Several examples also showed potential of distributed forecast tools. With IOC and USAID funding, NOAA researchers at PMEL developed the Community Model Interface for Tsunami (ComMIT) tool and distributed it through extensive capacity-building sessions in the Indian Ocean. Over hundred scientists have been trained in tsunami inundation mapping, leading to the first generation of inundation models for many Indian Ocean shorelines. These same inundation models can also be used for real-time tsunami forecasts as was demonstrated during several events. Contact Information Vasily V. Titov, Seattle, Washington, USA, 98115

  6. Numerical Modelling of Tsunami Generated by Deformable Submarine Slides: Parameterisation of Slide Dynamics for Coupling to Tsunami Propagation Model

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Smith, R. C.; Collins, G. S.; Hill, J.; Piggott, M. D.; Mouradian, S. L.

    2015-12-01

    Numerical modelling informs risk assessment of tsunami generated by submarine slides; however, for large-scale slides modelling can be complex and computationally challenging. Many previous numerical studies have approximated slides as rigid blocks that moved according to prescribed motion. However, wave characteristics are strongly dependent on the motion of the slide and previous work has recommended that more accurate representation of slide dynamics is needed. We have used the finite-element, adaptive-mesh CFD model Fluidity, to perform multi-material simulations of deformable submarine slide-generated waves at real world scales for a 2D scenario in the Gulf of Mexico. Our high-resolution approach represents slide dynamics with good accuracy, compared to other numerical simulations of this scenario, but precludes tracking of wave propagation over large distances. To enable efficient modelling of further propagation of the waves, we investigate an approach to extract information about the slide evolution from our multi-material simulations in order to drive a single-layer wave propagation model, also using Fluidity, which is much less computationally expensive. The extracted submarine slide geometry and position as a function of time are parameterised using simple polynomial functions. The polynomial functions are used to inform a prescribed velocity boundary condition in a single-layer simulation, mimicking the effect the submarine slide motion has on the water column. The approach is verified by successful comparison of wave generation in the single-layer model with that recorded in the multi-material, multi-layer simulations. We then extend this approach to 3D for further validation of this methodology (using the Gulf of Mexico scenario proposed by Horrillo et al., 2013) and to consider the effect of lateral spreading. This methodology is then used to simulate a series of hypothetical submarine slide events in the Arctic Ocean (based on evidence of historic

  7. Tsunami Modeling of Hikurangi Trench M9 Events: Case Study for Napier, New Zealand

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Williams, C. R.; Nyst, M.; Farahani, R.; Bryngelson, J.; Lee, R.; Molas, G.

    2015-12-01

    RMS has developed a tsunami model for New Zealand for the insurance industry to price and to manage their tsunami risks. A key tsunamigenic source for New Zealand is the Hikurangi Trench that lies offshore on the eastside of the North Island. The trench is the result of the subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the North Island at a rate of 40-45 mm/yr. Though there have been no M9 historical events on the Hikurangi Trench, events in this magnitude range are considered in the latest version of the National Seismic Hazard Maps for New Zealand (Stirling et al., 2012). The RMS modeling approaches the tsunami lifecycle in three stages: event generation, ocean wave propagation, and coastal inundation. The tsunami event generation is modeled based on seafloor deformation resulting from an event rupture model. The ocean wave propagation and coastal inundation are modeled using a RMS-developed numerical solver, implemented on graphic processing units using a finite-volume approach to approximate two-dimensional, shallow-water wave equations over the ocean and complex topography. As the tsunami waves enter shallow water and approach the coast, the RMS model calculates the propagation of the waves along the wet-dry interface considering variable land friction. The initiation and characteristics of the tsunami are based on the event rupture model. As there have been no historical M9 events on the Hikurangi Trench, this rupture characterization posed unique challenges. This study examined the impacts of a suite of event rupture models to understand the key drivers in the variations in the tsunami inundation footprints. The goal was to develop a suite of tsunamigenic event characterizations that represent a range of potential tsunami outcomes for M9 events on the Hikurangi Trench. The focus of this case study is the Napier region as it represents an important exposure concentration in the region and has experience tsunami inundations in the past including during the 1931 Ms7

  8. What is the fault that has generated the earthquake on 8 September 1905 in Calabria, Italy? Source models compared by tsunami data

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pagnoni, Gianluca; Armigliato, Alberto; Tinti, Stefano; Loreto, Maria Filomena; Facchin, Lorenzo

    2014-05-01

    The earthquake that the 8 September 1905 hit Calabria in southern Italy was the second Italian earthquake for magnitude in the last century. It destroyed many villages along the coast of the Gulf of Sant'Eufemia, caused more than 500 fatalities and has also generated a tsunami with non-destructive effects. The historical reports tell us that the tsunami caused major damage in the villages of Briatico, Bivona, Pizzo and Vibo Marina, located in the south part of the Sant'Eufemia gulf and minor damage to Tropea and to Scalea, this one being village located about 100 km far from the epicenter. Other reports include accounts of fishermen at sea during the tsunami. Further, the tsunami is visible on tide gauge records in Messina, Sicily, in Naples and in Civitavecchia, a harbour located to the north of Rome (Platania, 1907) In spite of the attention devoted by researchers to this case, until now, like for other tsunamigenic Italian earthquakes, the genetic structure of the earthquake is still not identified and debate is still open. In this context, tsunami simulations can provide contributions useful to find the source model more consistent with observational data. This approach was already followed by Piatanesi and Tinti (2002), who carried out numerical simulations of tsunamis from a number of local sources. In the last decade studies on this seismogenic area were int ensified resulting in new estimates for the 1905 earthquake magnitude (7.1 according to the CPTI11 catalogue) and in the suggestion of new source models. By using an improved tsunami simulation model, more accurate bathymetry data, this work tests the source models investigated by Piatanesi and Tinti (2002) and in addition the new fault models proposed by Cucci and Tertulliani (2010) and by Loreto et al. (2013). The simulations of the tsunami are calculated by means of the code, UBO-TSUFD, that solves the linear equations of Navier-Stokes in approximation of shallow water with the finite

  9. Development of Parallel Code for the Alaska Tsunami Forecast Model

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bahng, B.; Knight, W. R.; Whitmore, P.

    2014-12-01

    The Alaska Tsunami Forecast Model (ATFM) is a numerical model used to forecast propagation and inundation of tsunamis generated by earthquakes and other means in both the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. At the U.S. National Tsunami Warning Center (NTWC), the model is mainly used in a pre-computed fashion. That is, results for hundreds of hypothetical events are computed before alerts, and are accessed and calibrated with observations during tsunamis to immediately produce forecasts. ATFM uses the non-linear, depth-averaged, shallow-water equations of motion with multiply nested grids in two-way communications between domains of each parent-child pair as waves get closer to coastal waters. Even with the pre-computation the task becomes non-trivial as sub-grid resolution gets finer. Currently, the finest resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEM) used by ATFM are 1/3 arc-seconds. With a serial code, large or multiple areas of very high resolution can produce run-times that are unrealistic even in a pre-computed approach. One way to increase the model performance is code parallelization used in conjunction with a multi-processor computing environment. NTWC developers have undertaken an ATFM code-parallelization effort to streamline the creation of the pre-computed database of results with the long term aim of tsunami forecasts from source to high resolution shoreline grids in real time. Parallelization will also permit timely regeneration of the forecast model database with new DEMs; and, will make possible future inclusion of new physics such as the non-hydrostatic treatment of tsunami propagation. The purpose of our presentation is to elaborate on the parallelization approach and to show the compute speed increase on various multi-processor systems.

  10. A comparison between two inundation models for the 25 Ooctober 2010 Mentawai Islands Tsunami

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Huang, Z.; Borrero, J. C.; Qiu, Q.; Hill, E. M.; Li, L.; Sieh, K. E.

    2011-12-01

    On 25 October 2010, an Mw~7.8 earthquake occurred on the Sumatra megathrust seaward of the Mentawai Islands, Indonesia, generating a tsunami which killed approximately 500 people. Following the event, the Earth Observatory of Singapore (EOS) initiated a post-tsunami field survey, collecting tsunami run-up data from more than 30 sites on Pagai Selatan, Pagai Utara and Sipora. The strongest tsunami effects were observed on several small islands offshore of Pagai Selatan, where runup exceeded 16 m. This presentation will focus on a detailed comparison between two tsunami propagation and inundation models: COMCOT (Cornell Multi-grid Coupled Tsunami model) and MOST (Method of Splitting Tsunami). Simulations are initialized using fault models based on data from a 1-hz GPS system that measured co-seismic deformation throughout the region. Preliminary simulations suggest that 2-m vertical seafloor deformation over a reasonably large area is required to recreate most of the observed tsunami effects. Since the GPS data suggest that subsidence of the islands is small, this implies that the tsunami source region is somewhat narrower and located further offshore than described in recently published earthquake source models based on teleseismic inversions alone. We will also discuss issues such as bathymetric and topographic data preparation and the uncertainty in the modeling results due to the lack of high resolution bathymetry and topography in the study area.

  11. Impact-generated Tsunamis: An Over-rated Hazard

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Melosh, H. J.

    2003-01-01

    A number of authors have suggested that oceanic waves (tsunami) created by the impact of relatively small asteroids into the Earth's oceans might cause widespread devastation to coastal cities. If correct, this suggests that asteroids > 100 m in diameter may pose a serious hazard to humanity and could require a substantial expansion of the current efforts to identify earth-crossing asteroids > 1 km in diameter. The debate on this hazard was recently altered by the release of a document previously inaccessible to the scientific community. In 1968 the US Office of Naval Research commissioned a summary of several decades of research into the hazard proposed by waves generated by nuclear explosions in the ocean. Authored by tsunami expert William Van Dorn, this 173-page report entitled Handbook of Explosion-Generated Water Waves affords new insight into the process of impact wave formation, propagation, and run up onto the shoreline.

  12. The exposure of Sydney (Australia) to earthquake-generated tsunamis, storms and sea level rise: a probabilistic multi-hazard approach

    PubMed Central

    Dall'Osso, F.; Dominey-Howes, D.; Moore, C.; Summerhayes, S.; Withycombe, G.

    2014-01-01

    Approximately 85% of Australia's population live along the coastal fringe, an area with high exposure to extreme inundations such as tsunamis. However, to date, no Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Assessments (PTHA) that include inundation have been published for Australia. This limits the development of appropriate risk reduction measures by decision and policy makers. We describe our PTHA undertaken for the Sydney metropolitan area. Using the NOAA NCTR model MOST (Method for Splitting Tsunamis), we simulate 36 earthquake-generated tsunamis with annual probabilities of 1:100, 1:1,000 and 1:10,000, occurring under present and future predicted sea level conditions. For each tsunami scenario we generate a high-resolution inundation map of the maximum water level and flow velocity, and we calculate the exposure of buildings and critical infrastructure. Results indicate that exposure to earthquake-generated tsunamis is relatively low for present events, but increases significantly with higher sea level conditions. The probabilistic approach allowed us to undertake a comparison with an existing storm surge hazard assessment. Interestingly, the exposure to all the simulated tsunamis is significantly lower than that for the 1:100 storm surge scenarios, under the same initial sea level conditions. The results have significant implications for multi-risk and emergency management in Sydney. PMID:25492514

  13. The exposure of Sydney (Australia) to earthquake-generated tsunamis, storms and sea level rise: a probabilistic multi-hazard approach.

    PubMed

    Dall'Osso, F; Dominey-Howes, D; Moore, C; Summerhayes, S; Withycombe, G

    2014-12-10

    Approximately 85% of Australia's population live along the coastal fringe, an area with high exposure to extreme inundations such as tsunamis. However, to date, no Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Assessments (PTHA) that include inundation have been published for Australia. This limits the development of appropriate risk reduction measures by decision and policy makers. We describe our PTHA undertaken for the Sydney metropolitan area. Using the NOAA NCTR model MOST (Method for Splitting Tsunamis), we simulate 36 earthquake-generated tsunamis with annual probabilities of 1:100, 1:1,000 and 1:10,000, occurring under present and future predicted sea level conditions. For each tsunami scenario we generate a high-resolution inundation map of the maximum water level and flow velocity, and we calculate the exposure of buildings and critical infrastructure. Results indicate that exposure to earthquake-generated tsunamis is relatively low for present events, but increases significantly with higher sea level conditions. The probabilistic approach allowed us to undertake a comparison with an existing storm surge hazard assessment. Interestingly, the exposure to all the simulated tsunamis is significantly lower than that for the 1:100 storm surge scenarios, under the same initial sea level conditions. The results have significant implications for multi-risk and emergency management in Sydney.

  14. Differences in tsunami generation between the December 26, 2004 and March 28, 2005 Sumatra earthquakes

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Geist, E.L.; Bilek, S.L.; Arcas, D.; Titov, V.V.

    2006-01-01

    Source parameters affecting tsunami generation and propagation for the Mw > 9.0 December 26, 2004 and the Mw = 8.6 March 28, 2005 earthquakes are examined to explain the dramatic difference in tsunami observations. We evaluate both scalar measures (seismic moment, maximum slip, potential energy) and finite-source repre-sentations (distributed slip and far-field beaming from finite source dimensions) of tsunami generation potential. There exists significant variability in local tsunami runup with respect to the most readily available measure, seismic moment. The local tsunami intensity for the December 2004 earthquake is similar to other tsunamigenic earthquakes of comparable magnitude. In contrast, the March 2005 local tsunami was deficient relative to its earthquake magnitude. Tsunami potential energy calculations more accurately reflect the difference in tsunami severity, although these calculations are dependent on knowledge of the slip distribution and therefore difficult to implement in a real-time system. A significant factor affecting tsunami generation unaccounted for in these scalar measures is the location of regions of seafloor displacement relative to the overlying water depth. The deficiency of the March 2005 tsunami seems to be related to concentration of slip in the down-dip part of the rupture zone and the fact that a substantial portion of the vertical displacement field occurred in shallow water or on land. The comparison of the December 2004 and March 2005 Sumatra earthquakes presented in this study is analogous to previous studies comparing the 1952 and 2003 Tokachi-Oki earthquakes and tsunamis, in terms of the effect slip distribution has on local tsunamis. Results from these studies indicate the difficulty in rapidly assessing local tsunami runup from magnitude and epicentral location information alone.

  15. Benchmarking an Unstructured-Grid Model for Tsunami Current Modeling

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhang, Yinglong J.; Priest, George; Allan, Jonathan; Stimely, Laura

    2016-12-01

    We present model results derived from a tsunami current benchmarking workshop held by the NTHMP (National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program) in February 2015. Modeling was undertaken using our own 3D unstructured-grid model that has been previously certified by the NTHMP for tsunami inundation. Results for two benchmark tests are described here, including: (1) vortex structure in the wake of a submerged shoal and (2) impact of tsunami waves on Hilo Harbor in the 2011 Tohoku event. The modeled current velocities are compared with available lab and field data. We demonstrate that the model is able to accurately capture the velocity field in the two benchmark tests; in particular, the 3D model gives a much more accurate wake structure than the 2D model for the first test, with the root-mean-square error and mean bias no more than 2 cm s-1 and 8 mm s-1, respectively, for the modeled velocity.

  16. Modelling the tsunami threat to Sydney Harbour, Australia, with comparisons to historical events.

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wilson, O.; Power, H.

    2016-12-01

    Sydney Harbour is an iconic location with a dense population and low-lying development. On the east coast of Australia, facing the Pacific Ocean it is exposed to several tsunamigenic trenches. To date, this is the most detailed assessment of the potential for earthquake-generated tsunami impact on Sydney Harbour. The tsunami wave trains modelled include tsunami modelled from earthquakes of magnitude 7.5, 8.0, 8.5 and 9.0 MW from the Puysegur and New Hebrides trenches. Historical events from Chile in 1960 and Japan in 2011 are also modelled for comparison. Using the hydrodynamic model ANUGA, results show that the events modelled have the potential to cause high current speeds, hazardous waves and rapid changes in water level. These effects are most dramatic at pinch points such as Spit Bridge and Anzac Bridge, particularly with regard to current speeds. Large waves are shown to be a particular threat at the mouth of the harbour, where the bathymetry causes the tsunami wave train to shoal. Inundation is less of a hazard for the tsunami events modlled, although some inundation is evident at several low-lying embayments in the south of the harbour. These results will provide an evidence base for tsunami threat emergency management.

  17. Hydraulic experiment on formation mechanism of tsunami deposit and verification of sediment transport model for tsunamis

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yamamoto, A.; Takahashi, T.; Harada, K.; Sakuraba, M.; Nojima, K.

    2017-12-01

    An underestimation of the 2011 Tohoku tsunami caused serious damage in coastal area. Reconsideration for tsunami estimation needs knowledge of paleo tsunamis. The historical records of giant tsunamis are limited, because they had occurred infrequently. Tsunami deposits may include many of tsunami records and are expected to analyze paleo tsunamis. However, present research on tsunami deposits are not able to estimate the tsunami source and its magnitude. Furthermore, numerical models of tsunami and its sediment transport are also important. Takahashi et al. (1999) proposed a model of movable bed condition due to tsunamis, although it has some issues. Improvement of the model needs basic data on sediment transport and deposition. This study investigated the formation mechanism of tsunami deposit by hydraulic experiment using a two-dimensional water channel with slope. In a fixed bed condition experiment, velocity, water level and suspended load concentration were measured at many points. In a movable bed condition, effects of sand grains and bore wave on the deposit were examined. Yamamoto et al. (2016) showed deposition range varied with sand grain sizes. In addition, it is revealed that the range fluctuated by number of waves and wave period. The measurements of velocity and water level showed that flow was clearly different near shoreline and in run-up area. Large velocity by return flow was affected the amount of sand deposit near shoreline. When a cutoff wall was installed on the slope, the amount of sand deposit repeatedly increased and decreased. Especially, sand deposit increased where velocity decreased. Takahashi et al. (1999) adapted the proposed model into Kesennuma bay when the 1960 Chilean tsunami arrived, although the amount of sand transportation was underestimated. The cause of the underestimation is inferred that the velocity of this model was underestimated. A relationship between velocity and sediment transport has to be studied in detail, but

  18. South American Tsunamis in Lyttelton Harbor, New Zealand

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Borrero, Jose C.; Goring, Derek G.

    2015-03-01

    At 2347 UTC on April 1, 2014 (12:47 pm April 2, 2014 NZDT) an earthquake with a moment magnitude of 8.2 occurred offshore of Iquique in northern Chile. The temblor generated a tsunami that was observed locally and recorded on tide gauges and deep ocean tsunameters close to the source region. While real time modeling based on inverted tsunameter data and finite fault solutions of the earthquake rupture suggested that a damaging far-field tsunami was not expected (and later confirmed), this event nevertheless reminded us of the threat posed to New Zealand by tsunami generated along the west coast of South America and from the Peru/Chile border region in particular. In this paper we quantitatively assess the tsunami hazard at Lyttelton Harbor from South American tsunamis through a review of historical accounts, numerical modeling of past events and analysis of water level records. A sensitivity study for tsunamis generated along the length of the South American Subduction Zone is used to illustrate which section of the subduction zone would generate the strongest response at Lyttelton while deterministic scenario modeling of significant historical South American tsunamis (i.e. 1868, 1877 and 1960) provide a quantitative estimate of the expected effects from possible future great earthquakes along the coast of South America.

  19. Numerical simulation of tsunami generation by cold volcanic mass flows at Augustine Volcano, Alaska

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Waythomas, C.F.; Watts, P.; Walder, J.S.

    2006-01-01

    Many of the world's active volcanoes are situated on or near coastlines. During eruptions, diverse geophysical mass flows, including pyroclastic flows, debris avalanches, and lahars, can deliver large volumes of unconsolidated debris to the ocean in a short period of time and thereby generate tsunamis. Deposits of both hot and cold volcanic mass flows produced by eruptions of Aleutian arc volcanoes are exposed at many locations along the coastlines of the Bering Sea, North Pacific Ocean, and Cook Inlet, indicating that the flows entered the sea and in some cases may have initiated tsunamis. We evaluate the process of tsunami generation by cold granular subaerial volcanic mass flows using examples from Augustine Volcano in southern Cook Inlet. Augustine Volcano is the most historically active volcano in the Cook Inlet region, and future eruptions, should they lead to debris-avalanche formation and tsunami generation, could be hazardous to some coastal areas. Geological investigations at Augustine Volcano suggest that as many as 12-14 debris avalanches have reached the sea in the last 2000 years, and a debris avalanche emplaced during an A.D. 1883 eruption may have initiated a tsunami that was observed about 80 km east of the volcano at the village of English Bay (Nanwalek) on the coast of the southern Kenai Peninsula. Numerical simulation of mass-flow motion, tsunami generation, propagation, and inundation for Augustine Volcano indicate only modest wave generation by volcanic mass flows and localized wave effects. However, for east-directed mass flows entering Cook Inlet, tsunamis are capable of reaching the more populated coastlines of the southwestern Kenai Peninsula, where maximum water amplitudes of several meters are possible.

  20. Village Level Tsunami Threat Maps for Tamil Nadu, SE Coast of India: Numerical Modeling Technique

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    MP, J.; Kulangara Madham Subrahmanian, D.; V, R. M.

    2014-12-01

    The Indian Ocean tsunami (IOT) devastated several countries of North Indian Ocean. India is one of the worst affected countries after Indonesia and Sri Lanka. In India, Tamil Nadu suffered maximum with fatalities exceeding 8,000 people. Historical records show that tsunami has invaded the shores of Tamil Nadu in the past and has made people realize that the tsunami threat looms over Tamil Nadu and it is necessary to evolve strategies for tsunami threat management. The IOT has brought to light that tsunami inundation and runup varied within short distances and for the disaster management for tsunami, large scale maps showing areas that are likely to be affected by future tsunami are identified. Therefore threat assessment for six villages including Mamallapuram (also called Mahabalipuram) which is famous for its rock-cut temples, from the northern part of Tamil Nadu state of India has been carried out and threat maps categorizing the coast into areas of different degree of threat are prepared. The threat was assessed by numerical modeling using TUNAMI N2 code considering different tsunamigenic sources along the Andaman - Sumatra trench. While GEBCO and C-Map data was used for bathymetry and for land elevation data was generated by RTK - GPS survey for a distance of 1 km from shore and SRTM for the inland areas. The model results show that in addition to the Sumatra source which generated the IOT in 2004, earthquakes originating in Car Nicobar and North Andaman can inflict more damage. The North Andaman source can generate a massive tsunami and an earthquake of magnitude more than Mw 9 can not only affect Tamil Nadu but also entire south east coast of India. The runup water level is used to demarcate the tsunami threat zones in the villages using GIS.

  1. Tsunami waves generated by dynamically triggered aftershocks of the 2010 Haiti earthquake

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ten Brink, U. S.; Wei, Y.; Fan, W.; Miller, N. C.; Granja, J. L.

    2017-12-01

    Dynamically-triggered aftershocks, thought to be set off by the passage of surface waves, are currently not considered in tsunami warnings, yet may produce enough seafloor deformation to generate tsunamis on their own, as judged from new findings about the January 12, 2010 Haiti earthquake tsunami in the Caribbean Sea. This tsunami followed the Mw7.0 Haiti mainshock, which resulted from a complex rupture along the north shore of Tiburon Peninsula, not beneath the Caribbean Sea. The mainshock, moreover, had a mixed strike-slip and thrust focal mechanism. There were no recorded aftershocks in the Caribbean Sea, only small coastal landslides and rock falls on the south shore of Tiburon Peninsula. Nevertheless, a tsunami was recorded on deep-sea DART buoy 42407 south of the Dominican Republic and on the Santo Domingo tide gauge, and run-ups of ≤3 m were observed along a 90-km-long stretch of the SE Haiti coast. Three dynamically-triggered aftershocks south of Haiti have been recently identified within the coda of the mainshock (<200 s) by analyzing P wave arrivals recorded by dense seismic arrays, parsing the arrivals into 20-s-long stacks, and back-projecting the arrivals to the vicinity of the main shock (50-300 km). Two of the aftershocks, coming 20-40 s and 40-60 s after the mainshock, plot along NW-SE-trending submarine ridges in the Caribbean Sea south of Haiti. The third event, 120-140 s was located along the steep eastern slope of Bahoruco Peninsula, which is delineated by a normal fault. Forward tsunami models show that the arrival times of the DART buoy and tide gauge times are best fit by the earliest of the three aftershocks, with a Caribbean source 60 km SW of the mainshock rupture zone. Preliminary inversion of the DART buoy time series for fault locations and orientations confirms the location of the first source, but requires an additional unidentified source closer to shore 40 km SW of the mainshock rupture zone. This overall agreement between

  2. The Chile tsunami of 27 February 2010: Field survey and modeling

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Fritz, H. M.; Petroff, C. M.; Catalan, P. A.; Cienfuegos, R.; Winckler, P.; Kalligeris, N.; Weiss, R.; Meneses, G.; Valderas-Bermejo, C.; Barrientos, S. E.; Ebeling, C. W.; Papadopoulos, A.; Contreras, M.; Almar, R.; Dominguez, J.; Synolakis, C.

    2011-12-01

    between Caleta Chome and Punta Morguilla. More than 2 m vertical uplift were measured on Santa Maria Island. Tsunami propagation in the Pacific Ocean is simulated using the benchmarked tsunami model MOST (Titov and Gonzalez, 1997; Titov and Synolakis, 1998). For initial conditions the inversion model of Lorito et al. (2011) is utilized. The model results highlight the directivity of the highest tsunami waves towards Juan Fernández and Easter Island during the transoceanic propagation. The team interviewed numerous eyewitnesses and educated residents about tsunami hazards since community-based education and awareness programs are essential to save lives in locales at risk from locally generated tsunamis.

  3. Inter-model analysis of tsunami-induced coastal currents

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lynett, Patrick J.; Gately, Kara; Wilson, Rick; Montoya, Luis; Arcas, Diego; Aytore, Betul; Bai, Yefei; Bricker, Jeremy D.; Castro, Manuel J.; Cheung, Kwok Fai; David, C. Gabriel; Dogan, Gozde Guney; Escalante, Cipriano; González-Vida, José Manuel; Grilli, Stephan T.; Heitmann, Troy W.; Horrillo, Juan; Kânoğlu, Utku; Kian, Rozita; Kirby, James T.; Li, Wenwen; Macías, Jorge; Nicolsky, Dmitry J.; Ortega, Sergio; Pampell-Manis, Alyssa; Park, Yong Sung; Roeber, Volker; Sharghivand, Naeimeh; Shelby, Michael; Shi, Fengyan; Tehranirad, Babak; Tolkova, Elena; Thio, Hong Kie; Velioğlu, Deniz; Yalçıner, Ahmet Cevdet; Yamazaki, Yoshiki; Zaytsev, Andrey; Zhang, Y. J.

    2017-06-01

    To help produce accurate and consistent maritime hazard products, the National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program organized a benchmarking workshop to evaluate the numerical modeling of tsunami currents. Thirteen teams of international researchers, using a set of tsunami models currently utilized for hazard mitigation studies, presented results for a series of benchmarking problems; these results are summarized in this paper. Comparisons focus on physical situations where the currents are shear and separation driven, and are thus de-coupled from the incident tsunami waveform. In general, we find that models of increasing physical complexity provide better accuracy, and that low-order three-dimensional models are superior to high-order two-dimensional models. Inside separation zones and in areas strongly affected by eddies, the magnitude of both model-data errors and inter-model differences can be the same as the magnitude of the mean flow. Thus, we make arguments for the need of an ensemble modeling approach for areas affected by large-scale turbulent eddies, where deterministic simulation may be misleading. As a result of the analyses presented herein, we expect that tsunami modelers now have a better awareness of their ability to accurately capture the physics of tsunami currents, and therefore a better understanding of how to use these simulation tools for hazard assessment and mitigation efforts.

  4. On the characteristics of landslide tsunamis

    PubMed Central

    Løvholt, F.; Pedersen, G.; Harbitz, C. B.; Glimsdal, S.; Kim, J.

    2015-01-01

    This review presents modelling techniques and processes that govern landslide tsunami generation, with emphasis on tsunamis induced by fully submerged landslides. The analysis focuses on a set of representative examples in simplified geometries demonstrating the main kinematic landslide parameters influencing initial tsunami amplitudes and wavelengths. Scaling relations from laboratory experiments for subaerial landslide tsunamis are also briefly reviewed. It is found that the landslide acceleration determines the initial tsunami elevation for translational landslides, while the landslide velocity is more important for impulsive events such as rapid slumps and subaerial landslides. Retrogressive effects stretch the tsunami, and in certain cases produce enlarged amplitudes due to positive interference. In an example involving a deformable landslide, it is found that the landslide deformation has only a weak influence on tsunamigenesis. However, more research is needed to determine how landslide flow processes that involve strong deformation and long run-out determine tsunami generation. PMID:26392615

  5. The El Salvador and Philippines Tsunamis of August 2012: Insights from Sea Level Data Analysis and Numerical Modeling

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Heidarzadeh, Mohammad; Satake, Kenji

    2014-12-01

    We studied two tsunamis from 2012, one generated by the El Salvador earthquake of 27 August ( Mw 7.3) and the other generated by the Philippines earthquake of 31 August ( Mw 7.6), using sea level data analysis and numerical modeling. For the El Salvador tsunami, the largest wave height was observed in Baltra, Galapagos Islands (71.1 cm) located about 1,400 km away from the source. The tsunami governing periods were around 9 and 19 min. Numerical modeling indicated that most of the tsunami energy was directed towards the Galapagos Islands, explaining the relatively large wave height there. For the Philippines tsunami, the maximum wave height of 30.5 cm was observed at Kushimoto in Japan located about 2,700 km away from the source. The tsunami governing periods were around 8, 12 and 29 min. Numerical modeling showed that a significant part of the far-field tsunami energy was directed towards the southern coast of Japan. Fourier and wavelet analyses as well as numerical modeling suggested that the dominant period of the first wave at stations normal to the fault strike is related to the fault width, while the period of the first wave at stations in the direction of fault strike is representative of the fault length.

  6. New Tsunami Inundation Maps for California

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Barberopoulou, Aggeliki; Borrero, Jose; Uslu, Burak; Kanoglu, Utku; Synolakis, Costas

    2010-05-01

    California is the first US State to complete its tsunami inundation mapping. A new generation of tsunami inundation maps is now available for 17 coastal counties.. The new maps offer improved coverage for many areas, they are based on the most recent descriptions of potential tsunami farfield and nearfield sources and use the best available bathymetric and topographic data for modelling. The need for new tsunami maps for California became clear since Synolakis et al (1998) described how inundation projections derived with inundation models that fully calculate the wave evolution over dry land can be as high as twice the values predicted with earlier threshold models, for tsunamis originating from tectonic source. Since the 1998 Papua New Guinea tsunami when the hazard from offshore submarine landslides was better understood (Bardet et al, 2003), the State of California funded the development of the first generation of maps, based on local tectonic and landslide sources. Most of the hazard was dominated by offshore landslides, whose return period remains unknown but is believed to be higher than 1000 years for any given locale, at least in Southern California. The new generation of maps incorporates local and distant scenarios. The partnership between the Tsunami Research Center at USC, the California Emergency Management Agency and the California Seismic Safety Commission let the State to be the first among all US States to complete the maps. (Exceptions include the offshore islands and Newport Beach, where higher resolution maps are under way). The maps were produced with the lowest cost per mile of coastline, per resident or per map than all other States, because of the seamless integration of the USC and NOAA databases and the use of the MOST model. They are a significant improvement over earlier map generations. As part of a continuous improvement in response, mitigation and planning and community education, the California inundation maps can contribute in

  7. Role of sediment transport model to improve the tsunami numerical simulation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sugawara, D.; Yamashita, K.; Takahashi, T.; Imamura, F.

    2015-12-01

    Are we overlooking an important factor for improved numerical prediction of tsunamis in shallow sea to onshore? In this presentation, several case studies on numerical modeling of tsunami-induced sediment transport are reviewed, and the role of sediment transport models for tsunami inundation simulation is discussed. Large-scale sediment transport and resulting geomorphological change occurred in the coastal areas of Tohoku, Japan, due to the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami. Datasets obtained after the tsunami, including geomorphological and sedimentological data as well as hydrodynamic records, allows us to validate the numerical model in detail. The numerical modeling of the sediment transport by the 2011 tsunami depicted the severest erosion of sandy beach, as well as characteristic spatial patterns of erosion and deposition on the seafloor, which have taken place in Hirota Bay, Sanriku Coast. Quantitative comparisons of observation and simulation of the geomorphological changes in Sanriku Coast and Sendai Bay showed that the numerical model can predict the volumes of erosion and deposition with a right order. In addition, comparison of the simulation with aerial video footages demonstrated the numerical model is capable of tracking the overall processes of tsunami sediment transport. Although tsunami-induced sediment erosion and deposition sometimes cause significant geomorphological change, and may enhance tsunami hydrodynamic impact to the coastal zones, most tsunami simulations do not include sediment transport modeling. A coupled modeling of tsunami hydrodynamics and sediment transport draws a different picture of tsunami hazard, comparing with simple hydrodynamic modeling of tsunami inundation. Since tsunami-induced erosion, deposition and geomorphological change sometimes extend more than several kilometers across the coastline, two-dimensional horizontal model are typically used for the computation of tsunami hydrodynamics and sediment transport

  8. Improved tsunami impact assessments: validation, comparison and the integration of hydrodynamic modeling

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tarbotton, C.; Walters, R. A.; Goff, J. R.; Dominey-Howes, D.; Turner, I. L.

    2012-12-01

    As communities become increasingly aware of the risks posed by tsunamis, it is important to develop methods for predicting the damage they can cause to the built environment. This will provide the information needed to make informed decisions regarding land-use, building codes, and evacuation. At present, a number of tsunami-building vulnerability assessment models are available, however, the relative infrequency and destructive nature of tsunamis has long made it difficult to obtain the data necessary to adequately validate and compare them. Further complicating matters is that the inundation of a tsunami in the built environment is very difficult model, as is the response of a building to the hydraulic forces that a tsunami generates. Variations in building design and condition will significantly affect a building's susceptibility to damage. Likewise, factors affecting the flow conditions at a building (i.e. surrounding structures and topography), will greatly affect its exposure. This presents significant challenges for practitioners, as they are often left in the dark on how to use hazard modeling and vulnerability assessment techniques together to conduct the community-scale impact studies required for tsunami planning. This paper presents the results of an in-depth case study of Yuriage, Miyagi Prefecture - a coastal city in Japan that was badly damaged by the 2011 Tohoku tsunami. The aim of the study was twofold: 1) To test and compare existing tsunami vulnerability assessment models and 2) To more effectively utilize hydrodynamic models in the context of tsunami impact studies. Following the 2011 Tohoku event, an unprecedented quantity of field data, imagery and video emerged. Yuriage in particular, features a comprehensive set of street level Google Street View imagery, available both before and after the event. This has enabled the collection of a large dataset describing the characteristics of the buildings existing before the event as well the

  9. Simulations and analysis of asteroid-generated tsunamis using the shallow water equations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Berger, M. J.; LeVeque, R. J.; Weiss, R.

    2016-12-01

    We discuss tsunami propagation for asteroid-generated air bursts and water impacts. We present simulations for a range of conditions using the GeoClaw simulation software. Examples include meteors that span 5 to 250 MT of kinetic energy, and use bathymetry from the U.S. coastline. We also study radially symmetric one-dimensional equations to better explore the nature and decay rate of waves generated by air burst pressure disturbances traveling at the speed of sound in air, which is much greater than the gravity wave speed of the tsunami generated. One-dimensional simulations along a transect of bathymetry are also used to explore the resolution needed for the full two-dimensional simulations, which are much more expensive even with the use of adaptive mesh refinement due to the short wave lengths of these tsunamis. For this same reason, shallow water equations may be inadequate and we also discuss dispersive effects.

  10. On the characteristics of landslide tsunamis.

    PubMed

    Løvholt, F; Pedersen, G; Harbitz, C B; Glimsdal, S; Kim, J

    2015-10-28

    This review presents modelling techniques and processes that govern landslide tsunami generation, with emphasis on tsunamis induced by fully submerged landslides. The analysis focuses on a set of representative examples in simplified geometries demonstrating the main kinematic landslide parameters influencing initial tsunami amplitudes and wavelengths. Scaling relations from laboratory experiments for subaerial landslide tsunamis are also briefly reviewed. It is found that the landslide acceleration determines the initial tsunami elevation for translational landslides, while the landslide velocity is more important for impulsive events such as rapid slumps and subaerial landslides. Retrogressive effects stretch the tsunami, and in certain cases produce enlarged amplitudes due to positive interference. In an example involving a deformable landslide, it is found that the landslide deformation has only a weak influence on tsunamigenesis. However, more research is needed to determine how landslide flow processes that involve strong deformation and long run-out determine tsunami generation. © 2015 The Authors.

  11. Source mechanisms of volcanic tsunamis.

    PubMed

    Paris, Raphaël

    2015-10-28

    Volcanic tsunamis are generated by a variety of mechanisms, including volcano-tectonic earthquakes, slope instabilities, pyroclastic flows, underwater explosions, shock waves and caldera collapse. In this review, we focus on the lessons that can be learnt from past events and address the influence of parameters such as volume flux of mass flows, explosion energy or duration of caldera collapse on tsunami generation. The diversity of waves in terms of amplitude, period, form, dispersion, etc. poses difficulties for integration and harmonization of sources to be used for numerical models and probabilistic tsunami hazard maps. In many cases, monitoring and warning of volcanic tsunamis remain challenging (further technical and scientific developments being necessary) and must be coupled with policies of population preparedness. © 2015 The Author(s).

  12. Physical Modeling of Landslide Generated Tsunamis and the 50th Anniversary of the Vajont Dam Disaster

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    McFall, Brian C.; Mohammed, Fahad; Fritz, Hermann M.

    2013-04-01

    The Vajont river is an affluent of the Piave River located in the Dolomite Alps of the Veneto Region, about 100km north of Venice. A 265.5 m high double curved arch dam was built across a V-shaped gorge creating a reservoir with a maximum storage capacity of 0.169 km3. A maximum water depth of 250 m was reached by early September 1963 during the third filling attempt of the reservoir, but as creeping on the southern flank increased the third reservoir draw down was initiated. By October 9, 1963 the water depth was lowered to 240m as the southern flank of Vajont reservoir catastrophically collapsed on a length of more than 2km. Collapse occurred during reservoir drawdown in a final attempt to reduce flank creeping and the reservoir was only about two-thirds full. The partially submerged rockslide with a volume of 0.24 km3 penetrated into the reservoir at velocities up to 30 m/s. The wave runup in direct prolongation of slide axis reached the lowest houses of Casso 270m above reservoir level before impact corresponding to 245m above dam crest (Müller, 1964). The rockslide deposit came within 50m of the left abutment and towers up to 140m above the dam crest. The lateral spreading of the surge overtopped the dam crest by more than 100m. The thin arch dam withstood the overtopping and sustained no damage to the structural shell and the abutments. The flood wave dropped more than 500m down the Vajont gorge and into the Piave Valley causing utter destruction to the villages of Longarone, Pirago, Villanova, Rivalta and Fae. More than 2000 persons perished. The Vajont disaster highlights an extreme landslide tsunami event in the narrowly confined water body of a reservoir. Landslide tsunami hazards exist even in areas not exposed to tectonic tsunamis. Source and runup scenarios based on real world events are physically modeled in the three dimensional NEES tsunami wave basin (TWB) at Oregon State University (OSU). A novel pneumatic landslide tsunami generator (LTG) was

  13. Generation of the September 29, 2009 Samoa Tsunami: Examination of a Possible Non-Double Couple Component (Invited)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Geist, E. L.; Kirby, S. H.; Ross, S.; Dartnell, P.

    2009-12-01

    A non-double couple component associated with the Mw=8.0 September 29, 2009 Samoa earthquake is investigated to explain direct tsunami arrivals at deep-ocean pressure sensors (i.e., DART stations). In particular, we seek a tsunami generation model that correctly predicts the polarity of first motions: negative at the Apia station (#51425) NW of the epicenter and positive at the Tonga (#51426) and Aukland (#54401) stations south of the epicenter. Slip on a single, finite fault corresponding to either nodal plane of the best-fitting double couple fails to predict the positive first-motion polarity observed at the southerly (Tonga and Aukland) DART stations. The Samoa earthquake has a significant non-double component as measured by the compensated linear vector dipole (CLVD) ratio that ranges from |ɛ|=0.15 (USGS CMT) to |ɛ| =0.37 (Global CMT). To test what effect the non-double component has on tsunami generation, the static elastic displacement field at the sea floor is computed from the full moment tensor. This displacement field represents the initial conditions for tsunami propagation computed using a finite-difference approximation to the linear shallow-water wave equations. The tsunami waveforms calculated from the full moment tensor are consistent with the observed polarities at all of the DART stations. The static displacement field is then decomposed into double-couple and non-double couple components to determine the relative contribution of each to the tsunami wavefield. Although a point-source approximation to the tsunami source is typically inadequate at near-field and regional distances, finite-fault inversions of the 2009 Samoa earthquake indicate that peak slip is spatially concentrated near the hypocenter, suggesting that the point-source representation may be acceptable in this case. Generation of the 2009 Samoa tsunami may involve earthquake rupture on multiple faults and/or along curved faults, both of which are observed from multibeam bathymetry

  14. Development of Physics and Control of Multiple Forcing Mechanisms for the Alaska Tsunami Forecast Model

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bahng, B.; Whitmore, P.; Macpherson, K. A.; Knight, W. R.

    2016-12-01

    The Alaska Tsunami Forecast Model (ATFM) is a numerical model used to forecast propagation and inundation of tsunamis generated by earthquakes or other mechanisms in either the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean or Gulf of Mexico. At the U.S. National Tsunami Warning Center (NTWC), the use of the model has been mainly for tsunami pre-computation due to earthquakes. That is, results for hundreds of hypothetical events are computed before alerts, and are accessed and calibrated with observations during tsunamis to immediately produce forecasts. The model has also been used for tsunami hindcasting due to submarine landslides and due to atmospheric pressure jumps, but in a very case-specific and somewhat limited manner. ATFM uses the non-linear, depth-averaged, shallow-water equations of motion with multiply nested grids in two-way communications between domains of each parent-child pair as waves approach coastal waters. The shallow-water wave physics is readily applicable to all of the above tsunamis as well as to tides. Recently, the model has been expanded to include multiple forcing mechanisms in a systematic fashion, and to enhance the model physics for non-earthquake events.ATFM is now able to handle multiple source mechanisms, either individually or jointly, which include earthquake, submarine landslide, meteo-tsunami and tidal forcing. As for earthquakes, the source can be a single unit source or multiple, interacting source blocks. Horizontal slip contribution can be added to the sea-floor displacement. The model now includes submarine landslide physics, modeling the source either as a rigid slump, or as a viscous fluid. Additional shallow-water physics have been implemented for the viscous submarine landslides. With rigid slumping, any trajectory can be followed. As for meteo-tsunami, the forcing mechanism is capable of following any trajectory shape. Wind stress physics has also been implemented for the meteo-tsunami case, if required. As an example of multiple

  15. Spatial modelling for tsunami evacuation route in Parangtritis Village

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Juniansah, A.; Tyas, B. I.; Tama, G. C.; Febriani, K. R.; Farda, N. M.

    2018-04-01

    Tsunami is a series of huge sea waves that commonly occurs because of the oceanic plate movement or tectonic activity under the sea. As a sudden hazard, the tsunami has damaged many people over the years. Parangtritis village is one of high tsunami hazard risk area in Indonesia which needs an effective tsunami risk reduction. This study aims are modelling a tsunami susceptibility map, existing assembly points evaluation, and suggesting effective evacuation routes. The susceptibility map was created using ALOS PALSAR DEM and surface roughness coefficient. The method of tsunami modelling employed inundation model developed by Berryman (2006). The results are used to determine new assembly points based on the Sentinel 2A imagery and to determine the most effective evacuation route by using network analyst. This model can be used to create detailed scale of evacuation route, but unrepresentative for assembly point that far from road network.

  16. Tsunami Generation and Propagation by 3D deformable Landslides and Application to Scenarios

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    McFall, Brian C.; Fritz, Hermann M.

    2014-05-01

    Tsunamis generated by landslides and volcano flank collapse account for some of the most catastrophic natural disasters recorded and can be particularly devastative in the near field region due to locally high wave amplitudes and runup. The events of 1958 Lituya Bay, 1963 Vajont reservoir, 1980 Spirit Lake, 2002 Stromboli and 2010 Haiti demonstrate the danger of tsunamis generated by landslides or volcano flank collapses. Unfortunately critical field data from these events is lacking. Source and runup scenarios based on real world events are physically modeled using generalized Froude similarity in the three dimensional NEES tsunami wave basin at Oregon State University. A novel pneumatic landslide tsunami generator (LTG) was deployed to simulate landslides with varying geometry and kinematics. The bathymetric and topographic scenarios tested with the LTG are the basin-wide propagation and runup, fjord, curved headland fjord and a conical island setting representing a landslide off an island or a volcano flank collapse. The LTG consists of a sliding box filled with 1,350 kg of landslide material which is accelerated by means of four pneumatic pistons down a 2H:1V slope. The landslide is launched from the sliding box and continues to accelerate by gravitational forces up to velocities of 5 m/s. The landslide Froude number at impact with the water is in the range 1

  17. Post Fukushima tsunami simulations for Malaysian coasts

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Koh, Hock Lye, E-mail: kohhl@ucsiuniversity.edu.my; Teh, Su Yean, E-mail: syteh@usm.my; Abas, Mohd Rosaidi Che

    The recent recurrences of mega tsunamis in the Asian region have rekindled concern regarding potential tsunamis that could inflict severe damage to affected coastal facilities and communities. The 11 March 2011 Fukushima tsunami that crippled nuclear power plants in Northern Japan has further raised the level of caution. The recent discovery of petroleum reserves in the coastal water surrounding Malaysia further ignites the concern regarding tsunami hazards to petroleum facilities located along affected coasts. Working in a group, federal government agencies seek to understand the dynamics of tsunami and their impacts under the coordination of the Malaysian National Centre formore » Tsunami Research, Malaysian Meteorological Department. Knowledge regarding the generation, propagation and runup of tsunami would provide the scientific basis to address safety issues. An in-house tsunami simulation models known as TUNA has been developed by the authors to assess tsunami hazards along affected beaches so that mitigation measures could be put in place. Capacity building on tsunami simulation plays a critical role in the development of tsunami resilience. This paper aims to first provide a simple introduction to tsunami simulation towards the achievement of tsunami simulation capacity building. The paper will also present several scenarios of tsunami dangers along affected Malaysia coastal regions via TUNA simulations to highlight tsunami threats. The choice of tsunami generation parameters reflects the concern following the Fukushima tsunami.« less

  18. Holocene tsunamigenic sediments and tsunami modelling in the Thermaikos Gulf area (northern Greece)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Reicherter, Klaus; Papanikolaou, Ioannis D.; Roger, Jean; Grützner, Christoph; Stamatis, Georgios; Papanikolaou, Dimitrios

    2010-05-01

    Shallow drill cores in flat and southerly exposed coastal areas around the Thermaikos Gulf (Thessalonica, northern Greece) provided evidence for past high energy sedimentary events, which are interpreted as tsunamites. A tsunamigenic source is located along the western tip of the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) in the North Aegean Basin, where water depths ranging between 1.200 and 1.650 m are sufficiently deep to generate tsunamis. However, the event layers up to now cannot be assigned to individual seismic or landslide sources, but the potential of a tsunami threat in the Thermaikos Gulf area can now be tested, following both sedimentological and modelling processes. Such potential threat regarding the Thermaikos Gulf has only recently been notified but never tested and studied in depth. As a result, several Holocene coarse clastic layers have been found intercalated in clayey or gypsiferous lagoonal deposits. These layers have erosive bases, show fining-up and thinning-up sequences, and include shell debris, foraminifera and rip-up clasts of lagoonal sediments. A widely observed significant feature of these layers involves mud-coated beach clasts, clasts that rework the high-plasticity clays of lagoons. Such features that indicate highly disturbed sedimentological condition (hyperpyncal flows) are rarely described elsewhere. Multiple intercalations of these layers with all the mentioned indicative features downhole are interpreted paleotsunami deposits from tsunamis generated by earthquakes or earthquake-triggered submarine landslides triggered by seismic shaking in the Thermaikos Gulf. Modelling of the tsunami potential of the basin-bounding fault southwards of the Thermaikos Gulf provides an example for possible tsunami generation at only one segment of NAFZ along an approx. 55 km normal fault at the southern fault-bound margin of the North Aegean Basin. The Herodotus Histories report on inundations and sea withdrawals occurring during the Greek-Persian war

  19. Tsunami Source Identification on the 1867 Tsunami Event Based on the Impact Intensity

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wu, T. R.

    2014-12-01

    The 1867 Keelung tsunami event has drawn significant attention from people in Taiwan. Not only because the location was very close to the 3 nuclear power plants which are only about 20km away from the Taipei city but also because of the ambiguous on the tsunami sources. This event is unique in terms of many aspects. First, it was documented on many literatures with many languages and with similar descriptions. Second, the tsunami deposit was discovered recently. Based on the literatures, earthquake, 7-meter tsunami height, volcanic smoke, and oceanic smoke were observed. Previous studies concluded that this tsunami was generated by an earthquake with a magnitude around Mw7.0 along the Shanchiao Fault. However, numerical results showed that even a Mw 8.0 earthquake was not able to generate a 7-meter tsunami. Considering the steep bathymetry and intense volcanic activities along the Keelung coast, one reasonable hypothesis is that different types of tsunami sources were existed, such as the submarine landslide or volcanic eruption. In order to confirm this scenario, last year we proposed the Tsunami Reverse Tracing Method (TRTM) to find the possible locations of the tsunami sources. This method helped us ruling out the impossible far-field tsunami sources. However, the near-field sources are still remain unclear. This year, we further developed a new method named 'Impact Intensity Analysis' (IIA). In the IIA method, the study area is divided into a sequence of tsunami sources, and the numerical simulations of each source is conducted by COMCOT (Cornell Multi-grid Coupled Tsunami Model) tsunami model. After that, the resulting wave height from each source to the study site is collected and plotted. This method successfully helped us to identify the impact factor from the near-field potential sources. The IIA result (Fig. 1) shows that the 1867 tsunami event was a multi-source event. A mild tsunami was trigged by a Mw7.0 earthquake, and then followed by the submarine

  20. New Activities of the U.S. National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program, Mapping and Modeling Subcommittee

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wilson, R. I.; Eble, M. C.

    2013-12-01

    The U.S. National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program (NTHMP) is comprised of representatives from coastal states and federal agencies who, under the guidance of NOAA, work together to develop protocols and products to help communities prepare for and mitigate tsunami hazards. Within the NTHMP are several subcommittees responsible for complimentary aspects of tsunami assessment, mitigation, education, warning, and response. The Mapping and Modeling Subcommittee (MMS) is comprised of state and federal scientists who specialize in tsunami source characterization, numerical tsunami modeling, inundation map production, and warning forecasting. Until September 2012, much of the work of the MMS was authorized through the Tsunami Warning and Education Act, an Act that has since expired but the spirit of which is being adhered to in parallel with reauthorization efforts. Over the past several years, the MMS has developed guidance and best practices for states and territories to produce accurate and consistent tsunami inundation maps for community level evacuation planning, and has conducted benchmarking of numerical inundation models. Recent tsunami events have highlighted the need for other types of tsunami hazard analyses and products for improving evacuation planning, vertical evacuation, maritime planning, land-use planning, building construction, and warning forecasts. As the program responsible for producing accurate and consistent tsunami products nationally, the NTHMP-MMS is initiating a multi-year plan to accomplish the following: 1) Create and build on existing demonstration projects that explore new tsunami hazard analysis techniques and products, such as maps identifying areas of strong currents and potential damage within harbors as well as probabilistic tsunami hazard analysis for land-use planning. 2) Develop benchmarks for validating new numerical modeling techniques related to current velocities and landslide sources. 3) Generate guidance and protocols for

  1. Tsunamis and splay fault dynamics

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Wendt, J.; Oglesby, D.D.; Geist, E.L.

    2009-01-01

    The geometry of a fault system can have significant effects on tsunami generation, but most tsunami models to date have not investigated the dynamic processes that determine which path rupture will take in a complex fault system. To gain insight into this problem, we use the 3D finite element method to model the dynamics of a plate boundary/splay fault system. We use the resulting ground deformation as a time-dependent boundary condition for a 2D shallow-water hydrodynamic tsunami calculation. We find that if me stress distribution is homogeneous, rupture remains on the plate boundary thrust. When a barrier is introduced along the strike of the plate boundary thrust, rupture propagates to the splay faults, and produces a significantly larger tsunami man in the homogeneous case. The results have implications for the dynamics of megathrust earthquakes, and also suggest mat dynamic earthquake modeling may be a useful tool in tsunami researcn. Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union.

  2. Scenario-based numerical modelling and the palaeo-historic record of tsunamis in Wallis and Futuna, Southwest Pacific

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lamarche, G.; Popinet, S.; Pelletier, B.; Mountjoy, J.; Goff, J.; Delaux, S.; Bind, J.

    2015-08-01

    We investigated the tsunami hazard in the remote French territory of Wallis and Futuna, Southwest Pacific, using the Gerris flow solver to produce numerical models of tsunami generation, propagation and inundation. Wallis consists of the inhabited volcanic island of Uvéa that is surrounded by a lagoon delimited by a barrier reef. Futuna and the island of Alofi form the Horn Archipelago located ca. 240 km east of Wallis. They are surrounded by a narrow fringing reef. Futuna and Alofi emerge from the North Fiji Transform Fault that marks the seismically active Pacific-Australia plate boundary. We generated 15 tsunami scenarios. For each, we calculated maximum wave elevation (MWE), inundation distance and expected time of arrival (ETA). The tsunami sources were local, regional and distant earthquake faults located along the Pacific Rim. In Wallis, the outer reef may experience 6.8 m-high MWE. Uvéa is protected by the barrier reef and the lagoon, but inundation depths of 2-3 m occur in several coastal areas. In Futuna, flow depths exceeding 2 m are modelled in several populated areas, and have been confirmed by a post-September 2009 South Pacific tsunami survey. The channel between the islands of Futuna and Alofi amplified the 2009 tsunami, which resulted in inundation distance of almost 100 m and MWE of 4.4 m. This first ever tsunami hazard modelling study of Wallis and Futuna compares well with palaeotsunamis recognised on both islands and observation of the impact of the 2009 South Pacific tsunami. The study provides evidence for the mitigating effect of barrier and fringing reefs from tsunamis.

  3. Scenario-based numerical modelling and the palaeo-historic record of tsunamis in Wallis and Futuna, Southwest Pacific

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lamarche, G.; Popinet, S.; Pelletier, B.; Mountjoy, J.; Goff, J.; Delaux, S.; Bind, J.

    2015-04-01

    We investigated the tsunami hazard in the remote French territory of Wallis and Futuna, Southwest Pacific, using the Gerris flow solver to produce numerical models of tsunami generation, propagation and inundation. Wallis consists of the inhabited volcanic island of Uvéa that is surrounded by a lagoon delimited by a barrier reef. Futuna and the island of Alofi forms the Horn Archipelago located ca. 240 km east of Wallis. They are surrounded by a narrow fringing reef. Futuna and Alofi emerge from the North Fiji Transform Fault that marks the seismically active Pacific-Australia plate boundary. We generated fifteen tsunami scenarios. For each, we calculated maximum wave elevation (MWE), inundation distance, and Expected Time of Arrival (ETA). The tsunami sources were local, regional and distant earthquake faults located along the Pacific Rim. In Wallis, the outer reef may experience 6.8 m-high MWE. Uvéa is protected by the barrier reef and the lagoon, but inundation depths of 2-3 m occur in several coastal areas. In Futuna, flow depths exceeding 2 m are modelled in several populated areas, and have been confirmed by a post-September 2009 South Pacific tsunami survey. The channel between the islands of Futuna and Alofi amplified the 2009 tsunami, which resulted in inundation distance of almost 100 m and MWE of 4.4 m. This first-ever tsunami hazard modelling study of Wallis and Futuna compares well with palaeotsunamis recognised on both islands and observation of the impact of the 2009 South Pacific tsunami. The study provides evidence for the mitigating effect of barrier and fringing reefs from tsunamis.

  4. Impact of a Cosmic Body into Earth's Ocean and the Generation of Large Tsunami Waves: Insight from Numerical Modeling

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wünnemann, K.; Collins, G. S.; Weiss, R.

    2010-12-01

    The strike of a cosmic body into a marine environment differs in several respects from impact on land. Oceans cover approximately 70% of the Earth's surface, implying not only that oceanic impact is a very likely scenario for future impacts but also that most impacts in Earth's history must have happened in marine environments. Therefore, the study of oceanic impact is imperative in two respects: (1) to quantify the hazard posed by future oceanic impacts, including the potential threat of large impact-generated tsunami-like waves, and (2) to reconstruct Earth's impact record by accounting for the large number of potentially undiscovered crater structures in the ocean crust. Reconstruction of the impact record is of crucial importance both for assessing the frequency of collision events in the past and for better predicting the probability of future impact. We summarize the advances in the study of oceanic impact over the last decades and focus in particular on how numerical models have improved our understanding of cratering in the oceanic environment and the generation of waves by impact. We focus on insight gleaned from numerical modeling studies into the deceleration of the projectile by the water, cratering of the ocean floor, the late stage modification of the crater due to gravitational collapse, and water resurge. Furthermore, we discuss the generation and propagation of large tsunami-like waves as a result of a strike of a cosmic body in marine environments.

  5. Examination of the largest-possible tsunamis (Level 2) generated along the Nankai and Suruga troughs during the past 4000 years based on studies of tsunami deposits from the 2011 Tohoku-oki tsunami

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kitamura, Akihisa

    2016-12-01

    Japanese historical documents reveal that Mw 8 class earthquakes have occurred every 100-150 years along the Suruga and Nankai troughs since the 684 Hakuho earthquake. These earthquakes have commonly caused large tsunamis with wave heights of up to 10 m in the Japanese coastal area along the Suruga and Nankai troughs. From the perspective of tsunami disaster management, these tsunamis are designated as Level 1 tsunamis and are the basis for the design of coastal protection facilities. A Mw 9.0 earthquake (the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake) and a mega-tsunami with wave heights of 10-40 m struck the Pacific coast of the northeastern Japanese mainland on 11 March 2011, and far exceeded pre-disaster predictions of wave height. Based on the lessons learned from the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake, the Japanese Government predicted the tsunami heights of the largest-possible tsunami (termed a Level 2 tsunami) that could be generated in the Suruga and Nankai troughs. The difference in wave heights between Level 1 and Level 2 tsunamis exceeds 20 m in some areas, including the southern Izu Peninsula. This study reviews the distribution of prehistorical tsunami deposits and tsunami boulders during the past 4000 years, based on previous studies in the coastal area of Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. The results show that a tsunami deposit dated at 3400-3300 cal BP can be traced between the Shimizu, Shizuoka and Rokken-gawa lowlands, whereas no geologic evidence related to the corresponding tsunami (the Rokken-gawa-Oya tsunami) was found on the southern Izu Peninsula. Thus, the Rokken-gawa-Oya tsunami is not classified as a Level 2 tsunami.

  6. Numerical experiment on tsunami deposit distribution process by using tsunami sediment transport model in historical tsunami event of megathrust Nankai trough earthquake

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Imai, K.; Sugawara, D.; Takahashi, T.

    2017-12-01

    A large flow caused by tsunami transports sediments from beach and forms tsunami deposits in land and coastal lakes. A tsunami deposit has been found in their undisturbed on coastal lakes especially. Okamura & Matsuoka (2012) found some tsunami deposits in the field survey of coastal lakes facing to the Nankai trough, and tsunami deposits due to the past eight Nankai Trough megathrust earthquakes they identified. The environment in coastal lakes is stably calm and suitable for tsunami deposits preservation compared to other topographical conditions such as plains. Therefore, there is a possibility that the recurrence interval of megathrust earthquakes and tsunamis will be discussed with high resolution. In addition, it has been pointed out that small events that cannot be detected in plains could be separated finely (Sawai, 2012). Various aspects of past tsunami is expected to be elucidated, in consideration of topographical conditions of coastal lakes by using the relationship between the erosion-and-sedimentation process of the lake bottom and the external force of tsunami. In this research, numerical examination based on tsunami sediment transport model (Takahashi et al., 1999) was carried out on the site Ryujin-ike pond of Ohita, Japan where tsunami deposit was identified, and deposit migration analysis was conducted on the tsunami deposit distribution process of historical Nankai Trough earthquakes. Furthermore, examination of tsunami source conditions is possibly investigated by comparison studies of the observed data and the computation of tsunami deposit distribution. It is difficult to clarify details of tsunami source from indistinct information of paleogeographical conditions. However, this result shows that it can be used as a constraint condition of the tsunami source scale by combining tsunami deposit distribution in lakes with computation data.

  7. 3D Numerical Simulation on the Rockslide Generated Tsunamis

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chuang, M.; Wu, T.; Wang, C.; Chu, C.

    2013-12-01

    The rockslide generated tsunami is one of the most devastating nature hazards. However, the involvement of the moving obstacle and dynamic free-surface movement makes the numerical simulation a difficult task. To describe both the fluid motion and solid movement at the same time, we newly developed a two-way fully-coupled moving solid algorithm with 3D LES turbulent model. The free-surface movement is tracked by volume of fluid (VOF) method. The two-step projection method is adopted to solve the Navier-Stokes type government equations. In the new moving solid algorithm, a fictitious body force is implicitly prescribed in MAC correction step to make the cell-center velocity satisfied with the obstacle velocity. We called this method the implicit velocity method (IVM). Because no extra terms are added to the pressure Poission correction, the pressure field of the fluid part is stable, which is the key of the two-way fluid-solid coupling. Because no real solid material is presented in the IVM, the time marching step is not restricted to the smallest effective grid size. Also, because the fictitious force is implicitly added to the correction step, the resulting velocity is accurate and fully coupled with the resulting pressure field. We validated the IVM by simulating a floating box moving up and down on the free-surface. We presented the time-history obstacle trajectory and compared it with the experimental data. Very accurate result can be seen in terms of the oscillating amplitude and the period (Fig. 1). We also presented the free-surface comparison with the high-speed snapshots. At the end, the IVM was used to study the rock-slide generated tsunamis (Liu et al., 2005). Good validations on the slide trajectory and the free-surface movement will be presented in the full paper. From the simulation results (Fig. 2), we observed that the rockslide generated waves are manly caused by the rebounding waves from two sides of the sliding rock after the water is dragging

  8. Local tsunamis and earthquake source parameters

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Geist, Eric L.; Dmowska, Renata; Saltzman, Barry

    1999-01-01

    This chapter establishes the relationship among earthquake source parameters and the generation, propagation, and run-up of local tsunamis. In general terms, displacement of the seafloor during the earthquake rupture is modeled using the elastic dislocation theory for which the displacement field is dependent on the slip distribution, fault geometry, and the elastic response and properties of the medium. Specifically, nonlinear long-wave theory governs the propagation and run-up of tsunamis. A parametric study is devised to examine the relative importance of individual earthquake source parameters on local tsunamis, because the physics that describes tsunamis from generation through run-up is complex. Analysis of the source parameters of various tsunamigenic earthquakes have indicated that the details of the earthquake source, namely, nonuniform distribution of slip along the fault plane, have a significant effect on the local tsunami run-up. Numerical methods have been developed to address the realistic bathymetric and shoreline conditions. The accuracy of determining the run-up on shore is directly dependent on the source parameters of the earthquake, which provide the initial conditions used for the hydrodynamic models.

  9. Modeling of Grain Size Distribution of Tsunami Sand Deposits in V-shaped Valley of Numanohama During the 2011 Tohoku Tsunami

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gusman, A. R.; Satake, K.; Goto, T.; Takahashi, T.

    2016-12-01

    Estimating tsunami amplitude from tsunami sand deposit has been a challenge. The grain size distribution of tsunami sand deposit may have correlation with tsunami inundation process, and further with its source characteristics. In order to test this hypothesis, we need a tsunami sediment transport model that can accurately estimate grain size distribution of tsunami deposit. Here, we built and validate a tsunami sediment transport model that can simulate grain size distribution. Our numerical model has three layers which are suspended load layer, active bed layer, and parent bed layer. The two bed layers contain information about the grain size distribution. This numerical model can handle a wide range of grain sizes from 0.063 (4 ϕ) to 5.657 mm (-2.5 ϕ). We apply the numerical model to simulate the sedimentation process during the 2011 Tohoku earthquake in Numanohama, Iwate prefecture, Japan. The grain size distributions at 15 sample points along a 900 m transect from the beach are used to validate the tsunami sediment transport model. The tsunami deposits are dominated by coarse sand with diameter of 0.5 - 1 mm and their thickness are up to 25 cm. Our tsunami model can well reproduce the observed tsunami run-ups that are ranged from 16 to 34 m along the steep valley in Numanohama. The shapes of the simulated grain size distributions at many sample points located within 300 m from the shoreline are similar to the observations. The differences between observed and simulated peak of grain size distributions are less than 1 ϕ. Our result also shows that the simulated sand thickness distribution along the transect is consistent with the observation.

  10. Tsunami simulation method initiated from waveforms observed by ocean bottom pressure sensors for real-time tsunami forecast; Applied for 2011 Tohoku Tsunami

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tanioka, Yuichiro

    2017-04-01

    After tsunami disaster due to the 2011 Tohoku-oki great earthquake, improvement of the tsunami forecast has been an urgent issue in Japan. National Institute of Disaster Prevention is installing a cable network system of earthquake and tsunami observation (S-NET) at the ocean bottom along the Japan and Kurile trench. This cable system includes 125 pressure sensors (tsunami meters) which are separated by 30 km. Along the Nankai trough, JAMSTEC already installed and operated the cable network system of seismometers and pressure sensors (DONET and DONET2). Those systems are the most dense observation network systems on top of source areas of great underthrust earthquakes in the world. Real-time tsunami forecast has depended on estimation of earthquake parameters, such as epicenter, depth, and magnitude of earthquakes. Recently, tsunami forecast method has been developed using the estimation of tsunami source from tsunami waveforms observed at the ocean bottom pressure sensors. However, when we have many pressure sensors separated by 30km on top of the source area, we do not need to estimate the tsunami source or earthquake source to compute tsunami. Instead, we can initiate a tsunami simulation from those dense tsunami observed data. Observed tsunami height differences with a time interval at the ocean bottom pressure sensors separated by 30 km were used to estimate tsunami height distribution at a particular time. In our new method, tsunami numerical simulation was initiated from those estimated tsunami height distribution. In this paper, the above method is improved and applied for the tsunami generated by the 2011 Tohoku-oki great earthquake. Tsunami source model of the 2011 Tohoku-oki great earthquake estimated using observed tsunami waveforms, coseimic deformation observed by GPS and ocean bottom sensors by Gusman et al. (2012) is used in this study. The ocean surface deformation is computed from the source model and used as an initial condition of tsunami

  11. Optimizing Tsunami Forecast Model Accuracy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Whitmore, P.; Nyland, D. L.; Huang, P. Y.

    2015-12-01

    Recent tsunamis provide a means to determine the accuracy that can be expected of real-time tsunami forecast models. Forecast accuracy using two different tsunami forecast models are compared for seven events since 2006 based on both real-time application and optimized, after-the-fact "forecasts". Lessons learned by comparing the forecast accuracy determined during an event to modified applications of the models after-the-fact provide improved methods for real-time forecasting for future events. Variables such as source definition, data assimilation, and model scaling factors are examined to optimize forecast accuracy. Forecast accuracy is also compared for direct forward modeling based on earthquake source parameters versus accuracy obtained by assimilating sea level data into the forecast model. Results show that including assimilated sea level data into the models increases accuracy by approximately 15% for the events examined.

  12. Modelling of Charles Darwin's tsunami reports

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Galiev, Shamil

    2010-05-01

    -nonlinear equation for . The last equation contains the forcing term which is generated by nonlinearity and depends on . The nonlinear shock-like solution for is constructed which is valid within the narrow coastal zone. Then the tsunami evolution near a coast is studied. It is found that the coastal evolution strongly depends on the profile of the bottom and the distance from the coastline. Far from this the wave surface is smooth and the wave is long enough. The wave profile begins to change quickly, if the coastal water is shallow. The steep (discontinuous) front of the tsunami can be generated. The water level reduces ahead of the front, or the ebb can appear there. Then this front begins to move away from the coast - into the ocean. This direction is opposite to the motion of the whole wave. The amplitude of the front is increased. The water wall is formed. This process explains the catastrophic effect of a tsunami, when a water-wall appears instantly. The wave, having two steep peaks, may be generated in the case of very shallow water. In contrast with this, the tsunami, practically, does not change, if the coastal water is deep. On the whole, the conclusions agree with the Darwin's reports.

  13. Modeling the mitigation effect of coastal forests on tsunami

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kh'ng, Xin Yi; Teh, Su Yean; Koh, Hock Lye

    2017-08-01

    As we have learned from the 26 Dec 2004 mega Andaman tsunami that killed 250, 000 lives worldwide, tsunami is a devastating natural disaster that can cause severe impacts including immense loss of human lives and extensive destruction of properties. The wave energy can be dissipated by the presence of coastal mangrove forests, which provide some degree of protection against tsunami waves. On the other hand, costly artificial structures such as reinforced walls can substantially diminish the aesthetic value and may cause environmental problems. To quantify the effectiveness of coastal forests in mitigating tsunami waves, an in-house 2-D model TUNA-RP is developed and used to quantify the reduction in wave heights and velocities due to the presence of coastal forests. The degree of reduction varies significantly depending on forest flow-resistant properties such as vegetation characteristics, forest density and forest width. The ability of coastal forest in reducing tsunami wave heights along the west coast of Penang Island is quantified by means of model simulations. Comparison between measured tsunami wave heights for the 2004 Andaman tsunami and 2-D TUNA-RP model simulated values demonstrated good agreement.

  14. Tsunami probability in the Caribbean Region

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Parsons, T.; Geist, E.L.

    2008-01-01

    We calculated tsunami runup probability (in excess of 0.5 m) at coastal sites throughout the Caribbean region. We applied a Poissonian probability model because of the variety of uncorrelated tsunami sources in the region. Coastlines were discretized into 20 km by 20 km cells, and the mean tsunami runup rate was determined for each cell. The remarkable ???500-year empirical record compiled by O'Loughlin and Lander (2003) was used to calculate an empirical tsunami probability map, the first of three constructed for this study. However, it is unclear whether the 500-year record is complete, so we conducted a seismic moment-balance exercise using a finite-element model of the Caribbean-North American plate boundaries and the earthquake catalog, and found that moment could be balanced if the seismic coupling coefficient is c = 0.32. Modeled moment release was therefore used to generate synthetic earthquake sequences to calculate 50 tsunami runup scenarios for 500-year periods. We made a second probability map from numerically-calculated runup rates in each cell. Differences between the first two probability maps based on empirical and numerical-modeled rates suggest that each captured different aspects of tsunami generation; the empirical model may be deficient in primary plate-boundary events, whereas numerical model rates lack backarc fault and landslide sources. We thus prepared a third probability map using Bayesian likelihood functions derived from the empirical and numerical rate models and their attendant uncertainty to weight a range of rates at each 20 km by 20 km coastal cell. Our best-estimate map gives a range of 30-year runup probability from 0 - 30% regionally. ?? irkhaueser 2008.

  15. Development of Tsunami Numerical Model Considering the Disaster Debris such as Cars, Ships and Collapsed Buildings

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kozono, Y.; Takahashi, T.; Sakuraba, M.; Nojima, K.

    2016-12-01

    A lot of debris by tsunami, such as cars, ships and collapsed buildings were generated in the 2011 Tohoku tsunami. It is useful for rescue and recovery after tsunami disaster to predict the amount and final position of disaster debris. The transport form of disaster debris varies as drifting, rolling and sliding. These transport forms need to be considered comprehensively in tsunami simulation. In this study, we focused on the following three points. Firstly, the numerical model considering various transport forms of disaster debris was developed. The proposed numerical model was compared with the hydraulic experiment by Okubo et al. (2004) in order to verify transport on the bottom surface such as rolling and sliding. Secondly, a numerical experiment considering transporting on the bottom surface and drifting was studied. Finally, the numerical model was applied for Kesennuma city where serious damage occurred by the 2011 Tohoku tsunami. In this model, the influence of disaster debris was considered as tsunami flow energy loss. The hydraulic experiments conducted in a water tank which was 10 m long by 30 cm wide. The gate confined water in a storage tank, and acted as a wave generator. A slope was set at downstream section. The initial position of a block (width: 3.2 cm, density: 1.55 g/cm3) assuming the disaster debris was placed in front of the slope. The proposed numerical model simulated well the maximum transport distance and the final stop position of the block. In the second numerical experiment, the conditions were the same as the hydraulic experiment, except for the density of the block. The density was set to various values (from 0.30 to 4.20 g/cm3). This model was able to estimate various transport forms including drifting and sliding. In the numerical simulation of the 2011 Tohoku tsunami, the condition of buildings was modeled as follows: (i)the resistance on the bottom using Manning roughness coefficient (conventional method), and (ii)structure of

  16. Earthquake and submarine landslide tsunamis: how can we tell the difference? (Invited)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tappin, D. R.; Grilli, S. T.; Harris, J.; Geller, R. J.; Masterlark, T.; Kirby, J. T.; Ma, G.; Shi, F.

    2013-12-01

    Several major recent events have shown the tsunami hazard from submarine mass failures (SMF), i.e., submarine landslides. In 1992 a small earthquake triggered landslide generated a tsunami over 25 meters high on Flores Island. In 1998 another small, earthquake-triggered, sediment slump-generated tsunami up to 15 meters high devastated the local coast of Papua New Guinea killing 2,200 people. It was this event that led to the recognition of the importance of marine geophysical data in mapping the architecture of seabed sediment failures that could be then used in modeling and validating the tsunami generating mechanism. Seabed mapping of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake rupture zone demonstrated, however, that large, if not great, earthquakes do not necessarily cause major seabed failures, but that along some convergent margins frequent earthquakes result in smaller sediment failures that are not tsunamigenic. Older events, such as Messina, 1908, Makran, 1945, Alaska, 1946, and Java, 2006, all have the characteristics of SMF tsunamis, but for these a SMF source has not been proven. When the 2011 tsunami struck Japan, it was generally assumed that it was directly generated by the earthquake. The earthquake has some unusual characteristics, such as a shallow rupture that is somewhat slow, but is not a 'tsunami earthquake.' A number of simulations of the tsunami based on an earthquake source have been published, but in general the best results are obtained by adjusting fault rupture models with tsunami wave gauge or other data so, to the extent that they can model the recorded tsunami data, this demonstrates self-consistency rather than validation. Here we consider some of the existing source models of the 2011 Japan event and present new tsunami simulations based on a combination of an earthquake source and an SMF mapped from offshore data. We show that the multi-source tsunami agrees well with available tide gauge data and field observations and the wave data from

  17. Possible worst-case tsunami scenarios around the Marmara Sea from combined earthquake and landslide sources

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Latcharote, Panon; Suppasri, Anawat; Imamura, Fumihiko; Aytore, Betul; Yalciner, Ahmet Cevdet

    2016-12-01

    This study evaluates tsunami hazards in the Marmara Sea from possible worst-case tsunami scenarios that are from submarine earthquakes and landslides. In terms of fault-generated tsunamis, seismic ruptures can propagate along the North Anatolian Fault (NAF), which has produced historical tsunamis in the Marmara Sea. Based on the past studies, which consider fault-generated tsunamis and landslide-generated tsunamis individually, future scenarios are expected to generate tsunamis, and submarine landslides could be triggered by seismic motion. In addition to these past studies, numerical modeling has been applied to tsunami generation and propagation from combined earthquake and landslide sources. In this study, tsunami hazards are evaluated from both individual and combined cases of submarine earthquakes and landslides through numerical tsunami simulations with a grid size of 90 m for bathymetry and topography data for the entire Marmara Sea region and validated with historical observations from the 1509 and 1894 earthquakes. This study implements TUNAMI model with a two-layer model to conduct numerical tsunami simulations, and the numerical results show that the maximum tsunami height could reach 4.0 m along Istanbul shores for a full submarine rupture of the NAF, with a fault slip of 5.0 m in the eastern and western basins of the Marmara Sea. The maximum tsunami height for landslide-generated tsunamis from small, medium, and large of initial landslide volumes (0.15, 0.6, and 1.5 km3, respectively) could reach 3.5, 6.0, and 8.0 m, respectively, along Istanbul shores. Possible tsunamis from submarine landslides could be significantly higher than those from earthquakes, depending on the landslide volume significantly. These combined earthquake and landslide sources only result in higher tsunami amplitudes for small volumes significantly because of amplification within the same tsunami amplitude scale (3.0-4.0 m). Waveforms from all the coasts around the Marmara Sea

  18. Source of high tsunamis along the southernmost Ryukyu trench inferred from tsunami stratigraphy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ando, Masataka; Kitamura, Akihisa; Tu, Yoko; Ohashi, Yoko; Imai, Takafumi; Nakamura, Mamoru; Ikuta, Ryoya; Miyairi, Yosuke; Yokoyama, Yusuke; Shishikura, Masanobu

    2018-01-01

    Four paleotsunamis deposits are exposed in a trench on the coastal lowland north of the southern Ryukyu subduction zone trench. Radiocarbon ages on coral and bivalve shells show that the four deposits record tsunamis date from the last 2000 yrs., including a historical tsunami with a maximum run-up of 30 m in 1771, for an average recurrence interval of approximately 600 yrs. Ground fissures in a soil beneath the 1771 tsunami deposit may have been generated by stronger shaking than recorded by historical documents. The repeated occurrence of the paleotsunami deposits supports a tectonic source model on the plate boundary rather than a nontectonic source model, such as submarine landslides. Assuming a thrust model at the subduction zone, the seismic coupling ratio may be as low as 20%.

  19. The November 15, 2006 Kuril Islands-Generated Tsunami in Crescent City, California

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Dengler, L.; Uslu, B.; Barberopoulou, A.; Yim, S. C.; Kelly, A.

    2009-02-01

    On November 15, 2006, Crescent City in Del Norte County, California was hit by a tsunami generated by a M w 8.3 earthquake in the central Kuril Islands. Strong currents that persisted over an eight-hour period damaged floating docks and several boats and caused an estimated 9.2 million in losses. Initial tsunami alert bulletins issued by the West Coast Alaska Tsunami Warning Center (WCATWC) in Palmer, Alaska were cancelled about three and a half hours after the earthquake, nearly five hours before the first surges reached Crescent City. The largest amplitude wave, 1.76-meter peak to trough, was the sixth cycle and arrived over two hours after the first wave. Strong currents estimated at over 10 knots, damaged or destroyed three docks and caused cracks in most of the remaining docks. As a result of the November 15 event, WCATWC changed the definition of Advisory from a region-wide alert bulletin meaning that a potential tsunami is 6 hours or further away to a localized alert that tsunami water heights may approach warning- level thresholds in specific, vulnerable locations like Crescent City. On January 13, 2007 a similar Kuril event occurred and hourly conferences between the warning center and regional weather forecasts were held with a considerable improvement in the flow of information to local coastal jurisdictions. The event highlighted the vulnerability of harbors from a relatively modest tsunami and underscored the need to improve public education regarding the duration of the tsunami hazards, improve dialog between tsunami warning centers and local jurisdictions, and better understand the currents produced by tsunamis in harbors.

  20. Chapter 3 – Phenomenology of Tsunamis: Statistical Properties from Generation to Runup

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Geist, Eric L.

    2015-01-01

    Observations related to tsunami generation, propagation, and runup are reviewed and described in a phenomenological framework. In the three coastal regimes considered (near-field broadside, near-field oblique, and far field), the observed maximum wave amplitude is associated with different parts of the tsunami wavefield. The maximum amplitude in the near-field broadside regime is most often associated with the direct arrival from the source, whereas in the near-field oblique regime, the maximum amplitude is most often associated with the propagation of edge waves. In the far field, the maximum amplitude is most often caused by the interaction of the tsunami coda that develops during basin-wide propagation and the nearshore response, including the excitation of edge waves, shelf modes, and resonance. Statistical distributions that describe tsunami observations are also reviewed, both in terms of spatial distributions, such as coseismic slip on the fault plane and near-field runup, and temporal distributions, such as wave amplitudes in the far field. In each case, fundamental theories of tsunami physics are heuristically used to explain the observations.

  1. Tsunami Propagation Models Based on First Principles

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2012-11-21

    geodesic lines from the epicenter shown in the figure are great circles with a longitudinal separation of 90o, which define a ‘ lune ’ that covers one...past which the waves begin to converge according to Model C. A tsunami propagating in this lune does not encounter any continental landmass until...2011 Japan tsunami in a lune of angle 90o with wavefronts at intervals of 5,000 km The 2011 Japan tsunami was felt throughout the Pacific Ocean

  2. NOAA/West coast and Alaska Tsunami warning center Atlantic Ocean response criteria

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Whitmore, P.; Refidaff, C.; Caropolo, M.; Huerfano-Moreno, V.; Knight, W.; Sammler, W.; Sandrik, A.

    2009-01-01

    West Coast/Alaska Tsunami Warning Center (WCATWC) response criteria for earthquakesoccurring in the Atlantic and Caribbean basins are presented. Initial warning center decisions are based on an earthquake's location, magnitude, depth, distance from coastal locations, and precomputed threat estimates based on tsunami models computed from similar events. The new criteria will help limit the geographical extent of warnings and advisories to threatened regions, and complement the new operational tsunami product suite. Criteria are set for tsunamis generated by earthquakes, which are by far the main cause of tsunami generation (either directly through sea floor displacement or indirectly by triggering of sub-sea landslides).The new criteria require development of a threat data base which sets warning or advisory zones based on location, magnitude, and pre-computed tsunami models. The models determine coastal tsunami amplitudes based on likely tsunami source parameters for a given event. Based on the computed amplitude, warning and advisory zones are pre-set.

  3. Mathematics of tsunami: modelling and identification

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Krivorotko, Olga; Kabanikhin, Sergey

    2015-04-01

    Tsunami (long waves in the deep water) motion caused by underwater earthquakes is described by shallow water equations ( { ηtt = div (gH (x,y)-gradη), (x,y) ∈ Ω, t ∈ (0,T ); η|t=0 = q(x,y), ηt|t=0 = 0, (x,y) ∈ Ω. ( (1) Bottom relief H(x,y) characteristics and the initial perturbation data (a tsunami source q(x,y)) are required for the direct simulation of tsunamis. The main difficulty problem of tsunami modelling is a very big size of the computational domain (Ω = 500 × 1000 kilometres in space and about one hour computational time T for one meter of initial perturbation amplitude max|q|). The calculation of the function η(x,y,t) of three variables in Ω × (0,T) requires large computing resources. We construct a new algorithm to solve numerically the problem of determining the moving tsunami wave height S(x,y) which is based on kinematic-type approach and analytical representation of fundamental solution. Proposed algorithm of determining the function of two variables S(x,y) reduces the number of operations in 1.5 times than solving problem (1). If all functions does not depend on the variable y (one dimensional case), then the moving tsunami wave height satisfies of the well-known Airy-Green formula: S(x) = S(0)° --- 4H (0)/H (x). The problem of identification parameters of a tsunami source using additional measurements of a passing wave is called inverse tsunami problem. We investigate two different inverse problems of determining a tsunami source q(x,y) using two different additional data: Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART) measurements and satellite altimeters wave-form images. These problems are severely ill-posed. The main idea consists of combination of two measured data to reconstruct the source parameters. We apply regularization techniques to control the degree of ill-posedness such as Fourier expansion, truncated singular value decomposition, numerical regularization. The algorithm of selecting the truncated number of

  4. Comparison of the seafloor displacement from uniform and non-uniform slip models on tsunami simulation of the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ulutas, Ergin

    2013-01-01

    The numerical simulations of recent tsunami caused by 11 March 2011 off-shore Pacific coast of Tohoku-Oki earthquake (Mw 9.0) using diverse co-seismic source models have been performed. Co-seismic source models proposed by various observational agencies and scholars are further used to elucidate the effects of uniform and non-uniform slip models on tsunami generation and propagation stages. Non-linear shallow water equations are solved with a finite difference scheme, using a computational grid with different cell sizes over GEBCO30 bathymetry data. Overall results obtained and reported by various tsunami simulation models are compared together with the available real-time kinematic global positioning system (RTK-GPS) buoys, cabled deep ocean-bottom pressure gauges (OBPG), and Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunami (DART) buoys. The purpose of this study is to provide a brief overview of major differences between point-source and finite-fault methodologies on generation and simulation of tsunamis. Tests of the assumptions of uniform and non-uniform slip models designate that the average uniform slip models may be used for the tsunami simulations off-shore, and far from the source region. Nevertheless, the heterogeneities of the slip distribution within the fault plane are substantial for the wave amplitude in the near field which should be investigated further.

  5. Near Field Modeling for the Maule Tsunami from DART, GPS and Finite Fault Solutions (Invited)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Arcas, D.; Chamberlin, C.; Lagos, M.; Ramirez-Herrera, M.; Tang, L.; Wei, Y.

    2010-12-01

    The earthquake and tsunami of February, 27, 2010 in central Chile has rekindled an interest in developing techniques to predict the impact of near field tsunamis along the Chilean coastline. Following the earthquake, several initiatives were proposed to increase the density of seismic, pressure and motion sensors along the South American trench, in order to provide field data that could be used to estimate tsunami impact on the coast. However, the precise use of those data in the elaboration of a quantitative assessment of coastal tsunami damage has not been clarified. The present work makes use of seismic, Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART®) systems, and GPS measurements obtained during the Maule earthquake to initiate a number of tsunami inundation models along the rupture area by expressing different versions of the seismic crustal deformation in terms of NOAA’s tsunami unit source functions. Translation of all available real-time data into a feasible tsunami source is essential in near-field tsunami impact prediction in which an impact assessment must be generated under very stringent time constraints. Inundation results from each different source are then contrasted with field and tide gauge data by comparing arrival time, maximum wave height, maximum inundation and tsunami decay rate, using field data collected by the authors.

  6. Anatomy of Historical Tsunamis: Lessons Learned for Tsunami Warning

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Igarashi, Y.; Kong, L.; Yamamoto, M.; McCreery, C. S.

    2011-11-01

    Tsunamis are high-impact disasters that can cause death and destruction locally within a few minutes of their occurrence and across oceans hours, even up to a day, afterward. Efforts to establish tsunami warning systems to protect life and property began in the Pacific after the 1946 Aleutian Islands tsunami caused casualties in Hawaii. Seismic and sea level data were used by a central control center to evaluate tsunamigenic potential and then issue alerts and warnings. The ensuing events of 1952, 1957, and 1960 tested the new system, which continued to expand and evolve from a United States system to an international system in 1965. The Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific (ITSU) steadily improved through the decades as more stations became available in real and near-real time through better communications technology and greater bandwidth. New analysis techniques, coupled with more data of higher quality, resulted in better detection, greater solution accuracy, and more reliable warnings, but limitations still exist in constraining the source and in accurately predicting propagation of the wave from source to shore. Tsunami event data collected over the last two decades through international tsunami science surveys have led to more realistic models for source generation and inundation, and within the warning centers, real-time tsunami wave forecasting will become a reality in the near future. The tsunami warning system is an international cooperative effort amongst countries supported by global and national monitoring networks and dedicated tsunami warning centers; the research community has contributed to the system by advancing and improving its analysis tools. Lessons learned from the earliest tsunamis provided the backbone for the present system, but despite 45 years of experience, the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami reminded us that tsunamis strike and kill everywhere, not just in the Pacific. Today, a global intergovernmental tsunami warning system is coordinated

  7. A Tsunami Model for Chile for (Re) Insurance Purposes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Arango, Cristina; Rara, Vaclav; Puncochar, Petr; Trendafiloski, Goran; Ewing, Chris; Podlaha, Adam; Vatvani, Deepak; van Ormondt, Maarten; Chandler, Adrian

    2014-05-01

    Catastrophe models help (re)insurers to understand the financial implications of catastrophic events such as earthquakes and tsunamis. In earthquake-prone regions such as Chile,(re)insurers need more sophisticated tools to quantify the risks facing their businesses, including models with the ability to estimate secondary losses. The 2010 (M8.8) Maule (Chile) earthquake highlighted the need for quantifying losses from secondary perils such as tsunamis, which can contribute to the overall event losses but are not often modelled. This paper presents some key modelling aspects of a new earthquake catastrophe model for Chile developed by Impact Forecasting in collaboration with Aon Benfield Research partners, focusing on the tsunami component. The model has the capability to model tsunami as a secondary peril - losses due to earthquake (ground-shaking) and induced tsunamis along the Chilean coast are quantified in a probabilistic manner, and also for historical scenarios. The model is implemented in the IF catastrophe modelling platform, ELEMENTS. The probabilistic modelling of earthquake-induced tsunamis uses a stochastic event set that is consistent with the seismic (ground shaking) hazard developed for Chile, representing simulations of earthquake occurrence patterns for the region. Criteria for selecting tsunamigenic events (from the stochastic event set) are proposed which take into consideration earthquake location, depth and the resulting seabed vertical displacement and tsunami inundation depths at the coast. The source modelling software RuptGen by Babeyko (2007) was used to calculate static seabed vertical displacement resulting from earthquake slip. More than 3,600 events were selected for tsunami simulations. Deep and shallow water wave propagation is modelled using the Delft3D modelling suite, which is a state-of-the-art software developed by Deltares. The Delft3D-FLOW module is used in 2-dimensional hydrodynamic simulation settings with non-steady flow

  8. A Pilot Tsunami Inundation Forecast System for Australia

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Allen, Stewart C. R.; Greenslade, Diana J. M.

    2016-12-01

    The Joint Australian Tsunami Warning Centre (JATWC) provides a tsunami warning service for Australia. Warnings are currently issued according to a technique that does not include explicit modelling at the coastline, including any potential coastal inundation. This paper investigates the feasibility of developing and implementing tsunami inundation modelling as part of the JATWC warning system. An inundation model was developed for a site in Southeast Australia, on the basis of the availability of bathymetric and topographic data and observations of past tsunamis. The model was forced using data from T2, the operational deep-water tsunami scenario database currently used for generating warnings. The model was evaluated not only for its accuracy but also for its computational speed, particularly with respect to operational applications. Limitations of the proposed forecast processes in the Australian context and areas requiring future improvement are discussed.

  9. An evaluation of onshore digital elevation models for tsunami inundation modelling

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Griffin, J.; Latief, H.; Kongko, W.; Harig, S.; Horspool, N.; Hanung, R.; Rojali, A.; Maher, N.; Fountain, L.; Fuchs, A.; Hossen, J.; Upi, S.; Dewanto, S. E.; Cummins, P. R.

    2012-12-01

    Tsunami inundation models provide fundamental information about coastal areas that may be inundated in the event of a tsunami along with additional parameters such as flow depth and velocity. This can inform disaster management activities including evacuation planning, impact and risk assessment and coastal engineering. A fundamental input to tsunami inundation models is adigital elevation model (DEM). Onshore DEMs vary widely in resolution, accuracy, availability and cost. A proper assessment of how the accuracy and resolution of DEMs translates into uncertainties in modelled inundation is needed to ensure results are appropriately interpreted and used. This assessment can in turn informdata acquisition strategies depending on the purpose of the inundation model. For example, lower accuracy elevation data may give inundation results that are sufficiently accurate to plan a community's evacuation route but not sufficient to inform engineering of a vertical evacuation shelters. A sensitivity study is undertaken to assess the utility of different available onshore digital elevation models for tsunami inundation modelling. We compare airborne interferometric synthetic aperture radar (IFSAR), ASTER and SRTM against high resolution (<1 m horizontal resolution, < 0.15 m vertical accuracy) LiDAR or stereo-camera data in three Indonesian locations with different coastal morphologies (Padang, West Sumatra; Palu, Central Sulawesi; and Maumere, Flores), using three different computational codes (ANUGA, TUNAMI-N3 and TsunAWI). Tsunami inundation extents modelled with IFSAR are comparable with those modelled with the high resolution datasets and with historical tsunami run-up data. Large vertical errors (> 10 m) and poor resolution of the coastline in the ASTER and SRTM elevation models cause modelled inundation to be much less compared with models using better data and with observations. Therefore we recommend that ASTER and SRTM should not be used for modelling tsunami

  10. Operational Tsunami Modelling with TsunAWI for the German-Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System: Recent Developments

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Rakowsky, N.; Harig, S.; Androsov, A.; Fuchs, A.; Immerz, A.; Schröter, J.; Hiller, W.

    2012-04-01

    Starting in 2005, the GITEWS project (German-Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System) established from scratch a fully operational tsunami warning system at BMKG in Jakarta. Numerical simulations of prototypic tsunami scenarios play a decisive role in a priori risk assessment for coastal regions and in the early warning process itself. Repositories with currently 3470 regional tsunami scenarios for GITEWS and 1780 Indian Ocean wide scenarios in support of Indonesia as a Regional Tsunami Service Provider (RTSP) were computed with the non-linear shallow water modell TsunAWI. It is based on a finite element discretisation, employs unstructured grids with high resolution along the coast and includes inundation. This contribution gives an overview on the model itself, the enhancement of the model physics, and the experiences gained during the process of establishing an operational code suited for thousands of model runs. Technical aspects like computation time, disk space needed for each scenario in the repository, or post processing techniques have a much larger impact than they had in the beginning when TsunAWI started as a research code. Of course, careful testing on artificial benchmarks and real events remains essential, but furthermore, quality control for the large number of scenarios becomes an important issue.

  11. Dynamic models of an earthquake and tsunami offshore Ventura, California

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Kenny J. Ryan,; Geist, Eric L.; Barall, Michael; David D. Oglesby,

    2015-01-01

    The Ventura basin in Southern California includes coastal dip-slip faults that can likely produce earthquakes of magnitude 7 or greater and significant local tsunamis. We construct a 3-D dynamic rupture model of an earthquake on the Pitas Point and Lower Red Mountain faults to model low-frequency ground motion and the resulting tsunami, with a goal of elucidating the seismic and tsunami hazard in this area. Our model results in an average stress drop of 6 MPa, an average fault slip of 7.4 m, and a moment magnitude of 7.7, consistent with regional paleoseismic data. Our corresponding tsunami model uses final seafloor displacement from the rupture model as initial conditions to compute local propagation and inundation, resulting in large peak tsunami amplitudes northward and eastward due to site and path effects. Modeled inundation in the Ventura area is significantly greater than that indicated by state of California's current reference inundation line.

  12. Tsunami-Generated Atmospheric Gravity Waves and Their Atmospheric and Ionospheric Effects: a Review and Some Recent Modeling Results

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hickey, M. P.

    2017-12-01

    Tsunamis propagate on the ocean surface at the shallow water phase speed which coincides with the phase speed of fast atmospheric gravity waves. The forcing frequency also corresponds with those of internal atmospheric gravity waves. Hence, the coupling and effective forcing of gravity waves due to tsunamis is particularly effective. The fast horizontal phase speeds of the resulting gravity waves allows them to propagate well into the thermosphere before viscous dissipation becomes strong, and the waves can achieve nonlinear amplitudes at these heights resulting in large amplitude traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs). Additionally, because the tsunami represents a moving source able to traverse large distances across the globe, the gravity waves and associated TIDs can be detected at large distances from the original tsunami (earthquake) source. Although it was during the mid 1970s when the tsunami source of gravity waves was first postulated, only relatively recently (over the last ten to fifteen years) has there has been a surge of interest in this research arena, driven largely by significant improvements in measurement technologies and computational capabilities. For example, the use of GPS measurements to derive total electron content has been a particularly powerful technique used to monitor the propagation and evolution of TIDs. Monitoring airglow variations driven by atmospheric gravity waves has also been a useful technique. The modeling of specific events and comparison with the observed gravity waves and/or TIDs has been quite revealing. In this talk I will review some of the most interesting aspects of this research and also discuss some interesting and outstanding issues that need to be addressed. New modeling results relevant to the Tohoku tsunami event will also be presented.

  13. Tsunami hazard assessment along the French Mediterranean coast : detailed modeling of tsunami impacts for the ALDES project

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Quentel, E.; Loevenbruck, A.; Hébert, H.

    2012-04-01

    The catastrophic 2004 tsunami drew the international community's attention to tsunami risk in all basins where tsunamis occurred but no warning system exists. Consequently, under the coordination of UNESCO, France decided to create a regional center, called CENALT, for the north-east Atlantic and the western Mediterranean. This warning system, which should be operational by 2012, is set up by the CEA in collaboration with the SHOM and the CNRS. The French authorities are in charge of the top-down alert system including the local alert dissemination. In order to prepare the appropriate means and measures, they initiated the ALDES (Alerte Descendante) project to which the CEA also contributes. It aims at examining along the French Mediterranean coast the tsunami risk related to earthquakes and landslides. In addition to the evaluation at regional scale, it includes the detailed studies of 3 selected sites; the local alert system will be designed for one of them : the French Riviera. In this project, our main task at CEA consists in assessing tsunami hazard related to seismic sources using numerical modeling. Past tsunamis have affected the west Mediterranean coast but are too few and poorly documented to provide a suitable database. Thus, a synthesis of earthquakes representative of the tsunamigenic seismic activity and prone to induce the largest impact to the French coast is performed based on historical data, seismotectonics and first order models. The North Africa Margin, the Ligurian and the South Tyrrhenian Seas are considered as the main tsunamigenic zones. In order to forecast the most important plausible effects, the magnitudes are estimated by enhancing to some extent the largest known values. Our hazard estimation is based on the simulation of the induced tsunamis scenarios performed with the CEA code. The 3 sites have been chosen according to the regional hazard studies, coastal typology elements and the appropriate DTMs (Digital Terrain Models). The

  14. Development of algorithms for tsunami detection by High Frequency Radar based on modeling tsunami case studies in the Mediterranean Sea

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Grilli, S. T.; Guérin, C. A.; Grosdidier, S.

    2014-12-01

    Where coastal tsunami hazard is governed by near-field sources, Submarine Mass Failures (SMFs) or earthquakes, tsunami propagation times may be too small for a detection based on deep or shallow water buoys. To offer sufficient warning time, it has been proposed by others to implement early warning systems relying on High Frequency Radar (HFR) remote sensing, that has a dense spatial coverage far offshore. A new HFR, referred to as STRADIVARIUS, is being deployed by Diginext Inc. (in Fall 2014), to cover the "Golfe du Lion" (GDL) in the Western Mediterranean Sea. This radar uses a proprietary phase coding technology that allows detection up to 300 km, in a bistatic configuration (for which radar and antennas are separated by about 100 km). Although the primary purpose of the radar is vessel detection in relation to homeland security, the 4.5 MHz HFR will provide a strong backscattered signal for ocean surface waves at the so-called Bragg frequency (here, wavelength of 30 m). The current caused by an arriving tsunami will shift the Bragg frequency, by a value proportional to the current magnitude (projected on the local radar ray direction), which can be easily obtained from the Doppler spectrum of the HFR signal. Using state of the art tsunami generation and propagation models, we modeled tsunami case studies in the western Mediterranean basin (both seismic and SMFs) and simulated the HFR backscattered signal that would be detected for the entire GDL and beyond. Based on simulated HFR signal, we developed two types of tsunami detection algorithms: (i) one based on standard Doppler spectra, for which we found that to be detectable within the environmental and background current noises, the Doppler shift requires tsunami currents to be at least 10-15 cm/s, which typically only occurs on the continental shelf in fairly shallow water; (ii) to allow earlier detection, a second algorithm computes correlations of the HFR signals at two distant locations, shifted in time

  15. Development of algorithms for tsunami detection by High Frequency Radar based on modeling tsunami case studies in the Mediterranean Sea

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Grilli, Stéphan; Guérin, Charles-Antoine; Grosdidier, Samuel

    2015-04-01

    Where coastal tsunami hazard is governed by near-field sources, Submarine Mass Failures (SMFs) or earthquakes, tsunami propagation times may be too small for a detection based on deep or shallow water buoys. To offer sufficient warning time, it has been proposed by others to implement early warning systems relying on High Frequency Surface Wave Radar (HFSWR) remote sensing, that has a dense spatial coverage far offshore. A new HFSWR, referred to as STRADIVARIUS, has been recently deployed by Diginext Inc. to cover the "Golfe du Lion" (GDL) in the Western Mediterranean Sea. This radar, which operates at 4.5 MHz, uses a proprietary phase coding technology that allows detection up to 300 km in a bistatic configuration (with a baseline of about 100 km). Although the primary purpose of the radar is vessel detection in relation to homeland security, it can also be used for ocean current monitoring. The current caused by an arriving tsunami will shift the Bragg frequency by a value proportional to a component of its velocity, which can be easily obtained from the Doppler spectrum of the HFSWR signal. Using state of the art tsunami generation and propagation models, we modeled tsunami case studies in the western Mediterranean basin (both seismic and SMFs) and simulated the HFSWR backscattered signal that would be detected for the entire GDL and beyond. Based on simulated HFSWR signal, we developed two types of tsunami detection algorithms: (i) one based on standard Doppler spectra, for which we found that to be detectable within the environmental and background current noises, the Doppler shift requires tsunami currents to be at least 10-15 cm/s, which typically only occurs on the continental shelf in fairly shallow water; (ii) to allow earlier detection, a second algorithm computes correlations of the HFSWR signals at two distant locations, shifted in time by the tsunami propagation time between these locations (easily computed based on bathymetry). We found that this

  16. Odessa Tsunami of 27 June 2014: Observations and Numerical Modelling

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Šepić, Jadranka; Rabinovich, Alexander B.; Sytov, Victor N.

    2018-04-01

    On 27 June, a 1-2-m high wave struck the beaches of Odessa, the third largest Ukrainian city, and the neighbouring port-town Illichevsk (northwestern Black Sea). Throughout the day, prominent seiche oscillations were observed in several other ports of the Black Sea. Tsunamigenic synoptic conditions were found over the Black Sea, stretching from Romania in the west to the Crimean Peninsula in the east. Intense air pressure disturbances and convective thunderstorm clouds were associated with these conditions; right at the time of the event, a 1.5-hPa air pressure jump was recorded at Odessa and a few hours earlier in Romania. We have utilized a barotropic ocean numerical model to test two hypotheses: (1) a tsunami-like wave was generated by an air pressure disturbance propagating directly over Odessa ("Experiment 1"); (2) a tsunami-like wave was generated by an air pressure disturbance propagating offshore, approximately 200 km to the south of Odessa, and along the shelf break ("Experiment 2"). Both experiments decisively confirm the meteorological origin of the tsunami-like waves on the coast of Odessa and imply that intensified long ocean waves in this region were generated via the Proudman resonance mechanism while propagating over the northwestern Black Sea shelf. The "Odessa tsunami" of 27 June 2014 was identified as a "beach meteotsunami", similar to events regularly observed on the beaches of Florida, USA, but different from the "harbour meteotsunamis", which occurred 1-3 days earlier in Ciutadella (Baleares, Spain), Mazara del Vallo (Sicily, Italy) and Vela Luka (Croatia) in the Mediterranean Sea, despite that they were associated with the same atmospheric system moving over the Mediterranean/Black Sea region on 23-27 June 2014.

  17. Nearshore Tsunami Inundation Model Validation: Toward Sediment Transport Applications

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Apotsos, Alex; Buckley, Mark; Gelfenbaum, Guy; Jaffe, Bruce; Vatvani, Deepak

    2011-01-01

    Model predictions from a numerical model, Delft3D, based on the nonlinear shallow water equations are compared with analytical results and laboratory observations from seven tsunami-like benchmark experiments, and with field observations from the 26 December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. The model accurately predicts the magnitude and timing of the measured water levels and flow velocities, as well as the magnitude of the maximum inundation distance and run-up, for both breaking and non-breaking waves. The shock-capturing numerical scheme employed describes well the total decrease in wave height due to breaking, but does not reproduce the observed shoaling near the break point. The maximum water levels observed onshore near Kuala Meurisi, Sumatra, following the 26 December 2004 tsunami are well predicted given the uncertainty in the model setup. The good agreement between the model predictions and the analytical results and observations demonstrates that the numerical solution and wetting and drying methods employed are appropriate for modeling tsunami inundation for breaking and non-breaking long waves. Extension of the model to include sediment transport may be appropriate for long, non-breaking tsunami waves. Using available sediment transport formulations, the sediment deposit thickness at Kuala Meurisi is predicted generally within a factor of 2.

  18. Alternative Tsunami Models

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Tan, A.; Lyatskaya, I.

    2009-01-01

    The interesting papers by Margaritondo (2005 "Eur. J. Phys." 26 401) and by Helene and Yamashita (2006 "Eur. J. Phys." 27 855) analysed the great Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004 using a simple one-dimensional canal wave model, which was appropriate for undergraduate students in physics and related fields of discipline. In this paper, two additional,…

  19. Complex earthquake rupture and local tsunamis

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Geist, E.L.

    2002-01-01

    In contrast to far-field tsunami amplitudes that are fairly well predicted by the seismic moment of subduction zone earthquakes, there exists significant variation in the scaling of local tsunami amplitude with respect to seismic moment. From a global catalog of tsunami runup observations this variability is greatest for the most frequently occuring tsunamigenic subduction zone earthquakes in the magnitude range of 7 < Mw < 8.5. Variability in local tsunami runup scaling can be ascribed to tsunami source parameters that are independent of seismic moment: variations in the water depth in the source region, the combination of higher slip and lower shear modulus at shallow depth, and rupture complexity in the form of heterogeneous slip distribution patterns. The focus of this study is on the effect that rupture complexity has on the local tsunami wave field. A wide range of slip distribution patterns are generated using a stochastic, self-affine source model that is consistent with the falloff of far-field seismic displacement spectra at high frequencies. The synthetic slip distributions generated by the stochastic source model are discretized and the vertical displacement fields from point source elastic dislocation expressions are superimposed to compute the coseismic vertical displacement field. For shallow subduction zone earthquakes it is demonstrated that self-affine irregularities of the slip distribution result in significant variations in local tsunami amplitude. The effects of rupture complexity are less pronounced for earthquakes at greater depth or along faults with steep dip angles. For a test region along the Pacific coast of central Mexico, peak nearshore tsunami amplitude is calculated for a large number (N = 100) of synthetic slip distribution patterns, all with identical seismic moment (Mw = 8.1). Analysis of the results indicates that for earthquakes of a fixed location, geometry, and seismic moment, peak nearshore tsunami amplitude can vary by a

  20. Inversion of tsunami height using ionospheric observations. The case of the 2012 Haida Gwaii tsunami

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Rakoto, V.; Lognonne, P. H.; Rolland, L.

    2014-12-01

    Large and moderate tsunamis generate atmospheric internal gravity waves that are detectable using ionospheric monitoring. Indeed tsunamis of height 2cm and more in open ocean were detected with GPS (Rolland et al. 2010). We present a new method to retrieve the tsunami height from GPS-derived Total Electron Content observations. We present the case of the Mw 7.8 Haida Gwaii earthquake that occured the 28 october 2012 offshore the Queen Charlotte island near the canadian west coast. This event created a moderate tsunami of 4cm offshore the Hawaii archipelago. Equipped with more than 50 receivers it was possible to image the tsunami-induced ionospheric perturbation. First, our forward model leading to the TEC perturbation follows three steps : (1) 3D modeling of the neutral atmosphere perturbation by summation of tsunami-induced gravity waves normal modes. (2) Coupling of the neutral atmosphere perturbation with the ionosphere to retrieve the electron density perturbation. (3) Integration of the electron density perturbation along each satellite-station ray path. Then we compare this results to the data acquired by the Hawaiian GPS network. Finally, we examine the possibility to invert the TEC data in order to retrieve the tsunami height and waveform. For this we investigate the link between the height of tsunamis and the perturbed TEC in the ionosphere.

  1. Tsunami simulation using submarine displacement calculated from simulation of ground motion due to seismic source model

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Akiyama, S.; Kawaji, K.; Fujihara, S.

    2013-12-01

    difference calculation based on the shallow water theory. The initial wave height for tsunami generation is estimated from the vertical displacement of ocean bottom due to the crustal movements, which is obtained from the ground motion simulation mentioned above. The results of tsunami simulations are compared with the observations of the GPS wave gauges to evaluate the validity for the tsunami prediction using the fault model based on the seismic observation records.

  2. The magnetic fields generated by the tsunami of February 27, 2010

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Nair, M. C.; Maus, S.; Neetu, S.; Kuvshinov, A. V.; Chulliat, A.

    2010-12-01

    It has long been speculated that tsunamis produce measurable perturbations in the magnetic field. Recent deployments of highly accurate magnetometers and the exceptionally deep solar minimum provided ideal conditions to identify these small signals for the tsunami resulting from the strong Chilean earthquake on February 27, 2010. We find that the magnetic observatory measurements on Easter Island, 3500 km west of the epicenter, show a periodic signal of 1 nT, coincident in time with recordings from the local tide gauge. The amplitude of this signal is consistent with the sea level variation caused by the tsunami in the open ocean near Easter Island through a scaling method proposed by Tyler (2005). In order to have a better understanding of this process, we predict the magnetic fields induced by the Chile tsunami using a barotropic-shallow-water model along with a three-dimensional electromagnetic induction code (Kuvshinov et al., 2002). Initial results indicate good agreement between the predicted and observed magnetic signals at Easter Island. The detection of these magnetic signals represents a milestone in understanding tsunami-induced electromagnetic effects. However, magnetospheric disturbances could limit the practical utility of tsunami electromagnetic monitoring to periods of low solar activity.

  3. Maritime Tsunami Hazard Assessment in California

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lynett, P. J.; Borrero, J. C.; Wilson, R. I.; Miller, K. M.

    2012-12-01

    The California tsunami program in cooperation with NOAA and FEMA has begun implementing a plan to increase awareness of tsunami generated hazards to the maritime community (both ships and harbor infrastructure) through the development of in-harbor hazard maps, offshore safety zones for boater evacuation, and associated guidance for harbors and marinas before, during and following tsunamis. The hope is that the maritime guidance and associated education and outreach program will help save lives and reduce exposure of damage to boats and harbor infrastructure. An important step in this process is to understand the causative mechanism for damage in ports and harbors, and then ensure that the models used to generate hazard maps are able to accurately simulate these processes. Findings will be used to develop maps, guidance documents, and consistent policy recommendations for emergency managers and port authorities and provide information critical to real-time decisions required when responding to tsunami alert notifications. Basin resonance and geometric amplification are two reasonably well understood mechanisms for local magnification of tsunami impact in harbors, and are generally the mechanisms investigated when estimating the tsunami hazard potential in a port or harbor. On the other hand, our understanding of and predictive ability for currents is lacking. When a free surface flow is forced through a geometric constriction, it is readily expected that the enhanced potential gradient will drive strong, possibly unstable currents and the associated turbulent coherent structures such as "jets" and "whirlpools"; a simple example would be tidal flow through an inlet channel. However, these fundamentals have not been quantitatively connected with respect to understanding tsunami hazards in ports and harbors. A plausible explanation for this oversight is the observation that these features are turbulent phenomena with spatial and temporal scales much smaller than that

  4. Role of Compressibility on Tsunami Propagation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Abdolali, Ali; Kirby, James T.

    2017-12-01

    In the present paper, we aim to reduce the discrepancies between tsunami arrival times evaluated from tsunami models and real measurements considering the role of ocean compressibility. We perform qualitative studies to reveal the phase speed reduction rate via a modified version of the Mild Slope Equation for Weakly Compressible fluid (MSEWC) proposed by Sammarco et al. (2013). The model is validated against a 3-D computational model. Physical properties of surface gravity waves are studied and compared with those for waves evaluated from an incompressible flow solver over realistic geometry for 2011 Tohoku-oki event, revealing reduction in phase speed.Plain Language SummarySubmarine earthquakes and submarine mass failures (SMFs), can <span class="hlt">generate</span> long gravitational waves (or <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>) that propagate at the free surface. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> waves can travel long distances and are known for their dramatic effects on coastal areas. Nowadays, numerical <span class="hlt">models</span> are used to reconstruct the tsunamigenic events for many scientific and socioeconomic aspects i.e. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Early Warning Systems, inundation mapping, risk and hazard analysis, etc. A number of typically neglected parameters in these <span class="hlt">models</span> cause discrepancies between <span class="hlt">model</span> outputs and observations. Most of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">models</span> predict <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> arrival times at distant stations slightly early in comparison to observations. In this study, we show how ocean compressibility would affect the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave propagation speed. In this framework, an efficient two-dimensional <span class="hlt">model</span> equation for the weakly compressible ocean has been developed, validated and tested for simplified and real cases against three dimensional and incompressible solvers. Taking the effect of compressibility, the phase speed of surface gravity waves is reduced compared to that of an incompressible fluid. Then, we used the <span class="hlt">model</span> for the case of devastating Tohoku-Oki 2011 <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> event, improving the <span class="hlt">model</span> accuracy. This</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009EGUGA..1112704K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009EGUGA..1112704K"><span><span class="hlt">Modelling</span> <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation for risk analysis at the Andaman Sea Coast of Thailand</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kaiser, G.; Kortenhaus, A.</p> <p>2009-04-01</p> <p>The mega-<span class="hlt">tsunami</span> of Dec. 26, 2004 strongly impacted the Andaman Sea coast of Thailand and devastated coastal ecosystems as well as towns, settlements and tourism resorts. In addition to the tragic loss of many lives, the destruction or damage of life-supporting infrastructure, such as buildings, roads, water & power supply etc. caused high economic losses in the region. To mitigate future <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impacts there is a need to assess the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard and vulnerability in flood prone areas at the Andaman Sea coast in order to determine the spatial distribution of risk and to develop risk management strategies. In the bilateral German-Thai project TRAIT research is performed on integrated risk assessment for the Provinces Phang Nga and Phuket in southern Thailand, including a hazard analysis, i.e. <span class="hlt">modelling</span> <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> propagation to the coast, <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave breaking and inundation characteristics, as well as vulnerability analysis of the socio-economic and the ecological system in order to determine the scenario-based, specific risk for the region. In this presentation results of the hazard analysis and the inundation simulation are presented and discussed. Numerical <span class="hlt">modelling</span> of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> propagation and inundation simulation is an inevitable tool for risk analysis, risk management and evacuation planning. While numerous investigations have been made to <span class="hlt">model</span> <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave <span class="hlt">generation</span> and propagation in the Indian Ocean, there is still a lack in determining detailed inundation patterns, i.e. water depth and flow dynamics. However, for risk management and evacuation planning this knowledge is essential. As the accuracy of the inundation simulation is strongly depending on the available bathymetric and the topographic data, a multi-scale approach is chosen in this work. The ETOPO Global Relief <span class="hlt">Model</span> as a bathymetric basis and the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM90) have been widely applied in <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">modelling</span> approaches as these data are free and almost world</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007NHESS...7..741D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007NHESS...7..741D"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> propagation <span class="hlt">modelling</span> - a sensitivity study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dao, M. H.; Tkalich, P.</p> <p>2007-12-01</p> <p>Indian Ocean (2004) <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> and following tragic consequences demonstrated lack of relevant experience and preparedness among involved coastal nations. After the event, scientific and forecasting circles of affected countries have started a capacity building to tackle similar problems in the future. Different approaches have been used for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> propagation, such as Boussinesq and Nonlinear Shallow Water Equations (NSWE). These approximations were obtained assuming different relevant importance of nonlinear, dispersion and spatial gradient variation phenomena and terms. The paper describes further development of original TUNAMI-N2 <span class="hlt">model</span> to take into account additional phenomena: astronomic tide, sea bottom friction, dispersion, Coriolis force, and spherical curvature. The code is modified to be suitable for operational forecasting, and the resulting version (TUNAMI-N2-NUS) is verified using test cases, results of other <span class="hlt">models</span>, and real case scenarios. Using the 2004 <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> event as one of the scenarios, the paper examines sensitivity of numerical solutions to variation of different phenomena and parameters, and the results are analyzed and ranked accordingly.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH23A0230I','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH23A0230I"><span>Simulation of landslide and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> of the 1741 Oshima-Oshima eruption in Hokkaido, Japan</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ioki, K.; Yanagisawa, H.; Tanioka, Y.; Kawakami, G.; Kase, Y.; Nishina, K.; Hirose, W.; Ishimaru, S.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The 1741 <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> was <span class="hlt">generated</span> by the Oshima-Oshima sector collapse in the southwestern Hokkaido, Japan. The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> caused great damage along the coast of Japan Sea in Oshima and Tsugaru peninsula and was the largest scale <span class="hlt">generated</span> in the Japan sea. By the survey of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> deposits, at the coast of Okushiri Island and Hiyama in Hokkaido, <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> deposits of this <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> were found. In this study, the landslide and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> by the Oshima-Oshima eruption were <span class="hlt">modeled</span> to explain distribution of debris deposits, <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> heights by historical records, and distribution of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> deposits. First, region of landslide and debris deposits were made out from the bathymetry based on the bathymetry survey data (Satake and Kato, 2001) in the north slope of Oshima-Oshima. In addition, topography before the sector collapse and landslide volume were re-estimated. The volume of landslide was estimated at 2.2 km3. Based on those data, the landslide and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> were simulated using two-layer <span class="hlt">model</span> considered soil mass and water mass. The <span class="hlt">model</span> was made improvements the integrated <span class="hlt">model</span> of landslide and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> (Yanagisawa et al., 2014). The angle of internal friction was calculated 4 cases, included the bottom friction term in soil mass, to affect the movement of landslide. The Manning's roughness coefficient was calculated 5 cases, included the bottom friction term in soil mass, to affect the <span class="hlt">generation</span> of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. By the parameter study, optimal solutions were found. As the results, soil mass slid slowly submarine slope and stopped after about 15 minutes. Distribution of computed debris deposits agree relatively well with region of debris deposits made out from the bathymetry. On the other hand, the first wave of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> was <span class="hlt">generated</span> during 1 minute that soil mass was sliding. Calculated <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> heights match with historical records along the coast of Okushiri and Hiyama in Hokkaido. Calculated inundation area of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> cover distribution of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> deposits found by <span class="hlt">tsunami</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH23A0214T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH23A0214T"><span>How much does geometry of seismic sources matter in <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">modeling</span>? A sensitivity analysis for the Calabrian subduction interface</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tonini, R.; Maesano, F. E.; Tiberti, M. M.; Romano, F.; Scala, A.; Lorito, S.; Volpe, M.; Basili, R.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The geometry of seismogenic sources could be one of the most important factors concurring to control the <span class="hlt">generation</span> and the propagation of earthquake-<span class="hlt">generated</span> <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> and their effects on the coasts. Since the majority of potentially tsunamigenic earthquakes occur offshore, the corresponding faults are generally poorly constrained and, consequently, their geometry is often oversimplified as a planar fault. The rupture area of mega-thrust earthquakes in subduction zones, where most of the greatest <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> have occurred, extends for tens to hundreds of kilometers both down dip and along strike, and generally deviates from the planar geometry. Therefore, the larger the earthquake size is, the weaker the planar fault assumption become. In this work, we present a sensitivity analysis aimed to explore the effects on <span class="hlt">modeled</span> <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> <span class="hlt">generated</span> by seismic sources with different degrees of geometric complexities. We focused on the Calabrian subduction zone, located in the Mediterranean Sea, which is characterized by the convergence between the African and European plates, with rates of up to 5 mm/yr. This subduction zone has been considered to have <span class="hlt">generated</span> some past large earthquakes and <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>, despite it shows only in-slab significant seismic activity below 40 km depth and no relevant seismicity in the shallower portion of the interface. Our analysis is performed by defining and <span class="hlt">modeling</span> an exhaustive set of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> scenarios located in the Calabrian subduction and using different <span class="hlt">models</span> of the subduction interface with increasing geometrical complexity, from a planar surface to a highly detailed 3D surface. The latter was obtained from the interpretation of a dense network of seismic reflection profiles coupled with the analysis of the seismicity distribution. The more relevant effects due to the inclusion of 3D complexities in the seismic source geometry are finally highlighted in terms of the resulting <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impact.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70195105','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70195105"><span>Probabilistic <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard analysis: Multiple sources and global applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Grezio, Anita; Babeyko, Andrey; Baptista, Maria Ana; Behrens, Jörn; Costa, Antonio; Davies, Gareth; Geist, Eric L.; Glimsdal, Sylfest; González, Frank I.; Griffin, Jonathan; Harbitz, Carl B.; LeVeque, Randall J.; Lorito, Stefano; Løvholt, Finn; Omira, Rachid; Mueller, Christof; Paris, Raphaël; Parsons, Thomas E.; Polet, Jascha; Power, William; Selva, Jacopo; Sørensen, Mathilde B.; Thio, Hong Kie</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Applying probabilistic methods to infrequent but devastating natural events is intrinsically challenging. For <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> analyses, a suite of geophysical assessments should be in principle evaluated because of the different causes <span class="hlt">generating</span> <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> (earthquakes, landslides, volcanic activity, meteorological events, and asteroid impacts) with varying mean recurrence rates. Probabilistic <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Hazard Analyses (PTHAs) are conducted in different areas of the world at global, regional, and local scales with the aim of understanding <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard to inform <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> risk reduction activities. PTHAs enhance knowledge of the potential tsunamigenic threat by estimating the probability of exceeding specific levels of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> intensity metrics (e.g., run-up or maximum inundation heights) within a certain period of time (exposure time) at given locations (target sites); these estimates can be summarized in hazard maps or hazard curves. This discussion presents a broad overview of PTHA, including (i) sources and mechanisms of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generation</span>, emphasizing the variety and complexity of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> sources and their <span class="hlt">generation</span> mechanisms, (ii) developments in <span class="hlt">modeling</span> the propagation and impact of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves, and (iii) statistical procedures for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard estimates that include the associated epistemic and aleatoric uncertainties. Key elements in understanding the potential <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard are discussed, in light of the rapid development of PTHA methods during the last decade and the globally distributed applications, including the importance of considering multiple sources, their relative intensities, probabilities of occurrence, and uncertainties in an integrated and consistent probabilistic framework.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017RvGeo..55.1158G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017RvGeo..55.1158G"><span>Probabilistic <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Hazard Analysis: Multiple Sources and Global Applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Grezio, Anita; Babeyko, Andrey; Baptista, Maria Ana; Behrens, Jörn; Costa, Antonio; Davies, Gareth; Geist, Eric L.; Glimsdal, Sylfest; González, Frank I.; Griffin, Jonathan; Harbitz, Carl B.; LeVeque, Randall J.; Lorito, Stefano; Løvholt, Finn; Omira, Rachid; Mueller, Christof; Paris, Raphaël.; Parsons, Tom; Polet, Jascha; Power, William; Selva, Jacopo; Sørensen, Mathilde B.; Thio, Hong Kie</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Applying probabilistic methods to infrequent but devastating natural events is intrinsically challenging. For <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> analyses, a suite of geophysical assessments should be in principle evaluated because of the different causes <span class="hlt">generating</span> <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> (earthquakes, landslides, volcanic activity, meteorological events, and asteroid impacts) with varying mean recurrence rates. Probabilistic <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Hazard Analyses (PTHAs) are conducted in different areas of the world at global, regional, and local scales with the aim of understanding <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard to inform <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> risk reduction activities. PTHAs enhance knowledge of the potential tsunamigenic threat by estimating the probability of exceeding specific levels of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> intensity metrics (e.g., run-up or maximum inundation heights) within a certain period of time (exposure time) at given locations (target sites); these estimates can be summarized in hazard maps or hazard curves. This discussion presents a broad overview of PTHA, including (i) sources and mechanisms of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generation</span>, emphasizing the variety and complexity of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> sources and their <span class="hlt">generation</span> mechanisms, (ii) developments in <span class="hlt">modeling</span> the propagation and impact of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves, and (iii) statistical procedures for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard estimates that include the associated epistemic and aleatoric uncertainties. Key elements in understanding the potential <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard are discussed, in light of the rapid development of PTHA methods during the last decade and the globally distributed applications, including the importance of considering multiple sources, their relative intensities, probabilities of occurrence, and uncertainties in an integrated and consistent probabilistic framework.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFM.G33A0830U','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFM.G33A0830U"><span><span class="hlt">Modeling</span> influence of tide stages on forecasts of the 2010 Chilean <span class="hlt">tsunami</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Uslu, B. U.; Chamberlin, C.; Walsh, D.; Eble, M. C.</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>The impact of the 2010 Chilean <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> is studied using the NOAA high-resolution <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> forecast <span class="hlt">model</span> augmented to include <span class="hlt">modeled</span> tide heights in addition to deep-water <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> propagation as boundary-condition input. The Chilean <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> was observed at the Los Angeles tide station at mean low water, Hilo at low, Pago Pago at mid tide and Wake Island near high tide. Because the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> arrived at coastal communities at a representative variety of tide stages, 2010 Chile <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> provides opportunity to study the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impacts at different tide levels to different communities. The current forecast <span class="hlt">models</span> are computed with a constant tidal stage, and this study evaluates techniques for adding an additional varying predicted tidal component in a forecasting context. Computed wave amplitudes, wave currents and flooding are compared at locations around the Pacific, and the difference in <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impact due to tidal stage is studied. This study focuses on how <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impacts vary with different tide levels, and helps us understand how the inclusion of tidal components can improve real-time forecast accuracy.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..15.6397K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..15.6397K"><span>2011 Great East Japan <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> in Okhotsk Sea region: numerical <span class="hlt">modelings</span> and observation data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kostenko, Irina; Zaytsev, Andrey; Yalciner, Ahmet; Pelinovsky, Efim</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>The 11 March, 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake with Mw: 9.0 occurred at 05:46:23 UTC with its epicenter estimated at 38.322_N, 142.369_E, and focal depth of 32 km (USGS, 2011). <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> waves propagated in Pacific Ocean to all directions. At Russian coast the highest waves were observed in the Kuril Islands (Malokurilskoye, Kunashir Island) which located in between Pacific ocean and the Okhotsk Sea. Kuril island provides limited transmission of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves from Pacific ocean. <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> In 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> event, the maximum amplitude of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> was observed as 3 m in Kuril islands. However, <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> arrived Okhotsk Sea losing a significant amount of energy. Therefore the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> amplitudes at the coast of the Okhotsk Sea were smaller. In order to estimate the level of energy loss while passing through the narrow straits of the Kuril Islands, a series of numerical simulations was done by using <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> numerical code NAMI DANCE. Ten largest earthquake shocks capable of <span class="hlt">generating</span> <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> were used as inputs of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> sources in the <span class="hlt">modeling</span>. Hence the relation between the transmission of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> and the dimensions of the straits are compared and discussed. Finally the characteristics of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> propagation (arrival time and coastal amplification) at the coast in the Okhotsk Sea. The varying grid structure is used in numerical <span class="hlt">modeling</span> in order to make finer analysis of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> passing through narrow straits of the Kuril Islands. This allows to combine exactly the installation locations of stationary and computational gauges. The simulation results are compared with the observations. The linear form of shallow water equations are used in the deep ocean region offshore part of the Sea of Okhotsk. Boussinesq type equations were also used at the near shore area in simulations. Since the Okhotsk Sea Results are a semi enclosed basin, the reflection characteristics at the coastal boundaries may be important. The numerical experiments are also</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PApGe.174.2883R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PApGe.174.2883R"><span>Introduction to "Global <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Science: Past and Future, Volume II"</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rabinovich, Alexander B.; Fritz, Hermann M.; Tanioka, Yuichiro; Geist, Eric L.</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>Twenty-two papers on the study of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> are included in Volume II of the PAGEOPH topical issue "Global <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Science: Past and Future". Volume I of this topical issue was published as PAGEOPH, vol. 173, No. 12, 2016 (Eds., E. L. Geist, H. M. Fritz, A. B. Rabinovich, and Y. Tanioka). Three papers in Volume II focus on details of the 2011 and 2016 <span class="hlt">tsunami-generating</span> earthquakes offshore of Tohoku, Japan. The next six papers describe important case studies and observations of recent and historical events. Four papers related to <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard assessment are followed by three papers on <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hydrodynamics and numerical <span class="hlt">modelling</span>. Three papers discuss problems of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning and real-time forecasting. The final set of three papers importantly investigates <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> <span class="hlt">generated</span> by non-seismic sources: volcanic explosions, landslides, and meteorological disturbances. Collectively, this volume highlights contemporary trends in global <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> research, both fundamental and applied toward hazard assessment and mitigation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70031901','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70031901"><span>Implications of the 26 December 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake on <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> forecast and assessment <span class="hlt">models</span> for great subduction-zone earthquakes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Geist, Eric L.; Titov, Vasily V.; Arcas, Diego; Pollitz, Fred F.; Bilek, Susan L.</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>Results from different <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> forecasting and hazard assessment <span class="hlt">models</span> are compared with observed <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave heights from the 26 December 2004 Indian Ocean <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. Forecast <span class="hlt">models</span> are based on initial earthquake information and are used to estimate <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave heights during propagation. An empirical forecast relationship based only on seismic moment provides a close estimate to the observed mean regional and maximum local <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> runup heights for the 2004 Indian Ocean <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> but underestimates mean regional <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> heights at azimuths in line with the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> beaming pattern (e.g., Sri Lanka, Thailand). Standard forecast <span class="hlt">models</span> developed from subfault discretization of earthquake rupture, in which deep- ocean sea level observations are used to constrain slip, are also tested. Forecast <span class="hlt">models</span> of this type use <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> time-series measurements at points in the deep ocean. As a proxy for the 2004 Indian Ocean <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, a transect of deep-ocean <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> amplitudes recorded by satellite altimetry is used to constrain slip along four subfaults of the M >9 Sumatra–Andaman earthquake. This proxy <span class="hlt">model</span> performs well in comparison to observed <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave heights, travel times, and inundation patterns at Banda Aceh. Hypothetical <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard assessments <span class="hlt">models</span> based on end- member estimates for average slip and rupture length (Mw 9.0–9.3) are compared with <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> observations. Using average slip (low end member) and rupture length (high end member) (Mw 9.14) consistent with many seismic, geodetic, and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inversions adequately estimates <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> runup in most regions, except the extreme runup in the western Aceh province. The high slip that occurred in the southern part of the rupture zone linked to runup in this location is a larger fluctuation than expected from standard stochastic slip <span class="hlt">models</span>. In addition, excess moment release (∼9%) deduced from geodetic studies in comparison to seismic moment estimates may <span class="hlt">generate</span> additional <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> energy, if the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMNH53D..04R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMNH53D..04R"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> normal modes with solid earth and atmospheric coupling and inversion of the TEC data to estimate <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> water height in the case of the Queen Charlotte <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rakoto, V.; Lognonne, P. H.; Rolland, L.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Large underwater earthquakes (Mw > 7) can transmit part of their energy to the surrounding ocean through large sea-floor motions, <span class="hlt">generating</span> <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> that propagate over long distances. The forcing effect of long period ocean surface vibrations due to <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves on the atmosphere trigger atmospheric internal gravity waves (IGWs) that induce ionospheric disturbances when they reach the upper atmosphere. In this poster, we study the IGWs associated to <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> using a normal modes 1D <span class="hlt">modeling</span> approach. Our <span class="hlt">model</span> is first applied to the case of the October 2012 Haida Gwaii <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> observed offshore Hawaii. We found three resonances between <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> modes and the atmospheric gravity modes occurring around 1.5 mHz, 2 mHz and 2.5 mHz, with a large fraction of the energy of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> modes transferred from the ocean to the atmosphere. At theses frequencies, the gravity branches are interacting with the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> one and have large amplitude in the ocean. As opposed to the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, a fraction of their energy is therefore transferred from the atmosphere to the ocean. We also show that the fundamental of the gravity waves should arrive before the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> due to higher group velocity below 1.6 mHz. We demonstrate that only the 1.5 mHz resonance of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> mode can trigger observable ionospheric perturbations, most often monitored using GPS dual-frequency measurements. Indeed, we show that the modes at 2 mHz and 2.5 mHz are already evanescent at the height of the F2 peak and have little energy in the ionosphere. This normal modes <span class="hlt">modeling</span> offers a novel and comprehensive study of the transfer function from a propagating <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> to the upper atmosphere. In particular, we can invert the perturbed TEC data induced by a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> in order to estimate the amplitude of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waveform using a least square method. This method has been performed in the case of the Haida Gwaii <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. The results showed a good agreement with the measurement of the dart buoy.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMNH41B1702S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMNH41B1702S"><span>Issues of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard maps revealed by the 2011 Tohoku <span class="hlt">tsunami</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sugimoto, M.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> scientists are imposed responsibilities of selection for people's <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> evacuation place after the 2011 Tohoku <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> in Japan. A lot of matured people died out of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard zone based on <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard map though students made a miracle by evacuation on their own judgment in Kamaishi city. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> hazard maps were based on numerical <span class="hlt">model</span> smaller than actual magnitude 9. How can we bridge the gap between hazard map and future disasters? We have to discuss about using <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> numerical <span class="hlt">model</span> better enough to contribute <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard map. How do we have to improve <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard map? <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> hazard map should be revised included possibility of upthrust or downthrust after earthquakes and social information. Ground sank 1.14m below sea level in Ayukawa town, Tohoku. Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism's research shows around 10% people know about <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard map in Japan. However, people know about their evacuation places (buildings) through experienced drills once a year even though most people did not know about <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard map. We need wider spread of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard with contingency of science (See the botom disaster handbook material's URL). California Emergency Management Agency (CEMA) team practically shows one good practice and solution to me. I followed their field trip in Catalina Island, California in Sep 2011. A team members are multidisciplinary specialists: A geologist, a GIS specialist, oceanographers in USC (<span class="hlt">tsunami</span> numerical <span class="hlt">modeler</span>) and a private company, a local policeman, a disaster manager, a local authority and so on. They check field based on their own specialties. They conduct an on-the-spot inspection of ambiguous locations between <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> numerical <span class="hlt">model</span> and real field conditions today. The data always become older. They pay attention not only to topographical conditions but also to social conditions: vulnerable people, elementary schools and so on. It takes a long time to check such field</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..1615777F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..1615777F"><span>The Solomon Islands <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> of 6 February 2013 in the Santa Cruz Islands: Field Survey and <span class="hlt">Modeling</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fritz, Hermann M.; Papantoniou, Antonios; Biukoto, Litea; Albert, Gilly; Wei, Yong</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p> observed on volcanic Tinakula Island and on Ndendo Island. Observations from the 2013 Santa Cruz <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> are compared against the 2007 and 2010 Solomon Islands <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. The field observations in the Santa Cruz Islands present an important dataset to assess <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impact in the near-source region. The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> was also recorded at deep-ocean tsunameters and tide gauges throughout the Pacific. These observations allow us to further investigate the physics of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generation</span> caused by the seismic process (or other non-seismic mechanisms). We use numerical <span class="hlt">model</span> MOST to analyze the large runup and complex impact distribution caused by the Santa Cruz <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. Source <span class="hlt">models</span> obtained using seismic data / <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> data are carried out to initialize the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">model</span>. MOST uses two sets of numerical grids to investigate both the near- and far-field aspects of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. The basin-scale <span class="hlt">modeling</span> results are computed using a spatial resolution of 4 arc min (approx. 7,200 m) and compared with measurements at deep-ocean tsunameters. The near-field <span class="hlt">modeling</span> is carried out using a series of telescoped grids up to a grid resolution of tens of meters to compare with the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> runup and flooding extent obtained through the field survey in the Solomon Islands. The <span class="hlt">modeling</span> results emphasize the contrast between the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impact on the exposed coastline and the sheltered Lata Bay stressing the problematic interpretation of a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> in progress based solely on near-source tide-gauge measurements. The team also interviewed eyewitnesses and educated residents about the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard in numerous ad hoc presentations and discussions. The combination of ancestral knowledge and recent Solomon Islands wide geohazards education programs triggered an immediate spontaneous self-evacuation containing the death toll in the small evacuation window of few minutes between the end of the ground shaking and the onslaught of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. Fortunately school children were shown a video on the 1 April</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH22A..04S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH22A..04S"><span>New Insights on <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Genesis and Energy Source</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Song, Y. T.; Mohtat, A.; Yim, S. C.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Conventional <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> theories suggest that earthquakes with significant vertical motions are more likely to <span class="hlt">generate</span> <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. In <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">models</span>, the vertical seafloor elevation is directly transferred to the sea-surface as the only initial condition. However, evidence from the 2011 Tohoku earthquake indicates otherwise; the vertical seafloor uplift was only 3 5 meters, too small to account for the resultant <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. Surprisingly, the horizontal displacement was undeniably larger than anyone's expectation; about 60 meters at the frontal wedge of the fault plate, the largest slip ever recorded by in-situ instruments. The question is whether the horizontal motion of seafloor slopes had enhanced the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> to become as destructive as observed. In this study, we provide proof: (1) Combining various measurements from the 2011 Tohoku event, we show that the earthquake transferred a total energy of 3.1e+15 joule to the ocean, in which the potential energy (PE) due to the vertical seafloor elevation (including seafloor uplift/subsidence plus the contribution from the horizontal displacement) was less than a half, while the kinetic energy (KE) due to the horizontal displacement velocity of the continental slope contributed a majority portion; (2) Using two modern state-of-the-art wave flumes and a three-dimensional <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">model</span>, we have reproduced the source energy and <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> consistent with observations, including the 2004 Sumatra event. Based on the unified source energy formulation, we offer a competing theory to explain why some earthquakes <span class="hlt">generate</span> destructive <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>, while others do not.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH21D..02W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH21D..02W"><span>Evaluation of W Phase CMT Based PTWC Real-Time <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Forecast <span class="hlt">Model</span> Using DART Observations: Events of the Last Decade</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, D.; Becker, N. C.; Weinstein, S.; Duputel, Z.; Rivera, L. A.; Hayes, G. P.; Hirshorn, B. F.; Bouchard, R. H.; Mungov, G.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The Pacific <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warning Center (PTWC) began forecasting <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> in real-time using source parameters derived from real-time Centroid Moment Tensor (CMT) solutions in 2009. Both the USGS and PTWC typically obtain W-Phase CMT solutions for large earthquakes less than 30 minutes after earthquake origin time. Within seconds, and often before waves reach the nearest deep ocean bottom pressure sensor (DARTs), PTWC then <span class="hlt">generates</span> a regional <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> propagation forecast using its linear shallow water <span class="hlt">model</span>. The <span class="hlt">model</span> is initialized by the sea surface deformation that mimics the seafloor deformation based on Okada's (1985) dislocation <span class="hlt">model</span> of a rectangular fault with a uniform slip. The fault length and width are empirical functions of the seismic moment. How well did this simple <span class="hlt">model</span> perform? The DART records provide a very valuable dataset for <span class="hlt">model</span> validation. We examine <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> events of the last decade with earthquake magnitudes ranging from 6.5 to 9.0 including some deep events for which <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> were not expected. Most of the forecast results were obtained during the events. We also include events from before the implementation of the WCMT method at USGS and PTWC, 2006-2009. For these events, WCMTs were computed retrospectively (Duputel et al. 2012). We also re-ran the <span class="hlt">model</span> with a larger domain for some events to include far-field DARTs that recorded a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> with identical source parameters used during the events. We conclude that our <span class="hlt">model</span> results, in terms of maximum wave amplitude, are mostly within a factor of two of the observed at DART stations, with an average error of less than 40% for most events, including the 2010 Maule and the 2011 Tohoku <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. However, the simple fault <span class="hlt">model</span> with a uniform slip is too simplistic for the Tohoku <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. We note <span class="hlt">model</span> results are sensitive to centroid location and depth, especially if the earthquake is close to land or inland. For the 2016 M7.8 New Zealand earthquake the initial forecast underestimated the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006GeoRL..3323612K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006GeoRL..3323612K"><span>Coral reefs reduce <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impact in <span class="hlt">model</span> simulations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kunkel, Catherine M.; Hallberg, Robert W.; Oppenheimer, Michael</p> <p>2006-12-01</p> <p>Significant buffering of the impact of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> by coral reefs is suggested by limited observations and some anecdotal reports, particularly following the 2004 Indian Ocean <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. Here we simulate <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> run-up on idealized topographies in one and two dimensions using a nonlinear shallow water <span class="hlt">model</span> and show that a sufficiently wide barrier reef within a meter or two of the surface reduces run-up on land on the order of 50%. We studied topographies representative of volcanic islands (islands with no continental shelf) but our conclusions may pertain to other topographies. Effectiveness depends on the amplitude and wavelength of the incident <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, as well as the geometry and health of the reef and the offshore distance of the reef. Reducing the threat to reefs from anthropogenic nutrients, sedimentation, fishing practices, channel-building, and global warming would help to protect some islands against <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li class="active"><span>9</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_9 --> <div id="page_10" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="181"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMNH11C..02M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMNH11C..02M"><span>Analysis of <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Evacuation Issues Using Agent Based <span class="hlt">Modeling</span>. A Case Study of the 2011 Tohoku <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> in Yuriage, Natori.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mas, E.; Takagi, H.; Adriano, B.; Hayashi, S.; Koshimura, S.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>The 2011 Great East Japan earthquake and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> reminded that nature can exceed structural countermeasures like seawalls, breakwaters or <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> gates. In such situations it is a challenging task for people to find nearby haven. This event, as many others before, confirmed the importance of early evacuation, <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> awareness and the need for developing much more resilient communities with effective evacuation plans. To support reconstruction activities and efforts on developing resilient communities in areas at risk, <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> evacuation simulation can be applied to <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> mitigation and evacuation planning. In this study, using the compiled information related to the evacuation behavior at Yuriage in Natori during the 2011 <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, we simulated the evacuation process and explored the reasons for the large number of fatalities in the area. It was found that residents did evacuate to nearby shelter areas, however after the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning was increased some evacuees decided to conduct a second step evacuation to a far inland shelter. Simulation results show the consequences of such decision and the outcomes when a second evacuation would not have been performed. The actual reported number of fatalities in the event and the results from simulation are compared to verify the <span class="hlt">model</span>. The case study shows the contribution of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> evacuation <span class="hlt">models</span> as tools to be applied for the analysis of evacuees' decisions and the related outcomes. In addition, future evacuation plans and activities for reconstruction process and urban planning can be supported by the results provided from this kind of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> evacuation <span class="hlt">models</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSPO12A..03M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSPO12A..03M"><span><span class="hlt">Modeling</span> the propagation, transformation and the impact of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> on urban areas using the coupling STOC-ML/IC/CADMAS in nested grids - Application to specific sites of Chile to improve the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> induced loads prediction.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mokrani, C.; Catalan, P. A.; Cienfuegos, R.; Arikawa, T.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>A large part of coasts around the world are affected by <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impacts, which supposes a challenge when designing coastal protection structures. Numerical <span class="hlt">models</span> provide predictions of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-induced loads and there time evolution, which can be used to improve sizing rules of coastal structures. However, the numerical assessment of impact loads is an hard stake. Indeed, recent experimental studies have shown that pressure dynamics <span class="hlt">generated</span> during <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impacts are highly sensitive to the incident local shape of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. Therefore, high numerical resolutions and very accurate <span class="hlt">models</span> are required to <span class="hlt">model</span> all stages during which the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> shape is modified before the impact. Given the large distances involved in <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> events, this can be disregarded in favor of computing time. The Port and Airport Research Institute (PARI) has recently developed a three-way coupled <span class="hlt">model</span> which allows to accurately <span class="hlt">model</span> the incident <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> shape while maintaining reasonable computational time. This coupling approach uses three <span class="hlt">models</span> used in nested grids (cf. Figure 1). The first one (STOC-ML) solves Nonlinear Shallow Water Equations with hydrostatic pressure. It is used to <span class="hlt">model</span> the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> propagation off the coast. The second one (STOC-IC) is a 3D non-hydrostatic <span class="hlt">model</span>, on which the free-surface position is estimated through the integrated continuity equation. It has shown to accurately describe dispersive and weakly linear effects occurring at the coast vicinity. The third <span class="hlt">model</span> (CADMAS-SURF) solves fully three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations and use a VOF method. Highly nonlinear, dispersive effects and wave breaking processes can be included at the wave scale and therefore, a very accurate description of the incident <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> is provided. Each <span class="hlt">model</span> have been separately validated from analytical and/or experimental data. The present objective is to highlight recent advances in Coastal Ocean <span class="hlt">modeling</span> for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">modeling</span> and loads prediction by applying this</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMNH21A3827C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMNH21A3827C"><span>When is a <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> a Mega-<span class="hlt">Tsunami</span>?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chague-Goff, C.; Goff, J. R.; Terry, J. P.; Goto, K.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>The 2004 Indian Ocean <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> is commonly called a mega-<span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, and this attribute has also been linked to the 2011 Tohoku-oki <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. However, since this term was first coined in the early 1990's there have been very few attempts to define it. As such it has been applied in a rather arbitrary fashion to a number of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> characteristics, such as wave height or amplitude at both the source and at distant locations, run-up height, geographical extent and impact. The first use of the term is related to a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generated</span> by a large bolide impact and indeed it seems entirely appropriate that the term should be used for such rare events on geological timescales. However, probably as a result of media-driven hyperbole, scientists have used this term at least twice in the last decade, which is hardly a significant portion of the geological timescale. It therefore seems reasonable to suggest that these recent unexpectedly large events do not fall in the category of mega-<span class="hlt">tsunami</span> but into a category of exceptional events within historical experience and local perspective. The use of the term mega-<span class="hlt">tsunami</span> over the past 14 years is discussed and a definition is provided that marks the relative uniqueness of these events and a new term, appropriately Japanese in origin, namely that of souteigai-<span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, is proposed. Examples of these <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> will be provided.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DFD.M1010K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DFD.M1010K"><span>Physical experiments and analysis on the <span class="hlt">generation</span> and evolution of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-induced turbulent coherent structures</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kalligeris, Nikos; Lynett, Patrick</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>Numerous historical accounts describe the formation of ``whirpools'' inside ports and harbors during <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> events, causing port operation disruptions. Videos from the Japan 2011 <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> revealed complex nearshore flow patters, resulting from the interaction of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-induced currents with the man-made coastline, and the <span class="hlt">generation</span> of large eddies (or turbulent coherent structures) in numerous ports and harbors near the earthquake epicenter. The aim of this work is to study the <span class="hlt">generation</span> and evolution of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-induced turbulent coherent structures (TCS) in a well-controlled environment using realistic scaling. A physical configuration is created in the image of a port entrance at a scale of 1:27 and a small-amplitude, long period wave creates a transient flow through the asymmetric harbor channel. A separated region forms, which coupled with the transient flow, leads to the formation of a stable monopolar TCS. The surface flow is examined through mono- and stereo-PTV techniques to extract surface velocity vectors. Surface velocity maps and vortex flow profiles are used to study the experimental TCS <span class="hlt">generation</span> and evolution, and characterize the TCS structure. Analytical tools are used to describe the TCS growth rate and kinetic energy decay. This work was funded by the National Science Foundation NEES Research program, with Award Number 1135026.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH13B..05Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH13B..05Y"><span>Geological Evidences for a Large <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">Generated</span> by the 7.3 ka Kikai Caldera Eruption, Southern Japan</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yamada, M.; Fujino, S.; Satake, K.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The 7.3 ka eruption of Kikai volcano, southern Kyushu, Japan, is one of the largest caldera-forming eruption in the world. Given that a huge caldera was formed in shallow sea area during the eruption, a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> must have been <span class="hlt">generated</span> by a sea-level change associated. Pyroclastic flow and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> deposits by the eruption have been studied around the caldera, but they are not enough to evaluate the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> size. The goal of this study is to unravel sizes of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> and triggering caldera collapse by numerical simulations based on a widely-distributed <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> deposit associated with the eruption. In this presentation, we will provide an initial data on distribution of the 7.3 ka <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> deposit contained in sediment cores taken at three coastal lowlands in Wakayama, Tokushima, and Oita prefectures (560 km, 520 km, and 310 km north-east from the caldera, respectively). A volcanic ash from the eruption (Kikai Akahoya tephra: K-Ah) is evident in organic-rich muddy sedimentary sequence in all sediment cores. Up to 6-cm-thick sand layer, characterized by a grading structure and sharp bed boundary with lower mud, is observed immediately beneath the K-Ah tephra in all study sites. These sedimentary characteristics and broad distribution indicate that the sand layer was most likely deposited by a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> which can propagate to a wide area, but not by a local storm surge. Furthermore, the stratigraphic relationship implies that the study sites must have been inundated by the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> prior to the ash fall. A sand layer is also evident within the K-Ah tephra layer, suggesting that the sand layer was probably formed by a subsequent <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave during the ash fall. These geological evidences for the 7.3 ka <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation will contribute to a better understanding of the caldera collapse and the resultant <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, but also of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generating</span> system in the eruptive process.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70160542','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70160542"><span>Non-linear resonant coupling of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> edge waves using stochastic earthquake source <span class="hlt">models</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Geist, Eric L.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Non-linear resonant coupling of edge waves can occur with <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> <span class="hlt">generated</span> by large-magnitude subduction zone earthquakes. Earthquake rupture zones that straddle beneath the coastline of continental margins are particularly efficient at <span class="hlt">generating</span> <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> edge waves. Using a stochastic <span class="hlt">model</span> for earthquake slip, it is shown that a wide range of edge-wave modes and wavenumbers can be excited, depending on the variability of slip. If two modes are present that satisfy resonance conditions, then a third mode can gradually increase in amplitude over time, even if the earthquake did not originally excite that edge-wave mode. These three edge waves form a resonant triad that can cause unexpected variations in <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> amplitude long after the first arrival. An M ∼ 9, 1100 km-long continental subduction zone earthquake is considered as a test case. For the least-variable slip examined involving a Gaussian random variable, the dominant resonant triad includes a high-amplitude fundamental mode wave with wavenumber associated with the along-strike dimension of rupture. The two other waves that make up this triad include subharmonic waves, one of fundamental mode and the other of mode 2 or 3. For the most variable slip examined involving a Cauchy-distributed random variable, the dominant triads involve higher wavenumbers and modes because subevents, rather than the overall rupture dimension, control the excitation of edge waves. Calculation of the resonant period for energy transfer determines which cases resonant coupling may be instrumentally observed. For low-mode triads, the maximum transfer of energy occurs approximately 20–30 wave periods after the first arrival and thus may be observed prior to the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> coda being completely attenuated. Therefore, under certain circumstances the necessary ingredients for resonant coupling of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> edge waves exist, indicating that resonant triads may be observable and implicated in late, large-amplitude <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> arrivals.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.1508L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.1508L"><span>Assessing <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-induced groundwater salinization and its temporal change: a numerical <span class="hlt">modelling</span> study on the Niijima Island, Japan</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liu, Jiaqi; Tokunaga, Tomochika</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Groundwater is vulnerable to many natural hazards, including <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. As reported after the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake, the <span class="hlt">generated</span> massive <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundations resulted in unexpected groundwater salinization in coastal areas. Water supply was strongly disturbed due to the significantly elevated salinity in groundwater. Supplying fresh water is one of the prioritized concerns in the immediate aftermath of disaster, and during long-term post-disaster reconstruction as well. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> on coastal groundwater system and provide guidelines on managing water resources in post-<span class="hlt">tsunami</span> period. We selected the study area as the Niijima Island, a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-prone area in Japan, which is under the risk of being attacked by a devastated <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> with its wave height up to 30 m. A three-dimension (3-D) numerical <span class="hlt">model</span> of the groundwater system on the Niijima Island was developed by using the simulation code FEFLOW which can handle both density- dependent groundwater flow and saturated-unsaturated flow processes. The <span class="hlt">model</span> was justified by the measured water table data obtained from the field work in July, 2015. By using this <span class="hlt">model</span>, we investigated saltwater intrusion and aquifer recovery process under different <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> scenarios. <span class="hlt">Modelling</span> results showed that saltwater could fully saturate the vadose zone and come into contact with groundwater table in just 10 mins. The 0.6 km2 of inundation area introduced salt mass equivalent to approximately 9×104 t of NaCl into the vadose zone. After the retreat of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves, the remained saltwater in vadose zone continuously intruded into the groundwater and dramatically salinized the aquifer up to about 10,000 mg/L. In the worst <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> scenario, it took more than 10 years for the polluted aquifer to be entirely recovered by natural rainfall. Given that the groundwater is the only freshwater source on the Niijima Island, we can provide suggestions</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..15.5290Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..15.5290Z"><span>Numerical simulation of the 2002 Northern Rhodes Slide (Greece) and evaluation of the <span class="hlt">generated</span> <span class="hlt">tsunami</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zaniboni, Filippo; Armigliato, Alberto; Pagnoni, Gianluca; Tinti, Stefano</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>Small landslides are very common along the submarine margins, due to steep slopes and continuous material deposition that increment mass instability and supply collapse occurrences, even without earthquake triggering. This kind of events can have relevant consequences when occurring close to the coast, because they are characterized by sudden change of velocity and relevant speed achievement, reflecting into high tsunamigenic potential. This is the case for example of the slide of Rhodes Island (Greece), named Northern Rhodes Slide (NRS), where unusual 3-4 m waves were registered on 24 March 2002, provoking some damage in the coastal stretch of the city of Rhodes (Papadopoulos et al., 2007). The event was not associated with earthquake occurrence, and eyewitnesses supported the hypothesis of a non-seismic source for the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, placed 1 km offshore. Subsequent marine geophysical surveys (Sakellariou et al., 2002) evidenced the presence of several detachment niches at about 300-400 m depth along the northern steep slope, one of which can be considered responsible of the observed <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, fitting with the previously mentioned supposition. In this work, that is carried out in the frame of the European funded project NearToWarn, we evaluated the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> effects due to the NRS by means of numerical <span class="hlt">modelling</span>: after having reconstructed the sliding body basing on morphological assumptions (obtaining an esteemed volume of 33 million m3), we simulated the sliding motion through the in-house built code UBO-BLOCK1, adopting a Lagrangian approach and splitting the sliding mass into a "chain" of interacting blocks. This provides the complete dynamics of the landslide, including the shape changes that relevantly influence the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generation</span>. After the application of an intermediate code, accounting for the slide impulse filtering through the water depth, the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> propagation in the sea around the island of Rhodes and up to near coasts of Turkey was simulated via the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH22A..03N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH22A..03N"><span>Should <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">models</span> use a nonzero initial condition for horizontal velocity?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nava, G.; Lotto, G. C.; Dunham, E. M.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> propagation in the open ocean is most commonly <span class="hlt">modeled</span> by solving the shallow water wave equations. These equations require two initial conditions: one on sea surface height and another on depth-averaged horizontal particle velocity or, equivalently, horizontal momentum. While most <span class="hlt">modelers</span> assume that initial velocity is zero, Y.T. Song and collaborators have argued for nonzero initial velocity, claiming that horizontal displacement of a sloping seafloor imparts significant horizontal momentum to the ocean. They show examples in which this effect increases the resulting <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> height by a factor of two or more relative to <span class="hlt">models</span> in which initial velocity is zero. We test this claim with a "full-physics" integrated dynamic rupture and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">model</span> that couples the elastic response of the Earth to the linearized acoustic-gravitational response of a compressible ocean with gravity; the <span class="hlt">model</span> self-consistently accounts for seismic waves in the solid Earth, acoustic waves in the ocean, and <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> (with dispersion at short wavelengths). We run several full-physics simulations of subduction zone megathrust ruptures and <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> in geometries with a sloping seafloor, using both idealized structures and a more realistic Tohoku structure. Substantial horizontal momentum is imparted to the ocean, but almost all momentum is carried away in the form of ocean acoustic waves. We compare <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> propagation in each full-physics simulation to that predicted by an equivalent shallow water wave simulation with varying assumptions regarding initial conditions. We find that the initial horizontal velocity conditions proposed by Song and collaborators consistently overestimate the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> amplitude and predict an inconsistent wave profile. Finally, we determine <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> initial conditions that are rigorously consistent with our full-physics simulations by isolating the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves (from ocean acoustic and seismic waves) at some final time, and backpropagating the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PApGe.172.3385H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PApGe.172.3385H"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Impact Computed from Offshore <span class="hlt">Modeling</span> and Coastal Amplification Laws: Insights from the 2004 Indian Ocean <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hébert, H.; Schindelé, F.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>The 2004 Indian Ocean <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> gave the opportunity to gather unprecedented <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> observation databases for various coastlines. We present here an analysis of such databases gathered for 3 coastlines, among the most impacted in 2004 in the intermediate- and far field: Thailand-Myanmar, SE India-Sri Lanka, and SE Madagascar. Non-linear shallow water <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">modeling</span> performed on a single 4' coarse bathymetric grid is compared to these observations, in order to check to which extent a simple approach based on the usual energy conservation laws (either Green's or Synolakis laws) can explain the data. The idea is to fit <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> data with numerical <span class="hlt">modeling</span> carried out without any refined coastal bathymetry/topography. To this end several parameters are discussed, namely the bathymetric depth to which <span class="hlt">model</span> results must be extrapolated (using the Green's law), or the mean bathymetric slope to consider near the studied coast (when using the Synolakis law). Using extrapolation depths from 1 to 10 m generally allows a good fit; however, a 0.1 m is required for some others, especially in the far field (Madagascar) possibly due to enhanced numerical dispersion. Such a method also allows describing the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impact variability along a given coastline. Then, using a series of scenarios, we propose a preliminary statistical assessment of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impact for a given earthquake magnitude along the Indonesian subduction. Conversely, the sources mostly contributing to a specific hazard can also be mapped onto the sources, providing a first order definition of which sources are threatening the 3 studied coastlines.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.8149P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.8149P"><span>Landslide <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard in New South Wales, Australia: novel observations from 3D <span class="hlt">modelling</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Power, Hannah; Clarke, Samantha; Hubble, Tom</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>This paper examines the potential of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation <span class="hlt">generated</span> from two case study sites of submarine mass failures on the New South Wales coast of Australia. Two submarine mass failure events are investigated: the Bulli Slide and the Shovel Slide. Both slides are located approximately 65 km southeast of Sydney and 60 km east of the township of Wollongong. The Bulli Slide (~20 km3) and the Shovel Slide (7.97 km3) correspond to the two largest identified erosional surface submarine landslides scars of the NSW continental margin (Glenn et al. 2008; Clarke 2014) and represent examples of large to very large submarine landslide scars. The Shovel Slide is a moderately thick (80-165 m), moderately wide to wide (4.4 km) slide, and is located in 880 m water depth; and the Bulli Slide is an extremely thick (200-425 m), very wide (8.9 km) slide, and is located in 1500 m water depth. Previous work on the east Australian margin (Clarke et al., 2014) and elsewhere (Harbitz et al., 2013) suggests that submarine landslides similar to the Bulli Slide or the Shovel Slide are volumetrically large enough and occur at shallow enough water depths (400-2500 m) to <span class="hlt">generate</span> substantial <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> that could cause widespread damage on the east Australian coast and threaten coastal communities (Burbidge et al. 2008; Clarke 2014; Talukder and Volker 2014). Currently, the tsunamogenic potential of these two slides has only been investigated using 2D <span class="hlt">modelling</span> (Clarke 2014) and to date it has been difficult to establish the onshore <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> surge characteristics for the submarine landslides with certainty. To address this knowledge gap, the forecast inundation as a result of these two mass failure events was investigated using a three-dimensional <span class="hlt">model</span> (ANUGA) that predicts water flow resulting from natural hazard events such as <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> (Nielsen et al., 2005). The ANUGA <span class="hlt">model</span> solves the two-dimensional shallow water wave equations and accurately <span class="hlt">models</span> the process of wetting and drying thus</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70192038','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70192038"><span>Introduction to “Global <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> science: Past and future, Volume II”</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Rabinovich, Alexander B.; Fritz, Hermann M.; Tanioka, Yuichiro; Geist, Eric L.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Twenty-two papers on the study of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> are included in Volume II of the PAGEOPH topical issue “Global <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Science: Past and Future”. Volume I of this topical issue was published as PAGEOPH, vol. 173, No. 12, 2016 (Eds., E. L. Geist, H. M. Fritz, A. B. Rabinovich, and Y. Tanioka). Three papers in Volume II focus on details of the 2011 and 2016 <span class="hlt">tsunami-generating</span> earthquakes offshore of Tohoku, Japan. The next six papers describe important case studies and observations of recent and historical events. Four papers related to <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard assessment are followed by three papers on <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hydrodynamics and numerical <span class="hlt">modelling</span>. Three papers discuss problems of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning and real-time forecasting. The final set of three papers importantly investigates <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> <span class="hlt">generated</span> by non-seismic sources: volcanic explosions, landslides, and meteorological disturbances. Collectively, this volume highlights contemporary trends in global <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> research, both fundamental and applied toward hazard assessment and mitigation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012cosp...39.1524P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012cosp...39.1524P"><span>Numerical <span class="hlt">modeling</span> of marine Gravity data for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard zone mapping</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Porwal, Nipun</p> <p>2012-07-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> is a series of ocean wave with very high wavelengths ranges from 10 to 500 km. Therefore <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> act as shallow water waves and hard to predict from various methods. Bottom Pressure Recorders of Poseidon class considered as a preeminent method to detect <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves but Acoustic Modem in Ocean Bottom Pressure (OBP) sensors placed in the vicinity of trenches having depth of more than 6000m fails to propel OBP data to Surface Buoys. Therefore this paper is developed for numerical <span class="hlt">modeling</span> of Gravity field coefficients from Bureau Gravimetric International (BGI) which do not play a central role in the study of geodesy, satellite orbit computation, & geophysics but by mathematical transformation of gravity field coefficients using Normalized Legendre Polynomial high resolution ocean bottom pressure (OBP) data is <span class="hlt">generated</span>. Real time sea level monitored OBP data of 0.3° by 1° spatial resolution using Kalman filter (kf080) for past 10 years by Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO) has been correlated with OBP data from gravity field coefficients which attribute a feasible study on future <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> detection system from space and in identification of most suitable sites to place OBP sensors near deep trenches. The Levitus Climatological temperature and salinity are assimilated into the version of the MITGCM using the ad-joint method to obtain the sea height segment. Then TOPEX/Poseidon satellite altimeter, surface momentum, heat, and freshwater fluxes from NCEP reanalysis product and the dynamic ocean topography DOT_DNSCMSS08_EGM08 is used to interpret sea-bottom elevation. Then all datasets are associated under raster calculator in ArcGIS 9.3 using Boolean Intersection Algebra Method and proximal analysis tools with high resolution sea floor topographic map. Afterward <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> prone area and suitable sites for set up of BPR as analyzed in this research is authenticated by using Passive microwave radiometry system for <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Hazard Zone</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PrOce.159..296R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PrOce.159..296R"><span>The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> phenomenon</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Röbke, B. R.; Vött, A.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>With human activity increasingly concentrating on coasts, <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> (from Japanese tsu = harbour, nami = wave) are a major natural hazard to today's society. Stimulated by disastrous <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impacts in recent years, for instance in south-east Asia (2004) or in Japan (2011), <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> science has significantly flourished, which has brought great advances in hazard assessment and mitigation plans. Based on <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> research of the last decades, this paper provides a thorough treatise on the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> phenomenon from a geoscientific point of view. Starting with the wave features, <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> are introduced as long shallow water waves or wave trains crossing entire oceans without major energy loss. At the coast, <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> typically show wave shoaling, funnelling and resonance effects as well as a significant run-up and backflow. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> waves are caused by a sudden displacement of the water column due to a number of various trigger mechanisms. Such are earthquakes as the main trigger, submarine and subaerial mass wastings, volcanic activity, atmospheric disturbances (meteotsunamis) and cosmic impacts, as is demonstrated by giving corresponding examples from the past. <span class="hlt">Tsunamis</span> are known to have a significant sedimentary and geomorphological off- and onshore response. So-called tsunamites form allochthonous high-energy deposits that are left at the coast during <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> landfall. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> deposits show typical sedimentary features, as basal erosional unconformities, fining-upward and -landward, a high content of marine fossils, rip-up clasts from underlying units and mud caps, all reflecting the hydrodynamic processes during inundation. The on- and offshore behaviour of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> and related sedimentary processes can be simulated using hydro- and morphodynamic numerical <span class="hlt">models</span>. The paper provides an overview of the basic <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">modelling</span> techniques, including discretisation, guidelines for appropriate temporal and spatial resolution as well as the nesting method. Furthermore, the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NHESS..17.2245M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NHESS..17.2245M"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> evacuation plans for future megathrust earthquakes in Padang, Indonesia, considering stochastic earthquake scenarios</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Muhammad, Ario; Goda, Katsuichiro; Alexander, Nicholas A.; Kongko, Widjo; Muhari, Abdul</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>This study develops <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> evacuation plans in Padang, Indonesia, using a stochastic <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> simulation method. The stochastic results are based on multiple earthquake scenarios for different magnitudes (Mw 8.5, 8.75, and 9.0) that reflect asperity characteristics of the 1797 historical event in the same region. The <span class="hlt">generation</span> of the earthquake scenarios involves probabilistic <span class="hlt">models</span> of earthquake source parameters and stochastic synthesis of earthquake slip distributions. In total, 300 source <span class="hlt">models</span> are <span class="hlt">generated</span> to produce comprehensive <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> evacuation plans in Padang. The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard assessment results show that Padang may face significant <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> causing the maximum <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation height and depth of 15 and 10 m, respectively. A comprehensive <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> evacuation plan - including horizontal evacuation area maps, assessment of temporary shelters considering the impact due to ground shaking and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, and integrated horizontal-vertical evacuation time maps - has been developed based on the stochastic <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> simulation results. The developed evacuation plans highlight that comprehensive mitigation policies can be produced from the stochastic <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> simulation for future tsunamigenic events.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH22A..05T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH22A..05T"><span>Rapid Determination of Appropriate Source <span class="hlt">Models</span> for <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Early Warning using a Depth Dependent Rigidity Curve: Method and Numerical Tests</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tanioka, Y.; Miranda, G. J. A.; Gusman, A. R.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Recently, <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> early warning technique has been improved using <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waveforms observed at the ocean bottom pressure gauges such as NOAA DART system or DONET and S-NET systems in Japan. However, for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> early warning of near field <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>, it is essential to determine appropriate source <span class="hlt">models</span> using seismological analysis before large <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> hit the coast, especially for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> earthquakes which <span class="hlt">generated</span> significantly large <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. In this paper, we develop a technique to determine appropriate source <span class="hlt">models</span> from which appropriate <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation along the coast can be numerically computed The technique is tested for four large earthquakes, the 1992 Nicaragua <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> earthquake (Mw7.7), the 2001 El Salvador earthquake (Mw7.7), the 2004 El Astillero earthquake (Mw7.0), and the 2012 El Salvador-Nicaragua earthquake (Mw7.3), which occurred off Central America. In this study, fault parameters were estimated from the W-phase inversion, then the fault length and width were determined from scaling relationships. At first, the slip amount was calculated from the seismic moment with a constant rigidity of 3.5 x 10**10N/m2. The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> numerical simulation was carried out and compared with the observed <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. For the 1992 Nicaragua <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> earthquake, the computed <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> was much smaller than the observed one. For the 2004 El Astillero earthquake, the computed <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> was overestimated. In order to solve this problem, we constructed a depth dependent rigidity curve, similar to suggested by Bilek and Lay (1999). The curve with a central depth estimated by the W-phase inversion was used to calculate the slip amount of the fault <span class="hlt">model</span>. Using those new slip amounts, <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> numerical simulation was carried out again. Then, the observed <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> heights, run-up heights, and inundation areas for the 1992 Nicaragua <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> earthquake were well explained by the computed one. The other <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> from the other three earthquakes were also reasonably well explained</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18006743','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18006743"><span>Three-dimensional splay fault geometry and implications for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generation</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Moore, G F; Bangs, N L; Taira, A; Kuramoto, S; Pangborn, E; Tobin, H J</p> <p>2007-11-16</p> <p>Megasplay faults, very long thrust faults that rise from the subduction plate boundary megathrust and intersect the sea floor at the landward edge of the accretionary prism, are thought to play a role in <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> genesis. We imaged a megasplay thrust system along the Nankai Trough in three dimensions, which allowed us to map the splay fault geometry and its lateral continuity. The megasplay is continuous from the main plate interface fault upwards to the sea floor, where it cuts older thrust slices of the frontal accretionary prism. The thrust geometry and evidence of large-scale slumping of surficial sediments show that the fault is active and that the activity has evolved toward the landward direction with time, contrary to the usual seaward progression of accretionary thrusts. The megasplay fault has progressively steepened, substantially increasing the potential for vertical uplift of the sea floor with slip. We conclude that slip on the megasplay fault most likely contributed to <span class="hlt">generating</span> devastating historic <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>, such as the 1944 moment magnitude 8.1 Tonankai event, and it is this geometry that makes this margin and others like it particularly prone to <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> genesis.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMNH42A..08W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMNH42A..08W"><span>Stakeholder-driven geospatial <span class="hlt">modeling</span> for assessing <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> vertical-evacuation strategies in the U.S. Pacific Northwest</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wood, N. J.; Schmidtlein, M.; Schelling, J.; Jones, J.; Ng, P.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>Recent <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> disasters, such as the 2010 Chilean and 2011 Tohoku events, demonstrate the significant life loss that can occur from <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. Many coastal communities in the world are threatened by near-field <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazards that may inundate low-lying areas only minutes after a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> begins. Geospatial integration of demographic data and hazard zones has identified potential impacts on populations in communities susceptible to near-field <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> threats. Pedestrian-evacuation <span class="hlt">models</span> build on these geospatial analyses to determine if individuals in <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-prone areas will have sufficient time to reach high ground before <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-wave arrival. Areas where successful evacuations are unlikely may warrant vertical-evacuation (VE) strategies, such as berms or structures designed to aid evacuation. The decision of whether and where VE strategies are warranted is complex. Such decisions require an interdisciplinary understanding of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazards, land cover conditions, demography, community vulnerability, pedestrian-evacuation <span class="hlt">models</span>, land-use and emergency-management policy, and decision science. Engagement with the at-risk population and local emergency managers in VE planning discussions is critical because resulting strategies include permanent structures within a community and their local ownership helps ensure long-term success. We present a summary of an interdisciplinary approach to assess VE options in communities along the southwest Washington coast (U.S.A.) that are threatened by near-field <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazards <span class="hlt">generated</span> by Cascadia subduction zone earthquakes. Pedestrian-evacuation <span class="hlt">models</span> based on an anisotropic approach that uses path-distance algorithms were merged with population data to forecast the distribution of at-risk individuals within several communities as a function of travel time to safe locations. A series of community-based workshops helped identify potential VE options in these communities, collectively known as "Project Safe Haven" at the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMOS33B1820S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMOS33B1820S"><span>Sedimentary Record and Morphological Effects of a Landslide-<span class="hlt">Generated</span> <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> in a Polar Region: The 2000 AD <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> in Vaigat Strait, West Greenland</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Szczucinski, W.; Rosser, N. J.; Strzelecki, M. C.; Long, A. J.; Lawrence, T.; Buchwal, A.; Chague-Goff, C.; Woodroffe, S.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>To date, the effects of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> erosion and deposition have mainly been reported from tropical and temperate climatic zones yet <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> are also frequent in polar zones, particularly in fjord settings where they can be <span class="hlt">generated</span> by landslides. Here we report the geological effects of a landslide-triggered <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> that occurred on 21st November 2000 in Vaigat, northern Disko Bugt in west Greenland. To characterise the typical features of this <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> we completed twelve detailed coastal transects in a range of depositional settings: cliff coasts, narrow to moderate width coastal plains, lagoons and a coastal lake. At each setting we completed a detailed map using a laser scanner and DGPS survey. The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> deposits were described from closely spaced trenches and, from the lake, by a series of sediment cores . At each setting we examined the sedimentological properties of the deposits, as well as their bulk geochemistry and diatom content. Selected specimens of arctic willow from inundated and non-inundated areas were collected to assess the impact of the event in their growth ring records. Samples of sediments beneath the AD 2000 deposit were studied for 137Cs to confirm the age of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> and to assess the extent of erosion. Offshore sediment samples, modern beach and soils/sediments underlying the AD 2000 <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> deposits were sampled to determine <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> deposit sources. The observed <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> run-up exceeded 20 m next to the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> trigger - a rock avalanche at Paatuut - and up to 10 m on the opposite coast of the fjord. The inland inundation distance ranged from several tens of meters to over 300 m. The wave was recorded as far as 180 km away from the source. The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundated the coast obliquely to the shoreline in all locations studied. The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> frequently caused erosion of existing beach ridges whilst erosional niches were formed inland. The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> deposits mainly comprise gravels and very coarse sand. They are over 30 cm thick close to the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMNH23A1870J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMNH23A1870J"><span>Sensitivity of <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Waves and Coastal Inundation/Runup to Seabed Displacement <span class="hlt">Models</span>: Application to the Cascadia Subduction zone</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jalali Farahani, R.; Fitzenz, D. D.; Nyst, M.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>Major components of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard <span class="hlt">modeling</span> include earthquake source characterization, seabed displacement, wave propagation, and coastal inundation/run-up. Accurate <span class="hlt">modeling</span> of these components is essential to identify the disaster risk exposures effectively, which would be crucial for insurance industry as well as policy makers to have <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> resistant design of structures and evacuation planning (FEMA, 2008). In this study, the sensitivity and variability of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> coastal inundation due to Cascadia megathrust subduction earthquake are studied by considering the different approaches for seabed displacement <span class="hlt">model</span>. The first approach is the analytical expressions that were proposed by Okada (1985, 1992) for the surface displacements and strains of rectangular sources. The second approach was introduced by Meade (2006) who introduced analytical solutions for calculating displacements, strains, and stresses on triangular sources. In this study, the seabed displacement using triangular representation of geometrically complex fault surfaces is compared with the Okada rectangular representations for the Cascadia subduction zone. In the triangular dislocation algorithm, the displacement is calculated using superposition of two angular dislocations for each of the three triangle legs. The triangular elements could give a better and gap-free representation of the fault surfaces. In addition, the rectangular representation gives large unphysical vertical displacement along the shallow-depth fault edge that <span class="hlt">generates</span> unrealistic short-wavelength waves. To study the impact of these two different algorithms on the final <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation, the initial <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave as well as wave propagation and the coastal inundation are simulated. To <span class="hlt">model</span> the propagation of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves and coastal inundation, 2D shallow water equations are <span class="hlt">modeled</span> using the seabed displacement as the initial condition for the numerical <span class="hlt">model</span>. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> numerical simulation has been performed on high</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_10 --> <div id="page_11" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="201"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSPO14B2759C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSPO14B2759C"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Defense Efforts at Samcheok Port, Korea</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cho, Y. S.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Tsunamis</span> mainly triggered by impulsive undersea motions are long waves and can propagate a long distance. Thus, they can cause huge casualties not only neighboring countries but also distant countries. Recently, several devastating <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> have been occurred around the Pacific Ocean rim. Among them, the Great East Japan <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> occurred on March 11, 2011 is probably recorded as one of the most destructive <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> during last several decades. The <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> killed more than 20,000 people (including missing people) and deprived of property damage of approximately 300 billion USD. The eastern coast of the Korean Peninsula has been attacked historically by unexpected <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> events. These <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> were <span class="hlt">generated</span> by undersea earthquakes occurred off the west coast of Japan. For example, the Central East Sea <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> occurred on May 26, 1983 killed 3 people and caused serious property damage at Samcheok Port located at the eastern coast of Korea. Thus, a defense plan against unexpected <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> strikes is an essential task for the port authority to protect lives of human beings and port facilities. In this study, a master plan of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> defense is introduced at Samcheok Port. A <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard map is also made by employing both propagation and inundation <span class="hlt">models</span>. Detailed defense efforts are described including the procedure of development of a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard map. Keywords: <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, hazard map, run-up height, emergency action plan</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PApGe.172.3557D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PApGe.172.3557D"><span>Evaluation of the Relationship Between Coral Damage and <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Dynamics; Case Study: 2009 Samoa <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dilmen, Derya I.; Titov, Vasily V.; Roe, Gerard H.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>On September 29, 2009, an Mw = 8.1 earthquake at 17:48 UTC in Tonga Trench <span class="hlt">generated</span> a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> that caused heavy damage across Samoa, American Samoa, and Tonga islands. Tutuila island, which is located 250 km from the earthquake epicenter, experienced <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> flooding and strong currents on the north and east coasts, causing 34 fatalities (out of 192 total deaths from this <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>) and widespread structural and ecological damage. The surrounding coral reefs also suffered heavy damage. The damage was formally evaluated based on detailed surveys before and immediately after the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. This setting thus provides a unique opportunity to evaluate the relationship between <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> dynamics and coral damage. In this study, estimates of the maximum wave amplitudes and coastal inundation of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> are obtained with the MOST <span class="hlt">model</span> (T itov and S ynolakis, J. Waterway Port Coast Ocean Eng: pp 171, 1998; T itov and G onzalez, NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL PMEL 112:11, 1997), which is now the operational <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> forecast tool used by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The earthquake source function was constrained using the real-time deep-ocean <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> data from three DART® (Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting for <span class="hlt">Tsunamis</span>) systems in the far field, and by tide-gauge observations in the near field. We compare the simulated run-up with observations to evaluate the simulation performance. We present an overall synthesis of the tide-gauge data, survey results of the run-up, inundation measurements, and the datasets of coral damage around the island. These data are used to assess the overall accuracy of the <span class="hlt">model</span> run-up prediction for Tutuila, and to evaluate the <span class="hlt">model</span> accuracy over the coral reef environment during the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> event. Our primary findings are that: (1) MOST-simulated run-up correlates well with observed run-up for this event ( r = 0.8), it tends to underestimated amplitudes over coral reef environment around Tutuila (for 15 of 31 villages, run</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PApGe.173.3663G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PApGe.173.3663G"><span>Introduction to "Global <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Science: Past and Future, Volume I"</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Geist, Eric L.; Fritz, Hermann M.; Rabinovich, Alexander B.; Tanioka, Yuichiro</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Twenty-five papers on the study of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> are included in Volume I of the PAGEOPH topical issue "Global <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Science: Past and Future". Six papers examine various aspects of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> probability and uncertainty analysis related to hazard assessment. Three papers relate to deterministic hazard and risk assessment. Five more papers present new methods for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning and detection. Six papers describe new methods for <span class="hlt">modeling</span> <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hydrodynamics. Two papers investigate <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> <span class="hlt">generated</span> by non-seismic sources: landslides and meteorological disturbances. The final three papers describe important case studies of recent and historical events. Collectively, this volume highlights contemporary trends in global <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> research, both fundamental and applied toward hazard assessment and mitigation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70035147','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70035147"><span>Scenarios for earthquake-<span class="hlt">generated</span> <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> on a complex tectonic area of diffuse deformation and low velocity: The Alboran Sea, Western Mediterranean</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Alvarez-Gomez, J. A.; Aniel-Quiroga, I.; Gonzalez, M.; Olabarrieta, Maitane; Carreno, E.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impact on the Spanish and North African coasts of the Alboran Sea <span class="hlt">generated</span> by several reliable seismic tsunamigenic sources in this area was <span class="hlt">modeled</span>. The tectonic setting is complex and a study of the potential sources from geological data is basic to obtain probable source characteristics. The tectonic structures considered in this study as potentially tsunamigenic are: the Alboran Ridge associated structures, the Carboneras Fault Zone and the Yusuf Fault Zone. We characterized 12 probable tsunamigenic seismic sources in the Alboran Basin based on the results of recent oceanographical studies. The strain rate in the area is low and therefore its seismicity is moderate and cannot be used to infer characteristics of the major seismic sources. These sources have been used as input for the numerical simulation of the wave propagation, based on the solution of the nonlinear shallow water equations through a finite-difference technique. We calculated the Maximum Wave Elevations, and <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Travel Times using the numerical simulations. The results are shown as maps and profiles along the Spanish and African coasts. The sources associated with the Alboran Ridge show the maximum potential to <span class="hlt">generate</span> damaging <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>, with maximum wave elevations in front of the coast exceeding 1.5 m. The Carboneras and Yusuf faults are not capable of <span class="hlt">generating</span> disastrous <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> on their own, although their proximity to the coast could trigger landslides and associated sea disturbances. The areas which are more exposed to the impact of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> <span class="hlt">generated</span> in the Alboran Sea are the Spanish coast between Malaga and Adra, and the African coast between Alhoceima and Melilla.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119833','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119833"><span>Widespread <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-like waves of 23-27 June in the Mediterranean and Black Seas <span class="hlt">generated</span> by high-altitude atmospheric forcing.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Šepić, Jadranka; Vilibić, Ivica; Rabinovich, Alexander B; Monserrat, Sebastian</p> <p>2015-06-29</p> <p>A series of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-like waves of non-seismic origin struck several southern European countries during the period of 23 to 27 June 2014. The event caused considerable damage from Spain to Ukraine. Here, we show that these waves were long-period ocean oscillations known as meteorological <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> which are <span class="hlt">generated</span> by intense small-scale air pressure disturbances. An unique atmospheric synoptic pattern was tracked propagating eastward over the Mediterranean and the Black seas in synchrony with onset times of observed <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves. This pattern favoured <span class="hlt">generation</span> and propagation of atmospheric gravity waves that induced pronounced <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-like waves through the Proudman resonance mechanism. This is the first documented case of a chain of destructive meteorological <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> occurring over a distance of thousands of kilometres. Our findings further demonstrate that these events represent potentially dangerous regional phenomena and should be included in <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning systems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4483776','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4483776"><span>Widespread <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-like waves of 23-27 June in the Mediterranean and Black Seas <span class="hlt">generated</span> by high-altitude atmospheric forcing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Šepić, Jadranka; Vilibić, Ivica; Rabinovich, Alexander B.; Monserrat, Sebastian</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>A series of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-like waves of non-seismic origin struck several southern European countries during the period of 23 to 27 June 2014. The event caused considerable damage from Spain to Ukraine. Here, we show that these waves were long-period ocean oscillations known as meteorological <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> which are <span class="hlt">generated</span> by intense small-scale air pressure disturbances. An unique atmospheric synoptic pattern was tracked propagating eastward over the Mediterranean and the Black seas in synchrony with onset times of observed <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves. This pattern favoured <span class="hlt">generation</span> and propagation of atmospheric gravity waves that induced pronounced <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-like waves through the Proudman resonance mechanism. This is the first documented case of a chain of destructive meteorological <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> occurring over a distance of thousands of kilometres. Our findings further demonstrate that these events represent potentially dangerous regional phenomena and should be included in <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning systems. PMID:26119833</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.5810O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.5810O"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span>-induced boulder transport - combining physical experiments and numerical <span class="hlt">modelling</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Oetjen, Jan; Engel, Max; May, Simon Matthias; Schüttrumpf, Holger; Brueckner, Helmut; Prasad Pudasaini, Shiva</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Coasts are crucial areas for living, economy, recreation, transportation, and various sectors of industry. Many of them are exposed to high-energy wave events. With regard to the ongoing population growth in low-elevation coastal areas, the urgent need for developing suitable management measures, especially for hazards like <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>, becomes obvious. These measures require supporting tools which allow an exact estimation of impact parameters like inundation height, inundation area, and wave energy. Focussing on <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>, geological archives can provide essential information on frequency and magnitude on a longer time scale in order to support coastal hazard management. While fine-grained deposits may quickly be altered after deposition, multi-ton coarse clasts (boulders) may represent an information source on past <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> events with a much higher preservation potential. Applying numerical hydrodynamic coupled boulder transport <span class="hlt">models</span> (BTM) is a commonly used approach to analyse characteristics (e.g. wave height, flow velocity) of the corresponding <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. Correct computations of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> and the induced boulder transport can provide essential event-specific information, including wave heights, runup and direction. Although several valuable numerical <span class="hlt">models</span> for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-induced boulder transport exist (e. g. Goto et al., 2007; Imamura et al., 2008), some important basic aspects of both <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hydrodynamics and corresponding boulder transport have not yet been entirely understood. Therefore, our project aims at these questions in four crucial aspects of boulder transport by a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>: (i) influence of sediment load, (ii) influence of complex boulder shapes other than idealized rectangular shapes, (iii) momentum transfers between multiple boulders, and (iv) influence of non-uniform bathymetries and topographies both on <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> and boulder. The investigation of these aspects in physical experiments and the correct implementation of an advanced <span class="hlt">model</span> is an urgent need</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH23A0203S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH23A0203S"><span>Estimation of the Characterized <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Source <span class="hlt">Model</span> considering the Complicated Shape of <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Source by Using the observed waveforms of GPS Buoys in the Nankai Trough</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Seto, S.; Takahashi, T.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>In the 2011 Tohoku earthquake <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> disaster, the delay of understanding damage situation increased the human damage. To solve this problem, it is important to search the severe damaged areas. The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> numerical <span class="hlt">modeling</span> is useful to estimate damages and the accuracy of simulation depends on the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> source. Seto and Takahashi (2017) proposed a method to estimate the characterized <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> source <span class="hlt">model</span> by using the limited observed data of GPS buoys. The <span class="hlt">model</span> consists of Large slip zone (LSZ), Super large slip zone (SLSZ) and background rupture zone (BZ) as the Cabinet Office, Government of Japan (below COGJ) reported after the Tohoku <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. At the beginning of this method, the rectangular fault <span class="hlt">model</span> is assumed based on the seismic magnitude and hypocenter reported right after an earthquake. By using the fault <span class="hlt">model</span>, <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> propagation is simulated numerically, and the fault <span class="hlt">model</span> is improved after comparing the computed data with the observed data repeatedly. In the comparison, correlation coefficient and regression coefficient are used as indexes. They are calculated with the observed and the computed <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave profiles. This repetition is conducted to get the two coefficients close to 1.0, which makes the precise of the fault <span class="hlt">model</span> higher. However, it was indicated as the improvement that the <span class="hlt">model</span> did not examine a complicated shape of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> source. In this study, we proposed an improved <span class="hlt">model</span> to examine the complicated shape. COGJ(2012) assumed that possible <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> source region in the Nankai trough consisted of the several thousands small faults. And, we use these small faults to estimate the targeted <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> source in this <span class="hlt">model</span>. Therefore, we can estimate the complicated <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> source by using these small faults. The estimation of BZ is carried out as a first step, and LSZ and SLSZ are estimated next as same as the previous <span class="hlt">model</span>. The proposed <span class="hlt">model</span> by using GPS buoy was applied for a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> scenario in the Nankai Trough. As a result</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AGUFM.S53A1036M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AGUFM.S53A1036M"><span>New Theory for <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Propagation and Estimation of <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Source Parameters</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mindlin, I. M.</p> <p>2007-12-01</p> <p> the area R, and the average magnitude of the sea surface displacement at the margin of the wave originating area h are estimated using tide gauges records. The results are compared (and, in the author's opinion, are in line) with the estimates known in the literature. Compared to the methods employed in the literature, there is no need to use bathymetry (and, consequently, refraction diagrams) for the estimations. The present paper follows closely earlier works [Mindlin I.M., 1996; Mindlin I.M. J. Appl. Math. Phys. (ZAMP), 2004, vol.55, pp. 781-799] and adds to their theoretical results. Example. The Hiuganada earthquake of 1968, April, 1, 9h 42m JST. A <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> of moderate size arrived at the coast of the south-western part of Shikoku and the eastern part of Kyushu, Japan. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> parameters listed above are estimated with the theory being discussed for two <span class="hlt">models</span> of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generation</span>: (a) by initial free surface displacement (the case for numerical studies): E=1.91· 1012J, R=22km, h=17.2cm; and (b) by a sudden change in the velocity field of initially still water: E=8.78· 1012J, R=20.4km, h=9.2cm. These values are in line with known estimates [Soloviev S.L., Go Ch.N. Catalogue of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> in the West of Pacific Ocean. Moscow, 1974]: E=1.3· 1013J (attributed to Hatori), E=(1.4 - 2.2)· 1012J (attributed to Aida), R=21.2km, h=20cm [Hatory T., Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst., Tokyo Univ., 1969, vol. 47, pp. 55-63]. Also, estimates are obtained for the values that could not be found based on shallow water wave theory: (a) H=3.43m and (b) H=1.38m, T=16.4sec.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH23A0236S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH23A0236S"><span>Characteristics of Recent <span class="hlt">Tsunamis</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sweeney, A. D.; Eble, M. C.; Mungov, G.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>How long do <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> impact a coast? How often is the largest <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave the first to arrive? How do measurements in the far field differ from those made close to the source? Extending the study of Eblé et al. (2015) who showed the prevalence of a leading negative phase, we assimilate and summarize characteristics of known <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> events recorded on bottom pressure and coastal water level stations throughout the world oceans to answer these and other questions. An extensive repository of data from the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) archive for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-ready U.S. tide gauge stations, housing more than 200 sites going back 10 years are utilized as are some of the more 3000 marigrams (analog or paper tide gauge records) for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> events. The focus of our study is on five <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> <span class="hlt">generated</span> by earthquakes: 2010 Chile (Maule), 2011 East Japan (Tohoku), 2012 Haida Gwaii, 2014 Chile (Iquique), and 2015 Central Chile and one meteorologically <span class="hlt">generated</span> <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> on June 2013 along the U.S. East Coast and Caribbean. Reference: Eblé, M., Mungov, G. & Rabinovich, A. On the Leading Negative Phase of Major 2010-2014 <span class="hlt">Tsunamis</span>. Pure Appl. Geophys. (2015) 172: 3493. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-015-1127-5</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PApGe.tmp.1260R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PApGe.tmp.1260R"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Simulations in the Western Makran Using Hypothetical Heterogeneous Source <span class="hlt">Models</span> from World's Great Earthquakes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rashidi, Amin; Shomali, Zaher Hossein; Keshavarz Farajkhah, Nasser</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>The western segment of Makran subduction zone is characterized with almost no major seismicity and no large earthquake for several centuries. A possible episode for this behavior is that this segment is currently locked accumulating energy to <span class="hlt">generate</span> possible great future earthquakes. Taking into account this assumption, a hypothetical rupture area is considered in the western Makran to set different tsunamigenic scenarios. Slip distribution <span class="hlt">models</span> of four recent tsunamigenic earthquakes, i.e. 2015 Chile M w 8.3, 2011 Tohoku-Oki M w 9.0 (using two different scenarios) and 2006 Kuril Islands M w 8.3, are scaled into the rupture area in the western Makran zone. The numerical <span class="hlt">modeling</span> is performed to evaluate near-field and far-field <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazards. Heterogeneity in slip distribution results in higher <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> amplitudes. However, its effect reduces from local <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> to regional and distant <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. Among all considered scenarios for the western Makran, only a similar tsunamigenic earthquake to the 2011 Tohoku-Oki event can re-produce a significant far-field <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> and is considered as the worst case scenario. The potential of a tsunamigenic source is dominated by the degree of slip heterogeneity and the location of greatest slip on the rupture area. For the scenarios with similar slip patterns, the mean slip controls their relative power. Our conclusions also indicate that along the entire Makran coasts, the southeastern coast of Iran is the most vulnerable area subjected to <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PApGe.175.1325R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PApGe.175.1325R"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Simulations in the Western Makran Using Hypothetical Heterogeneous Source <span class="hlt">Models</span> from World's Great Earthquakes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rashidi, Amin; Shomali, Zaher Hossein; Keshavarz Farajkhah, Nasser</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>The western segment of Makran subduction zone is characterized with almost no major seismicity and no large earthquake for several centuries. A possible episode for this behavior is that this segment is currently locked accumulating energy to <span class="hlt">generate</span> possible great future earthquakes. Taking into account this assumption, a hypothetical rupture area is considered in the western Makran to set different tsunamigenic scenarios. Slip distribution <span class="hlt">models</span> of four recent tsunamigenic earthquakes, i.e. 2015 Chile M w 8.3, 2011 Tohoku-Oki M w 9.0 (using two different scenarios) and 2006 Kuril Islands M w 8.3, are scaled into the rupture area in the western Makran zone. The numerical <span class="hlt">modeling</span> is performed to evaluate near-field and far-field <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazards. Heterogeneity in slip distribution results in higher <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> amplitudes. However, its effect reduces from local <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> to regional and distant <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. Among all considered scenarios for the western Makran, only a similar tsunamigenic earthquake to the 2011 Tohoku-Oki event can re-produce a significant far-field <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> and is considered as the worst case scenario. The potential of a tsunamigenic source is dominated by the degree of slip heterogeneity and the location of greatest slip on the rupture area. For the scenarios with similar slip patterns, the mean slip controls their relative power. Our conclusions also indicate that along the entire Makran coasts, the southeastern coast of Iran is the most vulnerable area subjected to <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMNH11C..07B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMNH11C..07B"><span>The First Real-Time <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Animation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Becker, N. C.; Wang, D.; McCreery, C.; Weinstein, S.; Ward, B.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>For the first time a U.S. <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning center created and issued a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> forecast <span class="hlt">model</span> animation while the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> was still crossing an ocean. Pacific <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warning Center (PTWC) scientists had predicted they would have this ability (Becker et al., 2012) with their RIFT forecast <span class="hlt">model</span> (Wang et al., 2009) by using rapidly-determined W-phase centroid-moment tensor earthquake focal mechanisms as <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> sources in the RIFT <span class="hlt">model</span> (Wang et al., 2012). PTWC then acquired its own YouTube channel in 2013 for its outreach efforts that showed animations of historic <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> (Becker et al., 2013), but could also be a platform for sharing future <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> animations. The 8.2 Mw earthquake of 1 April 2014 prompted PTWC to issue official warnings for a dangerous <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> in Chile, Peru and Ecuador. PTWC ended these warnings five hours later, then issued its new <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> marine hazard product (i.e., no coastal evacuations) for the State of Hawaii. With the international warning canceled but with a domestic hazard still present PTWC <span class="hlt">generated</span> a forecast <span class="hlt">model</span> animation and uploaded it to its YouTube channel six hours before the arrival of the first waves in Hawaii. PTWC also gave copies of this animation to television reporters who in turn passed it on to their national broadcast networks. PTWC then created a version for NOAA's Science on a Sphere system so it could be shown on these exhibits as the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> was still crossing the Pacific Ocean. While it is difficult to determine how many people saw this animation since local, national, and international news networks showed it in their broadcasts, PTWC's YouTube channel provides some statistics. As of 1 August 2014 this animation has garnered more than 650,000 views. Previous animations, typically released during significant anniversaries, rarely get more than 10,000 views, and even then only when external websites share them. Clearly there is a high demand for a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> graphic that shows both the speed and the severity of a</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMNH23C1893G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMNH23C1893G"><span>Analysis of geodetic interseismic coupling <span class="hlt">models</span> to estimate <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation and runup: a study case of Maule seismic gap, Chile</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>González-Carrasco, J. F.; Gonzalez, G.; Aránguiz, R.; Catalan, P. A.; Cienfuegos, R.; Urrutia, A.; Shrivastava, M. N.; Yagi, Y.; Moreno, M.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> inundation maps are a powerful tool to design evacuation plans of coastal communities, additionally can be used as a guide to territorial planning and assessment of structural damages in port facilities and critical infrastructure (Borrero et al., 2003; Barberopoulou et al., 2011; Power et al., 2012; Mueller et al., 2015). The accuracy of inundation estimation is highly correlated with <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> initial conditions, e.g. seafloor vertical deformation, displaced water volume and potential energy (Bolshakova et al., 2011). Usually, the initial conditions are estimated using homogeneous rupture <span class="hlt">models</span> based in historical worst-case scenario. However tsunamigenic events occurred in central Chilean continental margin showed a heterogeneous slip distribution of source with patches of high slip, correlated with fully-coupled interseismic zones (Moreno et al., 2012). The main objective of this work is to evaluate the predictive capacity of interseismic coupling <span class="hlt">models</span> based on geodetic data comparing them with homogeneous fault slip <span class="hlt">model</span> constructed using scaling laws (Blaser et al., 2010) to estimate inundation and runup in coastal areas. To test our hypothesis we select a seismic gap of Maule, where occurred the last large tsunamigenic earthquake in the chilean subduction zone, using the interseismic coupling <span class="hlt">models</span> (ISC) proposed by Moreno et al., 2011 and Métois et al., 2013. We <span class="hlt">generate</span> a slip deficit distribution to build a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> source supported by geological information such as slab depth (Hayes et al., 2012), strike, rake and dip (Dziewonski et al., 1981; Ekström et al., 2012) to <span class="hlt">model</span> <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generation</span>, propagation and shoreline impact using Neowave 2D (Yamazaki et al., 2009). We compare the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> scenario of Mw 8.8, Maule based in coseismic slip distribution proposed by Moreno et al., 2012 with homogeneous and heterogeneous <span class="hlt">models</span> to identify the accuracy of our results with sea level time series and regional runup data (Figure 1). The estimation of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1857i0007B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1857i0007B"><span><span class="hlt">Model</span> validation and error estimation of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> runup using high resolution data in Sadeng Port, Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Basith, Abdul; Prakoso, Yudhono; Kongko, Widjo</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">model</span> using high resolution geometric data is indispensable in efforts to <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> mitigation, especially in <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> prone areas. It is one of the factors that affect the accuracy results of numerical <span class="hlt">modeling</span> of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. Sadeng Port is a new infrastructure in the Southern Coast of Java which could potentially hit by massive <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> from seismic gap. This paper discusses validation and error estimation of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">model</span> created using high resolution geometric data in Sadeng Port. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">model</span> validation uses the height wave of <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Pangandaran 2006 recorded by Tide Gauge of Sadeng. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">model</span> will be used to accommodate the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> numerical <span class="hlt">modeling</span> involves the parameters of earthquake-<span class="hlt">tsunami</span> which is derived from the seismic gap. The validation results using t-test (student) shows that the height of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">modeling</span> results and observation in Tide Gauge of Sadeng are considered statistically equal at 95% confidence level and the value of the RMSE and NRMSE are 0.428 m and 22.12%, while the differences of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave travel time is 12 minutes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.S33G2942G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.S33G2942G"><span>Far-field <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> of 2017 Mw 8.1 Tehuantepec, Mexico earthquake recorded by Chilean tide gauge network: Implications for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>González-Carrasco, J. F.; Benavente, R. F.; Zelaya, C.; Núñez, C.; Gonzalez, G.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The 2017 Mw 8.1, Tehuantepec earthquake <span class="hlt">generated</span> a moderated <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, which was registered in near-field tide gauges network activating a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> threat state for Mexico issued by PTWC. In the case of Chile, the forecast of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves indicate amplitudes less than 0.3 meters above the tide level, advising an informative state of threat, without activation of evacuation procedures. Nevertheless, during sea level monitoring of network we detect wave amplitudes (> 0.3 m) indicating a possible change of threat state. Finally, NTWS maintains informative level of threat based on mathematical filtering analysis of sea level records. After 2010 Mw 8.8, Maule earthquake, the Chilean National <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warning System (NTWS) has increased its observational capabilities to improve early response. Most important operational efforts have focused on strengthening tide gauge network for national area of responsibility. Furthermore, technological initiatives as Integrated <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Prediction and Warning System (SIPAT) has segmented the area of responsibility in blocks to focus early warning and evacuation procedures on most affected coastal areas, while maintaining an informative state for distant areas of near-field earthquake. In the case of far-field events, NTWS follow the recommendations proposed by Pacific <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warning Center (PTWC), including a comprehensive monitoring of sea level records, such as tide gauges and DART (Deep-Ocean Assessment and Reporting of <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span>) buoys, to evaluate the state of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> threat in the area of responsibility. The main objective of this work is to analyze the first-order physical processes involved in the far-field propagation and coastal impact of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, including implications for decision-making of NTWS. To explore our main question, we construct a finite-fault <span class="hlt">model</span> of the 2017, Mw 8.1 Tehuantepec earthquake. We employ the rupture <span class="hlt">model</span> to simulate a transoceanic <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">modeled</span> by Neowave2D. We <span class="hlt">generate</span> synthetic time series at</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.S13E..06W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.S13E..06W"><span>New Measurements and <span class="hlt">Modeling</span> Capability to Improve Real-time Forecast of Cascadia <span class="hlt">Tsunamis</span> along U.S. West Coast</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wei, Y.; Titov, V. V.; Bernard, E. N.; Spillane, M. C.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>The tragedies of 2004 Sumatra and 2011 Tohoku <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> exposed the limits of our knowledge in preparing for devastating <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>, especially in the near field. The 1,100-km coastline of the Pacific coast of North America has tectonic and geological settings similar to Sumatra and Japan. The geological records unambiguously show that the Cascadia fault had caused devastating <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> in the past and this geological process will cause <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> in the future. Existing observational instruments along the Cascadia Subduction Zone are capable of providing <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> data within minutes of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generation</span>. However, this strategy requires separation of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> signals from the overwhelming high-frequency seismic waves produced during a strong earthquake- a real technical challenge for existing operational <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> observational network. A new-<span class="hlt">generation</span> of nano-resolution pressure sensors can provide high temporal resolution of the earthquake and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> signals without loosing precision. The nano-resolution pressure sensor offers a state-of the-science ability to separate earthquake vibrations and other oceanic noise from <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waveforms, paving the way for accurate, early warnings of local <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. This breakthrough underwater technology has been tested and verified for a couple of micro-<span class="hlt">tsunami</span> events (Paros et al., 2011). Real-time forecast of Cascadia <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> is becoming a possibility with the development of nano-tsunameter technology. The present study provides an investigation on optimizing the placement of these new sensors so that the forecast time can be shortened.. The presentation will cover the optimization of an observational array to quickly detect and forecast a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generated</span> by a strong Cascadia earthquake, including short and long rupture scenarios. Lessons learned from the 2011 Tohoku <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> will be examined to demonstrate how we can improve the local forecast using the new technology We expect this study to provide useful guideline for</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AGUFM.V51C1694W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AGUFM.V51C1694W"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warning Protocol for Eruptions of Augustine Volcano, Cook Inlet, Alaska</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Whitmore, P.; Neal, C.; Nyland, D.; Murray, T.; Power, J.</p> <p>2006-12-01</p> <p>Augustine is an island volcano that has <span class="hlt">generated</span> at least one <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. During its January 2006 eruption coastal residents of lower Cook Inlet became concerned about <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> potential. To address this concern, NOAA's West Coast/ Alaska <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warning Center (WC/ATWC) and the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) jointly developed a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning protocol for the most likely scenario for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generation</span> at Augustine: a debris avalanche into the Cook Inlet. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">modeling</span> indicates that a wave <span class="hlt">generated</span> at Augustine volcano could reach coastal communities in approximately 55 minutes. If a shallow seismic event with magnitude greater than 4.5 occurred near Augustine and the AVO had set the level of concern color code to orange or red, the WC/ATWC would immediately issue a warning for the lower Cook Inlet. Given the short <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> travel times involved, potentially affected communities would be provided as much lead time as possible. Large debris avalanches that could trigger a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> in lower Cook Inlet are expected to be accompanied by a strong seismic signal. Seismograms produced by these debris avalanches have unique spectral characteristics. After issuing a warning, the WC/ATWC would compare the observed waveform with known debris avalanches, and would consult with AVO to further evaluate the event using AVO's on-island networks (web cameras, seismic network, etc) to refine or cancel the warning. After the 2006 eruptive phase ended, WC/ATWC, with support from AVO and the University of Alaska <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warning and Environmental Observatory for Alaska program (TWEAK), developed and installed "splash-gauges" which will provide confirmation of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generation</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMNH43A1822G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMNH43A1822G"><span>New Methodology for Computing Subaerial Landslide-<span class="hlt">Tsunamis</span>: Application to the 2015 Tyndall Glacier Landslide, Alaska</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>George, D. L.; Iverson, R. M.; Cannon, C. M.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Landslide-<span class="hlt">generated</span> <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> pose significant hazards to coastal communities and infrastructure, but developing <span class="hlt">models</span> to assess these hazards presents challenges beyond those confronted when <span class="hlt">modeling</span> seismically <span class="hlt">generated</span> <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. We present a new methodology in which our depth-averaged two-phase <span class="hlt">model</span> D-Claw (Proc. Roy. Soc. A, 2014, doi: 10.1098/rspa.2013.0819 and doi:10.1098/rspa.2013.0820) is used to simulate all stages of landslide dynamics and subsequent <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generation</span> and propagation. D-Claw was developed to simulate landslides and debris-flows, but if granular solids are absent, then the D-Claw equations reduce to the shallow-water equations commonly used to <span class="hlt">model</span> <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. Because the <span class="hlt">model</span> describes the evolution of solid and fluid volume fractions, it treats both landslides and <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> as special cases of a more general class of phenomena, and the landslide and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> can be simulated as a single-layer continuum with spatially and temporally evolving solid-grain concentrations. This seamless approach accommodates wave <span class="hlt">generation</span> via mass displacement and longitudinal momentum transfer, the dominant mechanisms producing impulse waves when large subaerial landslides impact relatively shallow bodies of water. To test our methodology, we used D-Claw to <span class="hlt">model</span> a large subaerial landslide and resulting <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> that occurred on October, 17, 2015, in Taan Fjord near the terminus of Tyndall Glacier, Alaska. The estimated landslide volume derived from radiated long-period seismicity (C. Stark (2015), Abstract EP51D-08, AGU Fall Meeting) was about 70-80 million cubic meters. Guided by satellite imagery and this volume estimate, we inferred an approximate landslide basal slip surface, and we used material property values identical to those used in our previous <span class="hlt">modeling</span> of the 2014 Oso, Washington, landslide. With these inputs the <span class="hlt">modeled</span> <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation patterns on shorelines compare well with observations derived from satellite imagery.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatSR...635925S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatSR...635925S"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunamis</span> caused by submarine slope failures along western Great Bahama Bank</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Schnyder, Jara S. D.; Eberli, Gregor P.; Kirby, James T.; Shi, Fengyan; Tehranirad, Babak; Mulder, Thierry; Ducassou, Emmanuelle; Hebbeln, Dierk; Wintersteller, Paul</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>Submarine slope failures are a likely cause for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generation</span> along the East Coast of the United States. Among potential source areas for such <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> are submarine landslides and margin collapses of Bahamian platforms. Numerical <span class="hlt">models</span> of past events, which have been identified using high-resolution multibeam bathymetric data, reveal possible <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impact on Bimini, the Florida Keys, and northern Cuba. <span class="hlt">Tsunamis</span> caused by slope failures with terminal landslide velocity of 20 ms-1 will either dissipate while traveling through the Straits of Florida, or <span class="hlt">generate</span> a maximum wave of 1.5 m at the Florida coast. <span class="hlt">Modeling</span> a worst-case scenario with a calculated terminal landslide velocity <span class="hlt">generates</span> a wave of 4.5 m height. The <span class="hlt">modeled</span> margin collapse in southwestern Great Bahama Bank potentially has a high impact on northern Cuba, with wave heights between 3.3 to 9.5 m depending on the collapse velocity. The short distance and travel time from the source areas to densely populated coastal areas would make the Florida Keys and Miami vulnerable to such low-probability but high-impact events.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_11 --> <div id="page_12" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="221"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27811961','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27811961"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunamis</span> caused by submarine slope failures along western Great Bahama Bank.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Schnyder, Jara S D; Eberli, Gregor P; Kirby, James T; Shi, Fengyan; Tehranirad, Babak; Mulder, Thierry; Ducassou, Emmanuelle; Hebbeln, Dierk; Wintersteller, Paul</p> <p>2016-11-04</p> <p>Submarine slope failures are a likely cause for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generation</span> along the East Coast of the United States. Among potential source areas for such <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> are submarine landslides and margin collapses of Bahamian platforms. Numerical <span class="hlt">models</span> of past events, which have been identified using high-resolution multibeam bathymetric data, reveal possible <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impact on Bimini, the Florida Keys, and northern Cuba. <span class="hlt">Tsunamis</span> caused by slope failures with terminal landslide velocity of 20 ms -1 will either dissipate while traveling through the Straits of Florida, or <span class="hlt">generate</span> a maximum wave of 1.5 m at the Florida coast. <span class="hlt">Modeling</span> a worst-case scenario with a calculated terminal landslide velocity <span class="hlt">generates</span> a wave of 4.5 m height. The <span class="hlt">modeled</span> margin collapse in southwestern Great Bahama Bank potentially has a high impact on northern Cuba, with wave heights between 3.3 to 9.5 m depending on the collapse velocity. The short distance and travel time from the source areas to densely populated coastal areas would make the Florida Keys and Miami vulnerable to such low-probability but high-impact events.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUFMOS43D1334S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUFMOS43D1334S"><span>The Contribution of Coseismic Displacements due to Splay Faults Into the Local Wavefield of the 1964 Alaska <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Suleimani, E.; Ruppert, N.; Fisher, M.; West, D.; Hansen, R.</p> <p>2008-12-01</p> <p>The Alaska Earthquake Information Center conducts <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation mapping for coastal communities in Alaska. For many locations in the Gulf of Alaska, the 1964 <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generated</span> by the Mw9.2 Great Alaska earthquake may be the worst-case <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> scenario. We use the 1964 <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> observations to verify our numerical <span class="hlt">model</span> of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> propagation and runup, therefore it is essential to use an adequate source function of the 1964 earthquake to reduce the level of uncertainty in the <span class="hlt">modeling</span> results. It was shown that the 1964 co-seismic slip occurred both on the megathrust and crustal splay faults (Plafker, 1969). Plafker (2006) suggested that crustal faults were a major contributor to vertical displacements that <span class="hlt">generated</span> local <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves. Using eyewitness arrival times of the highest observed waves, he suggested that the initial <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave was higher and closer to the shore, than if it was <span class="hlt">generated</span> by slip on the megathrust. We conduct a numerical study of two different source functions of the 1964 <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> to test whether the crustal splay faults had significant effects on local <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> runup heights and arrival times. The first source function was developed by Johnson et al. (1996) through joint inversion of the far-field <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waveforms and geodetic data. The authors did not include crustal faults in the inversion, because the contribution of these faults to the far-field <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> was negligible. The second is the new coseismic displacement <span class="hlt">model</span> developed by Suito and Freymueller (2008, submitted). This <span class="hlt">model</span> extends the Montague Island fault farther along the Kenai Peninsula coast and thus reduces slip on the megathrust in that region. We also use an improved geometry of the Patton Bay fault based on the deep crustal seismic reflection and earthquake data. We propagate <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves <span class="hlt">generated</span> by both source <span class="hlt">models</span> across the Pacific Ocean and record wave amplitudes at the locations of the tide gages that recorded the 1964 <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. As expected, the two</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1223169','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1223169"><span>Can Asteroid Airbursts Cause Dangerous <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span>?.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Boslough, Mark B.</p> <p></p> <p>I have performed a series of high-resolution hydrocode simulations to <span class="hlt">generate</span> “source functions” for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> simulations as part of a proof-of-principle effort to determine whether or not the downward momentum from an asteroid airburst can couple energy into a dangerous <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> in deep water. My new CTH simulations show enhanced momentum multiplication relative to a nuclear explosion of the same yield. Extensive sensitivity and convergence analyses demonstrate that results are robust and repeatable for simulations with sufficiently high resolution using adaptive mesh refinement. I have provided surface overpressure and wind velocity fields to <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">modelers</span> to use as time-dependent boundarymore » conditions and to test the hypothesis that this mechanism can enhance the strength of the resulting shallow-water wave. The enhanced momentum result suggests that coupling from an over-water plume-forming airburst could be a more efficient <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> source mechanism than a collapsing impact cavity or direct air blast alone, but not necessarily due to the originally-proposed mechanism. This result has significant implications for asteroid impact risk assessment and airburst-<span class="hlt">generated</span> <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> will be the focus of a NASA-sponsored workshop at the Ames Research Center next summer, with follow-on funding expected.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AIPC.1658e0004M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AIPC.1658e0004M"><span>Risk mapping and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> mitigation in Gunungkidul area, Yogyakarta</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mardiatno, Djati; Sunarto, WF, Lies Rahayu; Saptadi, Gatot; Ayuningtyas, Efrinda Ari</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>Coastal area of Gunungkidul Regency is one of the areas prone to <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> in Indonesia. In contrary, currently, this area is very intensively developed as one of the favourite tourism destination. This paper is aimed at explaining <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> risk and a mitigation type in Gunungkidul Area, Yogyakarta. Digital elevation <span class="hlt">model</span> (DEM) and coastal morphology were used to <span class="hlt">generate</span> <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard map. Vulnerability was analysed by utilizing land use data. Information from previous studies (e.g. from GTZ) were also considered for analysis. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> risk was classified into three classes, i.e. high risk, medium risk, and low risk and visualized in the form of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> risk map. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> risk map is a tool which can be used as disaster reduction instrument, such as for evacuation routes planning. Based on the preliminary results of this research, it is clear that <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> risk in this area is varied depend on the morphological condition of the location. There are five coastal area selected as the location, i.e. Ngrenehan, Baron, Sepanjang, PulangSawal, and Sadeng. All locations have the high risk zone to <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, especially for bay area. Evacuation routes were <span class="hlt">generated</span> for all locations by considering the local landscape condition. There are several differences of evacuation ways for each location.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMNH13A3718S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMNH13A3718S"><span>Inundation Mapping and Hazard Assessment of Tectonic and Landslide <span class="hlt">Tsunamis</span> in Southeast Alaska</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Suleimani, E.; Nicolsky, D.; Koehler, R. D., III</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>The Alaska Earthquake Center conducts <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation mapping for coastal communities in Alaska, and is currently focused on the southeastern region and communities of Yakutat, Elfin Cove, Gustavus and Hoonah. This activity provides local emergency officials with <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard assessment, planning, and mitigation tools. At-risk communities are distributed along several segments of the Alaska coastline, each having a unique seismic history and potential <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard. Thus, a critical component of our project is accurate identification and characterization of potential tectonic and landslide <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> sources. The primary tectonic element of Southeast Alaska is the Fairweather - Queen Charlotte fault system, which has ruptured in 5 large strike-slip earthquakes in the past 100 years. The 1958 "Lituya Bay" earthquake triggered a large landslide into Lituya Bay that <span class="hlt">generated</span> a 540-m-high wave. The M7.7 Haida Gwaii earthquake of October 28, 2012 occurred along the same fault, but was associated with dominantly vertical motion, <span class="hlt">generating</span> a local <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. Communities in Southeast Alaska are also vulnerable to hazards related to locally <span class="hlt">generated</span> waves, due to proximity of communities to landslide-prone fjords and frequent earthquakes. The primary mechanisms for local <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generation</span> are failure of steep rock slopes due to relaxation of internal stresses after deglaciation, and failure of thick unconsolidated sediments accumulated on underwater delta fronts at river mouths. We numerically <span class="hlt">model</span> potential <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves and inundation extent that may result from future hypothetical far- and near-field earthquakes and landslides. We perform simulations for each source scenario using the Alaska <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">Model</span>, which is validated through a set of analytical benchmarks and tested against laboratory and field data. Results of numerical <span class="hlt">modeling</span> combined with historical observations are compiled on inundation maps and used for site-specific <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard assessment by</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PApGe.174.3123A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PApGe.174.3123A"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Hazard in La Réunion Island (SW Indian Ocean): Scenario-Based Numerical <span class="hlt">Modelling</span> on Vulnerable Coastal Sites</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Allgeyer, S.; Quentel, É.; Hébert, H.; Gailler, A.; Loevenbruck, A.</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>Several major <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> have affected the southwest Indian Ocean area since the 2004 Sumatra event, and some of them (2005, 2006, 2007 and 2010) have hit La Réunion Island in the southwest Indian Ocean. However, <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard is not well defined for La Réunion Island where vulnerable coastlines can be exposed. This study offers a first <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard assesment for La Réunion Island. We first review the historical <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> observations made on the coastlines, where high <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves (2-3 m) have been reported on the western coast, especially during the 2004 Indian Ocean <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. Numerical <span class="hlt">models</span> of historical scenarios yield results consistent with available observations on the coastal sites (the harbours of La Pointe des Galets and Saint-Paul). The 1833 Pagai earthquake and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> can be considered as the worst-case historical scenario for this area. In a second step, we assess the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> exposure by covering the major subduction zones with syntethic events of constant magnitude (8.7, 9.0 and 9.3). The aggregation of magnitude 8.7 scenarios all <span class="hlt">generate</span> strong currents in the harbours (3-7 m s^{-1}) and about 2 m of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> maximum height without significant inundation. The analysis of the magnitude 9.0 events confirms that the main commercial harbour (Port Est) is more vulnerable than Port Ouest and that flooding in Saint-Paul is limited to the beach area and the river mouth. Finally, the magnitude 9.3 scenarios show limited inundations close to the beach and in the riverbed in Saint-Paul. More generally, the results confirm that for La Runion, the Sumatra subduction zone is the most threatening non-local source area for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generation</span>. This study also shows that far-field coastal sites should be prepared for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard and that further work is needed to improve operational warning procedures. Forecast methods should be developed to provide tools to enable the authorities to anticipate the local effects of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> and to evacuate the harbours in</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMNH43B1851L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMNH43B1851L"><span>Evaluation of <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Hazards in Kuwait from Possible Earthquake and Landslide Sources considering Effect of Natural Tide</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Latcharote, P.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Kuwait is one of the most important oil producers to the world and most of population and many vital facilities are located along the coasts. However, even with low or unknown <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> risk, it is important to investigate <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazards in this country to ensure safety of life and sustain the global economy. This study aimed to evaluate <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazards along the coastal areas of Kuwait from both earthquake and landslide sources using numerical <span class="hlt">modeling</span>. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generation</span> and propagation was simulated using the two-layer <span class="hlt">model</span> and the TUNAMI <span class="hlt">model</span>. Four cases of earthquake scenarios are expected to <span class="hlt">generate</span> <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> along the Makran Subduction Zone (MSZ) based on historical events and worst cases possible to simulate <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> propagation to the coastal areas of the Arabian Gulf. Case 1 (Mw 8.3) and Case 2 (Mw 8.3) are the replication of the 1945 Makran earthquake, whereas Case 3 (Mw 8.6) and Case 4 (Mw 9.0) are the worst-case scenarios. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> numerical simulation was <span class="hlt">modelled</span> with mesh size 30 arc-second using bathymetry and topography data from GEBCO. Preliminary results suggested that <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> <span class="hlt">generated</span> by Case 1 and Case 2 will impose very small effects to Kuwait (< 0.1 m) while Case 3 and Case 4 can <span class="hlt">generate</span> maximum <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> amplitude up to 0.3 m to 1.0 m after 12 hours from the earthquake. In addition, this study considered <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> <span class="hlt">generated</span> by landslide along the opposite Iranian coast of Kuwait bay. To preliminarily assess <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazards, coastal landslides were assumed occurred at the volume of 1.0-2.0 km3 at three possible locations from their topographic features. The preliminary results revealed that <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generated</span> by coastal landslides could impose a significant <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impact to Kuwait having maximum <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> amplitude at the Falika Island in front of Kuwait bay and Azzour power and desalination plant about 0.5 m- 1.1 m depending on landslide volume and energy dissipation. Future works will include more accuracy of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> numerical simulation with</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EGUGA..12.2547Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EGUGA..12.2547Z"><span>Estimates of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> damage for Russian coast of the Black Sea</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zaytsev, Andrey; Yalciner, Ahmet; Pelinovsky, Efim</p> <p>2010-05-01</p> <p>The historic database of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> in the Black Sea contains 20 - 30 events with different level of validity, and at least six events occurred in 20th century. Numerical <span class="hlt">modeling</span> of the last historic events is performed in the framework of shallow-water theory with use of code NAMI-DANCE. The computed tide-gauge records in Russian coastal locations are in good agreement with instrumental data for the 1939 and 1966 <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> of the landslide origin occurred in Sochi in 1970 is <span class="hlt">modeled</span> in the framework of the two-layer <span class="hlt">model</span> realized in TUNAMI. Also, some hypothetic <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> <span class="hlt">generated</span> in the open part of the Black Sea are computed and the distribution of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> height along the Russian and Turkish coast ais found. In particular, the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> amplification near Sochi is highest to compare with other coastal locations on the Russian coast of Black Sea.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMNH23E..07W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMNH23E..07W"><span>Pedestrian flow-path <span class="hlt">modeling</span> to support <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-evacuation planning</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wood, N. J.; Jones, J. M.; Schmidtlein, M.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>Near-field <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazards are credible threats to many coastal communities throughout the world. Along the U.S. Pacific Northwest coast, low-lying areas could be inundated by a series of catastrophic <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> potentially arriving in a matter of minutes following a Cascadia subduction zone (CSZ) earthquake. We developed a geospatial-<span class="hlt">modeling</span> method for characterizing pedestrian-evacuation flow paths and evacuation basins to support evacuation and relief planning efforts for coastal communities in this region. We demonstrate this approach using the coastal communities of Aberdeen, Hoquiam, and Cosmopolis in southwestern Grays Harbor County, Washington (USA), where previous research suggests approximately 20,500 people (99% of the residents in <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-hazard zones) will likely have enough time to evacuate before <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-wave arrival. Geospatial, anisotropic, path distance <span class="hlt">models</span> were developed to map the most efficient pedestrian paths to higher ground from locations within the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-hazard zone. This information was then used to identify evacuation basins, outlining neighborhoods sharing a common evacuation pathway to safety. We then estimated the number of people traveling along designated evacuation pathways and arriving at pre-determined safe assembly areas, helping determine shelter demand and relief support (e.g., for elderly individuals or tourists). Finally, we assessed which paths may become inaccessible due to earthquake-induced ground failures, a factor which may impact an individual's success in reaching safe ground. The presentation will include a discussion of the implications of our analysis for developing more comprehensive coastal community <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-evacuation planning strategies worldwide.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70030808','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70030808"><span>Case study: Mapping <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazards associated with debris flow into a reservoir</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Walder, J.S.; Watts, P.; Waythomas, C.F.</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>Debris-flow <span class="hlt">generated</span> impulse waves (<span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>) pose hazards in lakes, especially those used for hydropower or recreation. We describe a method for assessing <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-related hazards for the case in which inundation by coherent water waves, rather than chaotic splashing, is of primary concern. The method involves an experimentally based initial condition (<span class="hlt">tsunami</span> source) and a Boussinesq <span class="hlt">model</span> for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> propagation and inundation. <span class="hlt">Model</span> results are used to create hazard maps that offer guidance for emergency planners and responders. An example application explores <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazards associated with potential debris flows entering Baker Lake, a reservoir on the flanks of the Mount Baker volcano in the northwestern United States. ?? 2006 ASCE.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PApGe.tmp.1271C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PApGe.tmp.1271C"><span>The 2017 México <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Record, Numerical <span class="hlt">Modeling</span> and Threat Assessment in Costa Rica</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chacón-Barrantes, Silvia</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>An M w 8.2 earthquake and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> occurred offshore the Pacific coast of México on 2017-09-08, at 04:49 UTC. Costa Rican tide gauges have registered a total of 21 local, regional and far-field <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. The Quepos gauge registered 12 <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> between 1960 and 2014 before it was relocated inside a harbor by late 2014, where it registered two more <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. This paper analyzes the 2017 México <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> as recorded by the Quepos gauge. It took 2 h for the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> to arrive to Quepos, with a first peak height of 9.35 cm and a maximum amplitude of 18.8 cm occurring about 6 h later. As a decision support tool, this <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> was <span class="hlt">modeled</span> for Quepos in real time using ComMIT (Community <span class="hlt">Model</span> Interface for <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span>) with the finer grid having a resolution of 1 arcsec ( 30 m). However, the <span class="hlt">model</span> did not replicate the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> record well, probably due to the lack of a finer and more accurate bathymetry. In 2014, the National <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Monitoring System of Costa Rica (SINAMOT) was created, acting as a national <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning center. The occurrence of the 2017 México <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> raised concerns about warning dissemination mechanisms for most coastal communities in Costa Rica, due to its short travel time.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70179086','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70179086"><span>Introduction to “Global <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> science: Past and future, Volume I”</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Geist, Eric L.; Fritz, Hermann; Rabinovich, Alexander B.; Tanioka, Yuichiro</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Twenty-five papers on the study of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> are included in Volume I of the PAGEOPH topical issue “Global <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Science: Past and Future”. Six papers examine various aspects of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> probability and uncertainty analysis related to hazard assessment. Three papers relate to deterministic hazard and risk assessment. Five more papers present new methods for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning and detection. Six papers describe new methods for <span class="hlt">modeling</span> <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hydrodynamics. Two papers investigate <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> <span class="hlt">generated</span> by non-seismic sources: landslides and meteorological disturbances. The final three papers describe important case studies of recent and historical events. Collectively, this volume highlights contemporary trends in global <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> research, both fundamental and applied toward hazard assessment and mitigation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26PSL.458..213L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26PSL.458..213L"><span>The effect of compliant prisms on subduction zone earthquakes and <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lotto, Gabriel C.; Dunham, Eric M.; Jeppson, Tamara N.; Tobin, Harold J.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Earthquakes <span class="hlt">generate</span> <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> by coseismically deforming the seafloor, and that deformation is largely controlled by the shallow rupture process. Therefore, in order to better understand how earthquakes <span class="hlt">generate</span> <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>, one must consider the material structure and frictional properties of the shallowest part of the subduction zone, where ruptures often encounter compliant sedimentary prisms. Compliant prisms have been associated with enhanced shallow slip, seafloor deformation, and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> heights, particularly in the context of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> earthquakes. To rigorously quantify the role compliant prisms play in <span class="hlt">generating</span> <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>, we perform a series of numerical simulations that directly couple dynamic rupture on a dipping thrust fault to the elastodynamic response of the Earth and the acoustic response of the ocean. Gravity is included in our simulations in the context of a linearized Eulerian description of the ocean, which allows us to <span class="hlt">model</span> <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generation</span> and propagation, including dispersion and related nonhydrostatic effects. Our simulations span a three-dimensional parameter space of prism size, prism compliance, and sub-prism friction - specifically, the rate-and-state parameter b - a that determines velocity-weakening or velocity-strengthening behavior. We find that compliant prisms generally slow rupture velocity and, for larger prisms, <span class="hlt">generate</span> <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> more efficiently than subduction zones without prisms. In most but not all cases, larger, more compliant prisms cause greater amounts of shallow slip and larger <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. Furthermore, shallow friction is also quite important in determining overall slip; increasing sub-prism b - a enhances slip everywhere along the fault. Counterintuitively, we find that in simulations with large prisms and velocity-strengthening friction at the base of the prism, increasing prism compliance reduces rather than enhances shallow slip and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave height.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PApGe.174.2945C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PApGe.174.2945C"><span>Numerical Simulations of the 1991 Limón <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span>, Costa Rica Caribbean Coast</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chacón-Barrantes, Silvia; Zamora, Natalia</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>The second largest recorded <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> along the Caribbean margin of Central America occurred 25 years ago. On April 22nd, 1991, an earthquake with magnitude Mw 7.6 ruptured along the thrust faults that form the North Panamá Deformed Belt (NPDB). The earthquake triggered a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> that affected the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica and Panamá within few minutes, <span class="hlt">generating</span> two casualties. These are the only deaths caused by a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> in Costa Rica. Coseismic uplift up to 1.6 m and runup values larger than 2 m were measured along some coastal sites. Here, we consider three solutions for the seismic source as initial conditions to <span class="hlt">model</span> the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, each considering a single rupture plane. We performed numerical <span class="hlt">modeling</span> of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> propagation and runup using NEOWAVE numerical <span class="hlt">model</span> (Yamazaki et al. in Int J Numer Methods Fluids 67:2081-2107, 2010, doi: 10.1002/fld.2485 ) on a system of nested grids from the entire Caribbean Sea to Limón city. The <span class="hlt">modeled</span> surface deformation and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> runup agreed with the measured data along most of the coastal sites with one preferred <span class="hlt">model</span> that fits the field data. The <span class="hlt">model</span> results are useful to determine how the 1991 <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> could have affected regions where <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> records were not preserved and to simulate the effects of the coastal surface deformations as buffer to <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. We also performed <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">modeling</span> to simulate the consequences if a similar event with larger magnitude Mw 7.9 occurs offshore the southern Costa Rican Caribbean coast. Such event would <span class="hlt">generate</span> maximum wave heights of more than 5 m showing that Limón and northwestern Panamá coastal areas are exposed to moderate-to-large <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. These simulations considering historical events and maximum credible scenarios can be useful for hazard assessment and also as part of studies leading to <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> evacuation maps and mitigation plans, even when that is not the scope of this paper.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMNH23C1890I','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMNH23C1890I"><span>Preliminary <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard assessment in British Columbia, Canada</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Insua, T. L.; Grilli, A. R.; Grilli, S. T.; Shelby, M. R.; Wang, K.; Gao, D.; Cherniawsky, J. Y.; Harris, J. C.; Heesemann, M.; McLean, S.; Moran, K.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>Ocean Networks Canada (ONC), a not-for-profit initiative by the University of Victoria that operates several cabled ocean observatories, is developing a new <span class="hlt">generation</span> of ocean observing systems (referred to as Smart Ocean Systems™), involving advanced undersea observation technologies, data networks and analytics. The ONC <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> project is a Smart Ocean Systems™ project that addresses the need for a near-field <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> detection system for the coastal areas of British Columbia. Recent studies indicate that there is a 40-80% probability over the next 50 for a significant <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impacting the British Columbia (BC) coast with runups higher than 1.5 m. The NEPTUNE cabled ocean observatory, operated by ONC off of the west coast of British Columbia, could be used to detect near-field <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> events with existing instrumentation, including seismometers and bottom pressure recorders. As part of this project, new <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> simulations are underway for the BC coast. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> propagation is being simulated with the FUNWAVE-TVD <span class="hlt">model</span>, for a suite of new source <span class="hlt">models</span> representing Cascadia megathrust rupture scenarios. Simulations are performed by one-way coupling in a series of nested <span class="hlt">model</span> grids (from the source to the BC coast), whose bathymetry was developed based on digital elevation maps (DEMs) of the area, to estimate both <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> arrival time and coastal runup/inundation for different locations. Besides inundation, maps of additional parameters such as maximum current are being developed, that will aid in <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard assessment and risk mitigation, as well as developing evacuation plans. We will present initial results of this work for the Port Alberni inlet, in particular Ucluelet, based on new source <span class="hlt">models</span> developed using the best available data. We will also present a <span class="hlt">model</span> validation using measurements of the 2011 transpacific Tohoku-oki <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> recorded in coastal BC by several instruments from various US and Canadian agencies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70168678','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70168678"><span>The Pacific <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Pararas-Carayannis, G.</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>The impact of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> on human societies can be traced back in written history to 480 BC, when the Minoan civilization in the Eastern Mediterranean was wiped out by great <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves <span class="hlt">generated</span> by the volcanic explosion of the island of Santorin. In the Pacific Ocean where the majority of these waves have been <span class="hlt">generated</span>, the historical record, although brief, shows tremendous destruction. In Japan which has one of the most populated coastal regions in the world and a long history of earthquake activity, <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> have destroyed entire coastal communities. There is also history of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> destruction in Alaska, in Hawaiian Islands, and in South America. </p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PApGe.tmp..437G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PApGe.tmp..437G"><span>Coastal Amplification Laws for the French <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warning Center: Numerical <span class="hlt">Modeling</span> and Fast Estimate of <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Wave Heights Along the French Riviera</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gailler, A.; Hébert, H.; Schindelé, F.; Reymond, D.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">modeling</span> tools in the French <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> Warning Center operational context provide rapidly derived warning levels with a dimensionless variable at basin scale. A new forecast method based on coastal amplification laws has been tested to estimate the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> onshore height, with a focus on the French Riviera test-site (Nice area). This fast prediction tool provides a coastal <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> height distribution, calculated from the numerical simulation of the deep ocean <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> amplitude and using a transfer function derived from the Green's law. Due to a lack of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> observations in the western Mediterranean basin, coastal amplification parameters are here defined regarding high resolution nested grids simulations. The preliminary results for the Nice test site on the basis of nine historical and synthetic sources show a good agreement with the time-consuming high resolution <span class="hlt">modeling</span>: the linear approximation is obtained within 1 min in general and provides estimates within a factor of two in amplitude, although the resonance effects in harbors and bays are not reproduced. In Nice harbor especially, variation in <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> amplitude is something that cannot be really assessed because of the magnitude range and maximum energy azimuth of possible events to account for. However, this method is well suited for a fast first estimate of the coastal <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> threat forecast.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH23A0198G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH23A0198G"><span>Coastal amplification laws for the French <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> Warning Center: numerical <span class="hlt">modeling</span> and fast estimate of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave heights along the French Riviera</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gailler, A.; Schindelé, F.; Hebert, H.; Reymond, D.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">modeling</span> tools in the French <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> Warning Center operational context provide for now warning levels with a no dimension scale, and at basin scale. A new forecast method based on coastal amplification laws has been tested to estimate the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> onshore height, with a focus on the French Riviera test-site (Nice area). This fast prediction tool provides a coastal <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> height distribution, calculated from the numerical simulation of the deep ocean <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> amplitude and using a transfer function derived from the Green's law. Due to a lack of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> observation in the western Mediterranean basin, coastal amplification parameters are here defined regarding high resolution nested grids simulations. The first encouraging results for the Nice test site on the basis of 9 historical and fake sources show a good agreement with the time-consuming high resolution <span class="hlt">modeling</span>: the linear approximation provides within in general 1 minute estimates less a factor of 2 in amplitude, although the resonance effects in harbors and bays are not reproduced. In Nice harbor especially, variation in <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> amplitude is something that cannot be really appreciated because of the magnitude range and maximum energy azimuth of possible events to account for. However, this method suits well for a fast first estimate of the coastal <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> threat forecast.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PApGe.175.1429G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PApGe.175.1429G"><span>Coastal Amplification Laws for the French <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warning Center: Numerical <span class="hlt">Modeling</span> and Fast Estimate of <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Wave Heights Along the French Riviera</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gailler, A.; Hébert, H.; Schindelé, F.; Reymond, D.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">modeling</span> tools in the French <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> Warning Center operational context provide rapidly derived warning levels with a dimensionless variable at basin scale. A new forecast method based on coastal amplification laws has been tested to estimate the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> onshore height, with a focus on the French Riviera test-site (Nice area). This fast prediction tool provides a coastal <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> height distribution, calculated from the numerical simulation of the deep ocean <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> amplitude and using a transfer function derived from the Green's law. Due to a lack of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> observations in the western Mediterranean basin, coastal amplification parameters are here defined regarding high resolution nested grids simulations. The preliminary results for the Nice test site on the basis of nine historical and synthetic sources show a good agreement with the time-consuming high resolution <span class="hlt">modeling</span>: the linear approximation is obtained within 1 min in general and provides estimates within a factor of two in amplitude, although the resonance effects in harbors and bays are not reproduced. In Nice harbor especially, variation in <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> amplitude is something that cannot be really assessed because of the magnitude range and maximum energy azimuth of possible events to account for. However, this method is well suited for a fast first estimate of the coastal <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> threat forecast.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMNH41A1753T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMNH41A1753T"><span>Defining <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Magnitude as Measure of Potential Impact</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Titov, V. V.; Tang, L.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The goal of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> forecast, as a system for predicting potential impact of a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> at coastlines, requires quick estimate of a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> magnitude. This goal has been recognized since the beginning of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> research. The work of Kajiura, Soloviev, Abe, Murty, and many others discussed several scales for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> magnitude based on estimates of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> energy. However, difficulties of estimating <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> energy based on available <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> measurements at coastal sea-level stations has carried significant uncertainties and has been virtually impossible in real time, before <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impacts coastlines. The slow process of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> magnitude estimates, including collection of vast amount of available coastal sea-level data from affected coastlines, made it impractical to use any <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> magnitude scales in <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning operations. Uncertainties of estimates made <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> magnitudes difficult to use as universal scale for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> analysis. Historically, the earthquake magnitude has been used as a proxy of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impact estimates, since real-time seismic data is available of real-time processing and ample amount of seismic data is available for an elaborate post event analysis. This measure of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impact carries significant uncertainties in quantitative <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impact estimates, since the relation between the earthquake and <span class="hlt">generated</span> <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> energy varies from case to case. In this work, we argue that current <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> measurement capabilities and real-time <span class="hlt">modeling</span> tools allow for establishing robust <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> magnitude that will be useful for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning as a quick estimate for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impact and for post-event analysis as a universal scale for <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> inter-comparison. We present a method for estimating the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> magnitude based on <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> energy and present application of the magnitude analysis for several historical events for inter-comparison with existing methods.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_12 --> <div id="page_13" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="241"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH23A0218O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH23A0218O"><span>Landslide <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Hazard in Madeira Island, NE Atlantic - Numerical Simulation of the 4 March 1930 <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Omira, R.; Baptista, M. A.; Quartau, R.; Ramalho, M. I.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Madeira, the main Island of the Madeira Archipelago with an area of 728 km2, is a North East Atlantic volcanic Island highly susceptible to cliff instability. Historical records contain accounts of a number of mass-wasting events along the Island, namely in 1969, 1804, 1929 and 1930. Collapses of cliffs are major hazards in oceanic Islands as they involve relatively large volumes of material, <span class="hlt">generating</span> fast running debris avalanches, and even cause destructive <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> when entering the sea. On March 4th, 1930, a sector of the Cape Girão cliff, located in the southern shore of Madeira Island, collapsed into the sea and <span class="hlt">generated</span> an 8 m <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave height. The landslide-induced <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> propagated along Madeirás south coast and flooded the Vigário beach, 200-300 m of inundation extent, causing 20 casualties. In this study, we investigate the 1930 subaerial landslide-induced <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> and its impact on the nearest coasts using numerical <span class="hlt">modelling</span>. We first reconstruct the pre-event morphology of the area, and then simulate the initial movement of the sliding mass, the propagation of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave and the inundation of the coast. We use a multi-layer numerical <span class="hlt">model</span>, in which the lower layer represents the deformable slide, assumed to be a visco-plastic fluid, and bounded above by air, in the subaerial motion phase, and by seawater governed by shallow water equations. The results of the simulation are compared with the historical descriptions of the event to calibrate the numerical <span class="hlt">model</span> and evaluate the coastal impact of a similar event in present-day coastline configuration of the Island. This work is supported by FCT- project UID/GEO/50019/2013 - Instituto Dom Luiz and by TROYO project.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004AGUFMOS23B1315V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004AGUFMOS23B1315V"><span>Pyroclastic Flow <span class="hlt">Generated</span> <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Waves Detected by CALIPSO Borehole Strainmeters at Soufriere Hills, Montserrat During Massive Dome Collapse: Numerical Simulations and Observations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>van Boskirk, E. J.; Voight, B.; Watts, P.; Widiwijayanti, C.; Mattioli, G. S.; Elsworth, D.; Hidayat, D.; Linde, A.; Malin, P.; Neuberg, J.; Sacks, S.; Shalev, E.; Sparks, R. J.; Young, S. R.</p> <p>2004-12-01</p> <p>The July 12-13, 2003 eruption (dome collapse plus explosions) of Soufriere Hills Volcano in Montserrat, WI, is the largest historical lava dome collapse with ˜120 million cubic meters of the dome lost. Pyroclastic flows entered the sea at 18:00 AST 12 July at the Tar River Valley (TRV) and continued until the early hours of 13 July. Low-amplitude <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> were reported at Antigua and Guadaloupe soon after the dome collapse. At the time of eruption, four CALIPSO borehole-monitoring stations were in the process of being installed, and three very-broad-band Sacks-Evertson dilatometers were operational and recorded the event at 50 sps. The strongest strain signals were recorded at the Trants site, 5 km north of the TRV entry zone, suggesting <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves >1 m high. Debris strandlines closer to TRV recorded runup heights as much as 8 m. We test the hypothesis that the strain signal is related to <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves <span class="hlt">generated</span> by successive pyroclastic flows induced during the dome collapse. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> simulation <span class="hlt">models</span> have been <span class="hlt">generated</span> using GEOWAVE, which uses simple physics to recreate waves <span class="hlt">generated</span> by idealized pyroclastic flows entering the sea at TRV. Each simulation run contains surface wave amplitude gauges located in key positions to the three borehole sites. These simulated wave amplitudes and periods are compared quantitatively with the data recorded by the dilatometers and with field observations of wave runup, to elucidate the dynamics of pyroclastic flow <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> genesis and its propagation in shallow ocean water.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMNH31D..08T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMNH31D..08T"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> hazard assessment along the U. S. East Coast</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tajalli Bakhsh, T.; Grilli, S. T.; Harris, J. C.; Kirby, J. T.; Shi, F.; Tehranirad, B.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>In 2005, the National <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Hazard Mitigation Program (NTHMP) was tasked by Congress to develop <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation maps for the entire US coastline. This work provides an overview of the <span class="hlt">modeling</span> work related to the development inundation maps along the US east coast. In this region the paucity of historical <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> records and lack of paleotsunami observations yields a large uncertainty on the source and magnitude of potential extreme <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> events, and their related coastal hazard. In the Atlantic Ocean basin significant <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard may result from far-field earthquakes, such as a repeat of the M8.9 Lisbon 1755 event in the Azores convergence zone, or a hypothetical extreme M9 earthquake in the Puerto Rico Trench (PRT). Additionally, it is believed that a repeat of one of the large historical collapses, identified at the toe of the Cumbre Vieja volcano on La Palma (Canary Islands; i.e., with a maximum volume of 450 km3), could pose a major <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard to the entire US east coast. Finally, in the near-field, large submarine mass failure (SMF) scars have been mapped by USGS, particularly North of the Carolinas (e.g., Currituck), which are believed to have caused past <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. Large SMFs can be triggered by moderate seismicity (M7 or so), such as can occur on the east coast. In fact, one of the few historical <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> that significantly affected this region was caused by the 1929 Grand Bank underwater slide, which was triggered by a M7.2 earthquake. In this work we identify and parameterize all potential <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> sources affecting the US east coast, and perform simulations of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generation</span>, propagation, and coastal impact in a series of increasingly resolved nested grids. Following this methodology, <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation maps are currently being developed for a few of the most affected areas. In simulations, we use a robust and well-validated Fully Nonlinear Boussinesq long-wave <span class="hlt">model</span> (FUNWAVE-TVD), on Cartesian or spherical grids. Coseismic <span class="hlt">tsunami</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PApGe.175.1231R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PApGe.175.1231R"><span>Introduction to "Global <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Science: Past and Future, Volume III"</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rabinovich, Alexander B.; Fritz, Hermann M.; Tanioka, Yuichiro; Geist, Eric L.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>Twenty papers on the study of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> are included in Volume III of the PAGEOPH topical issue "Global <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Science: Past and Future". Volume I of this topical issue was published as PAGEOPH, vol. 173, No. 12, 2016 and Volume II as PAGEOPH, vol. 174, No. 8, 2017. Two papers in Volume III focus on specific details of the 2009 Samoa and the 1923 northern Kamchatka <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>; they are followed by three papers related to <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard assessment for three different regions of the world oceans: South Africa, Pacific coast of Mexico and the northwestern part of the Indian Ocean. The next six papers are on various aspects of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hydrodynamics and numerical <span class="hlt">modelling</span>, including <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> edge waves, resonant behaviour of compressible water layer during tsunamigenic earthquakes, dispersive properties of seismic and volcanically <span class="hlt">generated</span> <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves, <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> runup on a vertical wall and influence of earthquake rupture velocity on maximum <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> runup. Four papers discuss problems of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning and real-time forecasting for Central America, the Mediterranean coast of France, the coast of Peru, and some general problems regarding the optimum use of the DART buoy network for effective real-time <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning in the Pacific Ocean. Two papers describe historical and paleotsunami studies in the Russian Far East. The final set of three papers importantly investigates <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> <span class="hlt">generated</span> by non-seismic sources: asteroid airburst and meteorological disturbances. Collectively, this volume highlights contemporary trends in global <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> research, both fundamental and applied toward hazard assessment and mitigation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28811887','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28811887"><span>Lessons from the Tōhoku <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>: A <span class="hlt">model</span> for island avifauna conservation prioritization.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Reynolds, Michelle H; Berkowitz, Paul; Klavitter, John L; Courtot, Karen N</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>Earthquake-<span class="hlt">generated</span> <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> threaten coastal areas and low-lying islands with sudden flooding. Although human hazards and infrastructure damage have been well documented for <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> in recent decades, the effects on wildlife communities rarely have been quantified. We describe a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> that hit the world's largest remaining tropical seabird rookery and estimate the effects of sudden flooding on 23 bird species nesting on Pacific islands more than 3,800 km from the epicenter. We used global positioning systems, tide gauge data, and satellite imagery to quantify characteristics of the Tōhoku earthquake-<span class="hlt">generated</span> <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> (11 March 2011) and its inundation extent across four Hawaiian Islands. We estimated short-term effects of sudden flooding to bird communities using spatially explicit data from Midway Atoll and Laysan Island, Hawai'i. We describe variation in species vulnerability based on breeding phenology, nesting habitat, and life history traits. The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundated 21%-100% of each island's area at Midway Atoll and Laysan Island. Procellariformes (albatrosses and petrels) chick and egg losses exceeded 258,500 at Midway Atoll while albatross chick losses at Laysan Island exceeded 21,400. The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> struck at night and during the peak of nesting for 14 colonial seabird species. Strongly philopatric Procellariformes were vulnerable to the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. Nonmigratory, endemic, endangered Laysan Teal ( Anas laysanensis ) were sensitive to ecosystem effects such as habitat changes and carcass-initiated epizootics of avian botulism, and its populations declined approximately 40% on both atolls post-<span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. Catastrophic flooding of Pacific islands occurs periodically not only from <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>, but also from storm surge and rainfall; with sea-level rise, the frequency of sudden flooding events will likely increase. As invasive predators occupy habitat on higher elevation Hawaiian Islands and globally important avian populations are concentrated on low-lying islands</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70190432','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70190432"><span>Lessons from the Tōhoku <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>: A <span class="hlt">model</span> for island avifauna conservation prioritization</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Reynolds, Michelle H.; Berkowitz, Paul; Klavitter, John; Courtot, Karen</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Earthquake-<span class="hlt">generated</span> <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> threaten coastal areas and low-lying islands with sudden flooding. Although human hazards and infrastructure damage have been well documented for <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> in recent decades, the effects on wildlife communities rarely have been quantified. We describe a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> that hit the world's largest remaining tropical seabird rookery and estimate the effects of sudden flooding on 23 bird species nesting on Pacific islands more than 3,800 km from the epicenter. We used global positioning systems, tide gauge data, and satellite imagery to quantify characteristics of the Tōhoku earthquake-<span class="hlt">generated</span> <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> (11 March 2011) and its inundation extent across four Hawaiian Islands. We estimated short-term effects of sudden flooding to bird communities using spatially explicit data from Midway Atoll and Laysan Island, Hawai'i. We describe variation in species vulnerability based on breeding phenology, nesting habitat, and life history traits. The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundated 21%–100% of each island's area at Midway Atoll and Laysan Island. Procellariformes (albatrosses and petrels) chick and egg losses exceeded 258,500 at Midway Atoll while albatross chick losses at Laysan Island exceeded 21,400. The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> struck at night and during the peak of nesting for 14 colonial seabird species. Strongly philopatric Procellariformes were vulnerable to the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. Nonmigratory, endemic, endangered Laysan Teal (Anas laysanensis) were sensitive to ecosystem effects such as habitat changes and carcass-initiated epizootics of avian botulism, and its populations declined approximately 40% on both atolls post-<span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. Catastrophic flooding of Pacific islands occurs periodically not only from <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>, but also from storm surge and rainfall; with sea-level rise, the frequency of sudden flooding events will likely increase. As invasive predators occupy habitat on higher elevation Hawaiian Islands and globally important avian populations are concentrated on low-lying islands</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMNH41A1698T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMNH41A1698T"><span>Simulations of <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Triggered by the 1883 Krakatau Volcanic Eruption: Implications for <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Hazard in the South China Sea</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tan, Y.; Lin, J.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>The 1883 Krakatau eruption in Indonesia is one of the largest recorded volcanic eruptions in recent history. The associated <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> claimed about 36,000 lives and recorded run-up heights up to 30 m along the coastal regions in the Sunda Straits between the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea. Our study aims to better understand the <span class="hlt">generation</span> and propagation mechanisms of this volcano-induced <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> through <span class="hlt">modeling</span> quantitatively the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> triggering processes at the source region. Comparison of non-linear simulations using the Cornell Multi-grid Coupled <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">Model</span> (COMCOT) with observations reveals that a donut-shape 'hole and ring' initial condition for the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> source is able to explain the key characteristics of the observed <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>: A 'hole' of about 6 km in diameter and 270 m in depth corresponds to the collapse of the Krakatau volcano on August 27, 1883, while a 'ring' of uplift corresponds to the deposition of the erupted volcanic materials. We found that the shallowness and narrowness of the entrance pathway of the Sunda Straits limited the northward transfer of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> energy from the source region into the South China Sea. Instead, the topographic and bathymetric characteristics favored the southward transfer of the energy into the Indian Ocean. This might explain why Sri Lanka and India suffered casualties from this event, while areas inside the South China Sea, such as Singapore, did not record significant <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> signals. <span class="hlt">Modeling</span> results further suggest that the shallow topography of the surrounding islands around the Krakatau source region might have contributed to a reduction in maximum run-up heights in the coastal regions of the Sunda Straits.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5095707','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5095707"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunamis</span> caused by submarine slope failures along western Great Bahama Bank</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Schnyder, Jara S.D.; Eberli, Gregor P.; Kirby, James T.; Shi, Fengyan; Tehranirad, Babak; Mulder, Thierry; Ducassou, Emmanuelle; Hebbeln, Dierk; Wintersteller, Paul</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Submarine slope failures are a likely cause for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generation</span> along the East Coast of the United States. Among potential source areas for such <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> are submarine landslides and margin collapses of Bahamian platforms. Numerical <span class="hlt">models</span> of past events, which have been identified using high-resolution multibeam bathymetric data, reveal possible <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impact on Bimini, the Florida Keys, and northern Cuba. <span class="hlt">Tsunamis</span> caused by slope failures with terminal landslide velocity of 20 ms−1 will either dissipate while traveling through the Straits of Florida, or <span class="hlt">generate</span> a maximum wave of 1.5 m at the Florida coast. <span class="hlt">Modeling</span> a worst-case scenario with a calculated terminal landslide velocity <span class="hlt">generates</span> a wave of 4.5 m height. The <span class="hlt">modeled</span> margin collapse in southwestern Great Bahama Bank potentially has a high impact on northern Cuba, with wave heights between 3.3 to 9.5 m depending on the collapse velocity. The short distance and travel time from the source areas to densely populated coastal areas would make the Florida Keys and Miami vulnerable to such low-probability but high-impact events. PMID:27811961</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMNH23B..05K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMNH23B..05K"><span>Real-time <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation forecasting and damage mapping towards enhancing <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> disaster resiliency</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Koshimura, S.; Hino, R.; Ohta, Y.; Kobayashi, H.; Musa, A.; Murashima, Y.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>With use of modern computing power and advanced sensor networks, a project is underway to establish a new system of real-time <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation forecasting, damage estimation and mapping to enhance society's resilience in the aftermath of major <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> disaster. The system consists of fusion of real-time crustal deformation monitoring/fault <span class="hlt">model</span> estimation by Ohta et al. (2012), high-performance real-time <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> propagation/inundation <span class="hlt">modeling</span> with NEC's vector supercomputer SX-ACE, damage/loss estimation <span class="hlt">models</span> (Koshimura et al., 2013), and geo-informatics. After a major (near field) earthquake is triggered, the first response of the system is to identify the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> source <span class="hlt">model</span> by applying RAPiD Algorithm (Ohta et al., 2012) to observed RTK-GPS time series at GEONET sites in Japan. As performed in the data obtained during the 2011 Tohoku event, we assume less than 10 minutes as the acquisition time of the source <span class="hlt">model</span>. Given the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> source, the system moves on to running <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> propagation and inundation <span class="hlt">model</span> which was optimized on the vector supercomputer SX-ACE to acquire the estimation of time series of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> at offshore/coastal tide gauges to determine <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> travel and arrival time, extent of inundation zone, maximum flow depth distribution. The implemented <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> numerical <span class="hlt">model</span> is based on the non-linear shallow-water equations discretized by finite difference method. The merged bathymetry and topography grids are prepared with 10 m resolution to better estimate the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inland penetration. Given the maximum flow depth distribution, the system performs GIS analysis to determine the numbers of exposed population and structures using census data, then estimates the numbers of potential death and damaged structures by applying <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> fragility curve (Koshimura et al., 2013). Since the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> source <span class="hlt">model</span> is determined, the <span class="hlt">model</span> is supposed to complete the estimation within 10 minutes. The results are disseminated as mapping products to</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AGUFM.S31C..08T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AGUFM.S31C..08T"><span>Probabilistic <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Hazard Analysis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Thio, H. K.; Ichinose, G. A.; Somerville, P. G.; Polet, J.</p> <p>2006-12-01</p> <p>The recent <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> disaster caused by the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake has focused our attention to the hazard posed by large earthquakes that occur under water, in particular subduction zone earthquakes, and the <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> that they <span class="hlt">generate</span>. Even though these kinds of events are rare, the very large loss of life and material destruction caused by this earthquake warrant a significant effort towards the mitigation of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard. For ground motion hazard, Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) has become a standard practice in the evaluation and mitigation of seismic hazard to populations in particular with respect to structures, infrastructure and lifelines. Its ability to condense the complexities and variability of seismic activity into a manageable set of parameters greatly facilitates the design of effective seismic resistant buildings but also the planning of infrastructure projects. Probabilistic <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Hazard Analysis (PTHA) achieves the same goal for hazards posed by <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. There are great advantages of implementing such a method to evaluate the total risk (seismic and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>) to coastal communities. The method that we have developed is based on the traditional PSHA and therefore completely consistent with standard seismic practice. Because of the strong dependence of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave heights on bathymetry, we use a full waveform <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waveform computation in lieu of attenuation relations that are common in PSHA. By pre-computing and storing the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waveforms at points along the coast <span class="hlt">generated</span> for sets of subfaults that comprise larger earthquake faults, we can efficiently synthesize <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waveforms for any slip distribution on those faults by summing the individual subfault <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waveforms (weighted by their slip). This efficiency make it feasible to use Green's function summation in lieu of attenuation relations to provide very accurate estimates of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> height for probabilistic calculations, where one typically computes</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMNH52A..01W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMNH52A..01W"><span>Interdisciplinary <span class="hlt">modeling</span> and analysis to reduce loss of life from <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wood, N. J.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Recent disasters have demonstrated the significant loss of life and community impacts that can occur from <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. Minimizing future losses requires an integrated understanding of the range of potential <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> threats, how individuals are specifically vulnerable to these threats, what is currently in place to improve their chances of survival, and what risk-reduction efforts could be implemented. This presentation will provide a holistic perspective of USGS research enabled by recent advances in geospatial <span class="hlt">modeling</span> to assess and communicate population vulnerability to <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> and the range of possible interventions to reduce it. Integrated research includes efforts to characterize the magnitude and demography of at-risk individuals in <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-hazard zones, their evacuation potential based on landscape conditions, nature-based mitigation to improve evacuation potential, evacuation pathways and population demand at assembly areas, siting considerations for vertical-evacuation refuges, community implications of multiple evacuation zones, car-based evacuation <span class="hlt">modeling</span> for distant <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>, and projected changes in population exposure to <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> over time. Collectively, this interdisciplinary research supports emergency managers in their efforts to implement targeted risk-reduction efforts based on local conditions and needs, instead of generic regional strategies that only focus on hazard attributes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PApGe.172..615R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PApGe.172..615R"><span>Introduction to "<span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Science: Ten Years After the 2004 Indian Ocean <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span>. Volume I"</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rabinovich, Alexander B.; Geist, Eric L.; Fritz, Hermann M.; Borrero, Jose C.</p> <p>2015-03-01</p> <p>Twenty-two papers on the study of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> are included in Volume I of the PAGEOPH topical issue "<span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Science: Ten Years after the 2004 Indian Ocean <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span>." Eight papers examine various aspects of past events with an emphasis on case and regional studies. Five papers are on <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning and forecast, including the improvement of existing <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning systems and the development of new warning systems in the northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean region. Three more papers present the results of analytical studies and discuss benchmark problems. Four papers report the impacts of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>, including the detailed calculation of inundation onshore and into rivers and probabilistic analysis for engineering purposes. The final two papers relate to important investigations of the source and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generation</span>. Overall, the volume not only addresses the pivotal 2004 Indian Ocean (Sumatra) and 2011 Japan (Tohoku) <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>, but also examines the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard posed to other critical coasts in the world.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMNH43A1734B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMNH43A1734B"><span>Sources of information for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> forecasting in New Zealand</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Barberopoulou, A.; Ristau, J. P.; D'Anastasio, E.; Wang, X.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> science has evolved considerably in the last two decades due to technological advancements which also helped push for better numerical <span class="hlt">modelling</span> of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> phases (<span class="hlt">generation</span> to inundation). The deployment of DART buoys has also been a considerable milestone in <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> forecasting. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> forecasting is one of the parts that <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">modelling</span> feeds into and is related to response, preparedness and planning. Usually <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> forecasting refers to short-term forecasting that takes place in real-time after a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> has or appears to have been <span class="hlt">generated</span>. In this report we refer to all types of forecasting (short-term or long-term) related to work in advance of a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impacting a coastline that would help in response, planning or preparedness. We look at the standard types of data (seismic, GPS, water level) that are available in New Zealand for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> forecasting, how they are currently being used, other ways to use these data and provide recommendations for better utilisation. The main findings are: -Current investigations of the use of seismic parameters quickly obtained after an earthquake, have potential to provide critical information about the tsunamigenic potential of earthquakes. Further analysis of the most promising methods should be undertaken to determine a path to full implementation. -Network communication of the largest part of the GPS network is not currently at a stage that can provide sufficient data early enough for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning. It is believed that it has potential, but changes including data transmission improvements may have to happen before real-time processing oriented to <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> early warning is implemented on the data that is currently provided. -Tide gauge data is currently under-utilised for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> forecasting. Spectral analysis, modal analysis based on identified modes and arrival times extracted from the records can be useful in forecasting. -The current study is by no means exhaustive of the ways the different types</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70035272','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70035272"><span>Near-field hazard assessment of March 11, 2011 Japan <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> sources inferred from different methods</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Wei, Y.; Titov, V.V.; Newman, A.; Hayes, G.; Tang, L.; Chamberlin, C.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> source is the origin of the subsequent transoceanic water waves, and thus the most critical component in modern <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> forecast methodology. Although impractical to be quantified directly, a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> source can be estimated by different methods based on a variety of measurements provided by deep-ocean tsunameters, seismometers, GPS, and other advanced instruments, some in real time, some in post real-time. Here we assess these different sources of the devastating March 11, 2011 Japan <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> by <span class="hlt">model</span>-data comparison for <span class="hlt">generation</span>, propagation and inundation in the near field of Japan. This study provides a comparative study to further understand the advantages and shortcomings of different methods that may be potentially used in real-time warning and forecast of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazards, especially in the near field. The <span class="hlt">model</span> study also highlights the critical role of deep-ocean <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> measurements for high-quality <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> forecast, and its combination with land GPS measurements may lead to better understanding of both the earthquake mechanisms and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generation</span> process. ?? 2011 MTS.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..16.3767L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..16.3767L"><span>Speeding up <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave propagation <span class="hlt">modeling</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lavrentyev, Mikhail; Romanenko, Alexey</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>Trans-oceanic wave propagation is one of the most time/CPU consuming parts of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">modeling</span> process. The so-called Method Of Splitting <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> (MOST) software package, developed at PMEL NOAA USA (Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA), is widely used to evaluate the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> parameters. However, it takes time to simulate trans-ocean wave propagation, that is up to 5 hours CPU time to "drive" the wave from Chili (epicenter) to the coast of Japan (even using a rather coarse computational mesh). Accurate wave height prediction requires fine meshes which leads to dramatic increase in time for simulation. Computation time is among the critical parameter as it takes only about 20 minutes for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave to approach the coast of Japan after earthquake at Japan trench or Sagami trench (as it was after the Great East Japan Earthquake on March 11, 2011). MOST solves numerically the hyperbolic system for three unknown functions, namely velocity vector and wave height (shallow water approximation). The system could be split into two independent systems by orthogonal directions (splitting method). Each system can be treated independently. This calculation scheme is well suited for SIMD architecture and GPUs as well. We performed adaptation of MOST package to GPU. Several numerical tests showed 40x performance gain for NVIDIA Tesla C2050 GPU vs. single core of Intel i7 processor. Results of numerical experiments were compared with other available simulation data. Calculation results, obtained at GPU, differ from the reference ones by 10^-3 cm of the wave height simulating 24 hours wave propagation. This allows us to speak about possibility to develop real-time system for evaluating <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> danger.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMNH53D..03B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMNH53D..03B"><span>Applications of acoustic-gravity waves numerical <span class="hlt">modeling</span> to <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> signals observed by gravimetry satellites in very low orbit</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Brissaud, Q.; Garcia, R.; Sladen, A.; Martin, R.; Komatitsch, D.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Acoustic and gravity waves propagating in planetary atmospheres have been studied intensively as markers of specific phenomena (tectonic events, explosions) or as contributors to atmosphere dynamics. To get a better understanding of the physics behind these dynamic processes, both acoustic and gravity waves propagation should be <span class="hlt">modeled</span> in an attenuating and windy 3D atmosphere from the ground all the way to the upper thermosphere. Thus, in order to provide an efficient numerical tool at the regional or global scale we introduce a high-order finite-difference time domain (FDTD) approach that relies on the linearized compressible Navier-Stokes equations with spatially non constant physical parameters (density, viscosities and speed of sound) and background velocities (wind). We present applications of these simulations to the propagation of gravity waves <span class="hlt">generated</span> by <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> for realistic cases for which atmospheric <span class="hlt">models</span> are extracted from empirical <span class="hlt">models</span> including variations with altitude of atmospheric parameters, and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> forcing at the ocean surface is extracted from shallow water simulations. We describe the specific difficulties induced by the size of the simulation, the boundary conditions and the spherical geometry and compare the simulation outputs to data gathered by gravimetric satellites crossing gravity waves <span class="hlt">generated</span> by <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PApGe.172..699F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PApGe.172..699F"><span>Observations and Numerical <span class="hlt">Modeling</span> of the 2012 Haida Gwaii <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> off the Coast of British Columbia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fine, Isaac V.; Cherniawsky, Josef Y.; Thomson, Richard E.; Rabinovich, Alexander B.; Krassovski, Maxim V.</p> <p>2015-03-01</p> <p>A major ( M w 7.7) earthquake occurred on October 28, 2012 along the Queen Charlotte Fault Zone off the west coast of Haida Gwaii (formerly the Queen Charlotte Islands). The earthquake was the second strongest instrumentally recorded earthquake in Canadian history and <span class="hlt">generated</span> the largest local <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> ever recorded on the coast of British Columbia. A field survey on the Pacific side of Haida Gwaii revealed maximum runup heights of up to 7.6 m at sites sheltered from storm waves and 13 m in a small inlet that is less sheltered from storms (L eonard and B ednarski 2014). The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> was recorded by tide gauges along the coast of British Columbia, by open-ocean bottom pressure sensors of the NEPTUNE facility at Ocean Networks Canada's cabled observatory located seaward of southwestern Vancouver Island, and by several DART stations located in the northeast Pacific. The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> observations, in combination with rigorous numerical <span class="hlt">modeling</span>, enabled us to determine the physical properties of this event and to correct the location of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> source with respect to the initial geophysical estimates. The initial <span class="hlt">model</span> results were used to specify sites of particular interest for post-<span class="hlt">tsunami</span> field surveys on the coast of Moresby Island (Haida Gwaii), while field survey observations (L eonard and B ednarski 2014) were used, in turn, to verify the numerical simulations based on the corrected source region.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EGUGA..1210998Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EGUGA..1210998Z"><span><span class="hlt">Modeling</span> of influence from remote <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> at the coast of Sakhalin and Kuriles islands.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zaytsev, Andrey; Pelinovsky, Efim; Yalciner, Ahmet; Chernov, Anton; Kostenko, Irina</p> <p>2010-05-01</p> <p>The Far East coast of Russia (Kuriles islands, Sakhalin, Kamchatka) is the area where the dangerous natural phenomena as <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> is located. A lot of works are established for decreasing of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>'s influence. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> mapping and mitigation strategy are given for some regions. The centers of <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warning System are opened, enough plenty of records of a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> are collected. The properties of local <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> are studied well. At the same time, the catastrophic event of the Indonesian <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, which had happened in December, 2004, when the sufficient waves have reached the coasts of Africa and South America, it is necessary to note, that the coats, which was far from the epicenter of earthquakes can be effected by catastrophic influence. Moreover, it is practically unique case, when using <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warning System can reduce the number of human victims to zero. Development of the computer technologies, numerical methods for the solution of systems of the nonlinear differential equations makes computer <span class="hlt">modeling</span> real and hypothetical <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> is the basic method of studying features of distribution of waves in water areas and their influence at coast. Numerical <span class="hlt">modeling</span> of distribution of historical <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> from the seismic sources in the Pacific Ocean was observed. The events with an epicenter, remote from Far East coast of Russia were considered. The estimation of the remote <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves propagation was developed. Impact force of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> was estimated. The features of passage of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> through Kuril Straits were considered. The spectral analysis of records in settlements of Sakhalin and Kuriles is lead. NAMI-DANCE program was used for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> propagation numerical <span class="hlt">modeling</span>. It is used finite element numerical schemes for Shallow Water Equations and Nonlinear-Dispersive Equations, with use Nested Grid.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22004076-tsunami-evacuation-mathematical-model-city-padang','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22004076-tsunami-evacuation-mathematical-model-city-padang"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> evacuation mathematical <span class="hlt">model</span> for the city of Padang</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Kusdiantara, R.; Hadianti, R.; Badri Kusuma, M. S.</p> <p>2012-05-22</p> <p><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> is a series of wave trains which travels with high speed on the sea surface. This traveling wave is caused by the displacement of a large volume of water after the occurrence of an underwater earthquake or volcano eruptions. The speed of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> decreases when it reaches the sea shore along with the increase of its amplitudes. Two large <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> had occurred in the last decades in Indonesia with huge casualties and large damages. Indonesian <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Early Warning System has been installed along the west coast of Sumatra. This early warning system will give about 10-15 minutes to evacuatemore » people from high risk regions to the safe areas. Here in this paper, a mathematical <span class="hlt">model</span> for <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> evacuation is presented with the city of Padang as a study case. In the <span class="hlt">model</span>, the safe areas are chosen from the existing and selected high rise buildings, low risk region with relatively high altitude and (proposed to be built) a flyover ring road. Each gathering points are located in the radius of approximately 1 km from the ring road. The <span class="hlt">model</span> is formulated as an optimization problem with the total normalized evacuation time as the objective function. The constraints consist of maximum allowable evacuation time in each route, maximum capacity of each safe area, and the number of people to be evacuated. The optimization problem is solved numerically using linear programming method with Matlab. Numerical results are shown for various evacuation scenarios for the city of Padang.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH22A..02S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH22A..02S"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> hazard assessments with consideration of uncertain earthquakes characteristics</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sepulveda, I.; Liu, P. L. F.; Grigoriu, M. D.; Pritchard, M. E.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The uncertainty quantification of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> assessments due to uncertain earthquake characteristics faces important challenges. First, the <span class="hlt">generated</span> earthquake samples must be consistent with the properties observed in past events. Second, it must adopt an uncertainty propagation method to determine <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> uncertainties with a feasible computational cost. In this study we propose a new methodology, which improves the existing <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> uncertainty assessment methods. The methodology considers two uncertain earthquake characteristics, the slip distribution and location. First, the methodology considers the <span class="hlt">generation</span> of consistent earthquake slip samples by means of a Karhunen Loeve (K-L) expansion and a translation process (Grigoriu, 2012), applicable to any non-rectangular rupture area and marginal probability distribution. The K-L expansion was recently applied by Le Veque et al. (2016). We have extended the methodology by analyzing accuracy criteria in terms of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> initial conditions. Furthermore, and unlike this reference, we preserve the original probability properties of the slip distribution, by avoiding post sampling treatments such as earthquake slip scaling. Our approach is analyzed and justified in the framework of the present study. Second, the methodology uses a Stochastic Reduced Order <span class="hlt">model</span> (SROM) (Grigoriu, 2009) instead of a classic Monte Carlo simulation, which reduces the computational cost of the uncertainty propagation. The methodology is applied on a real case. We study <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> <span class="hlt">generated</span> at the site of the 2014 Chilean earthquake. We <span class="hlt">generate</span> earthquake samples with expected magnitude Mw 8. We first demonstrate that the stochastic approach of our study <span class="hlt">generates</span> consistent earthquake samples with respect to the target probability laws. We also show that the results obtained from SROM are more accurate than classic Monte Carlo simulations. We finally validate the methodology by comparing the simulated <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> and the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> records for</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_13 --> <div id="page_14" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="261"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26249655','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26249655"><span>Statistical <span class="hlt">Modeling</span> of Fire Occurrence Using Data from the Tōhoku, Japan Earthquake and <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Anderson, Dana; Davidson, Rachel A; Himoto, Keisuke; Scawthorn, Charles</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>In this article, we develop statistical <span class="hlt">models</span> to predict the number and geographic distribution of fires caused by earthquake ground motion and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation in Japan. Using new, uniquely large, and consistent data sets from the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, we fitted three types of <span class="hlt">models</span>-generalized linear <span class="hlt">models</span> (GLMs), generalized additive <span class="hlt">models</span> (GAMs), and boosted regression trees (BRTs). This is the first time the latter two have been used in this application. A simple conceptual framework guided identification of candidate covariates. <span class="hlt">Models</span> were then compared based on their out-of-sample predictive power, goodness of fit to the data, ease of implementation, and relative importance of the framework concepts. For the ground motion data set, we recommend a Poisson GAM; for the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> data set, a negative binomial (NB) GLM or NB GAM. The best <span class="hlt">models</span> <span class="hlt">generate</span> out-of-sample predictions of the total number of ignitions in the region within one or two. Prefecture-level prediction errors average approximately three. All <span class="hlt">models</span> demonstrate predictive power far superior to four from the literature that were also tested. A nonlinear relationship is apparent between ignitions and ground motion, so for GLMs, which assume a linear response-covariate relationship, instrumental intensity was the preferred ground motion covariate because it captures part of that nonlinearity. Measures of commercial exposure were preferred over measures of residential exposure for both ground motion and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> ignition <span class="hlt">models</span>. This may vary in other regions, but nevertheless highlights the value of testing alternative measures for each concept. <span class="hlt">Models</span> with the best predictive power included two or three covariates. © 2015 Society for Risk Analysis.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMNH31D..01W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMNH31D..01W"><span>The U.S. National <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Hazard Mitigation Program: Successes in <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Preparedness</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Whitmore, P.; Wilson, R. I.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>Formed in 1995 by Congressional Action, the National <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Hazards Mitigation Program (NTHMP) provides the framework for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> preparedness activities in the United States. The Program consists of the 28 U.S. coastal states, territories, and commonwealths (STCs), as well as three Federal agencies: the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), and the United States Geological Survey (USGS). Since its inception, the NTHMP has advanced <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> preparedness in the United States through accomplishments in many areas of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> preparedness: - Coordination and funding of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard analysis and preparedness activities in STCs; - Development and execution of a coordinated plan to address education and outreach activities (materials, signage, and guides) within its membership; - Lead the effort to assist communities in meeting National Weather Service (NWS) <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span>Ready guidelines through development of evacuation maps and other planning activities; - Determination of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard zones in most highly threatened coastal communities throughout the country by detailed <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation studies; - Development of a benchmarking procedure for numerical <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">models</span> to ensure <span class="hlt">models</span> used in the inundation studies meet consistent, NOAA standards; - Creation of a national <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> exercise framework to test <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning system response; - Funding community <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning dissemination and reception systems such as sirens and NOAA Weather Radios; and, - Providing guidance to NOAA's <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warning Centers regarding warning dissemination and content. NTHMP activities have advanced the state of preparedness of United States coastal communities, and have helped save lives and property during recent <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. Program successes as well as future plans, including maritime preparedness, are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..1511690K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..1511690K"><span>GPS-TEC of the Ionospheric Disturbances as a Tool for Early <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warning</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kunitsyn, Viacheslav E.; Nesterov, Ivan A.; Shalimov, Sergey L.; Krysanov, Boris Yu.; Padokhin, Artem M.; Rekenthaler, Douglas</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>Recently, the GPS measurements were used for retrieving the information on the various types of ionospheric responses to seismic events (earthquakes, seismic Rayleigh waves, and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>) which <span class="hlt">generate</span> atmospheric waves propagating up to the ionospheric altitudes where the collisions between the neutrals and charge particles give rise to the motion of the ionospheric plasma. These experimental results can well be used in architecture of the future <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning system. The point is an earlier (in comparison with seismological methods) detection of the ionospheric signal that can indicate the moment of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generation</span>. As an example we consider the two-dimensional distributions of the vertical total electron content (TEC) variations in the ionosphere both close to and far from the epicenter of the Japan undersea earthquake of March 11, 2011 using radio tomographic (RT) reconstruction of high-temporal-resolution (2-minute) data from the Japan and the US GPS networks. Near-zone TEC variations shows a diverging ionospheric perturbation with multi-component spectral composition emerging after the main shock. The initial phase of the disturbance can be used as an indicator of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generation</span> and subsequently for the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> early warning. Far-zone TEC variations reveals distinct wave train associated with gravity waves <span class="hlt">generated</span> by <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. According to observations <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> arrives at Hawaii and further at the coast of Southern California with delay relative to the gravity waves. Therefore the gravity wave pattern can be used in the early <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning. We support this scenario by the results of <span class="hlt">modeling</span> with the parameters of the ocean surface perturbation corresponding to the considered earthquake. In addition it was observed in the <span class="hlt">modeling</span> that at long distance from the source the gravity wave can pass ahead of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. The work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grants 11-05-01157 and 12-05-33065).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH24A..07S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH24A..07S"><span>Research to Operations: From Point Positions, Earthquake and <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">Modeling</span> to GNSS-augmented <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Early Warning</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Stough, T.; Green, D. S.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>This collaborative research to operations demonstration brings together the data and algorithms from NASA research, technology, and applications-funded projects to deliver relevant data streams, algorithms, predictive <span class="hlt">models</span>, and visualization tools to the NOAA National <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warning Center (NTWC) and Pacific <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warning Center (PTWC). Using real-time GNSS data and <span class="hlt">models</span> in an operational environment, we will test and evaluate an augmented capability for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> early warning. Each of three research groups collect data from a selected network of real-time GNSS stations, exchange data consisting of independently processed 1 Hz station displacements, and merge the output into a single, more accurate and reliable set. The resulting merged data stream is delivered from three redundant locations to the TWCs with a latency of 5-10 seconds. Data from a number of seismogeodetic stations with collocated GPS and accelerometer instruments are processed for displacements and seismic velocities and also delivered. Algorithms for locating and determining the magnitude of earthquakes as well as algorithms that compute the source function of a potential <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> using this new data stream are included in the demonstration. The delivered data, algorithms, <span class="hlt">models</span> and tools are hosted on NOAA-operated machines at both warning centers, and, once tested, the results will be evaluated for utility in improving the speed and accuracy of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warnings. This collaboration has the potential to dramatically improve the speed and accuracy of the TWCs local <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> information over the current seismometer-only based methods. In our first year of this work, we have established and deployed an architecture for data movement and algorithm installation at the TWC's. We are addressing data quality issues and porting algorithms into the TWCs operating environment. Our initial module deliveries will focus on estimating moment magnitude (Mw) from Peak Ground Displacement (PGD), within 2</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMNH43A1807Q','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMNH43A1807Q"><span>Multi-scale <span class="hlt">modeling</span> of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> flows and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-induced forces</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Qin, X.; Motley, M. R.; LeVeque, R. J.; Gonzalez, F. I.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">modeling</span> of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> flows and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-induced forces in coastal communities with the incorporation of the constructed environment is challenging for many numerical <span class="hlt">modelers</span> because of the scale and complexity of the physical problem. A two-dimensional (2D) depth-averaged <span class="hlt">model</span> can be efficient for <span class="hlt">modeling</span> of waves offshore but may not be accurate enough to predict the complex flow with transient variance in vertical direction around constructed environments on land. On the other hand, using a more complex three-dimensional <span class="hlt">model</span> is much more computational expensive and can become impractical due to the size of the problem and the meshing requirements near the built environment. In this study, a 2D depth-integrated <span class="hlt">model</span> and a 3D Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) <span class="hlt">model</span> are built to <span class="hlt">model</span> a 1:50 <span class="hlt">model</span>-scale, idealized community, representative of Seaside, OR, USA, for which existing experimental data is available for comparison. Numerical results from the two numerical <span class="hlt">models</span> are compared with each other as well as experimental measurement. Both <span class="hlt">models</span> predict the flow parameters (water level, velocity, and momentum flux in the vicinity of the buildings) accurately, in general, except for time period near the initial impact, where the depth-averaged <span class="hlt">models</span> can fail to capture the complexities in the flow. Forces predicted using direct integration of predicted pressure on structural surfaces from the 3D <span class="hlt">model</span> and using momentum flux from the 2D <span class="hlt">model</span> with constructed environment are compared, which indicates that force prediction from the 2D <span class="hlt">model</span> is not always reliable in such a complicated case. Force predictions from integration of the pressure are also compared with forces predicted from bare earth momentum flux calculations to reveal the importance of incorporating the constructed environment in force prediction <span class="hlt">models</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PApGe.175.1405C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PApGe.175.1405C"><span>A Collaborative Effort Between Caribbean States for <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Numerical <span class="hlt">Modeling</span>: Case Study CaribeWave15</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chacón-Barrantes, Silvia; López-Venegas, Alberto; Sánchez-Escobar, Rónald; Luque-Vergara, Néstor</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>Historical records have shown that <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> have affected the Caribbean region in the past. However infrequent, recent studies have demonstrated that they pose a latent hazard for countries within this basin. The Hazard Assessment Working Group of the ICG/CARIBE-EWS (Intergovernmental Coordination Group of the Early Warning System for <span class="hlt">Tsunamis</span> and Other Coastal Threats for the Caribbean Sea and Adjacent Regions) of IOC/UNESCO has a <span class="hlt">modeling</span> subgroup, which seeks to develop a <span class="hlt">modeling</span> platform to assess the effects of possible <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> sources within the basin. The CaribeWave <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> exercise is carried out annually in the Caribbean region to increase awareness and test <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> preparedness of countries within the basin. In this study we present results of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation using the CaribeWave15 exercise scenario for four selected locations within the Caribbean basin (Colombia, Costa Rica, Panamá and Puerto Rico), performed by <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">modeling</span> researchers from those selected countries. The purpose of this study was to provide the states with additional results for the exercise. The results obtained here were compared to co-seismic deformation and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> heights within the basin (energy plots) provided for the exercise to assess the performance of the decision support tools distributed by PTWC (Pacific <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warning Center), the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> service provider for the Caribbean basin. However, comparison of coastal <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> heights was not possible, due to inconsistencies between the provided fault parameters and the <span class="hlt">modeling</span> results within the provided exercise products. Still, the <span class="hlt">modeling</span> performed here allowed to analyze <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> characteristics at the mentioned states from sources within the North Panamá Deformed Belt. The occurrence of a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> in the Caribbean may affect several countries because a great variety of them share coastal zones in this basin. Therefore, collaborative efforts similar to the one presented in this study, particularly between neighboring</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PApGe.tmp..406C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PApGe.tmp..406C"><span>A Collaborative Effort Between Caribbean States for <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Numerical <span class="hlt">Modeling</span>: Case Study CaribeWave15</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chacón-Barrantes, Silvia; López-Venegas, Alberto; Sánchez-Escobar, Rónald; Luque-Vergara, Néstor</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>Historical records have shown that <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> have affected the Caribbean region in the past. However infrequent, recent studies have demonstrated that they pose a latent hazard for countries within this basin. The Hazard Assessment Working Group of the ICG/CARIBE-EWS (Intergovernmental Coordination Group of the Early Warning System for <span class="hlt">Tsunamis</span> and Other Coastal Threats for the Caribbean Sea and Adjacent Regions) of IOC/UNESCO has a <span class="hlt">modeling</span> subgroup, which seeks to develop a <span class="hlt">modeling</span> platform to assess the effects of possible <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> sources within the basin. The CaribeWave <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> exercise is carried out annually in the Caribbean region to increase awareness and test <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> preparedness of countries within the basin. In this study we present results of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation using the CaribeWave15 exercise scenario for four selected locations within the Caribbean basin (Colombia, Costa Rica, Panamá and Puerto Rico), performed by <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">modeling</span> researchers from those selected countries. The purpose of this study was to provide the states with additional results for the exercise. The results obtained here were compared to co-seismic deformation and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> heights within the basin (energy plots) provided for the exercise to assess the performance of the decision support tools distributed by PTWC (Pacific <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warning Center), the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> service provider for the Caribbean basin. However, comparison of coastal <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> heights was not possible, due to inconsistencies between the provided fault parameters and the <span class="hlt">modeling</span> results within the provided exercise products. Still, the <span class="hlt">modeling</span> performed here allowed to analyze <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> characteristics at the mentioned states from sources within the North Panamá Deformed Belt. The occurrence of a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> in the Caribbean may affect several countries because a great variety of them share coastal zones in this basin. Therefore, collaborative efforts similar to the one presented in this study, particularly between neighboring</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70196712','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70196712"><span>Introduction to “Global <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> science: Past and future, Volume III”</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Rabinovich, Alexander B.; Fritz, Hermann M.; Tanioka, Yuichiro; Geist, Eric L.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Twenty papers on the study of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> are included in Volume III of the PAGEOPH topical issue “Global <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Science: Past and Future”. Volume I of this topical issue was published as PAGEOPH, vol. 173, No. 12, 2016 and Volume II as PAGEOPH, vol. 174, No. 8, 2017. Two papers in Volume III focus on specific details of the 2009 Samoa and the 1923 northern Kamchatka <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>; they are followed by three papers related to <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard assessment for three different regions of the world oceans: South Africa, Pacific coast of Mexico and the northwestern part of the Indian Ocean. The next six papers are on various aspects of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hydrodynamics and numerical <span class="hlt">modelling</span>, including <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> edge waves, resonant behaviour of compressible water layer during tsunamigenic earthquakes, dispersive properties of seismic and volcanically <span class="hlt">generated</span> <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves, <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> runup on a vertical wall and influence of earthquake rupture velocity on maximum <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> runup. Four papers discuss problems of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning and real-time forecasting for Central America, the Mediterranean coast of France, the coast of Peru, and some general problems regarding the optimum use of the DART buoy network for effective real-time <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning in the Pacific Ocean. Two papers describe historical and paleotsunami studies in the Russian Far East. The final set of three papers importantly investigates <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> <span class="hlt">generated</span> by non-seismic sources: asteroid airburst and meteorological disturbances. Collectively, this volume highlights contemporary trends in global <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> research, both fundamental and applied toward hazard assessment and mitigation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EGUGA..1212827Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EGUGA..1212827Z"><span>Statistical Analysis of <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Variability</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zolezzi, Francesca; Del Giudice, Tania; Traverso, Chiara; Valfrè, Giulio; Poggi, Pamela; Parker, Eric J.</p> <p>2010-05-01</p> <p>The purpose of this paper was to investigate statistical variability of seismically <span class="hlt">generated</span> <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impact. The specific goal of the work was to evaluate the variability in <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave run-up due to uncertainty in fault rupture parameters (source effects) and to the effects of local bathymetry at an individual location (site effects). This knowledge is critical to development of methodologies for probabilistic <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard assessment. Two types of variability were considered: • Inter-event; • Intra-event. Generally, inter-event variability refers to the differences of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> run-up at a given location for a number of different earthquake events. The focus of the current study was to evaluate the variability of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> run-up at a given point for a given magnitude earthquake. In this case, the variability is expected to arise from lack of knowledge regarding the specific details of the fault rupture "source" parameters. As sufficient field observations are not available to resolve this question, numerical <span class="hlt">modelling</span> was used to <span class="hlt">generate</span> run-up data. A scenario magnitude 8 earthquake in the Hellenic Arc was <span class="hlt">modelled</span>. This is similar to the event thought to have caused the infamous 1303 <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave run-up was computed at 4020 locations along the Egyptian coast between longitudes 28.7° E and 33.8° E. Specific source parameters (e.g. fault rupture length and displacement) were varied, and the effects on wave height were determined. A Monte Carlo approach considering the statistical distribution of the underlying parameters was used to evaluate the variability in wave height at locations along the coast. The results were evaluated in terms of the coefficient of variation of the simulated wave run-up (standard deviation divided by mean value) for each location. The coefficient of variation along the coast was between 0.14 and 3.11, with an average value of 0.67. The variation was higher in areas of irregular coast. This level of variability is</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH21D..08S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH21D..08S"><span>Challenges in Defining <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Wave Height</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Stroker, K. J.; Dunbar, P. K.; Mungov, G.; Sweeney, A.; Arcos, N. P.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) and co-located World Data Service for Geophysics maintain the global <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> archive consisting of the historical <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> database, imagery, and raw and processed water level data. The historical <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> database incorporates, where available, maximum wave heights for each coastal tide gauge and deep-ocean buoy that recorded a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> signal. These data are important because they are used for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard assessment, <span class="hlt">model</span> calibration, validation, and forecast and warning. There have been ongoing discussions in the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> community about the correct way to measure and report these wave heights. It is important to understand how these measurements might vary depending on how the data were processed and the definition of maximum wave height. On September 16, 2015, an 8.3 Mw earthquake located 48 km west of Illapel, Chile <span class="hlt">generated</span> a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> that was observed all over the Pacific region. We processed the time-series water level data for 57 tide gauges that recorded this <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> and compared the maximum wave heights determined from different definitions. We also compared the maximum wave heights from the NCEI-processed data with the heights reported by the NOAA <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warning Centers. We found that in the near field different methods of determining the maximum <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave heights could result in large differences due to possible instrumental clipping. We also found that the maximum peak is usually larger than the maximum amplitude (½ peak-to-trough), but the differences for the majority of the stations were <20 cm. For this event, the maximum <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave heights determined by either definition (maximum peak or amplitude) would have validated the forecasts issued by the NOAA <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warning Centers. Since there is currently only one field in the NCEI historical <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> database to store the maximum <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave height, NCEI will consider adding an additional field for the maximum peak measurement.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PApGe.174.3043D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PApGe.174.3043D"><span>Challenges in Defining <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Wave Heights</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dunbar, Paula; Mungov, George; Sweeney, Aaron; Stroker, Kelly; Arcos, Nicolas</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) and co-located World Data Service for Geophysics maintain the global <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> archive consisting of the historical <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> database, imagery, and raw and processed water level data. The historical <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> database incorporates, where available, maximum wave heights for each coastal tide gauge and deep-ocean buoy that recorded a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> signal. These data are important because they are used for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard assessment, <span class="hlt">model</span> calibration, validation, and forecast and warning. There have been ongoing discussions in the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> community about the correct way to measure and report these wave heights. It is important to understand how these measurements might vary depending on how the data were processed and the definition of maximum wave height. On September 16, 2015, an 8.3 M w earthquake located 48 km west of Illapel, Chile <span class="hlt">generated</span> a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> that was observed all over the Pacific region. We processed the time-series water level data for 57 coastal tide gauges that recorded this <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> and compared the maximum wave heights determined from different definitions. We also compared the maximum wave heights from the NCEI-processed data with the heights reported by the NOAA <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warning Centers. We found that in the near field different methods of determining the maximum <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave heights could result in large differences due to possible instrumental clipping. We also found that the maximum peak is usually larger than the maximum amplitude (½ peak-to-trough), but the differences for the majority of the stations were <20 cm. For this event, the maximum <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave heights determined by either definition (maximum peak or amplitude) would have validated the forecasts issued by the NOAA <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warning Centers. Since there is currently only one field in the NCEI historical <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> database to store the maximum <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave height for each tide gauge and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..1712540C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..1712540C"><span>Mathematical <span class="hlt">modelling</span> of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impacts on critical infrastructures: exposure and severity associated with debris transport at Sines port, Portugal.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Conde, Daniel; Baptista, Maria Ana; Sousa Oliveira, Carlos; Ferreira, Rui M. L.</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>Global energy production is still significantly dependant on the coal supply chain, justifying huge investments on building infrastructures, capable of stocking very large quantities of this natural resource. Most of these infrastructures are located at deep-sea ports and are therefore exposed to extreme coastal hazards, such as <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impacts. The 2011 Tohoku <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> is reported to have inflicted severe damage to Japan's coal-fired power stations and related infrastructure. Sines, located in the Portuguese coast, hosts a major commercial port featuring an exposed coal stockpile area extending over more than 24 ha and a container terminal currently under expansion up to 100ha. It is protected against storm surges but <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> have not been considered in the design criteria. The dominant wind-<span class="hlt">generated</span> wave direction is N to NW, while the main tsunamigenic faults are located S to SW of the port. This configuration potentially exposes sensitive facilities, such as the new terminal container and the coal stockpile area. According to a recent revision of the national <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> catalogue (Baptista, 2009), Portugal has been affected by numerous major <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> over the last two millennia, with the most notorious event being the Great Lisbon Earthquake and <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> occurred on the 1st November 1755. The aim of this work is to simulate the open ocean propagation and overland impact of a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> on the Sines port, similar to the historical event of 1755, based on the different tsunamigenic faults and magnitudes proposed in the current literature. Open ocean propagation was <span class="hlt">modelled</span> with standard simulation tools like TUNAMI and GeoClaw. Near-shore and overland propagation was carried out using a recent 2DH mathematical <span class="hlt">model</span> for solid-fluid flows, STAV-2D from CERIS-IST (Ferreira et al., 2009; Canelas, 2013). STAV-2D is particularly suited for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> propagation over complex and morphodynamic geometries, featuring a discretization scheme based on a finite-volume method using</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH12A..08S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH12A..08S"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> on Sanriku Coast in 1586: Orphan or Ghost <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> ?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Satake, K.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The Peruvian earthquake on July 9, 1586 was the oldest earthquake that damaged Lima. The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> height was assigned as 24 m in Callao and 1-2 m in Miyagi prefecture in Japan by Soloviev and Go (1975). Dorbath et al. (1990) studied historical earthquakes in Peru and estimated that the 1586 earthquake was similar to the 1974 event (Mw 8.1) with source length of 175 km. They referred two different <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> heights, 3. 7m and 24 m, in Callao, and judged that the latter was exaggerated. Okal et al. (2006) could not make a source <span class="hlt">model</span> to explain both <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> heights in Callao and Japan. More recently, Butler et al. (2017) estimated the age of coral boulders in Hawaii as AD 1572 +/- 21, speculated the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> source in Aleutians, and attributed it to the source of the 1586 <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> in Japan. Historical <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>, both near-field and far-field, have been documented along the Sanriku coast since 1586 (e.g., Watanabe, 1998). However, there is no written document for the 1586 <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> (Tsuji et al., 2013). Ninomiya (1960) compiled the historical <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> records on the Sanriku coast soon after the 1960 Chilean <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, and correlated the legend of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> in Tokura with the 1586 Peruvian earthquake, although he noted that the dates were different. About the legend, he referred to Kunitomi(1933) who compiled historical <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> data after the 1933 Showa Sanriku <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. Kunitomi referred to "<span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> history of Miyagi prefecture" published after the 1896 Meiji Sanriku <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. "<span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> history" described the earthquake and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> damage of Tensho earthquake on January 18 (Gregorian),1586 in central Japan, and correlated the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> legend in Tokura on June 30, 1586 (G). Following the 2011 Tohoku <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> legend in Tokura was studied again (Ebina, 2015). A local person published a story he heard from his grandfather that many small valleys were named following the 1611 <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, which inundated further inland than the 2011 <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. Ebina (2015), based on historical documents</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NHESS..13.1795T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NHESS..13.1795T"><span>The UBO-TSUFD <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation <span class="hlt">model</span>: validation and application to a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> case study focused on the city of Catania, Italy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tinti, S.; Tonini, R.</p> <p>2013-07-01</p> <p>Nowadays numerical <span class="hlt">models</span> are a powerful tool in <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> research since they can be used (i) to reconstruct modern and historical events, (ii) to cast new light on <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> sources by inverting <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> data and observations, (iii) to build scenarios in the frame of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> mitigation plans, and (iv) to produce forecasts of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impact and inundation in systems of early warning. In parallel with the general recognition of the importance of numerical <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> simulations, the demand has grown for reliable <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> codes, validated through tests agreed upon by the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> community. This paper presents the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> code UBO-TSUFD that has been developed at the University of Bologna, Italy, and that solves the non-linear shallow water (NSW) equations in a Cartesian frame, with inclusion of bottom friction and exclusion of the Coriolis force, by means of a leapfrog (LF) finite-difference scheme on a staggered grid and that accounts for moving boundaries to compute sea inundation and withdrawal at the coast. Results of UBO-TSUFD applied to four classical benchmark problems are shown: two benchmarks are based on analytical solutions, one on a plane wave propagating on a flat channel with a constant slope beach; and one on a laboratory experiment. The code is proven to perform very satisfactorily since it reproduces quite well the benchmark theoretical and experimental data. Further, the code is applied to a realistic <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> case: a scenario of a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> threatening the coasts of eastern Sicily, Italy, is defined and discussed based on the historical <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> of 11 January 1693, i.e. one of the most severe events in the Italian history.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1903f0003A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1903f0003A"><span>Road infrastructure resilience to <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> in Cilegon</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Arini, Srikandi Wahyu; Sumabrata, Jachrizal</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>Indonesia is vulnerable to natural disasters. The highest number of natural disaster occurs on the west side of Java Island with the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> as the most deadly. Cilegon, a densely populated city with high industrial activity is located on the west coast of Java Island with a gently sloping topography, hence it is vulnerable to <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. Simulations conducted by the National Disaster Management Authority indicates that earthquakes with epicenters in the Sunda strait will cause <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> which can sweep away the whole industrial area in one hour. The availability of evacuation routes which can accommodate the evacuation of large numbers of people within a short time is required. Road infrastructure resilience is essential to support the performance of the evacuation routes. Poor network resilience will reduce mobility and accessibility during the evacuation. The objectives of this paper are to analyze the impact of the earthquake-<span class="hlt">generated</span> <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> on the evacuation routes and to simulate and analyze the performance of existing evacuation routes in Cilegon. The limitations of the <span class="hlt">modeling</span> approaches including the current and future challenges in evacuation transport research and its applications are also discussed. The conclusion from this study is accurate data source are needed to build a more representative <span class="hlt">model</span> and predict the areas susceptible to <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> vulnerable areas and to construct cogent <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> mitigation plans and actions for the most vulnerable areas.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMNH43B1846G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMNH43B1846G"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> hazard assessment at Port Alberni, BC, Canada: preliminary <span class="hlt">model</span> results</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Grilli, S. T.; Insua, T. L.; Grilli, A. R.; Douglas, K. L.; Shelby, M. R.; Wang, K.; Gao, D.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Located in the heart of Vancouver Island, BC, Port Alberni has a well-known history of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. Many of the Nuu-Chah-Nulth First Nations share oral stories about a strong fight between a thunderbird and a whale that caused big waves in a winter night, a story that is compatible with the recently recognized great Cascadia <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> in January, 1700. Port Alberni, with a total population of approximately 20,000 people, lies beside the Somass River, at the very end of Barkley Sound Inlet. The narrow canal connecting this town to the Pacific Ocean runs for more than 64 km ( 40 miles) between steep mountains, providing an ideal setting for the amplification of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves through funnelling effects. The devastating effects of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> are still fresh in residents' memories from the impact of the 1964 Alaska <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> that caused serious damage to the city. In June 2016, Emergency Management BC ran a coastal exercise in Port Alberni, simulating the response to an earthquake and a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. During three days, the emergency teams in the City of Port Alberni practiced and learned from the experience. Ocean Networks Canada contributed to this exercise with the development of preliminary simulations of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impact on the city from a buried rupture of the Cascadia Subduction Zone, including the Explorer segment. Wave propagation was simulated with the long-wave <span class="hlt">model</span> FUNWAVE-TVD. Preliminary results indicate a strong amplification of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves in the Port Alberni area. The inundation zone in Port Alberni had a footprint similar to that of the 1700 Cascadia and 1964 Alaska <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>, inundating the area surrounding the Somass river and preferentially following the Kitsuksis and Roger Creek river margins into the city. Several other <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> source scenarios, including splay faulting and trench-breaching ruptures are currently being <span class="hlt">modeled</span> for the city of Port Alberni following a similar approach. These results will be presented at the conference.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.S21A4401H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.S21A4401H"><span>Recent Findings on <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Hazards in the Makran Subduction Zone, NW Indian Ocean</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Heidarzadeh, M.; Satake, K.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>We present recent findings on <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazards in the Makran subduction zone (MSZ), NW Indian Ocean, based on the results of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> source analyses for two Makran <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> of 1945 and 2013. A re-analysis of the source of the 27 November 1945 <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> in the MSZ showed that the slip needs to be extended to deep waters around the depth contour of 3000 m in order to reproduce the observed tide gauge waveforms at Karachi and Mumbai. On the other hand, coastal uplift report at Ormara (Pakistan) implies that the source fault needs to be extended inland. In comparison to other existing fault <span class="hlt">models</span>, our fault <span class="hlt">model</span> is longer and includes a heterogeneous slip with larger maximum slip. The recent <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> on 24 September 2013 in the Makran region was triggered by an inland Mw 7.7 earthquake. While the main shock and all aftershocks were located inland, a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> with a dominant period of around 12 min was recorded on tide gauges and a DART station. We examined different possible sources for this <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> including a mud volcano, a mud/shale diapir, and a landslide/slump through numerical <span class="hlt">modeling</span>. Only a submarine slump with a source dimension of 10-15 km and a thickness of around 100 m, located 60-70 km offshore Jiwani (Pakistan) at the water depth of around 2000m, was able to reasonably reproduce the observed <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waveforms. In terms of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazards, analyses of the two <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> provide new insights: 1) large runup heights can be <span class="hlt">generated</span> in the coastal areas due to slip in deep waters, and 2) even an inland earthquake may <span class="hlt">generate</span> tsunamigenic submarine landslides.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMNH54A..01L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMNH54A..01L"><span>Assessment of Nearshore Hazard due to <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span>-Induced Currents (Invited)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lynett, P. J.; Borrero, J. C.; Son, S.; Wilson, R. I.; Miller, K.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>The California <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Program coordinated by CalOES and CGS in cooperation with NOAA and FEMA has begun implementing a plan to increase awareness of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generated</span> hazards to the maritime community (both ships and harbor infrastructure) through the development of in-harbor hazard maps, offshore safety zones for boater evacuation, and associated guidance for harbors and marinas before, during and following <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. The hope is that the maritime guidance and associated education and outreach program will help save lives and reduce exposure of damage to boats and harbor infrastructure. An important step in this process is to understand the causative mechanism for damage in ports and harbors, and then ensure that the <span class="hlt">models</span> used to <span class="hlt">generate</span> hazard maps are able to accurately simulate these processes. Findings will be used to develop maps, guidance documents, and consistent policy recommendations for emergency managers and port authorities and provide information critical to real-time decisions required when responding to <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> alert notifications. The goals of the study are to (1) evaluate the effectiveness and sensitivity of existing numerical <span class="hlt">models</span> for assessing maritime <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazards, (2) find a relationship between current speeds and expected damage levels, (3) evaluate California ports and harbors in terms of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> induced hazards by identifying regions that are prone to higher current speeds and damage and to identify regions of relatively lower impact that may be used for evacuation of maritime assets, and (4) determine ';safe depths' for evacuation of vessels from ports and harbors during a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> event. This presentation will focus on the results from five California ports and harbors, and will include feedback we have received from initial discussion with local harbor masters and port authorities. This work in California will form the basis for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard reduction for all U.S. maritime communities through the National <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Hazard</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70190784','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70190784"><span>Submarine landslide as the source for the October 11, 1918 Mona Passage <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>: Observations and <span class="hlt">modeling</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>López-Venegas, A.M.; ten Brink, Uri S.; Geist, Eric L.</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>The October 11, 1918 ML 7.5 earthquake in the Mona Passage between Hispaniola and Puerto Rico <span class="hlt">generated</span> a local <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> that claimed approximately 100 lives along the western coast of Puerto Rico. The area affected by this <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> is now significantly more populated. Newly acquired high-resolution bathymetry and seismic reflection lines in the Mona Passage show a fresh submarine landslide 15 km northwest of Rinćon in northwestern Puerto Rico and in the vicinity of the first published earthquake epicenter. The landslide area is approximately 76 km2 and probably displaced a total volume of 10 km3. The landslide's headscarp is at a water depth of 1200 m, with the debris flow extending to a water depth of 4200 m. Submarine telegraph cables were reported cut by a landslide in this area following the earthquake, further suggesting that the landslide was the result of the October 11, 1918 earthquake. On the other hand, the location of the previously suggested source of the 1918 <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, a normal fault along the east wall of Mona Rift, does not show recent seafloor rupture. Using the extended, weakly non-linear hydrodynamic equations implemented in the program COULWAVE, we <span class="hlt">modeled</span> the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> as <span class="hlt">generated</span> by a landslide with a duration of 325 s (corresponding to an average speed of ~ 27 m/s) and with the observed dimensions and location. Calculated marigrams show a leading depression wave followed by a maximum positive amplitude in agreement with the reported polarity, relative amplitudes, and arrival times. Our results suggest this newly-identified landslide, which was likely triggered by the 1918 earthquake, was the primary cause of the October 11, 1918 <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> and not the earthquake itself. Results from this study should be useful to help discern poorly constrained <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> sources in other case studies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFMOS43A1370W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFMOS43A1370W"><span>Development Of New Databases For <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Hazard Analysis In California</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wilson, R. I.; Barberopoulou, A.; Borrero, J. C.; Bryant, W. A.; Dengler, L. A.; Goltz, J. D.; Legg, M.; McGuire, T.; Miller, K. M.; Real, C. R.; Synolakis, C.; Uslu, B.</p> <p>2009-12-01</p> <p>The California Geological Survey (CGS) has partnered with other <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> specialists to produce two statewide databases to facilitate the evaluation of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard products for both emergency response and land-use planning and development. A robust, State-run <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> deposit database is being developed that compliments and expands on existing databases from the National Geophysical Data Center (global) and the USGS (Cascadia). Whereas these existing databases focus on references or individual <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> layers, the new State-maintained database concentrates on the location and contents of individual borings/trenches that sample <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> deposits. These data provide an important observational benchmark for evaluating the results of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation <span class="hlt">modeling</span>. CGS is collaborating with and sharing the database entry form with other states to encourage its continued development beyond California’s coastline so that historic <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> deposits can be evaluated on a regional basis. CGS is also developing an internet-based, <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> source scenario database and forum where <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> source experts and hydrodynamic <span class="hlt">modelers</span> can discuss the validity of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> sources and their contribution to hazard assessments for California and other coastal areas bordering the Pacific Ocean. The database includes all distant and local <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> sources relevant to California starting with the forty scenarios evaluated during the creation of the recently completed statewide series of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation maps for emergency response planning. Factors germane to probabilistic <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard analyses (PTHA), such as event histories and recurrence intervals, are also addressed in the database and discussed in the forum. Discussions with other <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> source experts will help CGS determine what additional scenarios should be considered in PTHA for assessing the feasibility of <span class="hlt">generating</span> products of value to local land-use planning and development.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_14 --> <div id="page_15" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="281"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AIPC.1658e0002S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AIPC.1658e0002S"><span>A <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> early warning system for the coastal area <span class="hlt">modeling</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Soebroto, Arief Andy; Sunaryo, Suhartanto, Ery</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> disaster is a potential disaster in the territory of Indonesia. Indonesia is an archipelago country and close to the ocean deep. The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> occurred in Aceh province in 2004. Early prevention efforts have been carried out. One of them is making "<span class="hlt">tsunami</span> buoy" which has been developed by BPPT. The tool puts sensors on the ocean floor near the coast to detect earthquakes on the ocean floor. Detection results are transmitted via satellite by a transmitter placed floating on the sea surface. The tool will cost billions of dollars for each system. Another constraint was the transmitter theft "<span class="hlt">tsunami</span> buoy" in the absence of guard. In this study of the system has a transmission system using radio frequency and focused on coastal areas where costs are cheaper, so that it can be applied at many beaches in Indonesia are potentially affected by the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. The monitoring system sends the detection results to the warning system using a radio frequency with a capability within 3 Km. Test results on the sub module sensor monitoring system <span class="hlt">generates</span> an error of 0.63% was taken 10% showed a good quality sensing. The test results of data transmission from the transceiver of monitoring system to the receiver of warning system produces 100% successful delivery and reception of data. The test results on the whole system to function 100% properly.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.S21A4417O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.S21A4417O"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> hazard assessment in the Colombian Caribbean Coast with a deterministic approach</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Otero Diaz, L.; Correa, R.; Ortiz R, J. C.; Restrepo L, J. C.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>For the Caribbean Sea, we propose six potential tectonic sources of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, defining for each source the worst credible earthquake from the analysis of historical seismicity, tectonics, pasts <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, and review of IRIS, PDE, NOAA, and CMT catalogs. The <span class="hlt">generation</span> and propagation of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves in the selected sources were simulated with COMCOT 1.7, which is a numerical <span class="hlt">model</span> that solves the linear and nonlinear long wave equations in finite differences in both Cartesian, and spherical coordinates. The results of the <span class="hlt">modeling</span> are presented in maps of maximum displacement of the free surface for the Colombian Caribbean coast and the island areas, and they show that the event would produce greater impact is <span class="hlt">generated</span> in the source of North Panama Deformed Belt (NPDB), where the first wave train reaches the central Colombian coast in 40 minutes, <span class="hlt">generating</span> wave heights up to 3.7 m. In San Andrés and Providencia island, <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves reach more than 4.5 m due effects of edge waves caused by interactions between waves and a barrier coral reef around of each island. The results obtained in this work are useful for planning systems and future regional and local warning systems and to identify priority areas to conduct detailed research to the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> threat.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20090041773','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20090041773"><span>Using GPS to Detect Imminent <span class="hlt">Tsunamis</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Song, Y. Tony</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>A promising method of detecting imminent <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> and estimating their destructive potential involves the use of Global Positioning System (GPS) data in addition to seismic data. Application of the method is expected to increase the reliability of global <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-warning systems, making it possible to save lives while reducing the incidence of false alarms. <span class="hlt">Tsunamis</span> kill people every year. The 2004 Indian Ocean <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> killed about 230,000 people. The magnitude of an earthquake is not always a reliable indication of the destructive potential of a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. The 2004 Indian Ocean quake <span class="hlt">generated</span> a huge <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, while the 2005 Nias (Indonesia) quake did not, even though both were initially estimated to be of the similar magnitude. Between 2005 and 2007, five false <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> alarms were issued worldwide. Such alarms result in negative societal and economic effects. GPS stations can detect ground motions of earthquakes in real time, as frequently as every few seconds. In the present method, the epicenter of an earthquake is located by use of data from seismometers, then data from coastal GPS stations near the epicenter are used to infer sea-floor displacements that precede a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. The displacement data are used in conjunction with local topographical data and an advanced theory to quantify the destructive potential of a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> on a new <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> scale, based on the GPS-derived <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> energy, much like the Richter Scale used for earthquakes. An important element of the derivation of the advanced theory was recognition that horizontal sea-floor motions contribute much more to <span class="hlt">generation</span> of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> than previously believed. The method produces a reliable estimate of the destructive potential of a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> within minutes typically, well before the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> reaches coastal areas. The viability of the method was demonstrated in computational tests in which the method yielded accurate representations of three historical <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> for which well-documented ground</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFM.U53D0075W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFM.U53D0075W"><span>The Pacific <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warning Center's Response to the Tohoku Earthquake and <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Weinstein, S. A.; Becker, N. C.; Shiro, B.; Koyanagi, K. K.; Sardina, V.; Walsh, D.; Wang, D.; McCreery, C. S.; Fryer, G. J.; Cessaro, R. K.; Hirshorn, B. F.; Hsu, V.</p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p>The largest Pacific basin earthquake in 47 years, and also the largest magnitude earthquake since the Sumatra 2004 earthquake, struck off of the east coast of the Tohoku region of Honshu, Japan at 5:46 UTC on 11 March 2011. The Tohoku earthquake (Mw 9.0) <span class="hlt">generated</span> a massive <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> with runups of up to 40m along the Tohoku coast. The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves crossed the Pacific Ocean causing significant damage as far away as Hawaii, California, and Chile, thereby becoming the largest, most destructive <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> in the Pacific Basin since 1960. Triggers on the seismic stations at Erimo, Hokkaido (ERM) and Matsushiro, Honshu (MAJO), alerted Pacific <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warning Center (PTWC) scientists 90 seconds after the earthquake began. Four minutes after its origin, and about one minute after the earthquake's rupture ended, PTWC issued an observatory message reporting a preliminary magnitude of 7.5. Eight minutes after origin time, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) issued its first international <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> message in its capacity as the Northwest Pacific <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Advisory Center. In accordance with international <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning system protocols, PTWC then followed with its first international <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning message using JMA's earthquake parameters, including an Mw of 7.8. Additional Mwp, mantle wave, and W-phase magnitude estimations based on the analysis of later-arriving seismic data at PTWC revealed that the earthquake magnitude reached at least 8.8, and that a destructive <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> would likely be crossing the Pacific Ocean. The earthquake damaged the nearest coastal sea-level station located 90 km from the epicenter in Ofunato, Japan. The NOAA DART sensor situated 600 km off the coast of Sendai, Japan, at a depth of 5.6 km recorded a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave amplitude of nearly two meters, making it by far the largest <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave ever recorded by a DART sensor. Thirty minutes later, a coastal sea-level station at Hanasaki, Japan, 600 km from the epicenter, recorded a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave amplitude of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70022128','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70022128"><span>Analysis of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generated</span> by the MW 7.8 1906 San Francisco earthquake</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Geist, E.L.; Zoback, M.L.</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>We examine possible sources of a small <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> produced by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, recorded at a single tide gauge station situated at the opening to San Francisco Bay. Coseismic vertical displacement fields were calculated using elastic dislocation theory for geodetically constrained horizontal slip along a variety of offshore fault geometries. Propagation of the ensuing <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> was calculated using a shallow-water hydrodynamic <span class="hlt">model</span> that takes into account the effects of bottom friction. The observed amplitude and negative pulse of the first arrival are shown to be inconsistent with small vertical displacements (~4-6 cm) arising from pure horizontal slip along a continuous right bend in the San Andreas fault offshore. The primary source region of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> was most likely a recently recognized 3 km right step in the San Andreas fault that is also the probable epicentral region for the 1906 earthquake. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">models</span> that include the 3 km right step with pure horizontal slip match the arrival time of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, but underestimate the amplitude of the negative first-arrival pulse. Both the amplitude and time of the first arrival are adequately matched by using a rupture geometry similar to that defined for the 1995 MW (moment magnitude) 6.9 Kobe earthquake: i.e., fault segments dipping toward each other within the stepover region (83??dip, intersecting at 10 km depth) and a small component of slip in the dip direction (rake=-172??). Analysis of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> provides confirming evidence that the 1906 San Francisco earthquake initiated at a right step in a right-lateral fault and propagated bilaterally, suggesting a rupture initiation mechanism similar to that for the 1995 Kobe earthquake.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PApGe.170.1621P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PApGe.170.1621P"><span>A Probabilistic <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Hazard Study of the Auckland Region, Part I: Propagation <span class="hlt">Modelling</span> and <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Hazard Assessment at the Shoreline</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Power, William; Wang, Xiaoming; Lane, Emily; Gillibrand, Philip</p> <p>2013-09-01</p> <p>Regional source <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> represent a potentially devastating threat to coastal communities in New Zealand, yet are infrequent events for which little historical information is available. It is therefore essential to develop robust methods for quantitatively estimating the hazards posed, so that effective mitigation measures can be implemented. We develop a probabilistic <span class="hlt">model</span> for the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard posed to the Auckland region of New Zealand from the Kermadec Trench and the southern New Hebrides Trench subduction zones. An innovative feature of our <span class="hlt">model</span> is the systematic analysis of uncertainty regarding the magnitude-frequency distribution of earthquakes in the source regions. The methodology is first used to estimate the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard at the coastline, and then used to produce a set of scenarios that can be applied to produce probabilistic maps of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation for the study region; the production of these maps is described in part II. We find that the 2,500 year return period regional source <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard for the densely populated east coast of Auckland is dominated by events originating in the Kermadec Trench, while the equivalent hazard to the sparsely populated west coast is approximately equally due to events on the Kermadec Trench and the southern New Hebrides Trench.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMNH21A3830K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMNH21A3830K"><span>Influence of Earthquake Parameters on <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Wave Height and Inundation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kulangara Madham Subrahmanian, D.; Sri Ganesh, J.; Venkata Ramana Murthy, M.; V, R. M.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>After Indian Ocean <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> (IOT) on 26th December, 2004, attempts are being made to assess the threat of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> originating from different sources for different parts of India. The Andaman - Sumatra trench is segmented by transcurrent faults and differences in the rate of subduction which is low in the north and increases southward. Therefore key board <span class="hlt">model</span> with initial deformation calculated using different strike directions, slip rates, are used. This results in uncertainties in the earthquake parameters. This study is made to identify the location of origin of most destructive <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> for Southeast coast of India and to infer the influence of the earthquake parameters in <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave height travel time in deep ocean as well as in the shelf and inundation in the coast. Five tsunamigenic sources were considered in the Andaman - Sumatra trench taking into consideration the tectonic characters of the trench described by various authors and the <span class="hlt">modeling</span> was carried out using TUNAMI N2 code. The <span class="hlt">model</span> results were validated using the travel time and runup in the coastal areas and comparing the water elevation along Jason - 1's satellite track. The inundation results are compared from the field data. The assessment of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> threat for the area south of Chennai city the metropolitan city of South India shows that a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> originating in Car Nicobar segment of the Andaman - Sumatra subduction zone can <span class="hlt">generate</span> the most destructive <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. Sensitivity analysis in the <span class="hlt">modelling</span> indicates that fault length influences the results significantly and the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> reaches early and with higher amplitude. Strike angle is also modifying the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> followed by amount of slip.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMNH43A1731M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMNH43A1731M"><span>Near-Field <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">Models</span> with Rapid Earthquake Source Inversions from Land and Ocean-Based Observations: The Potential for Forecast and Warning</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Melgar, D.; Bock, Y.; Crowell, B. W.; Haase, J. S.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Computation of predicted <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave heights and runup in the regions adjacent to large earthquakes immediately after rupture initiation remains a challenging problem. Limitations of traditional seismological instrumentation in the near field which cannot be objectively employed for real-time inversions and the non-unique source inversion results are a major concern for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">modelers</span>. Employing near-field seismic, GPS and wave gauge data from the Mw 9.0 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake, we test the capacity of static finite fault slip <span class="hlt">models</span> obtained from newly developed algorithms to produce reliable <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> forecasts. First we demonstrate the ability of seismogeodetic source <span class="hlt">models</span> determined from combined land-based GPS and strong motion seismometers to forecast near-source <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> in ~3 minutes after earthquake origin time (OT). We show that these <span class="hlt">models</span>, based on land-borne sensors only tend to underestimate the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> but are good enough to provide a realistic first warning. We then demonstrate that rapid ingestion of offshore shallow water (100 - 1000 m) wave gauge data significantly improves the <span class="hlt">model</span> forecasts and possible warnings. We ingest data from 2 near-source ocean-bottom pressure sensors and 6 GPS buoys into the earthquake source inversion process. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Green functions (tGFs) are <span class="hlt">generated</span> using the GeoClaw package, a benchmarked finite volume code with adaptive mesh refinement. These tGFs are used for a joint inversion with the land-based data and substantially improve the earthquake source and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> forecast. <span class="hlt">Model</span> skill is assessed by detailed comparisons of the simulation output to 2000+ <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> runup survey measurements collected after the event. We update the source <span class="hlt">model</span> and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> forecast and warning at 10 min intervals. We show that by 20 min after OT the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> is well-predicted with a high variance reduction to the survey data and by ~30 minutes a <span class="hlt">model</span> that can be considered final, since little changed is observed afterwards, is</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EGUGA..12.5812H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EGUGA..12.5812H"><span>Large Historical Earthquakes and <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Hazards in the Western Mediterranean: Source Characteristics and <span class="hlt">Modelling</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Harbi, Assia; Meghraoui, Mustapha; Belabbes, Samir; Maouche, Said</p> <p>2010-05-01</p> <p>The western Mediterranean region was the site of numerous large earthquakes in the past. Most of these earthquakes are located at the East-West trending Africa-Eurasia plate boundary and along the coastline of North Africa. The most recent recorded tsunamigenic earthquake occurred in 2003 at Zemmouri-Boumerdes (Mw 6.8) and <span class="hlt">generated</span> ~ 2-m-high <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave. The destructive wave affected the Balearic Islands and Almeria in southern Spain and Carloforte in southern Sardinia (Italy). The earthquake provided a unique opportunity to gather instrumental records of seismic waves and tide gauges in the western Mediterranean. A database that includes a historical catalogue of main events, seismic sources and related fault parameters was prepared in order to assess the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard of this region. In addition to the analysis of the 2003 records, we study the 1790 Oran and 1856 Jijel historical tsunamigenic earthquakes (Io = IX and X, respectively) that provide detailed observations on the heights and extension of past <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> and damage in coastal zones. We performed the <span class="hlt">modelling</span> of wave propagation using NAMI-DANCE code and tested different fault sources from synthetic tide gauges. We observe that the characteristics of seismic sources control the size and directivity of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave propagation on both northern and southern coasts of the western Mediterranean.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JMSA...15..307L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JMSA...15..307L"><span>Development of jacket platform <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> risk rating system in waters offshore North Borneo</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lee, H. E.; Liew, M. S.; Mardi, N. H.; Na, K. L.; Toloue, Iraj; Wong, S. K.</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>This work details the simulation of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves <span class="hlt">generated</span> by seaquakes in the Manila Trench and their effect on fixed oil and gas jacket platforms in waters offshore North Borneo. For this study, a four-leg living quarter jacket platform located in a water depth of 63m is <span class="hlt">modelled</span> in SACS v5.3. Malaysia has traditionally been perceived to be safe from the hazards of earthquakes and <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. Local design practices tend to neglect <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves and include no such provisions. In 2004, a 9.3 M w seaquake occurred off the northwest coast of Aceh, which <span class="hlt">generated</span> <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves that caused destruction in Malaysia totalling US 25 million and 68 deaths. This event prompted an awareness of the need to study the reliability of fixed offshore platforms scattered throughout Malaysian waters. In this paper, we present a review of research on the seismicity of the Manila Trench, which is perceived to be high risk for Southeast Asia. From the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> numerical <span class="hlt">model</span> TUNA-M2, we extract computer-simulated <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves at prescribed grid points in the vicinity of the platforms in the region. Using wave heights as input, we simulate the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> using SACS v5.3 structural analysis software of offshore platforms, which is widely accepted by the industry. We employ the nonlinear solitary wave theory in our <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> loading calculations for the platforms, and formulate a platform-specific risk quantification system. We then perform an intensive structural sensitivity analysis and derive a corresponding platform-specific risk rating <span class="hlt">model</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.3469L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.3469L"><span>Probabilistic <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation map based on stochastic earthquake source <span class="hlt">model</span>: A demonstration case in Macau, the South China Sea</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Li, Linlin; Switzer, Adam D.; Wang, Yu; Chan, Chung-Han; Qiu, Qiang; Weiss, Robert</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Current <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation maps are commonly <span class="hlt">generated</span> using deterministic scenarios, either for real-time forecasting or based on hypothetical "worst-case" events. Such maps are mainly used for emergency response and evacuation planning and do not include the information of return period. However, in practice, probabilistic <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation maps are required in a wide variety of applications, such as land-use planning, engineer design and for insurance purposes. In this study, we present a method to develop the probabilistic <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation map using a stochastic earthquake source <span class="hlt">model</span>. To demonstrate the methodology, we take Macau a coastal city in the South China Sea as an example. Two major advances of this method are: it incorporates the most updated information of seismic tsunamigenic sources along the Manila megathrust; it integrates a stochastic source <span class="hlt">model</span> into a Monte Carlo-type simulation in which a broad range of slip distribution patterns are <span class="hlt">generated</span> for large numbers of synthetic earthquake events. When aggregated the large amount of inundation simulation results, we analyze the uncertainties associated with variability of earthquake rupture location and slip distribution. We also explore how <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard evolves in Macau in the context of sea level rise. Our results suggest Macau faces moderate <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> risk due to its low-lying elevation, extensive land reclamation, high coastal population and major infrastructure density. Macau consists of four districts: Macau Peninsula, Taipa Island, Coloane island and Cotai strip. Of these Macau Peninsula is the most vulnerable to <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> due to its low-elevation and exposure to direct waves and refracted waves from the offshore region and reflected waves from mainland. Earthquakes with magnitude larger than Mw8.0 in the northern Manila trench would likely cause hazardous inundation in Macau. Using a stochastic source <span class="hlt">model</span>, we are able to derive a spread of potential <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impacts for earthquakes</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRA..123.4329R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRA..123.4329R"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Wave Height Estimation from GPS-Derived Ionospheric Data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rakoto, Virgile; Lognonné, Philippe; Rolland, Lucie; Coïsson, P.</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>Large underwater earthquakes (Mw>7) can transmit part of their energy to the surrounding ocean through large seafloor motions, <span class="hlt">generating</span> <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> that propagate over long distances. The forcing effect of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves on the atmosphere <span class="hlt">generates</span> internal gravity waves that, when they reach the upper atmosphere, produce ionospheric perturbations. These perturbations are frequently observed in the total electron content (TEC) measured by multifrequency Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) such as GPS, GLONASS, and, in the future, Galileo. This paper describes the first inversion of the variation in sea level derived from GPS TEC data. We used a least squares inversion through a normal-mode summation <span class="hlt">modeling</span>. This technique was applied to three <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> in far field associated to the 2012 Haida Gwaii, 2006 Kuril Islands, and 2011 Tohoku events and for Tohoku also in close field. With the exception of the Tohoku far-field case, for which the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> reconstruction by the TEC inversion is less efficient due to the ionospheric noise background associated to geomagnetic storm, which occurred on the earthquake day, we show that the peak-to-peak amplitude of the sea level variation inverted by this method can be compared to the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave height measured by a DART buoy with an error of less than 20%. This demonstrates that the inversion of TEC data with a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> normal-mode summation approach is able to estimate quite accurately the amplitude and waveform of the first <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> arrival.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://library.lanl.gov/tsunami/ts272.pdf','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="http://library.lanl.gov/tsunami/ts272.pdf"><span>NOAA/West Coast and Alaska <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warning Center Pacific Ocean response criteria</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Whitmore, P.; Benz, H.; Bolton, M.; Crawford, G.; Dengler, L.; Fryer, G.; Goltz, J.; Hansen, R.; Kryzanowski, K.; Malone, S.; Oppenheimer, D.; Petty, E.; Rogers, G.; Wilson, Jim</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>New West Coast/Alaska <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warning Center (WCATWC) response criteria for earthquakes occurring in the Pacific basin are presented. Initial warning decisions are based on earthquake location, magnitude, depth, and - dependent on magnitude - either distance from source or precomputed threat estimates <span class="hlt">generated</span> from <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">models</span>. The new criteria will help limit the geographical extent of warnings and advisories to threatened regions, and complement the new operational <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> product suite. Changes to the previous criteria include: adding hypocentral depth dependence, reducing geographical warning extent for the lower magnitude ranges, setting special criteria for areas not well-connected to the open ocean, basing warning extent on pre-computed threat levels versus <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> travel time for very large events, including the new advisory product, using the advisory product for far-offshore events in the lower magnitude ranges, and specifying distances from the coast for on-shore events which may be tsunamigenic. This report sets a baseline for response criteria used by the WCATWC considering its processing and observational data capabilities as well as its organizational requirements. Criteria are set for <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> <span class="hlt">generated</span> by earthquakes, which are by far the main cause of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generation</span> (either directly through sea floor displacement or indirectly by triggering of slumps). As further research and development provides better <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> source definition, observational data streams, and improved analysis tools, the criteria will continue to adjust. Future lines of research and development capable of providing operational <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning centers with better tools are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMNH22A..03H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMNH22A..03H"><span>Application and Validation of a GIS <span class="hlt">Model</span> for Local <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Vulnerability and Mortality Risk Analysis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Harbitz, C. B.; Frauenfelder, R.; Kaiser, G.; Glimsdal, S.; Sverdrup-thygeson, K.; Løvholt, F.; Gruenburg, L.; Mc Adoo, B. G.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>The 2011 Tōhoku <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> caused a high number of fatalities and massive destruction. Data collected after the event allow for retrospective analyses. Since 2009, NGI has developed a generic GIS <span class="hlt">model</span> for local analyses of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> vulnerability and mortality risk. The mortality risk convolves the hazard, exposure, and vulnerability. The hazard is represented by the maximum <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> flow depth (with a corresponding likelihood), the exposure is described by the population density in time and space, while the vulnerability is expressed by the probability of being killed as a function of flow depth and building class. The analysis is further based on high-resolution DEMs. Normally a certain <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> scenario with a corresponding return period is applied for vulnerability and mortality risk analysis. Hence, the <span class="hlt">model</span> was first employed for a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> forecast scenario affecting Bridgetown, Barbados, and further developed in a forecast study for the city of Batangas in the Philippines. Subsequently, the <span class="hlt">model</span> was tested by hindcasting the 2009 South Pacific <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> in American Samoa. This hindcast was based on post-<span class="hlt">tsunami</span> information. The GIS <span class="hlt">model</span> was adapted for optimal use of the available data and successfully estimated the degree of mortality.For further validation and development, the <span class="hlt">model</span> was recently applied in the RAPSODI project for hindcasting the 2011 Tōhoku <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> in Sendai and Ishinomaki. With reasonable choices of building vulnerability, the estimated expected number of fatalities agree well with the reported death toll. The results of the mortality hindcast for the 2011 Tōhoku <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> substantiate that the GIS <span class="hlt">model</span> can help to identify high <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> mortality risk areas, as well as identify the main risk drivers.The research leading to these results has received funding from CONCERT-Japan Joint Call on Efficient Energy Storage and Distribution/Resilience against Disasters (http://www.concertjapan.eu; project RAPSODI - Risk Assessment and design of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70032904','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70032904"><span>The role of deposits in <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> risk assessment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Jaffe, B.</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>An incomplete catalogue of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> in the written record hinders <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> risk assessment. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> deposits, hard evidence of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, can be used to extend the written record. The two primary factors in <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> risk, <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> frequency and magnitude, can be addressed through field and <span class="hlt">modeling</span> studies of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> deposits. Recent research has increased the utility of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> deposits in <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> risk assessment by improving the ability to identify <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> deposits and developing <span class="hlt">models</span> to determine <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> magnitude from deposit characteristics. Copyright ASCE 2008.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMNH43A1819G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMNH43A1819G"><span>Multiple Solutions of Real-time <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Forecasting Using Short-term Inundation Forecasting for <span class="hlt">Tsunamis</span> Tool</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gica, E.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The Short-term Inundation Forecasting for <span class="hlt">Tsunamis</span> (SIFT) tool, developed by NOAA Center for <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Research (NCTR) at the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL), is used in forecast operations at the <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warning Centers in Alaska and Hawaii. The SIFT tool relies on a pre-computed <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> propagation database, real-time DART buoy data, and an inversion algorithm to define the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> source. The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> propagation database is composed of 50×100km unit sources, simulated basin-wide for at least 24 hours. Different combinations of unit sources, DART buoys, and length of real-time DART buoy data can <span class="hlt">generate</span> a wide range of results within the defined <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> source. For an inexperienced SIFT user, the primary challenge is to determine which solution, among multiple solutions for a single <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> event, would provide the best forecast in real time. This study investigates how the use of different <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> sources affects simulated <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> at tide gauge locations. Using the tide gauge at Hilo, Hawaii, a total of 50 possible solutions for the 2011 Tohoku <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> are considered. Maximum <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave amplitude and root mean square error results are used to compare tide gauge data and the simulated <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> time series. Results of this study will facilitate SIFT users' efforts to determine if the simulated tide gauge <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> time series from a specific <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> source solution would be within the range of possible solutions. This study will serve as the basis for investigating more historical <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> events and tide gauge locations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AGUFM.T31C..06D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AGUFM.T31C..06D"><span>Historic <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> in the Indian Ocean</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dominey-Howes, D.; Cummins, P. R.; Burbidge, D.</p> <p>2005-12-01</p> <p>The 2004 Boxing Day <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> dramatically highlighted the need for a better understanding of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard in the Indian Ocean. One of the most important foundations on which to base such an assessment is knowledge of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> that have affected the region in the historical past. We present a summary of the previously published catalog of Indian Ocean <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> and the results of a preliminary search of archival material held at the India Records Office at the British Library in London. We demonstrate that in some cases, normal tidal movements and floods associated with tropical cyclones have been erroneously listed as <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. We summarise interesting archival material for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> that occurred in 1945, 1941, 1881, 1819, 1762 and a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> in 1843 not previously identified or reported. We also note the recent discovery, by a Canadian team during a post-<span class="hlt">tsunami</span> survey following the 2004 Boxing Day <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span>, of archival evidence that the Great Sumatra Earthquake of 1833 <span class="hlt">generated</span> a teletsunami. Open ocean wave heights are calculated for some of the historical <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> and compared with those of the Boxing Day <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFMNH21D1528Q','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFMNH21D1528Q"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> hazard assessment in La Reunion and Mayotte Islands in the Indian Ocean : detailed <span class="hlt">modeling</span> of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impacts for the PREPARTOI project</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Quentel, E.; Loevenbruck, A.; Sahal, A.; Lavigne, F.</p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p>Significant <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> have often affected the southwest Indian Ocean. The scientific project PREPARTOI (Prévention et REcherche pour l'Atténuation du Risque <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> dans l'Océan Indien), partly founded by the MAIF foundation, aims at assessing the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> risk on both french islands of this region, La Réunion and Mayotte. Further purpose of this project is the detailed hazard and vulnerability study for specific places of these islands, selected according to their environmental and human issues and observed impacts of past <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> hazard in this region, recently highlighted by major events in the southwest Indian Ocean, has never been thoroughly evaluated. Our study, within the PREPARTOI project, contributes to fill in this lack. It aims at examining transoceanic <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard related to earthquakes by <span class="hlt">modeling</span> the scenarios of major historical events. We consider earthquakes with magnitude greater than Mw 7.7 located on the Sumatra (1833, 2004, 2010), Java (2006) and Makran (1945) subduction zones. First, our simulations allow us to compare the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impact at regional scale according to the seismic sources; we thus identify earthquakes locations which most affect the islands and describe the impact distribution along their coastline. In general, we note that, for the same magnitude, events coming from the southern part of Sumatra subduction zone induce a larger impact than the north events. The studied <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> initiated along the Java and Makran subduction zones have limited effects on both French islands. Then, detailed <span class="hlt">models</span> for the selected sites are performed based on high resolution bathymetric and topographic data; they provide estimations of the water currents, the water heights and the potential inundations. When available, field measurements and maregraphic records allow testing our <span class="hlt">models</span>. Arrival time, amplitude of the first wave and impact on the tide gauge time series are well reproduced. <span class="hlt">Models</span> are consistent with the observations</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NHESD...1.2127A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NHESD...1.2127A"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> hazard assessment in El Salvador, Central America, from seismic sources through flooding numerical <span class="hlt">models</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Álvarez-Gómez, J. A.; Aniel-Quiroga, Í.; Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez, O. Q.; Larreynaga, J.; González, M.; Castro, M.; Gavidia, F.; Aguirre-Ayerbe, I.; González-Riancho, P.; Carreño, E.</p> <p>2013-05-01</p> <p>El Salvador is the smallest and most densely populated country in Central America; its coast has approximately a length of 320 km, 29 municipalities and more than 700 000 inhabitants. In El Salvador there have been 15 recorded <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> between 1859 and 2012, 3 of them causing damages and hundreds of victims. The hazard assessment is commonly based on propagation numerical <span class="hlt">models</span> for earthquake-<span class="hlt">generated</span> <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> and can be approached from both Probabilistic and Deterministic Methods. A deterministic approximation has been applied in this study as it provides essential information for coastal planning and management. The objective of the research was twofold, on the one hand the characterization of the threat over the entire coast of El Salvador, and on the other the computation of flooding maps for the three main localities of the Salvadorian coast. For the latter we developed high resolution flooding <span class="hlt">models</span>. For the former, due to the extension of the coastal area, we computed maximum elevation maps and from the elevation in the near-shore we computed an estimation of the run-up and the flooded area using empirical relations. We have considered local sources located in the Middle America Trench, characterized seismotectonically, and distant sources in the rest of Pacific basin, using historical and recent earthquakes and <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. We used a hybrid finite differences - finite volumes numerical <span class="hlt">model</span> in this work, based on the Linear and Non-linear Shallow Water Equations, to simulate a total of 24 earthquake <span class="hlt">generated</span> <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> scenarios. In the western Salvadorian coast, run-up values higher than 5 m are common, while in the eastern area, approximately from La Libertad to the Gulf of Fonseca, the run-up values are lower. The more exposed areas to flooding are the lowlands in the Lempa River delta and the Barra de Santiago Western Plains. The results of the empirical approximation used for the whole country are similar to the results obtained with the high resolution</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NHESS..13.2927A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NHESS..13.2927A"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> hazard assessment in El Salvador, Central America, from seismic sources through flooding numerical <span class="hlt">models</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Álvarez-Gómez, J. A.; Aniel-Quiroga, Í.; Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez, O. Q.; Larreynaga, J.; González, M.; Castro, M.; Gavidia, F.; Aguirre-Ayerbe, I.; González-Riancho, P.; Carreño, E.</p> <p>2013-11-01</p> <p>El Salvador is the smallest and most densely populated country in Central America; its coast has an approximate length of 320 km, 29 municipalities and more than 700 000 inhabitants. In El Salvador there were 15 recorded <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> between 1859 and 2012, 3 of them causing damages and resulting in hundreds of victims. Hazard assessment is commonly based on propagation numerical <span class="hlt">models</span> for earthquake-<span class="hlt">generated</span> <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> and can be approached through both probabilistic and deterministic methods. A deterministic approximation has been applied in this study as it provides essential information for coastal planning and management. The objective of the research was twofold: on the one hand the characterization of the threat over the entire coast of El Salvador, and on the other the computation of flooding maps for the three main localities of the Salvadorian coast. For the latter we developed high-resolution flooding <span class="hlt">models</span>. For the former, due to the extension of the coastal area, we computed maximum elevation maps, and from the elevation in the near shore we computed an estimation of the run-up and the flooded area using empirical relations. We have considered local sources located in the Middle America Trench, characterized seismotectonically, and distant sources in the rest of Pacific Basin, using historical and recent earthquakes and <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. We used a hybrid finite differences-finite volumes numerical <span class="hlt">model</span> in this work, based on the linear and non-linear shallow water equations, to simulate a total of 24 earthquake-<span class="hlt">generated</span> <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> scenarios. Our results show that at the western Salvadorian coast, run-up values higher than 5 m are common, while in the eastern area, approximately from La Libertad to the Gulf of Fonseca, the run-up values are lower. The more exposed areas to flooding are the lowlands in the Lempa River delta and the Barra de Santiago Western Plains. The results of the empirical approximation used for the whole country are similar to the results</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_15 --> <div id="page_16" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="301"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NHESS..17.1253B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NHESS..17.1253B"><span>Synthetic <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waveform catalogs with kinematic constraints</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Baptista, Maria Ana; Miranda, Jorge Miguel; Matias, Luis; Omira, Rachid</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>In this study we present a comprehensive methodology to produce a synthetic <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waveform catalogue in the northeast Atlantic, east of the Azores islands. The method uses a synthetic earthquake catalogue compatible with plate kinematic constraints of the area. We use it to assess the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard from the transcurrent boundary located between Iberia and the Azores, whose western part is known as the Gloria Fault. This study focuses only on earthquake-<span class="hlt">generated</span> <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. Moreover, we assume that the time and space distribution of the seismic events is known. To do this, we compute a synthetic earthquake catalogue including all fault parameters needed to characterize the seafloor deformation covering the time span of 20 000 years, which we consider long enough to ensure the representability of earthquake <span class="hlt">generation</span> on this segment of the plate boundary. The computed time and space rupture distributions are made compatible with global kinematic plate <span class="hlt">models</span>. We use the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> empirical Green's functions to efficiently compute the synthetic <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waveforms for the dataset of coastal locations, thus providing the basis for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impact characterization. We present the results in the form of offshore wave heights for all coastal points in the dataset. Our results focus on the northeast Atlantic basin, showing that earthquake-induced <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> in the transcurrent segment of the Azores-Gibraltar plate boundary pose a minor threat to coastal areas north of Portugal and beyond the Strait of Gibraltar. However, in Morocco, the Azores, and the Madeira islands, we can expect wave heights between 0.6 and 0.8 m, leading to precautionary evacuation of coastal areas. The advantages of the method are its easy application to other regions and the low computation effort needed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMNH23A1852S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMNH23A1852S"><span>Benchmarking on <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Currents with ComMIT</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sharghi vand, N.; Kanoglu, U.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>There were no standards for the validation and verification of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> numerical <span class="hlt">models</span> before 2004 Indian Ocean <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. Even, number of numerical <span class="hlt">models</span> has been used for inundation mapping effort, evaluation of critical structures, etc. without validation and verification. After 2004, NOAA Center for <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Research (NCTR) established standards for the validation and verification of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> numerical <span class="hlt">models</span> (Synolakis et al. 2008 Pure Appl. Geophys. 165, 2197-2228), which will be used evaluation of critical structures such as nuclear power plants against <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> attack. NCTR presented analytical, experimental and field benchmark problems aimed to estimate maximum runup and accepted widely by the community. Recently, benchmark problems were suggested by the US National <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Hazard Mitigation Program Mapping & <span class="hlt">Modeling</span> Benchmarking Workshop: <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Currents on February 9-10, 2015 at Portland, Oregon, USA (http://nws.weather.gov/nthmp/index.html). These benchmark problems concentrated toward validation and verification of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> numerical <span class="hlt">models</span> on <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> currents. Three of the benchmark problems were: current measurement of the Japan 2011 <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> in Hilo Harbor, Hawaii, USA and in Tauranga Harbor, New Zealand, and single long-period wave propagating onto a small-scale experimental <span class="hlt">model</span> of the town of Seaside, Oregon, USA. These benchmark problems were implemented in the Community <span class="hlt">Modeling</span> Interface for <span class="hlt">Tsunamis</span> (ComMIT) (Titov et al. 2011 Pure Appl. Geophys. 168, 2121-2131), which is a user-friendly interface to the validated and verified Method of Splitting <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> (MOST) (Titov and Synolakis 1995 J. Waterw. Port Coastal Ocean Eng. 121, 308-316) <span class="hlt">model</span> and is developed by NCTR. The <span class="hlt">modeling</span> results are compared with the required benchmark data, providing good agreements and results are discussed. Acknowledgment: The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5938283','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5938283"><span>Mechanism of the 2015 volcanic <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> earthquake near Torishima, Japan</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Satake, Kenji</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> earthquakes are a group of enigmatic earthquakes <span class="hlt">generating</span> disproportionally large <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> relative to seismic magnitude. These events occur most typically near deep-sea trenches. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> earthquakes occurring approximately every 10 years near Torishima on the Izu-Bonin arc are another example. Seismic and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves from the 2015 event [Mw (moment magnitude) = 5.7] were recorded by an offshore seafloor array of 10 pressure gauges, ~100 km away from the epicenter. We made an array analysis of dispersive <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> to locate the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> source within the submarine Smith Caldera. The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> simulation from a large caldera-floor uplift of ~1.5 m with a small peripheral depression yielded waveforms remarkably similar to the observations. The estimated central uplift, 1.5 m, is ~20 times larger than that inferred from the seismologically determined non–double-couple source. Thus, the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> observation is not compatible with the published seismic source <span class="hlt">model</span> taken at face value. However, given the indeterminacy of Mzx, Mzy, and M{tensile} of a shallow moment tensor source, it may be possible to find a source mechanism with efficient <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> but inefficient seismic radiation that can satisfactorily explain both the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> and seismic observations, but this question remains unresolved. PMID:29740604</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29740604','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29740604"><span>Mechanism of the 2015 volcanic <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> earthquake near Torishima, Japan.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Fukao, Yoshio; Sandanbata, Osamu; Sugioka, Hiroko; Ito, Aki; Shiobara, Hajime; Watada, Shingo; Satake, Kenji</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> earthquakes are a group of enigmatic earthquakes <span class="hlt">generating</span> disproportionally large <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> relative to seismic magnitude. These events occur most typically near deep-sea trenches. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> earthquakes occurring approximately every 10 years near Torishima on the Izu-Bonin arc are another example. Seismic and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves from the 2015 event [ M w (moment magnitude) = 5.7] were recorded by an offshore seafloor array of 10 pressure gauges, ~100 km away from the epicenter. We made an array analysis of dispersive <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> to locate the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> source within the submarine Smith Caldera. The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> simulation from a large caldera-floor uplift of ~1.5 m with a small peripheral depression yielded waveforms remarkably similar to the observations. The estimated central uplift, 1.5 m, is ~20 times larger than that inferred from the seismologically determined non-double-couple source. Thus, the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> observation is not compatible with the published seismic source <span class="hlt">model</span> taken at face value. However, given the indeterminacy of M zx , M zy , and M {tensile} of a shallow moment tensor source, it may be possible to find a source mechanism with efficient <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> but inefficient seismic radiation that can satisfactorily explain both the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> and seismic observations, but this question remains unresolved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26ES...67a2030K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26ES...67a2030K"><span>Validation of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation <span class="hlt">model</span> TUNA-RP using OAR-PMEL-135 benchmark problem set</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Koh, H. L.; Teh, S. Y.; Tan, W. K.; Kh'ng, X. Y.</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>A standard set of benchmark problems, known as OAR-PMEL-135, is developed by the US National <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Hazard Mitigation Program for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation <span class="hlt">model</span> validation. Any <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation <span class="hlt">model</span> must be tested for its accuracy and capability using this standard set of benchmark problems before it can be gainfully used for inundation simulation. The authors have previously developed an in-house <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation <span class="hlt">model</span> known as TUNA-RP. This inundation <span class="hlt">model</span> solves the two-dimensional nonlinear shallow water equations coupled with a wet-dry moving boundary algorithm. This paper presents the validation of TUNA-RP against the solutions provided in the OAR-PMEL-135 benchmark problem set. This benchmark validation testing shows that TUNA-RP can indeed perform inundation simulation with accuracy consistent with that in the tested benchmark problem set.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1816602P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1816602P"><span>Seismic Shaking, <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Wave Erosion And <span class="hlt">Generation</span> of Seismo-Turbidites in the Ionian Sea</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Polonia, Alina; Nelson, Hans; Romano, Stefania; Vaiani, Stefano Claudio; Colizza, Ester; Gasparotto, Giorgio; Gasperini, Luca</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>We are investigating the effects of earthquakes and <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> on the sedimentary record in the Ionian Sea through the analysis of turbidite deposits. A comparison between radiometric dating and historical earthquake catalogs suggests that recent turbidite <span class="hlt">generation</span> is triggered by great earthquakes in the Calabrian and hellenic Arcs such as the AD 1908 Messina, AD 1693 Catania, AD 1169 Eastern Sicily and AD 365 Crete earthquakes. Textural, micropaleontological, geochemical and mineralogical signatures of the youngest three seismo-turbidites reveal cyclic patterns of sedimentary units. The basal stacked turbidites result from multiple slope failure sources as shown by different sedimentary structures as well as mineralogic, geochemical and micropaleontological compositions. The homogenite units, are graded muds deposited from the waning flows of the multiple turbidity currents that are trapped in the Ionian Sea confined basin. The uppermost unit is divided into two parts. The lower marine sourced laminated part without textural gradation, we interpret to result from seiching of the confined water mass that appears to be <span class="hlt">generated</span> by earthquake ruptures combined with <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves. The uppermost part we interpret as the tsunamite cap that is deposited by the slow settling suspension cloud created by <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave backwash erosion of the shoreline and continental shelf. This <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> process interpretation is based on the final textural gradation of the upper unit and a more continental source of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> cap which includes C/N >10, the lack of abyssal foraminifera species wirth the local occurrence of inner shelf foraminifera. Seismic reflection images show that some deeper turbidite beds are very thick and marked by acoustic transparent homogenite mud layers at their top. Based on a high resolution study of the most recent of such megabeds (Homogenite/Augias turbidite, i.e. HAT), we show that it was triggered by the AD 365 Crete earthquake. Radiometric dating</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009EGUGA..1112635Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009EGUGA..1112635Z"><span>Using Multi-Scenario <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">Modelling</span> Results combined with Probabilistic Analyses to provide Hazard Information for the South-WestCoast of Indonesia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zosseder, K.; Post, J.; Steinmetz, T.; Wegscheider, S.; Strunz, G.</p> <p>2009-04-01</p> <p>Indonesia is located at one of the most active geological subduction zones in the world. Following the most recent seaquakes and their subsequent <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> in December 2004 and July 2006 it is expected that also in the near future <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> are likely to occur due to increased tectonic tensions leading to abrupt vertical seafloor alterations after a century of relative tectonic silence. To face this devastating threat <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard maps are very important as base for evacuation planning and mitigation strategies. In terms of a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impact the hazard assessment is mostly covered by numerical <span class="hlt">modelling</span> because the <span class="hlt">model</span> results normally offer the most precise database for a hazard analysis as they include spatially distributed data and their influence to the hydraulic dynamics. Generally a <span class="hlt">model</span> result gives a probability for the intensity distribution of a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> at the coast (or run up) and the spatial distribution of the maximum inundation area depending on the location and magnitude of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> source used. The boundary condition of the source used for the <span class="hlt">model</span> is mostly chosen by a worst case approach. Hence the location and magnitude which are likely to occur and which are assumed to <span class="hlt">generate</span> the worst impact are used to predict the impact at a specific area. But for a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard assessment covering a large coastal area, as it is demanded in the GITEWS (German Indonesian <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Early Warning System) project in which the present work is embedded, this approach is not practicable because a lot of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> sources can cause an impact at the coast and must be considered. Thus a multi-scenario <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">model</span> approach is developed to provide a reliable hazard assessment covering large areas. For the Indonesian Early Warning System many <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> scenarios were <span class="hlt">modelled</span> by the Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI) at different probable <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> sources and with different magnitudes along the Sunda Trench. Every <span class="hlt">modelled</span> scenario delivers the spatial distribution of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1911871N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1911871N"><span>Probabilistic <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard assessment in Greece for seismic sources along the segmented Hellenic Arc</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Novikova, Tatyana; Babeyko, Andrey; Papadopoulos, Gerassimos</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Greece and adjacent coastal areas are characterized by a high population exposure to <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard. The Hellenic Arc is the most active geotectonic structure for the <span class="hlt">generation</span> of earthquakes and <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. We performed probabilistic <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard assessment for selected locations of Greek coastlines which are the forecasting points officially used in the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning operations by the Hellenic National <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warning Center and the NEAMTWS/IOC/UNESCO. In our analysis we considered seismic sources for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generation</span> along the western, central and eastern segments of the Hellenic Arc. We first created a synthetic catalog as long as 10,000 years for all the significant earthquakes with magnitudes in the range from 6.0 to 8.5, the real events being included in this catalog. For each event included in the synthetic catalog a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> was <span class="hlt">generated</span> and propagated using Boussinesq <span class="hlt">model</span>. The probability of occurrence for each event was determined by Gutenberg-Richter magnitude-frequency distribution. The results of our study are expressed as hazard curves and hazard maps. The hazard curves were obtained for the selected sites and present the annual probability of exceedance as a function of pick coastal <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> amplitude. Hazard maps represent the distribution of peak coastal <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> amplitudes corresponding to a fixed annual probability. In such forms our results can be easily compared to the ones obtained in other studies and further employed for the development of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> risk management plans. This research is a contribution to the EU-FP7 <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> research project ASTARTE (Assessment, Strategy And Risk Reduction for <span class="hlt">Tsunamis</span> in Europe), grant agreement no: 603839, 2013-10-30.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.S21A4411S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.S21A4411S"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span>.gov: NOAA's <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Information Portal</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shiro, B.; Carrick, J.; Hellman, S. B.; Bernard, M.; Dildine, W. P.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>We present the new <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span>.gov website, which delivers a single authoritative source of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> information for the public and emergency management communities. The site efficiently merges information from NOAA's <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warning Centers (TWC's) by way of a comprehensive XML feed called <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Event XML (TEX). The resulting unified view allows users to quickly see the latest <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> alert status in geographic context without having to understand complex TWC areas of responsibility. The new site provides for the creation of a wide range of products beyond the traditional ASCII-based <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> messages. The publication of modern formats such as Common Alerting Protocol (CAP) can drive geographically aware emergency alert systems like FEMA's Integrated Public Alert and Warning System (IPAWS). Supported are other popular information delivery systems, including email, text messaging, and social media updates. The <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span>.gov portal allows NOAA staff to easily edit content and provides the facility for users to customize their viewing experience. In addition to access by the public, emergency managers and government officials may be offered the capability to log into the portal for special access rights to decision-making and administrative resources relevant to their respective <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning systems. The site follows modern HTML5 responsive design practices for optimized use on mobile as well as non-mobile platforms. It meets all federal security and accessibility standards. Moving forward, we hope to expand <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span>.gov to encompass <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-related content currently offered on separate websites, including the NOAA <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Website, National <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Hazard Mitigation Program, NOAA Center for <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Research, National Geophysical Data Center's <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Database, and National Data Buoy Center's DART Program. This project is part of the larger <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Information Technology Modernization Project, which is consolidating the software architectures of NOAA's existing TWC's into</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMNH33A1641M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMNH33A1641M"><span>A culture of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> preparedness and applying knowledge from recent <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> affecting California</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Miller, K. M.; Wilson, R. I.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>It is the mission of the California <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Program to ensure public safety by protecting lives and property before, during, and after a potentially destructive or damaging <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. In order to achieve this goal, the state has sought first to use finite funding resources to identify and quantify the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard using the best available scientific expertise, <span class="hlt">modeling</span>, data, mapping, and methods at its disposal. Secondly, it has been vital to accurately inform the emergency response community of the nature of the threat by defining inundation zones prior to a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> event and leveraging technical expertise during ongoing <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> alert notifications (specifically incoming wave heights, arrival times, and the dangers of strong currents). State scientists and emergency managers have been able to learn and apply both scientific and emergency response lessons from recent, distant-source <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> affecting coastal California (from Samoa in 2009, Chile in 2010, and Japan in 2011). Emergency managers must understand and plan in advance for specific actions and protocols for each alert notification level provided by the NOAA/NWS West Coast/Alaska <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warning Center. Finally the state program has provided education and outreach information via a multitude of delivery methods, activities, and end products while keeping the message simple, consistent, and focused. The goal is a culture of preparedness and understanding of what to do in the face of a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> by residents, visitors, and responsible government officials. We provide an update of results and findings made by the state program with support of the National <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Hazard Mitigation Program through important collaboration with other U.S. States, Territories and agencies. In 2009 the California Emergency Management Agency (CalEMA) and the California Geological Survey (CGS) completed <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation <span class="hlt">modeling</span> and mapping for all low-lying, populated coastal areas of California to assist local jurisdictions on</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995PApGe.144..471H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995PApGe.144..471H"><span>Magnitude scale for the Central American <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hatori, Tokutaro</p> <p>1995-09-01</p> <p>Based on the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> data in the Central American region, the regional characteristic of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> magnitude scales is discussed in relation to earthquake magnitudes during the period from 1900 to 1993. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> magnitudes on the Imamura-Iida scale of the 1985 Mexico and 1992 Nicaragua <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> are determined to be m=2.5, judging from the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> height-distance diagram. The magnitude values of the Central American <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> are relatively small compared to earthquakes with similar size in other regions. However, there are a few large <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> <span class="hlt">generated</span> by low-frequency earthquakes such as the 1992 Nicaragua earthquake. Inundation heights of these unusual <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> are about 10 times higher than those of normal <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> for the same earthquake magnitude ( M s =6.9 7.2). The Central American <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> having magnitude m>1 have been observed by the Japanese tide stations, but the effect of directivity toward Japan is very small compared to that of the South American <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70045105','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70045105"><span>Real-time forecasting of the April 11, 2012 Sumatra <span class="hlt">tsunami</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Wang, Dailin; Becker, Nathan C.; Walsh, David; Fryer, Gerard J.; Weinstein, Stuart A.; McCreery, Charles S.; ,</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>The April 11, 2012, magnitude 8.6 earthquake off the northern coast of Sumatra <span class="hlt">generated</span> a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> that was recorded at sea-level stations as far as 4800 km from the epicenter and at four ocean bottom pressure sensors (DARTs) in the Indian Ocean. The governments of India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Maldives issued <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warnings for their coastlines. The United States' Pacific <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warning Center (PTWC) issued an Indian Ocean-wide <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Watch Bulletin in its role as an Interim Service Provider for the region. Using an experimental real-time <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> forecast <span class="hlt">model</span> (RIFT), PTWC produced a series of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> forecasts during the event that were based on rapidly derived earthquake parameters, including initial location and Mwp magnitude estimates and the W-phase centroid moment tensor solutions (W-phase CMTs) obtained at PTWC and at the U. S. Geological Survey (USGS). We discuss the real-time forecast methodology and how successive, real-time <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> forecasts using the latest W-phase CMT solutions improved the accuracy of the forecast.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70176416','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70176416"><span>Source characterization and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">modeling</span> of submarine landslides along the Yucatán Shelf/Campeche Escarpment, southern Gulf of Mexico</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Chaytor, Jason D.; Geist, Eric L.; Paull, Charles K.; Caress, David W; Gwiazda, Roberto; Urrutia Fucugauchi, Jaime; Rebolledo Vieyra, Mario</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Submarine landslides occurring along the margins of the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) represent a low-likelihood, but potentially damaging source of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. New multibeam bathymetry coverage reveals that mass wasting is pervasive along the Yucatán Shelf edge with several large composite landslides possibly removing as much as 70 km3 of the Cenozoic sedimentary section in a single event. Using GIS-based analysis, the dimensions of six landslides from the central and northern sections of the Yucatán Shelf/Campeche Escarpment were determined and used as input for preliminary <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generation</span> and propagation <span class="hlt">models</span>. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">modeling</span> is performed to compare the propagation characteristics and distribution of maximum amplitudes throughout the GOM among the different landslide scenarios. Various factors such as landslide geometry, location along the Yucatán Shelf/Campeche Escarpment, and refraction during propagation result in significant variations in the affected part of the Mexican and US Gulf Coasts. In all cases, however, <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> amplitudes are greatest along the northern Yucatán Peninsula.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMNH33A1643C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMNH33A1643C"><span>Validation of NEOWAVE with Measurements from the 2011 Tohoku <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cheung, K.; Yamazaki, Y.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>An accurate and reliable numerical <span class="hlt">model</span> is essential in mapping <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazards for mitigation and preparedness. The <span class="hlt">model</span> NEOWAVE (Non-hydrostatic Evolution of Ocean WAVEs) is being used for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation mapping in Hawaii, American Samoa, the Gulf coast states, and Puerto Rico. In addition to the benchmarks established by the National <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Hazard Mitigation Program, we have been conducting a thorough investigation of NEOWAVE's capability in reproducing the 2011 Tohoku <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> and its impact across the Pacific. The shock-capturing non-hydrostatic <span class="hlt">model</span> is well suited to handle <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> conditions in a variety of coastal environments in the near and far field. It describes dispersive waves through non-hydrostatic pressure and vertical velocity, which also account for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generation</span> from time histories of seafloor deformation. The semi-implicit, staggered finite difference <span class="hlt">model</span> captures flow discontinuities associated with bores or hydraulic jumps through a momentum conservation scheme. The <span class="hlt">model</span> supports up to five levels of two-way nested grids in spherical coordinates to describe <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> processes of varying time and spatial scales from the open ocean to the coast. We first define the source mechanism through forward <span class="hlt">modeling</span> of the near-field <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> recorded by coastal and deep-ocean buoys. A finite-fault solution based on teleseismic P-wave inversion serves as the starting point of the iterative process, in which the source parameters are systematically adjusted to achieve convergence of the computed <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> with the near-field records. The capability of NEOWAVE in <span class="hlt">modeling</span> propagation of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> is evaluated with DART data across the Pacific as well as water-level and current measurements in Hawaii. These far-field water-level records, which are not considered in the forward <span class="hlt">modeling</span>, also provide an independently assessment of the source <span class="hlt">model</span>. The computed runup and inundation are compared with measurements along Northeastern Japan coasts</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AGUFM.U11A0807F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AGUFM.U11A0807F"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Source <span class="hlt">Model</span> of the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake inferred from Tide Gauge and Satellite Data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fujii, Y.; Satake, K.</p> <p>2005-12-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generation</span> process of the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake were estimated from the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waveforms recorded on tide gauges and sea surface heights captured by satellite altimetry measurements over the Indian Ocean. The earthquake (0:58:53, 26, Dec., 2004, UTC), the largest in the last 40 years, caused devastating <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> damages to the countries around the Indian Ocean. One of the important questions is the source length; the aftershocks were distributed along the Sunda trench for 1000 to 1200 km, from off northwestern part of Sumatra island through Nicobar islands to Andaman island, while seismic wave analyses indicate much shorter source length (several hundred km). We used instrumental data of this <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, tide gauges and sea surface heights. Tide gauge data have been collected by Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS). We have also used another tide gauges data for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> simulation analysis. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> propagation was captured as sea surface heights of Jason-1 satellite altimetry measurements over the Indian Ocean for the first time (Gower, 2005). We numerically compute <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> propagation on actually bathymetry. ETOPO2 (Smith and Sandwell, 1997), the gridded data of global ocean depth from bathymetry soundings and satellite gravity data, are less reliable in the shallow ocean. To improve the accuracy, we have digitized the charts near coasts and merged the digitized data with the ETOPO2 data. The long-wave equation and the equation of motion were numerically solved by finite-difference method (Satake, 1995). As the initial condition, a static deformation of seafloor has been calculated using rectangular fault <span class="hlt">model</span> (Okada, 1985). The source region is divided into 22 subfaults. We fixed the size and geometry of each subfault, and varied the slip amount and rise time (or slip duration) for each subfault, and rupture velocity. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> waveforms or Greens functions for each subfault were calculated for the rise times of 3, 10, 30 and 60 minutes</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1913813V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1913813V"><span><span class="hlt">Modeling</span> the 16 September 2015 Chile <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> source with the inversion of deep-ocean <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> records by means of the r - solution method</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Voronina, Tatyana; Romanenko, Alexey; Loskutov, Artem</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>The key point in the state-of-the-art in the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> forecasting is constructing a reliable <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> source. In this study, we present an application of the original numerical inversion technique to <span class="hlt">modeling</span> the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> sources of the 16 September 2015 Chile <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. The problem of recovering a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> source from remote measurements of the incoming wave in the deep-water tsunameters is considered as an inverse problem of mathematical physics in the class of ill-posed problems. This approach is based on the least squares and the truncated singular value decomposition techniques. The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave propagation is considered within the scope of the linear shallow-water theory. As in inverse seismic problem, the numerical solutions obtained by mathematical methods become unstable due to the presence of noise in real data. A method of r-solutions makes it possible to avoid instability in the solution to the ill-posed problem under study. This method seems to be attractive from the computational point of view since the main efforts are required only once for calculating the matrix whose columns consist of computed waveforms for each harmonic as a source (an unknown <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> source is represented as a part of a spatial harmonics series in the source area). Furthermore, analyzing the singular spectra of the matrix obtained in the course of numerical calculations one can estimate the future inversion by a certain observational system that will allow offering a more effective disposition for the tsunameters with the help of precomputations. In other words, the results obtained allow finding a way to improve the inversion by selecting the most informative set of available recording stations. The case study of the 6 February 2013 Solomon Islands <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> highlights a critical role of arranging deep-water tsunameters for obtaining the inversion results. Implementation of the proposed methodology to the 16 September 2015 Chile <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> has successfully produced <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> source <span class="hlt">model</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70181804','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70181804"><span>Book review: Physics of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Geist, Eric L.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>“Physics of Tsunamis”, second edition, provides a comprehensive analytical treatment of the hydrodynamics associated with the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generation</span> process. The book consists of seven chapters covering 388 pages. Because the subject matter within each chapter is distinct, an abstract appears at the beginning and references appear at the end of each chapter, rather than at the end of the book. Various topics of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> physics are examined largely from a theoretical perspective, although there is little information on how the physical descriptions are applied in numerical <span class="hlt">models</span>.“Physics of Tsunamis”, by B. W. Levin and M. A. Nosov, Second Edition, Springer, 2016; ISBN-10: 33-1933106X, ISBN-13: 978-331933-1065</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70055623','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70055623"><span>Simulated <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation for a range of Cascadia megathrust earthquake scenarios at Bandon, Oregon, USA</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Witter, Robert C.; Zhang, Yinglong J.; Wang, Kelin; Priest, George R.; Goldfinger, Chris; Stimely, Laura; English, John T.; Ferro, Paul A.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Characterizations of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazards along the Cascadia subduction zone hinge on uncertainties in megathrust rupture <span class="hlt">models</span> used for simulating <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation. To explore these uncertainties, we constructed 15 megathrust earthquake scenarios using rupture <span class="hlt">models</span> that supply the initial conditions for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> simulations at Bandon, Oregon. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> inundation varies with the amount and distribution of fault slip assigned to rupture <span class="hlt">models</span>, including <span class="hlt">models</span> where slip is partitioned to a splay fault in the accretionary wedge and <span class="hlt">models</span> that vary the updip limit of slip on a buried fault. Constraints on fault slip come from onshore and offshore paleoseismological evidence. We rank each rupture <span class="hlt">model</span> using a logic tree that evaluates a model’s consistency with geological and geophysical data. The scenarios provide inputs to a hydrodynamic <span class="hlt">model</span>, SELFE, used to simulate <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generation</span>, propagation, and inundation on unstructured grids with <5–15 m resolution in coastal areas. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> simulations delineate the likelihood that Cascadia <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> will exceed mapped inundation lines. Maximum wave elevations at the shoreline varied from ∼4 m to 25 m for earthquakes with 9–44 m slip and Mw 8.7–9.2. Simulated <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation agrees with sparse deposits left by the A.D. 1700 and older <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> simulations for large (22–30 m slip) and medium (14–19 m slip) splay fault scenarios encompass 80%–95% of all inundation scenarios and provide reasonable guidelines for land-use planning and coastal development. The maximum <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation simulated for the greatest splay fault scenario (36–44 m slip) can help to guide development of local <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> evacuation zones.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NHESS..14.1155O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NHESS..14.1155O"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> hazard assessment in the southern Colombian Pacific basin and a proposal to regenerate a previous barrier island as protection</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Otero, L. J.; Restrepo, J. C.; Gonzalez, M.</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>In this study, the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard posed to 120 000 inhabitants of Tumaco (Colombia) is assessed, and an evaluation and analysis of regenerating the previous El Guano Island for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> protection is conducted. El Guano Island was a sandy barrier island in front of the city of Tumaco until its disappearance during the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> of 1979; the island is believed to have played a protective role, substantially reducing the scale of the disaster. The analysis is conducted by identifying seismotectonic parameters and focal mechanisms of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generation</span> in the area, determining seven potential <span class="hlt">generation</span> sources, applying a numerical <span class="hlt">model</span> for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generation</span> and propagation, and evaluating the effect of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> on Tumaco. The results show that in the current situation, this area is vulnerable to impact and flooding by <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> originating nearby. El Guano Island was found to markedly reduce flood levels and the energy flux of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves in Tumaco during the 1979 <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. By reducing the risk of flooding due to <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>, the regeneration and morphological modification of El Guano Island would help to protect Tumaco.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NHESD...1.1173O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NHESD...1.1173O"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> hazard assessment in the southern Colombian Pacific Basin and a proposal to regenerate a previous barrier island as protection</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Otero, L. J.; Restrepo, J. C.; Gonzalez, M.</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>In this study, the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard posed to 120 000 inhabitants of Tumaco (Colombia) is assessed, and an evaluation and analysis of regenerating the previous El Guano Island for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> protection is conducted. El Guano Island was a sandy barrier island in front of the city of Tumaco until its disappearance during the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> of 1979; the island is believed to have played a protective role, substantially reducing the scale of the disaster. The analysis is conducted by identifying seismotectonic parameters and focal mechanisms of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generation</span> in the area, determining seven potential <span class="hlt">generation</span> sources, applying a numerical <span class="hlt">model</span> for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generation</span> and propagation, and evaluating the effect of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> on Tumaco. The results show that in the current situation, this area is vulnerable to impact and flooding by <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> originating nearby. El Guano Island was found to markedly reduce flood levels and the energy flux of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves in Tumaco during the 1979 <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. To reduce the risk of flooding due to <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>, the regeneration and morphological modification of El Guano Island would help to protect Tumaco.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_16 --> <div id="page_17" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="321"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMNH41A1754B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMNH41A1754B"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">Modeling</span> and Prediction Using a Data Assimilation Technique with Kalman Filters</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Barnier, G.; Dunham, E. M.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Earthquake-induced <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> cause dramatic damages along densely populated coastlines. It is difficult to predict and anticipate <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves in advance, but if the earthquake occurs far enough from the coast, there may be enough time to evacuate the zones at risk. Therefore, any real-time information on the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wavefield (as it propagates towards the coast) is extremely valuable for early warning systems. After the 2011 Tohoku earthquake, a dense <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-monitoring network (S-net) based on cabled ocean-bottom pressure sensors has been deployed along the Pacific coast in Northeastern Japan. Maeda et al. (GRL, 2015) introduced a data assimilation technique to reconstruct the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wavefield in real time by combining numerical solution of the shallow water wave equations with additional terms penalizing the numerical solution for not matching observations. The penalty or gain matrix is determined though optimal interpolation and is independent of time. Here we explore a related data assimilation approach using the Kalman filter method to evolve the gain matrix. While more computationally expensive, the Kalman filter approach potentially provides more accurate reconstructions. We test our method on a 1D <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">model</span> derived from the Kozdon and Dunham (EPSL, 2014) dynamic rupture simulations of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake. For appropriate choices of <span class="hlt">model</span> and data covariance matrices, the method reconstructs the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wavefield prior to wave arrival at the coast. We plan to compare the Kalman filter method to the optimal interpolation method developed by Maeda et al. (GRL, 2015) and then to implement the method for 2D.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70033941','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70033941"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">modelling</span> with adaptively refined finite volume methods</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>LeVeque, R.J.; George, D.L.; Berger, M.J.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Numerical <span class="hlt">modelling</span> of transoceanic <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> propagation, together with the detailed <span class="hlt">modelling</span> of inundation of small-scale coastal regions, poses a number of algorithmic challenges. The depth-averaged shallow water equations can be used to reduce this to a time-dependent problem in two space dimensions, but even so it is crucial to use adaptive mesh refinement in order to efficiently handle the vast differences in spatial scales. This must be done in a 'wellbalanced' manner that accurately captures very small perturbations to the steady state of the ocean at rest. Inundation can be <span class="hlt">modelled</span> by allowing cells to dynamically change from dry to wet, but this must also be done carefully near refinement boundaries. We discuss these issues in the context of Riemann-solver-based finite volume methods for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">modelling</span>. Several examples are presented using the GeoClaw software, and sample codes are available to accompany the paper. The techniques discussed also apply to a variety of other geophysical flows. ?? 2011 Cambridge University Press.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMNH12A..02W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMNH12A..02W"><span>Develop Probabilistic <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Design Maps for ASCE 7</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wei, Y.; Thio, H. K.; Chock, G.; Titov, V. V.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>A national standard for engineering design for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> effects has not existed before and this significant risk is mostly ignored in engineering design. The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) 7 <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Loads and Effects Subcommittee is completing a chapter for the 2016 edition of ASCE/SEI 7 Standard. Chapter 6, <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Loads and Effects, would become the first national <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> design provisions. These provisions will apply to essential facilities and critical infrastructure. This standard for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> loads and effects will apply to designs as part of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> preparedness. The provisions will have significance as the post-<span class="hlt">tsunami</span> recovery tool, to plan and evaluate for reconstruction. Maps of 2,500-year probabilistic <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation for Alaska, Washington, Oregon, California, and Hawaii need to be developed for use with the ASCE design provisions. These new <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> design zone maps will define the coastal zones where structures of greater importance would be designed for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> resistance and community resilience. The NOAA Center for <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Research (NCTR) has developed 75 <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation <span class="hlt">models</span> as part of the operational <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">model</span> forecast capability for the U.S. coastline. NCTR, UW, and URS are collaborating with ASCE to develop the 2,500-year <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> design maps for the Pacific states using these <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">models</span>. This ensures the probabilistic criteria are established in ASCE's <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> design maps. URS established a Probabilistic <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Hazard Assessment approach consisting of a large amount of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> scenarios that include both epistemic uncertainty and aleatory variability (Thio et al., 2010). Their study provides 2,500-year offshore <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> heights at the 100-m water depth, along with the disaggregated earthquake sources. NOAA's <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">models</span> are used to identify a group of sources that produce these 2,500-year <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> heights. The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation limits and runup heights derived from these sources establish the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> design map</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMIN23D0109E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMIN23D0109E"><span>Rescue, Archival and Discovery of <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Events on Marigrams</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Eble, M. C.; Wright, L. M.; Stroker, K. J.; Sweeney, A.; Lancaster, M.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The Big Earth Data Initiative made possible the reformatting of paper marigram records on which were recorded measurements of the 1946, 1952, 1960, and 1964 <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> <span class="hlt">generated</span> in the Pacific Ocean. Data contained within each record were determined to be invaluable for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> researchers and operational agencies with a responsibility for issuing warnings during a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> event. All marigrams were carefully digitized and metadata were <span class="hlt">generated</span> to form numerical datasets in order to provide the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> and other research and application-driven communities with quality data. Data were then packaged as CF-compliant netCDF datafiles and submitted to the NOAA Centers for Environmental Information for long-term stewardship, archival, and public discovery of both original scanned images and data in digital netCDF and CSC formats. The PNG plots of each time series were <span class="hlt">generated</span> and included with data packages to provide a visual representation of the numerical data sets. ISO-compliant metadata were compiled for the collection at the event level and individual DOIs were minted for each of the four events included in this project. The procedure followed to reformat each record in this four-event subset of the larger NCEI scanned marigram inventory is presented and discussed. The practical use of these data is presented to highlight that even infrequent measurements of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> hold information that may potentially help constrain earthquake rupture area, provide estimates of earthquake co-seismic slip distribution, identify subsidence or uplift, and significantly increase the holdings of situ data available for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">model</span> validation. These same data may also prove valuable to the broader global tide community for validation and further development of tide <span class="hlt">models</span> and for investigation into the stability of tidal harmonic constants. Data reformatted as part of this project are PARR compliant and meet the requirements for Data Management, Discoverability, Accessibility</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUSM.U54A..02A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUSM.U54A..02A"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Hazard in the Algerian Coastline</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Amir, L. A.</p> <p>2008-05-01</p> <p>The Algerian coastline is located at the border between the African and the Eurasian tectonic plates. The collision between these two plates is approximately 4 to 7 mm/yr. The Alps and the tellian Atlas result from this convergence. Historical and present day data show the occurrence of earthquakes with magnitude up to 7 degrees on Richter scale in the northern part of the country. Cities were destroyed and the number of victims reached millions of people. Recently, small seismic waves <span class="hlt">generated</span> by a destructive earthquake (Epicenter: 36.90N, 3.71E; Mw=6.8; Algeria, 2003, NEIC) were recorded in the French and Spanish coasts. This event raised again the issue of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard in western Mediterranean region. For the Algerian study case, the assessment of seismic and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard is a matter of great interest because of fast urban development of cities like Algiers. This study aims to provide scientific arguments to help in the elaboration of the Mediterranean <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> alert program. This is a real complex issue because (1) the western part of the sea is narrow, (2) constructions on the Algerian coastline do not respect safety standards and (3) the seismic hazard is important. The present work is based on a numerical <span class="hlt">modeling</span> approach. Firstly, a database is created to gather and list information related to seismology, tectonic, abnormal sea level's variations recorded/observed, submarine and coastal topographic data for the western part of the Mediterranean margin. This database helped to propose series of scenario that could trigger <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> in the Mediterranean sea. Seismic moment, rake and focal depth are the major parameters that constrain the <span class="hlt">modeling</span> input seismic data. Then, the undersea earthquakes <span class="hlt">modeling</span> and the seabed deformations are computed with a program adapted from the rngchn code based on Okada's analytic equations. The last task of this work consisted to calculate the initial water surface displacement and simulate the triggered <span class="hlt">tsunami</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AGUFMNS11D0802L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AGUFMNS11D0802L"><span>The October 11, 1918 Mona Passage <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">modeled</span> using new submarine landslide evidence.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>López, A. M.; ten Brink, U.; Geist, E.</p> <p>2007-12-01</p> <p>The October 11, 1918 ML 7.5 earthquake in the Mona Passage betweeen Hispaniola and Puerto Rico <span class="hlt">generated</span> a local <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> that claimed approximately 100 lives along the western coast of Puerto Rico. The area affected by this <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> is now many-fold more populated. Although the exact cause of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> is still unclear, newly-acquired high-resolution bathymetry of the Mona Passage and seismic reflection lines show a fresh submarine landslide 12 km northwest of Rincón in northwestern Puerto Rico and in the vicinity of the earthquake epicenter determined by Doser et al., (2005). The landslide area is approximately 76 km2 and probably displaced a total volume of 10 km3. The landslide's head scarp is at a water depth of 1.2 km, with the debris flow extending down to a water depth of 4.5 km. The seismic profiles and multibeam bathymetry indicate that the previously suggested source of the 1918 <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, a normal fault along the east side of Mona Rift (Mercado and McCann, 1998), was not active recently. The fault escarpment along Desecheo Ridge, which is near the Doser et al., (2005) epicenter, and our landslide appear, on the other hand, to be rather fresh. Using the extended, weakly non-linear hydrodynamic equations implemented in the program COULWAVE (Lynett and Liu, 2002), we <span class="hlt">modeled</span> the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> by a landslide with a finite duration and with the observed dimensions and location. Marigrams (time series of sea level) were calculated at locations near to reported locations of runup. The marigrams show a leading depression wave followed by a maximum positive amplitude in good agreement with the reported polarity, relative amplitudes, and arrival times. Our results suggest this newly-identified landslide, which was likely triggered by the 1918 earthquake, was the probable cause of the October 11, 1918 <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> and not a normal fault rupture as previously suggested.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70114974','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70114974"><span>Source processes for the probabilistic assessment of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazards</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Geist, Eric L.; Lynett, Patrick J.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The importance of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard assessment has increased in recent years as a result of catastrophic consequences from events such as the 2004 Indian Ocean and 2011 Japan <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. In particular, probabilistic <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard assessment (PTHA) methods have been emphasized to include all possible ways a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> could be <span class="hlt">generated</span>. Owing to the scarcity of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> observations, a computational approach is used to define the hazard. This approach includes all relevant sources that may cause a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> to impact a site and all quantifiable uncertainty. Although only earthquakes were initially considered for PTHA, recent efforts have also attempted to include landslide <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> sources. Including these sources into PTHA is considerably more difficult because of a general lack of information on relating landslide area and volume to mean return period. The large variety of failure types and rheologies associated with submarine landslides translates to considerable uncertainty in determining the efficiency of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generation</span>. Resolution of these and several other outstanding problems are described that will further advance PTHA methodologies leading to a more accurate understanding of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..1611633C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..1611633C"><span>High Resolution <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">Modeling</span> and Assessment of Harbor Resilience; Case Study in Istanbul</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cevdet Yalciner, Ahmet; Aytore, Betul; Gokhan Guler, Hasan; Kanoglu, Utku; Duzgun, Sebnem; Zaytsev, Andrey; Arikawa, Taro; Tomita, Takashi; Ozer Sozdinler, Ceren; Necmioglu, Ocal; Meral Ozel, Nurcan</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>Ports and harbors are the major vulnerable coastal structures under <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> attack. Resilient harbors against <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impacts are essential for proper, efficient and successful rescue operations and reduction of the loss of life and property by <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> disasters. There are several critical coastal structures as such in the Marmara Sea. Haydarpasa and Yenikapi ports are located in the Marmara Sea coast of Istanbul. These two ports are selected as the sites of numerical experiments to test their resilience under <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impact. Cargo, container and ro-ro handlings, and short/long distance passenger transfers are the common services in both ports. Haydarpasa port has two breakwaters with the length of three kilometers in total. Yenikapi port has one kilometer long breakwater. The accurate resilience analysis needs high resolution <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">modeling</span> and careful assessment of the site. Therefore, building data with accurate coordinates of their foot prints and elevations are obtained. The high resolution bathymetry and topography database with less than 5m grid size is developed for <span class="hlt">modeling</span>. The metadata of the several types of structures and infrastructure of the ports and environs are processed. Different resistances for the structures/buildings/infrastructures are controlled by assigning different friction coefficients in a friction matrix. Two different <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> conditions - high expected and moderate expected - are selected for numerical <span class="hlt">modeling</span>. The hybrid <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> simulation and visualization codes NAMI DANCE, STOC-CADMAS System are utilized to solve all necessary <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> parameters and obtain the spatial and temporal distributions of flow depth, current velocity, inundation distance and maximum water level in the study domain. Finally, the computed critical values of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> parameters are evaluated and structural performance of the port components are discussed in regard to a better resilience. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: Support by EU 603839 ASTARTE Project, UDAP-Ç-12</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH23A0255O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH23A0255O"><span>Ionospheric detection of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> earthquakes: observation, <span class="hlt">modeling</span> and ideas for future early warning</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Occhipinti, G.; Manta, F.; Rolland, L.; Watada, S.; Makela, J. J.; Hill, E.; Astafieva, E.; Lognonne, P. H.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Detection of ionospheric anomalies following the Sumatra and Tohoku earthquakes (e.g., Occhipinti 2015) demonstrated that ionosphere is sensitive to earthquake and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> propagation: ground and oceanic vertical displacement induces acoustic-gravity waves propagating within the neutral atmosphere and detectable in the ionosphere. Observations supported by <span class="hlt">modelling</span> proved that ionospheric anomalies related to <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> are deterministic and reproducible by numerical <span class="hlt">modeling</span> via the ocean/neutral-atmosphere/ionosphere coupling mechanism (Occhipinti et al., 2008). To prove that the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> signature in the ionosphere is routinely detected we show here perturbations of total electron content (TEC) measured by GPS and following tsunamigenic earthquakes from 2004 to 2011 (Rolland et al. 2010, Occhipinti et al., 2013), nominally, Sumatra (26 December, 2004 and 12 September, 2007), Chile (14 November, 2007), Samoa (29 September, 2009) and the recent Tohoku-Oki (11 Mars, 2011). Based on the observations close to the epicenter, mainly performed by GPS networks located in Sumatra, Chile and Japan, we highlight the TEC perturbation observed within the first 8 min after the seismic rupture. This perturbation contains information about the ground displacement, as well as the consequent sea surface displacement resulting in the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. In addition to GNSS-TEC observations close to the epicenter, new exciting measurements in the far-field were performed by airglow measurement in Hawaii show the propagation of the internal gravity waves induced by the Tohoku <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> (Occhipinti et al., 2011). This revolutionary imaging technique is today supported by two new observations of moderate <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>: Queen Charlotte (M: 7.7, 27 October, 2013) and Chile (M: 8.2, 16 September 2015). We finally detail here our recent work (Manta et al., 2017) on the case of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> alert failure following the Mw7.8 Mentawai event (25 October, 2010), and its twin <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> alert response following the Mw7</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/13411','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/13411"><span><span class="hlt">Modeling</span> <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> damage in Aceh: a reply</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Louis R. Iverson; Anantha M. Prasad</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>In reply to the critique of Baird and Kerr, we emphasize that our <span class="hlt">model</span> is a generalized vulnerability <span class="hlt">model</span>, built from easily acquired data from anywhere in the world, to identify areas with probable susceptibility to large <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>--and discuss their other criticisms in detail. We also show that a rejection of the role of trees in helping protect vulnerable areas is...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.S14A..03G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.S14A..03G"><span>Mega <span class="hlt">Tsunamis</span> of the World Ocean and Their Implication for the <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Hazard Assessment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gusiakov, V. K.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>Mega <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> are the strongest tsunamigenic events of tectonic origin that are characterized by run-up heights up to 40-50 m measured along a considerable part of the coastline (up to 1000 km). One of the most important features of mega-<span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> is their ability to cross the entire oceanic basin and to cause an essential damage to its opposite coast. Another important feature is their ability to penetrate into the marginal seas (like the Sea of Okhotsk, the Bering Sea) and cause dangerous water level oscillations along the parts of the coast, which are largely protected by island arcs against the impact of the strongest regional <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. Among all known historical <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> (nearly 2250 events during the last 4000 years) they represent only a small fraction (less than 1%) however they are responsible for more than half the total <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> fatalities and a considerable part of the overall <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> damage. The source of all known mega <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> is subduction submarine earthquakes with magnitude 9.0 or higher having a return period from 200-300 years to 1000-1200 years. The paper presents a list of 15 mega <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> events identified so far in historical catalogs with their basic source parameters, near-field and far-field impact effects and their <span class="hlt">generation</span> and propagation features. The far-field impact of mega <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> is largely controlled by location and orientation of their earthquake source as well as by deep ocean bathymetry features. We also discuss the problem of the long-term <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard assessment when the occurrence of mega <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> is taken into account.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PApGe.171.3483B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PApGe.171.3483B"><span>Impact of Near-Field, Deep-Ocean <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Observations on Forecasting the 7 December 2012 Japanese <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bernard, Eddie; Wei, Yong; Tang, Liujuan; Titov, Vasily</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>Following the devastating 11 March 2011 <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, two deep-ocean assessment and reporting of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> (DART®)(DART® and the DART® logo are registered trademarks of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, used with permission) stations were deployed in Japanese waters by the Japanese Meteorological Agency. Two weeks after deployment, on 7 December 2012, a M w 7.3 earthquake off Japan's Pacific coastline <span class="hlt">generated</span> a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> was recorded at the two Japanese DARTs as early as 11 min after the earthquake origin time, which set a record as the fastest <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> detecting time at a DART station. These data, along with those recorded at other DARTs, were used to derive a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> source using the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> forecast system. The results of our analysis show that data provided by the two near-field Japanese DARTs can not only improve the forecast speed but also the forecast accuracy at the Japanese tide gauge stations. This study provides important guidelines for early detection and forecasting of local <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AGUFMGC41B1057T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AGUFMGC41B1057T"><span>Standards and Guidelines for Numerical <span class="hlt">Models</span> for <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Hazard Mitigation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Titov, V.; Gonzalez, F.; Kanoglu, U.; Yalciner, A.; Synolakis, C. E.</p> <p>2006-12-01</p> <p>An increased number of nations around the workd need to develop <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> mitigation plans which invariably involve inundation maps for warning guidance and evacuation planning. There is the risk that inundation maps may be produced with older or untested methodology, as there are currently no standards for <span class="hlt">modeling</span> tools. In the aftermath of the 2004 megatsunami, some <span class="hlt">models</span> were used to <span class="hlt">model</span> inundation for Cascadia events with results much larger than sediment records and existing state-of-the-art studies suggest leading to confusion among emergency management. Incorrectly assessing <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impact is hazardous, as recent events in 2006 in Tonga, Kythira, Greece and Central Java have suggested (Synolakis and Bernard, 2006). To calculate <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> currents, forces and runup on coastal structures, and inundation of coastlines one must calculate the evolution of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave from the deep ocean to its target site, numerically. No matter what the numerical <span class="hlt">model</span>, validation (the process of ensuring that the <span class="hlt">model</span> solves the parent equations of motion accurately) and verification (the process of ensuring that the <span class="hlt">model</span> used represents geophysical reality appropriately) both are an essential. Validation ensures that the <span class="hlt">model</span> performs well in a wide range of circumstances and is accomplished through comparison with analytical solutions. Verification ensures that the computational code performs well over a range of geophysical problems. A few analytic solutions have been validated themselves with laboratory data. Even fewer existing numerical <span class="hlt">models</span> have been both validated with the analytical solutions and verified with both laboratory measurements and field measurements, thus establishing a gold standard for numerical codes for inundation mapping. While there is in principle no absolute certainty that a numerical code that has performed well in all the benchmark tests will also produce correct inundation predictions with any given source motions, validated codes</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMNH21A3833H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMNH21A3833H"><span>Multiscale <span class="hlt">Modelling</span> of the 2011 Tohoku <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> with Fluidity: Coastal Inundation and Run-up.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hill, J.; Martin-Short, R.; Piggott, M. D.; Candy, A. S.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span>-induced flooding represents one of the most dangerous natural hazards to coastal communities around the world, as exemplified by Tohoku <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> of March 2011. In order to further understand this hazard and to design appropriate mitigation it is necessary to develop versatile, accurate software capable of simulating large scale <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> propagation and interaction with coastal geomorphology on a local scale. One such software package is Fluidity, an open source, finite element, multiscale, code that is capable of solving the fully three dimensional Navier-Stokes equations on unstructured meshes. Such meshes are significantly better at representing complex coastline shapes than structured meshes and have the advantage of allowing variation in element size across a domain. Furthermore, Fluidity incorporates a novel wetting and drying algorithm, which enables accurate, efficient simulation of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> run-up over complex, multiscale, topography. Fluidity has previously been demonstrated to accurately simulate the 2011 Tohoku <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> (Oishi et al 2013) , but its wetting and drying facility has not yet been tested on a geographical scale. This study makes use of Fluidity to simulate the 2011 Tohoku <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> and its interaction with Japan's eastern shoreline, including coastal flooding. The results are validated against observations made by survey teams, aerial photographs and previous <span class="hlt">modelling</span> efforts in order to evaluate Fluidity's current capabilities and suggest methods of future improvement. The code is shown to perform well at simulating flooding along the topographically complex Tohoku coast of Japan, with major deviations between <span class="hlt">model</span> and observation arising mainly due to limitations imposed by bathymetry resolution, which could be improved in future. In theory, Fluidity is capable of full multiscale <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">modelling</span>, thus enabling researchers to understand both wave propagation across ocean basins and flooding of coastal landscapes down to interaction</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH43A0183K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH43A0183K"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span>-Induced Nearshore Hydrodynamic <span class="hlt">Modeling</span> using a 3D VOF Method: A Gulf of Mexico Case Study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kian, R.; Horrillo, J. J.; Fang, N. Z.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Long-term morphology changes can be interrupted by extreme events such as hurricanes and <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. In particular, the impact of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> on coastal erosion and accretion patterns is presently not well understood. In order to understand the sediment movement during coastal <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impact a numerical sediment transport <span class="hlt">model</span> is added to a 3D VOF <span class="hlt">model</span>. This <span class="hlt">model</span> allows for spatially varying bottom sediment characteristics and entails functions for entrainment, bedload, and suspended load transport. As a case study, a Gulf of Mexico (GOM) coastal study site is selected to investigate the effect of a landslide-<span class="hlt">tsunami</span> on the coastal morphology. The GOM is recognized as a vast and productive body of water with great ecologic and economic value. The morphodynamic response of the nearshore environment to the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hydrodynamic forcing is influenced by many factors including bathymetry, topography, <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave and current magnitude, and the characteristics of the local bottom substrate. The 3D <span class="hlt">model</span> addition can account for all these factors. Finally, necessary strategies for reduction of the potential <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impact and management of the morphological changes are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeoRL..44.6597B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeoRL..44.6597B"><span>Two regions of seafloor deformation <span class="hlt">generated</span> the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> for the 13 November 2016, Kaikoura, New Zealand earthquake</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bai, Yefei; Lay, Thorne; Cheung, Kwok Fai; Ye, Lingling</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>The 13 November 2016 Kaikoura, New Zealand, Mw 7.8 earthquake ruptured multiple crustal faults in the transpressional Marlborough and North Canterbury tectonic domains of northeastern South Island. The Hikurangi trench and underthrust Pacific slab terminate in the region south of Kaikoura, as the subdution zone transitions to the Alpine fault strike-slip regime. It is difficult to establish whether any coseismic slip occurred on the megathrust from on-land observations. The rupture <span class="hlt">generated</span> a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> well recorded at tide gauges along the eastern coasts and in Chatham Islands, including a 4 m crest-to-trough signal at Kaikoura where coastal uplift was about 1 m, and at multiple gauges in Wellington Harbor. Iterative <span class="hlt">modeling</span> of teleseismic body waves and the regional water-level recordings establishes that two regions of seafloor motion produced the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, including an Mw 7.6 rupture on the megathrust below Kaikoura and comparable size transpressional crustal faulting extending offshore near Cook Strait.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH23A0194A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH23A0194A"><span>Preliminary Hazard Assessment for Tectonic <span class="hlt">Tsunamis</span> in the Eastern Mediterranean</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Aydin, B.; Bayazitoglu, O.; Sharghi vand, N.; Kanoglu, U.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>There are many critical industrial facilities such as energy production units and energy transmission lines along the southeast coast of Turkey. This region is also active on tourism, and agriculture and aquaculture production. There are active faults in the region, i.e. the Cyprus Fault, which extends along the Mediterranean basin in the east-west direction and connects to the Hellenic Arc. Both the Cyprus Fault and the Hellenic Arc are seismologically active and are capable of <span class="hlt">generating</span> earthquakes with tsunamigenic potential. Even a small <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> in the region could cause confusion as shown by the recent 21 July 2017 earthquake of Mw 6.6, which occurred in the Aegean Sea, between Bodrum, Turkey and Kos Island, Greece since region is not prepared for such an event. Moreover, the Mediterranean Sea is one of the most vulnerable regions against sea level rise due to global warming, according to the 5th Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. For these reasons, a marine hazard such as a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> can cause much worse damage than expected in the region (Kanoglu et al., Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 373, 2015). Hence, <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard assessment is required for the region. In this study, we first characterize earthquakes which have potential to <span class="hlt">generate</span> a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> in the Eastern Mediterranean. Such study is a prerequisite for regional <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> mitigation studies. For fast and timely predictions, <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning systems usually employ databases that store pre-computed <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> propagation resulting from hypothetical earthquakes with pre-defined parameters. These pre-defined sources are called <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> unit sources and they are linearly superposed to mimic a real event, since wave propagation is linear offshore. After investigating historical earthquakes along the Cyprus Fault and the Hellenic Arc, we identified tsunamigenic earthquakes in the Eastern Mediterranean and proposed <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> unit sources for the region. We used the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> numerical <span class="hlt">model</span> MOST (Titov et al</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70030665','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70030665"><span>Probabilistic analysis of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazards</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Geist, E.L.; Parsons, T.</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>Determining the likelihood of a disaster is a key component of any comprehensive hazard assessment. This is particularly true for <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>, even though most <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard assessments have in the past relied on scenario or deterministic type <span class="hlt">models</span>. We discuss probabilistic <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard analysis (PTHA) from the standpoint of integrating computational methods with empirical analysis of past <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> runup. PTHA is derived from probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA), with the main difference being that PTHA must account for far-field sources. The computational methods rely on numerical <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> propagation <span class="hlt">models</span> rather than empirical attenuation relationships as in PSHA in determining ground motions. Because a number of source parameters affect local <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> runup height, PTHA can become complex and computationally intensive. Empirical analysis can function in one of two ways, depending on the length and completeness of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> catalog. For site-specific studies where there is sufficient <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> runup data available, hazard curves can primarily be derived from empirical analysis, with computational methods used to highlight deficiencies in the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> catalog. For region-wide analyses and sites where there are little to no <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> data, a computationally based method such as Monte Carlo simulation is the primary method to establish <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazards. Two case studies that describe how computational and empirical methods can be integrated are presented for Acapulco, Mexico (site-specific) and the U.S. Pacific Northwest coastline (region-wide analysis).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1915970A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1915970A"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> hazard maps of spanish coast at national scale from seismic sources</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Aniel-Quiroga, Íñigo; González, Mauricio; Álvarez-Gómez, José Antonio; García, Pablo</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Tsunamis</span> are a moderately frequent phenomenon in the NEAM (North East Atlantic and Mediterranean) region, and consequently in Spain, as historic and recent events have affected this area. I.e., the 1755 earthquake and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> affected the Spanish Atlantic coasts of Huelva and Cadiz and the 2003 Boumerdés earthquake triggered a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> that reached Balearic island coast in less than 45 minutes. The risk in Spain is real and, its population and tourism rate makes it vulnerable to this kind of catastrophic events. The Indian Ocean <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> in 2004 and the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> in Japan in 2011 launched the worldwide development and application of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> risk reduction measures that have been taken as a priority in this field. On November 20th 2015 the directive of the Spanish civil protection agency on planning under the emergency of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> was presented. As part of the Spanish National Security strategy, this document specifies the structure of the action plans at different levels: National, regional and local. In this sense, the first step is the proper evaluation of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard at National scale. This work deals with the assessment of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard in Spain, by means of numerical simulations, focused on the elaboration of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard maps at National scale. To get this, following a deterministic approach, the seismic structures whose earthquakes could <span class="hlt">generate</span> the worst <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> affecting the coast of Spain have been compiled and characterized. These worst sources have been propagated numerically along a reconstructed bathymetry, built from the best resolution available data. This high-resolution bathymetry was joined with a 25-m resolution DTM, to <span class="hlt">generate</span> continuous offshore-onshore space, allowing the calculation of the flooded areas prompted by each selected source. The numerical <span class="hlt">model</span> applied for the calculation of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> propagations was COMCOT. The maps resulting from the numerical simulations show not only the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> amplitude at coastal areas but</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PApGe.174.3249T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PApGe.174.3249T"><span>A Response Function Approach for Rapid Far-Field <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Forecasting</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tolkova, Elena; Nicolsky, Dmitry; Wang, Dailin</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>Predicting <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impacts at remote coasts largely relies on <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> en-route measurements in an open ocean. In this work, these measurements are used to <span class="hlt">generate</span> instant <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> predictions in deep water and near the coast. The predictions are <span class="hlt">generated</span> as a response or a combination of responses to one or more tsunameters, with each response obtained as a convolution of real-time tsunameter measurements and a pre-computed pulse response function (PRF). Practical implementation of this method requires tables of PRFs in a 3D parameter space: earthquake location-tsunameter-forecasted site. Examples of hindcasting the 2010 Chilean and the 2011 Tohoku-Oki <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> along the US West Coast and beyond demonstrated high accuracy of the suggested technology in application to trans-Pacific seismically <span class="hlt">generated</span> <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_17 --> <div id="page_18" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="341"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011EOSTr..92Q.143S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011EOSTr..92Q.143S"><span>Concerns over <span class="hlt">modeling</span> and warning capabilities in wake of Tohoku Earthquake and <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Showstack, Randy</p> <p>2011-04-01</p> <p>Improved earthquake <span class="hlt">models</span>, better <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">modeling</span> and warning capabilities, and a review of nuclear power plant safety are all greatly needed following the 11 March Tohoku earthquake and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, according to scientists at the European Geosciences Union's (EGU) General Assembly, held 3-8 April in Vienna, Austria. EGU quickly organized a morning session of oral presentations and an afternoon panel discussion less than 1 month after the earthquake and the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> and the resulting crisis at Japan's Fukushima nuclear power plant, which has now been identified as having reached the same level of severity as the 1986 Chernobyl disaster. Many of the scientists at the EGU sessions expressed concern about the inability to have anticipated the size of the earthquake and the resulting <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, which appears likely to have caused most of the fatalities and damage, including damage to the nuclear plant.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/11522','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/11522"><span>Using landscape analysis to assess and <span class="hlt">model</span> <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> damage in Aceh province, Sumatra</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Louis R. Iverson; Anantha Prasad</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>The nearly unprecedented loss of life resulting from the earthquake and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> of December 26,2004, was greatest in the province of Aceh, Sumatra (Indonesia). We evaluated <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> damage and built empirical vulnerability <span class="hlt">models</span> of damage/no damage based on elevation, distance from shore, vegetation, and exposure. We found that highly predictive <span class="hlt">models</span> are possible and...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1918607V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1918607V"><span>Simulation of the <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Resulting from the M 9.2 2004 Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake - Dynamic Rupture vs. Seismic Inversion Source <span class="hlt">Model</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Vater, Stefan; Behrens, Jörn</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Simulations of historic <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> events such as the 2004 Sumatra or the 2011 Tohoku event are usually initialized using earthquake sources resulting from inversion of seismic data. Also, other data from ocean buoys etc. is sometimes included in the derivation of the source <span class="hlt">model</span>. The associated <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> event can often be well simulated in this way, and the results show high correlation with measured data. However, it is unclear how the derived source <span class="hlt">model</span> compares to the particular earthquake event. In this study we use the results from dynamic rupture simulations obtained with SeisSol, a software package based on an ADER-DG discretization solving the spontaneous dynamic earthquake rupture problem with high-order accuracy in space and time. The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">model</span> is based on a second-order Runge-Kutta discontinuous Galerkin (RKDG) scheme on triangular grids and features a robust wetting and drying scheme for the simulation of inundation events at the coast. Adaptive mesh refinement enables the efficient computation of large domains, while at the same time it allows for high local resolution and geometric accuracy. The results are compared to measured data and results using earthquake sources based on inversion. With the approach of using the output of actual dynamic rupture simulations, we can estimate the influence of different earthquake parameters. Furthermore, the comparison to other source <span class="hlt">models</span> enables a thorough comparison and validation of important <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> parameters, such as the runup at the coast. This work is part of the ASCETE (Advanced Simulation of Coupled Earthquake and <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Events) project, which aims at an improved understanding of the coupling between the earthquake and the <span class="hlt">generated</span> <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> event.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PApGe.170.1635L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PApGe.170.1635L"><span>A Probabilistic <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Hazard Study of the Auckland Region, Part II: Inundation <span class="hlt">Modelling</span> and Hazard Assessment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lane, E. M.; Gillibrand, P. A.; Wang, X.; Power, W.</p> <p>2013-09-01</p> <p>Regional source <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> pose a potentially devastating hazard to communities and infrastructure on the New Zealand coast. But major events are very uncommon. This dichotomy of infrequent but potentially devastating hazards makes realistic assessment of the risk challenging. Here, we describe a method to determine a probabilistic assessment of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard by regional source <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> with an "Average Recurrence Interval" of 2,500-years. The method is applied to the east Auckland region of New Zealand. From an assessment of potential regional tsunamigenic events over 100,000 years, the inundation of the Auckland region from the worst 100 events is <span class="hlt">modelled</span> using a hydrodynamic <span class="hlt">model</span> and probabilistic inundation depths on a 2,500-year time scale were determined. Tidal effects on the potential inundation were included by coupling the predicted wave heights with the probability density function of tidal heights at the inundation site. Results show that the more exposed northern section of the east coast and outer islands in the Hauraki Gulf face the greatest hazard from regional <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> in the Auckland region. Incorporating tidal effects into predictions of inundation reduced the predicted hazard compared to <span class="hlt">modelling</span> all the <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> arriving at high tide giving a more accurate hazard assessment on the specified time scale. This study presents the first probabilistic analysis of dynamic <span class="hlt">modelling</span> of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation for the New Zealand coast and as such provides the most comprehensive assessment of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation of the Auckland region from regional source <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> available to date.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH23A0233L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH23A0233L"><span>Did a slump source cause the 1929 Grand Banks <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Løvholt, F.; Schulten, I.; Mosher, D.; Harbitz, C. B.; Krastel, S.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>On November 18, 1929, a Mw 7.2 earthquake occurred beneath the upper Laurentian Fan, south of Newfoundland. The earthquake displaced about 100 km3 of sediment volume that rapidly evolved into a turbidity current revealed by a series of successive telecommunication cable breaks. A <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> with fatal consequences along the south coast of Newfoundland also resulted. This <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> is attributed to sediment mass failure as no seafloor displacement due to the earthquake is observed or expected. Although sidescan sonar, sub-bottom profiler and modern multibeam data show surficial sediment slumping and translational slide activity in the upper part of the slope, no major headscarp, single evacuation area or large mass transport deposit are observed. Sediment mass failure has been interpreted as broadly distributed and shallow, likely occurring in a retrogressive fashion. The question remained, therefore, as to how such complex failure kinematics could <span class="hlt">generate</span> a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. The Grand Banks <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> is the only landslide <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> for which traces are found at transoceanic distances. Despite being a landmark event, only a couple of attempts to <span class="hlt">model</span> the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> exist. None of these have been able to match <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> observations. Recently acquired seismic reflection data suggest that rotational slumping of a thick sediment mass ( 500 m) on the St. Pierre Slope may have occurred, causing seafloor displacements (fault traces) up to 100 m in height. The previously mapped surficial failures were a consequence of slumping of the thicker mass. Here, we simulate <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generation</span> using the new geophysical information to construct different tsunamigenic slump sources. In addition, we undertake simulations assuming a flowing surficial landslide. The numerical simulations shows that its large and rapid vertical displacements render the slump source more tsunamigenic than the alternative surficial landslide. The simulations using the slump source roughly complies with observations of large run</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1170/e/pdf/of2013-1170e.pdf','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1170/e/pdf/of2013-1170e.pdf"><span>The SAFRR <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> scenario-physical damage in California: Chapter E in The SAFRR (Science Application for Risk Reduction) <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Scenario</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Porter, Keith; Byers, William; Dykstra, David; Lim, Amy; Lynett, Patrick; Ratliff, Jaime; Scawthorn, Charles; Wein, Anne; Wilson, Rick</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>his chapter attempts to depict a single realistic outcome of the SAFRR (Science Application for Risk Reduction) <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> scenario in terms of physical damage to and recovery of various aspects of the built environment in California. As described elsewhere in this report, the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> is <span class="hlt">generated</span> by a hypothetical magnitude 9.1 earthquake seaward of the Alaska Peninsula on the Semidi Sector of the Alaska–Aleutian Subduction Zone, 495 miles southwest of Anchorage, at 11:50 a.m. Pacific Daylight Time (PDT) on Thursday March 27, 2014, and arriving at the California coast between 4:00 and 5:40 p.m. (depending on location) the same day. Although other <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> could have locally greater impact, this source represents a substantial threat to the state as a whole. One purpose of this chapter is to help operators and users of coastal assets throughout California to develop emergency plans to respond to a real <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. Another is to identify ways that operators or owners of these assets can think through options for reducing damage before a future <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. A third is to inform the economic analyses for the SAFRR <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> scenario. And a fourth is to identify research needs to better understand the possible consequences of a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> on these assets. The asset classes considered here include the following: Piers, cargo, buildings, and other assets at the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach Large vessels in the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach Marinas and small craft Coastal buildings Roads and roadway bridges Rail, railway bridges, and rolling stock Agriculture Fire following <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> Each asset class is examined in a subsection of this chapter. In each subsection, we generally attempt to offer a historical review of damage. We characterize and quantify the assets exposed to loss and describe the modes of damage that have been observed in past <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> or are otherwise deemed likely to occur in the SAFRR <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> scenario. Where practical, we offer a mathematical <span class="hlt">model</span> of the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1815465F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1815465F"><span>Combining SLBL routine with landslide-<span class="hlt">generated</span> <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">model</span> for a quick hazard assessment tool</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Franz, Martin; Rudaz, Benjamin; Jaboyedoff, Michel; Podladchikov, Yury</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Regions with steep topography are potentially subject to landslide-induced <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, because of the proximity between lakes, rivers, sea shores and potential instabilities. The concentration of the population and infrastructures on the water body shores and downstream valleys could lead to catastrophic consequences. In order to assess comprehensively this phenomenon together with the induced risks, we have developed a tool which allows the construction of the landslide geometry, and which is able to simulate its propagation, the <span class="hlt">generation</span> and the propagation of the wave and eventually the spread on the shores or the associated downstream flow. The tool is developed in the Matlab© environment, with a graphical user interface (GUI) to select the parameters in a user-friendly manner. The whole process is done in three steps implying different methods. Firstly, the geometry of the sliding mass is constructed using the Sloping Local Base Level (SLBL) concept. Secondly, the propagation of this volume is performed using a <span class="hlt">model</span> based on viscous flow equations. Finally, the wave <span class="hlt">generation</span> and its propagation are simulated using the shallow water equations stabilized by the Lax-Friedrichs scheme. The transition between wet and dry bed is performed by the combination of the two latter sets of equations. The intensity map is based on the criterion of flooding in Switzerland provided by the OFEG and results from the multiplication of the velocity and the depth obtained during the simulation. The tool can be used for hazard assessment in the case of well-known landslides, where the SLBL routine can be constrained and checked for realistic construction of the geometrical <span class="hlt">model</span>. In less-known cases, various failure plane geometries can be automatically built between given range and thus a multi-scenario approach is used. In any case, less-known parameters such as the landslide velocity, its run-out distance, etc. can also be set to vary within given ranges, leading to multi</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=tsunami+AND+physics&id=EJ195211','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=tsunami+AND+physics&id=EJ195211"><span>Ionospheric Method of Detecting <span class="hlt">Tsunami-Generating</span> Earthquakes.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Najita, Kazutoshi; Yuen, Paul C.</p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p>Reviews the earthquake phenomenon and its possible relation to ionospheric disturbances. Discusses the basic physical principles involved and the methods upon which instrumentation is being developed for possible use in a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> disaster warning system. (GA)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PApGe.tmp.1331V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PApGe.tmp.1331V"><span>Performance Comparison of NAMI DANCE and FLOW-3D® <span class="hlt">Models</span> in <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Propagation, Inundation and Currents using NTHMP Benchmark Problems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Velioglu Sogut, Deniz; Yalciner, Ahmet Cevdet</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>Field observations provide valuable data regarding nearshore <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impact, yet only in inundation areas where <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves have already flooded. Therefore, <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">modeling</span> is essential to understand <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> behavior and prepare for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation. It is necessary that all numerical <span class="hlt">models</span> used in <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> emergency planning be subject to benchmark tests for validation and verification. This study focuses on two numerical codes, NAMI DANCE and FLOW-3D®, for validation and performance comparison. NAMI DANCE is an in-house <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> numerical <span class="hlt">model</span> developed by the Ocean Engineering Research Center of Middle East Technical University, Turkey and Laboratory of Special Research Bureau for Automation of Marine Research, Russia. FLOW-3D® is a general purpose computational fluid dynamics software, which was developed by scientists who pioneered in the design of the Volume-of-Fluid technique. The codes are validated and their performances are compared via analytical, experimental and field benchmark problems, which are documented in the ``Proceedings and Results of the 2011 National <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Hazard Mitigation Program (NTHMP) <span class="hlt">Model</span> Benchmarking Workshop'' and the ``Proceedings and Results of the NTHMP 2015 <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Current <span class="hlt">Modeling</span> Workshop". The variations between the numerical solutions of these two <span class="hlt">models</span> are evaluated through statistical error analysis.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFMNH33A1379R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFMNH33A1379R"><span>Public Perceptions of <span class="hlt">Tsunamis</span> and the NOAA <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span>Ready Program in Los Angeles</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rosati, A.</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>After the devastating December 2004 Indian Ocean <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span>, California and other coastal states began installing "<span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warning Zone" and "Evacuation Route" signs at beaches and major access roads. The geography of the Los Angeles area may not be conducive to signage alone for communication of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> risk and safety precautions. Over a year after installation, most people surveyed did not know about or recognize the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> signs. More alarming is that many did not believe a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> could occur in the area even though earthquake <span class="hlt">generated</span> waves have reached nearby beaches as recently as September 2009! UPDATE: FEB. 2010. Fifty two percent of the 147 people surveyed did not believe they would survive a natural disaster in Los Angeles. Given the unique geography of Los Angeles, how can the city and county improve the mental health of its citizens before and after a natural disaster? This poster begins to address the issues of community self-efficacy and resiliency in the face of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. Of note for future research, the data from this survey showed that most people believed climate change would increase the occurrence of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. Also, the public understanding of water inundation was disturbingly low. As scientists, it is important to understand the big picture of our research - how it is ultimately communicated, understood, and used by the public.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH12A..01F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH12A..01F"><span>Field Survey of the 17 June 2017 Landslide and <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> in Karrat Fjord, Greenland</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fritz, H. M.; Giachetti, T.; Anderson, S.; Gauthier, D.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>On 17 June 2017 a massive landslide <span class="hlt">generated</span> <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impacted Karrat Fjord and the Uummannaq fjord system located some 280 km north of Ilulissat in western Greenland. The eastern of two easily recognized landslides detached completely and fell approximately 1 km to sea level, before plunging into the Karrat Fjord and <span class="hlt">generating</span> a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> within the fjord system. The landslide <span class="hlt">generated</span> <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> washed 4 victims and several houses into the fjord at Nuugaatsiaq, about 30 km west of the landslide. Eyewitnesses at Nuugaatsiaq and Illorsuit recorded the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation on videos. The active western landslide features a back scarp and large cracks, and therefore remains a threat in Karrat Fjord. The villages of Nuugaatsiaq and Illorsuit remain evacuated. The Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance (GEER) survey team deployed to Greenland from July 6 to 9, 2017. The reconnaissance on July 8 involved approximately 800 km of helicopter flight and landings in several key locations. The survey focused on the landslides and coastlines within 30 km of the landslide in either fjord direction. The aerial reconnaissance collected high quality oblique aerial photogrammetry (OAP) of the landslide, scarp, and debris avalanche track. The 3D <span class="hlt">model</span> of the landslide provides the ability to study the morphology of the slope on July 8, it provides a baseline <span class="hlt">model</span> for future surveys, and it can be used to compare to earlier imagery to estimate what happened on June 17. Change detection using prior satellite imagery indicates an approximate 55 million m3 total landslide volume of which 45 million m3 plunged into the fjord from elevations up to 1200 m above the water surface. The ground based <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> survey documented flow depths, runup heights, inundation distances, sediment deposition, damage patterns at various scales, performance of the man-made infrastructure, and impact on the natural and glacial environment. Perishable high-water marks include changes in vegetation and damage to</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..16.1856G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..16.1856G"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> evacuation analysis, <span class="hlt">modelling</span> and planning: application to the coastal area of El Salvador</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gonzalez-Riancho, Pino; Aguirre-Ayerbe, Ignacio; Aniel-Quiroga, Iñigo; Abad Herrero, Sheila; González Rodriguez, Mauricio; Larreynaga, Jeniffer; Gavidia, Francisco; Quetzalcoalt Gutiérrez, Omar; Álvarez-Gómez, Jose Antonio; Medina Santamaría, Raúl</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>Advances in the understanding and prediction of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impacts allow the development of risk reduction strategies for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-prone areas. Conducting adequate <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> risk assessments is essential, as the hazard, vulnerability and risk assessment results allow the identification of adequate, site-specific and vulnerability-oriented risk management options, with the formulation of a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> evacuation plan being one of the main expected results. An evacuation plan requires the analysis of the territory and an evaluation of the relevant elements (hazard, population, evacuation routes, and shelters), the <span class="hlt">modelling</span> of the evacuation, and the proposal of alternatives for those communities located in areas with limited opportunities for evacuation. Evacuation plans, which are developed by the responsible authorities and decision makers, would benefit from a clear and straightforward connection between the scientific and technical information from <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> risk assessments and the subsequent risk reduction options. Scientifically-based evacuation plans would translate into benefits for the society in terms of mortality reduction. This work presents a comprehensive framework for the formulation of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> evacuation plans based on <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> vulnerability assessment and evacuation <span class="hlt">modelling</span>. This framework considers (i) the hazard aspects (<span class="hlt">tsunami</span> flooding characteristics and arrival time), (ii) the characteristics of the exposed area (people, shelters and road network), (iii) the current <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning procedures and timing, (iv) the time needed to evacuate the population, and (v) the identification of measures to improve the evacuation process, such as the potential location for vertical evacuation shelters and alternative routes. The proposed methodological framework aims to bridge the gap between risk assessment and risk management in terms of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> evacuation, as it allows for an estimation of the degree of evacuation success of specific management options, as well as</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMPA43B2041B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMPA43B2041B"><span>Scientific Animations for <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Hazard Mitigation: The Pacific <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warning Center's YouTube Channel</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Becker, N. C.; Wang, D.; Shiro, B.; Ward, B.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p> <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning operations, such as those about earthquake magnitudes, how earthquakes are located, where and how often earthquakes occur, and fault rupture length. The second group uses the PTWC-developed <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> forecast <span class="hlt">model</span>, RIFT (Wang et al., 2012), to show how various historic <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> propagated through the world's oceans. These animations illustrate important concepts about <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> behavior such as their speed, how they bend around and bounce off of seafloor features, how their wave heights vary from place to place and in time, and how their behavior is strongly influenced by the type of earthquake that <span class="hlt">generated</span> them. PTWC's YouTube channel also includes an animation that simulates both seismic and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> phenomena together as they occurred for the 2011 Japan <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> including actual sea-level measurements and proper timing for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> alert status, thus serving as a video 'time line' for that event and showing the time scales involved in <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning operations. Finally, PTWC's scientists can use their YouTube channel to communicate with their colleagues in the research community by supplementing their peer-reviewed papers with video 'figures' (e.g., Wang et al., 2012).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.S21B2728R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.S21B2728R"><span><span class="hlt">Modeling</span> Earthquake Rupture and Corresponding <span class="hlt">Tsunamis</span> Along a Segment of the Alaskan-Aleutian Megathrust</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ryan, K. J.; Geist, E. L.; Oglesby, D. D.; Kyriakopoulos, C.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Motivated by the 2011 Mw 9 Tohoku-Oki event, we explore the effects of realistic fault dynamics on slip, free surface deformation, and the resulting <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generation</span> and local propagation from a hypothetical Mw 9 megathrust earthquake along the Alaskan-Aleutian (A-A) Megathrust. We demonstrate three scenarios: a spatially-homogenous prestress and frictional parameter <span class="hlt">model</span> and two <span class="hlt">models</span> with rate-strengthening-like friction (e.g., Dieterich, 1992). We use a dynamic finite element code to <span class="hlt">model</span> 3-D ruptures, using time-weakening friction (Andrews, 2004) as a proxy for rate-strengthening friction, along a portion of the A-A subduction zone. Given geometric, material, and plate-coupling data along the A-A megathrust assembled from the Science Application for Risk Reduction (SAFRR) team (e.g., Bruns et al., 1987; Hayes et al., 2012; Johnson et al., 2004; Santini et al., 2003; Wells at al., 2003), we are able to dynamically <span class="hlt">model</span> rupture. Adding frictional-strengthening to a region of the fault reduces both average slip and free surface displacement above the strengthening zone, with the magnitude of the reductions depending on the strengthening zone location. Corresponding <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">models</span>, which use a finite difference method to solve the long-wave equations (e.g., Liu et al., 1995; Satake, 2002; Shuto, 1991), match sea floor displacement, in time, to the free surface displacement from the rupture <span class="hlt">models</span>. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">models</span> show changes in local peak amplitudes and beaming patterns for each slip distribution. Given these results, other heterogeneous parameterizations, with respect to prestress and friction, still need to be examined. Additionally, a more realistic fault geometry will likely affect the rupture dynamics. Thus, future work will incorporate stochastic stress and friction distributions as well as a more complex fault geometry based on Slab 1.0 (Hayes et al., 2012).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JVGR..156..172A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JVGR..156..172A"><span>Historical <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> in the Azores archipelago (Portugal)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Andrade, C.; Borges, P.; Freitas, M. C.</p> <p>2006-08-01</p> <p>Because of its exposed northern mid-Atlantic location, morphology and plate-tectonics setting, the Azores Archipelago is highly vulnerable to <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazards associated with landslides and seismic or volcanic triggers, local or distal. Critical examination of available data - written accounts and geologic evidence - indicates that, since the settlement of the archipelago in the 15th century, at least 23 <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> have struck Azorean coastal zones. Most of the recorded <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> are <span class="hlt">generated</span> by earthquakes. The highest known run-up (11-15 m) was recorded on 1 November 1755 at Terceira Island, corresponding to an event of intensity VII-VIII (damaging-heavily damaging) on the Papadopolous-Imamura scale. To date, eruptive activity, while relatively frequent in the Azores, does not appear to have <span class="hlt">generated</span> destructive <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. However, this apparent paucity of volcanogenic <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> in the historical record may be misleading because of limited instrumental and documentary data, and small source-volumes released during historical eruptions. The latter are in contrast with the geological record of massive pyroclastic flows and caldera explosions with potential to <span class="hlt">generate</span> high-magnitude <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, predating settlement. In addition, limited evidence suggests that submarine landslides from unstable volcano flanks may have also triggered some damaging tsunamigenic floods that perhaps were erroneously attributed to intense storms. The lack of destructive <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> since the mid-18th century has led to governmental complacency and public disinterest in the Azores, as demonstrated by the fact that existing emergency regulations concerning seismic events in the Azores Autonomous Region make no mention of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> and their attendant hazards. We suspect that the coastal fringe of the Azores may well preserve a sedimentary record of some past tsunamigenic flooding events. Geological field studies must be accelerated to expand the existing database to include prehistoric events</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFM.G31B..03S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFM.G31B..03S"><span>Observations and <span class="hlt">Modeling</span> of the 27 February 2010 <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> in Chile</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Synolakis, C. E.; Fritz, H. M.; Petroff, C. M.; Catalan, P. A.; Cienfuegos, R.; Winckler, P.; Kalligeris, N.; Weiss, R.; Meneses, G.; Valderas-Bermejo, C.; Ebeling, C. W.; Papadopoulos, A.; Contreras, M.; Almar, R.; Dominguez, J. C.; Barrientos, S. E.</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p> from the 2007 Solomon Islands event. Preliminary <span class="hlt">modeling</span> results, field observations, video recordings and satellite imagery are presented. The team interviewed numerous eyewitnesses and educated residents about <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazards as community-based education and awareness are essential to save lives in locales at risk.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRA..122.7742B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRA..122.7742B"><span>Origin of the ahead of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> traveling ionospheric disturbances during Sumatra <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> and offshore forecasting</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bagiya, Mala S.; Kherani, E. A.; Sunil, P. S.; Sunil, A. S.; Sunda, S.; Ramesh, D. S.</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>The presence of ionospheric disturbances associated with Sumatra 2004 <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> that propagated ahead of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> itself has previously been identified. However, their origin remains unresolved till date. Focusing on their origin mechanism, we document these ionospheric disturbances referred as Ahead of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances (ATIDs). Using total electron content (TEC) data from GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation GPS receivers located near the Indian east coast, we first confirm the ATIDs presence in TEC that appear 90 min ahead of the arrival of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> at the Indian east coast. We propose here a simulation study based on <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-atmospheric-ionospheric coupling that considers tsunamigenic acoustic gravity waves (AGWs) to excite these disturbances. We explain the ATIDs <span class="hlt">generation</span> based on the dissipation of transverse mode of the primary AGWs. The simulation corroborates the excitation of ATIDs with characteristics similar to the observations. Therefore, we offer an alternative theoretical tool to monitor the offshore ATIDs where observations are either rare or not available and could be potentially important for the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> early warning.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.8273M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.8273M"><span>Sensitivity of the coastal <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> simulation to the complexity of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake source <span class="hlt">model</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Monnier, Angélique; Loevenbruck, Anne; Gailler, Audrey; Hébert, Hélène</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>The 11 March 2011 Tohoku-Oki event, whether earthquake or <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, is exceptionally well documented. A wide range of onshore and offshore data has been recorded from seismic, geodetic, ocean-bottom pressure and sea level sensors. Along with these numerous observations, advance in inversion technique and computing facilities have led to many source studies. Rupture parameters inversion such as slip distribution and rupture history permit to estimate the complex coseismic seafloor deformation. From the numerous published seismic source studies, the most relevant coseismic source <span class="hlt">models</span> are tested. The comparison of the predicted signals <span class="hlt">generated</span> using both static and cinematic ruptures to the offshore and coastal measurements help determine which source <span class="hlt">model</span> should be used to obtain the more consistent coastal <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> simulations. This work is funded by the TANDEM project, reference ANR-11-RSNR-0023-01 of the French Programme Investissements d'Avenir (PIA 2014-2018).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMNH13A3720C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMNH13A3720C"><span>A rapid estimation of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> run-up based on finite fault <span class="hlt">models</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Campos, J.; Fuentes, M. A.; Hayes, G. P.; Barrientos, S. E.; Riquelme, S.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>Many efforts have been made to estimate the maximum run-up height of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> associated with large earthquakes. This is a difficult task, because of the time it takes to construct a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">model</span> using real time data from the source. It is possible to construct a database of potential seismic sources and their corresponding <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> a priori. However, such <span class="hlt">models</span> are generally based on uniform slip distributions and thus oversimplify our knowledge of the earthquake source. Instead, we can use finite fault <span class="hlt">models</span> of earthquakes to give a more accurate prediction of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> run-up. Here we show how to accurately predict <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> run-up from any seismic source <span class="hlt">model</span> using an analytic solution found by Fuentes et al, 2013 that was especially calculated for zones with a very well defined strike, i.e, Chile, Japan, Alaska, etc. The main idea of this work is to produce a tool for emergency response, trading off accuracy for quickness. Our solutions for three large earthquakes are promising. Here we compute <span class="hlt">models</span> of the run-up for the 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule Earthquake, the 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku Earthquake, and the recent 2014 Mw 8.2 Iquique Earthquake. Our maximum rup-up predictions are consistent with measurements made inland after each event, with a peak of 15 to 20 m for Maule, 40 m for Tohoku, and 2,1 m for the Iquique earthquake. Considering recent advances made in the analysis of real time GPS data and the ability to rapidly resolve the finiteness of a large earthquake close to existing GPS networks, it will be possible in the near future to perform these calculations within the first five minutes after the occurrence of any such event. Such calculations will thus provide more accurate run-up information than is otherwise available from existing uniform-slip seismic source databases.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26392620','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26392620"><span>Evolution of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning systems and products.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bernard, Eddie; Titov, Vasily</p> <p>2015-10-28</p> <p>Each year, about 60 000 people and $4 billion (US$) in assets are exposed to the global <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard. Accurate and reliable <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning systems have been shown to provide a significant defence for this flooding hazard. However, the evolution of warning systems has been influenced by two processes: deadly <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> and available technology. In this paper, we explore the evolution of science and technology used in <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning systems, the evolution of their products using warning technologies, and offer suggestions for a new <span class="hlt">generation</span> of warning products, aimed at the flooding nature of the hazard, to reduce future <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impacts on society. We conclude that coastal communities would be well served by receiving three standardized, accurate, real-time <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning products, namely (i) <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> energy estimate, (ii) flooding maps and (iii) <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-induced harbour current maps to minimize the impact of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. Such information would arm communities with vital flooding guidance for evacuations and port operations. The advantage of global standardized flooding products delivered in a common format is efficiency and accuracy, which leads to effectiveness in promoting <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> resilience at the community level. © 2015 The Authors.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_18 --> <div id="page_19" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="361"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4608033','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4608033"><span>Evolution of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning systems and products</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Bernard, Eddie; Titov, Vasily</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Each year, about 60 000 people and $4 billion (US$) in assets are exposed to the global <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard. Accurate and reliable <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning systems have been shown to provide a significant defence for this flooding hazard. However, the evolution of warning systems has been influenced by two processes: deadly <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> and available technology. In this paper, we explore the evolution of science and technology used in <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning systems, the evolution of their products using warning technologies, and offer suggestions for a new <span class="hlt">generation</span> of warning products, aimed at the flooding nature of the hazard, to reduce future <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impacts on society. We conclude that coastal communities would be well served by receiving three standardized, accurate, real-time <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning products, namely (i) <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> energy estimate, (ii) flooding maps and (iii) <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-induced harbour current maps to minimize the impact of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. Such information would arm communities with vital flooding guidance for evacuations and port operations. The advantage of global standardized flooding products delivered in a common format is efficiency and accuracy, which leads to effectiveness in promoting <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> resilience at the community level. PMID:26392620</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMNH23C..07G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMNH23C..07G"><span>Incorporating <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Projections to Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessments -A Case Study for Midway Atoll-</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gica, E.; Reynolds, M.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p> Research's <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> forecasting tool. The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> forecasting tool was used to <span class="hlt">generate</span> <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> scenarios from different source regions and served as boundary conditions for inundation <span class="hlt">models</span> to project the coastal impact at Midway Atoll. Underlying the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> forecast tool is a database of pre-computed <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> propagation runs for discrete sections of the earth's subduction zones that are the principal locus of <span class="hlt">tsunami-generating</span> activity. The new LiDAR topographic data, which is the first high resolution elevation data for three individual islands of Midway Atoll, was used for both the passive sea level rise <span class="hlt">model</span> and inundation <span class="hlt">model</span> for Midway Atoll. Results of the study will indicate how the combined climate change and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> occurrence will affect Midway Atoll and can therefore be used for early climate change adaptation and mitigation planning, especially for vulnerable species and areas of the Atoll.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PApGe.171.3351F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PApGe.171.3351F"><span>Marshall Islands Fringing Reef and Atoll Lagoon Observations of the Tohoku <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ford, Murray; Becker, Janet M.; Merrifield, Mark A.; Song, Y. Tony</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>The magnitude 9.0 Tohoku earthquake on 11 March 2011 <span class="hlt">generated</span> a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> which caused significant impacts throughout the Pacific Ocean. A description of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> within the lagoons and on the surrounding fringing reefs of two mid-ocean atoll islands is presented using bottom pressure observations from the Majuro and Kwajalein atolls in the Marshall Islands, supplemented by tide gauge data in the lagoons and by numerical <span class="hlt">model</span> simulations in the deep ocean. Although the initial wave arrival was not captured by the pressure sensors, subsequent oscillations on the reef face resemble the deep ocean <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> signal simulated by two numerical <span class="hlt">models</span>, suggesting that the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> amplitudes over the atoll outer reefs are similar to that in deep water. In contrast, <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> oscillations in the lagoon are more energetic and long lasting than observed on the reefs or <span class="hlt">modelled</span> in the deep ocean. The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> energy in the Majuro lagoon exhibits persistent peaks in the 30 and 60 min period bands that suggest the excitation of closed and open basin normal modes, while energy in the Kwajalein lagoon spans a broader range of frequencies with weaker, multiple peaks than observed at Majuro, which may be associated with the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> behavior within the more irregular geometry of the Kwajalein lagoon. The propagation of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> across the reef flats is shown to be tidally dependent, with amplitudes increasing/decreasing shoreward at high/low tide. The impact of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> on the Marshall Islands was reduced due to the coincidence of peak wave amplitudes with low tide; however, the observed wave amplitudes, particularly in the atoll lagoon, would have led to inundation at different tidal phases.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.9936K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.9936K"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> in the Arctic</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kulikov, Evgueni; Medvedev, Igor; Ivaschenko, Alexey</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>The severity of the climate and sparsely populated coastal regions are the reason why the Russian part of the Arctic Ocean belongs to the least studied areas of the World Ocean. In the same time intensive economic development of the Arctic region, specifically oil and gas industry, require studies of potential thread natural disasters that can cause environmental and technical damage of the coastal and maritime infrastructure of energy industry complex (FEC). Despite the fact that the seismic activity in the Arctic can be attributed to a moderate level, we cannot exclude the occurrence of destructive <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves, directly threatening the FEC. According to the IAEA requirements, in the construction of nuclear power plants it is necessary to take into account the impact of all natural disasters with frequency more than 10-5 per year. Planned accommodation in the polar regions of the Russian floating nuclear power plants certainly requires an adequate risk assessment of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard in the areas of their location. Develop the concept of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard assessment would be based on the numerical simulation of different scenarios in which reproduced the hypothetical seismic sources and <span class="hlt">generated</span> <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. The analysis of available geological, geophysical and seismological data for the period of instrumental observations (1918-2015) shows that the highest earthquake potential within the Arctic region is associated with the underwater Mid-Arctic zone of ocean bottom spreading (interplate boundary between Eurasia and North American plates) as well as with some areas of continental slope within the marginal seas. For the Arctic coast of Russia and the adjacent shelf area, the greatest <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> danger of seismotectonic origin comes from the earthquakes occurring in the underwater Gakkel Ridge zone, the north-eastern part of the Mid-Arctic zone. In this area, one may expect earthquakes of magnitude Mw ˜ 6.5-7.0 at a rate of 10-2 per year and of magnitude Mw ˜ 7.5 at a</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PApGe.175.1257S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PApGe.175.1257S"><span>The "<span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Earthquake" of 13 April 1923 in Northern Kamchatka: Seismological and Hydrodynamic Investigations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Salaree, Amir; Okal, Emile A.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>We present a seismological and hydrodynamic investigation of the earthquake of 13 April 1923 at Ust'-Kamchatsk, Northern Kamchatka, which <span class="hlt">generated</span> a more powerful and damaging <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> than the larger event of 03 February 1923, thus qualifying as a so-called "<span class="hlt">tsunami</span> earthquake". On the basis of modern relocations, we suggest that it took place outside the fault area of the mainshock, across the oblique Pacific-North America plate boundary, a <span class="hlt">model</span> confirmed by a limited dataset of mantle waves, which also confirms the slow nature of the source, characteristic of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> earthquakes. However, numerical simulations for a number of legitimate seismic <span class="hlt">models</span> fail to reproduce the sharply peaked distribution of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave amplitudes reported in the literature. By contrast, we can reproduce the distribution of reported wave amplitudes using an underwater landslide as a source of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, itself triggered by the earthquake inside the Kamchatskiy Bight.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH43A0182B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH43A0182B"><span>Geodetic Imaging and <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">Modeling</span> of the 2017 Coupled Landslide-<span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Event in Karrat Fjord, West Greenland.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Barba, M.; Willis, M. J.; Tiampo, K. F.; Lynett, P. J.; Mätzler, E.; Thorsøe, K.; Higman, B. M.; Thompson, J. A.; Morin, P. J.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>We use a combination of geodetic imaging techniques and <span class="hlt">modelling</span> efforts to examine the June 2017 Karrat Fjord, West Greenland, landslide and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> event. Our efforts include analysis of pre-cursor motions extracted from Sentinal SAR interferometry that we improved with high-resolution Digital Surface <span class="hlt">Models</span> derived from commercial imagery and geo-coded Structure from Motion analyses. We produce well constrained estimates of landslide volume through DSM differencing by improving the ArcticDEM coverage of the region, and provide <span class="hlt">modeled</span> <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> run-up estimates at villages around the region, constrained with in-situ observations provided by the Greenlandic authorities. Estimates of run-up at unoccupied coasts are derived using a blend of high resolution imagery and elevation <span class="hlt">models</span>. We further detail post-failure slope stability for areas of interest around the Karrat Fjord region. Warming trends in the region from <span class="hlt">model</span> and satellite analysis are combined with optical imagery to ascertain whether the influence of melting permafrost and the formation of small springs on a slight bench on the mountainside that eventually failed can be used as indicators of future events.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1813215F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1813215F"><span>Real-time determination of the worst <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> scenario based on Earthquake Early Warning</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Furuya, Takashi; Koshimura, Shunichi; Hino, Ryota; Ohta, Yusaku; Inoue, Takuya</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>In recent years, real-time <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation forecasting has been developed with the advances of dense seismic monitoring, GPS Earth observation, offshore <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> observation networks, and high-performance computing infrastructure (Koshimura et al., 2014). Several uncertainties are involved in <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation <span class="hlt">modeling</span> and it is believed that <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generation</span> <span class="hlt">model</span> is one of the great uncertain sources. Uncertain <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> source <span class="hlt">model</span> has risk to underestimate <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> height, extent of inundation zone, and damage. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> source inversion using observed seismic, geodetic and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> data is the most effective to avoid underestimation of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, but needs to expect more time to acquire the observed data and this limitation makes difficult to terminate real-time <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation forecasting within sufficient time. Not waiting for the precise <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> observation information, but from disaster management point of view, we aim to determine the worst <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> source scenario, for the use of real-time <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation forecasting and mapping, using the seismic information of Earthquake Early Warning (EEW) that can be obtained immediately after the event triggered. After an earthquake occurs, JMA's EEW estimates magnitude and hypocenter. With the constraints of earthquake magnitude, hypocenter and scaling law, we determine possible multi <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> source scenarios and start searching the worst one by the superposition of pre-computed <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> Green's functions, i.e. time series of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> height at offshore points corresponding to 2-dimensional Gaussian unit source, e.g. Tsushima et al., 2014. Scenario analysis of our method consists of following 2 steps. (1) Searching the worst scenario range by calculating 90 scenarios with various strike and fault-position. From maximum <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> height of 90 scenarios, we determine a narrower strike range which causes high <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> height in the area of concern. (2) Calculating 900 scenarios that have different strike, dip, length</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015E%26ES...23a2007Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015E%26ES...23a2007Z"><span>A shallow water <span class="hlt">model</span> for the propagation of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> via Lattice Boltzmann method</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zergani, Sara; Aziz, Z. A.; Viswanathan, K. K.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>An efficient implementation of the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) for the numerical simulation of the propagation of long ocean waves (e.g. <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>), based on the nonlinear shallow water (NSW) wave equation is presented. The LBM is an alternative numerical procedure for the description of incompressible hydrodynamics and has the potential to serve as an efficient solver for incompressible flows in complex geometries. This work proposes the NSW equations for the irrotational surface waves in the case of complex bottom elevation. In recent time, equation involving shallow water is the current norm in <span class="hlt">modelling</span> <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> operations which include the propagation zone estimation. Several test-cases are presented to verify our <span class="hlt">model</span>. Some implications to <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave <span class="hlt">modelling</span> are also discussed. Numerical results are found to be in excellent agreement with theory.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUFMOS43D1332T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUFMOS43D1332T"><span>Noise Reduction of Ocean-Bottom Pressure Data Toward Real-Time <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Forecasting</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tsushima, H.; Hino, R.</p> <p>2008-12-01</p> <p>We discuss a method of noise reduction of ocean-bottom pressure data to be fed into the near-field <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> forecasting scheme proposed by Tsushima et al. [2008a]. In their scheme, the pressure data is processed in real time as follows: (1) removing ocean tide components by subtracting the sea-level variation computed from a theoretical tide <span class="hlt">model</span>, (2) applying low-pass digital filter to remove high-frequency fluctuation due to seismic waves, and (3) removing DC-offset and linear-trend component to determine a baseline of relative sea level. However, it turns out this simple method is not always successful in extracting <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waveforms from the data, when the observed amplitude is ~1cm. For disaster mitigation, accurate forecasting of small <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> is important as well as large <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. Since small <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> events occur frequently, successful <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> forecasting of those events are critical to obtain public reliance upon <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warnings. As a test case, we applied the data-processing described above to the bottom pressure records containing <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> with amplitude less than 1 cm which was <span class="hlt">generated</span> by the 2003 Off-Fukushima earthquake occurring in the Japan Trench subduction zone. The observed pressure variation due to the ocean tide is well explained by the calculated tide signals from NAO99Jb <span class="hlt">model</span> [Matsumoto et al., 2000]. However, the tide components estimated by BAYTAP-G [Tamura et al., 1991] from the pressure data is more appropriate for predicting and removing the ocean tide signals. In the pressure data after removing the tide variations, there remain pressure fluctuations with frequencies ranging from about 0.1 to 1 mHz and with amplitudes around ~10 cm. These fluctuations distort the estimation of zero-level and linear trend to define relative sea-level variation, which is treated as <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waveform in the subsequent analysis. Since the linear trend is estimated from the data prior to the origin time of the earthquake, an artificial linear trend is</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMNH14A..02M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMNH14A..02M"><span>Non-seismic <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>: filling the forecast gap</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Moore, C. W.; Titov, V. V.; Spillane, M. C.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>Earthquakes are the <span class="hlt">generation</span> mechanism in over 85% of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. However, non-seismic <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>, including those <span class="hlt">generated</span> by meteorological events, landslides, volcanoes, and asteroid impacts, can inundate significant area and have a large far-field effect. The current National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> forecast system falls short in detecting these phenomena. This study attempts to classify the range of effects possible from these non-seismic threats, and to investigate detection methods appropriate for use in a forecast system. Typical observation platforms are assessed, including DART bottom pressure recorders and tide gauges. Other detection paths include atmospheric pressure anomaly algorithms for detecting meteotsunamis and the early identification of asteroids large enough to produce a regional hazard. Real-time assessment of observations for forecast use can provide guidance to mitigate the effects of a non-seismic <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4565975','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4565975"><span>Characteristics of the 2011 Tohoku <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> and introduction of two level <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> disaster mitigation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>SATO, Shinji</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Characteristics of the 2011 Tohoku <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> have been revealed by collaborative <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> surveys extensively performed under the coordination of the Joint <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Survey Group. The complex behaviors of the mega-<span class="hlt">tsunami</span> were characterized by the unprecedented scale and the low occurrence frequency. The limitation and the performance of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> countermeasures were described on the basis of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> surveys, laboratory experiments and numerical analyses. These findings contributed to the introduction of two-level <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazards to establish a new strategy for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> disaster mitigation, combining structure-based flood protection designed by the Level-1 <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> and non-structure-based damage reduction planned by the Level-2 <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. PMID:26062739</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26062739','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26062739"><span>Characteristics of the 2011 Tohoku <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> and introduction of two level <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> disaster mitigation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sato, Shinji</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Characteristics of the 2011 Tohoku <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> have been revealed by collaborative <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> surveys extensively performed under the coordination of the Joint <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Survey Group. The complex behaviors of the mega-<span class="hlt">tsunami</span> were characterized by the unprecedented scale and the low occurrence frequency. The limitation and the performance of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> countermeasures were described on the basis of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> surveys, laboratory experiments and numerical analyses. These findings contributed to the introduction of two-level <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazards to establish a new strategy for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> disaster mitigation, combining structure-based flood protection designed by the Level-1 <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> and non-structure-based damage reduction planned by the Level-2 <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMNH41A1742K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMNH41A1742K"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Focusing and Leading Amplitude</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kanoglu, U.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Tsunamis</span> transform substantially through spatial and temporal spreading from their source region. This substantial spreading might result unique maximum <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave heights which might be attributed to the source configuration, directivity, the waveguide structures of mid-ocean ridges and continental shelves, focusing and defocusing through submarine seamounts, random focusing due to small changes in bathymetry, dispersion, and, most likely, combination of some of these effects. In terms of the maximum <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave height, after Okal and Synolakis (2016 Geophys. J. Int. 204, 719-735), it is clear that dispersion would be one of the reasons to drive the leading wave amplitude in a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave train. Okal and Synolakis (2016), referring to this phenomenon as sequencing -later waves in the train becoming higher than the leading one, considered Hammack's (1972, Ph.D. Dissertation, Calif. Inst. Tech., 261 pp) formalism, in addition to LeMéhauté and Wang's (1995 Water waves <span class="hlt">generated</span> by underwater explosion, World Scientific, 367 pp), to evaluate linear dispersive <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> propagation from a circular plug uplifted on an ocean of constant depth. They identified transition distance, as the second wave being larger, performing parametric study for the radius of the plug and the depth of the ocean. Here, we extend Okal and Synolakis' (2016) analysis to an initial wave field with a finite crest length and, in addition, to a most common <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> initial wave form of N-wave (Tadepalli and Synolakis, 1994 Proc. R. Soc. A: Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 445, 99-112). First, we investigate the focusing feature in the leading-depression side, which enhance <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave height as presented by Kanoglu et al. (2013 Proc. R. Soc. A: Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 469, 20130015). We then discuss the results in terms of leading wave amplitude presenting a parametric study and identify a simple relation for the transition distance. The solution presented here could be used to better analyze dispersive</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRC..123.2965T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRC..123.2965T"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Waves and <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span>-Induced Natural Oscillations Determined by HF Radar in Ise Bay, Japan</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Toguchi, Y.; Fujii, S.; Hinata, H.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> waves and the subsequent natural oscillations <span class="hlt">generated</span> by the 2011 Tohoku earthquake were observed by two high-frequency (HF) radars and four tidal gauge records in Ise Bay. The radial velocity components of both records increased abruptly at approximately 17:00 (JST) and continued for more than 24 h. This indicated that natural oscillations followed the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> in Ise Bay. The spectral analyses showed that the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave arrivals had periods of 16-19, 30-40, 60-90, and 120-140 min. The three longest periods were remarkably amplified. Time-frequency analysis also showed the energy increase and duration of these periods. We used an Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) to analyze the total velocity of the currents to find the underlying oscillation patterns in the three longest periods. To verify the physical properties of the EOF analysis results, we calculated the oscillation modes in Ise Bay using a numerical <span class="hlt">model</span> proposed by Loomis. The results of EOF analysis showed that the oscillation modes of 120-140 and 60-90 min period bands were distributed widely, whereas the oscillation mode of the 30-40 min period band was distributed locally. The EOF spatial patterns of each period showed good agreement with the eigenmodes calculated by the method of Loomis (1975). Thus, the HF radars were capable of observing the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> arrival and the subsequent oscillations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.S31E..06B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.S31E..06B"><span>Uncertainty Estimation in <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Initial Condition From Rapid Bayesian Finite Fault <span class="hlt">Modeling</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Benavente, R. F.; Dettmer, J.; Cummins, P. R.; Urrutia, A.; Cienfuegos, R.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>It is well known that kinematic rupture <span class="hlt">models</span> for a given earthquake can present discrepancies even when similar datasets are employed in the inversion process. While quantifying this variability can be critical when making early estimates of the earthquake and triggered <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impact, "most likely <span class="hlt">models</span>" are normally used for this purpose. In this work, we quantify the uncertainty of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> initial condition for the great Illapel earthquake (Mw = 8.3, 2015, Chile). We focus on utilizing data and inversion methods that are suitable to rapid source characterization yet provide meaningful and robust results. Rupture <span class="hlt">models</span> from teleseismic body and surface waves as well as W-phase are derived and accompanied by Bayesian uncertainty estimates from linearized inversion under positivity constraints. We show that robust and consistent features about the rupture kinematics appear when working within this probabilistic framework. Moreover, by using static dislocation theory, we translate the probabilistic slip distributions into seafloor deformation which we interpret as a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> initial condition. After considering uncertainty, our probabilistic seafloor deformation <span class="hlt">models</span> obtained from different data types appear consistent with each other providing meaningful results. We also show that selecting just a single "representative" solution from the ensemble of initial conditions for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> propagation may lead to overestimating information content in the data. Our results suggest that rapid, probabilistic rupture <span class="hlt">models</span> can play a significant role during emergency response by providing robust information about the extent of the disaster.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH13B..08H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH13B..08H"><span>Highly variable recurrence of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> in the 7,400 years before the 2004 Indian Ocean <span class="hlt">tsunami</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Horton, B.; Rubin, C. M.; Sieh, K.; Jessica, P.; Daly, P.; Ismail, N.; Parnell, A. C.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The devastating 2004 Indian Ocean <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> caught millions of coastal residents and the scientific community off-guard. Subsequent research in the Indian Ocean basin has identified prehistoric <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>, but the timing and recurrence intervals of such events are uncertain. Here, we identify coastal caves as a new depositional environment for reconstructing <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> records and present a 5,000 year record of continuous <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> deposits from a coastal cave in Sumatra, Indonesia which shows the irregular recurrence of 11 <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> between 7,400 and 2,900 years BP. The data demonstrates that the 2004 <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> was just the latest in a sequence of devastating <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> stretching back to at least the early Holocene and suggests a high likelihood for future <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> in the Indian Ocean. The sedimentary record in the cave shows that ruptures of the Sunda megathrust vary between large (which <span class="hlt">generated</span> the 2004 Indian Ocean <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>) and smaller slip failures. The chronology of events suggests the recurrence of multiple smaller <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> within relatively short time periods, interrupted by long periods of strain accumulation followed by giant <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. The average time period between <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> is about 450 years with intervals ranging from a long, dormant period of over 2,000 years, to multiple <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> within the span of a century. The very long dormant period suggests that the Sunda megathrust is capable of accumulating large slip deficits between earthquakes. Such a high slip rupture would produce a substantially larger earthquake than the 2004 event. Although there is evidence that the likelihood of another tsunamigenic earthquake in Aceh province is high, these variable recurrence intervals suggest that long dormant periods may follow Sunda Megathrust ruptures as large as that of 2004 Indian Ocean <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. The remarkable variability of recurrence suggests that regional hazard mitigation plans should be based upon the high likelihood of future destructive <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> demonstrated by</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17793232','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17793232"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunamis</span> <span class="hlt">generated</span> by eruptions from mount st. Augustine volcano, alaska.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kienle, J; Kowalik, Z; Murty, T S</p> <p>1987-06-12</p> <p>During an eruption of the Alaskan volcano Mount St. Augustine in the spring of 1986, there was concern about the possibility that a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> might be <span class="hlt">generated</span> by the collapse of a portion of the volcano into the shallow water of Cook Inlet. A similar edifice collapse of the volcano and ensuing sea wave occurred during an eruption in 1883. Other sea waves resulting in great loss of life and property have been <span class="hlt">generated</span> by the eruption of coastal volcanos around the world. Although Mount St. Augustine remained intact during this eruptive cycle, a possible recurrence of the 1883 events spurred a numerical simulation of the 1883 sea wave. This simulation, which yielded a forecast of potential wave heights and travel times, was based on a method that could be applied generally to other coastal volcanos.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PApGe.175...35A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PApGe.175...35A"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Source Inversion Using Tide Gauge and DART <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Waveforms of the 2017 Mw8.2 Mexico Earthquake</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Adriano, Bruno; Fujii, Yushiro; Koshimura, Shunichi; Mas, Erick; Ruiz-Angulo, Angel; Estrada, Miguel</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>On September 8, 2017 (UTC), a normal-fault earthquake occurred 87 km off the southeast coast of Mexico. This earthquake <span class="hlt">generated</span> a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> that was recorded at coastal tide gauge and offshore buoy stations. First, we conducted a numerical <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> simulation using a single-fault <span class="hlt">model</span> to understand the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> characteristics near the rupture area, focusing on the nearby tide gauge stations. Second, the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> source of this event was estimated from inversion of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waveforms recorded at six coastal stations and three buoys located in the deep ocean. Using the aftershock distribution within 1 day following the main shock, the fault plane orientation had a northeast dip direction (strike = 320°, dip = 77°, and rake =-92°). The results of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waveform inversion revealed that the fault area was 240 km × 90 km in size with most of the largest slip occurring on the middle and deepest segments of the fault. The maximum slip was 6.03 m from a 30 × 30 km2 segment that was 64.82 km deep at the center of the fault area. The estimated slip distribution showed that the main asperity was at the center of the fault area. The second asperity with an average slip of 5.5 m was found on the northwest-most segments. The estimated slip distribution yielded a seismic moment of 2.9 × 10^{21} Nm (Mw = 8.24), which was calculated assuming an average rigidity of 7× 10^{10} N/m2.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PhTea..44..585D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PhTea..44..585D"><span><span class="hlt">Modeling</span> the 2004Indian Ocean <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> for Introductory Physics Students</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>DiLisi, Gregory A.; Rarick, Richard A.</p> <p>2006-12-01</p> <p>In this paper we develop materials to address student interest in the Indian Ocean <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> of December 2004. We discuss the physical characteristics of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> and some of the specific data regarding the 2004 event. Finally, we create an easy-to-make <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> tank to run simulations in the classroom. The simulations exhibit three dramatic signatures of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>, namely, as a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> moves into shallow water its amplitude increases, its wavelength and speed decrease, and its leading edge becomes increasingly steep as if to "break" or "crash." Using our <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> tank, these realistic features were easy to observe in the classroom and evoked an enthusiastic response from our students.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012NHESS..12.1855U','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012NHESS..12.1855U"><span>Web-based <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Early Warning System: a case study of the 2010 Kepulaunan Mentawai Earthquake and <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ulutas, E.; Inan, A.; Annunziato, A.</p> <p>2012-06-01</p> <p>This study analyzes the response of the Global Disasters Alerts and Coordination System (GDACS) in relation to a case study: the Kepulaunan Mentawai earthquake and related <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, which occurred on 25 October 2010. The GDACS, developed by the European Commission Joint Research Center, combines existing web-based disaster information management systems with the aim to alert the international community in case of major disasters. The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> simulation system is an integral part of the GDACS. In more detail, the study aims to assess the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard on the Mentawai and Sumatra coasts: the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> heights and arrival times have been estimated employing three propagation <span class="hlt">models</span> based on the long wave theory. The analysis was performed in three stages: (1) pre-calculated simulations by using the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> scenario database for that region, used by the GDACS system to estimate the alert level; (2) near-real-time simulated <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> forecasts, automatically performed by the GDACS system whenever a new earthquake is detected by the seismological data providers; and (3) post-event <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> calculations using GCMT (Global Centroid Moment Tensor) fault mechanism solutions proposed by US Geological Survey (USGS) for this event. The GDACS system estimates the alert level based on the first type of calculations and on that basis sends alert messages to its users; the second type of calculations is available within 30-40 min after the notification of the event but does not change the estimated alert level. The third type of calculations is performed to improve the initial estimations and to have a better understanding of the extent of the possible damage. The automatic alert level for the earthquake was given between Green and Orange Alert, which, in the logic of GDACS, means no need or moderate need of international humanitarian assistance; however, the earthquake <span class="hlt">generated</span> 3 to 9 m <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> run-up along southwestern coasts of the Pagai Islands where 431 people died. The post</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_19 --> <div id="page_20" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="381"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH23A0208T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH23A0208T"><span>Real-time correction of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> site effect by frequency-dependent <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-amplification factor</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tsushima, H.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>For <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> early warning, I developed frequency-dependent <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-amplification factor and used it to design a recursive digital filter that can be applicable for real-time correction of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> site response. In this study, I assumed that a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waveform at an observing point could be <span class="hlt">modeled</span> by convolution of source, path and site effects in time domain. Under this assumption, spectral ratio between offshore and the nearby coast can be regarded as site response (i.e. frequency-dependent amplification factor). If the amplification factor can be prepared before tsunamigenic earthquakes, its temporal convolution to offshore <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waveform provides <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> prediction at coast in real time. In this study, <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waveforms calculated by <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> numerical simulations were used to develop frequency-dependent <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-amplification factor. Firstly, I performed numerical <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> simulations based on nonlinear shallow-water theory from many tsuanmigenic earthquake scenarios by varying the seismic magnitudes and locations. The resultant <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waveforms at offshore and the nearby coastal observing points were then used in spectral-ratio analysis. An average of the resulted spectral ratios from the tsunamigenic-earthquake scenarios is regarded as frequency-dependent amplification factor. Finally, the estimated amplification factor is used in design of a recursive digital filter that can be applicable in time domain. The above procedure is applied to Miyako bay at the Pacific coast of northeastern Japan. The averaged <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-height spectral ratio (i.e. amplification factor) between the location at the center of the bay and the outside show a peak at wave-period of 20 min. A recursive digital filter based on the estimated amplification factor shows good performance in real-time correction of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-height amplification due to the site effect. This study is supported by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI grant 15K16309.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21251344-application-nonlinear-shallow-water-model-tsunami-using-adomian-decomposition-method','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21251344-application-nonlinear-shallow-water-model-tsunami-using-adomian-decomposition-method"><span>Application of 2D-Nonlinear Shallow Water <span class="hlt">Model</span> of <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> by using Adomian Decomposition Method</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Waewcharoen, Sribudh; Boonyapibanwong, Supachai; Koonprasert, Sanoe</p> <p>2008-09-01</p> <p>One of the most important questions in <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">modeling</span> is the estimation of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> run-up heights at different points along a coastline. Methods for numerical simulation of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave propagation in deep and shallow seas are well developed and have been widely used by many scientists (2001-2008). In this paper, we consider a two-dimensional nonlinear shallow water <span class="hlt">model</span> of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> given by Tivon Jacobson is work [1]. u{sub t}+uu{sub x}+{nu}u{sub y} -c{sup 2}(h{sub x}+(h{sub b}){sub x}) {nu}{sub t}+u{nu}{sub x}+{nu}{nu}{sub y} = -c{sup 2}(h{sub y}+(h{sub b}){sub y}) h{sub t}+(hu){sub x}+(h{nu}){sub y} = 0 g-shore, h is surface elevation and s, tmore » is time, u is velocity of cross-shore, {nu} is velocity of along-shore, h is surface elevation and h{sub b} is function of shore. This is a nondimensionalized <span class="hlt">model</span> with the gravity g and constant reference depth H factored into c = {radical}(gH). We apply the Adomian Decompostion Method (ADM) to solve the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">model</span>. This powerful method has been used to obtain explicit and numerical solutions of three types of diffusion-convection-reaction (DECR) equations. The ADM results for the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">model</span> yield analytical solutions in terms of a rapidly convergent infinite power series. Symbolic computation, numerical results and graphs of solutions are obtained by Maple program.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70148278','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70148278"><span>Near-field <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> edge waves and complex earthquake rupture</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Geist, Eric L.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>The effect of distributed coseismic slip on progressive, near-field edge waves is examined for continental shelf <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. Detailed observations of edge waves are difficult to separate from the other <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> phases that are observed on tide gauge records. In this study, analytic methods are used to compute <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> edge waves distributed over a finite number of modes and for uniformly sloping bathymetry. Coseismic displacements from static elastic theory are introduced as initial conditions in calculating the evolution of progressive edge-waves. Both simple crack representations (constant stress drop) and stochastic slip <span class="hlt">models</span> (heterogeneous stress drop) are tested on a fault with geometry similar to that of the M w = 8.8 2010 Chile earthquake. Crack-like ruptures that are beneath or that span the shoreline result in similar longshore patterns of maximum edge-wave amplitude. Ruptures located farther offshore result in reduced edge-wave excitation, consistent with previous studies. Introduction of stress-drop heterogeneity by way of stochastic slip <span class="hlt">models</span> results in significantly more variability in longshore edge-wave patterns compared to crack-like ruptures for the same offshore source position. In some cases, regions of high slip that are spatially distinct will yield sub-events, in terms of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generation</span>. Constructive interference of both non-trapped and trapped waves can yield significantly larger <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> than those that produced by simple earthquake characterizations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.9803M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.9803M"><span>Incorporation of experimentally derived friction laws in numerical simulations of earthquake <span class="hlt">generated</span> <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Murphy, Shane; Spagnuolo, Elena; Lorito, Stefano; Di Toro, Giulio; Scala, Antonio; Festa, Gaetano; Nielsen, Stefan; Piatanesi, Alessio; Romano, Fabrizio; Aretusini, Stefano</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Seismological, <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> and geodetic observations have shown that subduction zones are complex systems where the properties of earthquake rupture vary with depth. For example nucleation and high frequency radiation generally occur at depth but low frequency radiation and large <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-genic slip appear to occur in the shallow crustal depth. Numerical simulations used to describe these features predominantly use standardised theoretical equations or experimental observations often assuming that their validity extends to all slip-rates, lithologies and tectonic environments. However recent rotary-shear experiments performed on a range of diverse materials and experimental conditions highlighted the large variability of the evolution of friction during slipping pointing to a more complex relationship between material type, slip rate and normal stress. Simulating dynamic rupture using a 2D spectral element methodology on a Tohoku like fault, we apply experimentally derived friction laws (i.e. thermal slip distance friction law, Di Toro et al. 2011) Choice of parameters for the friction law are based on expected material type (e.g. cohesive and non-cohesive clay rich material representative of an accretionary wedge), the normal stress which is controlled by the interaction between the regional stress field and the fault geometry. The shear stress distribution on the fault plane is fractal with the yield stress dependent on the static coefficient of friction and the normal stress, parameters that are dependent on the material type and geometry. We use metrics such as the slip distribution, ground motion and fracture energy to explore the effect of frictional behaviour, fault geometry and stress perturbations and its potential role in <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generation</span>. Preliminary results will be presented. This research is funded by the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° 603839 (Project ASTARTE - Assessment, Strategy and Risk Reduction</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70031183','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70031183"><span>Distribution and sedimentary characteristics of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> deposits along the Cascadia margin of western North America</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Peters, R.; Jaffe, B.; Gelfenbaum, G.</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> deposits have been found at more than 60 sites along the Cascadia margin of Western North America, and here we review and synthesize their distribution and sedimentary characteristics based on the published record. Cascadia <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> deposits are best preserved, and most easily identified, in low-energy coastal environments such as tidal marshes, back-barrier marshes and coastal lakes where they occur as anomalous layers of sand within peat and mud. They extend up to a kilometer inland in open coastal settings and several kilometers up river valleys. They are distinguished from other sediments by a combination of sedimentary character and stratigraphic context. Recurrence intervals range from 300-1000??years with an average of 500-600??years. The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> deposits have been used to help evaluate and mitigate <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazards in Cascadia. They show that the Cascadia subduction zone is prone to great earthquakes that <span class="hlt">generate</span> large <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. The inclusion of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> deposits on inundation maps, used in conjunction with results from inundation <span class="hlt">models</span>, allows a more accurate assessment of areas subject to <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation. The application of sediment transport <span class="hlt">models</span> can help estimate <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> flow velocity and wave height, parameters which are necessary to help establish evacuation routes and plan development in <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> prone areas. ?? 2007.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.3657L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.3657L"><span>Towards a probabilistic <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard analysis for the Gulf of Cadiz</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Løvholt, Finn; Urgeles, Roger</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Landslides and volcanic flank collapses constitute a significant portion of all known <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> sources, and they are less constrained geographically than earthquakes as they are not tied to large fault zones. While landslides have mostly produced local <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> historically, prehistoric evidence show that landslides can also produce ocean wide <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. Because the landslide induced <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> probability is more difficult to quantify than the one induced by earthquakes, our understanding of the landslide <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard is less understood. To improve our understanding and methodologies to deal with this hazard, we here present results and methods for a preliminary landslide probabilistic <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard assessment (LPTHA) for the Gulf of Cadiz for submerged landslides. The present literature on LPTHA is sparse, and studies have so far been separated into two groups, the first based on observed magnitude frequency distributions (MFD's), the second based on simplified geotechnical slope stability analysis. We argue that the MFD based approach is best suited when a sufficient amount of data covering a wide range of volumes is available, although uncertainties in the dating of the landslides often represent a potential large source of bias. To this end, the relatively rich availability of landslide data in the Gulf of Cadiz makes this area suitable for developing and testing LPTHA <span class="hlt">models</span>. In the presentation, we will first explore the landslide data and statistics, including different spatial factors such as slope versus volume relationships, faults etc. Examples of how random realizations can be used to distribute <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> source over the study area will be demonstrated. Furthermore, computational strategies for simulating both the landslide and the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generation</span> in a simplified way will be described. To this end, we use depth averaged viscoplastic landslide <span class="hlt">model</span> coupled to the numerical <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">model</span> to represent a set of idealized <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> sources, which are in turn</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMNH52A..04V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMNH52A..04V"><span>CARIBE WAVE/LANTEX Caribbean and Western Atlantic <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Exercises</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>von Hillebrandt-Andrade, C.; Whitmore, P.; Aliaga, B.; Huerfano Moreno, V.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Over 75 <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> have been documented in the Caribbean and Adjacent Regions over the past 500 years. While most have been <span class="hlt">generated</span> by local earthquakes, distant <span class="hlt">generated</span> <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> can also affect the region. For example, waves from the 1755 Lisbon earthquake and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> were observed in Cuba, Dominican Republic, British Virgin Islands, as well as Antigua, Martinique, Guadalupe and Barbados in the Lesser Antilles. Since 1500, at least 4484 people are reported to have perished in these killer waves. Although the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generated</span> by the 2010 Haiti earthquake claimed only a few lives, in the 1530 El Pilar, Venezuela; 1602 Port Royale, Jamaica; 1918 Puerto Rico; and 1946 Samaná, Dominican Republic <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> the death tolls ranged to over a thousand. Since then, there has been an explosive increase in residents, visitors, infrastructure, and economic activity along the coastlines, increasing the potential for human and economic loss. It has been estimated that on any day, upwards of more than 500,000 people could be in harm's way just along the beaches, with hundreds of thousands more working and living in the <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> hazard zones. Given the relative infrequency of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>, exercises are a valuable tool to test communications, evaluate preparedness and raise awareness. Exercises in the Caribbean are conducted under the framework of the UNESCO IOC Intergovernmental Coordination Group for the <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> and other Coastal Hazards Warning System for the Caribbean and Adjacent Regions (CARIBE EWS) and the US National <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Hazard Mitigation Program. On March 23, 2011, 34 countries and territories participated in the first CARIBE WAVE/LANTEX regional <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> exercise, while in the second exercise on March 20, 2013 a total of 45 countries and territories participated. 481 organizations (almost 200 more than in 2011) also registered to receive the bulletins issued by the Pacific <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warning Center (PTWC), West Coast and Alaska <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warning Center and/or the Puerto Rico</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFM.U41D..03Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFM.U41D..03Y"><span>Source Mechanism and Near-field Characteristics of the 2011 Tohoku-oki <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yamazaki, Y.; Cheung, K.; Lay, T.</p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p>The Tohoku-oki great earthquake ruptured the megathrust fault offshore of Miyagi and Fukushima in Northeast Honshu with moment magnitude of Mw 9.0 on March 11, 2011, and <span class="hlt">generated</span> strong shaking across the region. The resulting <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> devastated the northeastern Japan coasts and damaged coastal infrastructure across the Pacific. The extensive global seismic networks, dense geodetic instruments, well-positioned buoys and wave gauges, and comprehensive runup records along the northeast Japan coasts provide datasets of unprecedented quality and coverage for investigation of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> source mechanism and near-field wave characteristics. Our finite-source <span class="hlt">model</span> reconstructs detailed source rupture processes by inversion of teleseismic P waves recorded around the globe. The finite-source solution is validated through comparison with the static displacements recoded at the ARIA (JPL-GSI) GPS stations and <span class="hlt">models</span> obtained by inversion of high-rate GPS observations. The rupture <span class="hlt">model</span> has two primary slip regions, near the hypocenter and along the trench; the maximum slip is about 60 m near the trench. Together with the low rupture velocity, the Tohoku-oki event has characteristics in common with <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> earthquakes, although it ruptured across the entire megathrust. Superposition of the deformation of the subfaults from the planar fault <span class="hlt">model</span> according to their rupture initiation and rise times specifies the seafloor vertical displacement and velocity for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">modeling</span>. We reconstruct the 2011 Tohoku-oki <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> from the time histories of the seafloor deformation using the dispersive long-wave <span class="hlt">model</span> NEOWAVE (Non-hydrostatic Evolution of Ocean WAVEs). The computed results are compared with data from six GPS gauges and three wave gauges near the source at 120~200-m and 50-m water depth, as well as DART buoys positioned across the Pacific. The shock-capturing <span class="hlt">model</span> reproduces near-shore <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> bores and the runup data gathered by the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Joint</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70035545','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70035545"><span>Probabilistic <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard assessment at Seaside, Oregon, for near-and far-field seismic sources</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Gonzalez, F.I.; Geist, E.L.; Jaffe, B.; Kanoglu, U.; Mofjeld, H.; Synolakis, C.E.; Titov, V.V.; Areas, D.; Bellomo, D.; Carlton, D.; Horning, T.; Johnson, J.; Newman, J.; Parsons, T.; Peters, R.; Peterson, C.; Priest, G.; Venturato, A.; Weber, J.; Wong, F.; Yalciner, A.</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>The first probabilistic <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> flooding maps have been developed. The methodology, called probabilistic <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard assessment (PTHA), integrates <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation <span class="hlt">modeling</span> with methods of probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA). Application of the methodology to Seaside, Oregon, has yielded estimates of the spatial distribution of 100- and 500-year maximum <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> amplitudes, i.e., amplitudes with 1% and 0.2% annual probability of exceedance. The 100-year <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> is <span class="hlt">generated</span> most frequently by far-field sources in the Alaska-Aleutian Subduction Zone and is characterized by maximum amplitudes that do not exceed 4 m, with an inland extent of less than 500 m. In contrast, the 500-year <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> is dominated by local sources in the Cascadia Subduction Zone and is characterized by maximum amplitudes in excess of 10 m and an inland extent of more than 1 km. The primary sources of uncertainty in these results include those associated with interevent time estimates, <span class="hlt">modeling</span> of background sea level, and accounting for temporal changes in bathymetry and topography. Nonetheless, PTHA represents an important contribution to <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard assessment techniques; viewed in the broader context of risk analysis, PTHA provides a method for quantifying estimates of the likelihood and severity of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard, which can then be combined with vulnerability and exposure to yield estimates of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> risk. Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.5517T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.5517T"><span>Building strategies for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> scenarios databases to be used in a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> early warning decision support system: an application to western Iberia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tinti, S.; Armigliato, A.; Pagnoni, G.; Zaniboni, F.</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>One of the most challenging goals that the geo-scientific community is facing after the catastrophic <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> occurred on December 2004 in the Indian Ocean is to develop the so-called "next <span class="hlt">generation</span>" <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Early Warning Systems (TEWS). Indeed, the meaning of "next <span class="hlt">generation</span>" does not refer to the aim of a TEWS, which obviously remains to detect whether a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> has been <span class="hlt">generated</span> or not by a given source and, in the first case, to send proper warnings and/or alerts in a suitable time to all the countries and communities that can be affected by the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. Instead, "next <span class="hlt">generation</span>" identifies with the development of a Decision Support System (DSS) that, in general terms, relies on 1) an integrated set of seismic, geodetic and marine sensors whose objective is to detect and characterise the possible tsunamigenic sources and to monitor instrumentally the time and space evolution of the <span class="hlt">generated</span> <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, 2) databases of pre-computed numerical <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> scenarios to be suitably combined based on the information coming from the sensor environment and to be used to forecast the degree of exposition of different coastal places both in the near- and in the far-field, 3) a proper overall (software) system architecture. The EU-FP7 TRIDEC Project aims at developing such a DSS and has selected two test areas in the Euro-Mediterranean region, namely the western Iberian margin and the eastern Mediterranean (Turkish coasts). In this study, we discuss the strategies that are being adopted in TRIDEC to build the databases of pre-computed <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> scenarios and we show some applications to the western Iberian margin. In particular, two different databases are being populated, called "Virtual Scenario Database" (VSDB) and "Matching Scenario Database" (MSDB). The VSDB contains detailed simulations of few selected earthquake-<span class="hlt">generated</span> <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. The cases provided by the members of the VSDB are computed "real events"; in other words, they represent the unknowns that the TRIDEC</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70119386','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70119386"><span>Improving <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> resiliency: California's <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Policy Working Group</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Real, Charles R.; Johnson, Laurie; Jones, Lucile M.; Ross, Stephanie L.; Kontar, Y.A.; Santiago-Fandiño, V.; Takahashi, T.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>California has established a <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Policy Working Group to facilitate development of policy recommendations for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard mitigation. The <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Policy Working Group brings together government and industry specialists from diverse fields including <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, seismic, and flood hazards, local and regional planning, structural engineering, natural hazard policy, and coastal engineering. The group is acting on findings from two parallel efforts: The USGS SAFRR <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Scenario project, a comprehensive impact analysis of a large credible <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> originating from an M 9.1 earthquake in the Aleutian Islands Subduction Zone striking California’s coastline, and the State’s <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Preparedness and Hazard Mitigation Program. The unique dual-track approach provides a comprehensive assessment of vulnerability and risk within which the policy group can identify gaps and issues in current <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard mitigation and risk reduction, make recommendations that will help eliminate these impediments, and provide advice that will assist development and implementation of effective <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard risk communication products to improve community resiliency.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70146239','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70146239"><span>Time-dependent onshore <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> response</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Apotsos, Alex; Gelfenbaum, Guy R.; Jaffe, Bruce E.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>While bulk measures of the onshore impact of a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, including the maximum run-up elevation and inundation distance, are important for hazard planning, the temporal evolution of the onshore flow dynamics likely controls the extent of the onshore destruction and the erosion and deposition of sediment that occurs. However, the time-varying dynamics of actual <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> are even more difficult to measure in situ than the bulk parameters. Here, a numerical <span class="hlt">model</span> based on the non-linear shallow water equations is used to examine the effects variations in the wave characteristics, bed slope, and bottom roughness have on the temporal evolution of the onshore flow. <span class="hlt">Model</span> results indicate that the onshore flow dynamics vary significantly over the parameter space examined. For example, the flow dynamics over steep, smooth morphologies tend to be temporally symmetric, with similar magnitude velocities <span class="hlt">generated</span> during the run-up and run-down phases of inundation. Conversely, on shallow, rough onshore topographies the flow dynamics tend to be temporally skewed toward the run-down phase of inundation, with the magnitude of the flow velocities during run-up and run-down being significantly different. Furthermore, for near-breaking <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves inundating over steep topography, the flow velocity tends to accelerate almost instantaneously to a maximum and then decrease monotonically. Conversely, when very long waves inundate over shallow topography, the flow accelerates more slowly and can remain steady for a period of time before beginning to decelerate. These results indicate that a single set of assumptions concerning the onshore flow dynamics cannot be applied to all <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>, and site specific analyses may be required.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JVGR..347..221G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JVGR..347..221G"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> deposits associated with the 7.3 ka caldera-forming eruption of the Kikai Caldera, insights for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generation</span> during submarine caldera-forming eruptions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Geshi, Nobuo; Maeno, Fukashi; Nakagawa, Shojiro; Naruo, Hideto; Kobayashi, Tetsuo</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>Timing and mechanism of volcanic <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> will be a key to understand the dynamics of large-scale submarine explosive volcanism. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> deposits associated with the VEI 7 eruption of the Kikai Caldera at 7.3 ka are found in the Yakushima and Kuchinoerabujima Islands, 40 km south -southeast of the caldera rim. The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> deposits distribute along the rivers in their northern coast up to 4.5 km from the river exit and up to 50 m above the present sea level. The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> deposits in the Yakushima area consist of pumice-bearing gravels in the lower part of the section (Unit I) and pumiceous conglomerate in the upper part (Unit II). The presence of rounded pebbles of sedimentary rocks, which characterize the beach deposit, indicates a run-up current from the coastal area. The rip-up clasts of the underlying paleosol in Unit I show strong erosion during the invasion of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. Compositional similarity between the pumices in the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> deposit and the juvenile materials erupted in the early phase of the Akahoya eruption indicates the formation of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> deposit during the early phase of the eruption, which produced the initial Plinian pumice fall and the lower half of the Koya pyroclastic flow. Presence of the dense volcanic components (obsidians and lava fragments) besides pumices in the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> deposit supports that they were carried by the Koya pyroclastic flow, and not the pumices floating on the sea surface. Sequential relationship between the Koya pyroclastic flow and the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> suggests that the emplacement of the pyroclastic flow into the sea surrounding the caldera is the most probable mechanism of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMNH41A1739R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMNH41A1739R"><span>2006 - 2016: Ten Years Of <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> In French Polynesia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Reymond, D.; Jamelot, A.; Hyvernaud, O.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Located in South central Pacific and despite of its far field situation, the French Polynesia is very much concerned by the <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> <span class="hlt">generated</span> along the major subduction zones located around the Pacific. At the time of writing, 10 <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> have been <span class="hlt">generated</span> in the Pacific Ocean since 2006; all these events recorded in French Polynesia, produced different levels of warning, starting from a simple seismic warning with an information bulletin, up to an effective <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning with evacuation of the coastal zone. These tsunamigenic events represent an invaluable opportunity of evolutions and tests of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning system developed in French Polynesia: during the last ten years, the warning rules had evolved from a simple criterion of magnitudes up to the computation of the main seismic source parameters (location, slowness determinant (Newman & Okal, 1998) and focal geometry) using two independent methods: the first one uses an inversion of W-phases (Kanamori & Rivera, 2012) and the second one performs an inversion of long period surface waves (Clément & Reymond, 2014); the source parameters such estimated allow to compute in near real time the expected distributions of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> heights (with the help of a super-computer and parallelized codes of numerical simulations). Furthermore, two kinds of numerical <span class="hlt">modeling</span> are used: the first one, very rapid (performed in about 5minutes of computation time) is based on the Green's law (Jamelot & Reymond, 2015), and a more detailed and precise one that uses classical numerical simulations through nested grids (about 45 minutes of computation time). Consequently, the criteria of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning are presently based on the expected <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> heights in the different archipelagos and islands of French Polynesia. This major evolution allows to differentiate and use different levels of warning for the different archipelagos,working in tandem with the Civil Defense. We present the comparison of the historical observed <span class="hlt">tsunami</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH14A..01H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH14A..01H"><span>Local <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warnings using GNSS and Seismic Data.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hirshorn, B. F.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p> solutions, coseismic crustal deformation, and fault slip <span class="hlt">models</span> within a few minutes after earthquake initiation. The sea floor deformation associated with the earthquake slip can then be used as an initial condition for an automatically <span class="hlt">generated</span> <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> propagation and coastal inundation <span class="hlt">model</span> for coastal warnings.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH21D..07G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH21D..07G"><span>Rapid <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Inundation Forecast from Near-field or Far-field Earthquakes using Pre-computed <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Database: Pelabuhan Ratu, Indonesia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gusman, A. R.; Setiyono, U.; Satake, K.; Fujii, Y.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>We built pre-computed <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation database in Pelabuhan Ratu, one of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-prone areas on the southern coast of Java, Indonesia. The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> database can be employed for a rapid estimation of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation during an event. The pre-computed <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waveforms and inundations are from a total of 340 scenarios ranging from 7.5 to 9.2 in moment magnitude scale (Mw), including simple fault <span class="hlt">models</span> of 208 thrust faults and 44 <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> earthquakes on the plate interface, as well as 44 normal faults and 44 reverse faults in the outer-rise region. Using our <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation forecasting algorithm (NearTIF), we could rapidly estimate the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation in Pelabuhan Ratu for three different hypothetical earthquakes. The first hypothetical earthquake is a megathrust earthquake type (Mw 9.0) offshore Sumatra which is about 600 km from Pelabuhan Ratu to represent a worst-case event in the far-field. The second hypothetical earthquake (Mw 8.5) is based on a slip deficit rate estimation from geodetic measurements and represents a most likely large event near Pelabuhan Ratu. The third hypothetical earthquake is a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> earthquake type (Mw 8.1) which often occur south off Java. We compared the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation maps produced by the NearTIF algorithm with results of direct forward inundation <span class="hlt">modeling</span> for the hypothetical earthquakes. The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation maps produced from both methods are similar for the three cases. However, the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation map from the inundation database can be obtained in much shorter time (1 min) than the one from a forward inundation <span class="hlt">modeling</span> (40 min). These indicate that the NearTIF algorithm based on pre-computed inundation database is reliable and useful for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning purposes. This study also demonstrates that the NearTIF algorithm can work well even though the earthquake source is located outside the area of fault <span class="hlt">model</span> database because it uses a time shifting procedure for the best-fit scenario searching.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1919608B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1919608B"><span>A Benchmarking setup for Coupled Earthquake Cycle - Dynamic Rupture - <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Simulations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Behrens, Joern; Bader, Michael; van Dinther, Ylona; Gabriel, Alice-Agnes; Madden, Elizabeth H.; Ulrich, Thomas; Uphoff, Carsten; Vater, Stefan; Wollherr, Stephanie; van Zelst, Iris</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>We developed a simulation framework for coupled physics-based earthquake rupture <span class="hlt">generation</span> with <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> propagation and inundation on a simplified subduction zone system for the project "Advanced Simulation of Coupled Earthquake and <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Events" (ASCETE, funded by the Volkswagen Foundation). Here, we present a benchmarking setup that can be used for complex rupture <span class="hlt">models</span>. The workflow begins with a 2D seismo-thermo-mechanical earthquake cycle <span class="hlt">model</span> representing long term deformation along a planar, shallowly dipping subduction zone interface. Slip instabilities that approximate earthquakes arise spontaneously along the subduction zone interface in this <span class="hlt">model</span>. The absolute stress field and material properties for a single slip event are used as initial conditions for a dynamic earthquake rupture <span class="hlt">model</span>.The rupture simulation is performed with SeisSol, which uses an ADER discontinuous Galerkin discretization scheme with an unstructured tetrahedral mesh. The seafloor displacements resulting from this rupture are transferred to the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">model</span> with a simple coastal run-up profile. An adaptive mesh discretizing the shallow water equations with a Runge-Kutta discontinuous Galerkin (RKDG) scheme subsequently allows for an accurate and efficient representation of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> evolution and inundation at the coast. This workflow allows for evaluation of how the rupture behavior affects the hydrodynamic wave propagation and coastal inundation. We present coupled results for differing earthquake scenarios. Examples include megathrust only ruptures versus ruptures with splay fault branching off the megathrust near the surface. Coupling to the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> simulation component is performed either dynamically (time dependent) or statically, resulting in differing <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave and inundation behavior. The simplified topographical setup allows for systematic parameter studies and reproducible physical studies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMNH31D..04D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMNH31D..04D"><span>The Redwood Coast <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Work Group: a unique organization promoting earthquake and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> resilience on California's North Coast</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dengler, L.; Henderson, C.; Larkin, D.; Nicolini, T.; Ozaki, V.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>The Northern California counties of Del Norte, Humboldt, and Mendocino account for over 30% of California's coastline and is one of the most seismically active areas of the contiguous 48 states. The region is at risk from earthquakes located on- and offshore and from <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> <span class="hlt">generated</span> locally from faults associated with the Cascadia subduction zone (CSZ) and from distant sources elsewhere in the Pacific. In 1995 the California Geological Survey (CGS) published a scenario for a CSZ earthquake that included both strong ground shaking effects and a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. As a result of the scenario, the Redwood Coast <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Work Group (RCTWG), an organization of government agencies, tribes, service groups, academia and the private sector, was formed to coordinate and promote earthquake and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard awareness and mitigation in the three-county region. The RCTWG and its member agencies projects include education/outreach products and programs, <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard mapping, signage and siren planning. Since 2008, RCTWG has worked with the California Emergency Management Agency (Cal EMA) in conducting <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning communications tests on the North Coast. In 2007, RCTWG members helped develop and carry out the first <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> training exercise at FEMA's Emergency Management Institute in Emmitsburg, MD. The RCTWG has facilitated numerous multi-agency, multi-discipline coordinated exercises, and RCTWG county <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> response plans have been a <span class="hlt">model</span> for other regions of the state and country. Eight North Coast communities have been recognized as <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span>Ready by the National Weather Service, including the first National Park the first State Park and only tribe in California to be so recognized. Over 500 <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard zone signs have been posted in the RCTWG region since 2008. Eight assessment surveys from 1993 to 2010 have tracked preparedness actions and personal awareness of earthquake and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazards in the county and additional surveys have tracked public awareness and tourist</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMEP13A3500J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMEP13A3500J"><span>Reconstructing <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Flow Speed from Sedimentary Deposits</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jaffe, B. E.; Gelfenbaum, G. R.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>Paleotsunami deposits contain information about the flow that created them that can be used to reconstruct <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> flow speed and thereby improving assessment of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard. We applied an inverse <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> sediment transport <span class="hlt">model</span> to sandy deposits near Sendai Airport, Japan, that formed during the 11 March 2011 Tohoku-oki <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> to test <span class="hlt">model</span> performance and explore the spatial variations in <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> flow speed. The inverse <span class="hlt">model</span> assumes the amount of suspended sediment in the water column is in equilibrium with local flow speed and that sediment transport convergences, primarily from bedload transport, do not contribute significantly to formation of the portion of the deposit we identify as formed by sediment settling out of suspension. We interpret massive or inversely graded intervals as forming from sediment transport convergences and do not <span class="hlt">model</span> them. Sediment falling out of suspension forms a specific type of normal grading, termed 'suspension' grading, where the entire grain size distribution shifts to finer sizes higher up in a deposit. Suspension grading is often observed in deposits of high-energy flows, including turbidity currents and <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. The inverse <span class="hlt">model</span> calculates <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> flow speed from the thickness and bulk grain size of a suspension-graded interval. We identified 24 suspension-graded intervals from 7 trenches located near the Sendai Airport from ~250-1350 m inland from the shoreline. Flow speeds were highest ~500 m from the shoreline, landward of the forested sand dunes where the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> encountered lower roughness in a low-lying area as it traveled downslope. <span class="hlt">Modeled</span> <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> flow speeds range from 2.2 to 9.0 m/s. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> flow speeds are sensitive to roughness, which is unfortunately poorly constrained. Flow speed calculated by the inverse <span class="hlt">model</span> was similar to those calculated from video taken from a helicopter about 1-2 km inland. Deposit reconstructions of suspension-graded intervals reproduced observed upward shifts in grain size</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMNH33A1669S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMNH33A1669S"><span>Design and Implementation of a C++ Software Package to scan for and parse <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Messages issued by the <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warning Centers for Operational use at the Pacific <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warning Center</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sardina, V.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>The US <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warning Centers (TWCs) have traditionally <span class="hlt">generated</span> their <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> message products primarily as blocks of text then tagged with headers that identify them on each particular communications' (comms) circuit. Each warning center has a primary area of responsibility (AOR) within which it has an authoritative role regarding parameters such as earthquake location and magnitude. This means that when a major tsunamigenic event occurs the other warning centers need to quickly access the earthquake parameters issued by the authoritative warning center before issuing their message products intended for customers in their own AOR. Thus, within the operational context of the TWCs the scientists on duty have an operational need to access the information contained in the message products issued by other warning centers as quickly as possible. As a solution to this operational problem we designed and implemented a C++ software package that allows scanning for and parsing the entire suite of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> message products issued by the Pacific <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warning Center (PTWC), the West Coast and Alaska <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warning Center (WCATWC), and the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). The scanning and parsing classes composing the resulting C++ software package allow parsing both non-official message products(observatory messages) routinely issued by the TWCs, and all official <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> message products such as <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> advisories, watches, and warnings. This software package currently allows scientists on duty at the PTWC to automatically retrieve the parameters contained in <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> messages issued by WCATWC, JMA, or PTWC itself. Extension of the capabilities of the classes composing the software package would make it possible to <span class="hlt">generate</span> XML and CAP compliant versions of the TWCs' message products until new messaging software natively adds this capabilities. Customers who receive the TWCs' <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> message products could also use the package to automatically retrieve information from</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_20 --> <div id="page_21" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="401"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1025852-scale-tsunami-sensitivity-data-icsbep-evaluations','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1025852-scale-tsunami-sensitivity-data-icsbep-evaluations"><span>Scale/<span class="hlt">TSUNAMI</span> Sensitivity Data for ICSBEP Evaluations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Rearden, Bradley T; Reed, Davis Allan; Lefebvre, Robert A</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>The Tools for Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis Methodology Implementation (<span class="hlt">TSUNAMI</span>) software developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) as part of the Scale code system provide unique methods for code validation, gap analysis, and experiment design. For <span class="hlt">TSUNAMI</span> analysis, sensitivity data are <span class="hlt">generated</span> for each application and each existing or proposed experiment used in the assessment. The validation of diverse sets of applications requires potentially thousands of data files to be maintained and organized by the user, and a growing number of these files are available through the International Handbook of Evaluated Criticality Safety Benchmark Experiments (IHECSBE) distributed through themore » International Criticality Safety Benchmark Evaluation Program (ICSBEP). To facilitate the use of the IHECSBE benchmarks in rigorous <span class="hlt">TSUNAMI</span> validation and gap analysis techniques, ORNL <span class="hlt">generated</span> SCALE/<span class="hlt">TSUNAMI</span> sensitivity data files (SDFs) for several hundred benchmarks for distribution with the IHECSBE. For the 2010 edition of IHECSBE, the sensitivity data were <span class="hlt">generated</span> using 238-group cross-section data based on ENDF/B-VII.0 for 494 benchmark experiments. Additionally, ORNL has developed a quality assurance procedure to guide the <span class="hlt">generation</span> of Scale inputs and sensitivity data, as well as a graphical user interface to facilitate the use of sensitivity data in identifying experiments and applying them in validation studies.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018E%26ES..148a2004M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018E%26ES..148a2004M"><span>Topographic data acquisition in <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-prone coastal area using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Marfai, M. A.; Sunarto; Khakim, N.; Cahyadi, A.; Rosaji, F. S. C.; Fatchurohman, H.; Wibowo, Y. A.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>The southern coastal area of Java Island is one of the nine seismic gaps prone to <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. The entire coastline in one of the regencies, Gunungkidul, is exposed to the subduction zone in the Indian Ocean. Also, the growing tourism industries in the regency increase its vulnerability, which places most of its areas at high risk of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. The same case applies to Kukup, i.e., one of the most well-known beaches in Gunungkidul. Structurally shaped cliffs that surround it experience intensive wave erosion process, but it has very minimum access for evacuation routes. Since <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">modeling</span> is a very advanced analysis, it requires an accurate topographic data. Therefore, the research aimed to <span class="hlt">generate</span> the topographic data of Kukup Beach as the baseline in <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> risk reduction analysis and disaster management. It used aerial photograph data, which was acquired using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). The results showed that the aerial photographs captured by drone had accurate elevation and spatial resolution. Therefore, they are applicable for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">modeling</span> and disaster management.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.7929B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.7929B"><span>Heterogeneous slip distribution on faults responsible for large earthquakes: characterization and implications for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">modelling</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Baglione, Enrico; Armigliato, Alberto; Pagnoni, Gianluca; Tinti, Stefano</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>The fact that ruptures on the <span class="hlt">generating</span> faults of large earthquakes are strongly heterogeneous has been demonstrated over the last few decades by a large number of studies. The effort to retrieve reliable finite-fault <span class="hlt">models</span> (FFMs) for large earthquakes occurred worldwide, mainly by means of the inversion of different kinds of geophysical data, has been accompanied in the last years by the systematic collection and format homogenisation of the published/proposed FFMs for different earthquakes into specifically conceived databases, such as SRCMOD. The main aim of this study is to explore characteristic patterns of the slip distribution of large earthquakes, by using a subset of the FFMs contained in SRCMOD, covering events with moment magnitude equal or larger than 6 and occurred worldwide over the last 25 years. We focus on those FFMs that exhibit a single and clear region of high slip (i.e. a single asperity), which is found to represent the majority of the events. For these FFMs, it sounds reasonable to best-fit the slip <span class="hlt">model</span> by means of a 2D Gaussian distributions. Two different methods are used (least-square and highest-similarity) and correspondingly two "best-fit" indexes are introduced. As a result, two distinct 2D Gaussian distributions for each FFM are obtained. To quantify how well these distributions are able to mimic the original slip heterogeneity, we calculate and compare the vertical displacements at the Earth surface in the near field induced by the original FFM slip, by an equivalent uniform-slip <span class="hlt">model</span>, by a depth-dependent slip <span class="hlt">model</span>, and by the two "best" Gaussian slip <span class="hlt">models</span>. The coseismic vertical surface displacement is used as the metric for comparison. Results show that, on average, the best results are the ones obtained with 2D Gaussian distributions based on similarity index fitting. Finally, we restrict our attention to those single-asperity FFMs associated to earthquakes which <span class="hlt">generated</span> <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. We choose few events for which <span class="hlt">tsunami</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AGUFMNG41B0526G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AGUFMNG41B0526G"><span>Non-Poissonian Distribution of <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Waiting Times</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Geist, E. L.; Parsons, T.</p> <p>2007-12-01</p> <p>Analysis of the global <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> catalog indicates that <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waiting times deviate from an exponential distribution one would expect from a Poisson process. Empirical density distributions of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waiting times were determined using both global <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> origin times and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> arrival times at a particular site with a sufficient catalog: Hilo, Hawai'i. Most sources for the <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> in the catalog are earthquakes; other sources include landslides and volcanogenic processes. Both datasets indicate an over-abundance of short waiting times in comparison to an exponential distribution. Two types of probability <span class="hlt">models</span> are investigated to explain this observation. <span class="hlt">Model</span> (1) is a universal scaling law that describes long-term clustering of sources with a gamma distribution. The shape parameter (γ) for the global <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> distribution is similar to that of the global earthquake catalog γ=0.63-0.67 [Corral, 2004]. For the Hilo catalog, γ is slightly greater (0.75-0.82) and closer to an exponential distribution. This is explained by the fact that <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> from smaller triggered earthquakes or landslides are less likely to be recorded at a far-field station such as Hilo in comparison to the global catalog, which includes a greater proportion of local <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. <span class="hlt">Model</span> (2) is based on two distributions derived from Omori's law for the temporal decay of triggered sources (aftershocks). The first is the ETAS distribution derived by Saichev and Sornette [2007], which is shown to fit the distribution of observed <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waiting times. The second is a simpler two-parameter distribution that is the exponential distribution augmented by a linear decay in aftershocks multiplied by a time constant Ta. Examination of the sources associated with short <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waiting times indicate that triggered events include both earthquake and landslide <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> that begin in the vicinity of the primary source. Triggered seismogenic <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> do not necessarily originate from the same fault zone</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JGRC..120.4945R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JGRC..120.4945R"><span>Source location impact on relative <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> strength along the U.S. West Coast</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rasmussen, L.; Bromirski, P. D.; Miller, A. J.; Arcas, D.; Flick, R. E.; Hendershott, M. C.</p> <p>2015-07-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> propagation simulations are used to identify which <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> source locations would produce the highest amplitude waves on approach to key population centers along the U.S. West Coast. The reasons for preferential influence of certain remote excitation sites are explored by examining <span class="hlt">model</span> time sequences of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave patterns emanating from the source. Distant bathymetric features in the West and Central Pacific can redirect <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> energy into narrow paths with anomalously large wave height that have disproportionate impact on small areas of coastline. The source region <span class="hlt">generating</span> the waves can be as little as 100 km along a subduction zone, resulting in distinct source-target pairs with sharply amplified wave energy at the target. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> spectral ratios examined for transects near the source, after crossing the West Pacific, and on approach to the coast illustrate how prominent bathymetric features alter wave spectral distributions, and relate to both the timing and magnitude of waves approaching shore. To contextualize the potential impact of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> from high-amplitude source-target pairs, the source characteristics of major historical earthquakes and <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> in 1960, 1964, and 2011 are used to <span class="hlt">generate</span> comparable events originating at the highest-amplitude source locations for each coastal target. This creates a type of "worst-case scenario," a replicate of each region's historically largest earthquake positioned at the fault segment that would produce the most incoming <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> energy at each target port. An amplification factor provides a measure of how the incoming wave height from the worst-case source compares to the historical event.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002cosp...34E2022H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002cosp...34E2022H"><span>The Big Splash: <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> from Large Asteroid and Comet Impacts</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hills, J.; Goda, M.</p> <p></p> <p>Asteroid and comet impacts produce a large range of damage. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> may produce most of the economic damage in large asteroid impacts. Large asteroid impacts produce worldwide darkness lasting several months that may kill more people by mass starvation, especially in developing countries, than would <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, but the dust should not severely affect economic infrastructure. The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> may even kill more people in developed countries with large coastal populations, such as the United States, than the starvation resulting from darkness. We have been determining which regions of Earth are most susceptible to asteroid <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> by simulating the effect of a large asteroid impact into mid-ocean. We have <span class="hlt">modeled</span> the effect of midAtlantic and midPacific impacts that produce craters 300 to 150 km in diameter. A KT-size impactor would cause the larger of these craters. We used a computer code that has successfully determined the runup and inundation from historical earthquake-<span class="hlt">generated</span> <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. The code has been progressively improved to eliminate previous problems at the domain boundaries, so it now runs until the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation is complete. We find that the larger of these two midAtlantic impacts would engulf the entire Florida Peninsula. The smaller one would inundate the eastern third of the peninsula while a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> passing through the Gulf of Cuba would inundate the West Coast of Florida. Impacts at three different sites in the Pacific show the great vulnerability of Tokyo and its surroundings to asteroid <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. Mainland Asia is relatively protected from asteroid <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. In Europe, the Iberian Peninsula and the Atlantic Providences of France are highly vulnerable to asteroid <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMNH43A1728S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMNH43A1728S"><span>Using Interdisciplinary Research Methods to Revise and Strengthen the NWS <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span>ReadyTM Community Recognition Program</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Scott, C.; Gregg, C. E.; Ritchie, L.; Stephen, M.; Farnham, C.; Fraser, S. A.; Gill, D.; Horan, J.; Houghton, B. F.; Johnson, V.; Johnston, D.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>The National <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Hazard Mitigation Program (NTHMP) partnered with the National Weather Service (NWS) in early 2000 to create the <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span>ReadyTM Community Recognition program. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span>ReadyTM, <span class="hlt">modeled</span> after the older NWS StormReadyTM program, is designed to help cities, towns, counties, universities and other large sites in coastal areas reduce the potential for disastrous <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-related consequences. To achieve <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span>ReadyTM recognition, communities must meet certain criteria aimed at better preparing a community for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, including specific actions within the following categories: communications and coordination, <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning reception, local warning dissemination, community preparedness, and administration. Using multidisciplinary research methods and strategies from Public Health; Psychology; Political, Social and Physical Sciences and Evaluation, our research team is working directly with a purposive sample of community stakeholders in collaboration and feedback focus group sessions. Invitation to participate is based on a variety of factors including but not limited to an individual's role as a formal or informal community leader (e.g., in business, government, civic organizations), or their organization or agency affiliation to emergency management and response. Community organizing and qualitative research methods are being used to elicit discussion regarding <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span>ReadyTM requirements and the division of requirements based on some aspect of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard, vulnerability and risk, such as proximity to active or passive plate margins or subduction zone <span class="hlt">generated</span> <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> versus earthquake-landslide <span class="hlt">generated</span> <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> . The primary aim of this research is to use social science to revise and refine the NWS <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span>ReadyTM Guidelines in an effort to better prepare communities to reduce risk to <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.S52A..01B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.S52A..01B"><span>Chilean <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Rocks the Ross Ice Shelf</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bromirski, P. D.; Gerstoft, P.; Chen, Z.; Stephen, R. A.; Diez, A.; Arcas, D.; Wiens, D.; Aster, R. C.; Nyblade, A.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The response of the Ross Ice Shelf (RIS) to the September 16, 2015 9.3 Mb Chilean earthquake <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> (> 75 s period) and infragravity (IG) waves (50 - 300 s period) were recorded by a broadband seismic array deployed on the RIS from November 2014 to November 2015. The array included two linear transects, one approximately orthogonal to the shelf front extending 430 km southward toward the grounding zone, and an east-west transect spanning the RIS roughly parallel to the front about 100 km south of the ice edge (https://scripps.ucsd.edu/centers/iceshelfvibes/). Signals <span class="hlt">generated</span> by both the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> and IG waves were recorded at all stations on floating ice, with little ocean wave-induced energy reaching stations on grounded ice. Cross-correlation and dispersion curve analyses indicate that <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> and IG wave-<span class="hlt">generated</span> signals propagate across the RIS at gravity wave speeds (about 70 m/s), consistent with coupled water-ice flexural-gravity waves propagating through the ice shelf from the north. Gravity wave excitation at periods > 100 s is continuously observed during the austral winter, providing mechanical excitation of the RIS throughout the year. Horizontal displacements are typically about 3 times larger than vertical displacements, producing extensional motions that could facilitate expansion of existing fractures. The vertical and horizontal spectra in the IG band attenuate exponentially with distance from the front. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">model</span> data are used to assess variability of excitation of the RIS by long period gravity waves. Substantial variability across the RIS roughly parallel to the front is observed, likely resulting from a combination of gravity wave amplitude variability along the front, signal attenuation, incident angle of the wave forcing at the front that depends on wave <span class="hlt">generation</span> location as well as bathymetry under and north of the shelf, and water layer and ice shelf thickness and properties.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011aogs...26..165P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011aogs...26..165P"><span>Regional Impact <span class="hlt">Modeling</span> of <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Propogation Into Mercury Bay, Whitianga, New Zealand — Implications for Hazard and Disaster Management at a Local Scale</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pickett, Vernon; Prasetya, Gegar</p> <p>2011-07-01</p> <p>Whitianga is a small coastal town located on the eastern coastline of the Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand. Historical evidence has shown that the town and surrounding area is susceptible to <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> events, in particular to those <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generated</span> in the far field, with up to three events occurring since European settlement in the middle to late 19th Century (1868, 1877, and 1960). The last event in May 1960 impacted much of the North Island's eastern coastline and resulted in waves of ˜1.8-C2.5m at Whitianga that inundated waterfront roads, several houses, and buildings, and resulted in many boats being swept from their moorings. However, more recent work identified that the area is also susceptible to locally <span class="hlt">generated</span> <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> from sources located along the Kermadec subduction system and associated volcanic arc that extends north eastward from New Zealand toward Tonga. The core of the study involves the application of a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hydrodynamic <span class="hlt">model</span> to provide detailed wave propagation and inundation information using a range of likely scenarios and to present this information so that that the community can understand the associated risks involved as a prelude to the development of a local emergency plan. This study shows that while source definition requires careful consideration, high resolution bathymetry and topographic data are also necessary to adequately assess the risk at a local level. The <span class="hlt">model</span> used in this study incorporates a combination of multibeam, and ground and non-ground striking LIDAR data, with the results of the <span class="hlt">modeling</span> providing useful information for stakeholders involved in the emergency planning process.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/987290','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/987290"><span>Science and Engineering of an Operational <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Forecasting System</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Gonzalez, Frank</p> <p>2009-04-06</p> <p>After a review of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> statistics and the destruction caused by <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>, a means of forecasting <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> is discussed as part of an overall program of reducing fatalities through hazard assessment, education, training, mitigation, and a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning system. The forecast is accomplished via a concept called Deep Ocean Assessment and Reporting of <span class="hlt">Tsunamis</span> (DART). Small changes of pressure at the sea floor are measured and relayed to warning centers. Under development is an international <span class="hlt">modeling</span> network to transfer, maintain, and improve <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> forecast <span class="hlt">models</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.osti.gov/sciencecinema/biblio/987290','SCIGOVIMAGE-SCICINEMA'); return false;" href="http://www.osti.gov/sciencecinema/biblio/987290"><span>Science and Engineering of an Operational <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Forecasting System</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/sciencecinema/">ScienceCinema</a></p> <p>Gonzalez, Frank</p> <p>2017-12-09</p> <p>After a review of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> statistics and the destruction caused by <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>, a means of forecasting <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> is discussed as part of an overall program of reducing fatalities through hazard assessment, education, training, mitigation, and a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning system. The forecast is accomplished via a concept called Deep Ocean Assessment and Reporting of <span class="hlt">Tsunamis</span> (DART). Small changes of pressure at the sea floor are measured and relayed to warning centers. Under development is an international <span class="hlt">modeling</span> network to transfer, maintain, and improve <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> forecast <span class="hlt">models</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AGUSM.S52A..08M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AGUSM.S52A..08M"><span>Short-term Inundation Forecasting for <span class="hlt">Tsunamis</span> in the Caribbean Sea Region</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mercado-Irizarry, A.; Schmidt, W.</p> <p>2007-05-01</p> <p>After the 2004 Indian Ocean <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, the USA Congress gave a mandate to the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to assess the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> threat for all USA interests, and adapt to them the Short-term Inundation Forecasting for <span class="hlt">Tsunamis</span> (SIFT) methodology first developed for the USA Pacific seaboard states. This methodology would be used with the DART buoys deployed in the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea. The first step involved the evaluation and characterization of the major tsunamigenic regions in both regions, work done by the US Geological Survey (USGS). This was followed by the <span class="hlt">modeling</span> of the <span class="hlt">generation</span> and propagation of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> due to unit slip tsunamigenic earthquakes located at different locations along the tsunamigenic zones identified by the USGS. These pre-computed results are stored and are used as sources (in an inverse <span class="hlt">modeling</span> approach using the DART buoys) for so-called Standby Inundation <span class="hlt">Models</span> (SIM's) being developed for selected coastal cities in Puerto Rico, the US Virgin Islands, and others along the Atlantic seaboard of the USA. It is the purpose of this presentation to describe the work being carried out in the Caribbean Sea region, where two SIM's for Puerto Rico have already being prepared, allowing for near real-time assessment (less than 10 minutes after detection by the DART buoys) of the expected <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impact for two major coastal cities.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMNH23C1898W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMNH23C1898W"><span>New <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Response, Mitigation, and Recovery Planning "Playbooks" for California (USA) Maritime Communities</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wilson, R. I.; Lynett, P. J.; Miller, K.; Eskijian, M.; Dengler, L. A.; Ayca, A.; Keen, A.; Admire, A. R.; Siegel, J.; Johnson, L. A.; Curtis, E.; Hornick, M.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>The 2010 Chile and 2011 Japan <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> both struck the California coast offering valuable experience and raised a number of significant issues for harbor masters, port captains, and other maritime entities. There was a general call for more planning products to help guide maritime communities in their <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> response, mitigation, and recovery activities. The State of California is working with the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the U.S. National <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Hazard Mitigation Program (NTHMP), and other <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> experts to provide communities with new <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> planning tools to address these issues: Response Playbooks and plans have been developed for ports and harbors identifying potential <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> current hazards and related damage for various size events. Maps have been <span class="hlt">generated</span> showing minor, moderate, and severe damage levels that have been linked to current velocity thresholds of 3, 6, and 9 knots, respectively. Knowing this information allows harbor personnel to move ships or strengthen infrastructure prior to the arrival of distant source <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. Damage probability tools and mitigation plans have been created to help reduce <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> damage by evaluating the survivability of small and large vessels in harbors and ports. These results were compared to the actual damage assessments performed in California and Japan following the 2011 Japanese <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. Fragility curves were developed based on current velocity and direction to help harbor and port officials upgrade docks, piles, and related structures. Guidance documents are being <span class="hlt">generated</span> to help in the development of both local and statewide recovery plans. Additional tools, like post-<span class="hlt">tsunami</span> sediment and debris movement <span class="hlt">models</span>, will allow harbors and ports to better understand if and where recovery issues are most likely to occur. Streamlining the regulatory and environmental review process is also a goal of the guidance. These maritime products and procedures are being integrated into guidance</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018GeoJI.tmp..210A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018GeoJI.tmp..210A"><span>A Sensitivity Analysis of <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Inversions on the Number of Stations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>An, Chao; Liu, Philip L.-F.; Meng, Lingsen</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>Current finite-fault inversions of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> recordings generally adopt as many <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> stations as possible to better constrain earthquake source parameters. In this study, inversions are evaluated by the waveform residual that measures the difference between <span class="hlt">model</span> predictions and recordings, and the dependence of the quality of inversions on the number <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> stations is derived. Results for the 2011 Tohoku event show that, if the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> stations are optimally located, the waveform residual decreases significantly with the number of stations when the number is 1 ˜ 4 and remains almost constant when the number is larger than 4, indicating that 2 ˜ 4 stations are able to recover the main characteristics of the earthquake source. The optimal location of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> stations is explained in the text. Similar analysis is applied to the Manila Trench in the South China Sea using artificially <span class="hlt">generated</span> earthquakes and virtual <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> stations. Results confirm that 2 ˜ 4 stations are necessary and sufficient to constrain the earthquake source parameters, and the optimal sites of stations are recommended in the text. The conclusion is useful for the design of new <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning systems. Current strategies of tsunameter network design mainly focus on the early detection of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves from potential sources to coastal regions. We therefore recommend that, in addition to the current strategies, the waveform residual could also be taken into consideration so as to minimize the error of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave prediction for warning purposes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.S21A4392H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.S21A4392H"><span>Open Source Seismic Software in NOAA's Next <span class="hlt">Generation</span> <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warning System</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hellman, S. B.; Baker, B. I.; Hagerty, M. T.; Leifer, J. M.; Lisowski, S.; Thies, D. A.; Donnelly, B. K.; Griffith, F. P.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Information technology Modernization (TIM) is a project spearheaded by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to update the United States' <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warning System software currently employed at the Pacific <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warning Center (Eva Beach, Hawaii) and the National <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warning Center (Palmer, Alaska). This entirely open source software project will integrate various seismic processing utilities with the National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office's core software, AWIPS2. For the real-time and near real-time seismic processing aspect of this project, NOAA has elected to integrate the open source portions of GFZ's SeisComP 3 (SC3) processing system into AWIPS2. To provide for better <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> threat assessments we are developing open source tools for magnitude estimations (e.g., moment magnitude, energy magnitude, surface wave magnitude), detection of slow earthquakes with the Theta discriminant, moment tensor inversions (e.g. W-phase and teleseismic body waves), finite fault inversions, and array processing. With our reliance on common data formats such as QuakeML and seismic community standard messaging systems, all new facilities introduced into AWIPS2 and SC3 will be available as stand-alone tools or could be easily integrated into other real time seismic monitoring systems such as Earthworm, Antelope, etc. Additionally, we have developed a template based design paradigm so that the developer or scientist can efficiently create upgrades, replacements, and/or new metrics to the seismic data processing with only a cursory knowledge of the underlying SC3.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AGUFMGC44A..02D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AGUFMGC44A..02D"><span>Seaside, Oregon, <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Vulnerability Assessment Pilot Study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dunbar, P. K.; Dominey-Howes, D.; Varner, J.</p> <p>2006-12-01</p> <p>The results of a pilot study to assess the risk from <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> for the Seaside-Gearhart, Oregon region will be presented. To determine the risk from <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>, it is first necessary to establish the hazard or probability that a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> of a particular magnitude will occur within a certain period of time. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> inundation maps that provide 100-year and 500-year probabilistic <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave height contours for the Seaside-Gearhart, Oregon, region were developed as part of an interagency <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Pilot Study(1). These maps provided the probability of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard. The next step in determining risk is to determine the vulnerability or degree of loss resulting from the occurrence of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> due to exposure and fragility. The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> vulnerability assessment methodology used in this study was developed by M. Papathoma and others(2). This <span class="hlt">model</span> incorporates multiple factors (e.g. parameters related to the natural and built environments and socio-demographics) that contribute to <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> vulnerability. Data provided with FEMA's HAZUS loss estimation software and Clatsop County, Oregon, tax assessment data were used as input to the <span class="hlt">model</span>. The results, presented within a geographic information system, reveal the percentage of buildings in need of reinforcement and the population density in different inundation depth zones. These results can be used for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> mitigation, local planning, and for determining post-<span class="hlt">tsunami</span> disaster response by emergency services. (1)<span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Pilot Study Working Group, Seaside, Oregon <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Pilot Study--Modernization of FEMA Flood Hazard Maps, Joint NOAA/USGS/FEMA Special Report, U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency, 2006, Final Draft. (2)Papathoma, M., D. Dominey-Howes, D.,Y. Zong, D. Smith, Assessing <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Vulnerability, an example from Herakleio, Crete, Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, Vol. 3, 2003, p. 377-389.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AdWR..115..273B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AdWR..115..273B"><span>A well-balanced meshless <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> propagation and inundation <span class="hlt">model</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Brecht, Rüdiger; Bihlo, Alexander; MacLachlan, Scott; Behrens, Jörn</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>We present a novel meshless <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> propagation and inundation <span class="hlt">model</span>. We discretize the nonlinear shallow-water equations using a well-balanced scheme relying on radial basis function based finite differences. For the inundation <span class="hlt">model</span>, radial basis functions are used to extrapolate the dry region from nearby wet points. Numerical results against standard one- and two-dimensional benchmarks are presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22393116','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22393116"><span>Synthetic <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> along the Israeli coast.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tobias, Joshua; Stiassnie, Michael</p> <p>2012-04-13</p> <p>The new mathematical <span class="hlt">model</span> for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> evolution by Tobias & Stiassnie (Tobias & Stiassnie 2011 J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 116, C06026) is used to derive a synthetic <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> database for the southern part of the Eastern Mediterranean coast. Information about coastal <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> amplitudes, half-periods, currents and inundation levels is presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70034155','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70034155"><span>International year of planet earth 7. Oceans, submarine land-slides and consequent <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> in Canada</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Mosher, D.C.</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Canada has the longest coastline and largest continental margin of any nation in the World. As a result, it is more likely than other nations to experience marine geohazards such as submarine landslides and consequent <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. Coastal landslides represent a specific threat because of their possible proximity to societal infrastructure and high <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> potential; they occur without warning and with little time lag between failure and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impact. Continental margin landslides are common in the geologic record but rare on human timescales. Some ancient submarine landslides are massive but more recent events indicate that even relatively small slides on continental margins can <span class="hlt">generate</span> devastating <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> impact can occur hundreds of km away from the source event, and with less than 2 hours warning. Identification of high-potential submarine landslide regions, combined with an understanding of landslide and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> processes and sophisticated <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> propagation <span class="hlt">models</span>, are required to identify areas at high risk of impact.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.4271R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.4271R"><span>A Global Sensitivity Analysis Method on Maximum <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Wave Heights to Potential Seismic Source Parameters</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ren, Luchuan</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>A Global Sensitivity Analysis Method on Maximum <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Wave Heights to Potential Seismic Source Parameters Luchuan Ren, Jianwei Tian, Mingli Hong Institute of Disaster Prevention, Sanhe, Heibei Province, 065201, P.R. China It is obvious that the uncertainties of the maximum <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave heights in offshore area are partly from uncertainties of the potential seismic <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> source parameters. A global sensitivity analysis method on the maximum <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave heights to the potential seismic source parameters is put forward in this paper. The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave heights are calculated by COMCOT ( the Cornell Multi-grid Coupled <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">Model</span>), on the assumption that an earthquake with magnitude MW8.0 occurred at the northern fault segment along the Manila Trench and triggered a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> in the South China Sea. We select the simulated results of maximum <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave heights at specific sites in offshore area to verify the validity of the method proposed in this paper. For ranking importance order of the uncertainties of potential seismic source parameters (the earthquake's magnitude, the focal depth, the strike angle, dip angle and slip angle etc..) in <span class="hlt">generating</span> uncertainties of the maximum <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave heights, we chose Morris method to analyze the sensitivity of the maximum <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave heights to the aforementioned parameters, and give several qualitative descriptions of nonlinear or linear effects of them on the maximum <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave heights. We quantitatively analyze the sensitivity of the maximum <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave heights to these parameters and the interaction effects among these parameters on the maximum <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave heights by means of the extended FAST method afterward. The results shows that the maximum <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave heights are very sensitive to the earthquake magnitude, followed successively by the epicenter location, the strike angle and dip angle, the interactions effect between the sensitive parameters are very obvious at specific site in offshore area, and there</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_21 --> <div id="page_22" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="421"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.S14A..08W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.S14A..08W"><span>Global <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warning System Development Since 2004</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Weinstein, S.; Becker, N. C.; Wang, D.; Fryer, G. J.; McCreery, C.; Hirshorn, B. F.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>The 9.1 Mw Great Sumatra Earthquake of Dec. 26, 2004, <span class="hlt">generated</span> the most destructive <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> in history killing 227,000 people along Indian Ocean coastlines and was recorded by sea-level instruments world-wide. This tragedy showed the Indian Ocean needed a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning system to prevent another tragedy on this scale. The Great Sumatra Earthquake also highlighted the need for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning systems in other ocean basins. Instruments for recording earthquakes and sea-level data useful for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> monitoring did not exist outside of the Pacific Ocean in 2004. Seismometers were few in number, and even fewer were high-quality long period broadband instruments. Nor was much of their data made available to the US <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning centers (TWCs). In 2004 the US TWCs relied exclusively on instrumentation provided and maintained by IRIS and the USGS for areas outside of the Pacific.Since 2004, the US TWCs and their partners have made substantial improvements to seismic and sea-level monitoring networks with the addition of new and better instruments, densification of existing networks, better communications infrastructure, and improved data sharing among <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning centers. In particular, the number of sea-level stations transmitting data in near real-time and the amount of seismic data available to the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning centers has more than tripled. The DART network that consisted of a half-dozen Pacific stations in 2004 now totals nearly 60 stations worldwide. Earthquake and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> science has progressed as well. It took nearly three weeks to obtain the first reliable estimates of the 2004 Sumatra Earthquake's magnitude. Today, thanks to improved seismic networks and modern computing power, TWCs use the W-phase seismic moment method to determine accurate earthquake magnitudes and focal mechanisms for great earthquakes within 25 minutes. TWC scientists have also leveraged these modern computers to <span class="hlt">generate</span> <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> forecasts in a matter of minutes.Progress towards a</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMNH54A..06S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMNH54A..06S"><span>Specification of Tectonic <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Sources Along the Eastern Aleutian Island Arc and Alaska Peninsula for Inundation Mapping and Hazard Assessment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Suleimani, E.; Nicolsky, D.; Freymueller, J. T.; Koehler, R.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>The Alaska Earthquake Information Center conducts <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation mapping for coastal communities in Alaska along several segments of the Aleutian Megathrust, each having a unique seismic history and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generation</span> potential. Accurate identification and characterization of potential <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> sources is a critical component of our project. As demonstrated by the 2011 Tohoku-oki <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, correct estimation of the maximum size event for a given segment of the subduction zone is particularly important. In that event, unexpectedly large slip occurred approximately updip of the epicenter of the main shock, based on seafloor GPS and seafloor pressure gage observations, <span class="hlt">generating</span> a much larger <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> than anticipated. This emphasizes the importance of the detailed knowledge of the region-specific subduction processes, and using the most up-to-date geophysical data and research <span class="hlt">models</span> that define the magnitude range of possible future <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> events. Our study area extends from the eastern half of the 1957 rupture zone to Kodiak Island, covering the 1946 and 1938 rupture areas, the Shumagin gap, and the western part of the 1964 rupture area. We propose a strategy for <span class="hlt">generating</span> worst-case credible <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> scenarios for locations that have a short or nonexistent paleoseismic/paleotsunami record, and in some cases lack modern seismic and GPS data. The potential <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> scenarios are built based on a discretized plate interface <span class="hlt">model</span> fit to the Slab 1.0 <span class="hlt">model</span> geometry. We employ estimates of slip deficit along the Aleutian Megathrust from GPS campaign surveys, the Slab 1.0 interface surface, empirical magnitude-slip relationships, and a numerical code that distributes slip among the subfault elements, calculates coseismic deformations and solves the shallow water equations of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> propagation and runup. We define hypothetical asperities along the megathrust and in down-dip direction, and perform a set of sensitivity <span class="hlt">model</span> runs to identify coseismic deformation</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1916564R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1916564R"><span>Inversion of the perturbation GPS-TEC data induced by <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> in order to estimate the sea level anomaly.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rakoto, Virgile; Lognonné, Philippe; Rolland, Lucie; Coïsson, Pierdavide; Drilleau, Mélanie</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Large underwater earthquakes (Mw > 7) can transmit part of their energy to the surrounding ocean through large sea-floor motions, <span class="hlt">generating</span> <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> that propagate over long distances. The forcing effect of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves on the atmosphere <span class="hlt">generate</span> internal gravity waves which produce detectable ionospheric perturbations when they reach the upper atmosphere. Theses perturbations are frequently observed in the total electron content (TEC) measured by the multi-frequency Global navigation Satellite systems (GNSS) data (e.g., GPS,GLONASS). In this paper, we performed for the first time an inversion of the sea level anomaly using the GPS TEC data using a least square inversion (LSQ) through a normal modes summation <span class="hlt">modeling</span> technique. Using the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> of the 2012 Haida Gwaii in far field as a test case, we showed that the amplitude peak to peak of the sea level anomaly inverted using this method is below 10 % error. Nevertheless, we cannot invert the second wave arriving 20 minutes later. This second wave is generaly explain by the coastal reflection which the normal <span class="hlt">modeling</span> does not take into account. Our technique is then applied to two other <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> : the 2006 Kuril Islands <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> in far field, and the 2011 Tohoku <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> in closer field. This demonstrates that the inversion using a normal mode approach is able to estimate fairly well the amplitude of the first arrivals of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. In the future, we plan to invert in real the TEC data in order to retrieve the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> height.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1914858V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1914858V"><span>A Coupled Earthquake-<span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Simulation Framework Applied to the Sumatra 2004 Event</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Vater, Stefan; Bader, Michael; Behrens, Jörn; van Dinther, Ylona; Gabriel, Alice-Agnes; Madden, Elizabeth H.; Ulrich, Thomas; Uphoff, Carsten; Wollherr, Stephanie; van Zelst, Iris</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Large earthquakes along subduction zone interfaces have <span class="hlt">generated</span> destructive <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> near Chile in 1960, Sumatra in 2004, and northeast Japan in 2011. In order to better understand these extreme events, we have developed tools for physics-based, coupled earthquake-<span class="hlt">tsunami</span> simulations. This simulation framework is applied to the 2004 Indian Ocean M 9.1-9.3 earthquake and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, a devastating event that resulted in the loss of more than 230,000 lives. The earthquake rupture simulation is performed using an ADER discontinuous Galerkin discretization on an unstructured tetrahedral mesh with the software SeisSol. Advantages of this approach include accurate representation of complex fault and sea floor geometries and a parallelized and efficient workflow in high-performance computing environments. Accurate and efficient representation of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> evolution and inundation at the coast is achieved with an adaptive mesh discretizing the shallow water equations with a second-order Runge-Kutta discontinuous Galerkin (RKDG) scheme. With the application of the framework to this historic event, we aim to better understand the involved mechanisms between the dynamic earthquake within the earth's crust, the resulting <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave within the ocean, and the final coastal inundation process. Earthquake <span class="hlt">model</span> results are constrained by GPS surface displacements and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">model</span> results are compared with buoy and inundation data. This research is part of the ASCETE Project, "Advanced Simulation of Coupled Earthquake and <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Events", funded by the Volkswagen Foundation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AIPC.1658e0001A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AIPC.1658e0001A"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> hazard map in eastern Bali</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Afif, Haunan; Cipta, Athanasius</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>Bali is a popular tourist destination both for Indonesian and foreign visitors. However, Bali is located close to the collision zone between the Indo-Australian Plate and Eurasian Plate in the south and back-arc thrust off the northern coast of Bali resulted Bali prone to earthquake and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> hazard map is needed for better understanding of hazard level in a particular area and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">modeling</span> is one of the most reliable techniques to produce hazard map. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">modeling</span> conducted using TUNAMI N2 and set for two <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> sources scenarios which are subduction zone in the south of Bali and back thrust in the north of Bali. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> hazard zone is divided into 3 zones, the first is a high hazard zones with inundation height of more than 3m. The second is a moderate hazard zone with inundation height 1 to 3m and the third is a low <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard zones with <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation heights less than 1m. Those 2 scenarios showed southern region has a greater potential of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impact than the northern areas. This is obviously shown in the distribution of the inundated area in the south of Bali including the island of Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan and Nusa Ceningan is wider than in the northern coast of Bali although the northern region of the Nusa Penida Island more inundated due to the coastal topography.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22391593-tsunami-hazard-map-eastern-bali','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22391593-tsunami-hazard-map-eastern-bali"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> hazard map in eastern Bali</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Afif, Haunan, E-mail: afif@vsi.esdm.go.id; Cipta, Athanasius; Australian National University, Canberra</p> <p></p> <p>Bali is a popular tourist destination both for Indonesian and foreign visitors. However, Bali is located close to the collision zone between the Indo-Australian Plate and Eurasian Plate in the south and back-arc thrust off the northern coast of Bali resulted Bali prone to earthquake and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> hazard map is needed for better understanding of hazard level in a particular area and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">modeling</span> is one of the most reliable techniques to produce hazard map. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">modeling</span> conducted using TUNAMI N2 and set for two <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> sources scenarios which are subduction zone in the south of Bali and backmore » thrust in the north of Bali. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> hazard zone is divided into 3 zones, the first is a high hazard zones with inundation height of more than 3m. The second is a moderate hazard zone with inundation height 1 to 3m and the third is a low <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard zones with <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation heights less than 1m. Those 2 scenarios showed southern region has a greater potential of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impact than the northern areas. This is obviously shown in the distribution of the inundated area in the south of Bali including the island of Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan and Nusa Ceningan is wider than in the northern coast of Bali although the northern region of the Nusa Penida Island more inundated due to the coastal topography.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMNH13E..04A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMNH13E..04A"><span>Development of Real-time <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Inundation Forecast Using Ocean Bottom <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Networks along the Japan Trench</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Aoi, S.; Yamamoto, N.; Suzuki, W.; Hirata, K.; Nakamura, H.; Kunugi, T.; Kubo, T.; Maeda, T.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>In the 2011 Tohoku earthquake, in which huge <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> claimed a great deal of lives, the initial <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> forecast based on hypocenter information estimated using seismic data on land were greatly underestimated. From this lesson, NIED is now constructing S-net (Seafloor Observation Network for Earthquakes and <span class="hlt">Tsunamis</span> along the Japan Trench) which consists of 150 ocean bottom observatories with seismometers and pressure gauges (tsunamimeters) linked by fiber optic cables. To take full advantage of S-net, we develop a new methodology of real-time <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation forecast using ocean bottom observation data and construct a prototype system that implements the developed forecasting method for the Pacific coast of Chiba prefecture (Sotobo area). We employ a database-based approach because inundation is a strongly non-linear phenomenon and its calculation costs are rather heavy. We prepare <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> scenario bank in advance, by constructing the possible <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> sources, and calculating the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waveforms at S-net stations, coastal <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> heights and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation on land. To calculate the inundation for target Sotobo area, we construct the 10-m-mesh precise elevation <span class="hlt">model</span> with coastal structures. Based on the sensitivities analyses, we construct the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> scenario bank that efficiently covers possible <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> scenarios affecting the Sotobo area. A real-time forecast is carried out by selecting several possible scenarios which can well explain real-time <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> data observed at S-net from <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> scenario bank. An advantage of our method is that <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundations are estimated directly from the actual <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> data without any source information, which may have large estimation errors. In addition to the forecast system, we develop Web services, APIs, and smartphone applications and brush them up through social experiments to provide the real-time <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> observation and forecast information in easy way to understand toward urging people to evacuate.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMNH23A1850G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMNH23A1850G"><span>Shallow water <span class="hlt">models</span> as tool for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> current predictions in ports and harbors. Validation with Tohoku 2011 field data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gonzalez Vida, J. M., Sr.; Macias Sanchez, J.; Castro, M. J.; Ortega, S.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Model</span> ability to compute and predict <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> flow velocities is of importance in risk assessment and hazard mitigation. Substantial damage can be produced by high velocity flows, particularly in harbors and bays, even when the wave height is small. Besides, an accurate simulation of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> flow velocities and accelerations is fundamental for advancing in the study of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> sediment transport. These considerations made the National <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Hazard Mitigation Program (NTHMP) proposing a benchmark exercise focused on <span class="hlt">modeling</span> and simulating <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> currents. Until recently, few direct measurements of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> velocities were available to compare and to validate <span class="hlt">model</span> results. After Tohoku 2011 many current meters measurement were made, mainly in harbors and channels. In this work we present a part of the contribution made by the EDANYA group from the University of Malaga to the NTHMP workshop organized at Portland (USA), 9-10 of February 2015. We have selected three out of the five proposed benchmark problems. Two of them consist in real observed data from the Tohoku 2011 event, one at Hilo Habour (Hawaii) and the other at Tauranga Bay (New Zealand). The third one consists in laboratory experimental data for the inundation of Seaside City in Oregon. For this <span class="hlt">model</span> validation the <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span>-HySEA <span class="hlt">model</span>, developed by EDANYA group, was used. The overall conclusion that we could extract from this validation exercise was that the <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span>-HySEA <span class="hlt">model</span> performed well in all benchmark problems proposed. The greater spatial variability in <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> velocity than wave height makes it more difficult its precise numerical representation. The larger variability in velocities is likely a result of the behaviour of the flow as it is channelized and as it flows around bathymetric highs and structures. In the other hand wave height do not respond as strongly to chanelized flow as current velocity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMNH11C..04W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMNH11C..04W"><span>The FASTER Approach: A New Tool for Calculating Real-Time <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Flood Hazards</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wilson, R. I.; Cross, A.; Johnson, L.; Miller, K.; Nicolini, T.; Whitmore, P.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>In the aftermath of the 2010 Chile and 2011 Japan <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> that struck the California coastline, emergency managers requested that the state <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> program provide more detailed information about the flood potential of distant-source <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> well ahead of their arrival time. The main issue is that existing <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> evacuation plans call for evacuation of the predetermined "worst-case" <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> evacuation zone (typically at a 30- to 50-foot elevation) during any "Warning" level event; the alternative is to not call an evacuation at all. A solution to provide more detailed information for secondary evacuation zones has been the development of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> evacuation "playbooks" to plan for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> scenarios of various sizes and source locations. To determine a recommended level of evacuation during a distant-source <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, an analytical tool has been developed called the "FASTER" approach, an acronym for factors that influence the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> flood hazard for a community: Forecast Amplitude, Storm, Tides, Error in forecast, and the Run-up potential. Within the first couple hours after a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> is <span class="hlt">generated</span>, the National <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warning Center provides <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> forecast amplitudes and arrival times for approximately 60 coastal locations in California. At the same time, the regional NOAA Weather Forecast Offices in the state calculate the forecasted coastal storm and tidal conditions that will influence <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> flooding. Providing added conservatism in calculating <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> flood potential, we include an error factor of 30% for the forecast amplitude, which is based on observed forecast errors during recent events, and a site specific run-up factor which is calculated from the existing state <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">modeling</span> database. The factors are added together into a cumulative FASTER flood potential value for the first five hours of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> activity and used to select the appropriate <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> phase evacuation "playbook" which is provided to each coastal community shortly after the forecast</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SGeo...38.1097M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SGeo...38.1097M"><span>Motional Induction by <span class="hlt">Tsunamis</span> and Ocean Tides: 10 Years of Progress</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Minami, Takuto</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>Motional induction is the process by which the motion of conductive seawater in the ambient geomagnetic main field <span class="hlt">generates</span> electromagnetic (EM) variations, which are observable on land, at the seafloor, and sometimes at satellite altitudes. Recent years have seen notable progress in our understanding of motional induction associated with <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> and with ocean tides. New studies of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> motional induction were triggered by the 2004 Sumatra earthquake <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> and further promoted by subsequent events, such as the 2010 Chile earthquake and the 2011 Tohoku earthquake. These events yielded observations of <span class="hlt">tsunami-generated</span> EM variations from land and seafloor stations. Studies of magnetic fields <span class="hlt">generated</span> by ocean tides attracted interest when the Swarm satellite constellation enabled researchers to monitor tide-<span class="hlt">generated</span> magnetic variations from low Earth orbit. Both avenues of research benefited from the advent of sophisticated seafloor instruments, by which we may exploit motional induction for novel applications. For example, seafloor EM measurements can serve as detectors of vector properties of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>, and seafloor EM data related to ocean tides have proved useful for sounding Earth's deep interior. This paper reviews and discusses the progress made in motional induction studies associated with <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> and ocean tides during the last decade.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004AGUFMOS22B..06G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004AGUFMOS22B..06G"><span>Probabilistic Risk Analysis of Run-up and Inundation in Hawaii due to Distant <span class="hlt">Tsunamis</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gica, E.; Teng, M. H.; Liu, P. L.</p> <p>2004-12-01</p> <p>Risk assessment of natural hazards usually includes two aspects, namely, the probability of the natural hazard occurrence and the degree of damage caused by the natural hazard. Our current study is focused on the first aspect, i.e., the development and evaluation of a methodology that can predict the probability of coastal inundation due to distant <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> in the Pacific Basin. The calculation of the probability of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation could be a simple statistical problem if a sufficiently long record of field data on inundation was available. Unfortunately, such field data are very limited in the Pacific Basin due to the reason that field measurement of inundation requires the physical presence of surveyors on site. In some areas, no field measurements were ever conducted in the past. Fortunately, there are more complete and reliable historical data on earthquakes in the Pacific Basin partly because earthquakes can be measured remotely. There are also numerical simulation <span class="hlt">models</span> such as the Cornell COMCOT <span class="hlt">model</span> that can predict <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generation</span> by an earthquake, propagation in the open ocean, and inundation onto a coastal land. Our objective is to develop a methodology that can link the probability of earthquakes in the Pacific Basin with the inundation probability in a coastal area. The probabilistic methodology applied here involves the following steps: first, the Pacific Rim is divided into blocks of potential earthquake sources based on the past earthquake record and fault information. Then the COMCOT <span class="hlt">model</span> is used to predict the inundation at a distant coastal area due to a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generated</span> by an earthquake of a particular magnitude in each source block. This simulation <span class="hlt">generates</span> a response relationship between the coastal inundation and an earthquake of a particular magnitude and location. Since the earthquake statistics is known for each block, by summing the probability of all earthquakes in the Pacific Rim, the probability of the inundation in a</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170000319','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170000319"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">Generation</span> from Asteroid Airburst and Ocean Impact and Van Dorn Effect</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Robertson, Darrel</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Airburst - In the simulations explored energy from the airburst couples very weakly with the water making <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> dangerous over a shorter distance than the blast for asteroid sizes up to the maximum expected size that will still airburst (approx.250MT). Future areas of investigation: - Low entry angle airbursts create more cylindrical blasts and might couple more efficiently - Bursts very close to the ground will increase coupling - Inclusion of thermosphere (>80km altitude) may show some plume collapse effects over a large area although with much less pressure center dot Ocean Impact - Asteroid creates large cavity in ocean. Cavity backfills creating central jet. Oscillation between the cavity and jet sends out <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave packet. - For deep ocean impact waves are deep water waves (Phase speed = 2x Group speed) - If the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> propagation and inundation calculations are correct for the small (<250MT) asteroids in these simulations where they impact deep ocean basins, the resulting <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> is not a significant hazard unless particularly close to vulnerable communities. Future work: - Shallow ocean impact. - Effect of continental shelf and beach profiles - <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> vs. blast damage radii for impacts close to populated areas - Larger asteroids below presumed threshold of global effects (Ø200 - 800m).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v3/n11/full/ngeo975.html','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v3/n11/full/ngeo975.html"><span>High <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> frequency as a result of combined strike-slip faulting and coastal landslides</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Hornbach, Matthew J.; Braudy, Nicole; Briggs, Richard W.; Cormier, Marie-Helene; Davis, Marcy B.; Diebold, John B.; Dieudonne, Nicole; Douilly, Roby; Frohlich, Cliff; Gulick, Sean P.S.; Johnson, Harold E.; Mann, Paul; McHugh, Cecilia; Ryan-Mishkin, Katherine; Prentice, Carol S.; Seeber, Leonardo; Sorlien, Christopher C.; Steckler, Michael S.; Symithe, Steeve Julien; Taylor, Frederick W.; Templeton, John</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Earthquakes on strike-slip faults can produce devastating natural hazards. However, because they consist predominantly of lateral motion, these faults are rarely associated with significant uplift or <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generation</span>. And although submarine slides can <span class="hlt">generate</span> <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, only a few per cent of all <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> are believed to be triggered in this way. The 12 January Mw 7.0 Haiti earthquake exhibited primarily strike-slip motion but nevertheless <span class="hlt">generated</span> a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. Here we present data from a comprehensive field survey that covered the onshore and offshore area around the epicentre to document that modest uplift together with slope failure caused tsunamigenesis. Submarine landslides caused the most severe <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> locally. Our analysis suggests that slide-<span class="hlt">generated</span> <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> occur an order-of-magnitude more frequently along the Gonave microplate than global estimates predict. Uplift was <span class="hlt">generated</span> because of the earthquake's location, where the Caribbean and Gonave microplates collide obliquely. The earthquake also caused liquefaction at several river deltas that prograde rapidly and are prone to failure. We conclude that coastal strike-slip fault systems such as the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault produce relief conducive to rapid sedimentation, erosion and slope failure, so that even modest predominantly strike-slip earthquakes can cause potentially catastrophic slide-<span class="hlt">generated</span> <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> - a risk that is underestimated at present.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70042900','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70042900"><span>Anisotropic path <span class="hlt">modeling</span> to assess pedestrian-evacuation potential from Cascadia-related <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> in the US Pacific Northwest</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Wood, Nathan J.; Schmidtlein, Mathew C.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Recent disasters highlight the threat that <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> pose to coastal communities. When developing <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-education efforts and vertical-evacuation strategies, emergency managers need to understand how much time it could take for a coastal population to reach higher ground before <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves arrive. To improve efforts to <span class="hlt">model</span> pedestrian evacuations from <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>, we examine the sensitivity of least-cost-distance <span class="hlt">models</span> to variations in <span class="hlt">modeling</span> approaches, data resolutions, and travel-rate assumptions. We base our observations on the assumption that an anisotropic approach that uses path-distance algorithms and accounts for variations in land cover and directionality in slope is the most realistic of an actual evacuation landscape. We focus our efforts on the Long Beach Peninsula in Washington (USA), where a substantial residential and tourist population is threatened by near-field <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> related to a potential Cascadia subduction zone earthquake. Results indicate thousands of people are located in areas where evacuations to higher ground will be difficult before arrival of the first <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave. Deviations from anisotropic <span class="hlt">modeling</span> assumptions substantially influence the amount of time likely needed to reach higher ground. Across the entire study, changes in resolution of elevation data has a greater impact on calculated travel times than changes in land-cover resolution. In particular areas, land-cover resolution had a substantial impact when travel-inhibiting waterways were not reflected in small-scale data. Changes in travel-speed parameters had a substantial impact also, suggesting the importance of public-health campaigns as a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> risk-reduction strategy.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1914824L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1914824L"><span>Joint numerical study of the 2011 Tohoku-Oki <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>: comparative propagation simulations and high resolution coastal <span class="hlt">models</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Loevenbruck, Anne; Arpaia, Luca; Ata, Riadh; Gailler, Audrey; Hayashi, Yutaka; Hébert, Hélène; Heinrich, Philippe; Le Gal, Marine; Lemoine, Anne; Le Roy, Sylvestre; Marcer, Richard; Pedreros, Rodrigo; Pons, Kevin; Ricchiuto, Mario; Violeau, Damien</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>This study is part of the joint actions carried out within TANDEM (<span class="hlt">Tsunamis</span> in northern AtlaNtic: Definition of Effects by <span class="hlt">Modeling</span>). This French project, mainly dedicated to the appraisal of coastal effects due to <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves on the French coastlines, was initiated after the catastrophic 2011 Tohoku-Oki <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. This event, which tragically struck Japan, drew the attention to the importance of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> risk assessment, in particular when nuclear facilities are involved. As a contribution to this challenging task, the TANDEM partners intend to provide guidance for the French Atlantic area based on numerical simulation. One of the identified objectives consists in designing, adapting and validating simulation codes for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard assessment. Besides an integral benchmarking workpackage, the outstanding database of the 2011 event offers the TANDEM partners the opportunity to test their numerical tools with a real case. As a prerequisite, among the numerous published seismic source <span class="hlt">models</span> arisen from the inversion of the various available records, a couple of coseismic slip distributions have been selected to provide common initial input parameters for the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> computations. After possible adaptations or specific developments, the different codes are employed to simulate the Tohoku-Oki <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> from its source to the northeast Japanese coastline. The results are tested against the numerous <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> measurements and, when relevant, comparisons of the different codes are carried out. First, the results related to the oceanic propagation phase are compared with the offshore records. Then, the <span class="hlt">modeled</span> coastal impacts are tested against the onshore data. Flooding at a regional scale is considered, but high resolution simulations are also performed with some of the codes. They allow examining in detail the runup amplitudes and timing, as well as the complexity of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> interaction with the coastal structures. The work is supported by the Tandem project in the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMNH22A..01V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMNH22A..01V"><span>The Puerto Rico Component of the National <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Hazard and Mitigation Program (PR-NTHMP)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Vanacore, E. A.; Huerfano Moreno, V. A.; Lopez, A. M.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>The Caribbean region has a documented history of damaging <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> that have affected coastal areas. Of particular interest is the Puerto Rico - Virgin Islands (PRVI) region, where the proximity of the coast to prominent tectonic faults would result in near-field <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> hazard assessment, detection capabilities, warning, education and outreach efforts are common tools intended to reduce loss of life and property. It is for these reasons that the PRSN is participating in an effort with local and federal agencies to develop <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard risk reduction strategies under the NTHMP. This grant supports the <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span>Ready program, which is the base of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> preparedness and mitigation in PR. In order to recognize threatened communities in PR as <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span>Ready by the US NWS, the PR Component of the NTHMP have identified and <span class="hlt">modeled</span> sources for local, regional and tele-<span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> and the results of simulations have been used to develop <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> response plans. The main goal of the PR-NTHMP is to strengthen resilient coastal communities that are prepared for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazards, and recognize PR as <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span>Ready. Evacuation maps were <span class="hlt">generated</span> in three phases: First, hypothetical <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> scenarios of potential underwater earthquakes were developed, and these scenarios were then <span class="hlt">modeled</span> through during the second phase. The third phase consisted in determining the worst-case scenario based on the Maximum of Maximums (MOM). Inundation and evacuation zones were drawn on GIS referenced maps and aerial photographs. These products are being used by emergency managers to educate the public and develop mitigation strategies. Maps and related evacuation products, like evacuation times, can be accessed online via the PR <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Decision Support Tool. Based on these evacuation maps, <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> signs were installed, vulnerability profiles were created, communication systems to receive and disseminate <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> messages were installed in each TWFP, and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> response plans were</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70137563','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70137563"><span>Variations in population vulnerability to tectonic and landslide-related <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazards in Alaska</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Wood, Nathan J.; Peters, Jeff</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Effective <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> risk reduction requires an understanding of how at-risk populations are specifically vulnerable to <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> threats. Vulnerability assessments primarily have been based on single hazard zones, even though a coastal community may be threatened by multiple <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> sources that vary locally in terms of inundation extents and wave arrival times. We use the Alaskan coastal communities of Cordova, Kodiak, Seward, Valdez, and Whittier (USA), as a case study to explore population vulnerability to multiple <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> threats. We use anisotropic pedestrian evacuation <span class="hlt">models</span> to assess variations in population exposure as a function of travel time out of hazard zones associated with tectonic and landslide-related <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> (based on scenarios similar to the 1964 M w9.2 Good Friday earthquake and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> disaster). Results demonstrate that there are thousands of residents, employees, and business customers in <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard zones associated with tectonically <span class="hlt">generated</span> waves, but that at-risk individuals will likely have sufficient time to evacuate to high ground before waves are estimated to arrive 30–60 min after <span class="hlt">generation</span>. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> hazard zones associated with submarine landslides initiated by a subduction zone earthquake are smaller and contain fewer people, but many at-risk individuals may not have enough time to evacuate as waves are estimated to arrive in 1–2 min and evacuations may need to occur during earthquake ground shaking. For all hazard zones, employees and customers at businesses far outnumber residents at their homes and evacuation travel times are highest on docks and along waterfronts. Results suggest that population vulnerability studies related to <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazards should recognize non-residential populations and differences in wave arrival times if emergency managers are to develop realistic preparedness and outreach efforts.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMNH41B1722C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMNH41B1722C"><span>Transient <span class="hlt">Tsunamis</span> in Lakes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Couston, L.; Mei, C.; Alam, M.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>A large number of lakes are surrounded by steep and unstable mountains with slopes prone to failure. As a result, landslides are likely to occur and impact water sitting in closed reservoirs. These rare geological phenomena pose serious threats to dam reservoirs and nearshore facilities because they can <span class="hlt">generate</span> unexpectedly large <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves. In fact, the tallest wave experienced by contemporary humans occurred because of a landslide in the narrow bay of Lituya in 1958, and five years later, a deadly landslide <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> overtopped Lake Vajont's dam, flooding and damaging villages along the lakefront and in the Piave valley. If unstable slopes and potential slides are detected ahead of time, inundation maps can be drawn to help people know the risks, and mitigate the destructive power of the ensuing waves. These maps give the maximum wave runup height along the lake's vertical and sloping boundaries, and can be obtained by numerical simulations. Keeping track of the moving shorelines along beaches is challenging in classical Eulerian formulations because the horizontal extent of the fluid domain can change over time. As a result, assuming a solid slide and nonbreaking waves, here we develop a nonlinear shallow-water <span class="hlt">model</span> equation in the Lagrangian framework to address the problem of transient landslide-<span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. In this manner, the shorelines' three-dimensional motion is part of the solution. The <span class="hlt">model</span> equation is hyperbolic and can be solved numerically by finite differences. Here, a 4th order Runge-Kutta method and a compact finite-difference scheme are implemented to integrate in time and spatially discretize the forced shallow-water equation in Lagrangian coordinates. The formulation is applied to different lake and slide geometries to better understand the effects of the lake's finite lengths and slide's forcing mechanism on the <span class="hlt">generated</span> wavefield. Specifically, for a slide moving down a plane beach, we show that edge-waves trapped by the shoreline and free</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1918772G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1918772G"><span>Comparison and Computational Performance of <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span>-HySEA and MOST <span class="hlt">Models</span> for the LANTEX 2013 scenario</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>González-Vida, Jose M.; Macías, Jorge; Mercado, Aurelio; Ortega, Sergio; Castro, Manuel J.</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span>-HySEA <span class="hlt">model</span> is used to simulate the Caribbean LANTEX 2013 scenario (LANTEX is the acronym for Large AtlaNtic <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> EXercise, which is carried out annually). The numerical simulation of the propagation and inundation phases, is performed with both <span class="hlt">models</span> but using different mesh resolutions and nested meshes. Some comparisons with the MOST <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">model</span> available at the University of Puerto Rico (UPR) are made. Both <span class="hlt">models</span> compare well for propagating <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves in open sea, producing very similar results. In near-shore shallow waters, <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span>-HySEA should be compared with the inundation version of MOST, since the propagation version of MOST is limited to deeper waters. Regarding the inundation phase, a 1 arc-sec (approximately 30 m) resolution mesh covering all of Puerto Rico, is used, and a three-level nested meshes technique implemented. In the inundation phase, larger differences between <span class="hlt">model</span> results are observed. Nevertheless, the most striking difference resides in computational time; <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span>-HySEA is coded using the advantages of GPU architecture, and can produce a 4 h simulation in a 60 arcsec resolution grid for the whole Caribbean Sea in less than 4 min with a single general-purpose GPU and as fast as 11 s with 32 general-purpose GPUs. In the inundation stage with nested meshes, approximately 8 hours of wall clock time is needed for a 2-h simulation in a single GPU (versus more than 2 days for the MOST inundation, running three different parts of the island—West, Center, East—at the same time due to memory limitations in MOST). When domain decomposition techniques are finally implemented by breaking up the computational domain into sub-domains and assigning a GPU to each sub-domain (multi-GPU <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span>-HySEA version), we show that the wall clock time significantly decreases, allowing high-resolution inundation <span class="hlt">modelling</span> in very short computational times, reducing, for example, if eight GPUs are used, the wall clock time to around 1 hour</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PApGe.175.1485P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PApGe.175.1485P"><span>Holocene <span class="hlt">Tsunamis</span> in Avachinsky Bay, Kamchatka, Russia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pinegina, Tatiana K.; Bazanova, Lilya I.; Zelenin, Egor A.; Bourgeois, Joanne; Kozhurin, Andrey I.; Medvedev, Igor P.; Vydrin, Danil S.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>This article presents results of the study of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> deposits on the Avachinsky Bay coast, Kurile-Kamchatka island arc, NW Pacific. We used tephrochronology to assign ages to the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> deposits, to correlate them between excavations, and to restore paleo-shoreline positions. In addition to using established regional marker tephra, we establish a detailed tephrochronology for more local tephra from Avachinsky volcano. For the first time in this area, proximal to Kamchatka's primary population, we reconstruct the vertical runup and horizontal inundation for 33 <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> recorded over the past 4200 years, 5 of which are historical events - 1737, 1792, 1841, 1923 (Feb) and 1952. The runup heights for all 33 <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> range from 1.9 to 5.7 m, and inundation distances from 40 to 460 m. The average recurrence for historical events is 56 years and for the entire study period 133 years. The obtained data makes it possible to calculate frequencies of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> by size, using reconstructed runup and inundation, which is crucial for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard assessment and long-term <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> forecasting. Considering all available data on the distribution of historical and paleo-<span class="hlt">tsunami</span> heights along eastern Kamchatka, we conclude that the southern part of the Kamchatka subduction zone <span class="hlt">generates</span> stronger <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> than its northern part. The observed differences could be associated with variations in the relative velocity and/or coupling between the downgoing Pacific Plate and Kamchatka.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_22 --> <div id="page_23" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="441"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PApGe.tmp.1249P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PApGe.tmp.1249P"><span>Holocene <span class="hlt">Tsunamis</span> in Avachinsky Bay, Kamchatka, Russia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pinegina, Tatiana K.; Bazanova, Lilya I.; Zelenin, Egor A.; Bourgeois, Joanne; Kozhurin, Andrey I.; Medvedev, Igor P.; Vydrin, Danil S.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>This article presents results of the study of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> deposits on the Avachinsky Bay coast, Kurile-Kamchatka island arc, NW Pacific. We used tephrochronology to assign ages to the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> deposits, to correlate them between excavations, and to restore paleo-shoreline positions. In addition to using established regional marker tephra, we establish a detailed tephrochronology for more local tephra from Avachinsky volcano. For the first time in this area, proximal to Kamchatka's primary population, we reconstruct the vertical runup and horizontal inundation for 33 <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> recorded over the past 4200 years, 5 of which are historical events - 1737, 1792, 1841, 1923 (Feb) and 1952. The runup heights for all 33 <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> range from 1.9 to 5.7 m, and inundation distances from 40 to 460 m. The average recurrence for historical events is 56 years and for the entire study period 133 years. The obtained data makes it possible to calculate frequencies of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> by size, using reconstructed runup and inundation, which is crucial for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard assessment and long-term <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> forecasting. Considering all available data on the distribution of historical and paleo-<span class="hlt">tsunami</span> heights along eastern Kamchatka, we conclude that the southern part of the Kamchatka subduction zone <span class="hlt">generates</span> stronger <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> than its northern part. The observed differences could be associated with variations in the relative velocity and/or coupling between the downgoing Pacific Plate and Kamchatka.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.7277T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.7277T"><span>Source Rupture <span class="hlt">Models</span> and <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Simulations of Destructive October 28, 2012 Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia (Mw: 7.8) and September 16, 2015 Illapel, Chile (Mw: 8.3) Earthquakes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Taymaz, Tuncay; Yolsal-Çevikbilen, Seda; Ulutaş, Ergin</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>The finite-fault source rupture <span class="hlt">models</span> and numerical simulations of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves <span class="hlt">generated</span> by 28 October 2012 Queen Charlotte Islands (Mw: 7.8), and 16 September 2015 Illapel-Chile (Mw: 8.3) earthquakes are presented. These subduction zone earthquakes have reverse faulting mechanisms with small amount of strike-slip components which clearly reflect the characteristics of convergence zones. The finite-fault slip <span class="hlt">models</span> of the 2012 Queen Charlotte and 2015 Chile earthquakes are estimated from a back-projection method that uses teleseismic P- waveforms to integrate the direct P-phase with reflected phases from structural discontinuities near the source. Non-uniform rupture <span class="hlt">models</span> of the fault plane, which are obtained from the finite fault <span class="hlt">modeling</span>, are used in order to describe the vertical displacement on seabed. In general, the vertical displacement of water surface was considered to be the same as ocean bottom displacement, and it is assumed to be responsible for the initial water surface deformation gives rise to occurrence of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves. In this study, it was calculated by using the elastic dislocation algorithm. The results of numerical <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> simulations are compared with tide gauges and Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> (DART) buoy records. De-tiding, de-trending, low-pass and high-pass filters were applied to detect <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves in deep ocean sensors and tide gauge records. As an example, the observed records and results of simulations showed that the 2012 Queen Charlotte Islands earthquake <span class="hlt">generated</span> about 1 meter <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-waves in Maui and Hilo (Hawaii), 5 hours and 30 minutes after the earthquake. Furthermore, the calculated amplitudes and time series of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves of the recent 2015 Illapel (Chile) earthquake are exhibiting good agreement with the records of tide and DART gauges except at stations Valparaiso and Pichidangui (Chile). This project is supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMNH41A1747C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMNH41A1747C"><span>Changes in <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Risk Perception in Northern Chile After the April 1 2014 <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Carvalho, L.; Lagos, M.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Tsunamis</span> are a permanent risk in the coast of Chile. Apart from that, the coastal settlements and the Chilean State, historically, have underestimated the danger of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. On April 1 2014, a magnitude Mw 8.2 earthquake and a minor <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> occurred off the coast of northern Chile. Considering that over decades this region has been awaiting an earthquake that would <span class="hlt">generate</span> a large <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, in this study we inquired if the familiarity with the subject <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> and the lack of frequent <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> or occurrence of non-hazardous <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> for people could lead to adaptive responses to underestimate the danger. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the perceived risk of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> in the city of Arica, before and after the April 1 2014 event. A questionnaire was designed and applied in two time periods to 547 people living in low coastal areas in Arica. In the first step, the survey was applied in March 2014. While in step 2, new questions were included and the survey was reapplied, a year after the minor <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. A descriptive analysis of data was performed, followed by a comparison between means. We identified illusion of invulnerability, especially regarding to assessment that preparedness and education actions are enough. Answers about lack of belief in the occurrence of future <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> were also reported. At the same time, there were learning elements identified. After April 1, a larger number of participants described self-protection actions for emergency, as well as performing of preventive actions. In addition, we mapped answers about the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> danger degree in different locations in the city, where we observed a high knowledge of it. When compared with other hazards, the concern about <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> were very high, lower than earthquakes hazard, but higher than pollution, crime and rain. Moreover, we identified place attachment in answers about sense of security and affective bonds with home and their location. We discussed the relationship between risk perception</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..1616508F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..1616508F"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Research driven by Survivor Observations: Sumatra 2004, Tohoku 2011 and the Lituya Bay Landslide (Plinius Medal Lecture)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fritz, Hermann M.</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p> on inundation and outflow flow velocities. <span class="hlt">Tsunamis</span> <span class="hlt">generated</span> by landslides and volcanic island collapses account for some of the most catastrophic events. On July 10, 1958, an earthquake Mw 8.3 along the Fairweather fault triggered a major subaerial landslide into Gilbert Inlet at the head of Lituya Bay on the south coast of Alaska. The landslide impacted the water at high speed <span class="hlt">generating</span> a giant <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> and the highest wave runup in recorded history. This event was observed by eyewitnesses on board the sole surviving fishing boat, which managed to ride the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. The mega-<span class="hlt">tsunami</span> runup to an elevation of 524 m caused total forest destruction and erosion down to bedrock on a spur ridge in direct prolongation of the slide axis. A cross-section of Gilbert Inlet was rebuilt in a two dimensional physical laboratory <span class="hlt">model</span>. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) provided instantaneous velocity vector fields of decisive initial phase with landslide impact and wave <span class="hlt">generation</span> as well as the runup on the headland. Three dimensional source and runup scenarios based on real world events are physically <span class="hlt">modeled</span> in the NEES <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave basin (TWB) at Oregon State University (OSU). The measured landslide and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> data serve to validate and advance numerical landslide <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">models</span>. This lecture encompasses multi-hazard aspects and implications of recent <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> and cyclonic events around the world such as the November 2013 Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) in the Philippines.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFM.S54C..07M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFM.S54C..07M"><span>Effect of Sediments on Rupture Dynamics of Shallow Subduction Zone Earthquakes and <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">Generation</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ma, S.</p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p>Low-velocity fault zones have long been recognized for crustal earthquakes by using fault-zone trapped waves and geodetic observations on land. However, the most pronounced low-velocity fault zones are probably in the subduction zones where sediments on the seafloor are being continuously subducted. In this study I focus on shallow subduction zone earthquakes; these earthquakes pose a serious threat to human society in their ability in <span class="hlt">generating</span> large <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. Numerous observations indicate that these earthquakes have unusually long rupture durations, low rupture velocities, and/or small stress drops near the trench. However, the underlying physics is unclear. I will use dynamic rupture simulations with a finite-element method to investigate the dynamic stress evolution on faults induced by both sediments and free surface, and its relations with rupture velocity and slip. I will also explore the effect of off-fault yielding of sediments on the rupture characteristics and seafloor deformation. As shown in Ma and Beroza (2008), the more compliant hanging wall combined with free surface greatly increases the strength drop and slip near the trench. Sediments in the subduction zone likely have a significant role in the rupture dynamics of shallow subduction zone earthquakes and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generation</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMNH21C1839R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMNH21C1839R"><span>Invesion of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> height using GPS TEC data. The case of the 2012 Haida Gwaii <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> and Earthquake.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rakoto, V.; Lognonne, P. H.; Rolland, L. M.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>Large earthquakes (i.eM>6) and <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> associated are responsible for ionospheric perturbations. These perturbations can be observed in the total electron content (TEC) measured from multi- frequency Global Navigation Satellite systems (GNSS) data (e.g GPS). We will focus on the studies of the Haïda Gwaii earthquake and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> case. It happened the 28 october 2012 along the Queen Charlotte fault of the Canada Western Coast. First, we compare GPS data of perturbation TEC to our <span class="hlt">model</span>. We <span class="hlt">model</span> the TEC perturbation in several steps. (1) First, we compute <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> normal modes modes in atmosphere in using PREM <span class="hlt">model</span> with 4.7km of oceanic layer. (2) We sum all the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> modes to obtain the neutral displacement. (3) We couple the ionosphere with the neutral atmosphere. (4) We integrate the perturbed electron density along each satellite station line of sight. At last, we present first results of TEC inversion in order to retrieve the waveform of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. This inversion has been done on synthetics data assuming Queen Charlotte Earthquake and <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> can be considered as a point source in far field.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70118533','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70118533"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> hazards to U.S. coasts from giant earthquakes in Alaska</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Ryan, Holly F.; von Huene, Roland E.; Scholl, Dave; Kirby, Stephen</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>In the aftermath of Japan's devastating 11 March 2011Mw 9.0 Tohoku earthquake and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, scientists are considering whether and how a similar <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> could be <span class="hlt">generated</span> along the Alaskan-Aleutian subduction zone (AASZ). A <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> triggered by an earthquake along the AASZ would cross the Pacific Ocean and cause extensive damage along highly populated U.S. coasts, with ports being particularly vulnerable. For example, a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> in 1946 <span class="hlt">generated</span> by a Mw 8.6 earthquake near Unimak Pass, Alaska (Figure 1a), caused significant damage along the U.S. West Coast, took 150 lives in Hawaii, and inundated shorelines of South Pacific islands and Antarctica [Fryer et al., 2004; Lopez and Okal, 2006]. The 1946 <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> occurred before modern broadband seismometers were in place, and the mechanisms that created it remain poorly understood.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMNH43B1656A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMNH43B1656A"><span>Observed and <span class="hlt">modeled</span> <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> current velocities in Humboldt Bay and Crescent City Harbor, northern California</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Admire, A. R.; Dengler, L.; Crawford, G. B.; uslu, B. U.; Montoya, J.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p> Crescent City were compared to calculated velocities from the Method of Splitting <span class="hlt">Tsunamis</span> (MOST) numerical <span class="hlt">model</span>. For Humboldt Bay, the 2010 <span class="hlt">model</span> <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> frequencies matched the actual values for the first two hours after the initial arrival however the amplitudes were underestimated by approximately 65%. MOST replicated the first four hours of the 2011 <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> signal in Humboldt Bay quite well although the peak flood currents were underestimated by about 50%. MOST predicted attenuation of the signal after four hours but the actual signal persisted at a nearly constant level for more than 48 hours. In Crescent City, the <span class="hlt">model</span> prediction of the 2011 frequency agreed quite well with the observed signal for the first two and a half hours after the initial arrival with a 50% underestimation of the peak amplitude. The results from this project demonstrate that ADCPs can effectively record <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> currents for small to moderate events and can be used to calibrate and validate <span class="hlt">models</span> (i.e. MOST) in order to better predict hazardous <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> conditions and improve planned responses to protect lives and property, especially within harbors. An ADCP will be installed in Crescent City Harbor and four additional ADCPs are being deployed in Humboldt Bay during the fall of 2012.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NHESD...2.4163F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NHESD...2.4163F"><span>Variable population exposure and distributed travel speeds in least-cost <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> evacuation <span class="hlt">modelling</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fraser, S. A.; Wood, N. J.; Johnston, D. M.; Leonard, G. S.; Greening, P. D.; Rossetto, T.</p> <p>2014-06-01</p> <p>Evacuation of the population from a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard zone is vital to reduce life-loss due to inundation. Geospatial least-cost distance <span class="hlt">modelling</span> provides one approach to assessing <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> evacuation potential. Previous <span class="hlt">models</span> have generally used two static exposure scenarios and fixed travel speeds to represent population movement. Some analyses have assumed immediate evacuation departure time or assumed a common departure time for all exposed population. In this paper, a method is proposed to incorporate time-variable exposure, distributed travel speeds, and uncertain evacuation departure time into an existing anisotropic least-cost path distance framework. The <span class="hlt">model</span> is demonstrated for a case study of local-source <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> evacuation in Napier City, Hawke's Bay, New Zealand. There is significant diurnal variation in pedestrian evacuation potential at the suburb-level, although the total number of people unable to evacuate is stable across all scenarios. Whilst some fixed travel speeds can approximate a distributed speed approach, others may overestimate evacuation potential. The impact of evacuation departure time is a significant contributor to total evacuation time. This method improves least-cost <span class="hlt">modelling</span> of evacuation dynamics for evacuation planning, casualty <span class="hlt">modelling</span>, and development of emergency response training scenarios.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMNH43A1826A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMNH43A1826A"><span>Field Investigations and a <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">Modeling</span> for the 1766 Marmara Sea Earthquake, Turkey</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Aykurt Vardar, H.; Altinok, Y.; Alpar, B.; Unlu, S.; Yalciner, A. C.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Turkey is located on one of the world's most hazardous earthquake zones. The northern branch of the North Anatolian fault beneath the Sea of Marmara, where the population is most concentrated, is the most active fault branch at least since late Pliocene. The Sea of Marmara region has been affected by many large tsunamigenic earthquakes; the most destructive ones are 549, 553, 557, 740, 989, 1332, 1343, 1509, 1766, 1894, 1912 and 1999 events. In order to understand and determine the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> potential and their possible effects along the coasts of this inland sea, detailed documentary, geophysical and numerical <span class="hlt">modelling</span> studies are needed on the past earthquakes and their associated <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> whose effects are presently unknown.On the northern coast of the Sea of Marmara region, the Kucukcekmece Lagoon has a high potential to trap and preserve <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> deposits. Within the scope of this study, lithological content, composition and sources of organic matters in the lagoon's bottom sediments were studied along a 4.63 m-long piston core recovered from the SE margin of the lagoon. The sedimentary composition and possible sources of the organic matters along the core were analysed and their results were correlated with the historical events on the basis of dating results. Finally, a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> scenario was tested for May 22nd 1766 Marmara Sea Earthquake by using a widely used <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> simulation <span class="hlt">model</span> called NAMIDANCE. The results show that the candidate <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> deposits at the depths of 180-200 cm below the lagoons bottom were related with the 1766 (May) earthquake. This work was supported by the Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Istanbul University (Project 6384) and by the EU project TRANSFER for coring.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PApGe.174.3737H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PApGe.174.3737H"><span>Possible Dual Earthquake-Landslide Source of the 13 November 2016 Kaikoura, New Zealand <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Heidarzadeh, Mohammad; Satake, Kenji</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>A complicated earthquake ( M w 7.8) in terms of rupture mechanism occurred in the NE coast of South Island, New Zealand, on 13 November 2016 (UTC) in a complex tectonic setting comprising a transition strike-slip zone between two subduction zones. The earthquake <span class="hlt">generated</span> a moderate <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> with zero-to-crest amplitude of 257 cm at the near-field tide gauge station of Kaikoura. Spectral analysis of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> observations showed dual peaks at 3.6-5.7 and 5.7-56 min, which we attribute to the potential landslide and earthquake sources of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, respectively. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> simulations showed that a source <span class="hlt">model</span> with slip on an offshore plate-interface fault reproduces the near-field <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> observation in terms of amplitude, but fails in terms of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> period. On the other hand, a source <span class="hlt">model</span> without offshore slip fails to reproduce the first peak, but the later phases are reproduced well in terms of both amplitude and period. It can be inferred that an offshore source is necessary to be involved, but it needs to be smaller in size than the plate interface slip, which most likely points to a confined submarine landslide source, consistent with the dual-peak <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> spectrum. We estimated the dimension of the potential submarine landslide at 8-10 km.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSPO14B2758E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSPO14B2758E"><span>NOAA Propagation Database Value in <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Forecast Guidance</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Eble, M. C.; Wright, L. M.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Center for <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Research (NCTR) has developed a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> forecasting capability that combines a graphical user interface with data ingestion and numerical <span class="hlt">models</span> to produce estimates of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave arrival times, amplitudes, current or water flow rates, and flooding at specific coastal communities. The capability integrates several key components: deep-ocean observations of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> in real-time, a basin-wide pre-computed propagation database of water level and flow velocities based on potential pre-defined seismic unit sources, an inversion or fitting algorithm to refine the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> source based on the observations during an event, and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> forecast <span class="hlt">models</span>. As <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves propagate across the ocean, observations from the deep ocean are automatically ingested into the application in real-time to better define the source of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> itself. Since passage of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves over a deep ocean reporting site is not immediate, we explore the value of the NOAA propagation database in providing placeholder forecasts in advance of deep ocean observations. The propagation database consists of water elevations and flow velocities pre-computed for 50 x 100 [km] unit sources in a continuous series along all known ocean subduction zones. The 2011 Japan Tohoku <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> is presented as the case study</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.8288B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.8288B"><span>CoopEUS Case Study: <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">Modelling</span> and Early Warning Systems for Near Source Areas (Mediterranean, Juan de Fuca).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Beranzoli, Laura; Best, Mairi; Chierici, Francesco; Embriaco, Davide; Galbraith, Nan; Heeseman, Martin; Kelley, Deborah; Pirenne, Benoit; Scofield, Oscar; Weller, Robert</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>There is a need for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">modeling</span> and early warning systems for near-source areas. For example this is a common public safety threat in the Mediterranean and Juan de Fuca/NE Pacific Coast of N.A.; Regions covered by the EMSO, OOI, and ONC ocean observatories. Through the CoopEUS international cooperation project, a number of environmental research infrastructures have come together to coordinate efforts on environmental challenges; this <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> case study tackles one such challenge. There is a mutual need of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> event field data and <span class="hlt">modeling</span> to deepen our experience in testing methodology and developing real-time data processing. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> field data are already available for past events, part of this use case compares these for compatibility, gap analysis, and <span class="hlt">model</span> groundtruthing. It also reviews sensors needed and harmonizes instrument settings. Sensor metadata and registries are compared, harmonized, and aligned. Data policies and access are also compared and assessed for gap analysis. <span class="hlt">Modelling</span> algorithms are compared and tested against archived and real-time data. This case study will then be extended to other related <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> data and <span class="hlt">model</span> sources globally with similar geographic and seismic scenarios.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMNH41B1717M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMNH41B1717M"><span>Advanced Planning for <span class="hlt">Tsunamis</span> in California</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Miller, K.; Wilson, R. I.; Larkin, D.; Reade, S.; Carnathan, D.; Davis, M.; Nicolini, T.; Johnson, L.; Boldt, E.; Tardy, A.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>The California <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Program is comprised of the California Governor's Office of Emergency Services (CalOES) and the California Geological Survey (CGS) and funded through the National <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Hazard Mitigation Program (NTHMP) and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The program works closely with the 20 coastal counties in California, as well as academic, and industry experts to improve <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> preparedness and mitigation in shoreline communities. Inundation maps depicting 'worst case' inundation <span class="hlt">modeled</span> from plausible sources around the Pacific were released in 2009 and have provided a foundation for public evacuation and emergency response planning in California. Experience during recent <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> impacting the state (Japan 2011, Chile 2010, Samoa 2009) has brought to light the desire by emergency managers and decision makers for even more detailed information ahead of future <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. A solution to provide enhanced information has been development of 'playbooks' to plan for a variety of expected <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> scenarios. Elevation 'playbook' lines can be useful for partial <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> evacuations when enough information about forecast amplitude and arrival times is available to coastal communities and there is sufficient time to make more educated decisions about who to evacuate for a given scenario or actual event. NOAA-issued <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Alert Bulletins received in advance of a distant event will contain an expected wave height (a number) for each given section of coast. Provision of four elevation lines for possible inundation enables planning for different evacuation scenarios based on the above number potentially alleviating the need for an 'all or nothing' decision with regard to evacuation. Additionally an analytical tool called FASTER is being developed to integrate storm, tides, <span class="hlt">modeling</span> errors, and local <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> run-up potential with the forecasted <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> amplitudes in real-time when a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> Alert is sent out. Both of these products will help</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EGUGA..1215694Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EGUGA..1215694Z"><span>February 27, 2010 Chilean <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> in Pacific and its Arrival to North East Asia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zaytsev, Andrey; Pelinovsky, EfiM.; Yalciner, Ahmet C.; Ozer, Ceren; Chernov, Anton; Kostenko, Irina; Shevchenko, Georgy</p> <p>2010-05-01</p> <p>The outskirts of the fault plane broken by the strong earthquake on February 27, 2010 in Chili with a magnitude 8.8 at the 35km depth of 35.909°S, 72.733°W coordinates <span class="hlt">generated</span> a moderate size <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. The initial amplitude of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> source is not so high because of the major area of the plane was at land. The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves propagated far distances in South and North directions to East Asia and Wet America coasts. The waves are also recorded by several gauges in Pacific during its propagation and arrival to coastal areas. The recorded and observed amplitudes of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves are important for the potential effects with the threatening amplitudes. The event also showed that a moderate size <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> can be effective even if it propagates far distances in any ocean or a marginal sea. The far east coasts of Russia at North East Asia (Sakhalin, Kuriles, Kamchatka) are one of the important source (i.e. November 15, 2006, Kuril Island <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span>) and target (i.e. February, 27, 2010 Chilean <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>) areas of the Pacific <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. Many efforts have been spent for establishment of the monitoring system and assessment of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> and development of the mitigation strategies against <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> and other hazards in the region. Development of the computer technologies provided the advances in data collection, transfer, and processing. Furthermore it also contributed new developments in computational tools and made the computer <span class="hlt">modeling</span> to be an efficient tool in <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning systems. In this study the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> numerical <span class="hlt">model</span> NAMI DANCE Nested version is used. NAMI-DANCE solves Nonlinear form of Long Wave (Shallow water) equations (with or without dispersion) using finite difference <span class="hlt">model</span> in nested grid domains from the source to target areas in multiprocessor hardware environment. It is applied to 2010 Chilean <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> and its propagation and coastal behavior at far distances near Sakhalin, Kuril and Kamchatka coasts. The main tide gauge records used in this study are from</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1024/pdf/ofr2014-1024.pdf','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1024/pdf/ofr2014-1024.pdf"><span>The 1946 Unimak <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Earthquake Area: revised tectonic structure in reprocessed seismic images and a suspect near field <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> source</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Miller, John J.; von Huene, Roland E.; Ryan, Holly F.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>In 1946 at Unimak Pass, Alaska, a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> destroyed the lighthouse at Scotch Cap, Unimak Island, took 159 lives on the Hawaiian Islands, damaged island coastal facilities across the south Pacific, and destroyed a hut in Antarctica. The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> magnitude of 9.3 is comparable to the magnitude 9.1 <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> that devastated the Tohoku coast of Japan in 2011. Both causative earthquake epicenters occurred in shallow reaches of the subduction zone. Contractile tectonism along the Alaska margin presumably <span class="hlt">generated</span> the far-field <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> by producing a seafloor elevation change. However, the Scotch Cap lighthouse was destroyed by a near-field <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> that was probably <span class="hlt">generated</span> by a coeval large undersea landslide, yet bathymetric surveys showed no fresh large landslide scar. We investigated this problem by reprocessing five seismic lines, presented here as high-resolution graphic images, both uninterpreted and interpreted, and available for the reader to download. In addition, the processed seismic data for each line are available for download as seismic industry-standard SEG-Y files. One line, processed through prestack depth migration, crosses a 10 × 15 kilometer and 800-meter-high hill presumed previously to be basement, but that instead is composed of stratified rock superimposed on the slope sediment. This image and multibeam bathymetry illustrate a slide block that could have sourced the 1946 near-field <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> because it is positioned within a distance determined by the time between earthquake shaking and the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> arrival at Scotch Cap and is consistent with the local extent of high runup of 42 meters along the adjacent Alaskan coast. The Unimak/Scotch Cap margin is structurally similar to the 2011 Tohoku tsunamigenic margin where a large landslide at the trench, coeval with the Tohoku earthquake, has been documented. Further study can improve our understanding of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> sources along Alaska’s erosional margins.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018CG....112...83M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018CG....112...83M"><span>Impact of earthquake source complexity and land elevation data resolution on <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard assessment and fatality estimation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Muhammad, Ario; Goda, Katsuichiro</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>This study investigates the impact of <span class="hlt">model</span> complexity in source characterization and digital elevation <span class="hlt">model</span> (DEM) resolution on the accuracy of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard assessment and fatality estimation through a case study in Padang, Indonesia. Two types of earthquake source <span class="hlt">models</span>, i.e. complex and uniform slip <span class="hlt">models</span>, are adopted by considering three resolutions of DEMs, i.e. 150 m, 50 m, and 10 m. For each of the three grid resolutions, 300 complex source <span class="hlt">models</span> are <span class="hlt">generated</span> using new statistical prediction <span class="hlt">models</span> of earthquake source parameters developed from extensive finite-fault <span class="hlt">models</span> of past subduction earthquakes, whilst 100 uniform slip <span class="hlt">models</span> are constructed with variable fault geometry without slip heterogeneity. The results highlight that significant changes to <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard and fatality estimates are observed with regard to earthquake source complexity and grid resolution. Coarse resolution (i.e. 150 m) leads to inaccurate <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard prediction and fatality estimation, whilst 50-m and 10-m resolutions produce similar results. However, velocity and momentum flux are sensitive to the grid resolution and hence, at least 10-m grid resolution needs to be implemented when considering flow-based parameters for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard and risk assessments. In addition, the results indicate that the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard parameters and fatality number are more sensitive to the complexity of earthquake source characterization than the grid resolution. Thus, the uniform <span class="hlt">models</span> are not recommended for probabilistic <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard and risk assessments. Finally, the findings confirm that uncertainties of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard level and fatality in terms of depth, velocity and momentum flux can be captured and visualized through the complex source <span class="hlt">modeling</span> approach. From <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> risk management perspectives, this indeed creates big data, which are useful for making effective and robust decisions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PApGe.173.3847G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PApGe.173.3847G"><span>Impact of Hellenic Arc <span class="hlt">Tsunamis</span> on Corsica (France)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gailler, Audrey; Schindelé, F.; Hébert, H.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>In the historical period, the Eastern Mediterranean has been devastated by several <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>, the two most damaging were those of AD 365 and AD 1303, <span class="hlt">generated</span> by great earthquakes of magnitude >8 at the Hellenic plate boundary. Recently, events of 6-7 magnitude have occurred in this region. As the French <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning center has to ensure the warning for the French coastlines, the question has raised the possibility for a major <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> triggered along the Hellenic arc to impact the French coasts. The focus is on the Corsica coasts especially, to estimate what would be the expected wave heights, and from which threshold of magnitude it would be necessary to put the population under cover. This study shows that a magnitude 8.0 earthquake nucleated along the Hellenic arc could induce in some cases a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> that would be observed along the Corsica coasts, and for events of 8.5 magnitude amplitudes exceeding 50 cm can be expected, which would be dangerous in harbors and beach areas especially. The main contribution of these results is the establishment of specific thresholds of magnitude for the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning along the French coasts, 7.8 for the advisory level (coastal marine threat with harbors and beaches evacuation), and 8.3 for the watch level (inland inundation threat) for <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> <span class="hlt">generated</span> along the Hellenic arc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMNH23A1860A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMNH23A1860A"><span>Detiding <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Currents to Validate Velocities in Numerical Simulation Codes using Observations Near Hawaii from the 2011 Tohoku <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Adams, L. M.; LeVeque, R. J.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>The ability to measure, predict, and compute <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> flow velocities is ofimportance in risk assessment and hazard mitigation. Until recently, fewdirect measurements of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> velocities existed to compare with modelresults. During the 11 March 2001 Tohoku <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span>, 328 current meters werewere in place around the Hawaiian Islands, USA, that captured time seriesof water velocity in 18 locations, in both harbors and deep channels, ata series of depths. Arcos and LeVeque[1] compared these records againstnumerical simulations performed using the GeoClaw numerical <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> modelwhich is based on the depth-averaged shallow water equations. They confirmedthat GeoClaw can accurately predict velocities at nearshore locations, andthat <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> current velocity is more spatially variable than wave formor height and potentially more sensitive for <span class="hlt">model</span> validation.We present a new approach to detiding this sensitive current data. Thisapproach can be used separately on data at each depth of a current gauge.When averaged across depths, the Geoclaw results in [1] are validated. Withoutaveraging, the results should be useful to researchers wishing to validate their3D codes. These results can be downloaded from the project website below.The approach decomposes the pre-<span class="hlt">tsunami</span> component of the data into three parts:a tidal component, a fast component (noise), and a slow component (not matchedby the harmonic analysis). Each part is extended to the time when the tsunamiis present and subtracted from the current data then to give the ''<span class="hlt">tsunami</span> current''that can be compared with 2D or 3D codes that do not <span class="hlt">model</span> currents in thepre-<span class="hlt">tsunami</span> regime. [1] "Validating Velocities in the GeoClaw <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">Model</span> using Observations NearHawaii from the 2001 Tohoku <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span>"M.E.M. Arcos and Randall J. LeVequearXiv:1410.2884v1 [physics.geo-py], 10 Oct. 2014.project website: http://faculty.washington.edu/lma3/research.html</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=tsunami&id=EJ1083312','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=tsunami&id=EJ1083312"><span><span class="hlt">Modeling</span> the 2004 Indian Ocean <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> for Introductory Physics Students</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>DiLisi, Gregory A.; Rarick, Richard A.</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>In this paper we develop materials to address student interest in the Indian Ocean <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> of December 2004. We discuss the physical characteristics of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> and some of the specific data regarding the 2004 event. Finally, we create an easy-to-make <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> tank to run simulations in the classroom. The simulations exhibit three dramatic…</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_23 --> <div id="page_24" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="461"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012GeoJI.191.1255H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012GeoJI.191.1255H"><span>The 2006 July 17 Java (Indonesia) <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> from satellite imagery and numerical <span class="hlt">modelling</span>: a single or complex source?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hébert, H.; Burg, P.-E.; Binet, R.; Lavigne, F.; Allgeyer, S.; Schindelé, F.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>The Mw 7.8 2006 July 17 earthquake off the southern coast of Java, Indonesia, has been responsible for a very large <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> causing more than 700 casualties. The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> has been observed on at least 200 km of coastline in the region of Pangandaran (West Java), with run-up heights from 5 to more than 20 m. Such a large <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, with respect to the source magnitude, has been attributed to the slow character of the seismic rupture, defining the event as a so-called <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> earthquake, but it has also been suggested that the largest run-up heights are actually the result of a second local landslide source. Here we test whether a single slow earthquake source can explain the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> run-up, using a combination of new detailed data in the region of the largest run-ups and comparison with <span class="hlt">modelled</span> run-ups for a range of plausible earthquake source <span class="hlt">models</span>. Using high-resolution satellite imagery (SPOT 5 and Quickbird), the coastal impact of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> is refined in the surroundings of the high-security Permisan prison on Nusa Kambangan island, where 20 m run-up had been recorded directly after the event. These data confirm the extreme inundation lengths close to the prison, and extend the area of maximum impact further along the Nusa Kambangan island (about 20 km of shoreline), where inundation lengths reach several hundreds of metres, suggesting run-up as high as 10-15 m. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">modelling</span> has been conducted in detail for the high run-up Permisan area (Nusa Kambangan) and the PLTU power plant about 25 km eastwards, where run-up reached only 4-6 m and a video recording of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> arrival is available. For the Permisan prison a high-resolution DEM was built from stereoscopic satellite imagery. The regular basin of the PLTU plant was designed using photographs and direct observations. For the earthquake's mechanism, both static (infinite) and finite (kinematic) ruptures are investigated using two published source <span class="hlt">models</span>. The <span class="hlt">models</span> account rather well for the sea level</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMNH43B1866S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMNH43B1866S"><span>Short-term Inundation Forecasting for <span class="hlt">Tsunamis</span> Version 4.0 Brings Forecasting Speed, Accuracy, and Capability Improvements to NOAA's <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warning Centers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sterling, K.; Denbo, D. W.; Eble, M. C.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Short-term Inundation Forecasting for <span class="hlt">Tsunamis</span> (SIFT) software was developed by NOAA's Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) for use in <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> forecasting and has been used by both U.S. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warning Centers (TWCs) since 2012, when SIFTv3.1 was operationally accepted. Since then, advancements in research and <span class="hlt">modeling</span> have resulted in several new features being incorporated into SIFT forecasting. Following the priorities and needs of the TWCs, upgrades to SIFT forecasting were implemented into SIFTv4.0, scheduled to become operational in October 2016. Because every minute counts in the early warning process, two major time saving features were implemented in SIFT 4.0. To increase processing speeds and <span class="hlt">generate</span> high-resolution flooding forecasts more quickly, the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> propagation and inundation codes were modified to run on Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). To reduce time demand on duty scientists during an event, an automated DART inversion (or fitting) process was implemented. To increase forecasting accuracy, the forecasted amplitudes and inundations were adjusted to include dynamic tidal oscillations, thereby reducing the over-estimates of flooding common in SIFTv3.1 due to the static tide stage conservatively set at Mean High Water. Further improvements to forecasts were gained through the assimilation of additional real-time observations. Cabled array measurements from Bottom Pressure Recorders (BPRs) in the Oceans Canada NEPTUNE network are now available to SIFT for use in the inversion process. To better meet the needs of harbor masters and emergency managers, SIFTv4.0 adds a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> currents graphical product to the suite of disseminated forecast results. When delivered, these new features in SIFTv4.0 will improve the operational <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> forecasting speed, accuracy, and capabilities at NOAA's <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warning Centers.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EP%26S...69..117L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EP%26S...69..117L"><span>Should <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> simulations include a nonzero initial horizontal velocity?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lotto, Gabriel C.; Nava, Gabriel; Dunham, Eric M.</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> propagation in the open ocean is most commonly <span class="hlt">modeled</span> by solving the shallow water wave equations. These equations require initial conditions on sea surface height and depth-averaged horizontal particle velocity or, equivalently, horizontal momentum. While most <span class="hlt">modelers</span> assume that initial velocity is zero, Y.T. Song and collaborators have argued for nonzero initial velocity, claiming that horizontal displacement of a sloping seafloor imparts significant horizontal momentum to the ocean. They show examples in which this effect increases the resulting <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> height by a factor of two or more relative to <span class="hlt">models</span> in which initial velocity is zero. We test this claim with a "full-physics" integrated dynamic rupture and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">model</span> that couples the elastic response of the Earth to the linearized acoustic-gravitational response of a compressible ocean with gravity; the <span class="hlt">model</span> self-consistently accounts for seismic waves in the solid Earth, acoustic waves in the ocean, and <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> (with dispersion at short wavelengths). Full-physics simulations of subduction zone megathrust ruptures and <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> in geometries with a sloping seafloor confirm that substantial horizontal momentum is imparted to the ocean. However, almost all of that initial momentum is carried away by ocean acoustic waves, with negligible momentum imparted to the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. We also compare <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> propagation in each simulation to that predicted by an equivalent shallow water wave simulation with varying assumptions regarding initial velocity. We find that the initial horizontal velocity conditions proposed by Song and collaborators consistently overestimate the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> amplitude and predict an inconsistent wave profile. Finally, we determine <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> initial conditions that are rigorously consistent with our full-physics simulations by isolating the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves from ocean acoustic and seismic waves at some final time, and backpropagating the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves to their initial state by solving the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NHESS..15.1999C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NHESS..15.1999C"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> response system for ports in Korea</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cho, H.-R.; Cho, J.-S.; Cho, Y.-S.</p> <p>2015-09-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> that have occurred in many places around the world over the past decade have taken a heavy toll on human lives and property. The eastern coast of the Korean Peninsula is not safe from <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>, particularly the eastern coastal areas, which have long sustained <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> damage. The eastern coast had been attacked by 1983 and 1993 <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> events. The aim of this study was to mitigate the casualties and property damage against unexpected <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> attacks along the eastern coast of the Korean Peninsula by developing a proper <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> response system for important ports and harbors with high population densities and high concentrations of key national industries. The system is made based on numerical and physical <span class="hlt">modelings</span> of 3 historical and 11 virtual <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> events, field surveys, and extensive interviews with related people.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFMOS31D1455D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFMOS31D1455D"><span>Integrated Historical <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Event and Deposit Database</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dunbar, P. K.; McCullough, H. L.</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p> (e.g., earthquake, landslide, volcanic eruption, asteroid impact) is also specified. Observations (grain size, sedimentary structure, bed thickness, number of layers, etc.) are stored along with the conclusions drawn from the evidence by the author (wave height, flow depth, flow velocity, number of waves, etc.). Geologic time periods in the GTD_DB range from Precambrian to Quaternary, but the majority (70%) are from the Quaternary period. This period includes events such as: the 2004 Indian Ocean <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, the Cascadia subduction zone earthquakes and <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>, the 1755 Lisbon <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, the A.D. 79 Vesuvius <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, the 3500 BP Santorini caldera collapse and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, and the 7000 BP Storegga landslide-<span class="hlt">generated</span> <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. Prior to the Quaternary period, the majority of the paleotsunamis are due to impact events such as: the Tertiary Chesapeake Bay Bolide, Cretaceous-Tertiary (K/T) Boundary, Cretaceous Manson, and Devonian Alamo. The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> deposits are integrated with the historical <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> event database where applicable. For example, users can search for articles describing deposits related to the 1755 Lisbon <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> and view those records, as well as link to the related historic event record. The data and information may be viewed using tools designed to extract and display data (selection forms, Web Map Services, and Web Feature Services).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3621565','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3621565"><span>A short history of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> research and countermeasures in Japan</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Shuto, Nobuo; Fujima, Koji</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> science and engineering began in Japan, the country the most frequently hit by local and distant <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. The gate to the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> science was opened in 1896 by a giant local <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> of the highest run-up height of 38 m that claimed 22,000 lives. The crucial key was a tide record to conclude that this <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> was <span class="hlt">generated</span> by a “<span class="hlt">tsunami</span> earthquake”. In 1933, the same area was hit again by another giant <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. A total system of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> disaster mitigation including 10 “hard” and “soft” countermeasures was proposed. Relocation of dwelling houses to high ground was the major countermeasures. The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> forecasting began in 1941. In 1960, the Chilean <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> damaged the whole Japanese Pacific coast. The height of this <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> was 5–6 m at most. The countermeasures were the construction of structures including the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> breakwater which was the first one in the world. Since the late 1970s, <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> numerical simulation was developed in Japan and refined to become the UNESCO standard scheme that was transformed to 22 different countries. In 1983, photos and videos of a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> in the Japan Sea revealed many faces of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> such as soliton fission and edge bores. The 1993 <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> devastated a town protected by seawalls 4.5 m high. This experience introduced again the idea of comprehensive countermeasures, consisted of defense structure, <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-resistant town development and evacuation based on warning. PMID:19838008</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19838008','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19838008"><span>A short history of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> research and countermeasures in Japan.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Shuto, Nobuo; Fujima, Koji</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> science and engineering began in Japan, the country the most frequently hit by local and distant <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. The gate to the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> science was opened in 1896 by a giant local <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> of the highest run-up height of 38 m that claimed 22,000 lives. The crucial key was a tide record to conclude that this <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> was <span class="hlt">generated</span> by a "<span class="hlt">tsunami</span> earthquake". In 1933, the same area was hit again by another giant <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. A total system of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> disaster mitigation including 10 "hard" and "soft" countermeasures was proposed. Relocation of dwelling houses to high ground was the major countermeasures. The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> forecasting began in 1941. In 1960, the Chilean <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> damaged the whole Japanese Pacific coast. The height of this <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> was 5-6 m at most. The countermeasures were the construction of structures including the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> breakwater which was the first one in the world. Since the late 1970s, <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> numerical simulation was developed in Japan and refined to become the UNESCO standard scheme that was transformed to 22 different countries. In 1983, photos and videos of a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> in the Japan Sea revealed many faces of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> such as soliton fission and edge bores. The 1993 <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> devastated a town protected by seawalls 4.5 m high. This experience introduced again the idea of comprehensive countermeasures, consisted of defense structure, <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-resistant town development and evacuation based on warning.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..15.7776B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..15.7776B"><span>Advanced Simulation of Coupled Earthquake and <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Events</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Behrens, Joern</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span>-Earthquakes represent natural catastrophes threatening lives and well-being of societies in a solitary and unexpected extreme event as tragically demonstrated in Sumatra (2004), Samoa (2009), Chile (2010), or Japan (2011). Both phenomena are consequences of the complex system of interactions of tectonic stress, fracture mechanics, rock friction, rupture dynamics, fault geometry, ocean bathymetry, and coastline geometry. The ASCETE project forms an interdisciplinary research consortium that couples the most advanced simulation technologies for earthquake rupture dynamics and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> propagation to understand the fundamental conditions of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generation</span>. We report on the latest research results in physics-based dynamic rupture and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave propagation simulation, using unstructured and adaptive meshes with continuous and discontinuous Galerkin discretization approaches. Coupling both simulation tools - the physics-based dynamic rupture simulation and the hydrodynamic <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave propagation - will give us the possibility to conduct highly realistic studies of the interaction of rupture dynamics and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impact characteristics.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70137567','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70137567"><span>Sensitivity of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> evacuation <span class="hlt">modeling</span> to direction and land cover assumptions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Schmidtlein, Mathew C.; Wood, Nathan J.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Although anisotropic least-cost-distance (LCD) <span class="hlt">modeling</span> is becoming a common tool for estimating pedestrian-evacuation travel times out of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard zones, there has been insufficient attention paid to understanding <span class="hlt">model</span> sensitivity behind the estimates. To support <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> risk-reduction planning, we explore two aspects of LCD <span class="hlt">modeling</span> as it applies to pedestrian evacuations and use the coastal community of Seward, Alaska, as our case study. First, we explore the sensitivity of <span class="hlt">modeling</span> to the direction of movement by comparing standard safety-to-hazard evacuation times to hazard-to-safety evacuation times for a sample of 3985 points in Seward's <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-hazard zone. Safety-to-hazard evacuation times slightly overestimated hazard-to-safety evacuation times but the strong relationship to the hazard-to-safety evacuation times, slightly conservative bias, and shorter processing times of the safety-to-hazard approach make it the preferred approach. Second, we explore how variations in land cover speed conservation values (SCVs) influence <span class="hlt">model</span> performance using a Monte Carlo approach with one thousand sets of land cover SCVs. The LCD <span class="hlt">model</span> was relatively robust to changes in land cover SCVs with the magnitude of local <span class="hlt">model</span> sensitivity greatest in areas with higher evacuation times or with wetland or shore land cover types, where <span class="hlt">model</span> results may slightly underestimate travel times. This study demonstrates that emergency managers should be concerned not only with populations in locations with evacuation times greater than wave arrival times, but also with populations with evacuation times lower than but close to expected wave arrival times, particularly if they are required to cross wetlands or beaches.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26392614','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26392614"><span>The meteorite impact-induced <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wünnemann, K; Weiss, R</p> <p>2015-10-28</p> <p>When a cosmic object strikes the Earth, it most probably falls into an ocean. Depending on the impact energy and the depth of the ocean, a large amount of water is displaced, forming a temporary crater in the water column. Large <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-like waves originate from the collapse of the cavity in the water and the ejecta splash. Because of the far-reaching destructive consequences of such waves, an oceanic impact has been suggested to be more severe than a similar-sized impact on land; in other words, oceanic impacts may punch over their weight. This review paper summarizes the process of impact-induced wave <span class="hlt">generation</span> and subsequent propagation, whether the wave characteristic differs from <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> <span class="hlt">generated</span> by other classical mechanisms, and what methods have been applied to quantify the consequences of an oceanic impact. Finally, the impact-induced <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard will be evaluated by means of the Eltanin impact event. © 2015 The Author(s).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5222/sir2012-5222.pdf','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5222/sir2012-5222.pdf"><span>Community exposure to <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazards in California</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Wood, Nathan J.; Ratliff, Jamie; Peters, Jeff</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Evidence of past events and <span class="hlt">modeling</span> of potential events suggest that <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> are significant threats to low-lying communities on the California coast. To reduce potential impacts of future <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>, officials need to understand how communities are vulnerable to <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> and where targeted outreach, preparedness, and mitigation efforts may be warranted. Although a maximum <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-inundation zone based on multiple sources has been developed for the California coast, the populations and businesses in this zone have not been documented in a comprehensive way. To support <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> preparedness and risk-reduction planning in California, this study documents the variations among coastal communities in the amounts, types, and percentages of developed land, human populations, and businesses in the maximum <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-inundation zone. The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-inundation zone includes land in 94 incorporated cities, 83 unincorporated communities, and 20 counties on the California coast. According to 2010 U.S. Census Bureau data, this <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-inundation zone contains 267,347 residents (1 percent of the 20-county resident population), of which 13 percent identify themselves as Hispanic or Latino, 14 percent identify themselves as Asian, 16 percent are more than 65 years in age, 12 percent live in unincorporated areas, and 51 percent of the households are renter occupied. Demographic attributes related to age, race, ethnicity, and household status of residents in <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-prone areas demonstrate substantial range among communities that exceed these regional averages. The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-inundation zone in several communities also has high numbers of residents in institutionalized and noninstitutionalized group quarters (for example, correctional facilities and military housing, respectively). Communities with relatively high values in the various demographic categories are identified throughout the report. The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-inundation zone contains significant nonresidential populations based on 2011 economic</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMNH31D..06P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMNH31D..06P"><span>New Approaches to <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Hazard Mitigation Demonstrated in Oregon</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Priest, G. R.; Rizzo, A.; Madin, I.; Lyles Smith, R.; Stimely, L.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries and Oregon Emergency Management collaborated over the last four years to increase <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> preparedness for residents and visitors to the Oregon coast. Utilizing support from the National <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Hazards Mitigation Program (NTHMP), new approaches to outreach and <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard assessment were developed and then applied. Hazard assessment was approached by first doing two pilot studies aimed at calibrating theoretical <span class="hlt">models</span> to direct observations of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation gleaned from the historical and prehistoric (paleoseismic/paleotsunami) data. The results of these studies were then submitted to peer-reviewed journals and translated into 1:10,000-12,000-scale inundation maps. The inundation maps utilize a powerful new <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">model</span>, SELFE, developed by Joseph Zhang at the Oregon Health & Science University. SELFE uses unstructured computational grids and parallel processing technique to achieve fast accurate simulation of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> interactions with fine-scale coastal morphology. The inundation maps were simplified into <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> evacuation zones accessed as map brochures and an interactive mapping portal at http://www.oregongeology.org/tsuclearinghouse/. Unique in the world are new evacuation maps that show separate evacuation zones for distant versus locally <span class="hlt">generated</span> <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. The brochure maps explain that evacuation time is four hours or more for distant <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> but 15-20 minutes for local <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> that are invariably accompanied by strong ground shaking. Since distant <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> occur much more frequently than local <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>, the two-zone maps avoid needless over evacuation (and expense) caused by one-zone maps. Inundation mapping for the entire Oregon coast will be complete by ~2014. Educational outreach was accomplished first by doing a pilot study to measure effectiveness of various approaches using before and after polling and then applying the most effective methods. In descending order, the most effective</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFMNH11A1335H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFMNH11A1335H"><span>Field Survey in French Polynesia and Numerical <span class="hlt">Modeling</span> of the 11 March 2011 Japan <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hyvernaud, O.; Reymond, D.; Okal, E.; Hebert, H.; Clément, J.; Wong, K.</p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p>We present the field survey and observations of the Japan <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> of March 2011, in Society and Marquesas islands. Without being catastrophic the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> produced some damages in the Marquesas, which are always the most prone to <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> amplification in French Polynesia: 8 houses were destroyed and inundated (up to 4.5 m of run-up measured). Surprisingly, the maximum run-up was observed on the South-West coast of Nuku Hiva island (a bay open to the opposite direction of the wave-front). In Tahiti, the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> was much more moderate, with a maximum height observed on the North coast: about 3 m of run-up observed, corresponding to the highest level of the seasonal oceanic swell without damage (just the main road inundated). These observations are well explained and reproduced by the numerical <span class="hlt">modeling</span> of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. The results obtained confirm the exceptional source dimensions. Concerning the real time aspect, the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> height has been also rapidly predicted during the context of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning, with 2 methods: the first uses a database of pre-computed numeric simulations, and the second one uses a formula giving the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> amplitude in deep ocean in function of the source parameters (coordinates of the source, scalar moment and fault azimuth) and of the coordinates of the receiver. The population responded responsibly to the evacuation order on the 19 islands involved, helped in part by a favourable arrival time of the wave (7:30 a.m., local time).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NHESS..14.2975F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NHESS..14.2975F"><span>Variable population exposure and distributed travel speeds in least-cost <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> evacuation <span class="hlt">modelling</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fraser, S. A.; Wood, N. J.; Johnston, D. M.; Leonard, G. S.; Greening, P. D.; Rossetto, T.</p> <p>2014-11-01</p> <p>Evacuation of the population from a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard zone is vital to reduce life-loss due to inundation. Geospatial least-cost distance <span class="hlt">modelling</span> provides one approach to assessing <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> evacuation potential. Previous <span class="hlt">models</span> have generally used two static exposure scenarios and fixed travel speeds to represent population movement. Some analyses have assumed immediate departure or a common evacuation departure time for all exposed population. Here, a method is proposed to incorporate time-variable exposure, distributed travel speeds, and uncertain evacuation departure time into an existing anisotropic least-cost path distance framework. The method is demonstrated for hypothetical local-source <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> evacuation in Napier City, Hawke's Bay, New Zealand. There is significant diurnal variation in pedestrian evacuation potential at the suburb level, although the total number of people unable to evacuate is stable across all scenarios. Whilst some fixed travel speeds approximate a distributed speed approach, others may overestimate evacuation potential. The impact of evacuation departure time is a significant contributor to total evacuation time. This method improves least-cost <span class="hlt">modelling</span> of evacuation dynamics for evacuation planning, casualty <span class="hlt">modelling</span>, and development of emergency response training scenarios. However, it requires detailed exposure data, which may preclude its use in many situations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70133616','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70133616"><span>Variable population exposure and distributed travel speeds in least-cost <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> evacuation <span class="hlt">modelling</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Fraser, Stuart A.; Wood, Nathan J.; Johnston, David A.; Leonard, Graham S.; Greening, Paul D.; Rossetto, Tiziana</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Evacuation of the population from a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard zone is vital to reduce life-loss due to inundation. Geospatial least-cost distance <span class="hlt">modelling</span> provides one approach to assessing <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> evacuation potential. Previous <span class="hlt">models</span> have generally used two static exposure scenarios and fixed travel speeds to represent population movement. Some analyses have assumed immediate departure or a common evacuation departure time for all exposed population. Here, a method is proposed to incorporate time-variable exposure, distributed travel speeds, and uncertain evacuation departure time into an existing anisotropic least-cost path distance framework. The method is demonstrated for hypothetical local-source <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> evacuation in Napier City, Hawke's Bay, New Zealand. There is significant diurnal variation in pedestrian evacuation potential at the suburb level, although the total number of people unable to evacuate is stable across all scenarios. Whilst some fixed travel speeds approximate a distributed speed approach, others may overestimate evacuation potential. The impact of evacuation departure time is a significant contributor to total evacuation time. This method improves least-cost <span class="hlt">modelling</span> of evacuation dynamics for evacuation planning, casualty <span class="hlt">modelling</span>, and development of emergency response training scenarios. However, it requires detailed exposure data, which may preclude its use in many situations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1811809K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1811809K"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> focusing and leading wave height</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kanoglu, Utku</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Field observations from <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> events show that sometimes the maximum <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> amplitude might not occur for the first wave, such as the maximum wave from the 2011 Japan <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> reaching to Papeete, Tahiti as a fourth wave 72 min later after the first wave. This might mislead local authorities and give a wrong sense of security to the public. Recently, Okal and Synolakis (2016, Geophys. J. Int. 204, 719-735) discussed "the factors contributing to the sequencing of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves in the far field." They consider two different <span class="hlt">generation</span> mechanisms through an axial symmetric source -circular plug; one, Le Mehaute and Wang's (1995, World Scientific, 367 pp.) formalism where irritational wave propagation is formulated in the framework of investigating <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> <span class="hlt">generated</span> by underwater explosions and two, Hammack's formulation (1972, Ph.D. Dissertation, Calif. Inst. Tech., 261 pp., Pasadena) which introduces deformation at the ocean bottom and does not represent an immediate deformation of the ocean surface, i.e. time dependent ocean surface deformation. They identify the critical distance for transition from the first wave being largest to the second wave being largest. To verify sequencing for a finite length source, Okal and Synolakis (2016) is then used NOAA's validated and verified real time forecasting numerical <span class="hlt">model</span> MOST (Titov and Synolakis, 1998, J. Waterw. Port Coast. Ocean Eng., 124, 157-171) through Synolakis et al. (2008, Pure Appl. Geophys. 165, 2197-2228). As a reference, they used the parameters of the 1 April 2014 Iquique, Chile earthquake over real bathymetry, variants of this source (small, big, wide, thin, and long) over a flat bathymetry, and 2010 Chile and 211 Japan <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> over both real and flat bathymetries to explore the influence of the fault parameters on sequencing. They identified that sequencing more influenced by the source width rather than the length. We extend Okal and Synolakis (2016)'s analysis to an initial N-wave form (Tadepalli</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.1246Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.1246Y"><span>Assessment of Efficiency and Performance in <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Numerical <span class="hlt">Modeling</span> with GPU</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yalciner, Bora; Zaytsev, Andrey</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Non-linear shallow water equations (NSWE) are used to solve the propagation and coastal amplification of long waves and <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. Leap Frog scheme of finite difference technique is one of the satisfactory numerical methods which is widely used in these problems. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> numerical <span class="hlt">models</span> are necessary for not only academic but also operational purposes which need faster and accurate solutions. Recent developments in information technology provide considerably faster numerical solutions in this respect and are becoming one of the crucial requirements. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> numerical code NAMI DANCE uses finite difference numerical method to solve linear and non-linear forms of shallow water equations for long wave problems, specifically for <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. In this study, the new code is structured for Graphical Processing Unit (GPU) using CUDA API. The new code is applied to different (analytical, experimental and field) benchmark problems of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> for tests. One of those applications is 2011 Great East Japan <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> which was instrumentally recorded on various types of gauges including tide and wave gauges and offshore GPS buoys cabled Ocean Bottom Pressure (OBP) gauges and DART buoys. The accuracy of the results are compared with the measurements and fairly well agreements are obtained. The efficiency and performance of the code is also compared with the version using multi-core Central Processing Unit (CPU). Dependence of simulation speed with GPU on linear or non-linear solutions is also investigated. One of the results is that the simulation speed is increased up to 75 times comparing to the process time in the computer using single 4/8 thread multi-core CPU. The results are presented with comparisons and discussions. Furthermore how multi-dimensional finite difference problems fits towards GPU architecture is also discussed. The research leading to this study has received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement No</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.5828P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.5828P"><span>Computed inundation heights of the 2011 Tohoku <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> compared to measured run-up data: hints for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> source inversion</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pagnoni, G.; Tinti, S.; Armigliato, A.</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>The 11 March 2011 earthquake that took place off the Pacific coast of Tohoku, North Honshu, with Mw = 9.0, is the largest earthquake ever occurred in Japan, and <span class="hlt">generated</span> a big <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> that spread across the Pacific Ocean, causing devastating effects in the prefectures of Aomori, Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima. It caused more than 15,000 casualties, swept away the low-land quarters of several villages and moreover was the primary cause of the severe nuclear accident in the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant. There is a very large set of observations covering both the earthquake and the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, and almost certainly this is the case with the most abundant dataset of high-quality data in the history of seismology and of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> science. Local and global seismic networks, continuous GPS networks, coastal tide gauges in Japan ports and across the Pacific, local buoys cabled deep ocean-bottom pressure gauges (OBPG) and deep-ocean buoys (such as DART) mainly along the foot of the margins of the pacific continents, all contributed essential data to constrain the source of the earthquake and of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. In this paper we will use also the observed run-up data to put further constraints on the source and to better determine the distribution of the slip on the offshore fault. This will be done through trial-and-error forward <span class="hlt">modeling</span>, that is by comparing inundation data calculated by means of numerical <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> simulations in the near field to <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> run-up heights measured during field surveys conducted by several teams and made available on the net. Major attention will be devoted to reproduce observations in the prefectures that were more affected and where run-up heights are very large (namely Iwate and Miyagi). The simulations are performed by means of the finite-difference code UBO-TSUFD, developed and maintained by the <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Research Team of the University of Bologna, Italy, that can solve both the linear and non-linear versions of the shallow-water equations on nested</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/21860','DOTNTL'); return false;" href="https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/21860"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> design criteria for coastal infrastructure : a case study for Spencer Creek Bridge, Oregon.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntlsearch.bts.gov/tris/index.do">DOT National Transportation Integrated Search</a></p> <p></p> <p>2006-11-01</p> <p>The load effects on a coastal bridge due to the impact of a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave were developed. Three Cascadia Fault : rupture scenarios were considered using the Cornell <span class="hlt">model</span> and the FVWAVE <span class="hlt">model</span> to <span class="hlt">generate</span> the waves for : each scenario. The FVWAVE <span class="hlt">model</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMNH13A3724J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMNH13A3724J"><span>Pedestrian Evacuation Analysis for <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Hazards</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jones, J. M.; Ng, P.; Wood, N. J.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>Recent catastrophic <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> in the last decade, as well as the 50th anniversary of the 1964 Alaskan event, have heightened awareness of the threats these natural hazards present to large and increasing coastal populations. For communities located close to the earthquake epicenter that <span class="hlt">generated</span> the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, strong shaking may also cause significant infrastructure damage, impacting the road network and hampering evacuation. There may also be insufficient time between the earthquake and first wave arrival to rely on a coordinated evacuation, leaving at-risk populations to self-evacuate on foot and across the landscape. Emergency managers evaluating these coastal risks need tools to assess the evacuation potential of low-lying areas in order to discuss mitigation options, which may include vertical evacuation structures to provide local safe havens in vulnerable communities. The U.S. Geological Survey has developed the Pedestrian Evacuation Analyst software tool for use by researchers and emergency managers to assist in the assessment of a community's evacuation potential by <span class="hlt">modeling</span> travel times across the landscape and producing both maps of travel times and charts of population counts with corresponding times. The tool uses an anisotropic (directionally dependent) least cost distance <span class="hlt">model</span> to estimate evacuation potential and allows for the variation of travel speed to measure its effect on travel time. The effectiveness of vertical evacuation structures on evacuation time can also be evaluated and compared with metrics such as travel time maps showing each structure in place and graphs displaying the percentage change in population exposure for each structure against the baseline. Using the tool, travel time maps and at-risk population counts have been <span class="hlt">generated</span> for some coastal communities of the U.S. Pacific Northwest and Alaska. The tool can also be used to provide valuable decision support for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> vertical evacuation siting.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_24 --> <div id="page_25" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="481"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NHESD...2.3423H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NHESD...2.3423H"><span>A~probabilistic <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard assessment for Indonesia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Horspool, N.; Pranantyo, I.; Griffin, J.; Latief, H.; Natawidjaja, D. H.; Kongko, W.; Cipta, A.; Bustaman, B.; Anugrah, S. D.; Thio, H. K.</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>Probabilistic hazard assessments are a fundamental tool for assessing the threats posed by hazards to communities and are important for underpinning evidence based decision making on risk mitigation activities. Indonesia has been the focus of intense <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> risk mitigation efforts following the 2004 Indian Ocean <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span>, but this has been largely concentrated on the Sunda Arc, with little attention to other <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> prone areas of the country such as eastern Indonesia. We present the first nationally consistent Probabilistic <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Hazard Assessment (PTHA) for Indonesia. This assessment produces time independent forecasts of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard at the coast from <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generated</span> by local, regional and distant earthquake sources. The methodology is based on the established monte-carlo approach to probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA) and has been adapted to <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. We account for sources of epistemic and aleatory uncertainty in the analysis through the use of logic trees and through sampling probability density functions. For short return periods (100 years) the highest <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard is the west coast of Sumatra, south coast of Java and the north coast of Papua. For longer return periods (500-2500 years), the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard is highest along the Sunda Arc, reflecting larger maximum magnitudes along the Sunda Arc. The annual probability of experiencing a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> with a height at the coast of > 0.5 m is greater than 10% for Sumatra, Java, the Sunda Islands (Bali, Lombok, Flores, Sumba) and north Papua. The annual probability of experiencing a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> with a height of >3.0 m, which would cause significant inundation and fatalities, is 1-10% in Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lombok and north Papua, and 0.1-1% for north Sulawesi, Seram and Flores. The results of this national scale hazard assessment provide evidence for disaster managers to prioritise regions for risk mitigation activities and/or more detailed hazard or risk assessment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NHESS..14.3105H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NHESS..14.3105H"><span>A probabilistic <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard assessment for Indonesia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Horspool, N.; Pranantyo, I.; Griffin, J.; Latief, H.; Natawidjaja, D. H.; Kongko, W.; Cipta, A.; Bustaman, B.; Anugrah, S. D.; Thio, H. K.</p> <p>2014-11-01</p> <p>Probabilistic hazard assessments are a fundamental tool for assessing the threats posed by hazards to communities and are important for underpinning evidence-based decision-making regarding risk mitigation activities. Indonesia has been the focus of intense <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> risk mitigation efforts following the 2004 Indian Ocean <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, but this has been largely concentrated on the Sunda Arc with little attention to other <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> prone areas of the country such as eastern Indonesia. We present the first nationally consistent probabilistic <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard assessment (PTHA) for Indonesia. This assessment produces time-independent forecasts of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazards at the coast using data from <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generated</span> by local, regional and distant earthquake sources. The methodology is based on the established monte carlo approach to probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA) and has been adapted to <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. We account for sources of epistemic and aleatory uncertainty in the analysis through the use of logic trees and sampling probability density functions. For short return periods (100 years) the highest <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard is the west coast of Sumatra, south coast of Java and the north coast of Papua. For longer return periods (500-2500 years), the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard is highest along the Sunda Arc, reflecting the larger maximum magnitudes. The annual probability of experiencing a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> with a height of > 0.5 m at the coast is greater than 10% for Sumatra, Java, the Sunda islands (Bali, Lombok, Flores, Sumba) and north Papua. The annual probability of experiencing a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> with a height of > 3.0 m, which would cause significant inundation and fatalities, is 1-10% in Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lombok and north Papua, and 0.1-1% for north Sulawesi, Seram and Flores. The results of this national-scale hazard assessment provide evidence for disaster managers to prioritise regions for risk mitigation activities and/or more detailed hazard or risk assessment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMNH33A1644W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMNH33A1644W"><span>Washington <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Hazard Mitigation Program</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Walsh, T. J.; Schelling, J.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>Washington State has participated in the National <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Hazard Mitigation Program (NTHMP) since its inception in 1995. We have participated in the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation hazard mapping, evacuation planning, education, and outreach efforts that generally characterize the NTHMP efforts. We have also investigated hazards of significant interest to the Pacific Northwest. The hazard from locally <span class="hlt">generated</span> earthquakes on the Cascadia subduction zone, which threatens <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> inundation in less than hour following a magnitude 9 earthquake, creates special problems for low-lying accretionary shoreforms in Washington, such as the spits of Long Beach and Ocean Shores, where high ground is not accessible within the limited time available for evacuation. To ameliorate this problem, we convened a panel of the Applied Technology Council to develop guidelines for construction of facilities for vertical evacuation from <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>, published as FEMA 646, now incorporated in the International Building Code as Appendix M. We followed this with a program called Project Safe Haven (http://www.facebook.com/ProjectSafeHaven) to site such facilities along the Washington coast in appropriate locations and appropriate designs to blend with the local communities, as chosen by the citizens. This has now been completed for the entire outer coast of Washington. In conjunction with this effort, we have evaluated the potential for earthquake-induced ground failures in and near <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard zones to help develop cost estimates for these structures and to establish appropriate <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> evacuation routes and evacuation assembly areas that are likely to to be available after a major subduction zone earthquake. We intend to continue these geotechnical evaluations for all <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard zones in Washington.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018SedG..364..242L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018SedG..364..242L"><span>Boulder emplacement and remobilisation by cyclone and submarine landslide <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves near Suva City, Fiji</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lau, A. Y. Annie; Terry, James P.; Ziegler, Alan; Pratap, Arti; Harris, Daniel</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>The characteristics of a reef-top boulder field created by a local submarine landslide <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> are presented for the first time. Our examination of large reef-derived boulders deposited by the 1953 <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> near Suva City, Fiji, revealed that shorter-than-normal-period <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves <span class="hlt">generated</span> by submarine landslides can create a boulder field resembling a storm boulder field due to relatively short boulder transport distances. The boulder-inferred 1953 <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> flow velocity is estimated at over 9 m s- 1 at the reef edge. Subsequent events, for example Cyclone Kina (1993), appear to have remobilised some large boulders. While prior research has demonstrated headward retreat of Suva Canyon in response to the repeated occurrence of earthquakes over the past few millennia, our results highlight the lingering vulnerability of the Fijian coastlines to high-energy waves <span class="hlt">generated</span> both in the presence (<span class="hlt">tsunami</span>) and absence (storm) of submarine failures and/or earthquakes. To explain the age discrepancies of U-Th dated coral comprising the deposited boulders, we introduce a conceptual <span class="hlt">model</span> showing the role of repeated episodes of tsunamigenic submarine landslides in removing reef front sections through collapse. Subsequent high-energy wave events transport boulders from exposed older sections of the reef front onto the reef where they are deposited as 'new' boulders, alongside freshly detached sections of the living reef. In similar situations where anachronistic deposits complicate the deposition signal, age-dating of the coral boulders should not be used as a proxy for determining the timing of the submarine landslides or the <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> that <span class="hlt">generated</span> them.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/20995674-evaluation-numerical-simulation-tsunami-coastal-nuclear-power-plants-india','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/20995674-evaluation-numerical-simulation-tsunami-coastal-nuclear-power-plants-india"><span>Evaluation and Numerical Simulation of <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> for Coastal Nuclear Power Plants of India</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Sharma, Pavan K.; Singh, R.K.; Ghosh, A.K.</p> <p>2006-07-01</p> <p>Recent <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">generated</span> on December 26, 2004 due to Sumatra earthquake of magnitude 9.3 resulted in inundation at the various coastal sites of India. The site selection and design of Indian nuclear power plants demand the evaluation of run up and the structural barriers for the coastal plants: Besides it is also desirable to evaluate the early warning system for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-genic earthquakes. The <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> originate from submarine faults, underwater volcanic activities, sub-aerial landslides impinging on the sea and submarine landslides. In case of a submarine earthquake-induced <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> the wave is <span class="hlt">generated</span> in the fluid domain due to displacement of themore » seabed. There are three phases of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>: <span class="hlt">generation</span>, propagation, and run-up. Reactor Safety Division (RSD) of Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Trombay has initiated computational simulation for all the three phases of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> source <span class="hlt">generation</span>, its propagation and finally run up evaluation for the protection of public life, property and various industrial infrastructures located on the coastal regions of India. These studies could be effectively utilized for design and implementation of early warning system for coastal region of the country apart from catering to the needs of Indian nuclear installations. This paper presents some results of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves based on different analytical/numerical approaches with shallow water wave theory. (authors)« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PApGe.174.2925G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PApGe.174.2925G"><span>Fault Slip Distribution of the 2016 Fukushima Earthquake Estimated from <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Waveforms</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gusman, Aditya Riadi; Satake, Kenji; Shinohara, Masanao; Sakai, Shin'ichi; Tanioka, Yuichiro</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>The 2016 Fukushima normal-faulting earthquake (Mjma 7.4) occurred 40 km off the coast of Fukushima within the upper crust. The earthquake <span class="hlt">generated</span> a moderate <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> which was recorded by coastal tide gauges and offshore pressure gauges. First, the sensitivity of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waveforms to fault dimensions and depths was examined and the best size and depth were determined. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> waveforms computed based on four available focal mechanisms showed that a simple fault striking northeast-southwest and dipping southeast (strike = 45°, dip = 41°, rake = -95°) yielded the best fit to the observed waveforms. This fault geometry was then used in a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waveform inversion to estimate the fault slip distribution. A large slip of 3.5 m was located near the surface and the major slip region covered an area of 20 km × 20 km. The seismic moment, calculated assuming a rigidity of 2.7 × 1010 N/m2 was 3.70 × 1019 Nm, equivalent to Mw = 7.0. This is slightly larger than the moments from the moment tensor solutions (Mw 6.9). Large secondary <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> peaks arrived approximately an hour after clear initial peaks were recorded by the offshore pressure gauges and the Sendai and Ofunato tide gauges. Our <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> propagation <span class="hlt">model</span> suggests that the large secondary <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> signals were from <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves reflected off the Fukushima coast. A rather large <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> amplitude of 75 cm at Kuji, about 300 km north of the source, was comparable to those recorded at stations located much closer to the epicenter, such as Soma and Onahama. <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> simulations and ray tracing for both real and artificial bathymetry indicate that a significant portion of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave was refracted to the coast located around Kuji and Miyako due to bathymetry effects.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NHESS..13.3249G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NHESS..13.3249G"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> evacuation <span class="hlt">modelling</span> as a tool for risk reduction: application to the coastal area of El Salvador</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>González-Riancho, P.; Aguirre-Ayerbe, I.; Aniel-Quiroga, I.; Abad, S.; González, M.; Larreynaga, J.; Gavidia, F.; Gutiérrez, O. Q.; Álvarez-Gómez, J. A.; Medina, R.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Advances in the understanding and prediction of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impacts allow the development of risk reduction strategies for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-prone areas. This paper presents an integral framework for the formulation of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> evacuation plans based on <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> vulnerability assessment and evacuation <span class="hlt">modelling</span>. This framework considers (i) the hazard aspects (<span class="hlt">tsunami</span> flooding characteristics and arrival time), (ii) the characteristics of the exposed area (people, shelters and road network), (iii) the current <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning procedures and timing, (iv) the time needed to evacuate the population, and (v) the identification of measures to improve the evacuation process. The proposed methodological framework aims to bridge between risk assessment and risk management in terms of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> evacuation, as it allows for an estimation of the degree of evacuation success of specific management options, as well as for the classification and prioritization of the gathered information, in order to formulate an optimal evacuation plan. The framework has been applied to the El Salvador case study, demonstrating its applicability to site-specific response times and population characteristics.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EGUGA..12.6999B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EGUGA..12.6999B"><span>The Samoa <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> of 29 September 2009: Field survey in Samoa and preliminary <span class="hlt">modeling</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Borrero, J. C.; Fritz, H. M.; Synolakis, C. E.; Weiss, R.; Okal, E. A.</p> <p>2010-05-01</p> <p>The Samoa <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> of 29 September 2009 caused considerable damage and 146 deaths in the country of [ex-Western] Samoa, where the last comparable event took place in 1917. Following the event, an International <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Survey Team was deployed and surveyed the inundation one week after the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. Our results revealed higher values of run-up and inundation on the Southern shore of Upolu, where run-up reached 14.5 m at Lepa and 11.4 m at Lalomanu, this latter village being eradicated, with a death toll of 61. By contrast, the Northern shore was largely spared. A similar pattern was observed on the island of Savaii, but with lower run-up values, and only 2 deaths. The higher death toll in Samoa, as compared to American Samoa probably results from the combination of terrain morphology (wider coastal plains leading to longer evacuation distances), the absence of a signage project, and an unfortunate reliance on motor vehicles leading to entrapment of victims along roads often parallel to the beach. A number of numerical simulations were conducted using several <span class="hlt">models</span> of the seismic source; they correctly predict a concentration of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> energy at the Southeastern corner of the island of Upolu, but also at its Southwestern end, where surveyed run-up did not exceed 5 m. All <span class="hlt">models</span> correctly indicate that the northern coast, with the capital Apia, is spared by the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, even though it had reportedly been emphasized during mitigation exercises prior to the event.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26245839','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26245839"><span>Destructive <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-like wave <span class="hlt">generated</span> by surf beat over a coral reef during Typhoon Haiyan.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Roeber, Volker; Bricker, Jeremy D</p> <p>2015-08-06</p> <p>Storm surges cause coastal inundation due to setup of the water surface resulting from atmospheric pressure, surface winds and breaking waves. Here we show that during Typhoon Haiyan, the setup <span class="hlt">generated</span> by breaking waves near the fringing-reef-protected town of Hernani, the Philippines, oscillated with the incidence of large and small wave groups, and steepened into a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-like wave that caused extensive damage and casualties. Though fringing reefs usually protect coastal communities from moderate storms, they can exacerbate flooding during strong events with energetic waves. Typical for reef-type bathymetries, a very short wave-breaking zone over the steep reef face facilitates the freeing of infragravity-period fluctuations (surf beat) with little energy loss. Since coastal flood planning relies on phase-averaged wave <span class="hlt">modelling</span>, infragravity surges are not being accounted for. This highlights the necessity for a policy change and the adoption of phase-resolving wave <span class="hlt">models</span> for hazard assessment in regions with fringing reefs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4918328','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4918328"><span>Destructive <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-like wave <span class="hlt">generated</span> by surf beat over a coral reef during Typhoon Haiyan</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Roeber, Volker; Bricker, Jeremy D.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Storm surges cause coastal inundation due to setup of the water surface resulting from atmospheric pressure, surface winds and breaking waves. Here we show that during Typhoon Haiyan, the setup <span class="hlt">generated</span> by breaking waves near the fringing-reef-protected town of Hernani, the Philippines, oscillated with the incidence of large and small wave groups, and steepened into a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>-like wave that caused extensive damage and casualties. Though fringing reefs usually protect coastal communities from moderate storms, they can exacerbate flooding during strong events with energetic waves. Typical for reef-type bathymetries, a very short wave-breaking zone over the steep reef face facilitates the freeing of infragravity-period fluctuations (surf beat) with little energy loss. Since coastal flood planning relies on phase-averaged wave <span class="hlt">modelling</span>, infragravity surges are not being accounted for. This highlights the necessity for a policy change and the adoption of phase-resolving wave <span class="hlt">models</span> for hazard assessment in regions with fringing reefs. PMID:26245839</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMNH32A..04K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMNH32A..04K"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Forecasting in the Atlantic Basin</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Knight, W. R.; Whitmore, P.; Sterling, K.; Hale, D. A.; Bahng, B.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>The mission of the West Coast and Alaska <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warning Center (WCATWC) is to provide advance <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning and guidance to coastal communities within its Area-of-Responsibility (AOR). Predictive <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> <span class="hlt">models</span>, based on the shallow water wave equations, are an important part of the Center's guidance support. An Atlantic-based counterpart to the long-standing forecasting ability in the Pacific known as the Alaska <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Forecast <span class="hlt">Model</span> (ATFM) is now developed. The Atlantic forecasting method is based on ATFM version 2 which contains advanced capabilities over the original <span class="hlt">model</span>; including better handling of the dynamic interactions between grids, inundation over dry land, new forecast <span class="hlt">model</span> products, an optional non-hydrostatic approach, and the ability to pre-compute larger and more finely gridded regions using parallel computational techniques. The wide and nearly continuous Atlantic shelf region presents a challenge for forecast <span class="hlt">models</span>. Our solution to this problem has been to develop a single unbroken high resolution sub-mesh (currently 30 arc-seconds), trimmed to the shelf break. This allows for edge wave propagation and for kilometer scale bathymetric feature resolution. Terminating the fine mesh at the 2000m isobath keeps the number of grid points manageable while allowing for a coarse (4 minute) mesh to adequately resolve deep water <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> dynamics. Higher resolution sub-meshes are then included around coastal forecast points of interest. The WCATWC Atlantic AOR includes eastern U.S. and Canada, the U.S. Gulf of Mexico, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands are in very close proximity to well-known <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> sources. Because travel times are under an hour and response must be immediate, our focus is on pre-computing many <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> source "scenarios" and compiling those results into a database accessible and calibrated with observations during an event. Seismic source evaluation determines the order of <span class="hlt">model</span> pre</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.2242G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.2242G"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> hazard and risk assessment in El Salvador</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>González, M.; González-Riancho, P.; Gutiérrez, O. Q.; García-Aguilar, O.; Aniel-Quiroga, I.; Aguirre, I.; Alvarez, J. A.; Gavidia, F.; Jaimes, I.; Larreynaga, J. A.</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Tsunamis</span> are relatively infrequent phenomena representing a greater threat than earthquakes, hurricanes and tornadoes, causing the loss of thousands of human lives and extensive damage to coastal infrastructure around the world. Several works have attempted to study these phenomena in order to understand their origin, causes, evolution, consequences, and magnitude of their damages, to finally propose mechanisms to protect coastal societies. Advances in the understanding and prediction of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> impacts allow the development of adaptation and mitigation strategies to reduce risk on coastal areas. This work -<span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Hazard and Risk Assessment in El Salvador-, funded by AECID during the period 2009-12, examines the state of the art and presents a comprehensive methodology for assessing the risk of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> at any coastal area worldwide and applying it to the coast of El Salvador. The conceptual framework is based on the definition of Risk as the probability of harmful consequences or expected losses resulting from a given hazard to a given element at danger or peril, over a specified time period (European Commission, Schneiderbauer et al., 2004). The HAZARD assessment (Phase I of the project) is based on propagation <span class="hlt">models</span> for earthquake-<span class="hlt">generated</span> <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>, developed through the characterization of tsunamigenic sources -sismotectonic faults- and other dynamics under study -<span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves, sea level, etc.-. The study area is located in a high seismic activity area and has been hit by 11 <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> between 1859 and 1997, nine of them recorded in the twentieth century and all <span class="hlt">generated</span> by earthquakes. Simulations of historical and potential <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> with greater or lesser affection to the country's coast have been performed, including distant sources, intermediate and close. Deterministic analyses of the threats under study -coastal flooding- have been carried out, resulting in different hazard maps (maximum wave height elevation, maximum water depth, minimum <span class="hlt">tsunami</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PApGe.171.3493K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PApGe.171.3493K"><span>Relationship Between Maximum <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Amplitude and Duration of Signal</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kim, Yoo Yin; Whitmore, Paul M.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>All available <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> observations at tide gauges situated along the North American coast were examined to determine if there is any clear relationship between maximum amplitude and signal duration. In total, 89 historical <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> recordings <span class="hlt">generated</span> by 13 major earthquakes between 1952 and 2011 were investigated. Tidal variations were filtered out of the signal and the duration between the arrival time and the time at which the signals drops and stays below 0.3 m amplitude was computed. The processed <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> time series were evaluated and a linear least-squares fit with a 95 % confidence interval was examined to compare <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> durations with maximum <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> amplitude in the study region. The confidence interval is roughly 20 h over the range of maximum <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> amplitudes in which we are interested. This relatively large confidence interval likely results from variations in local resonance effects, late-arriving reflections, and other effects.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.S21A4406A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.S21A4406A"><span>Optimization of the Number and Location of <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Stations in a <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Warning System</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>An, C.; Liu, P. L. F.; Pritchard, M. E.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>Optimizing the number and location of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> stations in designing a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning system is an important and practical problem. It is always desirable to maximize the capability of the data obtained from the stations for constraining the earthquake source parameters, and to minimize the number of stations at the same time. During the 2011 Tohoku <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> event, 28 coastal gauges and DART buoys in the near-field recorded <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves, providing an opportunity for assessing the effectiveness of those stations in identifying the earthquake source parameters. Assuming a single-plane fault geometry, inversions of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> data from combinations of various number (1~28) of stations and locations are conducted and evaluated their effectiveness according to the residues of the inverse method. Results show that the optimized locations of stations depend on the number of stations used. If the stations are optimally located, 2~4 stations are sufficient to constrain the source parameters. Regarding the optimized location, stations must be uniformly spread in all directions, which is not surprising. It is also found that stations within the source region generally give worse constraint of earthquake source than stations farther from source, which is due to the exaggeration of <span class="hlt">model</span> error in matching large amplitude waves at near-source stations. Quantitative discussions on these findings will be given in the presentation. Applying similar analysis to the Manila Trench based on artificial scenarios of earthquakes and <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>, the optimal location of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> stations are obtained, which provides guidance of deploying a <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> warning system in this region.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20030110765&hterms=tsunami&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dtsunami','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20030110765&hterms=tsunami&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dtsunami"><span>Impact <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Calculations: Hydrodynamical Simulations vs. Linear Theory</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Korycansky, E.; Asphaug, E.; Ward, S. N.</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Tsunamis</span> <span class="hlt">generated</span> by the impacts of asteroids and comets into the Earth oceans are widely recognized as a potential catastrophic hazard to the Earth s population. Our general conclusion is that linear theory is a reasonably accurate guide to behavior of <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> <span class="hlt">generated</span> by impactors of moderate size, where the initial transient impact cavity is of moderate depth compared to the ocean depth. This is particularly the case for long wavelength waves that propagate fastest and would reach coastlines first. Such <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> would be <span class="hlt">generated</span> in the open ocean by impactors of 300 meters in diameter, which might be expected to strike the Earth once every few thousand years, on the average. Larger impactors produce cavities deep enough to reach the ocean floor; even here, linear theory is applicable if the starting point is chosen at a later phase in the calculation when the impact crater has slumped back to produce a cavity of moderate depth and slope.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMNH41A1756M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMNH41A1756M"><span>The 2004 Sumatra <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> in the southeastern Pacific: Coastal and offshore measurements and numerical <span class="hlt">modeling</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Moore, C. W.; Eble, M. C.; Rabinovich, A.; Titov, V. V.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The Mw = 9.3 megathrust earthquake of December 26, 2004 off the coast of Sumatra <span class="hlt">generated</span> a catastrophic <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> that crossed the Indian Ocean and was widespread in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans being recorded by a great number of coastal tide gauges located in 15-25 thousand kilometers from the source area. The data from these instruments throughout the world oceans enabled estimates of various statistical parameters and energy decay of this event. However, only very few open-ocean records of this <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> had been obtained. A unique high-resolution record of this <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> from DART 32401 located offshore of northern Chile, combined with the South American mainland tide gauge measurements and the data from three island stations (San Felix, Juan Fernandez and Easter) enabled us to examine far-field characteristics of the event in the southeastern Pacific and to compare the results of global numerical simulations with observations. The maximum wave height measured at DART 32401 was only 1.8 cm but the signal was very clear and reliable. Despite their small heights, the waves demonstrated consistent spatial and temporal structure and good agreement with DART 46405/NeMO records in the NE Pacific. The travel time from the source area to DART 32401 was 25h 55min in good agreement with the computed travel time (25h 45min) and consistent with the times obtained from the nearby coastal tide gauges. This agreement was much better than it followed from the direct travel time estimation based classical kinematic theory that gave the travel time approximately 1.5 hrs shorter than observed. The later actual arrival of the 2004 <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves corresponds to the most energetically economic path along the mid-ocean ridge wave-guides, which is distinctly reproduced by the numerical <span class="hlt">model</span>. Also, the numerical <span class="hlt">model</span> described well the frequency content, amplitudes and general structure of the observed waves at this DART and the three island stations. Maximum wave heights in this</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMNH23C1895R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMNH23C1895R"><span>SAFRR <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Scenarios and USGS-NTHMP Collaboration</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ross, S.; Wood, N. J.; Cox, D. A.; Jones, L.; Cheung, K. F.; Chock, G.; Gately, K.; Jones, J. L.; Lynett, P. J.; Miller, K.; Nicolsky, D.; Richards, K.; Wein, A. M.; Wilson, R. I.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>Hazard scenarios provide emergency managers and others with information to help them prepare for future disasters. The SAFRR <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Scenario, published in 2013, <span class="hlt">modeled</span> a hypothetical but plausible <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>, created by an Mw9.1 earthquake occurring offshore from the Alaskan peninsula, and its impacts on the California coast. It presented the <span class="hlt">modeled</span> inundation areas, current velocities in key ports and harbors, physical damage and repair costs, economic consequences, environmental impacts, social vulnerability, emergency management, and policy implications for California associated with the scenario <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. The intended users were those responsible for making mitigation decisions before and those who need to make rapid decisions during future <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span>. It provided the basis for many exercises involving, among others, NOAA, the State of Washington, several counties in California, and the National Institutes of Health. The scenario led to improvements in the warning protocol for southern California and highlighted issues that led to ongoing work on harbor and marina safety. Building on the lessons learned in the SAFRR <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Scenario, another <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> scenario is being developed with impacts to Hawaii and to the source region in Alaska, focusing on the evacuation issues of remote communities with primarily shore parallel roads, and also on the effects of port closures. Community exposure studies in Hawaii (Ratliff et al., USGS-SIR, 2015) provided background for selecting these foci. One complicated and important aspect of any hazard scenario is defining the source event. The USGS is building collaborations with the National <span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Hazard Mitigation Program (NTHMP) to consider issues involved in developing a standardized set of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> sources to support hazard mitigation work. Other key USGS-NTHMP collaborations involve population vulnerability and evacuation <span class="hlt">modeling</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.S13E..01B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.S13E..01B"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> Science for Society</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bernard, E. N.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>As the decade of mega-<span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> has unfolded with new data, the science of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> has advanced at an unprecedented pace. Our responsibility to society should guide the use of these new scientific discoveries to better prepare society for the next <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. This presentation will focus on the impacts of the 2004 and 2011 <span class="hlt">tsunamis</span> and new societal expectations accompanying enhanced funding for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> research. A list of scientific products, including <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard maps, <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> energy scale, real-time <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> flooding estimates, and real-time current velocities in harbors will be presented to illustrate society's need for relevant, easy to understand <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> information. Appropriate use of these <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> scientific products will be presented to demonstrate greater <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> resilience for <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> threatened coastlines. Finally, a scientific infrastructure is proposed to ensure that these products are both scientifically sound and represent today's best practices to protect the scientific integrity of the products as well as the safety of coastal residents.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFMNH21A1393L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFMNH21A1393L"><span><span class="hlt">Tsunami</span> risk zoning in south-central Chile</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lagos, M.</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>The recent 2010 Chilean <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> revealed the need to optimize methodologies for assessing the risk of disaster. In this context, modern techniques and criteria for the evaluation of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> phenomenon were applied in the coastal zone of south-central Chile as a specific methodology for the zoning of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> risk. This methodology allows the identification and validation of a scenario of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard; the spatialization of factors that have an impact on the risk; and the zoning of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> risk. For the hazard evaluation, different scenarios were <span class="hlt">modeled</span> by means of numerical simulation techniques, selecting and validating the results that better fit with the observed <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> data. Hydrodynamic parameters of the inundation as well as physical and socioeconomic vulnerability aspects were considered for the spatialization of the factors that affect the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> risk. The <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> risk zoning was integrated into a Geographic Information System (GIS) by means of multicriteria evaluation (MCE). The results of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> risk zoning show that the local characteristics and their location, together with the concentration of poverty levels, establish spatial differentiated risk levels. This information builds the basis for future applied studies in land use planning that tend to minimize the risk levels associated to the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> hazard. This research is supported by Fondecyt 11090210.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRC..122.7992R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRC..122.7992R"><span>The 2004 Sumatra <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> in the Southeastern Pacific Ocean: New Global Insight from Observations and <span class="hlt">Modeling</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rabinovich, A. B.; Titov, V. V.; Moore, C. W.; Eblé, M. C.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>The 2004 Sumatra <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> was an unprecedented global disaster measured throughout the world oceans. The present study focused on a region of the southeastern Pacific Ocean where the "westward" circumferentially propagating <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> branch converged with the "eastward" branch, based on data from fortuitously placed Chilean DART 32401 and tide gauges along the coast of South America. By comparison of the <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> and background spectra, we suppressed the influence of topography and reconstructed coastal "spectral ratios" that were in close agreement with a ratio at DART 32401 and spectral ratios in other oceans. Findings indicate that even remote <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> records carry spectral source signatures ("birth-marks"). The 2004 <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves were found to occupy the broad frequency band of 0.25-10 cph with the prominent ratio peak at period of 40 min related to the southern fast-slip source domain. This rupture "hot-spot" of ˜350 km was responsible for the global impact of the 2004 <span class="hlt">tsunami</span>. Data from DART 32401 provided validation of <span class="hlt">model</span> results: the simulated maximum <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> wave height of 2.25 cm was a conservative approximation to the measured height of 2.05 cm; the computed <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> travel time of 25 h 35 min to DART 32401, although 20 min earlier than the actual travel time, provided a favorable result in comparison with 24 h 25 min estimated from classical kinematic theory. The numerical simulations consistently reproduced the wave height changes observed along the coast of South America, including local amplification of <span class="hlt">tsunami</span> waves at the northern stations of Arica (72 cm) and Callao (67 cm).</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_25 --> <div class="footer-extlink text-muted" style="margin-bottom:1rem; text-align:center;">Some links on this page may take you to non-federal websites. 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