Sample records for type 3c issue

  1. Simultaneous protection of organic p- and n-channels in complementary inverter from aging and bias-stress by DNA-base guanine/Al2O3 double layer.

    PubMed

    Lee, Junyeong; Hwang, Hyuncheol; Min, Sung-Wook; Shin, Jae Min; Kim, Jin Sung; Jeon, Pyo Jin; Lee, Hee Sung; Im, Seongil

    2015-01-28

    Although organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) have various advantages of lightweight, low-cost, mechanical flexibility, and nowadays even higher mobility than amorphous Si-based FET, stability issue under bias and ambient condition critically hinder its practical application. One of the most detrimental effects on organic layer comes from penetrated atmospheric species such as oxygen and water. To solve such degradation problems, several molecular engineering tactics are introduced: forming a kinetic barrier, lowering the level of molecule orbitals, and increasing the band gap. However, direct passivation of organic channels, the most promising strategy, has not been reported as often as other methods. Here, we resolved the ambient stability issues of p-type (heptazole)/or n-type (PTCDI-C13) OFETs and their bias-stability issues at once, using DNA-base small molecule guanine (C5H5N5O)/Al2O3 bilayer. The guanine protects the organic channels as buffer/and H getter layer between the channels and capping Al2O3, whereas the oxide capping resists ambient molecules. As a result, both p-type and n-type OFETs are simultaneously protected from gate-bias stress and 30 days-long ambient aging, finally demonstrating a highly stable, high-gain complementary-type logic inverter.

  2. Assessment of Silicon Carbide Composites for Advanced Salt-Cooled Reactors

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Katoh, Yutai; Wilson, Dane F; Forsberg, Charles W

    2007-09-01

    The Advanced High-Temperature Reactor (AHTR) is a new reactor concept that uses a liquid fluoride salt coolant and a solid high-temperature fuel. Several alternative fuel types are being considered for this reactor. One set of fuel options is the use of pin-type fuel assemblies with silicon carbide (SiC) cladding. This report provides (1) an initial viability assessment of using SiC as fuel cladding and other in-core components of the AHTR, (2) the current status of SiC technology, and (3) recommendations on the path forward. Based on the analysis of requirements, continuous SiC fiber-reinforced, chemically vapor-infiltrated SiC matrix (CVI SiC/SiC) compositesmore » are recommended as the primary option for further study on AHTR fuel cladding among various industrially available forms of SiC. Critical feasibility issues for the SiC-based AHTR fuel cladding are identified to be (1) corrosion of SiC in the candidate liquid salts, (2) high dose neutron radiation effects, (3) static fatigue failure of SiC/SiC, (4) long-term radiation effects including irradiation creep and radiation-enhanced static fatigue, and (5) fabrication technology of hermetic wall and sealing end caps. Considering the results of the issues analysis and the prospects of ongoing SiC research and development in other nuclear programs, recommendations on the path forward is provided in the order or priority as: (1) thermodynamic analysis and experimental examination of SiC corrosion in the candidate liquid salts, (2) assessment of long-term mechanical integrity issues using prototypical component sections, and (3) assessment of high dose radiation effects relevant to the anticipated operating condition.« less

  3. Equilibrium properties of superconducting niobium at high magnetic fields: A possible existence of a filamentary state in type-II superconductors [Possible existence of a filamentary state in type-II superconductors

    DOE PAGES

    Kozhevnikov, V.; Valente-Feliciano, A. -M.; Curran, P. J.; ...

    2017-05-17

    The standard interpretation of the phase diagram of type-II superconductors was developed in the 1960s and has since been considered a well-established part of classical superconductivity. However, upon closer examination a number of fundamental issues arises that leads one to question this standard picture. To address these issues we studied equilibrium properties of niobium samples near and above the upper critical field H c2 in parallel and perpendicular magnetic fields. The samples investigated were very high quality films and single-crystal disks with the Ginzburg-Landau parameters 0.8 and 1.3, respectively. A range of complementary measurements has been performed, which include dcmore » magnetometry, electrical transport, muon spin rotation spectroscopy, and scanning Hall-probe microscopy. Contrary to the standard scenario, we observed that a superconducting phase is present in the sample bulk above H c2 and the field H c3 is the same in both parallel and perpendicular fields. Our findings suggest that above H c2 the superconducting phase forms filaments parallel to the field regardless of the field orientation. Near H c2 the filaments preserve the hexagonal structure of the preceding vortex lattice of the mixed state, and the filament density continuously falls to zero at H c3. Finally, our paper has important implications for the correct interpretation of the properties of type-II superconductors and can be essential for practical applications of these materials.« less

  4. Data Management Systems (DMS): Complex data types study. Volume 1: Appendices A-B. Volume 2: Appendices C1-C5. Volume 3: Appendices D1-D3 and E

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Leibfried, T. F., Jr.; Davari, Sadegh; Natarajan, Swami; Zhao, Wei

    1992-01-01

    Two categories were chosen for study: the issue of using a preprocessor on Ada code of Application Programs which would interface with the Run-Time Object Data Base Standard Services (RODB STSV), the intent was to catch and correct any mis-registration errors of the program coder between the user declared Objects, their types, their addresses, and the corresponding RODB definitions; and RODB STSV Performance Issues and Identification of Problems with the planned methods for accessing Primitive Object Attributes, this included the study of an alternate storage scheme to the 'store objects by attribute' scheme in the current design of the RODB. The study resulted in essentially three separate documents, an interpretation of the system requirements, an assessment of the preliminary design, and a detailing of the components of a detailed design.

  5. Garnet-type solid-state fast Li ion conductors for Li batteries: critical review.

    PubMed

    Thangadurai, Venkataraman; Narayanan, Sumaletha; Pinzaru, Dana

    2014-07-07

    Batteries are electrochemical devices that store electrical energy in the form of chemical energy. Among known batteries, Li ion batteries (LiBs) provide the highest gravimetric and volumetric energy densities, making them ideal candidates for use in portable electronics and plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles. Conventional LiBs use an organic polymer electrolyte, which exhibits several safety issues including leakage, poor chemical stability and flammability. The use of a solid-state (ceramic) electrolyte to produce all-solid-state LiBs can overcome all of the above issues. Also, solid-state Li batteries can operate at high voltage, thus, producing high power density. Various types of solid Li-ion electrolytes have been reported; this review is focused on the most promising solid Li-ion electrolytes based on garnet-type metal oxides. The first studied Li-stuffed garnet-type compounds are Li5La3M2O12 (M = Nb, Ta), which show a Li-ion conductivity of ∼10(-6) at 25 °C. La and M sites can be substituted by various metal ions leading to Li-rich garnet-type electrolytes, such as Li6ALa2M2O12, (A = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Sr0.5Ba0.5) and Li7La3C2O12 (C = Zr, Sn). Among the known Li-stuffed garnets, Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 exhibits the highest bulk Li-ion conductivity of 10(-3) S cm(-1) at 25 °C with an activation energy of 0.35 eV, which is an order of magnitude lower than that of the currently used polymer, but is chemically stable at higher temperatures and voltages compared to polymer electrolytes. Here, we discuss the chemical composition-structure-ionic conductivity relationship of the Li-stuffed garnet-type oxides, as well as the Li ion conduction mechanism.

  6. 49 CFR 387.323 - Electronic filing of surety bonds, trust fund agreements, certificates of insurance and...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... Description RequiredF=filing C=cancel B=both Start field End field Record type 1 Numeric 1=Filing 2=Cancellation B 1 1 Insurer number 8 Text FMCSA Assigned Insurer Number (Home Office) With Suffix (Issuing Office), If Different, e.g. 12345-01 B 2 9 Filing type 1 Numeric 1 = BI&PD 2 = Cargo 3 = Bond 4 = Trust...

  7. 49 CFR 387.323 - Electronic filing of surety bonds, trust fund agreements, certificates of insurance and...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... Description RequiredF=filing C=cancel B=both Start field End field Record type 1 Numeric 1=Filing 2=Cancellation B 1 1 Insurer number 8 Text FMCSA Assigned Insurer Number (Home Office) With Suffix (Issuing Office), If Different, e.g. 12345-01 B 2 9 Filing type 1 Numeric 1 = BI&PD 2 = Cargo 3 = Bond 4 = Trust...

  8. Secrets of a secretin.

    PubMed

    Heinz, Dirk W

    2013-12-03

    Secretins are major constituents of bacterial type III secretion systems (T3SS). In this issue of Structure, Kowal and colleagues report on the cryo-EM structure of the native YscC secretin from Yersinia, revealing its internal symmetry and mode of length adaptation. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  9. Global investigation of potential energy surfaces for the pyrolysis of C(1)-C(3) hydrocarbons: toward the development of detailed kinetic models from first principles.

    PubMed

    Ryazantsev, Mikhail N; Jamal, Adeel; Maeda, Satoshi; Morokuma, Keiji

    2015-11-07

    Detailed kinetic models (DKMs) are the most fundamental "bottom-up" approaches to computational investigation of the pyrolysis and oxidation of fuels. The weakest points of existing DKMs are incomplete information about the reaction types that can be involved in the potential energy surfaces (PESs) in pyrolysis and oxidation processes. Also, the computational thermodynamic parameters available in the literature vary widely with the level of theory employed. More sophisticated models require improvement both in our knowledge of the type of the reactions involved and the consistency of thermodynamic and kinetic parameters. In this paper, we aim to address these issues by developing ab initio models that can be used to describe early stages of pyrolysis of C1-C3 hydrocarbons. We applied a recently developed global reaction route mapping (GRRM) strategy to systematically investigate the PES of the pyrolysis of C1-C3 hydrocarbons at a consistent level of theory. The reactions are classified into 14 reaction types. The critical points on the PES for all reactions in the network are calculated at the highly accurate UCCSD(T)-F12b/cc-pVTZ//UM06-2X/cc-pVTZ level of theory. The data reported in this paper can be used for first principle calculations of kinetic constants and for a subsequent study on modeling the evolution of the species from the reaction network of the pyrolysis and oxidation of C1-C3 hydrocarbons.

  10. On the Functionality of Complex Intermetallics: Frustration, Chemical Pressure Relief, and Potential Rattling Atoms in Y11Ni60C6.

    PubMed

    Guo, Yiming; Fredrickson, Daniel C

    2016-10-17

    Intermetallic carbides provide excellent model systems for exploring how frustration can shape the structures and properties of inorganic materials. Combinations of several metals with carbon can be designed in which the formation of tetrahedrally close-packed (TCP) intermetallics conflicts with the C atoms' requirement of trigonal prismatic or octahedral coordination environments, as offered by the simple close-packings (SCP) of equally sized spheres. In this Article, we explore the driving forces that lead to the coexistence of these incompatible arrangements in the Yb 11 Ni 60 C 6 -type compound Y 11 Ni 60 C 6 (cI154), as well as potential consequences of this intergrowth for the phase's physical properties. Our focus begins on the structure's SCP regions, which appear as C-stuffed versions of a AuCu 3 -type YNi 3 phase that is not observed on its own in the Y-Ni system. DFT-Chemical Pressure (DFT-CP) calculations on this hypothetical YNi 3 phase reveal large negative pressures within the Ni sublattice, as it is stretched to accommodate the size requirements of the Y atoms. In the Y 11 Ni 60 C 6 structure, two structural mechanisms for addressing these CP issues appear: the incorporation of interstitial C atoms, and the presence of interfaces with CaCu 5 -type domains. The relative roles of these two mechanisms are investigated with the CP analysis on a hypothetical YNi 3 C x series of C-stuffed AuCu 3 -type phases, the Y-Ni sublattice of Y 11 Ni 60 C 6 , and finally the full Y 11 Ni 60 C 6 structure. Through these calculations, the C atoms appear to play the roles of relieving positive Y CPs and supporting relaxation at the AuCu 3 -type/CaCu 5 -type interfaces, where the cancellation occurs between opposite CPs experienced by the Y atoms in the two parent structures (following the epitaxial stabilization mechanism). The CP analysis of Y 11 Ni 60 C 6 also highlights a sublattice of Y and Ni atoms with large negative CPs (and thus the potential for soft vibrational modes), illustrating how frustrated structures could lead to the full realization of the phonon glass-electron crystal concept.

  11. Establishing bioequivalence of veterinary premixes (Type A medicated articles).

    PubMed

    Hunter, R P; Lees, P; Concordet, D; Toutain, P-L

    2012-04-01

    a) Key issues concerning Premix (Type A medicated articles) Bioequivalence evaluations: 1) This is a complex issue concerning both route of administration and formulation. 2) If the animal is not at the bunk/trough, the animal is not self-administering (eating medicated feed), thus there can be no drug absorption. b) Differing opinions among scientists and regulatory authorities/expert bodies regarding: 1) No harmonization on how to design, conduct, and interpret in vivo studies. 2) Applicability of biowaivers to Type A (premix) products. 3) Why are topdress and complete feed considered differently? Are they different formulations or different routes of administration? 4) Single dose vs. multi-dose studies. 5) What is the final formulation? c) What are the next steps: 1) Harmonize current bioequivalence guidelines through the VICH process. 2) Determine the applicability/non-applicability of the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS). 3) Establish the Total Mixed Ration (i.e. formulation) effects. 4) Define the test subject (individual, pen, etc.). © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

  12. Technological state of the art of SiC

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tyc, Stdphane

    1993-10-01

    In a recent paper [1], Locatelli and Gamal describe the technological state of the art of SiC compared with Si. I would like to bear witness to the rapid advancement of SiC technology by giving a slighty updated account of SiC technology. The boule growth of SiC now achieves diameters up to 60 mm. One of the most problematic standing issues is the presence of micropipes in the wafers with a density of the order of 100 cm^{-2} or more [2]. The doping range available in epilayers is now wider. CAFE Research [3] accepts orders for doping densities from 5 × 10^{15} cm^{-3} to 1 × 10^{19} cm^{-3} in both N and P type. However their state of the art is better (we have received P type with doping 4 × 10^{14} cm^{-3} and N type with doping over 2 × 10^{19} cm^{-3} and they have also delivered [4] N type doping of 5 × 10^{14} cm^{-3}). As for large P dopings, Dmitriev has published [5] dopings over 10^{20} cm^{-3} The specific resistance of contacts on N type layers has also rapidly improved. Kelner has published results of 3 × 10^{-6} Ohm.cm2 with Ni contacts [6]. We have obtained with molybdenum [7] specific resistances of 2 × 10^{-5} Ohm.cm2 on epitaxies doped to 5 × 10^{18} cm^{-3} This value should be rapidly lowered as higher doped layers are used. In sum, I do agree with the authors of [1] that the technology of 6H SiC is rapidly advancing, thanks to breakthroughs in material growth and to a wide ranging renewed interest in this material. The pace may actually be higher than hitherto realized. References: [1] Locatelli and Gamal, J. Phys. III France 3 (1993) 1101. [2] Barret D. L. et al., Tenth Int. Conf. on Crystal Growth, San Diego, CA, USA 16-21 (August 1992). [3] CREE Research Inc., 2810 Meridian Parkway, Durham, NC 27713, USA. [4] Parrish M., private communication. [5] Dmitriev et al., Ext. Abstracts of the Electrochemical Soc. Meeting, 4, 89-2 (1989) 711. [6] Workshop on SiC Material and Devices (Charlottesville, September 10-11 1992) VA 22901. [7] Tyc et a1., accepted at the ICSCRM (Washington DC, November 93).

  13. A Mobile Asteroid Surface Scout (MASCOT) for the Hayabusa 2 Mission to 1999 JU3: The Scientific Approach

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Jaumann, Ralf; Bibring, Jean-Pierre; Glassmeier, Karl-Heinz; Grott, Matthias; Ho, Tra-Mi; Ulamec, Stepahn; Schmitz, Nicole; Auster, Ulrich; Biele, Jens; Kuninaka, Hitoshi; Okada, Tatsuaki; Yoshikawa, Makoto; Watanabe, Sei-ichhiro; Fujimoto, Masaki; Spohn, Tilman; Koncz, Alexander; Michaelis, Harald

    2014-05-01

    MASCOT, a Mobile Asteroid Surface Scout, will support JAXA's Hayabusa 2 mission to investigate the C-type asteroid 1999 JU3 (1). The German Aer-ospace Center (DLR) develops MASCOT with contributions from CNES (France) (2,3). Main objective is to in-situ map the asteroid's geomorpholo-gy, the intimate structure, texture and composition of the regolith (dust, soil and rocks), and the thermal, mechanical, and magnetic properties of the sur-face in order to provide ground truth for the orbiter remote measurements, support the selection of sampling sites, and provide context information for the returned samples. MASCOT comprises a payload of four scientific in-struments: camera, radiometer, magnetometer and hyperspectral microscope. C- and D-type asteroids hold clues to the origin of the solar system, the for-mation of planets, the origins of water and life on Earth, the protection of Earth from impacts, and resources for future human exploration. C- and D-types are dark and difficult to study from Earth, and have only been glimpsed by spacecraft. While results from recent missions (e.g., Hayabusa, NEAR (4, 5, 6)) have dramatically increased our understanding of asteroids, important questions remain. For example, characterizing the properties of asteroid regolith in-situ would deliver important ground truth for further understanding telescopic and orbital observations and samples of such aster-oids. MASCOT will descend and land on the asteroid and will change its position two times by hopping. This enables measurements during descent, at the landing and hopping positions #1-3, and during hopping. References: (1) Vilas, F., Astronomical J. 1101-1105, 2008; (2) Ulamec, S., et al., Acta Astronautica, Vol. 93, pp. 460-466; (3) Jaumann et al., 45th LPSC, Houston; (4) Special Issue, Science, Vol. 312 no. 5778, 2006; (5) Special Issue Science, Vol. 333 no. 6046, 2011. (6) Bell, L., Mitton, J-., Cambridge Univ. Press, 2002.

  14. A Mobile Asteroid Surface Scout (MASCOT) for the Hayabusa 2 Mission to 1999 JU3: The Scientific Approach

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Jaumann, Ralf; Bibring, Jean-Pierre; Glassmeier, Karl-Heinz; Grott, Matthias; Ho, Tra-Mie; Ulamec, Stephan; Schmitz, Nicole; Auster, Hans-Ulrich; Biele, Jens; Kuninaka, Hitoshi; Okada, Tatsuaki; Yoshikawa, Makoto; Watanabe, Sei-ichhiro; Fujimoto, Masaki; Spohn, Tilman

    2013-04-01

    Mascot, a Mobile Asteroid Surface Scout, will support JAXA's Hayabusa 2 mission to investigate the C-type asteroid 1999 JU3 (1). The German Aero-space Center (DLR) develops Mascot with contributions from CNES (France) (2). Main objective is to in-situ map the asteroid's geomorphology, the intimate structure, texture and composition of the regolith (dust, soil and rocks), and the thermal, mechanical, and magnetic properties of the surface in order to provide ground truth for the orbiter remote measurements, sup-port the selection of sampling sites, and provide context information for the returned samples. Mascot comprises a payload of four scientific instruments: camera, radiometer, magnetometer and hyperspectral microscope. C- and D-type asteroids hold clues to the origin of the solar system, the formation of planets, the origins of water and life on Earth, the protection of Earth from impacts, and resources for future human exploration. C- and D-types are dark and difficult to study from Earth, and have only been glimpsed by spacecraft. While results from recent missions (e.g., Hayabusa, NEAR (3, 4, 5)) have dramatically increased our understanding of asteroids, important questions remain. For example, characterizing the properties of asteroid reg-olith in-situ would deliver important ground truth for further understanding telescopic and orbital observations and samples of such asteroids. Mascot will descend and land on the asteroid and will change its position two times by hopping. This enables measurements during descent, at the landing and hopping positions #1-3, and during hopping. References: (1) Vilas, F., Astronomical J. 1101-1105, 2008; (2) Ulamec, S., et al., COSPAR, General Assembly, Mysore/India, 2012; (3) Special Issue, Science, Vol. 312 no. 5778, 2006; (4) Special Issue Science, Vol. 333 no. 6046, 2011; (5) Bell, L., Mitton, J-., Cambridge Univ. Press, 2002.

  15. Pharmacotherapy guidelines for the aged by family doctors for the use of family doctors: part C--Special pharmacology.

    PubMed

    Bergert, F W; Conrad, D; Ehrenthal, K; Fessler, J; Gross, J; Gundermann, K; Kluthe, B; Lang Heinrich, W; Liesenfeld, A; Loew, P G; Luther, E; Pchalek, R; Seffrin, J; Sterzing, A; Wolfring, H-J; Zimmermann, U

    2009-03-01

    The part "Special pharmacology of the aged" of this guideline contains recommendations for typical conditions in the family doctors practice: in the January issue 2009 dementia and Morbus Parkinson, in this issue osteoporosis and urinary incontinence and in the next issue rectal incontinence and obstipation. This issue of the IJCPT contains the third part of the Pharmacotherapy guidelines for the aged by family doctors for family doctors. Part 3: Osteoporosis and urinary incontinence. Osteoporosis is a systematic disease characterized by low bone mass and declining bone structure. Exercise, adequate diet, nicotine abstinence as well as reduction of alcohol consumption may counteract the progression of the disease. Osteoporosis manifests in bone fractures with minimal trauma. Attention must be given to the risk of falling, e.g., by avoiding drugs that increase the risk of falling: e.g., psychotropic agents, analgesic drugs and antiarrhythmic agents. Specific osteoporosis medication e.g. calcium, vitamin D, biphosphonates and SERM (selective estrogen receptor modulators) is evaluated by family doctors according to indication, dosage, contraindications, long-term therapy and nature of any fracture. Duration of therapy is at least 3 - max. 5 years followed by reassessment of indication. There are 3 types of urine incontinence (urge-, stress-, and overflow-incontinence). Another standardization of urinary incontinence follows dysfunctions of the pelvic floor: detrusor muscle-dependent, due to sphincter spasm, prostate gland dependent. Urge incontinence with a dysfunction of the detrusor muscle is the most common type. Mixed types are frequent. Non-drug measures (e.g. pelvic muscle training, bladder training, toilet training are first choice treatments. Drug therapy (estrogen, imipramine) are without proven effect.

  16. A Mobile Asteroid Surface Scout (MASCOT) for the Hayabusa 2 Mission to 1999 JU3: The Scientific Approach

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Jaumann, Ralf; Bibring, Jean-Piere; Glassmeier, Karl-Heiz; Grott, Mathias; Ho, Tra-Mi; Ulamec, Stefan; Schmitz, Nicole; Auster, Ulrich; Biele, Jens; Kuninaka, Hitoshi; Okada, Tatsuaki; Yoshikawa, Makoto; Watanabe, Sei-ichiro; Fujimoto, Masaki; Spohn, Tilman; Koncz, Aalexander; Hercik, Davis; Michaelis, Harald

    2015-04-01

    MASCOT, a Mobile Asteroid Surface Scout, will support JAXA's Hayabusa 2 mission to investigate the C-type asteroid 1999 JU3 (1). The German Aer-ospace Center (DLR) develops MASCOT with contributions from CNES (France) (2,3,4). Main objective is to in-situ map the asteroid's geomorphol-ogy, the intimate mixture, texture and composition of the regolith (dust, soil and rocks), and the thermal, mechanical, and magnetic properties of the sur-face in order to provide ground truth for the orbiter remote measurements, support the selection of sampling sites, and provide context information for the returned samples. MASCOT comprises a payload of four scientific in-struments: camera, radiometer, magnetometer and hyperspectral microscope. C- and D-type asteroids hold clues to the origin of the solar system, the for-mation of planets, the origins of water and life on Earth, the protection of Earth from impacts, and resources for future human exploration. C- and D-types are dark and difficult to study from Earth, and have only been glimpsed by spacecraft. While results from recent missions (e.g., Hayabusa, NEAR (5, 6, 7)) have dramatically increased our understanding of asteroids, important questions remain open. For example, characterizing the properties of asteroid regolith in-situ would deliver important ground truth for further understanding telescopic and orbital observations and samples of such asteroids. MASCOT will descend and land on the asteroid and will change its own position up to two times by hopping. This enables measurements during descent, at the landing and hopping positions #1-3, and during hopping. Hayabusa 2 together with MASCOT launched December 3rd 2014, will arrive at 1999JU3 in 2018 and return samples back to Earth in 2020. References: (1) Vilas, F., Astronomical J. 1101-1105, 2008; (2) Ulamec, S., et al., Acta Astronautica, Vol. 93, pp. 460-466; (3) Jaumann et al., 45th LPSC, #1812, Houston; (4) Ho et al., 45th LPSC, #2535, Houston; (5) Spe-cial Issue, Science, Vol. 312 no. 5778, 2006; (6) Special Issue Science, Vol. 333 no. 6046, 2011. (7) Bell, L., Mitton, J-., Cambridge Univ. Press, 2002.

  17. Role of Complement in a Rat Model of Paclitaxel-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy.

    PubMed

    Xu, Jijun; Zhang, Lingjun; Xie, Mian; Li, Yan; Huang, Ping; Saunders, Thomas L; Fox, David A; Rosenquist, Richard; Lin, Feng

    2018-06-15

    Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a painful and debilitating side effect of cancer chemotherapy with an unclear pathogenesis. Consequently, the available therapies for this neuropathic pain syndrome are inadequate, leading to a significantly reduced quality of life in many patients. Complement, a key component of the innate immune system, has been associated with neuroinflammation, a potentially important trigger of some types of neuropathic pain. However, the role of complement in CIPN remains unclear. To address this issue, we developed a C3 knockout (KO) rat model and induced CIPN in these KO rats and wild-type littermates via the i.p. administration of paclitaxel, a chemotherapeutic agent associated with CIPN. We then compared the severity of mechanical allodynia, complement activation, and intradermal nerve fiber loss between the groups. We found that 1) i.p. paclitaxel administration activated complement in wild-type rats, 2) paclitaxel-induced mechanical allodynia was significantly reduced in C3 KO rats, and 3) the paclitaxel-induced loss of intradermal nerve fibers was markedly attenuated in C3 KO rats. In in vitro studies, we found that paclitaxel-treated rat neuronal cells activated complement, leading to cellular injury. Our findings demonstrate a previously unknown but pivotal role of complement in CIPN and suggest that complement may be a new target for the development of novel therapeutics to manage this painful disease. Copyright © 2018 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc.

  18. C60 as an Efficient n-Type Compact Layer in Perovskite Solar Cells.

    PubMed

    Wojciechowski, Konrad; Leijtens, Tomas; Siprova, Svetlana; Schlueter, Christoph; Hörantner, Maximilian T; Wang, Jacob Tse-Wei; Li, Chang-Zhi; Jen, Alex K-Y; Lee, Tien-Lin; Snaith, Henry J

    2015-06-18

    Organic-inorganic halide perovskite solar cells have rapidly evolved over the last 3 years. There are still a number of issues and open questions related to the perovskite material, such as the phenomenon of anomalous hysteresis in current-voltage characteristics and long-term stability of the devices. In this work, we focus on the electron selective contact in the perovskite solar cells and physical processes occurring at that heterojunction. We developed efficient devices by replacing the commonly employed TiO2 compact layer with fullerene C60 in a regular n-i-p architecture. Detailed spectroscopic characterization allows us to present further insight into the nature of photocurrent hysteresis and charge extraction limitations arising at the n-type contact in a standard device. Furthermore, we show preliminary stability data of perovskite solar cells under working conditions, suggesting that an n-type organic charge collection layer can increase the long-term performance.

  19. 77 FR 67678 - Content Specifications and Shielding Evaluations for Type B Transportation Packages

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-11-13

    ...The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC or the Commission) is issuing for public comment Draft Regulatory Issue Summary (RIS) 2012-XX, ``Content Specifications and Shielding Evaluations for Type B Transportation Packages.'' This RIS clarifies the NRC's use of staff guidance in NUREG-1609, ``Standard Review Plan for Transport Packages for Radioactive Material,'' for the review of content specifications and shielding evaluations included in the Certificates of Compliance (CoC) and safety analysis reports (SARs) for Type B transportation packages.

  20. The Salmonella type III secretion system virulence effector forms a new hexameric chaperone assembly for export of effector/chaperone complexes

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Tsai, Chi -Lin; Burkinshaw, Brianne J.; Strynadka, Natalie C. J.

    Bacteria hijack eukaryotic cells by injecting virulence effectors into host cytosol with a type III secretion system (T3SS). Effectors are targeted with their cognate chaperones to hexameric T3SS ATPase at the bacterial membrane's cytosolic face. In this issue of the Journal of Bacteriology, Roblin et al. (P. Roblin, F. Dewitte, V. Villeret, E. G. Biondi, and C. Bompard, J Bacteriol 197:688–698, 2015, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.02294-14) show that the T3SS chaperone SigE of Salmonella can form hexameric rings rather than dimers when bound to its cognate effector, SopB, implying a novel multimeric association for chaperone/effector complexes with their ATPase.

  1. The Salmonella type III secretion system virulence effector forms a new hexameric chaperone assembly for export of effector/chaperone complexes

    DOE PAGES

    Tsai, Chi -Lin; Burkinshaw, Brianne J.; Strynadka, Natalie C. J.; ...

    2014-12-08

    Bacteria hijack eukaryotic cells by injecting virulence effectors into host cytosol with a type III secretion system (T3SS). Effectors are targeted with their cognate chaperones to hexameric T3SS ATPase at the bacterial membrane's cytosolic face. In this issue of the Journal of Bacteriology, Roblin et al. (P. Roblin, F. Dewitte, V. Villeret, E. G. Biondi, and C. Bompard, J Bacteriol 197:688–698, 2015, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.02294-14) show that the T3SS chaperone SigE of Salmonella can form hexameric rings rather than dimers when bound to its cognate effector, SopB, implying a novel multimeric association for chaperone/effector complexes with their ATPase.

  2. Air Force Audit Agency Management Information System

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1990-11-01

    Support Directorate. AFAA/QL performs multilocation . Air Force-wide audits and issues reports to the SAF. It, however, specializes in the multibillion...USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED NOV 90 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE S. FUNDING NUMBERS Air Force Audit Agency...appreciated. Mail them to: CADRE/RI, Building 1400, Maxwell AFB AL 36112-5532.• Air Force Audit Agency Management Hobbs Information System C 0* 0 0

  3. Helium interaction with vacancy-type defects created in silicon carbide single crystal

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Linez, F.; Gilabert, E.; Debelle, A.; Desgardin, P.; Barthe, M.-F.

    2013-05-01

    Generation of He bubbles or cavities in silicon carbide is an important issue for the use of this material in nuclear and electronic applications. To understand the mechanisms prior to the growth of these structures, an atomic-scale study has been conducted. 6H-SiC single crystals have been implanted with 50 keV-He ions at 2 × 1014 and 1015 cm-2 and successively annealed at various temperatures from 150 to 1400 °C. After each annealing, the defect distributions in the samples have been probed by positron annihilation spectroscopy. Four main evolution stages have been evidenced for the two investigated implantation fluences: at (1) 400 °C for both fluences, (2) at 850 °C for the low fluence and 950 °C for the high one, (3) at 950 °C for the low fluence and 1050 °C for the high one and (4) at 1300 °C for both fluences. The perfect correlation between the positron annihilation spectroscopy and the thermodesorption measurements has highlighted the He involvement in the first two stages corresponding respectively to its trapping by irradiation-induced divacancies and the detrapping from various vacancy-type defects generated by agglomeration processes.

  4. --No Title--

    Science.gov Websites

    {background-color:#0079C2;text-align:center}.feature-border{border-top:3px solid #0079C2}.news{border-top:11px }.banner-continuum .issue-info,.feature .number,.multimedia-container{background-color:#5E6A71}.analysis -issue .banner-continuum{background-color:#a5acaf}.analysis-issue .feature-border{border-top:3px solid

  5. Stable isotope compositions of gases and vegetation near naturally burning coal

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Gleason, J.D.; Kyser, T.K.

    1984-01-01

    Our measurements of stable isotope compositions of CO2 issuing from vents produced by naturally burning coal indicate that the coal is oxidized through a kinetic process in which groundwater is the oxidizing agent. The CO2 produced by the oxidation of the coal is extremely depleted in 13C relative to normal atmospheric CO2. The change in the ??13C value of atmospheric CO2 near the vents resulting from the burning coal was not recorded in tree rings from red cedars, but the ??13C values of some C3 and C4 type plants collected from within the area were greatly affected. Our results indicate that the ??13C values of some species of plants may be sensitive indicators of changes in the carbon isotopic composition of atmospheric CO2. ?? 1984 Nature Publishing Group.

  6. Single-tube nested PCR assay for the detection of avian botulism in cecal contents of chickens.

    PubMed

    Jang, Il; Lee, Jae-Il; Kwon, Yong-Kuk; Kang, Min-Su; Kim, Hye-Ryoung; Park, Ji-Young; Lee, Song-Hyun; Lee, Hee-Soo; Bae, You-Chan

    2015-10-01

    This paper describes a novel diagnostic method for the detection of avian botulism caused by Clostridium botulinum type C and C/D, using single-tube nested PCR assay. This assay was developed to overcome the disadvantages of bioassays used in experiments with mice. Three primer pairs including an antisense primer were designed to target the N-terminal of the toxin gene from C. botulinum types C and C/D. The specificity of the PCR assay was confirmed by using 33 bacterial strains and chicken cecal contents from farms that experienced botulism outbreaks. The detection limit for purified DNA was 1.1 fg/μl, and for bacterial spores was 4.3 spores/200 mg of cecal contents. While checking for specificity of the PCR assay, the reactions with the templates form C. botulinum type C and C/D which were tested became positive, but the rest of the reactions turned negative. However, the results for all clinical samples (n = 8) were positive. The PCR assay results for cecal samples obtained from 300 healthy chickens (150 Korean native chickens and 150 broilers) were all negative. This assay is rapid and straightforward and evades ethical issues associated with mouse bioassay. Moreover, it is more economical than real-time PCR. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  7. Accelerating molecular dynamic simulation on the cell processor and Playstation 3.

    PubMed

    Luttmann, Edgar; Ensign, Daniel L; Vaidyanathan, Vishal; Houston, Mike; Rimon, Noam; Øland, Jeppe; Jayachandran, Guha; Friedrichs, Mark; Pande, Vijay S

    2009-01-30

    Implementation of molecular dynamics (MD) calculations on novel architectures will vastly increase its power to calculate the physical properties of complex systems. Herein, we detail algorithmic advances developed to accelerate MD simulations on the Cell processor, a commodity processor found in PlayStation 3 (PS3). In particular, we discuss issues regarding memory access versus computation and the types of calculations which are best suited for streaming processors such as the Cell, focusing on implicit solvation models. We conclude with a comparison of improved performance on the PS3's Cell processor over more traditional processors. (c) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

  8. Lessons Learned (3 Years of H2O2 Propulsion System Testing Efforts at NASA's John C. Stennis Space Center)

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Taylor, Gary O.

    2001-01-01

    John C. Stennis Space Center continues to support the Propulsion community in an effort to validate High-Test Peroxide as an alternative to existing/future oxidizers. This continued volume of peroxide test/handling activity at Stennis Space Center (SSC) provides numerous opportunities for the SSC team to build upon previously documented 'lessons learned'. SSC shall continue to strive to document their experience and findings as H2O2 issues surface. This paper is intended to capture all significant peroxide issues that we have learned over the last three years. This data (lessons learned) has been formulated from practical handling, usage, storage, operations, and initial development/design of our systems/facility viewpoint. The paper is intended to be an information type tool and limited in technical rational; therefore, presenting the peroxide community with some issues to think about as the continued interest in peroxide evolves and more facilities/hardware are built. These lessons learned are intended to assist industry in mitigating problems and identifying potential pitfalls when dealing with the requirements for handling high-test peroxide.

  9. 78 FR 26090 - Content Specifications and Shielding Evaluations for Type B Transportation Packages

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-05-03

    ...The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is issuing Regulatory Issue Summary (RIS) 2013-04, ``Content Specifications and Shielding Evaluations for Type B Transportation Packages.'' This RIS clarifies the NRC's use of staff guidance in NUREG-1609, ``Standard Review Plan for Transport Packages for Radioactive Material,'' for the review of content specifications and shielding evaluations included in the Certificates of Compliance (CoC) and safety analysis reports (SARs) for Type B transportation packages. The RIS does not impose any additional regulatory requirements on NRC licensees.

  10. Incentive Contracts and Cost Growth

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1983-10-31

    workshops several people took issue with the idea that the c contract type had no impact -n a company or that the contract type did not make any difference...between the partie!. and they thought there had been av improvement in progrutm definition. (56) [ c John Cross, of the Institute of Defense Analysis, in a...2r󈧯 10. Defense Industry Diversification--An Analysis with 12 Case Studies, Gi lmore, John S. and Dean C . Coddingham. Jan. 1966, 334 pages. | l

  11. Culture temperature affects human chondrocyte messenger RNA expression in monolayer and pellet culture systems.

    PubMed

    Ito, Akira; Nagai, Momoko; Tajino, Junichi; Yamaguchi, Shoki; Iijima, Hirotaka; Zhang, Xiangkai; Aoyama, Tomoki; Kuroki, Hiroshi

    2015-01-01

    Cell-based therapy has been explored for articular cartilage regeneration. Autologous chondrocyte implantation is a promising cell-based technique for repairing articular cartilage defects. However, there are several issues such as chondrocyte de-differentiation. While numerous studies have been designed to overcome some of these issues, only a few have focused on the thermal environment that can affect chondrocyte metabolism and phenotype. In this study, the effects of different culture temperatures on human chondrocyte metabolism- and phenotype-related gene expression were investigated in 2D and 3D environments. Human chondrocytes were cultured in a monolayer or in a pellet culture system at three different culture temperatures (32°C, 37°C, and 41°C) for 3 days. The results showed that the total RNA level, normalized to the threshold cycle value of internal reference genes, was higher at lower temperatures in both culture systems. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and citrate synthase (CS), which are involved in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, respectively, were expressed at similar levels at 32°C and 37°C in pellet cultures, but the levels were significantly lower at 41°C. Expression of the chondrogenic markers, collagen type IIA1 (COL2A1) and aggrecan (ACAN), was higher at 37°C than at 32°C and 41°C in both culture systems. However, this phenomenon did not coincide with SRY (sex-determining region Y)-box 9 (SOX9), which is a fundamental transcription factor for chondrogenesis, indicating that a SOX9-independent pathway might be involved in this phenomenon. In conclusion, the expression of chondrocyte metabolism-related genes at 32°C was maintained or enhanced compared to that at 37°C. However, chondrogenesis-related genes were further induced at 37°C in both culture systems. Therefore, manipulating the culture temperature may be an advantageous approach for regulating human chondrocyte metabolic activity and chondrogenesis.

  12. Constructing three-dimensional porous graphene-carbon quantum dots/g-C3N4 nanosheet aerogel metal-free photocatalyst with enhanced photocatalytic activity

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    He, Huijuan; Huang, Langhuan; Zhong, Zijun; Tan, Shaozao

    2018-05-01

    Photocatalysis has been widely considered to be an effective way for solving the worldwide environmental pollution issues. Herein, a new type of three-dimensional (3D) ternary graphene-carbon quantum dots/g-C3N4 nanosheet (GA-CQDs/CNN) aerogel visible-light-driven photocatalyst was synthesized via a two-step hydrothermal method. In this unique ternary photocatalyst, both carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) could improve the visible light absorption and promote the charge separation. Furthermore, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) could act as a supportor for the 3D framework. Such a ternary system overcame the drawbacks of bulk g-C3N4 (BCN) and achieved the enhanced photocatalytic activity and long-term stability. As a result, the methyl orange (MO) removal ratio of GA-CQDs/CNN-24% was up to 91.1%, which was about 7.6 times higher than that of bulk g-C3N4 (BCN) under the identical conditions. Moreover that GA-CQDs/CNN-24% exhibited inappreciable loss of photocatalytic activity after four-cycle degradation processes. Finally, the photocatalytic mechanism of GA-CQDs/CNN-24% was interpreted both theoretically and experimentally.

  13. The catalytic activity of a recombinant single chain variable fragment nucleic acid-hydrolysing antibody varies with fusion tag and expression host.

    PubMed

    Lee, Joungmin; Kim, Minjae; Seo, Youngsil; Lee, Yeonjin; Park, Hyunjoon; Byun, Sung June; Kwon, Myung-Hee

    2017-11-01

    The antigen-binding properties of single chain Fv antibodies (scFvs) can vary depending on the position and type of fusion tag used, as well as the host cells used for expression. The issue is even more complicated with a catalytic scFv antibody that binds and hydrolyses a specific antigen. Herein, we investigated the antigen-binding and -hydrolysing activities of the catalytic anti-nucleic acid antibody 3D8 scFv expressed in Escherichia coli or HEK293f cells with or without additional amino acid residues at the N- and C-termini. DNA-binding activity was retained in all recombinant forms. However, the DNA-hydrolysing activity varied drastically between forms. The DNA-hydrolysing activity of E. coli-derived 3D8 scFvs was not affected by the presence of a C-terminal human influenza haemagglutinin (HA) or His tag. By contrast, the activity of HEK293f-derived 3D8 scFvs was completely lost when additional residues were included at the N-terminus and/or when a His tag was incorporated at the C-terminus, whereas a HA tag at the C-terminus did not diminish activity. Thus, we demonstrate that the antigen-binding and catalytic activities of a catalytic antibody can be separately affected by the presence of additional residues at the N- and C-termini, and by the host cell type. Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  14. Investigation of Pb Li compatibility issues for the dual coolant blanket concept

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pint, B. A.; Moser, J. L.; Tortorelli, P. F.

    2007-08-01

    One proposed blanket concept uses advanced ferritic alloys and a SiC/SiC composite flow channel insert with both Pb-17 at.%Li and He coolants. As the first step in determining the long-term compatibility of SiC/SiC in Pb-Li, specimens of high-purity, chemical vapor deposited (CVD) SiC were exposed in capsules for up to 5000 h at 800 °C and 1000 h at 1200 °C. Dissolved Si was detected in the Pb-Li after the highest temperature exposures suggesting that SiC may be limited to <1100 °C in Pb-Li. Aluminide coatings are being considered for corrosion resistant coatings for the tubing between the first wall and the heat exchanger. Initial results indicate that, in Pb-Li at 700 °C, FeCrAl, Fe 3Al and NiAl form a protective alumina layer which reduces dissolution compared to type 316 stainless steel.

  15. Development of Strategic Air Command, 1946 - 1976

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1976-03-01

    flashes red. Azure , two clouds proper, one issuing from sinister chief and one issuing from dexter base, a cubit arm in armor in bend, issuing...security reasons, no statistics have been Included for those types of recon- naissance aircraft currently assigned. The text was prepared by Mr. J. C...Hopkins who was aided by Mr. Sheldon A. Goldberg, Command Archivist, who critically reviewed the text and selected the photographs. Special

  16. 14 CFR 35.1 - Applicability.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... STANDARDS: PROPELLERS General § 35.1 Applicability. (a) This part prescribes airworthiness standards for the issue of type certificates and changes to those certificates, for propellers. (b) Each person who... requirements of this part. (c) An applicant is eligible for a propeller type certificate and changes to those...

  17. 14 CFR 35.1 - Applicability.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... STANDARDS: PROPELLERS General § 35.1 Applicability. (a) This part prescribes airworthiness standards for the issue of type certificates and changes to those certificates, for propellers. (b) Each person who... requirements of this part. (c) An applicant is eligible for a propeller type certificate and changes to those...

  18. 14 CFR 35.1 - Applicability.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... STANDARDS: PROPELLERS General § 35.1 Applicability. (a) This part prescribes airworthiness standards for the issue of type certificates and changes to those certificates, for propellers. (b) Each person who... requirements of this part. (c) An applicant is eligible for a propeller type certificate and changes to those...

  19. 14 CFR 35.1 - Applicability.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... STANDARDS: PROPELLERS General § 35.1 Applicability. (a) This part prescribes airworthiness standards for the issue of type certificates and changes to those certificates, for propellers. (b) Each person who... requirements of this part. (c) An applicant is eligible for a propeller type certificate and changes to those...

  20. 14 CFR 35.1 - Applicability.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... STANDARDS: PROPELLERS General § 35.1 Applicability. (a) This part prescribes airworthiness standards for the issue of type certificates and changes to those certificates, for propellers. (b) Each person who... requirements of this part. (c) An applicant is eligible for a propeller type certificate and changes to those...

  1. Piezo-Hall effect and fundamental piezo-Hall coefficients of single crystal n-type 3C-SiC(100) with low carrier concentration

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Qamar, Afzaal; Dao, Dzung Viet; Dinh, Toan; Iacopi, Alan; Walker, Glenn; Phan, Hoang-Phuong; Hold, Leonie; Dimitrijev, Sima

    2017-04-01

    This article reports the results on the piezo-Hall effect in single crystal n-type 3C-SiC(100) having a low carrier concentration. The effect of the crystallographic orientation on the piezo-Hall effect has been investigated by applying stress to the Hall devices fabricated in different crystallographic directions. Single crystal n-type 3C-SiC(100) and 3C-SiC(111) were grown by low pressure chemical vapor deposition at 1250 °C. Fundamental piezo-Hall coefficients were obtained using the piezo-Hall effect measurements as P11 = (-29 ± 1.3) × 10-11 Pa-1, P12 = (11.06 ± 0.5)× 10-11 Pa-1, and P44 = (-3.4 ± 0.7) × 10-11 Pa-1. It has been observed that the piezo-Hall coefficients of n-type 3C-SiC(100) show a completely different behavior as compared to that of p-type 3C-SiC.

  2. Dynamics of multiple nuclei in Ashbya gossypii hyphae depend on the control of cytoplasmic microtubules length by Bik1, Kip2, Kip3, and not on a capture/shrinkage mechanism.

    PubMed

    Grava, Sandrine; Philippsen, Peter

    2010-11-01

    Ashbya gossypii has a budding yeast-like genome but grows exclusively as multinucleated hyphae. In contrast to budding yeast where positioning of nuclei at the bud neck is a major function of cytoplasmic microtubules (cMTs), A. gossypii nuclei are constantly in motion and positioning is not an issue. To investigate the role of cMTs in nuclear oscillation and bypassing, we constructed mutants potentially affecting cMT lengths. Hyphae lacking the plus (+)end marker Bik1 or the kinesin Kip2 cannot polymerize long cMTs and lose wild-type nuclear movements. Interestingly, hyphae lacking the kinesin Kip3 display longer cMTs concomitant with increased nuclear oscillation and bypassing. Polymerization and depolymerization rates of cMTs are 3 times higher in A. gossypii than in budding yeast and cMT catastrophes are rare. Growing cMTs slide along the hyphal cortex and exert pulling forces on nuclei. Surprisingly, a capture/shrinkage mechanism seems to be absent in A. gossypii. cMTs reaching a hyphal tip do not shrink, and cMT +ends accumulate in hyphal tips. Thus, differences in cMT dynamics and length control between budding yeast and A. gossypii are key elements in the adaptation of the cMT cytoskeleton to much longer cells and much higher degrees of nuclear mobilities.

  3. Phase formation and UV luminescence of Gd3+ doped perovskite-type YScO3

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Shimizu, Yuhei; Ueda, Kazushige

    2016-10-01

    Synthesis of pure and Gd3+doped perovskite-type YScO3 was attempted by a polymerized complex (PC) method and solid state reaction (SSR) method. Crystalline phases and UV luminescence of samples were examined with varying heating temperatures. The perovskite-type single phase was not simply formed in the SSR method, as reported in some literatures, and two cubic C-type phases of starting oxide materials remained forming slightly mixed solid solutions. UV luminescence of Gd3+ doped samples increased with an increase in heating temperatures and volume of the perovskite-type phase. In contrast, a non-crystalline precursor was crystallized to a single C-type phase at 800 °C in the PC method forming a completely mixed solid solution. Then, the phase of perovskite-type YScO3 formed at 1200 °C and its single phase was obtained at 1400 °C. It was revealed that high homogeneousness of cations was essential to generate the single perovskite-phase of YScO3. Because Gd3+ ions were also dissolved into the single C-type phase in Gd3+ doped samples, intense UV luminescence was observed above 800 °C in both C-type phase and perovskite-type phase.

  4. Toward a Practical Type Theory for Recursive Modules

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2001-03-01

    Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA 15213 Abstract Module systems for languages with complex type systems, such as Standard ML, often lack the...Project: Advanced Languages for Systems Software”, ARPA Order No. C533, issued by ESC/ENS under Contract No. F19628-95-C-0050. The views and conclusions...power of a module system lies in the flexibility of its facility for expressing dependencies between modular components. Some languages (such as Java

  5. C4 Cycles: Past, Present, and Future Research on C4 Photosynthesis

    PubMed Central

    Langdale, Jane A.

    2011-01-01

    In the late 1960s, a vibrant new research field was ignited by the discovery that instead of fixing CO2 into a C3 compound, some plants initially fix CO2 into a four-carbon (C4) compound. The term C4 photosynthesis was born. In the 20 years that followed, physiologists, biochemists, and molecular and developmental biologists grappled to understand how the C4 photosynthetic pathway was partitioned between two morphologically distinct cell types in the leaf. By the early 1990s, much was known about C4 biochemistry, the types of leaf anatomy that facilitated the pathway, and the patterns of gene expression that underpinned the biochemistry. However, virtually nothing was known about how the pathway was regulated. It should have been an exciting time, but many of the original researchers were approaching retirement, C4 plants were proving recalcitrant to genetic manipulation, and whole-genome sequences were not even a dream. In combination, these factors led to reduced funding and the failure to attract young people into the field; the endgame seemed to be underway. But over the last 5 years, there has been a resurgence of interest and funding, not least because of ambitious multinational projects that aim to increase crop yields by introducing C4 traits into C3 plants. Combined with new technologies, this renewed interest has resulted in the development of more sophisticated approaches toward understanding how the C4 pathway evolved, how it is regulated, and how it might be manipulated. The extent of this resurgence is manifest by the publication in 2011 of more than 650 pages of reviews on different aspects of C4. Here, I provide an overview of our current understanding, the questions that are being addressed, and the issues that lie ahead. PMID:22128120

  6. Phase formation and UV luminescence of Gd{sup 3+} doped perovskite-type YScO{sub 3}

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Shimizu, Yuhei; Ueda, Kazushige, E-mail: kueda@che.kyutech.ac.jp

    Synthesis of pure and Gd{sup 3+}doped perovskite-type YScO{sub 3} was attempted by a polymerized complex (PC) method and solid state reaction (SSR) method. Crystalline phases and UV luminescence of samples were examined with varying heating temperatures. The perovskite-type single phase was not simply formed in the SSR method, as reported in some literatures, and two cubic C-type phases of starting oxide materials remained forming slightly mixed solid solutions. UV luminescence of Gd{sup 3+} doped samples increased with an increase in heating temperatures and volume of the perovskite-type phase. In contrast, a non-crystalline precursor was crystallized to a single C-type phasemore » at 800 °C in the PC method forming a completely mixed solid solution. Then, the phase of perovskite-type YScO{sub 3} formed at 1200 °C and its single phase was obtained at 1400 °C. It was revealed that high homogeneousness of cations was essential to generate the single perovskite-phase of YScO{sub 3}. Because Gd{sup 3+} ions were also dissolved into the single C-type phase in Gd{sup 3+} doped samples, intense UV luminescence was observed above 800 °C in both C-type phase and perovskite-type phase. - Graphical abstract: A pure perovskite-type YScO{sub 3} phase was successfully synthesized by a polymerized complex (PC) method. The perovskite-type YScO{sub 3} was generated through a solid solution of C-type (Y{sub 0.5}Sc{sub 0.5}){sub 2}O{sub 3} with drastic change of morphology. The PC method enabled a preparation of the single phase of the perovskite-type YScO{sub 3} at lower temperature and in shorter heating time. Gd{sup 3+} doped perovskite-type YScO{sub 3} was found to show a strong sharp UV emission at 314 nm. - Highlights: • Pure YScO{sub 3} phase was successfully synthesized by polymerized complex (PC) method. • Pure perovskite-type YScO{sub 3} phase was generated from pure C-type (Y{sub 0.5}Sc{sub 0.5}){sub 2}O{sub 3} one. • YScO{sub 3} was obtained at lower temperature and in shorter heating time by PC method. • Perovskite-type YScO{sub 3}:Gd{sup 3+} was found to show strong sharp UV emission at 314 nm.« less

  7. 12 CFR 3.15 - Purpose and scope.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... as defined in 12 U.S.C. 1818(k). Violation of a directive may result in assessment of civil money... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Purpose and scope. 3.15 Section 3.15 Banks and... Office to issue a directive under 12 U.S.C. 3907(b)(2). A directive is an order issued to a bank that...

  8. 12 CFR 3.15 - Purpose and scope.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... as defined in 12 U.S.C. 1818(k). Violation of a directive may result in assessment of civil money... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Purpose and scope. 3.15 Section 3.15 Banks and... Office to issue a directive under 12 U.S.C. 3907(b)(2). A directive is an order issued to a bank that...

  9. 12 CFR 3.15 - Purpose and scope.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... as defined in 12 U.S.C. 1818(k). Violation of a directive may result in assessment of civil money... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Purpose and scope. 3.15 Section 3.15 Banks and... Office to issue a directive under 12 U.S.C. 3907(b)(2). A directive is an order issued to a bank that...

  10. 12 CFR 3.15 - Purpose and scope.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... as defined in 12 U.S.C. 1818(k). Violation of a directive may result in assessment of civil money... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Purpose and scope. 3.15 Section 3.15 Banks and... Office to issue a directive under 12 U.S.C. 3907(b)(2). A directive is an order issued to a bank that...

  11. 17 CFR 240.19c-4 - Governing certain listing or authorization determinations by national securities exchanges and...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... the issuer of such security issues any class of security, or takes other corporate action, with the... issues any class of security, or takes other corporate action, with the effect of nullifying, restricting... by section 19(b) of the Act, specifying what types of securities issuances and other corporate...

  12. 17 CFR 240.19c-4 - Governing certain listing or authorization determinations by national securities exchanges and...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... the issuer of such security issues any class of security, or takes other corporate action, with the... issues any class of security, or takes other corporate action, with the effect of nullifying, restricting... by section 19(b) of the Act, specifying what types of securities issuances and other corporate...

  13. 17 CFR 240.19c-4 - Governing certain listing or authorization determinations by national securities exchanges and...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... the issuer of such security issues any class of security, or takes other corporate action, with the... issues any class of security, or takes other corporate action, with the effect of nullifying, restricting... by section 19(b) of the Act, specifying what types of securities issuances and other corporate...

  14. 17 CFR 240.19c-4 - Governing certain listing or authorization determinations by national securities exchanges and...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... the issuer of such security issues any class of security, or takes other corporate action, with the... issues any class of security, or takes other corporate action, with the effect of nullifying, restricting... by section 19(b) of the Act, specifying what types of securities issuances and other corporate...

  15. 17 CFR 240.19c-4 - Governing certain listing or authorization determinations by national securities exchanges and...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... the issuer of such security issues any class of security, or takes other corporate action, with the... issues any class of security, or takes other corporate action, with the effect of nullifying, restricting... by section 19(b) of the Act, specifying what types of securities issuances and other corporate...

  16. Recommendations of 2nd National Consultative Meeting of Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP) on polio eradication and improvement of routine immunization.

    PubMed

    Vashishtha, Vipin M; Kalra, Ajay; John, T Jacob; Thacker, Naveen; Agarwal, R K

    2008-05-01

    Persistence of intense wild poliovirus (WPV) transmission, particularly type 3 in northern India necessitated the Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP) to convene a National Consultative Meeting to review its earlier recommendations on polio eradication and improvement of routine immunization. More than thirty experts were invited and intense deliberations were held over two days to draw consensus statements on various issues related with polio eradication. To review the ongoing strategy, identify the existing challenges, and suggest modifications to the current strategy for eradication of poliomyelitis in India. IAP reiterates its support to ongoing efforts on polio eradication but demand some flexibility in the strategy. The immediate challenges identified include persistent WPV type 1 transmission in Uttar Pradesh (UP) and Bihar, intense type 3 transmission also in UP and Bihar, and maintaining polio-free status of all other states. Circulating vaccine derived poliovirus (cVDPV), particularly type 2, was identified as a great future threat. Neglect of routine immunization (RI), poor efficacy of oral polio vaccine (OPV), operational issues, and inadequate uptake of OPV in the 2 endemic states are the main reasons of failure to interrupt transmission of WPV 1 and 3. However, for the first time in history the intensity of WPV 1 circulation is very low in western UP. IAP suggests that high-quality, uniform and consistent performance of supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) in all districts of western UP, particularly using mOPV1(monovalent OPV1) should be maintained to avoid reestablishment of circulation of type 1 poliovirus. A judicious mix of mOPV1 and mOPV3, given sequentially or even simultaneously (after validating the efficacies) will be necessary to address the upsurge of WPV3. Re-establishing routine immunization should be the foremost priority. IAP strongly recommends to Government of India (GOI) to take urgent measures to attain coverage of a minimum of 90% against all UIP antigens in all the states by the end of 2008. In view of the need to simultaneously raise immunity levels to protect against WPVs 1, 3 and cVDPV2, IPV may be given immediate consideration as an additional tool. IPV will be essential in the postWPVeradication phase; it can play a useful role even in the current WPV eradication phase. IAP urges the GOI to urgently sort out various issues associated with implementation of the proposal to use IPV. More transparency is needed on cases of vaccine associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP). Further improvement in stool collection rates is also warranted to minimize the tally of compatible cases. IAP urges the social mobilization network to address the issues of waning interest and shifting focus and negative media coverage. Alternate tactics like reduced numbers of SIAs applied in the low transmission season, along with IPVDTP combination vaccine in RI can also be considered. IAP believes it will be risky to stop vaccination against poliomyelitis in postWPV eradication phase. The best option is to gradually introduce IPV starting now, so that a switch to IPV following high-performance national immunization days (NIDs) can be made to ensure sustained high immunity against all polioviruses, wild and vaccine derived. IAP requests the global polio eradication initiative (GPEI) to continue relevant research to inform on various aspects related to polio eradication, defined as zero incidence of any poliovirus infection. IAP also urges GOI to take immediate measures for improvement of environmental sanitation.

  17. 78 FR 7837 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; C2 Options Exchange, Incorporated; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-02-04

    ... Type of permit Cost per month Market-Maker Permit $5,000. Electronic Access Permit $1,000. SPXPM Tier... applicable month, and the cancelling Trading Permit Holder later requests issuance of the same type of Trading Permit for the remainder of that month, the Exchange may issue the same type of Trading Permit...

  18. 49 CFR 325.23 - Type of measurement systems which may be used.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... may be used. The sound level measurement system must meet or exceed the requirements of American National Standard Specification for Sound Level Meters (ANSI S1.4-1971), approved April 27, 1971, issued by..., New York, New York, 10018. (a) A Type 1 sound level meter; (b) A Type 2 sound level meter; or (c) A...

  19. Disturb-Free Three-Dimensional Vertical Floating Gate NAND with Separated-Sidewall Control Gate

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Seo, Moon-Sik; Endoh, Tetsuo

    2012-02-01

    Recently, the three-dimensional (3D) vertical floating gate (FG) type NAND cell arrays with the sidewall control gate (SCG) structure are receiving attention to overcome the reliability issues of charge trap (CT) type 3D NAND. In order to achieve the multilevel cell (MLC) operation for lower bit cost in 3D NAND, it is important to eliminate reliability issues, such as the Vth distribution with interference and disturbance problems and Vth shift with retention issues. In this paper, we intensively investigated the disturbance problems of the 3D vertical FG type NAND cell with separated-sidewall control gate (S-SCG) structure for the reliable MLC operation. Above all, we successfully demonstrate the fully suppressed disturbance problems, such as indirect programming of the unselected cells, hot electron injection of the edge cells and direct influence to the neighboring passing cells, by using the S-SCG with 30 nm pillar size.

  20. The American Role in the Global Economy, February-March 1988

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1988-03-01

    economic order: toward a fair redistribution of the world’s resources. New York: Praeger, 1977. (HC 59 .S538) Social and cultural issues of the new...bilateral consultation on economic issues : a polij statement. Washington, D.C.: National Planning Association, 1981. (HD 82 .C35 1981) Cardoso, Fernando H...1929-1982. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1985. (HC 106.3 .D3668 1985) Diebold, William. Industrial poie as an international issue . New

  1. Near-Earth water sources: Ethics and fairness

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Schwartz, James S. J.

    2016-08-01

    There is a small finite upper bound on the amount of easily accessible water in near-Earth space, including water from C-type NEAs and permanently shadowed lunar craters. Recent estimates put this total at about 3.7 ×1012kg . Given the non-renewable nature of this resource, we should begin thinking carefully about the regulation of near-Earth water sources (NEWS). This paper discusses this issue from an ethical vantage point, and argues that for the foreseeable future, the scientific use of NEWS should be prioritized over other potential uses of NEWS.

  2. User’s Manual for the Polar Ice Prediction System (PIPS) Version 3.0

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2008-11-05

    817- 846 , 1979. [7] E.C. Hunke. Viscous-plastic sea ice dynamics with the EVP model: Linearization issues. J. Comput. Phys. 170:18-38, 2001. [ 8 ...From - To) Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8 -98) Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39.18 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to...NUMBER 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 2. REPORT TYPE1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 6. AUTHOR(S) 8 . PERFORMING

  3. 49 CFR 1.49 - Delegations to Federal Railroad Administrator.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... functions vested in the Secretary by sections 201(i)(3); 202(b)(7); 203, except authority to issue subpoenas... vested in the Secretary by sections 204(c); except authority to issue subpoenas; 402; 403; 502; 503; 504... amended, section 5 of the Department of Transportation Act (49 U.S.C. 1654), except authority to issue...

  4. 49 CFR 1.49 - Delegations to Federal Railroad Administrator.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... functions vested in the Secretary by sections 201(i)(3); 202(b)(7); 203, except authority to issue subpoenas... vested in the Secretary by sections 204(c); except authority to issue subpoenas; 402; 403; 502; 503; 504... amended, section 5 of the Department of Transportation Act (49 U.S.C. 1654), except authority to issue...

  5. Applicability of existing C3 (command, control and communications) vulnerability and hardness analyses to sentry system issues. Technical report

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Lee, R.C.

    1983-01-13

    This report is a compilation of abstracts resulting from a literature search of reports relevant to Sentry Ballistic missile system C3 vulnerability and hardness. Primary sources consulted were the DOD Nuclear Information Analysis Center (DASIAC) and the Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC). Approximately 175 reports were reviewed and abstracted, including several related to computer programs for estimating nuclear effects on electromagnetic propagation. The reports surveyed were ranked in terms of their importance for Sentry C3 VandH issues.

  6. Characteristics of Pyrolytic Topping in Fluidized Bed for Different Volatile Coals

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Xiong, R.; Dong, L.; Xu, G. W.

    Coal is generally combusted or gasified directly to destroy completely the chemical structures, such as aromatic rings containing in volatile coals including bituminite and lignite. Coal topping refers to a process that extracts chemicals with aromatic rings from such volatile coals in advance of combustion or gasification and thereby takes advantage of the value of coal as a kind of chemical structure resource. CFB boiler is the coal utilization facility that can be easily retrofitted to implement coal topping. A critical issue for performing coal topping is the choice of the pyrolytic reactor that can be different types. The present study concerns fluidized bed reactor that has rarely been tested for use in coal topping. Two different types of coals, one being Xiaolongtan (XLT) lignite and the other Shanxi (SX) bituminous, were tested to clarify the yield and composition of pyrolysis liquid and gas under conditions simulating actual operations. The results showed that XLT lignite coals had the maximum tar yield in 823-873K and SX bituminite realized its highest tar yield in 873-923K. Overall, lignite produced lower tar yield than bituminous coal. The pyrolysis gas from lignite coals contained more CO and CO2 and less CH4, H2 and C2+C3 (C2H4, C2H6, C3H6, C3H8) components comparing to that from bituminous coal. TG-FTIR analysis of tars demonstrated that for different coals there are different amounts of typical chemical species. Using coal ash of CFB boiler, instead of quartz sand, as the fluidized particles decreased the yields of both tar and gas for all the tested coals. Besides, pyrolysis in a reaction atmosphere simulating the pyrolysis gas (instead of N2) resulted also in higher production of pyrolysis liquid.

  7. Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus by viral eradication in chronic hepatitis C: Myth or reality?

    PubMed

    Vanni, Ester; Bugianesi, Elisabetta; Saracco, Giorgio

    2016-02-01

    Chronic hepatitis C is a systemic disease inducing metabolic alterations leading to extrahepatic consequences. In particular, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection seems to increase the risk of incident type 2 diabetes mellitus in predisposed individuals, independently of liver disease stage. The mechanisms through which hepatitis C induces T2DM involve direct viral effects, insulin resistance, pro-inflammatory cytokines and other immune-mediated processes. Many studies have reported the clinical consequences of type 2 diabetes mellitus on hepatitis C outcome, but very few studies have addressed the issue of microangiopathic complications among patients with hepatitis C only, who develop type 2 diabetes mellitus. Moreover, clinical trials in HCV-positive patients have reported improvement in glucose metabolism after antiviral treatment; recent studies have suggested that this metabolic amelioration might have a clinical impact on type 2 diabetes mellitus-related complications. These observations raise the question as to whether the HCV eradication may also have an impact on the future morbidity and mortality due to type 2 diabetes mellitus. The scope of this review is to summarise the current evidence linking successful antiviral treatment and the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications in hepatitis C-infected patients. Copyright © 2015 Editrice Gastroenterologica Italiana S.r.l. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  8. 31 CFR 8.3 - Conference and practice requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... issued under the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2778); (d) 27 CFR part 178, subpart E, with respect to proceedings concerning licenses issued under the Gun Control Act of 1968 (18 U.S.C. Chapter 44... under the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970 (18 U.S.C. Chapter 40). ...

  9. 31 CFR 8.3 - Conference and practice requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... issued under the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2778); (d) 27 CFR part 178, subpart E, with respect to proceedings concerning licenses issued under the Gun Control Act of 1968 (18 U.S.C. Chapter 44... under the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970 (18 U.S.C. Chapter 40). ...

  10. 31 CFR 8.3 - Conference and practice requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... issued under the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2778); (d) 27 CFR part 178, subpart E, with respect to proceedings concerning licenses issued under the Gun Control Act of 1968 (18 U.S.C. Chapter 44... under the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970 (18 U.S.C. Chapter 40). ...

  11. 31 CFR 8.3 - Conference and practice requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... issued under the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2778); (d) 27 CFR part 178, subpart E, with respect to proceedings concerning licenses issued under the Gun Control Act of 1968 (18 U.S.C. Chapter 44... under the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970 (18 U.S.C. Chapter 40). ...

  12. 14 CFR 21.25 - Issue of type certificate: Restricted category aircraft.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Issue of type certificate: Restricted category aircraft. 21.25 Section 21.25 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF...; (3) Aerial surveying (photography, mapping, and oil and mineral exploration); (4) Patrolling...

  13. 14 CFR 21.25 - Issue of type certificate: Restricted category aircraft.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Issue of type certificate: Restricted category aircraft. 21.25 Section 21.25 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF...; (3) Aerial surveying (photography, mapping, and oil and mineral exploration); (4) Patrolling...

  14. 14 CFR 21.25 - Issue of type certificate: Restricted category aircraft.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Issue of type certificate: Restricted category aircraft. 21.25 Section 21.25 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF...; (3) Aerial surveying (photography, mapping, and oil and mineral exploration); (4) Patrolling...

  15. Introduction to This Special Issue on Geostatistics and Geospatial Techniques in Remote Sensing

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Atkinson, Peter; Quattrochi, Dale A.; Goodman, H. Michael (Technical Monitor)

    2000-01-01

    The germination of this special Computers & Geosciences (C&G) issue began at the Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) (RGS-IBG) annual meeting in January 1997 held at the University of Exeter, UK. The snow and cold of the English winter were tempered greatly by warm and cordial discussion of how to stimulate and enhance cooperation on geostatistical and geospatial research in remote sensing 'across the big pond' between UK and US researchers. It was decided that one way forward would be to hold parallel sessions in 1998 on geostatistical and geospatial research in remote sensing at appropriate venues in both the UK and the US. Selected papers given at these sessions would be published as special issues of C&G on the UK side and Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing (PE&RS) on the US side. These issues would highlight the commonality in research on geostatistical and geospatial research in remote sensing on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. As a consequence, a session on "Geostatistics and Geospatial Techniques for Remote Sensing of Land Surface Processes" was held at the RGS-IBG annual meeting in Guildford, Surrey, UK in January 1998, organized by the Modeling and Advanced Techniques Special Interest Group (MAT SIG) of the Remote Sensing Society (RSS). A similar session was held at the Association of American Geographers (AAG) annual meeting in Boston, Massachusetts in March 1998, sponsored by the AAG's Remote Sensing Specialty Group (RSSG). The 10 papers that make up this issue of C&G, comprise 7 papers from the UK and 3 papers from the LIS. We are both co-editors of each of the journal special issues, with the lead editor of each journal issue being from their respective side of the Atlantic. The special issue of PE&RS (vol. 65) that constitutes the other half of this co-edited journal series was published in early 1999, comprising 6 papers by US authors. We are indebted to the International Association for Mathematical Geology for allowing us to use C&G as a vehicle to convey how geostatistics and geospatial techniques can be used to analyze remote sensing and other types of spatial data. We see this special issue of C&G. and its complementary issue of PE&RS. as a testament to the vitality and interest in the application of geostatistical and geospatial techniques in remote sensing. We also see these special journal issues as the beginning of a fruitful. and hopefully long-term relationship, between American and British geographers and other researchers interested in geostatistical and geospatial techniques applied to remote sensing and other spatial data.

  16. 22 CFR 51.3 - Types of passports.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Types of passports. 51.3 Section 51.3 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE NATIONALITY AND PASSPORTS PASSPORTS General § 51.3 Types of passports. (a) Regular passport. A regular passport is issued to a national of the United States. (b) Official passport...

  17. 22 CFR 51.3 - Types of passports.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Types of passports. 51.3 Section 51.3 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE NATIONALITY AND PASSPORTS PASSPORTS General § 51.3 Types of passports. (a) Regular passport. A regular passport is issued to a national of the United States. (b) Official passport...

  18. 22 CFR 51.3 - Types of passports.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Types of passports. 51.3 Section 51.3 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE NATIONALITY AND PASSPORTS PASSPORTS General § 51.3 Types of passports. (a) Regular passport. A regular passport is issued to a national of the United States. (b) Official passport...

  19. 22 CFR 51.3 - Types of passports.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Types of passports. 51.3 Section 51.3 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE NATIONALITY AND PASSPORTS PASSPORTS General § 51.3 Types of passports. (a) Regular passport. A regular passport is issued to a national of the United States. (b) Official passport...

  20. 22 CFR 51.3 - Types of passports.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Types of passports. 51.3 Section 51.3 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE NATIONALITY AND PASSPORTS PASSPORTS General § 51.3 Types of passports. (a) Regular passport. A regular passport is issued to a national of the United States. (b) Official passport...

  1. The microwave properties of Ag(Ta0.8Nb0.2)O3 thick film interdigital capacitors on alumina substrates

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lee, Ku-Tak; Koh, Jung-Hyuk

    2012-01-01

    In this paper, we will introduce the microwave properties of Ag(Ta0.8Nb0.2)O3 thick film planar type interdigital capacitors fabricated on alumina substrates. The tailored paraelectric state of Ag(Ta,Nb)O3 allows the material to be regarded as a part of the family of microwave materials. As thick films formed in our experiment, Ag(Ta,Nb)O3 exhibited extremely low dielectric loss with relatively high dielectric permittivity. This low dielectric loss is a very important issue for microwave applications. Therefore, we investigated the microwave properties of Ag(Ta0.8Nb0.2)O3 thick film planar type interdigital capacitors. Ag(Ta0.8Nb0.2)O3 thick films were prepared by a screen-printing method on alumina substrates and were sintered at 1140 °C for 2 hrs. The XRD analysis results showed that the Ag(Ta0.8Nb0.2)O3 thick film has the perovskite structure. The frequency dependent dielectric permittivity showed that these Ag(Ta0.8Nb0.2)O3 thick film planar type interdigital capacitors have very weak frequency dispersions with low loss tangents in the microwave range.

  2. 14 CFR 43.1 - Applicability.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... for that aircraft. (c) This part applies to all life-limited parts that are removed from a type... issued a special airworthiness certificate in the light-sport category except: (1) The repair or...

  3. Zirconia-based mixed potential sensor with Pt electrode prepared by spin-coating of polymeric precursor

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chrzan, A.; Woźniak, Ł.; Szymczewska, D.; Jasiński, P.

    2016-11-01

    Many types of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) based gas sensors have been explored extensively in recent years. Great attention have been directed to mixed-potential-type gas sensors. It is due to growing concerns with environmental issues. Not without a significance is the fact of very attractive performance of this type of sensor allowing to detect low concentration of pollutant gases. In this paper two types of YSZ based mixed-potential planar sensors were investigated, with platinum electrode painted using commercial paste and with spin coated platinum layer. Both types had second electrode in the form of porous gold. Measurements were performed at 400 °C in synthetic air and different concentrations of SO2. Gas flow was set to 100 cm3min-1 and the concentration of 50 ppm SO2 was tested. During this measurements the sensor was sintered in-situ at increasing temperatures. Sensor with 100 nm spin-coated platinum layer sintered at 700 °C was shown to exhibit two times smaller response than sensor with 5 μm porous electrode, while consisting of over 20 times smaller amount of Pt. The influence of sintering temperature on electrical conductivity of platinum films was also examined. Moreover, the platinum microstructure was investigated using SEM microscopy.

  4. Survey of college students' MP3 listening: Habits, safety issues, attitudes, and education.

    PubMed

    Hoover, Alicia; Krishnamurti, Sridhar

    2010-06-01

    To survey listening habits and attitudes of typical college students who use MP3 players and to investigate possible safety issues related to MP3 player listening. College students who were frequent MP3 player users (N = 428) filled out a 30-item online survey. Specific areas probed by the present survey included frequency and duration of MP3 player use, MP3 player volume levels used, types of earphones used, typical environments in which MP3 player was worn, specific activities related to safety while listening to MP3 players, and attitudes toward MP3 player use. The majority of listeners wore MP3 players for less than 2 hr daily at safe volume levels. About one third of respondents reported being distracted while wearing an MP3 player, and more than one third of listeners experienced soreness in their ears after a listening session. About one third of respondents reported occasionally using their MP3 players at maximum volume levels. Listeners indicated willingness to (a) reduce volume levels, (b) decrease listening duration, and (c) buy specialized earphones to conserve their hearing. The study found concerns regarding the occasional use of MP3 players at full volume and reduced environmental awareness among some college student users.

  5. Towards High-Performance Aqueous Sodium-Ion Batteries: Stabilizing the Solid/Liquid Interface for NASICON-Type Na2 VTi(PO4 )3 using Concentrated Electrolytes.

    PubMed

    Zhang, Huang; Jeong, Sangsik; Qin, Bingsheng; Vieira Carvalho, Diogo; Buchholz, Daniel; Passerini, Stefano

    2018-04-25

    Aqueous Na-ion batteries may offer a solution to the cost and safety issues of high-energy batteries. However, substantial challenges remain in the development of electrode materials and electrolytes enabling high performance and long cycle life. Herein, we report the characterization of a symmetric Na-ion battery with a NASICON-type Na 2 VTi(PO 4 ) 3 electrode material in conventional aqueous and "water-in-salt" electrolytes. Extremely stable cycling performance for 1000 cycles at a high rate (20 C) is found with the highly concentrated aqueous electrolytes owing to the formation of a resistive but protective interphase between the electrode and electrolyte. These results provide important insight for the development of aqueous Na-ion batteries with stable long-term cycling performance for large-scale energy storage. © 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

  6. 14 CFR 21.25 - Issue of type certificate: Restricted category aircraft.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Issue of type certificate: Restricted category aircraft. 21.25 Section 21.25 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... conservation; (3) Aerial surveying (photography, mapping, and oil and mineral exploration); (4) Patrolling...

  7. 14 CFR 21.25 - Issue of type certificate: Restricted category aircraft.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Issue of type certificate: Restricted category aircraft. 21.25 Section 21.25 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... conservation; (3) Aerial surveying (photography, mapping, and oil and mineral exploration); (4) Patrolling...

  8. 75 FR 54226 - Proposed Collection: Comment Request

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-09-03

    ... required by the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, Public Law 104-13 (44 U.S.C. 3506(c)(2)(A)). Currently the... requested to issue and maintain treasury Bills, Notes, and Bonds. Current Actions: None. Type of Review... comments will become a matter of public record. Comments are invited on: (a) Whether the collection of...

  9. 77 FR 28864 - Elba Express Company, L.L.C.; Notice of Amendment to Petition To Amend Order Issuing Certificate

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-05-16

    ... Company, L.L.C.; Notice of Amendment to Petition To Amend Order Issuing Certificate Take notice that on May 3, 2012, Elba Express Company, L.L.C. (Elba Express), located at 569 Brookwood Village, Suite 501... application may be directed to Pamela R. Donaldson, Principal Regulatory Analyst, Elba Express Company, L.L.C...

  10. 77 FR 59747 - Repeal of the Final Rule Imposing Special Measures and Withdrawal of the Findings of Primary...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-10-01

    ... Money Laundering Concern of November 25, 2003, issued pursuant to 31 U.S.C. 5318A of the Bank Secrecy... amends the anti-money laundering provisions of the BSA, codified at 12 U.S.C. 1829b, 12 U.S.C. 1951-1959..., or type of account is of ``primary money laundering concern,'' to require domestic financial...

  11. 5 CFR 2640.302 - Waivers issued pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 208(b)(3).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... of the Federal Advisory Committee Act, 5 U.S.C. app.; (2) The waiver must be issued in writing by the... difficulty of locating a similarly qualified individual without a disqualifying financial interest to serve...

  12. 5 CFR 2640.302 - Waivers issued pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 208(b)(3).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... of the Federal Advisory Committee Act, 5 U.S.C. app.; (2) The waiver must be issued in writing by the... difficulty of locating a similarly qualified individual without a disqualifying financial interest to serve...

  13. 5 CFR 2640.302 - Waivers issued pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 208(b)(3).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... of the Federal Advisory Committee Act, 5 U.S.C. app.; (2) The waiver must be issued in writing by the... difficulty of locating a similarly qualified individual without a disqualifying financial interest to serve...

  14. Indoor respirable particulate matter concentrations from an open fire, improved cookstove, and LPG/open fire combination in a rural Guatemalan community.

    PubMed

    Albalak, R; Bruce, N; McCracken, J P; Smith, K R; De Gallardo, T

    2001-07-01

    Improved biomass cookstoves have the potential to reduce pollutant emissions and thereby reduce pollution exposure among populations in developing countries who cook daily with biomass fuels. However, evaluation of such interventions has been very limited. This article presents results from a study carried out in 30 households in rural Guatemala. Twenty-four hour PM3.5 concentrations were compared over 8 months for three fuel/cookstove conditions (n = 10 households for each condition): a traditional open fire cookstove, an improved cookstove called the plancha mejorada, and a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) stove/open fire combination. Twenty-four hour geometric mean PM3.5 concentrations were 1560 micrograms/m3 (n = 58; 95% C.I. 1310, 1850), 280 micrograms/m3 (n = 59; 95% C.I. 240-320), and 850 micrograms/m3 (n = 60; 95% C.I. 680-1050) for the open fire, plancha, and LPG/open fire combination, respectively. A generalized estimating equation model showed a 45% reduction in PM3.5 concentrations for the LPG/open fire combination as compared to the open fire alone. The difference approached significance (p < 0.0737). The plancha showed an 85% reduction in PM3.5 concentrations as compared to the open fire (p < 0.0001). An analysis of the interaction of time with stove type showed that the temporal trend in pollution did not significantly differ among the three stove types. The reduced PM3.5 concentrations were maintained over time. Season did not affect pollutant concentrations. Of the two interventions, the plancha appears to offer the best prospects for achieving substantial reductions in indoor air pollution levels, although issues of cost and stove maintenance remain to be addressed.

  15. [Evaluation of Artificial Hip Joint with Radiofrequency Heating Issues during MRI Examination: A Comparison between 1.5 T and 3 T].

    PubMed

    Yamazaki, Masaru; Ideta, Takahiro; Kudo, Sadahiro; Nakazawa, Masami

    2016-06-01

    In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), when radiofrequency (RF) is irradiated to a subject with metallic implant, it can generate heat by RF irradiation. Recently 3 T MRI scanner has spread widely and imaging for any regions of whole body has been conducted. However specific absorption rate (SAR) of 3 T MRI becomes approximately four times as much as the 1.5 T, which can significantly affect the heat generation of metallic implants. So, we evaluated RF heating of artificial hip joints in different shapes and materials in 1.5 T and 3 T MRI. Three types of artificial hip joints made of stainless alloy, titanium alloy and cobalt chrome alloy were embedded in the human body-equivalent phantom respectively and their temperature change were measured for twenty minutes by 1.5 T and 3 T MRI. The maximum temperature rise was observed at the bottom head in all of three types of artificial hip joints, the rise being 12°C for stainless alloy, 11.9°C for titanium alloy and 6.1°C for cobalt chrome alloy in 1.5 T. The temperature rise depended on SAR and the increase of SAR had a good linear relationship with the temperature rise. It was found from the result that the RF heating of metallic implants can take place in various kinds of material and the increase of SAR has a good linear relationship with the temperature rise. This experience shows that reduction of SAR can decrease temperature of metallic implants.

  16. Processing and Structural Advantages of the Sylramic-iBN SiC Fiber for SiC/SiC Components

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Yun, H. M.; Dicarlo, J. A.; Bhatt, R. T.; Hurst, J. B.

    2008-01-01

    The successful high-temperature application of complex-shaped SiC/SiC components will depend on achieving as high a fraction of the as-produced fiber strength as possible during component fabrication and service. Key issues center on a variety of component architecture, processing, and service-related factors that can reduce fiber strength, such as fiber-fiber abrasion during architecture shaping, surface chemical attack during interphase deposition and service, and intrinsic flaw growth during high-temperature matrix formation and composite creep. The objective of this paper is to show that the NASA-developed Sylramic-iBN SiC fiber minimizes many of these issues for state-of-the-art melt-infiltrated (MI) SiC/BN/SiC composites. To accomplish this, data from various mechanical tests are presented that compare how different high performance SiC fiber types retain strength during formation of complex architectures, during processing of BN interphases and MI matrices, and during simulated composite service at high temperatures.

  17. Critical (of) Issues in Real-Time Systems.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1988-05-03

    IACCESON 11 T IT LE (Include Security Classification) Cr it ic, (of) issues in real .- time systems A Position Paper 12 PERPSONAL AU THOR(S) Fr ed B...are obsolete %0%’ 4.’.C %" Critical (of) issues in real - time systems ’ • "A Position Paper Acc, son For NTIS R& DTrC TAB May 3, 1988 Uyjannotuce~d...m . 2C:. r Ithaca, New York 14853 Dist 1 -.1 g- It is time to place the development of real - time systems on a firm scientific basis. Unlike other

  18. 3. View of Japanese village, type C structure, facing eastsoutheast ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    3. View of Japanese village, type C structure, facing east-southeast - Nevada Test Site, Japanese Village, Type C Structure, Area 4, Yucca Flat, 4-04 Road near Rainier Mesa Road, Mercury, Nye County, NV

  19. Rat sperm motility analysis: methodologic considerations

    EPA Science Inventory

    The objective of these studies was to optimize conditions for computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) of rat epididymal spermatozoa. Methodologic issues addressed include sample collection technique, sampling region within the epididymis, type of diluent medium used, and sample c...

  20. Copper/amino acid catalyzed cross-couplings of aryl and vinyl halides with nucleophiles.

    PubMed

    Ma, Dawei; Cai, Qian

    2008-11-18

    Copper-assisted Ullmann-type coupling reactions are valuable transformations for organic synthesis. Researchers have extensively applied these reactions in both academic and industrial settings. However, two important issues, the high reaction temperatures (normally above 150 degrees C) and the stoichiometric amounts of copper necessary, have greatly limited the reaction scope. To solve these problems, we and other groups have recently explored the use of special ligands to promote these coupling reactions. We first showed that the structure of alpha-amino acids can accelerate Cu-assisted Ullmann reactions, leading to the coupling reactions of aryl halides and alpha-amino acids at 80-90 degrees C. In response to these encouraging results, we also discovered that an l-proline ligand facilitated the following transformations: (1) coupling of aryl halides with primary amines, cyclic secondary amines, and N-containing heterocycles at 40-90 degrees C; (2) coupling of aryl halides with sulfinic acid salts at 80-95 degrees C; (3) azidation of aryl halides and vinyl halides with sodium azide at 40-95 degrees C; (4) coupling of aryl halides with activated methylene compounds at 25-50 degrees C. In addition, we found that N,N-dimethylglycine as a ligand facilitated Cu-catalyzed biaryl ether formation at 90 degrees C. Moreover, Sonogashira reactions worked in the absence of palladium and phosphine ligands, forming enamides from vinyl halides and amides at temperatures ranging from ambient temperature up to 80 degrees C. Furthermore, we discovered that an ortho-amide group can accelerate some Ullmann-type reactions. This functional group in combination with other ligand effects allowed for aryl amination or biaryl ether formation at ambient temperature. The coupling between aryl halides and activated methylene compounds even proceeded at -45 degrees C to enantioselectively form a quaternary carbon center. Taking advantage of these results, we developed several novel approaches for the synthesis of pharmaceutically important heterocycles: 1,2-disubstituted benzimidazoles, polysubstituted indoles, N-substituted 1,3-dihydrobenzimidazol-2-ones, and substituted 3-acyl oxindoles. Our results demonstrate that an l-proline or N,N-dimethylglycine ligand can facilitate most typical Ullmann-type reactions, with reactions occurring under relatively mild conditions and using only 2-20 mol % copper catalysts. These conveniently available and inexpensive catalytic systems not only accelerate the reactions but also tolerate many more functional groups. Thus, they should find considerable application in organic synthesis.

  1. Complications of volar locking plating of distal radius fractures in 576 patients with 3.2 years follow-up.

    PubMed

    Thorninger, Rikke; Madsen, Mette Lund; Wæver, Daniel; Borris, Lars Carl; Rölfing, Jan Hendrik Duedal

    2017-06-01

    Volar plating of unstable distal radius fractures (DRF) has become the favoured treatment. The complication rates vary from 3 to 36%. The purpose of the study was to estimate the complication rate of volar plating of DRF and its association with AO/OTA fracture type, surgeon experience and type of volar plate. Retrospectively, all patients treated with volar plating of a DRF between February 2009 and June 2013 at Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark were included. AO/OTA fracture type, surgeon experience (1st year, 2nd-5th year resident or consultant), type of plate (VariAx ® , Acu-Loc ® ) and complications were extracted from the electronic medical records. Complications were categorized as carpal tunnel syndrome, other sensibility issues, tendon complications including irritation and rupture, deep infections, complex regional pain syndrome and unidentified DRUJ or scapholunar problems. Reoperations including hardware removal were also charted. 576 patients with a median age of 63 years (min: 15; max: 87) were included. 78% were female and the mean observation time was 3.2 years (min: 2.0; max: 5.4). 78% (n=451) of the patients were treated with VariAx ® and 22% (n=125) with Acu-Loc ® . The overall complication rate was 14.6% (95% CI 11.8-17.7) including carpal tunnel syndrome or change in sensibility in 5.2% and tendon complications in 4.7%. Five flexor tendon ruptures and 12 extensor tendon ruptures were observed. The reoperation rate was 10.4% including 41 cases of hardware removal. A statistically significant association between AO/OTA fracture type C and complications was found. No statistically significant association between complication rate and surgeon experience and type of plate was observed. The majority of DRF patients treated with a volar plate suffer no complications. However, the overall complication rate of 14.6% is substantial. Intra-articular fractures, e.g. AO/OTA-type 23C1-3, had significantly higher complication rates. Neither surgeon experience, nor type of volar plate was able to predict complications. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  2. Issues central to a useful image understanding environment

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Beveridge, J. Ross; Draper, Bruce A.; Hanson, Allen R.; Riseman, Edward M.

    1992-04-01

    A recent DARPA initiative has sparked interested in software environments for computer vision. The goal is a single environment to support both basic research and technology transfer. This paper lays out six fundamental attributes such a system must possess: (1) support for both C and Lisp, (2) extensibility, (3) data sharing, (4) data query facilities tailored to vision, (5) graphics, and (6) code sharing. The first three attributes fundamentally constrain the system design. Support for both C and Lisp demands some form of database or data-store for passing data between languages. Extensibility demands that system support facilities, such as spatial retrieval of data, be readily extended to new user-defined datatypes. Finally, data sharing demands that data saved by one user, including data of a user-defined type, must be readable by another user.

  3. Clinical, biochemical and molecular characterization of cystinuria in a cohort of 12 patients.

    PubMed

    Barbosa, M; Lopes, A; Mota, C; Martins, E; Oliveira, J; Alves, S; De Bonis, P; Mota, M do Céu; Dias, C; Rodrigues-Santos, P; Fortuna, A M; Quelhas, D; Lacerda, L; Bisceglia, L; Cardoso, M L

    2012-01-01

    Cystinuria is a rare autosomal inherited disorder characterized by impaired transport of cystine and dibasic aminoacids in the proximal renal tubule. Classically, cystinuria is classified as type I (silent heterozygotes) and non-type I (heterozygotes with urinary hyperexcretion of cystine). Molecularly, cystinuria is classified as type A (mutations on SLC3A1 gene) and type B (mutations on SLC7A9 gene). The goal of this study is to provide a comprehensive clinical, biochemical and molecular characterization of a cohort of 12 Portuguese patients affected with cystinuria in order to provide insight into genotype-phenotype correlations. We describe seven type I and five non-type I patients. Regarding the molecular classification, seven patients were type A and five were type B. In SLC3A1 gene, two large genomic rearrangements and 13 sequence variants, including four new variants c.611-2A>C; c.1136+44G>A; c.1597T (p.Y533N); c.*70A>G, were found. One large genomic rearrangement was found in SLC7A9 gene as well as 24 sequence variants including 3 novel variants: c.216C>T (p.C72C), c.1119G>A (p.S373S) and c.*82C>T. In our cohort the most frequent pathogenic mutations were: large rearrangements (33.3% of mutant alleles) and a missense mutation c.1400T>C (p.M467T) (11.1%). This report expands the spectrum of SLC3A1 and SLC7A9 mutations and provides guidance in the clinical implementation of molecular assays in routine genetic counseling of Portuguese patients affected with cystinuria. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

  4. National study of health insurance type and reasons for emergency department use.

    PubMed

    Capp, Roberta; Rooks, Sean P; Wiler, Jennifer L; Zane, Richard D; Ginde, Adit A

    2014-04-01

    The rates of emergency department (ED) utilization vary substantially by type of health insurance, but the association between health insurance type and patient-reported reasons for seeking ED care is unknown. We evaluated the association between health insurance type and self-perceived acuity or access issues among individuals discharged from the ED. This was a cross-sectional analysis of the 2011 National Health Interview Survey. Adults whose last ED visit did not result in hospitalization (n = 4,606) were asked structured questions about reasons for seeking ED care. We classified responses as 1) perceived need for immediate evaluation (acuity issues), or 2) barriers to accessing outpatient services (access issues). We analyzed survey-weighted data using multivariable logistic regression models to test the association between health insurance type and reasons for ED visits, while adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics. Overall, 65.0% (95% CI 63.0-66.9) of adults reported ≥ 1 acuity issue and 78.9% (95% CI 77.3-80.5) reported ≥ 1 access issue. Among those who reported no acuity issue leading to the most recent ED visit, 84.2% reported ≥ 1 access issue. Relative to those with private insurance, adults with Medicaid (OR 1.05; 95% CI 0.79-1.40) and those with Medicare (OR 0.98; 95% CI 0.66-1.47) were similarly likely to seek ED care due to an acuity issue. Adults with Medicaid (OR 1.50; 95% CI 1.06-2.13) and Medicaid + Medicare (dual eligible) (OR 1.94; 95% CI 1.18-3.19) were more likely than those with private insurance to seek ED care for access issues. Variability in reasons for seeking ED care among discharged patients by health insurance type may be driven more by lack of access to alternate care, rather than by differences in patient-perceived acuity. Policymakers should focus on increasing access to alternate sites of care, particularly for Medicaid beneficiaries, as well as strategies to increase care coordination that involve ED patients and providers.

  5. Analysis of ESBL- and AmpC-positive Enterobacteriaceae at the Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Olomouc.

    PubMed

    Husičková, Vendula; Chromá, Magdaléna; Kolář, Milan; Hricová, Kristýna; Stosová, Taťána; Kantor, Lumír; Dubrava, Lubomír

    2011-06-01

    Bacterial infections are an important issue in current clinical medicine. The severity of infectious diseases has increased dramatically in recent years, which is also due to increasing numbers of resistant bacteria, including strains producing broad-spectrum beta-lactamases. The study aimed at determining the prevalence of ESBL- and AmpC-positive Enterobacteriaceae at the Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Olomouc. Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from clinical samples from infants hospitalized at the Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Olomouc over a period of 2 years. ESBL- and AmpC-positive isolates were subjected to basic genetic analysis. In the study period, a total of 1,526 isolates of the Enterobacteriaceae family were identified, including 55 (3.6%) cases of the ESBL phenotype and 17 (1.1%) AmpC-positive isolates. Genetic analysis of ESBL-positive isolates revealed a majority of CTX-M enzymes. Among AmpC beta-lactamases, the EBC, CIT, DHA, and MOX types were detected. An Escherichia coli strain was isolated with mutations in the promoter region of the ampC chromosomal gene that are associated with overproduction of the relevant enzyme.

  6. 48 CFR 217.7102 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 217.7102 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE ACQUISITION REGULATIONS SYSTEM, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTING METHODS AND CONTRACT TYPES SPECIAL CONTRACTING METHODS Master Agreement for Repair and... contractors located outside the United States and its outlying areas. (c) Activities may issue job orders...

  7. 48 CFR 217.7102 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 217.7102 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE ACQUISITION REGULATIONS SYSTEM, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTING METHODS AND CONTRACT TYPES SPECIAL CONTRACTING METHODS Master Agreement for Repair and... contractors located outside the United States and its outlying areas. (c) Activities may issue job orders...

  8. 48 CFR 217.7102 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 217.7102 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE ACQUISITION REGULATIONS SYSTEM, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTING METHODS AND CONTRACT TYPES SPECIAL CONTRACTING METHODS Master Agreement for Repair and... contractors located outside the United States and its outlying areas. (c) Activities may issue job orders...

  9. 48 CFR 217.7102 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 217.7102 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE ACQUISITION REGULATIONS SYSTEM, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTING METHODS AND CONTRACT TYPES SPECIAL CONTRACTING METHODS Master Agreement for Repair and... contractors located outside the United States and its outlying areas. (c) Activities may issue job orders...

  10. 48 CFR 217.7102 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 217.7102 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE ACQUISITION REGULATIONS SYSTEM, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTING METHODS AND CONTRACT TYPES SPECIAL CONTRACTING METHODS Master Agreement for Repair and... contractors located outside the United States and its outlying areas. (c) Activities may issue job orders...

  11. Conversion coefficients from fluence to effective dose for heavy ions with energies up to 3 GeV/A.

    PubMed

    Sato, T; Tsuda, S; Sakamoto, Y; Yamaguchi, Y; Niita, K

    2003-01-01

    Radiological protection against high-energy heavy ions has been an essential issue in the planning of long-term space missions. The fluence to effective dose conversion coefficients have been calculated for heavy ions using the particle and heavy ion transport code system PHITS coupled with an anthropomorphic phantom of the MIRD5 type. The calculations were performed for incidences of protons and typical space heavy ions--deuterons, tritons, 3He, alpha particles, 12C, 20Ne, 40Ar, 40Ca and 56Fe--with energies up to 3 GeV/A in the isotropic and anterior-posterior irradiation geometries. A simple fitting formula that can predict the effective dose from almost all kinds of space heavy ions below 3 GeV/A within an accuracy of 30% is deduced from the results.

  12. The verification of printability about marginal defects and the detectability at the inspection tool in sub 50nm node

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lee, Hyemi; Jeong, Goomin; Seo, Kangjun; Kim, Sangchul; kim, changreol

    2008-05-01

    Since mask design rule is smaller and smaller, Defects become one of the issues dropping the mask yield. Furthermore controlled defect size become smaller while masks are manufactured. According to ITRS roadmap on 2007, controlled defect size is 46nm in 57nm node and 36nm in 45nm node on a mask. However the machine development is delayed in contrast with the speed of the photolithography development. Generally mask manufacturing process is divided into 3 parts. First part is patterning on a mask and second part is inspecting the pattern and repairing the defect on the mask. At that time, inspection tools of transmitted light type are normally used and are the most trustful as progressive type in the developed inspection tools until now. Final part is shipping the mask after the qualifying the issue points and weak points. Issue points on a mask are qualified by using the AIMS (Aerial image measurement system). But this system is including the inherent error possibility, which is AIMS measures the issue points based on the inspection results. It means defects printed on a wafer are over the specific size detected by inspection tools and the inspection tool detects the almost defects. Even though there are no tools to detect the 46nm and 36nm defects suggested by ITRS roadmap, this assumption is applied to manufacturing the 57nm and 45nm device. So we make the programmed defect mask consisted with various defect type such as spot, clear extension, dark extension and CD variation on L/S(line and space), C/H(contact hole) and Active pattern in 55nm and 45nm node. And the programmed defect mask was inspected by using the inspection tool of transmitted light type and was measured by using AIMS 45-193i. Then the marginal defects were compared between the inspection tool and AIMS. Accordingly we could verify whether defect size is proper or not, which was suggested to be controlled on a mask by ITRS roadmap. Also this result could suggest appropriate inspection tools for next generation device among the inspection tools of transmitted light type, reflected light type and aerial image type.

  13. Reliability issues in human brain temperature measurement

    PubMed Central

    2009-01-01

    Introduction The influence of brain temperature on clinical outcome after severe brain trauma is currently poorly understood. When brain temperature is measured directly, different values between the inside and outside of the head can occur. It is not yet clear if these differences are 'real' or due to measurement error. Methods The aim of this study was to assess the performance and measurement uncertainty of body and brain temperature sensors currently in use in neurocritical care. Two organic fixed-point, ultra stable temperature sources were used as the temperature references. Two different types of brain sensor (brain type 1 and brain type 2) and one body type sensor were tested under rigorous laboratory conditions and at the bedside. Measurement uncertainty was calculated using internationally recognised methods. Results Average differences between the 26°C reference temperature source and the clinical temperature sensors were +0.11°C (brain type 1), +0.24°C (brain type 2) and -0.15°C (body type), respectively. For the 36°C temperature reference source, average differences between the reference source and clinical thermometers were -0.02°C, +0.09°C and -0.03°C for brain type 1, brain type 2 and body type sensor, respectively. Repeat calibrations the following day confirmed that these results were within the calculated uncertainties. The results of the immersion tests revealed that the reading of the body type sensor was sensitive to position, with differences in temperature of -0.5°C to -1.4°C observed on withdrawing the thermometer from the base of the isothermal environment by 4 cm and 8 cm, respectively. Taking into account all the factors tested during the calibration experiments, the measurement uncertainty of the clinical sensors against the (nominal) 26°C and 36°C temperature reference sources for the brain type 1, brain type 2 and body type sensors were ± 0.18°C, ± 0.10°C and ± 0.12°C respectively. Conclusions The results show that brain temperature sensors are fundamentally accurate and the measurements are precise to within 0.1 to 0.2°C. Subtle dissociation between brain and body temperature in excess of 0.1 to 0.2°C is likely to be real. Body temperature sensors need to be secured in position to ensure that measurements are reliable. PMID:19573241

  14. Mouse models of aerosol-acquired tularemia caused by Francisella tularensis types A and B.

    PubMed

    Fritz, David L; England, Marilyn J; Miller, Lynda; Waag, David M

    2014-10-01

    After preliminary assessment of virulence in AKR/J, DBA/1, BALB/c, and C57BL/6 mice, we investigated histopathologic changes in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice infected with type A (strain SCHU S4) or type B (strain 425) Francisella tularensis by aerosol exposure. In mice exposed to type A infection, changes in histologic presentation were not apparent until day 3 after infection, when pyogranulomatous inflammation was detected in spleens and livers of BALB/c mice, and in lungs and spleens of C57BL/6 mice. Histopathologic changes were most severe and widespread in both mouse strains on day 5 after infection and seemed to completely resolve within 22 d of challenge. BALB/c mice were more resistant than C57BL/6 mice in lethal-dose calculations, but C57BL/6 mice cleared the infection more rapidly. Mice similarly challenged with type B F. tularensis also developed histopathologic signs of infection beginning on day 3. The most severe changes were noted on day 8 and were characterized by granulomatous or pyogranulomatous infiltrations of the lungs. Unlike type A infection, lesions due to type B did not resolve over time and remained 3 wk after infection. In type B, but not type A, infection we noted extensive inflammation of the heart muscle. Although no microorganisms were found in tissues of type A survivors beyond 9 d after infection, mice surviving strain 425 infection had a low level of residual infection at 3 wk after challenge. The histopathologic presentation of tularemia caused by F. tularensis types A and B in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice bears distinct similarities to tularemia in humans.

  15. Cognate clinopyroxene from Paleogene mantle xenolith-bearing basanite lavas (East Serbia, SE Europe): the role of dissolution of mantle orthopyroxene

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cvetković, Vladica; Erić, Suzana; Radivojević, Maša; Šarić, Kristina

    2012-11-01

    The study focuses on clinopyroxene from mantle xenolith-bearing East Serbian basanites and suggests that dissolution of mantle orthopyroxene played an important role in at least some stages of the crystallization of these alkaline magmas. Five compositional types of clinopyroxene are distinguished, some of them having different textural forms: megacrysts (Type-A), green/colourless-cored phenocrysts (Type-B), overgrowths and sieve-textured cores (Type-C), rims and matrix clinopyroxene (Type-D), and clinopyroxene from the reaction rims around orthopyroxene xenocrysts (Type-E). Type-A is high-Al diopside that probably crystallized at near-liquidus conditions either directly from the host basanite or from compositionally similar magmas in previous magmatic episodes. Type-B cores show high VIAl/IVAl≥1 and low Mg# of mostly <75 and are interpreted as typical xenocrysts. Type-C, D and E are interpreted as typical cognate clinopyroxene. Type-D has Mg#<78, Al2O3 = 6-13 wt.%, TiO2 = 1.5-4.5 wt.%, and Na2O = 0.4-0.8 wt.% and compositionally similar clinopyroxene is calculated by MELTS as a phase in equilibrium with the last 30 % of melt starting from the average host lava composition. Type-C has Mg# = 72-89, Al2O3 = 4.5-9.5 wt.%, TiO2 = 1-2.5 wt.%, Na2O = 0.35-1 wt.% and Cr2O3 = 0.1-1.5 wt.%. This clinopyroxene has some compositional similarities to Type-E occurring exclusively around mantle orthopyroxene. Cr/Al vs Al/Ti and Cr/Al vs Na/Ti plots revealed that Type-C clinopyroxene can crystallize from a mixture of the host basanite magma and 2-20 wt.% mantle orthopyroxene. Sieve-textured Type-C crystals show characteristics of experimentally produced skeletal clinopyroxene formed by orthopyroxene dissolution suggesting that crystallization of Type-C was both texturally and compositionally controlled by orthopyroxene breakdown. According to FeO/MgOcpx/melt modelling the first clinopyroxene precipitating from the host basanite was Type-A (T ~ 1250 °C, p ~ 1.5 GPa). Dissolution of orthopyroxene produced decreasing FeO/MgOmelt and crystallization of Type-E and sieve-textured Type-C clinopyroxene (0.3-0.8 GPa and 1200-1050 °C). The melt composition gradually shifted towards higher FeO/MgOmelt ratios precipitating more evolved Type-C and Type-D approaching near-solidus conditions (<0.3 GPa; ~950 °C).

  16. The Development of Strategic Air Command, 1946-1976

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1976-03-21

    branch green, and three lightning flashes red. SHIELD Azure , two clouds proper, one issuing from sinister chief and one issuing from dexter base, a...Financial Status, since 1958. For security reasons, no statistics have been included for those types of recon- naissance aircraft currently a ned. The text ...was prepared by . J C.)Hop~ns who was aided by Mr. Sheldon A. Goldberg, Command Archivist, w o critically reviewed the text and selected the

  17. An open source software tool to assign the material properties of bone for ABAQUS finite element simulations.

    PubMed

    Pegg, Elise C; Gill, Harinderjit S

    2016-09-06

    A new software tool to assign the material properties of bone to an ABAQUS finite element mesh was created and compared with Bonemat, a similar tool originally designed to work with Ansys finite element models. Our software tool (py_bonemat_abaqus) was written in Python, which is the chosen scripting language for ABAQUS. The purpose of this study was to compare the software packages in terms of the material assignment calculation and processing speed. Three element types were compared (linear hexahedral (C3D8), linear tetrahedral (C3D4) and quadratic tetrahedral elements (C3D10)), both individually and as part of a mesh. Comparisons were made using a CT scan of a hemi-pelvis as a test case. A small difference, of -0.05kPa on average, was found between Bonemat version 3.1 (the current version) and our Python package. Errors were found in the previous release of Bonemat (version 3.0 downloaded from www.biomedtown.org) during calculation of the quadratic tetrahedron Jacobian, and conversion of the apparent density to modulus when integrating over the Young׳s modulus field. These issues caused up to 2GPa error in the modulus assignment. For these reasons, we recommend users upgrade to the most recent release of Bonemat. Processing speeds were assessed for the three different element types. Our Python package took significantly longer (110s on average) to perform the calculations compared with the Bonemat software (10s). Nevertheless, the workflow advantages of the package and added functionality makes 'py_bonemat_abaqus' a useful tool for ABAQUS users. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  18. Pneumococcal polysaccharides complexed with C3d bind to human B lymphocytes via complement receptor type 2.

    PubMed Central

    Griffioen, A W; Rijkers, G T; Janssens-Korpela, P; Zegers, B J

    1991-01-01

    The immunoregulatory function of the complement system has been the focus of many investigations. In particular, fragments of complement factor C3 have been shown to play a role in B-lymphocyte activation and proliferation, lymphokine production, and the generation of in vitro antibody production. Purified pneumococcal polysaccharides (PS) can induce direct activation of C3 via the alternative pathway. Using sera of C1q-deficient patients and healthy subjects, we demonstrated that C3d, a split product of C3 that is generated after degradation of iC3b, can be bound to PS antigens. The binding of C3d to PS can occur in the absence of specific antibodies. Subsequently, we showed that PS complexed with C3d can be recognized by complement receptor type 2 that is expressed on B cells. Treatment of B cells with a monoclonal antibody recognizing the C3d-binding site of complement receptor type 2 reduces the binding of PS-C3d to the cells. In addition, we showed that PS4 complexed with C3d exerted an increased immunogenicity compared with free PS4. Our results show that the complement system plays a role in the activation of PS-specific B cells, carrying membrane receptors for C3d. Consequently, the complement system plays a regulatory role in the antibody response to T-cell-independent type 2 antigens such as PS. PMID:1826897

  19. 12 CFR 615.5100 - Authority to issue.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Authority to issue. 615.5100 Section 615.5100... Obligations § 615.5100 Authority to issue. The Act authorizes each bank of the System, subject to the collateral requirements of section 4.3(c) of the Act, to issue: (a) Notes, bonds, debentures, or other...

  20. Laboratory Simulations of Space Weathering of Asteroid Surfaces by Solar Wind Ions.

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Miller, Kenneth A.; De Ruette, Nathalie; Harlow, George; Domingue, Deborah L.; Savin, Daniel Wolf

    2014-06-01

    Studies into the formation of the terrestrial planets rely on the analysis of asteroids and meteorites. Asteroids are solar system remnants from the planetary formation period. By characterizing their mineralogical composition we can better constrain the formation and evolution of the inner planets.Remote sensing is the primary means for studying asteroids. Sample return missions, such as Hayabusa, are complex and expensive, hence we rely on asteroid reflectance spectra to determine chemical composition. Links have been made and debated between meteorite classes and asteroid types [1, 2]. If such relationships can be confirmed, then meteorites would provide a low cost asteroid sample set for study. However, a major issue in establishing this link is the spectral differences between meteorite samples and asteroid surfaces. The most commonly invoked explanation for these differences is that the surfaces of asteroids are space weathered [2, 3]. The dominant mechanism for this weathering is believed to be solar-wind ion irradiation [2, 4, 5]. Laboratory simulations of space weathering have demonstrated changes in the general direction required to alter spectra from unweathered meteorite samples to asteroid observations [3, 6 -10], but many open questions remain and we still lack a comprehensive understanding. We propose to explore the alleged connection of ordinary chondrite (OC) meteorites to S-type asteroids through a series of systematic laboratory simulations of solar-wind space weathering of asteroid surface materials. Here we describe the issue in more detail and describe the proposed apparatus. [1] Chapman C. R. (1996) Meteorit. Planet. Sci., 31, 699-725. [2] Chapman C. R. (2004), Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 32, 539-567. [3] Hapke B. (2001) J. Ge-ophys. Res., 106, 10039-10074. [4] Pieters C.M. et al. (2000) Meteorit. Planet. Sci., 35, 1101-1107. [5] Ver-nazza P. et al. (2009) Nature, 458, 993-995. [6] Stra-zulla G. et al. (2005) Icarus, 174, 31-35 (2005). [7] Brunetto R and Strazzulla G (2005) Icarus, 179, 265-273. [8] Marchi S et al. (2005) Astron. Astrophys., 443, 769-775. [9] Loeffler M. J. et al. (2009) J. Geo-phys. Res., 114, E03003. [10] Fu X. et al. (2012) Ica-rus, 219, 630-640

  1. TG/HDL-C ratio and visceral adiposity index may be useful in assessment of insulin resistance in adults with type 1 diabetes in clinical practice.

    PubMed

    Uruska, Aleksandra; Zozulinska-Ziolkiewicz, Dorota; Niedzwiecki, Pawel; Pietrzak, Monika; Wierusz-Wysocka, Bogna

    Insulin resistance (IR) is an important clinical issue in patients with type 1 diabetes due to worse metabolic control and risk of development of chronic complications. The aim of the study was to evaluate simple and easily available parameters as indirect markers of IR in adults with type 1 diabetes and correlate it with the results of hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. The study included 88 patients (62 men), aged 34.1 ± 6.5 years, with type 1 diabetes with a median disease duration of 8 (7-13) years and mean HbA1c of 7.6 ± 1.5%. Tissue sensitivity to insulin was assessed on the basis of glucose distribution rate (GDR) obtained in the course of hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. In addition, indirect markers of IR, such as estimated GDR, presence of features of metabolic syndrome, visceral adiposity index (VAI), and the triglyceride (TG)/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio, were evaluated. In the study group, IR defined as GDR <4 mg/kg/min was observed in 33 (37.5%) patients. Group with IR had significantly higher postprandial glycemia (9.1 ± 2.0 vs 8.4 ± 1.1 mmol/L, P = .04), serum TG level (1.11 [0.75-1.92] vs 0.85 [0.60-1.08] mmol/L, P = .001), lower HDL-C level (1.59 ± 0.38 vs 1.8 ± 0.5 mmol/L, P = .02), higher TG/HDL-C ratio (1.60 [1.00-3.13] vs 1.05 [0.62-1.53], P = .001), and higher VAI (2.61 [1.31-4.25] vs 1.56 [0.96-2.25], P = .002). Significant relationship between GDR and TG/HDL-C ratio and VAI, adjusted for age, sex, HbA1c, and duration of diabetes was revealed (respectively, odds ratio 1.90 [95% confidence interval 1.15-3.15], P = .01 and odds ratio 1.47 [95% confidence interval 1.06-2.04], P = .01). TG/HDL-C ratio and VAI appear to be clinically useful tools to assess IR in adults with type 1 diabetes. Copyright © 2018 National Lipid Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  2. Efficacy of 3,4-Diaminopyridine as a Therapy for Type C Botulism

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1986-12-09

    0 of type A botulinum neurotoxin. The difference in the effectiveness of 3,-LAPaanttpD n ouiu toxins may be due to variations in the mechanism of...effectiveness of 3,4-DAP against t4a A and C botulinum toxins may be due to variations in the mechanism of action of these neurotoxins at the molecular...contained 2.0 X 107 LDsdml. For the production of type C toxin , the Stockholm strain of Clostridium botulinum type C was grown in a medium containing 2.0

  3. 5 CFR 2640.102 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... is important to note that a mutual fund or employee benefit plan that is diversified for purposes of... 3(3) of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, 29 U.S.C. 1002(3), and that has more... means a person who issues or proposes to issue any security, or has any outstanding security which it...

  4. 36 CFR 72.12 - Assessment of needs, problems and issues.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... used for citizen participation. (b) Physical Issues. Summary information should be provided on existing... such activities. (c) Rehabilitation Issues. Summary information should be provided on the need for... sites and properties for rehabilitation; (3) Importance of rehabilitation in specific geographic areas...

  5. Understanding Our Gifted. Volume 3, Issues 1-6, 1990-91.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Silverman, Linda Kreger, Ed.

    1991-01-01

    This document consists of six issues of a newsletter subtitled "Dedicated to Helping Gifted Children Reach their Full Potential." These issues focus on personality types, program administration, creativity, counseling, the arts, and cultural diversity. Feature articles have the following titles and authors: "A World of Difference: Children and…

  6. A Biochemical Approach to Study the Role of the Terminal Oxidases in Aerobic Respiration in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1

    PubMed Central

    Le Laz, Sébastien; Kpebe, Arlette; Bauzan, Marielle; Lignon, Sabrina; Rousset, Marc; Brugna, Myriam

    2014-01-01

    The genome of the facultative anaerobic γ-proteobacterium Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 encodes for three terminal oxidases: a bd-type quinol oxidase and two heme-copper oxidases, a A-type cytochrome c oxidase and a cbb 3-type oxidase. In this study, we used a biochemical approach and directly measured oxidase activities coupled to mass-spectrometry analysis to investigate the physiological role of the three terminal oxidases under aerobic and microaerobic conditions. Our data revealed that the cbb 3-type oxidase is the major terminal oxidase under aerobic conditions while both cbb 3-type and bd-type oxidases are involved in respiration at low-O2 tensions. On the contrary, the low O2-affinity A-type cytochrome c oxidase was not detected in our experimental conditions even under aerobic conditions and would therefore not be required for aerobic respiration in S. oneidensis MR-1. In addition, the deduced amino acid sequence suggests that the A-type cytochrome c oxidase is a ccaa 3-type oxidase since an uncommon extra-C terminal domain contains two c-type heme binding motifs. The particularity of the aerobic respiratory pathway and the physiological implication of the presence of a ccaa 3-type oxidase in S. oneidensis MR-1 are discussed. PMID:24466040

  7. Decreased cardiac L-type Ca2+ channel activity induces hypertrophy and heart failure in mice

    PubMed Central

    Goonasekera, Sanjeewa A.; Hammer, Karin; Auger-Messier, Mannix; Bodi, Ilona; Chen, Xiongwen; Zhang, Hongyu; Reiken, Steven; Elrod, John W.; Correll, Robert N.; York, Allen J.; Sargent, Michelle A.; Hofmann, Franz; Moosmang, Sven; Marks, Andrew R.; Houser, Steven R.; Bers, Donald M.; Molkentin, Jeffery D.

    2011-01-01

    Antagonists of L-type Ca2+ channels (LTCCs) have been used to treat human cardiovascular diseases for decades. However, these inhibitors can have untoward effects in patients with heart failure, and their overall therapeutic profile remains nebulous given differential effects in the vasculature when compared with those in cardiomyocytes. To investigate this issue, we examined mice heterozygous for the gene encoding the pore-forming subunit of LTCC (calcium channel, voltage-dependent, L type, α1C subunit [Cacna1c mice; referred to herein as α1C–/+ mice]) and mice in which this gene was loxP targeted to achieve graded heart-specific gene deletion (termed herein α1C-loxP mice). Adult cardiomyocytes from the hearts of α1C–/+ mice at 10 weeks of age showed a decrease in LTCC current and a modest decrease in cardiac function, which we initially hypothesized would be cardioprotective. However, α1C–/+ mice subjected to pressure overload stimulation, isoproterenol infusion, and swimming showed greater cardiac hypertrophy, greater reductions in ventricular performance, and greater ventricular dilation than α1C+/+ controls. The same detrimental effects were observed in α1C-loxP animals with a cardiomyocyte-specific deletion of one allele. More severe reductions in α1C protein levels with combinatorial deleted alleles produced spontaneous cardiac hypertrophy before 3 months of age, with early adulthood lethality. Mechanistically, our data suggest that a reduction in LTCC current leads to neuroendocrine stress, with sensitized and leaky sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release as a compensatory mechanism to preserve contractility. This state results in calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T cells signaling that promotes hypertrophy and disease. PMID:22133878

  8. Ineffectiveness of 3,4-diaminopyridine as a therapy for type C botulism.

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Siegel, L.S.; Price, J.I.

    1987-01-01

    Clostridium botulinum neurotoxins inhibit acetylcholine release at neuromuscular junctions. Agents stimulating neurotransmitter efflux, such as 3,4-diaminopyridine (3,4-DAP), could be useful for botulism therapy. Treatment with 3,4-DAP (8 mg/kg hourly, beginning 3 hr after toxin injection) failed to increase the survival times of mice receiving 10, 20 or 40 LD50 type C, but did prolong the survival of those receiving 20 LD50 type A. This difference in 3,4-DAP efficacy may reflect variations in the molecular mechanism of action of types A and C botulinum neurotoxins.

  9. Type 3c (pancreatogenic) diabetes mellitus secondary to chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer.

    PubMed

    Hart, Phil A; Bellin, Melena D; Andersen, Dana K; Bradley, David; Cruz-Monserrate, Zobeida; Forsmark, Christopher E; Goodarzi, Mark O; Habtezion, Aida; Korc, Murray; Kudva, Yogish C; Pandol, Stephen J; Yadav, Dhiraj; Chari, Suresh T

    2016-11-01

    Diabetes mellitus is a group of diseases defined by persistent hyperglycaemia. Type 2 diabetes, the most prevalent form, is characterised initially by impaired insulin sensitivity and subsequently by an inadequate compensatory insulin response. Diabetes can also develop as a direct consequence of other diseases, including diseases of the exocrine pancreas. Historically, diabetes due to diseases of the exocrine pancreas was described as pancreatogenic or pancreatogenous diabetes mellitus, but recent literature refers to it as type 3c diabetes. It is important to note that type 3c diabetes is not a single entity; it occurs because of a variety of exocrine pancreatic diseases with varying mechanisms of hyperglycaemia. The most commonly identified causes of type 3c diabetes are chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, haemochromatosis, cystic fibrosis, and previous pancreatic surgery. In this Review, we discuss the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical relevance of type 3c diabetes secondary to chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, and highlight several important knowledge gaps. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  10. Type 3c (pancreatogenic) diabetes mellitus secondary to chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer

    PubMed Central

    Hart, Phil A; Bellin, Melena D; Andersen, Dana K; Bradley, David; Cruz-Monserrate, Zobeida; Forsmark, Christopher E; Goodarzi, Mark O; Habtezion, Aida; Korc, Murray; Kudva, Yogish C; Pandol, Stephen J; Yadav, Dhiraj; Chari, Suresh T

    2017-01-01

    Diabetes mellitus is a group of diseases defined by persistent hyperglycaemia. Type 2 diabetes, the most prevalent form, is characterised initially by impaired insulin sensitivity and subsequently by an inadequate compensatory insulin response. Diabetes can also develop as a direct consequence of other diseases, including diseases of the exocrine pancreas. Historically, diabetes due to diseases of the exocrine pancreas was described as pancreatogenic or pancreatogenous diabetes mellitus, but recent literature refers to it as type 3c diabetes. It is important to note that type 3c diabetes is not a single entity; it occurs because of a variety of exocrine pancreatic diseases with varying mechanisms of hyperglycaemia. The most commonly identified causes of type 3c diabetes are chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, haemochromatosis, cystic fibrosis, and previous pancreatic surgery. In this Review, we discuss the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical relevance of type 3c diabetes secondary to chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, and highlight several important knowledge gaps. PMID:28404095

  11. Mutation of a single residue in the S2-S3 loop of CNG channels alters the gating properties and sensitivity to inhibitors.

    PubMed

    Crary, J I; Dean, D M; Maroof, F; Zimmerman, A L

    2000-12-01

    We previously found that native cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) cation channels from amphibian rod cells are directly and reversibly inhibited by analogues of diacylglycerol (DAG), but little is known about the mechanism of this inhibition. We recently determined that, at saturating cGMP concentrations, DAG completely inhibits cloned bovine rod (Brod) CNG channels while only partially inhibiting cloned rat olfactory (Rolf) channels (Crary, J.I., D.M. Dean, W. Nguitragool, P.T. Kurshan, and A.L. Zimmerman. 2000. J. Gen. Phys. 116:755-768; in this issue). Here, we report that a point mutation at position 204 in the S2-S3 loop of Rolf and a mouse CNG channel (Molf) found in olfactory epithelium and heart, increased DAG sensitivity to that of the Brod channel. Mutation of this residue from the wild-type glycine to a glutamate (Molf G204E) or aspartate (Molf G204D) gave dramatic increases in DAG sensitivity without changing the apparent cGMP or cAMP affinities or efficacies. However, unlike the wild-type olfactory channels, these mutants demonstrated voltage-dependent gating with obvious activation and deactivation kinetics. Interestingly, the mutants were also more sensitive to inhibition by the local anesthetic, tetracaine. Replacement of the position 204 glycine with a tryptophan residue (Rolf G204W) not only gave voltage-dependent gating and an increased sensitivity to DAG and tetracaine, but also showed reduced apparent agonist affinity and cAMP efficacy. Sequence comparisons show that the glycine at position 204 in the S2-S3 loop is highly conserved, and our findings indicate that its alteration can have critical consequences for channel gating and inhibition.

  12. Designing and Thermal Analysis of Safe Lithium Ion Cathode Materials for High Energy Applications

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hu, Enyuan

    Safety is one of the most critical issues facing lithium-ion battery application in vehicles. Addressing this issue requires the integration of several aspects, especially the material chemistry and the battery thermal management. First, thermal stability investigation was carried out on an attractive high energy density material LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4. New findings on the thermal-stability and thermal-decomposition-pathways related to the oxygen-release are discovered for the high-voltage spinel Li xNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) with ordered (o-) and disordered (d-) structures at fully delithiated (charged) state using a combination of in situ time-resolved x-ray diffraction (TR-XRD) coupled with mass spectroscopy (MS) and x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Both fully charged o--LixNi0.5Mn1.5O 4 and d-LixNi0.5Mn1.5O 4 start oxygen-releasing structural changes at temperatures below 300 °C, which is in sharp contrast to the good thermal stability of the 4V-spinel LixMn2O4 with no oxygen being released up to 375 °C. This is mainly caused by the presence of Ni4+ in LNMO, which undergoes dramatic reduction during the thermal decomposition. In addition, charged o-LNMO shows better thermal stability than the d-LNMO counterpart, due to the Ni/Mn ordering and smaller amount of the rock-salt impurity phase in o-LNMO. Newly identified two thermal-decomposition-pathways from the initial LixNi0.5Mn1.5O 4 spinel to the final NiMn2O4-type spinel structure with and without the intermediate phases (NiMnO3 and alpha-Mn 2O3) are found to play key roles in thermal stability and oxygen release of LNMO during thermal decomposition. In addressing the safety issue associated with LNMO, Fe is selected to partially substitute Ni and Mn simultaneously utilizing the electrochemical activity and structure-stabilizing high spin Fe3+. The synthesized LiNi1/3Mn4/3Fe1/3O4 showed superior thermal stability and satisfactory electrochemical performance. At charged state, it is able to withstand the temperature as high as 500°C without observable oxygen release. It shows comparable cyclability performance to the LNMO material with better rate capability. The undiminished high voltage capacity is due to the electrochemical activity of Fe in the system. Fe also plays the key role of stabilizing the system at Fe3O4 type spinel phase against further phase transformation to the rock salt phase, accounting for the superior thermal stability of LiNi1/3Mn 4/3Fe1/3O4. Thermal analysis of the lithium-ion battery indicates the key role of electric current in contributing to a thermal runaway. FLUENT simulation on a 10-cell battery shows that under fast discharging conditions, the temperature level can easily reach the threshold of malfunction and the battery temperature features a large distribution of 18°C. Simple air cooling is not effective enough in addressing the problem. Designed air cooling or liquid cooling is required for the normal operation of lithium-ion batteries in vehicles.

  13. Misbalance in type III collagen formation/degradation as a novel serological biomarker for penetrating (Montreal B3) Crohn's disease.

    PubMed

    van Haaften, W T; Mortensen, J H; Karsdal, M A; Bay-Jensen, A C; Dijkstra, G; Olinga, P

    2017-07-01

    Misbalances in extracellular matrix turnover are key factors in the development of stricturing (Montreal B2) and penetrating (Montreal B3) Crohn's disease. To determine whether serological markers for collagen formation and degradation could serve as biomarkers for complications of Crohn's disease. Serum biomarkers for type I, III, V and VI collagen formation (P1NP, Pro-C3, Pro-C5, Pro-C6) and matrix metalloproteinase mediated degradation (C1M, C3M, C5M and C6M) were measured in a retrospective, single centre cohort of 112 patients with Crohn's disease in the terminal ileum (nonstricturing/nonpenetrating: n=40, stricturing: n=55, penetrating: n=17) and 24 healthy controls. Active inflammation was defined as CRP >5 mg/L. C3M and Pro-C5 levels were higher in penetrating vs nonpenetrating/nonstricturing and stricturing disease (33.6±5 vs 25.8±2.2 [P=.004] and 27.2±2.3 [P=.018] nmol/L C3M, 1262.7±259.4 vs 902.9±109.9 [P=.005] and 953.0±106.4 [P=.015] nmol/L Pro-C5). C1M (71.2±26.1 vs 46.2±6.2 nmol/L [P<.001]), C3M (31.6±3.9 vs 26.1±1.6 nmol/L [P=.002] and Pro-C5 levels (1171.7±171.5 vs 909.6±80.4 nmol/L [P=.002]) were higher in patients with active inflammation vs without active inflammation. Pro-C3/C3M-ratios were best to differentiate between penetrating vs nonstricturing/nonpenetrating and stricturing disease with area under the curves of 0.815±0.109 (P<.001) and 0.746±0.114 (P=.002) respectively. Serological biomarkers show that penetrating Crohn's disease is characterised by increased matrix metalloproteinase-9 degraded type III collagen and formation of type V collagen. Active inflammation in Crohn's disease is characterised by increased formation of type V collagen and increased matrix metalloproteinase mediated breakdown of type I, III collagen. Pro-C3/C3M ratios are superior in differentiating between penetrating Crohn's disease vs inflammatory and stricturing Crohn's disease. © 2017 The Authors. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  14. 76 FR 49286 - Third Party Testing for Certain Children's Products; Notice of Requirements for Accreditation of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-08-10

    ... tested in accordance with CPSC-CH-C1001-09.3, Standard Operating Procedure for Determination of...-C1001-09.3, Standard Operating Procedure for Determination of Phthalates, issued on April 1, 2010...-C1001-09.3, Standard Operating Procedure for Determination of Phthalates, and GB/T 22048-2008, Toys and...

  15. Somatotopical feedback versus non-somatotopical feedback for phantom digit sensation on amputees using electrotactile stimulation.

    PubMed

    Zhang, Dingguo; Xu, Heng; Shull, Peter B; Liu, Jianrong; Zhu, Xiangyang

    2015-05-02

    Transcutaneous electrical stimulation can provide amputees with tactile feedback for better manipulating an advanced prosthesis. In general, there are two ways to transfer the stimulus to the skin: somatotopical feedback (SF) that stimulates the phantom digit somatotopy on the stump and non-somatotopical feedback (NF) that stimulates other positions on the human body. To investigate the difference between SF and NF, electrotactile experiments were conducted on seven amputees. Electrical stimulation was applied via a complete phantom map to the residual limb (SF) and to the upper arm (NF) separately. The behavior results of discrimination accuracy and response time were used to examine: 1) performance differences between SF and NF for discriminating position, type and strength of tactile feedback; 2) performance differences between SF and NF for one channel (1C), three channels (3C), and five channels (5C). NASA-TLX standardized testing was used to determine differences in mental workload between SF and NF. The grand-averaged discrimination accuracy for SF was 6% higher than NF, and the average response time for SF was 600 ms faster than NF. SF is better than NF for position, type, strength, and the overall modality regarding both accuracy and response time except for 1C modality (p<0.001). Among the six modalities of stimulation channels, performance of 1C/SF was the best, which was similar to that of 1C/NF and 3C/SF; performance of 3C/NF was similar to that of 5C/SF; performance of 5C/NF was the worst. NASA-TLX scores indicated that mental workload increased as the number of stimulation channels increased. We quantified the difference between SF and NF, and the influence of different number of stimulation channels. SF was better than NF in general, but the practical issues such as the limited area of stumps could constrain the use of SF. We found that more channels increased the amount and richness of information to the amputee while fewer channels resulted in higher performance, and thus the 3C/SF modality was a good compromise. Based on this study, we provide possible solutions to the practical problems involving the implementation of tactile feedback for amputees. These results are expected to promote the application of SF and NF tactile feedback for amputees in the future.

  16. 31 CFR 8.3 - Conference and practice requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... requirements for powers of attorney are set forth in: (a) 26 CFR part 601, subpart E (or those regulations as... issued under the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2778); (d) 27 CFR part 178, subpart E, with respect to proceedings concerning licenses issued under the Gun Control Act of 1968 (18 U.S.C. Chapter 44...

  17. Mycoplasma-induced BALB/c 3T3 collagenase is a mammalian enzyme.

    PubMed Central

    Kluve, B; Merrick, W C; Gershman, H

    1983-01-01

    A collagenase previously reported to accumulate in the medium of cultures of BALB/c 3T3 cells on infection with Mycoplasma orale [Kluve, Merrick, Stanbridge & Gershman (1981) Nature (London) 292, 855-857] was partially purified and characterized. With regard to purification properties, activation, sensitivity to inhibitors and relative molecular mass the enzyme was similar to previously reported vertebrate collagenases, but could not be unequivocally distinguished from bacterial collagenases. With regard to substrate-specificity and reaction products, however, the collagenase was typical of vertebrate collagenases and distinct from bacterial collagenases. Specifically, the enzyme displayed a preference for type III collagen and type I collagen, a somewhat decreased ability to degrade type II collagen, and a very limited ability to degrade type IV collagen. The initial products of the action of the collagenase on type I collagen were characterized as fragments one-quarter and three-quarters of the length of the intact collagen molecule. Because the properties of the collagenase produced by cultures of mycoplasma-infected BALB/c 3T3 cells are those of a mammalian-type (vertebrate-type) enzyme, we have concluded that the collagenase is a product of the mouse (BALB/c 3T3) genome, and is not produced by the mycoplasma. Therefore it appears that infection of BALB/c 3T3 mouse fibroblasts with Mycoplasma orale induces the mouse cells to produce and secrete collagenase. PMID:6309150

  18. Physical security and cyber security issues and human error prevention for 3D printed objects: detecting the use of an incorrect printing material

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Straub, Jeremy

    2017-06-01

    A wide variety of characteristics of 3D printed objects have been linked to impaired structural integrity and use-efficacy. The printing material can also have a significant impact on the quality, utility and safety characteristics of a 3D printed object. Material issues can be created by vendor issues, physical security issues and human error. This paper presents and evaluates a system that can be used to detect incorrect material use in a 3D printer, using visible light imaging. Specifically, it assesses the ability to ascertain the difference between materials of different color and different types of material with similar coloration.

  19. Geochemistry of highly basic calcium hydroxide groundwater in Jordan

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Barnes, I.; Presser, T.S.; Saines, M.; Dickson, P.; Van Groos, A. F. K.

    1982-01-01

    Highly-alkaline (pH > 12.5) meteoric waters of a Ca2+OH--type issue from naturally calcined bituminous marl. The cold (16.5 ??? T(??C) ??? 19.1) waters are super-saturated with minerals thought to be of high-temperature origin. ?? 1982.

  20. A Uniform Approach to Type Theory

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1989-01-01

    logical and statistical techniques. There is no comprehensive survey on implementation issues. Some partial aspects are described in...U. de Paris (1930). In: Ecrits logiques de Jacques Herbrand, PUF Paris (1968). [71] C. M. Hoffmann, M. J. O’Donnell. "Programming with Equations

  1. X-ray diffraction and spectroscopy study of nano-Eu 2O 3 structural transformation under high pressure

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Yu, Zhenhai; Wang, Qinglin; Ma, Yanzhang

    Nanoscale materials exhibit properties that are quite distinct from those of bulk materials because of their size restricted nature. Here, we investigated the high-pressure structural stability of cubic (C-type) nano-Eu2O3 using in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman and luminescence spectroscopy, and impedance spectra techniques. Our high-pressure XRD experimental results revealed a pressure-induced structural phase transition in nano-Eu2O3 from the C-type phase (space group: Ia-3) to a hexagonal phase (A-type, space group: P-3m1). Our reported transition pressure (9.3 GPa) in nano-Eu2O3 is higher than that of the corresponding bulk-Eu2O3 (5.0 GPa), which is contrary to the preceding reported experimental result.more » After pressure release, the A-type phase of Eu2O3 transforms into a new monoclinic phase (B-type, space group: C2/m). Compared with bulk-Eu2O3, C-type and A-type nano-Eu2O3 exhibits a larger bulk modulus. Our Raman and luminescence findings and XRD data provide consistent evidence of a pressure-induced structural phase transition in nano-Eu2O3. To our knowledge, we have performed the first high-pressure impedance spectra investigation on nano-Eu2O3 to examine the effect of the structural phase transition on its transport properties. We propose that the resistance inflection exhibited at ~12 GPa results from the phase boundary between the C-type and A-type phases. Besides, we summarized and discussed the structural evolution process by the phase diagram of lanthanide sesquioxides (Ln2O3) under high pressure.« less

  2. Handwriting generates variable visual output to facilitate symbol learning.

    PubMed

    Li, Julia X; James, Karin H

    2016-03-01

    Recent research has demonstrated that handwriting practice facilitates letter categorization in young children. The present experiments investigated why handwriting practice facilitates visual categorization by comparing 2 hypotheses: that handwriting exerts its facilitative effect because of the visual-motor production of forms, resulting in a direct link between motor and perceptual systems, or because handwriting produces variable visual instances of a named category in the environment that then changes neural systems. We addressed these issues by measuring performance of 5-year-old children on a categorization task involving novel, Greek symbols across 6 different types of learning conditions: 3 involving visual-motor practice (copying typed symbols independently, tracing typed symbols, tracing handwritten symbols) and 3 involving visual-auditory practice (seeing and saying typed symbols of a single typed font, of variable typed fonts, and of handwritten examples). We could therefore compare visual-motor production with visual perception both of variable and similar forms. Comparisons across the 6 conditions (N = 72) demonstrated that all conditions that involved studying highly variable instances of a symbol facilitated symbol categorization relative to conditions where similar instances of a symbol were learned, regardless of visual-motor production. Therefore, learning perceptually variable instances of a category enhanced performance, suggesting that handwriting facilitates symbol understanding by virtue of its environmental output: supporting the notion of developmental change though brain-body-environment interactions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved).

  3. Piezoresistive effect in p-type 3C-SiC at high temperatures characterized using Joule heating

    PubMed Central

    Phan, Hoang-Phuong; Dinh, Toan; Kozeki, Takahiro; Qamar, Afzaal; Namazu, Takahiro; Dimitrijev, Sima; Nguyen, Nam-Trung; Dao, Dzung Viet

    2016-01-01

    Cubic silicon carbide is a promising material for Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) applications in harsh environ-ments and bioapplications thanks to its large band gap, chemical inertness, excellent corrosion tolerance and capability of growth on a Si substrate. This paper reports the piezoresistive effect of p-type single crystalline 3C-SiC characterized at high temperatures, using an in situ measurement method. The experimental results show that the highly doped p-type 3C-SiC possesses a relatively stable gauge factor of approximately 25 to 28 at temperatures varying from 300 K to 573 K. The in situ method proposed in this study also demonstrated that, the combination of the piezoresistive and thermoresistive effects can increase the gauge factor of p-type 3C-SiC to approximately 20% at 573 K. The increase in gauge factor based on the combination of these phenomena could enhance the sensitivity of SiC based MEMS mechanical sensors. PMID:27349378

  4. Piezoresistive effect in p-type 3C-SiC at high temperatures characterized using Joule heating

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Phan, Hoang-Phuong; Dinh, Toan; Kozeki, Takahiro; Qamar, Afzaal; Namazu, Takahiro; Dimitrijev, Sima; Nguyen, Nam-Trung; Dao, Dzung Viet

    2016-06-01

    Cubic silicon carbide is a promising material for Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) applications in harsh environ-ments and bioapplications thanks to its large band gap, chemical inertness, excellent corrosion tolerance and capability of growth on a Si substrate. This paper reports the piezoresistive effect of p-type single crystalline 3C-SiC characterized at high temperatures, using an in situ measurement method. The experimental results show that the highly doped p-type 3C-SiC possesses a relatively stable gauge factor of approximately 25 to 28 at temperatures varying from 300 K to 573 K. The in situ method proposed in this study also demonstrated that, the combination of the piezoresistive and thermoresistive effects can increase the gauge factor of p-type 3C-SiC to approximately 20% at 573 K. The increase in gauge factor based on the combination of these phenomena could enhance the sensitivity of SiC based MEMS mechanical sensors.

  5. Genomic structure of rat 3alpha-hydroxysteroid/dihydrodiol dehydrogenase (3alpha-HSD/DD, AKR1C9).

    PubMed

    Lin, H K; Hung, C F; Moore, M; Penning, T M

    1999-11-01

    Rat liver 3alpha-hydroxysteroid/dihydrodiol dehydrogenase (3alpha-HSD/DD) is a member of the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) superfamily. It is involved in the inactivation of steroid hormones and the metabolic activation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) by converting trans-dihydrodiols into reactive and redox-active o-quinones. The structure of the 5'-flanking region of the gene and factors involved in the constitutive and regulated expression of this gene have been reported [H.-K. Lin, T.M. Penning, Cloning, sequencing, and functional analysis of the 5'-flanking region of the rat 3alpha-hydroxysteroid/dihydrodiol dehydrogenase gene, Cancer Res. 55 (1995) 4105-4113]. We now describe the complete genomic structure of the rat type 1 3alpha-HSD/DD gene. Charon 4A and P1 genomic clones contained at least three rat genes (type 1, type 2 and type 3 3alpha-HSD/DD) each of which encoded for the same open reading frame (ORF) but differed in their exon-intron organization. 5'-RACE confirmed that the type 1 3alpha-HSD/DD gene encodes for the dominant transcript in rat liver and it was the regulation of this gene that was previously studied. The rat type 1 3alpha-HSD/DD gene is 30 kb in length and consists of nine exons and eight introns. Exon 9 encodes +931 to 966 bp of the ORF and the 1292 bp 3'-UTR implicated in mRNA stability. This genomic structure is nearly identical to the homologous human genes, type 1 3alpha-HSD (chlordecone reductase/DD4, AKR1C4), type 2 3alpha-HSD (AKR1C3) and type 3 3alpha-HSD (bile-acid binding protein, AKR1C2) genes. Three different cDNA's containing identical ORFs for 3alpha-HSD have been reported suggesting that all three genes may be expressed in rat liver. Using 5' primers corresponding to the 5'-UTR's of the three different cDNA's only one PCR fragment was obtained and corresponded to the type 1 3alpha-HSD/DD gene. These data suggested that the type 2 and type 3 3alpha-HSD/DD genes are not abundantly expressed in rat liver. It is unknown whether the type 2 and type 3 3alpha-HSD/DD genes represent pseudo-genes or whether they represent genes that are differentially expressed in other rat tissues.

  6. 26 CFR 1.148-1 - Definitions and elections.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... working capital expenditures to which the de minimis rule under § 1.148-6(d)(3)(ii)(A) applies, that carry... are in a commingled fund. De minimis amount means— (1) In reference to original issue discount (as... proceeds of an issue. Investment-type property is defined in paragraph (e) of this section. Issue price...

  7. 42 CFR 435.407 - Types of acceptable documentary evidence of citizenship.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    .... passport. The Department of State issues this. A U.S. passport does not have to be currently valid to be... issues for naturalization. (3) A Certificate of U.S. Citizenship (DHS Forms N-560 or N-561.) Department of Homeland Security issues certificates of citizenship to individuals who derive citizenship through...

  8. 42 CFR 436.407 - Types of acceptable documentary evidence of citizenship.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... Department of State issues this. A U.S. passport does not have to be currently valid to be accepted as... issues for naturalization. (3) A Certificate of U.S. Citizenship (DHS Forms N-560 or N-561.) Department of Homeland Security issues certificates of citizenship to individuals who derive citizenship through...

  9. Laboratory diagnosis of von Willebrand disease type 1/2E (2A subtype IIE), type 1 Vicenza and mild type 1 caused by mutations in the D3, D4, B1-B3 and C1-C2 domains of the von Willebrand factor gene. Role of von Willebrand factor multimers and the von Willebrand factor propeptide/antigen ratio.

    PubMed

    Gadisseur, Alain; Berneman, Zwi; Schroyens, Wilfried; Michiels, Jan Jacques

    2009-01-01

    Autosomal dominant von Willebrand disease (VWD) type 1/2E is a quantitative/qualitative defect in the von Willebrand factor (VWF) caused by heterozygous cysteine and non-cysteine mutations in the D3 domain of the VWF gene and results in a secretion-multimerization-clearance defect in mutant VWF with the loss of large VWF multimers not due to proteolysis. The multimers of patients with dominant VWD type 1/2E due to mutations in the D3 domain show an aberrant triplet structure with lack of outer bands but with pronounced inner bands of the triplet structure combined with a relative decrease in large multimers reflecting heterozygosity for multimerization defects. There is a good response to desmopressin (DDAVP) followed by rapid clearance of VWF:antigen (Ag), factor VIII coagulant activity (FVIII:C) and VWF:ristocetin cofactor activity (RCo) as the main cause of VWD type 1 or 2 with typical 2E multimeric pattern (VWD type 1/2E). Cysteine mutations in the D3 domains (C1130, C1149 and C1190) show pronounced features of VWD 1/2E with the relative loss of large and relative increase in small VWF multimers with abnormal triplet structure in heterozygotes. Such abnormalities are less pronounced in patients with a milder form of VWD type 1 due to non-cysteine mutations W1144G, T1156M and W1120S in the D3 domain. VWD type 1 Vicenza is caused by the R1205H mutation in the D3 domain and characterized by equally low levels of FVIII:C, VWF:Ag and VWF:RCo. The response to DDAVP in VWD Vicenza is good for FVIII:C, VWF:Ag and VWF:RCo, which is followed by a rapid clearance in less than a few hours of FVIII:C and VWF parameters. The ratios for FVIII:C/VWF:Ag, VWF:RCo/Ag and VWF:CB/Ag remain normal before and after DDAVP indicating that VWD Vicenza clearly differs from VWD type 1, 1/2E and 2M. A new set of missense mutations in D4, B1-B3 and C1-C2 domains has been discovered as the cause of a mild VWD type 1 secretion defect with normal VWF multimers or smeary VWF multimeric pattern. Cysteine mutations in exons 38, 40, 42 and 43 (D4, B1-B3 and C1 domain), show smeary patterns (either smf or sm), with the presence of large VWF multimers and a laboratory phenotype of mild VWD type 1 with variable penetrance of bleeding manifestations. Recent studies showed that the ratio of VWF propeptide (pp) to VWF:Ag can be used to predict a shorter than normal half-life for VWF:Ag. There is a strong inverse correlation between rapid clearance of VWF:Ag after DDAVP and increased VWFpp/Ag ratios >10 in VWD type 1 Vicenza, and >2 in VWD type 1/2E but normal or slightly increased (1-<2) VWFpp/Ag ratios in mild-type VWD due to nonsense or missense mutations in the D1, D2, D4, B and C domains. Copyright (c) 2009 S. Karger AG, Basel.

  10. The 2:1 salt-type adduct formed between 6-amino-3-methyl-5-nitrosopyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione and piperidine: sheets containing 20 independent hydrogen bonds.

    PubMed

    Orozco, Fabián; Insuasty, Braulio; Cobo, Justo; Glidewell, Christopher

    2009-05-01

    The title compound, piperidinium 6-amino-3-methyl-5-nitroso-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-1-ide 6-amino-3-methyl-5-nitrosopyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione, C(5)H(12)N(+).C(5)H(5)N(4)O(3)(-).C(5)H(6)N(4)O(3), (I), crystallizes with Z' = 2 in the space group P1. There is an intramolecular N-H...O hydrogen bond in each pyrimidine unit and within the selected asymmetric unit the six independent components are linked by 11 hydrogen bonds, seven of the N-H...O type and four of the N-H...N type. These six-component aggregates are linked into sheets by five further hydrogen bonds, three of the N-H...O type and one each of the N-H...N and C-H...O types.

  11. Microcircuit Device Reliability Digital Detailed Data

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1976-01-01

    TYPE s No. FUNCTION A LASS PINS TEMP. TYPE CLASS LEVEL I eFAILED 8 NO. CHIP TEST APPL. TEST PAR1 t T AGATES PROTECT. DATE E:V. D TYPE HOURST :708 FLIP...LEVEL # EFAILED s a NO. t CHIP i TEST 3 APPL. a TEST I PAR! 3 a GATES s PROTECT. a DATE 3 ENV. t TYPE I 3 -OUHb s 354H0( 3 GATE C-I CDIP 14 150C :11.A

  12. Spatial distributions ofC3 and C4 grass functional types in the U.S. great plains and their despendency on inter-annual climate variability

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Grassland ecosystems in North America are primarily composed of C3 and C4 plant functional types (PFTs) with their relative cover varying spatially and temporally. This study used 500-m MODIS surface reflectance products (MOD09A1) from 2000 to 2009 to extract an NDVI time series of C3 and C4 PFTs in...

  13. Contexts of Congressional Decision Behavior

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1979-01-01

    type, issue dimension measured, and data source. This research design al:o employed controls for member backgrounds and constituency characteristics...34 Contextual Theory . . 15 1. The Integration of Contending Models of the Legislative Process ............ 15 2. The Transcendence of "Static" Research Designs ...Issue.Characteristics . . ........ 1713 3. Communications Controlled by Background and Constituency Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18:3 0. Summary and

  14. Synchrotron radiation study on the phase relations of KAlSi3O8

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Urakawa, Satoru; Ohno, Hideo; Igawa, Naoki; Kondo, Tadashi; Shimomura, Osamu

    1994-07-01

    The equilibrium phase relations of KAlSi3O8 have been determined by in situ X-ray diffraction method using synchrotron radiation at Photon Factory, Natl. Lab. for High Energy Physics. Experiments were conducted by using the cubic type high pressure apparatus, MAX90, equipped with sintered diamond anvils. The temperature region was extended to 2000 °C up to 10 GPa in this study. Sanidine, the low pressure phase of KAlSi3O8, decomposes into three phases, the wadeite-type K2Si4O9+kyanite (Al2SiO5)+coesite (SiO2), at 6.5 GPa and 1200˜1300 °C. The hollandite-type KAlSi3O8 is made up of three phases at 9.2 GPa and 1300˜1400 °C. The melting points of sanidine and the hollandite-type KAlSi3O8 are 1600 °C at 6.7 GPa and 1800 °C at 11.2 GPa, respectively. In three phases coexisting field, wadeite-type K2Si4O9 first melts at the temperature between 1400 °C and 1500 °C.

  15. Influence of chloride in mortar made of Portland cement types II, III, and V on the near-field microwave reflection properties

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hu, Cairong; Benally, Aaron D.; Case, Tobias; Zoughi, Reza; Kurtis, Kimberly

    2000-07-01

    Corrosion of steel rebar in reinforced concrete structures, can be induced by the presence of chloride in the structure. Corrosion of steel rebar is a problematic issue in the construction industry as it compromises the strength and integrity of the structure. Although techniques exist for chloride detection and its migration into a structure, they are destructive, time consuming and cannot be used for the interrogation of large surfaces. In this investigation three different portland cement types; namely, ASTM types II, III and V were used, and six cubic (8' X 8' X 8') mortar specimens were produced all with water-to-cement (w/c) ratio of 0.6 and sand-to-cement (s/c) ratio of 1.5. Tap water was used when producing three of these specimens (one of each cement type). For the other three specimens calcium chloride was added to the mixing tap water resulting in a salinity of 2.5%. These specimens were placed in a hydration room for one day and thereafter left it the room temperature with low humidity. The reflection properties of these specimens, using an open-ended rectangular waveguide probe, were monitored daily at 3 GHz (S-band) and 10 GHz (X-band). The results show the influence of cement type on the reflection coefficient as well as the influence of chloride on the curing process and setting time.

  16. Encephalomyocarditis virus 3C protease attenuates type I interferon production through disrupting the TANK-TBK1-IKKε-IRF3 complex.

    PubMed

    Huang, Li; Xiong, Tao; Yu, Huibin; Zhang, Quan; Zhang, Kunli; Li, Changyao; Hu, Liang; Zhang, Yuanfeng; Zhang, Lijie; Liu, Qinfang; Wang, Shengnan; He, Xijun; Bu, Zhigao; Cai, Xuehui; Cui, Shangjin; Li, Jiangnan; Weng, Changjiang

    2017-06-09

    TRAF family member-associated NF-κB activator (TANK) is a scaffold protein that assembles into the interferon (IFN) regulator factor 3 (IRF3)-phosphorylating TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1)-(IκB) kinase ε (IKKε) complex, where it is involved in regulating phosphorylation of the IRF3 and IFN production. However, the functions of TANK in encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) infection-induced type I IFN production are not fully understood. Here, we demonstrated that, instead of stimulating type I IFN production, the EMCV-HB10 strain infection potently inhibited Sendai virus- and polyI:C-induced IRF3 phosphorylation and type I IFN production in HEK293T cells. Mechanistically, EMCV 3C protease (EMCV 3C) cleaved TANK and disrupted the TANK-TBK1-IKKε-IRF3 complex, which resulted in the reduction in IRF3 phosphorylation and type I IFN production. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that EMCV adopts a novel strategy to evade host innate immune responses through cleavage of TANK. © 2017 The Author(s).

  17. Encephalomyocarditis virus 3C protease attenuates type I interferon production through disrupting the TANK–TBK1–IKKε–IRF3 complex

    PubMed Central

    Huang, Li; Xiong, Tao; Yu, Huibin; Zhang, Quan; Zhang, Kunli; Li, Changyao; Hu, Liang; Zhang, Yuanfeng; Zhang, Lijie; Liu, Qinfang; Wang, Shengnan; He, Xijun; Bu, Zhigao; Cai, Xuehui

    2017-01-01

    TRAF family member-associated NF-κB activator (TANK) is a scaffold protein that assembles into the interferon (IFN) regulator factor 3 (IRF3)-phosphorylating TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1)–(IκB) kinase ε (IKKε) complex, where it is involved in regulating phosphorylation of the IRF3 and IFN production. However, the functions of TANK in encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) infection-induced type I IFN production are not fully understood. Here, we demonstrated that, instead of stimulating type I IFN production, the EMCV-HB10 strain infection potently inhibited Sendai virus- and polyI:C-induced IRF3 phosphorylation and type I IFN production in HEK293T cells. Mechanistically, EMCV 3C protease (EMCV 3C) cleaved TANK and disrupted the TANK–TBK1–IKKε–IRF3 complex, which resulted in the reduction in IRF3 phosphorylation and type I IFN production. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that EMCV adopts a novel strategy to evade host innate immune responses through cleavage of TANK. PMID:28487378

  18. A revised mechanism for the activation of complement C3 to C3b: a molecular explanation of a disease-associated polymorphism.

    PubMed

    Rodriguez, Elizabeth; Nan, Ruodan; Li, Keying; Gor, Jayesh; Perkins, Stephen J

    2015-01-23

    The solution structure of complement C3b is crucial for the understanding of complement activation and regulation. C3b is generated by the removal of C3a from C3. Hydrolysis of the C3 thioester produces C3u, an analog of C3b. C3b cleavage results in C3c and C3d (thioester-containing domain; TED). To resolve functional questions in relation to C3b and C3u, analytical ultracentrifugation and x-ray and neutron scattering studies were used with C3, C3b, C3u, C3c, and C3d, using the wild-type allotype with Arg(102). In 50 mm NaCl buffer, atomistic scattering modeling showed that both C3b and C3u adopted a compact structure, similar to the C3b crystal structure in which its TED and macroglobulin 1 (MG1) domains were connected through the Arg(102)-Glu(1032) salt bridge. In physiological 137 mm NaCl, scattering modeling showed that C3b and C3u were both extended in structure, with the TED and MG1 domains now separated by up to 6 nm. The importance of the Arg(102)-Glu(1032) salt bridge was determined using surface plasmon resonance to monitor the binding of wild-type C3d(E1032) and mutant C3d(A1032) to immobilized C3c. The mutant did not bind, whereas the wild-type form did. The high conformational variability of TED in C3b in physiological buffer showed that C3b is more reactive than previously thought. Because the Arg(102)-Glu(1032) salt bridge is essential for the C3b-Factor H complex during the regulatory control of C3b, the known clinical associations of the major C3S (Arg(102)) and disease-linked C3F (Gly(102)) allotypes of C3b were experimentally explained for the first time. © 2015 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

  19. A Revised Mechanism for the Activation of Complement C3 to C3b

    PubMed Central

    Rodriguez, Elizabeth; Nan, Ruodan; Li, Keying; Gor, Jayesh; Perkins, Stephen J.

    2015-01-01

    The solution structure of complement C3b is crucial for the understanding of complement activation and regulation. C3b is generated by the removal of C3a from C3. Hydrolysis of the C3 thioester produces C3u, an analog of C3b. C3b cleavage results in C3c and C3d (thioester-containing domain; TED). To resolve functional questions in relation to C3b and C3u, analytical ultracentrifugation and x-ray and neutron scattering studies were used with C3, C3b, C3u, C3c, and C3d, using the wild-type allotype with Arg102. In 50 mm NaCl buffer, atomistic scattering modeling showed that both C3b and C3u adopted a compact structure, similar to the C3b crystal structure in which its TED and macroglobulin 1 (MG1) domains were connected through the Arg102–Glu1032 salt bridge. In physiological 137 mm NaCl, scattering modeling showed that C3b and C3u were both extended in structure, with the TED and MG1 domains now separated by up to 6 nm. The importance of the Arg102–Glu1032 salt bridge was determined using surface plasmon resonance to monitor the binding of wild-type C3d(E1032) and mutant C3d(A1032) to immobilized C3c. The mutant did not bind, whereas the wild-type form did. The high conformational variability of TED in C3b in physiological buffer showed that C3b is more reactive than previously thought. Because the Arg102-Glu1032 salt bridge is essential for the C3b-Factor H complex during the regulatory control of C3b, the known clinical associations of the major C3S (Arg102) and disease-linked C3F (Gly102) allotypes of C3b were experimentally explained for the first time. PMID:25488663

  20. Description of Lutimonas halocynthiae sp. nov., isolated from a golden sea squirt (Halocynthia aurantium), reclassification of Aestuariicola saemankumensis as Lutimonas saemankumensis comb. nov. and emended description of the genus Lutimonas.

    PubMed

    Kim, Young-Ok; Park, Sooyeon; Nam, Bo-Hye; Jung, Yong-Taek; Kim, Dong-Gyun; Bae, Kyung Sook; Yoon, Jung-Hoon

    2014-06-01

    A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, coccoid, ovoid or rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated RSS3-C1(T), was isolated from a golden sea squirt (Halocynthia aurantium) collected from the East Sea, South Korea. Strain RSS3-C1(T) was found to grow optimally at 20-25 °C, at pH 7.0-8.0 and in the presence of 2.0% (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain RSS3-C1(T) clustered with the type strains of Lutimonas vermicola and Aestuariicola saemankumensis. Strain RSS3-C1(T) exhibited 98.8% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to each type strain. Strain RSS3-C1(T) contained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C(15 : 0), iso-C(17 : 0) 3-OH and anteiso-C(15 : 0) as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain RSS3-C1(T) were phosphatidylethanolamine and two unidentified lipids. The DNA G+C content of strain RSS3-C1(T) was 39.2 mol%, and DNA-DNA relatedness to the type strains of and was 21±5.3 and 26±7.5 %, respectively. The differential phenotypic properties, together with its phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain RSS3-C1(T) is separated from and . On the basis of the data presented, strain RSS3-C1(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Lutimonas, for which the name Lutimonas halocynthiae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RSS3-C1(T) ( = KCTC 32537(T) = CECT 8444(T)). In this study, it is also proposed that Aestuariicola saemankumensis should be reclassified as a member of the genus Lutimonas, as Lutimonas saemankumensis comb. nov. (type strain SMK-142(T) = KCTC 22171(T) = CCUG 55329(T)), and the description of the genus Lutimonas is emended. © 2014 IUMS.

  1. [The comparison of two different types of baseline data regarding the performance of aberration detection algorithm for infectious disease outbreaks].

    PubMed

    Lai, Sheng-jie; Li, Zhong-jie; Zhang, Hong-long; Lan, Ya-jia; Yang, Wei-zhong

    2011-06-01

    To compare the performance of aberration detection algorithm for infectious disease outbreaks, based on two different types of baseline data. Cases and outbreaks of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) reported by six provinces of China in 2009 were used as the source of data. Two types of baseline data on algorithms of C1, C2 and C3 were tested, by distinguishing the baseline data of weekdays and weekends. Time to detection (TTD) and false alarm rate (FAR) were adopted as two evaluation indices to compare the performance of 3 algorithms based on these two types of baseline data. A total of 405 460 cases of HFMD were reported by 6 provinces in 2009. On average, each county reported 1.78 cases per day during the weekdays and 1.29 cases per day during weekends, with significant difference (P < 0.01) between them. When using the baseline data without distinguish weekdays and weekends, the optimal thresholds for C1, C2 and C3 was 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 respectively while the TTD of C1, C2 and C3 was all 1 day and the FARs were 5.33%, 4.88% and 4.50% respectively. On the contrast, when using the baseline data to distinguish the weekdays and weekends, the optimal thresholds for C1, C2 and C3 became 0.4, 0.6 and 1.0 while the TTD of C1, C2 and C3 also appeared equally as 1 day. However, the FARs became 4.81%, 4.75% and 4.16% respectively, which were lower than the baseline data from the first type. The number of HFMD cases reported in weekdays and weekends were significantly different, suggesting that when using the baseline data to distinguish weekdays and weekends, the FAR of C1, C2 and C3 algorithm could effectively reduce so as to improve the accuracy of outbreak detection.

  2. Diagnosis and treatment of diabetes mellitus in chronic pancreatitis.

    PubMed

    Ewald, Nils; Hardt, Philip D

    2013-11-14

    Diabetes secondary to pancreatic diseases is commonly referred to as pancreatogenic diabetes or type 3c diabetes mellitus. It is a clinically relevant condition with a prevalence of 5%-10% among all diabetic subjects in Western populations. In nearly 80% of all type 3c diabetes mellitus cases, chronic pancreatitis seems to be the underlying disease. The prevalence and clinical importance of diabetes secondary to chronic pancreatitis has certainly been underestimated and underappreciated so far. In contrast to the management of type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus, the endocrinopathy in type 3c is very complex. The course of the disease is complicated by additional present comorbidities such as maldigestion and concomitant qualitative malnutrition. General awareness that patients with known and/or clinically overt chronic pancreatitis will develop type 3c diabetes mellitus (up to 90% of all cases) is rather good. However, in a patient first presenting with diabetes mellitus, chronic pancreatitis as a potential causative condition is seldom considered. Thus many patients are misdiagnosed. The failure to correctly diagnose type 3 diabetes mellitus leads to a failure to implement an appropriate medical therapy. In patients with type 3c diabetes mellitus treating exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, preventing or treating a lack of fat-soluble vitamins (especially vitamin D) and restoring impaired fat hydrolysis and incretin secretion are key-features of medical therapy.

  3. 12 CFR 3.601 - Purpose and scope.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... which has become final as defined in 12 U.S.C. 1818(k). Violation of a directive may result in... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Purpose and scope. 3.601 Section 3.601 Banks... to issue a directive under 12 U.S.C. 3907(b)(2) or 12 U.S.C. 1464(s), as appropriate. A directive is...

  4. Heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP) as a biomarker for acute myocardial injury and long-term post-ischemic prognosis.

    PubMed

    Ye, Xiao-Dong; He, Yi; Wang, Sheng; Wong, Gordon T; Irwin, Michael G; Xia, Zhengyuan

    2018-05-17

    Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a life-threatening event. Even with timely treatment, acute ischemic myocardial injury and ensuing ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) can still be difficult issues to tackle. Apart from radiological and other auxiliary examinations, laboratory tests of applicable cardiac biomarkers are also necessary for early diagnosis and close monitoring of this disorder. Heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP), which mainly exists inside cardiomyocytes, has recently emerged as a potentially promising biomarker for myocardial injury. In this review we discuss the sensitivity and specificity of H-FABP in the assessment of myocardial injury and IRI, especially in the early stage, and its long-term prognostic value in comparison with other commonly used cardiac biomarkers, including myoglobin (Mb), cardiac troponin I (cTnI), creatine kinase MB (CK-MB), C-reactive protein (CRP), glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB (GPBB), and high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT). The potential and value of combined application of H-FABP with other biomarkers are also discussed. Finally, the prospect of H-FABP is summarized; several technical issues are discussed to facilitate wider application of H-FABP in clinical practice.

  5. Taking Proof based Verified Computation a Few Steps Closer to Practicality (extended version)

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2012-06-27

    general s2 + s, in general V’s per-instance CPU costs Issue commit queries (e + 2c) · n/β (e + 2c) · n/β Process commit responses d d Issue PCP...size (# of instances) (§2.3) e: cost of encrypting an element in F d : cost of decrypting an encrypted element f : cost of multiplying in F h: cost of...domain D (such as the integers, Z, or the rationals, Q) to equivalent constraints over a finite field, the programmer or compiler performs 3We suspect

  6. 78 FR 77472 - National Institute of Mental Health; Notice of Meeting

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-12-23

    ... U.S.C. App.), notice is hereby given of an Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee (IACC or... Update and discuss committee business, agency updates and issues related to autism spectrum disorder (ASD... and conference call. Name of Committee: Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee (IACC). Type of...

  7. 77 FR 45895 - World Hepatitis Day, 2012

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-08-02

    ... Proclamation Worldwide, one in twelve people is living with viral hepatitis--a disease that threatens the... ourselves to the fight against viral hepatitis. Hepatitis prevention and control begins with awareness. Though all types of viral hepatitis are associated with serious health issues, hepatitis B and C can...

  8. 47 CFR 95.633 - Emission bandwidth.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... is 4 kHz. The authorized bandwidth for emission type A1D or A3E is 8 kHz. The authorized bandwidth for emission type F1D, G1D, F3E or G3E is 20 kHz. (b) The authorized bandwidth for any emission type transmitted by an R/C transmitter is 8 kHz. (c) The authorized bandwidth for emission type F3E or F2D...

  9. 47 CFR 95.633 - Emission bandwidth.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... is 4 kHz. The authorized bandwidth for emission type A1D or A3E is 8 kHz. The authorized bandwidth for emission type F1D, G1D, F3E or G3E is 20 kHz. (b) The authorized bandwidth for any emission type transmitted by an R/C transmitter is 8 kHz. (c) The authorized bandwidth for emission type F3E or F2D...

  10. 47 CFR 95.633 - Emission bandwidth.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... is 4 kHz. The authorized bandwidth for emission type A1D or A3E is 8 kHz. The authorized bandwidth for emission type F1D, G1D, F3E or G3E is 20 kHz. (b) The authorized bandwidth for any emission type transmitted by an R/C transmitter is 8 kHz. (c) The authorized bandwidth for emission type F3E or F2D...

  11. 19 CFR Appendix C to Part 171 - Customs Regulations Guidelines for the Imposition and Mitigation of Penalties for Violations of...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... entries or other documents relating to issues covered by 1-3. D. Customs business does not include: 1..., Penalties, and Forfeitures Officer) shall issue a written notice which advises the violator of the...—Conducting Customs Business Without a License (19 U.S.C. 1641(b)(6)) A. No person may conduct Customs...

  12. A Data-driven Approach to Integrate Crop Rotation Agronomic Practices in a Global Gridded Land-use Forcing Dataset

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sahajpal, R.; Hurtt, G. C.; Chini, L. P.; Frolking, S. E.; Izaurralde, R. C.

    2016-12-01

    Agro-ecosystems are the dominant land-use type on Earth, covering more than a third of ice-free land surface. Agricultural practices have influenced the Earth's climate system by significantly altering the biogeophysical and biogeochemical properties from hyper-local to global scales. While past work has focused largely on characterizing the effects of net land cover changes, the magnitude and nature of gross transitions and agricultural management practices on climate remains highly uncertain. To address this issue, a new set of global gridded land-use forcing datasets (LUH2) have been developed in a standard format required by climate models for CMIP6. For the first time, this dataset includes information on key agricultural management practices including crop rotations. Crop rotations describe the practice of growing crops on the same land in sequential seasons and are essential to agronomic management as they influence key ecosystem services such as crop yields, water quality, carbon and nutrient cycling, pest and disease control. Here, we present a data-driven approach to infer crop rotations based on crop specific land cover data, derived from moderate resolution satellite imagery and created at an annual time-step for the continental United States. Our approach compresses the more than 100,000 unique crop rotations prevalent in the United States from 2013 - 2015 to about 200 representative crop rotations that account for nearly 80% of the spatio-temporal variability. Further simplification is achieved by mapping individual crops to crop functional types, which identify crops based on their photosynthetic pathways (C3/C4), life strategy (annual/perennial) and whether they are N-fixing or not. The resulting matrix of annual transitions between crop functional types averages 41,000 km2/yr for rotations between C3 and C4 annual crops, and 140,000 km2/yr between C3 N-fixing and C4 annual crops. The crop rotation matrix is combined with information on other land-use states to compute annual changes between these states, thereby producing a detailed land-use transition information that can help close regional and global carbon budgets. We also validate the quality of the crop rotations identified in our product in countries with agronomic practices different from the United States.

  13. Facile synthesis of nanorod-type graphitic carbon nitride/Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} composite with enhanced photocatalytic performance

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Wang, Jiangpeng; Li, Changqing; Cong, Jingkun

    2016-06-15

    Here we report a facile synthesis of nanorod-type graphitic carbon nitride/Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} composite (Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3}-g-C{sub 3}N{sub 4}) by using Fe-melamine supramolecular framework as precursor. The chemical and optical properties of the nanocomposites are well-characterized. The Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3}-g-C{sub 3}N{sub 4} nanocomposite demonstrated excellent photocatalytic activities under visible light due to the efficient utilization of sunlight and the construction of Z-scheme electron transfer pathway. The results indicated that it could be a promising approach for the preparation of efficient g-C{sub 3}N{sub 4} nanocomposites photocatalysts by using metal-melamine supramolecular framework as precursors. - Graphical abstract: Nanorod-type graphitic carbon nitride/Fe{sub 2}O{submore » 3} composite (Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3}-g-C{sub 3}N{sub 4}) was synthesized by using Fe-melamine supramolecular framework as precursor. The Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3}-g-C{sub 3}N{sub 4} nanocomposite demonstrated excellent photocatalytic activities under visible light. Display Omitted - Highlights: • Nanorod-type graphitic carbon nitride/Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} composite (Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3}-g-C{sub 3}N{sub 4}) was synthesized. • Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3}-g-C{sub 3}N{sub 4} showed strong optical absorption in the visible-light region. • The Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3}-g-C{sub 3}N{sub 4} nanocomposite demonstrated excellent photocatalytic activities.« less

  14. HCP to FCT + precipitate transformations in lamellar gamma-titanium aluminide alloys

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Karadge, Mallikarjun Baburao

    Fully lamellar gamma-TiAl [alpha2(HCP) + gamma(FCT)] based alloys are potential structural materials for aerospace engine applications. Lamellar structure stabilization and additional strengthening mechanisms are major issues in the ongoing development of titanium aluminides due to the microstructural instability resulting from decomposition of the strengthening alpha 2 phase. This work addresses characterization of multi-component TiAl systems to identify the mechanism of lamellar structure refinement and assess the effects of light element additions (C and Si) on creep deformation behavior. Transmission electron microscopy studies directly confirmed for the first time that, fine lamellar structure is formed by the nucleation and growth of a large number of basal stacking faults on the 1/6<112¯0> dislocations cross slipping repeatedly into and out of basal planes. This lamellar structure can be tailored by modifying jog heights through chemistry and thermal processing. alpha 2 → gamma transformation during heating (investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction) is a two step process involving the formation of a novel disordered FCC gamma' TiAl [with a(gamma') = c(gamma)] as an intermediate phase followed by ordering. Addition of carbon and silicon induced Ti2AlC H-type carbide precipitation inside the alpha2 lath and Ti 5(Al,Si)3 zeta-type silicide precipitation at the alpha 2/gamma interface. The H-carbides preserve alpha2/gamma type interfaces, while zeta-silicide precipitates restrict ledge growth and interfacial sliding enabling strong resistance to creep deformation.

  15. Differential induction of anti-V3 crown antibodies with cradle- and ladle-binding modes in response to HIV-1 envelope vaccination.

    PubMed

    Balasubramanian, Preetha; Kumar, Rajnish; Williams, Constance; Itri, Vincenza; Wang, Shixia; Lu, Shan; Hessell, Ann J; Haigwood, Nancy L; Sinangil, Faruk; Higgins, Keith W; Liu, Lily; Li, Liuzhe; Nyambi, Phillipe; Gorny, Miroslaw K; Totrov, Maxim; Nadas, Arthur; Kong, Xiang-Peng; Zolla-Pazner, Susan; Hioe, Catarina E

    2017-03-07

    The V3 loop in the HIV envelope gp120 is one of the immunogenic sites targeted by Abs. The V3 crown in particular has conserved structural elements recognized by cross-reactive neutralizing Abs, indicating its potential contribution in protection against HIV. Crystallographic analyses of anti-V3 crown mAbs in complex with the V3 peptides have revealed that these mAbs recognize the conserved sites on the V3 crown via two distinct strategies: a cradle-binding mode (V3C) and a ladle-binding (V3L) mode. However, almost all of the anti-V3 crown mAbs studied in the past were isolated from chronically HIV-infected individuals. The extents to which the two types of anti-V3 crown Abs are generated by vaccination are unknown. This study analyzed the prevalence of V3C-type and V3L-type Ab responses in HIV-infected individuals and in HIV envelope-immunized humans and animals using peptide mimotopes that distinguish the two Ab types. The results show that both V3L-type and V3C-type Abs were generated by the vast majority of chronically HIV-infected humans, although the V3L-type were more prevalent. In contrast, only one of the two V3 Ab types was elicited in vaccinated humans or animal models, irrespective of HIV-1 envelope clades, envelope constructs (oligomeric or monomeric), and protocols (DNA plus protein or protein alone) used for vaccinations. The V3C-type Abs were produced by vaccinated humans, macaques, and rabbits, whereas the V3L-type Abs were made by mice. The V3C-type and V3L-type Abs generated by the vaccinations were able to mediate virus neutralization. These data indicate the restricted repertoires and the species-specific differences in the functional V3-specific Ab responses induced by the HIV envelope vaccines. The study implies the need for improving immunogen designs and vaccination strategies to broaden the diversity of Abs in order to target the different conserved epitopes in the V3 loop and, by extension, in the entire HIV envelope. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

  16. Effect of interferon-gamma on complement gene expression in different cell types.

    PubMed

    Lappin, D F; Guc, D; Hill, A; McShane, T; Whaley, K

    1992-01-15

    We have studied the expression of the complement components C2, C3, factor B, C1 inhibitor (C1-inh), C4-binding protein (C4-bp) and factor H in human peripheral blood monocytes, skin fibroblasts, umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and the human hepatoma cell line G2 (Hep G2) in the absence and the presence of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). E.l.i.s.a. performed on culture fluids, run-on transcription assays, Northern blot and double-dilution dot-blot techniques confirmed that monocytes expressed all six components, whereas fibroblasts, HUVEC and HepG2 each expressed five of the six components. Fibroblasts and HUVEC did not synthesize C4-bp, and Hep G2 did not produce factor H. In addition to these differences, the synthesis rates of C3, C1-inh and factor H were not the same in all cell types. However, the synthesis rates of C2 and factor B were similar in all four cell types. The half-lives of the mRNAs were shorter in monocytes than in other cell types. Monocyte factor H mRNA had a half-life of 12 min in monocytes, compared with over 3 h in fibroblasts and HUVEC. The instability of factor H mRNA in monocytes may contribute to their low factor H secretion rate. IFN-gamma produced dose-dependent stimulation of C2, factor B, C1-inh, C4-bp and factor H synthesis by all cell types expressing these proteins, but decreased C3 synthesis in all four cell types. Cell-specific differences in the response to IFN-gamma were observed. The increased rates of transcription of the C1-inh and factor H genes in HUVEC were greater than in other cell types, while the increased rate of transcription of the C2, factor B and C1-inh genes in Hep G2 cells was less than in other cell types. IFN-gamma did not affect the stability of C3, factor H or C4 bp mRNAs, but increased the stability of factor B and C1-inh mRNAs and decreased the stability of C2 mRNA. Although these changes occurred in all four cell types studied, the half-life of C1-inh mRNA in monocytes was increased almost 4-fold, whereas the increases in the other cell types were less than 30%. These data show that the constitutive synthesis rates of complement components may vary in the different cell types. They also show that the degree of change in synthesis rates in response to IFN-gamma in each of the cell types often varies due to differences in transcriptional response, sometimes in association with changes in mRNA stability.

  17. Fundamental piezo-Hall coefficients of single crystal p-type 3C-SiC for arbitrary crystallographic orientation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Qamar, Afzaal; Dao, Dzung Viet; Phan, Hoang-Phuong; Dinh, Toan; Dimitrijev, Sima

    2016-08-01

    Piezo-Hall effect in a single crystal p-type 3C-SiC, grown by LPCVD process, has been characterized for various crystallographic orientations. The quantified values of the piezo-Hall effect in heavily doped p-type 3C-SiC(100) and 3C-SiC(111) for different crystallographic orientations were used to obtain the fundamental piezo-Hall coefficients, P 12 = ( 5.3 ± 0.4 ) × 10 - 11 Pa - 1 , P 11 = ( - 2.6 ± 0.6 ) × 10 - 11 Pa - 1 , and P 44 = ( 11.42 ± 0.6 ) × 10 - 11 Pa - 1 . Unlike the piezoresistive effect, the piezo-Hall effect for (100) and (111) planes is found to be independent of the angle of rotation of the device within the crystal plane. The values of fundamental piezo-Hall coefficients obtained in this study can be used to predict the piezo-Hall coefficients in any crystal orientation which is very important for designing of 3C-SiC Hall sensors to minimize the piezo-Hall effect for stable magnetic field sensitivity.

  18. Effect of Hypertriglyceridemia on Beta Cell Mass and Function in ApoC3 Transgenic Mice.

    PubMed

    Liu, Yun-Zi; Cheng, Xiaoyun; Zhang, Ting; Lee, Sojin; Yamauchi, Jun; Xiao, Xiangwei; Gittes, George; Qu, Shen; Jiang, Chun-Lei; Dong, H Henry

    2016-07-08

    Hypertriglyceridemia results from increased production and decreased clearance of triglyceride-rich very low-density lipoproteins, a pathological condition that accounts for heightened risk of ischemic vascular diseases in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Despite its intimate association with insulin resistance, whether hypertriglyceridemia constitutes an independent risk for beta cell dysfunction in diabetes is unknown. Answering this fundamental question is stymied by the fact that hypertriglyceridemia is intertwined with hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in obese and diabetic subjects. To circumvent this limitation, we took advantage of apolipoprotein C3 (ApoC3)-transgenic mice, a model with genetic predisposition to hypertriglyceridemia. We showed that ApoC3-transgenic mice, as opposed to age/sex-matched wild-type littermates, develop hypertriglyceridemia with concomitant elevations in plasma cholesterol and non-esterified fatty acid levels. Anti-insulin and anti-glucagon dual immunohistochemistry in combination with morphometric analysis revealed that ApoC3-transgenic and wild-type littermates had similar beta cell and alpha cell masses as well as islet size and architecture. These effects correlated with similar amplitudes of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and similar degrees of postprandial glucose excursion in ApoC3-transgenic versus wild-type littermates. Oil Red O histology did not visualize lipid infiltration into islets, correlating with the lack of ectopic triglyceride and cholesterol depositions in the pancreata of ApoC3-transgenic versus wild-type littermates. ApoC3-transgenic mice, despite persistent hypertriglyceridemia, maintained euglycemia under both fed and fasting conditions without manifestation of insulin resistance and fasting hyperinsulinemia. Thus, hypertriglyceridemia per se is not an independent risk factor for beta cell dysfunction in ApoC3 transgenic mice. © 2016 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

  19. Effect of Hypertriglyceridemia on Beta Cell Mass and Function in ApoC3 Transgenic Mice*

    PubMed Central

    Liu, Yun-Zi; Cheng, Xiaoyun; Zhang, Ting; Lee, Sojin; Yamauchi, Jun; Xiao, Xiangwei; Gittes, George; Qu, Shen; Jiang, Chun-Lei; Dong, H. Henry

    2016-01-01

    Hypertriglyceridemia results from increased production and decreased clearance of triglyceride-rich very low-density lipoproteins, a pathological condition that accounts for heightened risk of ischemic vascular diseases in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Despite its intimate association with insulin resistance, whether hypertriglyceridemia constitutes an independent risk for beta cell dysfunction in diabetes is unknown. Answering this fundamental question is stymied by the fact that hypertriglyceridemia is intertwined with hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in obese and diabetic subjects. To circumvent this limitation, we took advantage of apolipoprotein C3 (ApoC3)-transgenic mice, a model with genetic predisposition to hypertriglyceridemia. We showed that ApoC3-transgenic mice, as opposed to age/sex-matched wild-type littermates, develop hypertriglyceridemia with concomitant elevations in plasma cholesterol and non-esterified fatty acid levels. Anti-insulin and anti-glucagon dual immunohistochemistry in combination with morphometric analysis revealed that ApoC3-transgenic and wild-type littermates had similar beta cell and alpha cell masses as well as islet size and architecture. These effects correlated with similar amplitudes of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and similar degrees of postprandial glucose excursion in ApoC3-transgenic versus wild-type littermates. Oil Red O histology did not visualize lipid infiltration into islets, correlating with the lack of ectopic triglyceride and cholesterol depositions in the pancreata of ApoC3-transgenic versus wild-type littermates. ApoC3-transgenic mice, despite persistent hypertriglyceridemia, maintained euglycemia under both fed and fasting conditions without manifestation of insulin resistance and fasting hyperinsulinemia. Thus, hypertriglyceridemia per se is not an independent risk factor for beta cell dysfunction in ApoC3 transgenic mice. PMID:27226540

  20. 5 CFR 2640.302 - Waivers issued pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 208(b)(3).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ...(b)(3). 2640.302 Section 2640.302 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF GOVERNMENT ETHICS GOVERNMENT ETHICS INTERPRETATION, EXEMPTIONS AND WAIVER GUIDANCE CONCERNING 18 U.S.C. 208 (ACTS AFFECTING A PERSONAL... report filed by the individual pursuant to the Ethics in Government Act of 1978; (3) The waiver must...

  1. Assessing Children with Traumatic Brain Injuries: Integrating Educational and Medical Issues.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Shaw, Steven R.; Yingst, Christine A.

    1992-01-01

    This overview of traumatic brain injuries discusses (1) incidence and prevalence; (2) characteristics; (3) the recovery process; and (4) educational/medical assessment, including premorbid functioning, current functioning, educationally relevant medical issues, and amount and type of family support. (JDD)

  2. Fortran interface layer of the framework for developing particle simulator FDPS

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Namekata, Daisuke; Iwasawa, Masaki; Nitadori, Keigo; Tanikawa, Ataru; Muranushi, Takayuki; Wang, Long; Hosono, Natsuki; Nomura, Kentaro; Makino, Junichiro

    2018-06-01

    Numerical simulations based on particle methods have been widely used in various fields including astrophysics. To date, various versions of simulation software have been developed by individual researchers or research groups in each field, through a huge amount of time and effort, even though the numerical algorithms used are very similar. To improve the situation, we have developed a framework, called FDPS (Framework for Developing Particle Simulators), which enables researchers to develop massively parallel particle simulation codes for arbitrary particle methods easily. Until version 3.0, FDPS provided an API (application programming interface) for the C++ programming language only. This limitation comes from the fact that FDPS is developed using the template feature in C++, which is essential to support arbitrary data types of particle. However, there are many researchers who use Fortran to develop their codes. Thus, the previous versions of FDPS require such people to invest much time to learn C++. This is inefficient. To cope with this problem, we developed a Fortran interface layer in FDPS, which provides API for Fortran. In order to support arbitrary data types of particle in Fortran, we design the Fortran interface layer as follows. Based on a given derived data type in Fortran representing particle, a PYTHON script provided by us automatically generates a library that manipulates the C++ core part of FDPS. This library is seen as a Fortran module providing an API of FDPS from the Fortran side and uses C programs internally to interoperate Fortran with C++. In this way, we have overcome several technical issues when emulating a `template' in Fortran. Using the Fortran interface, users can develop all parts of their codes in Fortran. We show that the overhead of the Fortran interface part is sufficiently small and a code written in Fortran shows a performance practically identical to the one written in C++.

  3. 10 CFR 72.6 - License required; types of licenses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL, HIGH-LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTE, AND REACTOR-RELATED GREATER THAN CLASS C WASTE General... the receipt, handling, storage, and transfer of reactor-related GTCC are specific licenses. Any... hereby issued to receive title to and own spent fuel, high-level radioactive waste, or reactor-related...

  4. 10 CFR 72.6 - License required; types of licenses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL, HIGH-LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTE, AND REACTOR-RELATED GREATER THAN CLASS C WASTE General... the receipt, handling, storage, and transfer of reactor-related GTCC are specific licenses. Any... hereby issued to receive title to and own spent fuel, high-level radioactive waste, or reactor-related...

  5. 76 FR 38403 - National Institute of Mental Health; Notice of Meeting

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-06-30

    ... U.S.C. App.), notice is hereby given of a joint conference call of the Interagency Autism.... The two subcommittees plan to discuss issues related to seclusion and restraint and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Name of Committee: Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee (IACC). Type of Meeting...

  6. 76 FR 10380 - National Institute of Mental Health; Notice of Meeting

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-02-24

    ... U.S.C. App.), notice is hereby given of a meeting of the Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee... Wednesday, March 16, 2011. The subcommittee plans to discuss safety issues related to autism spectrum...: Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee (IACC). Type of meeting: Subcommittee on Safety. Date: March 16...

  7. 76 FR 23612 - National Institute of Mental Health; Notice of Meeting

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-04-27

    ... U.S.C. App.), notice is hereby given of a joint meeting of the Interagency Autism Coordinating... subcommittees plan to discuss issues related to seclusion and restraint and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The... Committee: Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee (IACC). Type of Meeting: Subcommittee on Safety and...

  8. The State of Business Communication Classes: A National Survey

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Moshiri, Farrokh; Cardon, Peter

    2014-01-01

    This nationwide study of 169 business communication instructors examines the following issues: (a) ideal and actual class sizes in business communication courses, (b) delivery modes of business communication courses, (c) types of written and oral assignments, and (d) topics covered and depth of coverage. Findings suggest that business…

  9. Phosphatidylazidothymidine and phosphatidyl-ddC: assessment of uptake in mouse lymphoid tissues and antiviral activities in human immunodeficiency virus-infected cells and in Rauscher leukemia virus-infected mice.

    PubMed Central

    Hostetler, K Y; Richman, D D; Sridhar, C N; Felgner, P L; Felgner, J; Ricci, J; Gardner, M F; Selleseth, D W; Ellis, M N

    1994-01-01

    During the early stages of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, although symptoms are absent and viral replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells is low, substantial levels of HIV replication can be documented in lymphoid tissue [G. Pantaleo, C. Graziosi, J.F. Demarest, L. Butini, M. Montroni, C.H. Fox, J.M. Orenstein, D.P. Kotler, and A.S. Fauci, Nature (London) 362:355-358, 1993, and J. Embretsen, M. Zupancic, J.L. Ribas, A. Burke, P. Racz, K. Tenner-Tacz, and A.T. Haase, Nature (London) 362:359-362, 1993]. This observation suggests that earlier treatment of HIV infection may be indicated and that strategies for enhancing drug targeting to the lymphoid tissue reservoris of HIV infection may be beneficial. To address this issue, we synthesized dioleoylphosphatidyl-ddC (DOP-ddC) and dipalmitoylphosphatidyl-3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (DPP-AZT), phospholipid prodrugs which form lipid bilayers and which are readily incorporated into liposomes. The anti-HIV activity of DOP-ddC was similar to that of ddC in HIV type 1-infected HT4-6C cells, but DPP-AZT was considerably less active than AZT in HT4-6C cells. Liposomes containing DOP-[3H]ddC or DPP-[3H]AZT administered intraperitoneally to mice produced greater levels of total radioactivity over time in plasma, spleen, and lymphoid tissue relative to the results with [3H]ddC and [3H]AZT, respectively. DPP-AZT administered intraperitoneally in liposomes as a single daily dose to mice infected with Rauscher leukemia virus prevented increased spleen weight and reverse transcriptase levels in serum with a dose-response roughly comparable to that of AZT given continuously in the drinking water. DOP-ddC, DPP-AZT, and lipid conjugates of other antiretroviral nucleosides may provide higher levels of drug over time in plasma and in lymph nodes and spleen, important reservoirs of HIV infection, and may represent an interesting alternative approach to antiviral nucleoside treatment of AIDS. PMID:7695264

  10. Preventive effects of C-2 epimeric isomers of tea catechins on mouse type I allergy.

    PubMed

    Yoshino, Kyoji; Miyase, Toshio; Sano, Mitsuaki

    2010-01-01

    The preventive effects of C-2 epimeric isomers of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) and the O-methylated derivative, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-(3-O-methyl)gallate (EGCG3''Me), against ovalbumin-induced type I allergy in male mice were investigated. EGCG and EGCG3''Me exhibited strong antiallergic effects by oral administration at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg body weight. The antiallergic effects of their C-2 epimers, (-)-gallocatechin-3-O-gallate and (-)-gallocatechin-3-O-(3-O-methyl)gallate (GCG3''Me), on mouse type I allergy were almost equivalent to and/or as strong as those of the corresponding original catechins, respectively. Oral administration of these compounds at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight tended to suppress the increases in interleukin-4 levels in the abdominal walls of allergic mice and immunoglobulin E levels in the serum of allergic mice. In particular, the administration of GCG3''Me exhibited significant effects on the production and/or release of these parameters stimulating type 2 T helper cells and mast cells in the type I allergic process. These results indicated that C-2 epimerization of tea catechins, which are produced during heat processing at high temperatures, would not be disadvantageous for preventive effects on type I allergy.

  11. Cardiolipin deficiency causes a dissociation of the b 6 c:caa 3 megacomplex in B. subtilis membranes.

    PubMed

    García Montes de Oca, Led Yered Jafet; Cabellos Avelar, Tecilli; Picón Garrido, Gerardo Ignacio; Chagoya-López, Alicia; González de la Vara, Luis; Delgado Buenrostro, Norma Laura; Chirino-López, Yolanda Irasema; Gómez-Lojero, Carlos; Gutiérrez-Cirlos, Emma Berta

    2016-08-01

    The associations among respiratory complexes in energy-transducing membranes have been established. In fact, it is known that the Gram-negative bacteria Paracoccus denitrificans and Escherichia coli have respiratory supercomplexes in their membranes. These supercomplexes are important for channeling substrates between enzymes in a metabolic pathway, and the assembly of these supercomplexes depends on the protein subunits and membrane lipids, mainly cardiolipin, which is present in both the mitochondrial inner membrane and bacterial membranes. The Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis has a branched respiratory chain, in which some complexes generate proton motive force whereas others constitute an escape valve of excess reducing power. Some peculiarities of this respiratory chain are the following: a type II NADH dehydrogenase, a unique b 6 c complex that has a b 6 type cytochrome with a covalently bound heme, and a c-type heme attached to the third subunit, which is similar to subunit IV of the photosynthetic b 6 f complex. Cytochrome c oxygen reductase (caa 3 ) contains a c-type cytochrome on subunit I. We previously showed that the b 6 c and the caa 3 complexes form a supercomplex. Both the b 6 c and the caa 3 together with the quinol oxygen reductase aa 3 generate the proton motive force in B. subtilis. In order to seek proof that this supercomplex is important for bacterial growth in aerobic conditions we compared the b 6 c: caa 3 supercomplex from wild type membranes with membranes from two mutants lacking cardiolipin. Both mutant complexes were found to have similar activity and heme content as the wild type. Clear native electrophoresis showed that mutants lacking cardiolipin had b 6 c:caa 3 supercomplexes of lower mass or even individual complexes after membrane solubilization with digitonin. The use of dodecyl maltoside revealed a more evident difference between wild-type and mutant supercomplexes. Here we provide evidence showing that cardiolipin plays a role in the stability of the b 6 c:caa 3 supercomplex in B. subtilis.

  12. Schottky barrier detection devices having a 4H-SiC n-type epitaxial layer

    DOEpatents

    Mandal, Krishna C.; Terry, J. Russell

    2016-12-06

    A detection device, along with methods of its manufacture and use, is provided. The detection device can include: a SiC substrate defining a substrate surface cut from planar to about 12.degree.; a buffer epitaxial layer on the substrate surface; a n-type epitaxial layer on the buffer epitaxial layer; and a top contact on the n-type epitaxial layer. The buffer epitaxial layer can include a n-type 4H--SiC epitaxial layer doped at a concentration of about 1.times.10.sup.15 cm.sup.-3 to about 5.times.10.sup.18 cm.sup.-3 with nitrogen, boron, aluminum, or a mixture thereof. The n-type epitaxial layer can include a n-type 4H--SiC epitaxial layer doped at a concentration of about 1.times.10.sup.13 cm.sup.-3 to about 5.times.10.sup.15 cm.sup.-3 with nitrogen. The top contact can have a thickness of about 8 nm to about 15 nm.

  13. 26 CFR 1.1504-0 - Outline of provisions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... §§ 1.1504-1 through 1.1504-4. § 1.1504-1 Definitions. §§ 1.1504-2—1.1504-3 [Reserved] § 1.1504-4..., or similar interests. (iv) Valuation. (3) Example. (c) Definitions. (1) Issuing corporation. (2... exercise. (iv) Measurement date for options issued pursuant to a plan. (v) Measurement date for related or...

  14. Three isomers detected for the whisky lactone: 5-butyl-4-methyl tetrahydrofuran-2-one by Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kawashima, Yoshiyuki; Katsuragi, Ryusuke; Hirota, Eizi

    2017-05-01

    The ground-state rotational spectra of the whisky lactone (WL) : 5-butyl-4-methyl tetrahydrofuran-2-one were observed and analyzed by molecular beam Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy combined with quantum chemical calculations. We have detected three stereo-isomers: the trans-TTT form with a methyl CH3 group attached to C(4) in an equatorial position (eq) and a butyl C4H9 group to C(5) in an eq position, for which 110 b-type and 113 a-type transitions were assigned, the cis-TTT form with a CH3 to C(4) in an axial position (ax) and a C4H9 to C(5) in eq, for which 96 a-type, 101 b-type, and 45 c-type transitions were observed, and the cis-GTT form with a CH3 to C(4) in ax and a C4H9 to C(5) in eq, for which 158 a-type, 52 b-type, and 17 c-type transitions were observed, where TTT and GTT denote the conformations about the C(6)sbnd C(5), C(7)sbnd C(6), and C(8)sbnd C(7) bonds, with T and G designating trans and gauche, respectively. The rotational constants thus derived agree with the predictions made by quantum chemical calculations, MP2/6-311++G(d, p) within 1.2%. The trans-TTT form was calculated to be the most stable. The splittings due to internal rotation of the terminal methyl in the butyl group were observed for all the three stereo-isomers and were analyzed by the XIAM program to determine the threefold potential barrier V3 to be 966.4 (25), 978.8 (11), and 1098.7 (48) in cm-1 for the trans-TTT (eq, eq), the cis-TTT (ax, eq), and the cis-GTT (ax, eq) forms, respectively, to be compared with quantum chemically calculated values: 1055, 1055, and 1053 in cm-1.

  15. An Outbreak of Streptococcus pyogenes in a Mental Health Facility: Advantage of Well-Timed Whole-Genome Sequencing Over emm Typing.

    PubMed

    Bergin, Sarah M; Periaswamy, Balamurugan; Barkham, Timothy; Chua, Hong Choon; Mok, Yee Ming; Fung, Daniel Shuen Sheng; Su, Alex Hsin Chuan; Lee, Yen Ling; Chua, Ming Lai Ivan; Ng, Poh Yong; Soon, Wei Jia Wendy; Chu, Collins Wenhan; Tan, Siyun Lucinda; Meehan, Mary; Ang, Brenda Sze Peng; Leo, Yee Sin; Holden, Matthew T G; De, Partha; Hsu, Li Yang; Chen, Swaine L; de Sessions, Paola Florez; Marimuthu, Kalisvar

    2018-05-09

    OBJECTIVEWe report the utility of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) conducted in a clinically relevant time frame (ie, sufficient for guiding management decision), in managing a Streptococcus pyogenes outbreak, and present a comparison of its performance with emm typing.SETTINGA 2,000-bed tertiary-care psychiatric hospital.METHODSActive surveillance was conducted to identify new cases of S. pyogenes. WGS guided targeted epidemiological investigations, and infection control measures were implemented. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based genome phylogeny, emm typing, and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) were performed. We compared the ability of WGS and emm typing to correctly identify person-to-person transmission and to guide the management of the outbreak.RESULTSThe study included 204 patients and 152 staff. We identified 35 patients and 2 staff members with S. pyogenes. WGS revealed polyclonal S. pyogenes infections with 3 genetically distinct phylogenetic clusters (C1-C3). Cluster C1 isolates were all emm type 4, sequence type 915 and had pairwise SNP differences of 0-5, which suggested recent person-to-person transmissions. Epidemiological investigation revealed that cluster C1 was mediated by dermal colonization and transmission of S. pyogenes in a male residential ward. Clusters C2 and C3 were genomically diverse, with pairwise SNP differences of 21-45 and 26-58, and emm 11 and mostly emm120, respectively. Clusters C2 and C3, which may have been considered person-to-person transmissions by emm typing, were shown by WGS to be unlikely by integrating pairwise SNP differences with epidemiology.CONCLUSIONSWGS had higher resolution than emm typing in identifying clusters with recent and ongoing person-to-person transmissions, which allowed implementation of targeted intervention to control the outbreak.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2018;1-9.

  16. Facilities Stewardship in the 1990s. Proceedings of the Institute for Facilities Finance in Higher Education (1st, Washington, D.C., November 1990).

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Glazner, Steve, Ed.

    This publication presents 18 papers from the 1990 institute on facilities finance in higher education. An introduction is by Walter W. Schaw. Papers are: (1) "Facilities as a Capital Asset" by Sean C. Rush; (2) "State Issues in Capital Management" by Brenda N. Albright; (3) "Policy-making Issues" by Frederick R. Ford;…

  17. A Recombinant Adenovirus Expressing P12A and 3C Protein of the Type O Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Stimulates Systemic and Mucosal Immune Responses in Mice

    PubMed Central

    Gao, Peng

    2016-01-01

    Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious livestock disease of cloven-hoofed animals which causes severe economic losses. The replication-deficient, human adenovirus-vectored FMD vaccine has been proven effective against FMD. However, the role of T-cell-mediated antiviral responses and the mucosae-mediated antiviral responses induced by the adenovirus-vectored FMD vaccine was rarely examined. Here, the capsid protein precursor P1-2A and viral protease 3C of the type O FMDV were expressed in replicative-deficient human adenovirus type 5 vector. BALB/c mice immunized intramuscularly and intraperitoneally with recombinant adenovirus rAdv-P12A3C elicited higher FMDV-specific IgG antibodies, IFN-γ, and IL-4 cytokines than those in mice immunized with inactivated FMDV vaccine. Moreover, BALB/c mice immunized with recombinant adenovirus rAdv-P12A3C by oral and intraocular-nasal immunization induced high FMDV-specific IgA antibodies. These results show that the recombinant adenovirus rAdv-P12A3C could resist FMDV comprehensively. This study highlights the potential of rAdv-P12A3C to serve as a type O FMDV vaccine. PMID:27478836

  18. Critical role of ATP-induced ATP release for Ca2+ signaling in nonsensory cell networks of the developing cochlea

    PubMed Central

    Ceriani, Federico; Pozzan, Tullio; Mammano, Fabio

    2016-01-01

    Spatially and temporally coordinated variations of the cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]c) play a crucial role in a variety of tissues. In the developing sensory epithelium of the mammalian cochlea, elevation of extracellular adenosine trisphosphate concentration ([ATP]e) triggers [Ca2+]c oscillations and propagation of intercellular inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)-dependent Ca2+ waves. What remains uncertain is the relative contribution of gap junction channels and connexin hemichannels to these fundamental mechanisms, defects in which impair hearing acquisition. Another related open question is whether [Ca2+]c oscillations require oscillations of the cytosolic IP3 concentration ([IP3]c) in this system. To address these issues, we performed Ca2+ imaging experiments in the lesser epithelial ridge of the mouse cochlea around postnatal day 5 and constructed a computational model in quantitative adherence to experimental data. Our results indicate that [Ca2+]c oscillations are governed by Hopf-type bifurcations within the experimental range of [ATP]e and do not require [IP3]c oscillations. The model replicates accurately the spatial extent and propagation speed of intercellular Ca2+ waves and predicts that ATP-induced ATP release is the primary mechanism underlying intercellular propagation of Ca2+ signals. The model also uncovers a discontinuous transition from propagating regimes (intercellular Ca2+ wave speed > 11 μm⋅s−1) to propagation failure (speed = 0), which occurs upon lowering the maximal ATP release rate below a minimal threshold value. The approach presented here overcomes major limitations due to lack of specific connexin channel inhibitors and can be extended to other coupled cellular systems. PMID:27807138

  19. Pushing the Limits of Piezoresistive Effect by Optomechanical Coupling in 3C-SiC/Si Heterostructure.

    PubMed

    Md Foisal, Abu Riduan; Qamar, Afzaal; Phan, Hoang-Phuong; Dinh, Toan; Tuan, Khoa-Nguyen; Tanner, Philip; Streed, Erik W; Dao, Dzung Viet

    2017-11-22

    This letter reports a giant opto-piezoresistive effect in p-3C-SiC/p-Si heterostructure under visible-light illumination. The p-3C-SiC/p-Si heterostructure has been fabricated by growing a 390 nm p-type 3C-SiC on a p-type Si substrate using the low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) technique. The gauge factor of the heterostructure was found to be 28 under a dark condition; however, it significantly increased to about -455 under illumination of 635 nm wavelength at 3.0 mW/cm 2 . This gauge factor is over 200 times higher than that of commercial metal strain gauge, 16 times higher than that of 3C-SiC thinfilm, and approximately 5 times larger than that of bulk Si. This enhancement of the gauge factor was attributed to the opto-mechanical coupling effect in p-3C-SiC/p-Si heterostructure. The opto-mechanical coupling effect is the amplified effect of the photoconductivity enhancement and strain-induced band structure modification in the p-type Si substrate. These findings enable extremely high sensitive and robust mechanical sensors, as well as optical sensors at low cost, as no complicated nanofabrication process is required.

  20. Comparative Analysis of Active and Passive Mapping Techniques in an Internet-Based Local Area Network

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2004-03-01

    PIII/500 (K) 512 A11 3C905 Honeynet PIII/1000 (C) 512 A11 3C905 Generator PIII/800 (C) 256 A11 3C905 Each system is running Debian GNU / Linux “unstable...Network,” September 2000. http://www.issues.af.mil/notams/notam00-5.html; accessed January 16, 2004. 5. “Debian GNU / Linux 3.0 Released,” Debian News...interact with those servers. 1.5 Summary The remainder of this document is organized into four chapters. Chapter 2 con - tains the literature review where

  1. APOC3 Protein Is Not a Predisposing Factor for Fat-induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Mice.

    PubMed

    Cheng, Xiaoyun; Yamauchi, Jun; Lee, Sojin; Zhang, Ting; Gong, Zhenwei; Muzumdar, Radhika; Qu, Shen; Dong, H Henry

    2017-03-03

    Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterized by excessive fat accumulation in liver, is prevalent in obesity. Genetic factors that link obesity to NAFLD remain obscure. Apolipoprotein C3 (APOC3) is a lipid-binding protein with a pivotal role in triglyceride metabolism. Humans with APOC3 gain-of-function mutations and mice with APOC3 overproduction are associated with hypertriglyceridemia. Nonetheless, it remains controversial whether APOC3 is culpable for diet-induced NAFLD. To address this fundamental issue, we fed APOC3-transgenic and wild-type littermates a high fructose diet or high fat diet, followed by determination of the effect of APOC3 on hepatic lipid metabolism and inflammation and the progression of NAFLD. To gain mechanistic insight into NAFLD, we determined the impact of APOC3 on hepatic triglyceride synthesis and secretion versus fatty acid oxidation. APOC3-transgenic mice were hypertriglyceridemic, culminating in marked elevation of triglycerides, cholesterols, and non-esterified fatty acids in plasma. Despite the prevailing hypertriglyceridemia, APOC3-transgenic mice, relative to wild-type littermates, had similar weight gain and hepatic lipid content without alterations in hepatic expression of key genes involved in triglyceride synthesis and secretion and fatty acid oxidation. APOC3-transgenic and wild-type mice had similar Kupffer cell content without alterations in hepatic expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. APOC3 neither exacerbated diet-induced adiposity nor aggravated the degree of steatosis in high fructose or high fat-fed APOC3-transgenic mice. These effects ensued independently of weight gain even after 10-month high fat feeding. We concluded that APOC3, whose dysregulation is liable for hypertriglyceridemia, is not a predisposing factor for linking overnutrition to NAFLD in obesity. © 2017 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

  2. APOC3 Protein Is Not a Predisposing Factor for Fat-induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Mice*

    PubMed Central

    Cheng, Xiaoyun; Yamauchi, Jun; Lee, Sojin; Zhang, Ting; Gong, Zhenwei; Muzumdar, Radhika; Qu, Shen; Dong, H. Henry

    2017-01-01

    Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterized by excessive fat accumulation in liver, is prevalent in obesity. Genetic factors that link obesity to NAFLD remain obscure. Apolipoprotein C3 (APOC3) is a lipid-binding protein with a pivotal role in triglyceride metabolism. Humans with APOC3 gain-of-function mutations and mice with APOC3 overproduction are associated with hypertriglyceridemia. Nonetheless, it remains controversial whether APOC3 is culpable for diet-induced NAFLD. To address this fundamental issue, we fed APOC3-transgenic and wild-type littermates a high fructose diet or high fat diet, followed by determination of the effect of APOC3 on hepatic lipid metabolism and inflammation and the progression of NAFLD. To gain mechanistic insight into NAFLD, we determined the impact of APOC3 on hepatic triglyceride synthesis and secretion versus fatty acid oxidation. APOC3-transgenic mice were hypertriglyceridemic, culminating in marked elevation of triglycerides, cholesterols, and non-esterified fatty acids in plasma. Despite the prevailing hypertriglyceridemia, APOC3-transgenic mice, relative to wild-type littermates, had similar weight gain and hepatic lipid content without alterations in hepatic expression of key genes involved in triglyceride synthesis and secretion and fatty acid oxidation. APOC3-transgenic and wild-type mice had similar Kupffer cell content without alterations in hepatic expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. APOC3 neither exacerbated diet-induced adiposity nor aggravated the degree of steatosis in high fructose or high fat-fed APOC3-transgenic mice. These effects ensued independently of weight gain even after 10-month high fat feeding. We concluded that APOC3, whose dysregulation is liable for hypertriglyceridemia, is not a predisposing factor for linking overnutrition to NAFLD in obesity. PMID:28115523

  3. ICD-10 procedure codes produce transition challenges.

    PubMed

    Boyd, Andrew D; Li, Jianrong 'John'; Kenost, Colleen; Zaim, Samir Rachid; Krive, Jacob; Mittal, Manish; Satava, Richard A; Burton, Michael; Smith, Jacob; Lussier, Yves A

    2018-01-01

    The transition of procedure coding from ICD-9-CM-Vol-3 to ICD-10-PCS has generated problems for the medical community at large resulting from the lack of clarity required to integrate two non-congruent coding systems. We hypothesized that quantifying these issues with network topology analyses offers a better understanding of the issues, and therefore we developed solutions (online tools) to empower hospital administrators and researchers to address these challenges. Five topologies were identified: "identity"(I), "class-to-subclass"(C2S), "subclass-toclass"(S2C), "convoluted(C)", and "no mapping"(NM). The procedure codes in the 2010 Illinois Medicaid dataset (3,290 patients, 116 institutions) were categorized as C=55%, C2S=40%, I=3%, NM=2%, and S2C=1%. Majority of the problematic and ambiguous mappings (convoluted) pertained to operations in ophthalmology cardiology, urology, gyneco-obstetrics, and dermatology. Finally, the algorithms were expanded into a user-friendly tool to identify problematic topologies and specify lists of procedural codes utilized by medical professionals and researchers for mitigating error-prone translations, simplifying research, and improving quality.http://www.lussiergroup.org/transition-to-ICD10PCS.

  4. The archetypal R90C CADASIL-NOTCH3 mutation retains NOTCH3 function in vivo.

    PubMed

    Monet, Marie; Domenga, Valérie; Lemaire, Barbara; Souilhol, Céline; Langa, Francina; Babinet, Charles; Gridley, Thomas; Tournier-Lasserve, Elisabeth; Cohen-Tannoudji, Michel; Joutel, Anne

    2007-04-15

    Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is the most prominent known cause of inherited stroke and vascular dementia in human adult. The disease gene, NOTCH3, encodes a transmembrane receptor primarily expressed in arterial smooth muscle cells (SMC). Pathogenic mutations lead to an odd number of cysteine residues within the NOTCH3 extracellular domain (NOTCH3(ECD)), and are associated with progressive accumulation of NOTCH3(ECD) at the SMC plasma membrane. The murine homolog, Notch3, is dispensable for viability but required post-natally for the elaboration and maintenance of arteries. How CADASIL-associated mutations impact NOTCH3 function remains a fundamental, yet unresolved issue. Particularly, whether NOTCH3(ECD) accumulation may titrate the ligand and inhibit the normal pathway is unknown. Herein, using genetic analyses in the mouse, we assessed the functional significance of an archetypal CADASIL-associated mutation (R90C), in vivo, in brain arteries. We show that transgenic mouse lines expressing either the wild-type human NOTCH3 or the mutant R90C human NOTCH3, at comparable and physiological levels, can rescue the arterial defects of Notch3-/- mice to similar degrees. In vivo assessment of NOTCH3/RBP-Jk activity provides evidence that the mutant NOTCH3 protein exhibits normal level of activity in brain arteries. Remarkably, the mutant NOTCH3 protein remains functional and does not exhibit dominant negative interfering activity, even when NOTCH3(ECD) accumulates. Collectively, these data suggest a model that invokes novel pathogenic roles for the mutant NOTCH3 protein rather than compromised NOTCH3 function as the primary determinant of the CADASIL arteriopathy.

  5. Unique photosynthetic phenotypes in Portulaca (Portulacaceae): C3-C4 intermediates and NAD-ME C4 species with Pilosoid-type Kranz anatomy.

    PubMed

    Voznesenskaya, Elena V; Koteyeva, Nuria K; Edwards, Gerald E; Ocampo, Gilberto

    2017-01-01

    Portulacaceae is a family that has considerable diversity in photosynthetic phenotypes. It is one of 19 families of terrestrial plants where species having C 4 photosynthesis have been found. Most species in Portulaca are in the alternate-leaved (AL) lineage, which includes one clade (Cryptopetala) with taxa lacking C 4 photosynthesis and three clades having C 4 species (Oleracea, Umbraticola and Pilosa). All three species in the Cryptopetala clade lack Kranz anatomy, the leaves have C 3 -like carbon isotope composition and they have low levels of C 4 cycle enzymes. Anatomical, biochemical and physiological analyses show they are all C 3 -C 4 intermediates. They have intermediate CO 2 compensation points, enrichment of organelles in the centripetal position in bundle sheath (BS) cells, with selective localization of glycine decarboxylase in BS mitochondria. In the three C 4 clades there are differences in Kranz anatomy types and form of malic enzyme (ME) reported to function in C 4 (NAD-ME versus NADP-ME): Oleracea (Atriplicoid, NAD-ME), Umbraticola (Atriplicoid, NADP-ME) and Pilosa (Pilosoid, NADP-ME). Structural and biochemical analyses were performed on Pilosa clade representatives having Pilosoid-type leaf anatomy with Kranz tissue enclosing individual peripheral vascular bundles and water storage in the center of the leaf. In this clade, all species except P. elatior are NADP-ME-type C 4 species with grana-deficient BS chloroplasts and grana-enriched M chloroplasts. Surprisingly, P. elatior has BS chloroplasts enriched in grana and NAD-ME-type photosynthesis. The results suggest photosynthetic phenotypes were probably derived from an ancestor with NADP-ME-type C 4 , with two independent switches to NAD-ME type. © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology.

  6. Modified PZT ceramics as a material that can be used in micromechatronics

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zachariasz, Radosław; Bochenek, Dariusz

    2015-11-01

    Results on investigations of the PZT type ceramics with the following chemical composition: Pb0.94Sr0.06(Zr0.50 Ti0.50)0.99 Cr0.01O3 (PSZTC) which belongs to a group of multicomponent ceramic materials obtained on basis of the PZT type solid solution, are presented in this work. Ceramics PSZTC was obtained by a free sintering method under the following conditions: Tsint = 1250 °C and tsint = 2 h. Ceramic compacts of specimens for the sintering process were made from the ceramic mass consisting of a mixture of the synthesized PSZTC powder and 3% polyvinyl alcohol while wet. The PSZTC ceramic specimens were subjected to poling by two methods: low temperature and high temperature. On the basis of the examinations made it has been found that the ceramics obtained belongs to ferroelectric-hard materials and that is why it may be used to build resonators, filters and ultrasonic transducers. Contribution to the Topical Issue "Materials for Dielectric Applications" edited by Maciej Jaroszewski and Sabu Thomas.

  7. 40 CFR 2.302 - Special rules governing certain information obtained under the Clean Water Act.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... provide the information was issued under section 309(a)(3) of the Act, 33 U.S.C. 1319(a)(3), whether a civil action was brought under section 309(b) of the Act, 33 U.S.C. 1319(b), and whether the information... specifically does not apply to information obtained under section 310(d) or 312(g)(3) of the Act, 33 U.S.C...

  8. 40 CFR 2.302 - Special rules governing certain information obtained under the Clean Water Act.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... provide the information was issued under section 309(a)(3) of the Act, 33 U.S.C. 1319(a)(3), whether a civil action was brought under section 309(b) of the Act, 33 U.S.C. 1319(b), and whether the information... specifically does not apply to information obtained under section 310(d) or 312(g)(3) of the Act, 33 U.S.C...

  9. 40 CFR 2.302 - Special rules governing certain information obtained under the Clean Water Act.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... provide the information was issued under section 309(a)(3) of the Act, 33 U.S.C. 1319(a)(3), whether a civil action was brought under section 309(b) of the Act, 33 U.S.C. 1319(b), and whether the information... specifically does not apply to information obtained under section 310(d) or 312(g)(3) of the Act, 33 U.S.C...

  10. 78 FR 56775 - Waste Confidence-Continued Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-09-13

    ... radiological impacts of spent nuclear fuel and high-level waste disposal. DATES: Submit comments on the... determination. The ``Offsite radiological impacts of spent nuclear fuel and high-level waste disposal'' issue.... Geologic Repository--Technical Feasibility and Availability C3. Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel C3.a...

  11. Effect of compressive stress on stability of N-doped p-type ZnO

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chen, Xingyou; Zhang, Zhenzhong; Yao, Bin; Jiang, Mingming; Wang, Shuangpeng; Li, Binghui; Shan, Chongxin; Liu, Lei; Zhao, Dongxu; Shen, Dezhen

    2011-08-01

    Nitrogen-doped p-type zinc oxide (p-ZnO:N) thin films were fabricated on a-/c-plane sapphire (a-/c-Al2O3) by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. Hall-effect measurements show that the p-type ZnO:N on c-Al2O3 degenerated into n-type after a preservation time; however, the one grown on a-Al2O3 showed good stability. The conversion of conductivity in the one grown on c-Al2O3 ascribed to the faster disappearance of NO and the growing N2(O), which is demonstrated by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Compressive stress, caused by lattice misfit, was revealed by Raman spectra and optical absorption spectra, and it was regarded as the root of the instability in ZnO:N.

  12. The C-terminal HRET sequence of Kv1.3 regulates gating rather than targeting of Kv1.3 to the plasma membrane.

    PubMed

    Voros, Orsolya; Szilagyi, Orsolya; Balajthy, András; Somodi, Sándor; Panyi, Gyorgy; Hajdu, Péter

    2018-04-12

    Kv1.3 channels are expressed in several cell types including immune cells, such as T lymphocytes. The targeting of Kv1.3 to the plasma membrane is essential for T cell clonal expansion and assumed to be guided by the C-terminus of the channel. Using two point mutants of Kv1.3 with remarkably different features compared to the wild-type Kv1.3 (A413V and H399K having fast inactivation kinetics and tetraethylammonium-insensitivity, respectively) we showed that both Kv1.3 channel variants target to the membrane when the C-terminus was truncated right after the conserved HRET sequence and produce currents identical to those with a full-length C-terminus. The truncation before the HRET sequence (NOHRET channels) resulted in reduced membrane-targeting but non-functional phenotypes. NOHRET channels did not display gating currents, and coexpression with wild-type Kv1.3 did not rescue the NOHRET-A413V phenotype, no heteromeric current was observed. Interestingly, mutants of wild-type Kv1.3 lacking HRET(E) (deletion) or substituted with five alanines for the HRET(E) motif expressed current indistinguishable from the wild-type. These results demonstrate that the C-terminal region of Kv1.3 immediately proximal to the S6 helix is required for the activation gating and conduction, whereas the presence of the distal region of the C-terminus is not exclusively required for trafficking of Kv1.3 to the plasma membrane.

  13. Evidence-Based Nursing of the 3C Therapeutic Regimen for Type 1 Diabetes.

    PubMed

    Wu, Jianya; Zou, Ling

    2015-05-01

    The aim of this study is to explore the efficacy of the 3C therapeutic regimen for type 1 diabetes. Thirty-nine patients with type 1 diabetes, who were hospitalized from January 2013 to April 2014, were included to receive 3C therapeutic regimen. Evidence-based nursing was performed in the treatment period and the efficacy was observed 6 days after therapy. Six days after the administration of the 3C therapeutic regimen, the fasting glucose levels in all 39 patients were controlled to be 4.4-6.0 mmol/L and 2h-postprandial glucose levels to be 4.4-7.8 mmol/L. Three patients had a glucose level <3.9 mmol/L, which was corrected after adjusting the dose of insulin infusion. Evidence-based nursing was provided in the treatment period and no nursing-associated complication occurred. All patients were satisfied with the nursing service. The efficacy of the 3C therapeutic regimen for type 1 diabetes is satisfactory. The evidence-based nursing can help to ensure the efficacy and improve the quality of nursing service.

  14. Sabin Vaccine Reversion in the Field: a Comprehensive Analysis of Sabin-Like Poliovirus Isolates in Nigeria

    PubMed Central

    Chang, Stewart; Iber, Jane; Zhao, Kun; Adeniji, Johnson A.; Bukbuk, David; Baba, Marycelin; Behrend, Matthew; Burns, Cara C.; Oberste, M. Steven

    2015-01-01

    ABSTRACT To assess the dynamics of genetic reversion of live poliovirus vaccine in humans, we studied molecular evolution in Sabin-like poliovirus isolates from Nigerian acute flaccid paralysis cases obtained from routine surveillance. We employed a novel modeling approach to infer substitution and recombination rates from whole-genome sequences and information about poliovirus infection dynamics and the individual vaccination history. We confirmed observations from a recent vaccine trial that VP1 substitution rates are increased for Sabin-like isolates relative to the rate for the wild type due to increased nonsynonymous substitution rates. We also inferred substitution rates for attenuating nucleotides and confirmed that reversion can occur in days to weeks after vaccination. We combine our observations for Sabin-like virus evolution with the molecular clock for VP1 of circulating wild-type strains to infer that the mean time from the initiating vaccine dose to the earliest detection of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) is 300 days for Sabin-like virus type 1, 210 days for Sabin-like virus type 2, and 390 days for Sabin-like virus type 3. Phylogenetic relationships indicated transient local transmission of Sabin-like virus type 3 and, possibly, Sabin-like virus type 1 during periods of low wild polio incidence. Comparison of Sabin-like virus recombinants with known Nigerian vaccine-derived poliovirus recombinants shows that while recombination with non-Sabin enteroviruses is associated with cVDPV, the recombination rates are similar for Sabin isolate-Sabin isolate and Sabin isolate–non-Sabin enterovirus recombination after accounting for the time from dosing to the time of detection. Our study provides a comprehensive picture of the evolutionary dynamics of the oral polio vaccine in the field. IMPORTANCE The global polio eradication effort has completed its 26th year. Despite success in eliminating wild poliovirus from most of the world, polio persists in populations where logistical, social, and political factors have not allowed vaccination programs of sustained high quality. One issue of critical importance is eliminating circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs) that have properties indistinguishable from those of wild poliovirus and can cause paralytic disease. cVDPV emerges due to the genetic instability of the Sabin viruses used in the oral polio vaccine (OPV) in populations that have low levels of immunity to poliovirus. However, the dynamics responsible are incompletely understood because it has historically been difficult to gather and interpret data about evolution of the Sabin viruses used in OPV in regions where cVDPV has occurred. This study is the first to combine whole-genome sequencing of poliovirus isolates collected during routine surveillance with knowledge about the intrahost dynamics of poliovirus to provide quantitative insight into polio vaccine evolution in the field. PMID:26468545

  15. Successful liver allografts in mice by combination with allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.

    PubMed Central

    Nakamura, T; Good, R A; Yasumizu, R; Inoue, S; Oo, M M; Hamashima, Y; Ikehara, S

    1986-01-01

    Successful liver allografts were established by combination with allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. When liver tissue of BALB/c (H-2d) or C57BL/6J (H-2b) mice was minced and grafted under the kidney capsules of C3H/HeN (H-2k) mice, it was rejected. However, when C3H/HeN mice were irradiated and reconstituted with T-cell-depleted BALB/c or BALB/c nu/nu bone marrow cells, or with fetal liver cells of BALB/c mice, they accepted both donor (stem-cell)-type (BALB/c) and host (thymus)-type (C3H/HeN) liver tissue. Assays for both mixed-lymphocyte reaction and induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes revealed that the newly developed T cells were tolerant of both donor (stem-cell)-type and host (thymus)-type major histocompatibility complex determinants. We propose that liver allografts combined with bone marrow transplantation should be considered as a viable therapy for patients with liver disease such as liver cirrhosis and hepatoma. Images PMID:3520575

  16. Characterization of Interface State in Silicon Carbide Metal Oxide Semiconductor Capacitors

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kao, Wei-Chieh

    Silicon carbide (SiC) has always been considered as an excellent material for high temperature and high power devices. Since SiC is the only compound semiconductor whose native oxide is silicon dioxide (SiO2), it puts SiC in a unique position. Although SiC metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) technology has made significant progress in recent years, there are still a number of issues to be overcome before more commercial SiC devices can enter the market. The prevailing issues surrounding SiC MOSFET devices are the low channel mobility, the low quality of the oxide layer and the high interface state density at the SiC/SiO2 interface. Consequently, there is a need for research to be performed in order to have a better understanding of the factors causing the poor SiC/SiO2 interface properties. In this work, we investigated the generation lifetime in SiC materials by using the pulsed metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) capacitor method and measured the interface state density distribution at the SiC/SiO2 interface by using the conductance measurement and the high-low frequency capacitance technique. These measurement techniques have been performed on n-type and p-type SiC MOS capacitors. In the course of our investigation, we observed fast interface states at semiconductor-dielectric interfaces in SiC MOS capacitors that underwent three different interface passivation processes, such states were detected in the nitrided samples but not observed in PSG-passivated samples. This result indicate that the lack of fast states at PSG-passivated interface is one of the main reasons for higher channel mobility in PSG MOSFETs. In addition, the effect of mobile ions in the oxide on the response time of interface states has been investigated. In the last chapter we propose additional methods of investigation that can help elucidate the origin of the particular interface states, enabling a more complete understanding of the SiC/SiO2 material system.

  17. 78 FR 755 - Information Collection Request Sent to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for Approval...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-01-04

    ... and Budget (OMB) for Approval; Annual Certification of Hunting and Sport Fishing Licenses Issued... Hunting and Sport Fishing Licenses Issued, 50 CFR 80, Subpart D. Service Form Number(s): 3-154a and 3-154b...-Robertson Wildlife Restoration Act (16 U.S.C. 669 et seq.) and the Dingell-Johnson Sport Fish Restoration...

  18. Prevalence of infection and genotypes of GBV-C/HGV among homosexual men.

    PubMed

    Hattori, Junko; Ibe, Shiro; Nagai, Hiromi; Wada, Kaoru; Morishita, Takayuki; Sato, Katsuhiko; Utsumi, Makoto; Kaneda, Tsuguhiro

    2003-01-01

    Since the discovery of GB virus-C (GBV-C) and hepatitis G virus (HGV), many studies have been performed. These viruses are now known to be parenterally, as well as sexually transmitted. A phylogenetic analysis also revealed that GBV-C has five major genotypes: type 1 predominates in West Africa, type 2 in Europe and the United States, type 3 in parts of Asia, type 4 in Southeast Asia, and type 5 in South Africa. Despite the number of reports so far, there have been few large-scale surveys of homosexual men to determine the prevalence of the GBV-C/HGV infections. We examined the levels of GBV-C/HGV viremia in 297 homosexual men who attended the Nagoya Lesbian and Gay Revolution held in Nagoya, Japan. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)/nested PCR of the GBV-C/HGV 5 ' -non-coding region (NCR), and base sequence analyses showed that the infection rate was 12.5%, and genotypes in this population were classified into type 2 (32%) and type 3 (68%). None were classified as types 1, 4, or 5 in this study. Our results indicate that the GBV-C/HGV type 2 seen mainly in Europe and the US is spreading widely in Japan, especially in the Nagoya district.

  19. PACE. A Program for Acquiring Competence in Entrepreneurship. Part II: Becoming an Entrepreneur. Unit C: Legal Issues and Small Business. Research and Development Series No. 194 B-3.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Ohio State Univ., Columbus. National Center for Research in Vocational Education.

    This three-part curriculum for entrepreneurship education is primarily for postsecondary level, including four-year colleges and adult education, but it can be adapted for special groups or vocational teacher education. The emphasis of the seven instructional units in Part II is establishing a business. Unit C focuses on legal issues that affect…

  20. High Temperature Si-doped BN Interphases for Woven SiC/SiC Composites

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Morscher, Gregory N.; Hurwitz, Frances; Yun, Hee Mann; Gray, Hugh R. (Technical Monitor)

    2002-01-01

    The hydrolytic stability of high-temperature deposited Si-doped BN has been shown in the past to be superior in comparison to "pure" BN processed at similar or even higher temperatures. This type of material would be very desirable as a SiC/SiC composite interphase that is formed by chemical infiltration into multi-ply woven preform. However, due to rapid deposition on the preform outer surface at the high processing temperature, this has proven very difficult. To overcome this issue, single plies of woven fabric were infiltrated with Si-doped BN. Three composite panels of different SiC fiber types were fabricated with Si-doped BN interphases including Sylramic, Hi-Nicalon Type S and Sylramic-iBN fiber-types. The latter fiber-type possesses a thin in-situ grown BN layer on the fiber surface. High Si contents (approx. 7 to 10 a/o) and low oxygen contents (less than 1 a/o) were achieved. All three composite systems demonstrated reasonable debonding and sliding properties. The coated Sylramic fabric and composites were weak due to fiber degradation apparently caused during interphase processing by the formation of TiN crystals on the fiber surface. The Hi-Nicalon Type S composites with Si-doped BN interphase were only slightly weaker than Hi-Nicalon Type S composites with conventional BN when the strength on the load-bearing fibers at failure was compared. On the other hand, the Sylramic-iBN fabric and composites with Si-doped BN showed excellent composite and intermediate temperature stress-rupture properties. Most impressive was the lack of any significant interphase oxidation on the fracture surface of stress-ruptured specimens tested well above matrix cracking at 815C.

  1. 14 CFR 21.339 - Special export airworthiness approval for aircraft.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... export airworthiness approval for an aircraft engine, propeller, or article is issued. (c) If the FAA... difference between the aircraft to be exported and its type design. § 21.331 Issuance of export airworthiness approvals for aircraft engines, propellers, and articles. (a) A person may obtain from the FAA an export...

  2. 14 CFR 183.51 - ODA Unit personnel.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false ODA Unit personnel. 183.51 Section 183.51 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ADMINISTRATIVE... compliance, determine conformity, determine airworthiness, issue certificates or issue approvals; or (c) A...

  3. 14 CFR 183.51 - ODA Unit personnel.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false ODA Unit personnel. 183.51 Section 183.51 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ADMINISTRATIVE... compliance, determine conformity, determine airworthiness, issue certificates or issue approvals; or (c) A...

  4. 14 CFR 183.51 - ODA Unit personnel.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false ODA Unit personnel. 183.51 Section 183.51 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ADMINISTRATIVE... compliance, determine conformity, determine airworthiness, issue certificates or issue approvals; or (c) A...

  5. 14 CFR 183.51 - ODA Unit personnel.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false ODA Unit personnel. 183.51 Section 183.51 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ADMINISTRATIVE... compliance, determine conformity, determine airworthiness, issue certificates or issue approvals; or (c) A...

  6. 14 CFR 183.51 - ODA Unit personnel.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false ODA Unit personnel. 183.51 Section 183.51 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ADMINISTRATIVE... compliance, determine conformity, determine airworthiness, issue certificates or issue approvals; or (c) A...

  7. Symbiodinium diversity in the sea anemone Entacmaea quadricolor on the east Australian coast

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pontasch, S.; Scott, A.; Hill, R.; Bridge, T.; Fisher, P. L.; Davy, S. K.

    2014-06-01

    The diversity of Symbiodinium spp. in Entacmaea quadricolor was analysed from five locations along ~2,100 km on the east coast of Australia using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of the internal transcribed spacer 2 region (ITS2) combined with bacterial cloning. DGGE revealed that E. quadricolor predominantly associated with six types of clade C (four of which are novel) and that most anemones harboured multiple types simultaneously. Anemones from southern locations associated with a mixed assemblage of C25 and a variant of C3. This assemblage also dominated the central location, but was absent at the northern location. At central and northern sites, two novel variants of C42(type2) and C1 were found. Anemones hosting C42(type2) also showed a low abundance of variants of C3 and C1, and E1 was found in one sample, as revealed by bacterial cloning. The occurrence of geographically distinct ITS2 types or a consortium of types might reflect a need to optimise physiological performance of the symbiosis at different latitudes.

  8. A decade of safety-related regulatory action in the Netherlands: a retrospective analysis of direct healthcare professional communications from 1999 to 2009.

    PubMed

    Mol, Peter G M; Straus, Sabine M J M; Piening, Sigrid; de Vries, Jonie T N; de Graeff, Pieter A; Haaijer-Ruskamp, Flora M

    2010-06-01

    As pre-approval trials are inherently limited in assessing the complete benefit-risk profile of a new drug, serious safety issues may emerge once a drug gains widespread use after approval. Regulators face the dilemma of balancing timely market access with the need for complete data on risks. This challenge has led to a life-cycle approach but, so far, few data are available on post-approval safety issues requiring regulatory action. The aim of this study is to determine the frequency, timing and nature of safety issues that necessitated safety-related regulatory action in the form of a Direct Healthcare Professional Communication (DHPC) issued by pharmaceutical companies in collaboration with the Dutch Medicines Evaluation Board during the past decade. All DHPCs issued in the Netherlands from 1 January 1999 to 1 January 2009 were retrospectively collected from the national regulatory authorities. Elapsed time between the approval date and the issue of the DHPC was determined. Characteristics of the action including the nature of the safety issue (according to Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities [MedDRA] terminology), type of drug and procedural aspects of the regulatory action taken were reviewed. DHPC characteristics were tabulated and explorative non-parametric tests were performed to study the effect of safety issue, drug class, drug type, orphan drug and first-in-class status on elapsed time from approval to the DHPC. 157 DHPCs were issued concerning 112 different active substances, approximately 9% (112/1200) of active substances available in the Netherlands in 2007. The number of DHPCs issued increased by 2.1 (95% CI 1.2, 3.1; p < 0.001) DHPCs per year over the past decade, reaching a total of 25 in 2008. The median time between approval and DHPC was 5.3 years (range 0.13-48 years). No significant trend in elapsed time to DHPC was observed in relation to the studied years (p = 0.06). One-third of all DHPCs were issued in the first 3 years after approval, but 27% (n = 43/157) of the DHPCs were issued 10 or more years after approval. Timing of DHPCs differed depending on safety issue, drug class, drug type and orphan drug status. DHPCs mostly concerned adverse events in the system organ class of 'cardiac disorders' (15%), 'injury, poisoning and procedural complications' (13%) and 'general disorders and administration site conditions' (10%). In ten cases the drug was eventually withdrawn. Withdrawal occurred a median duration of 2.4 years after registration (range of 1.5-48 years) and was most frequently due to cardiac disorders (including QT interval prolongation; four occasions) and hepatobiliary disorders (two occasions). In the past decade, the number of DHPCs has increased over time. This is likely caused by a multitude of factors: increased risk awareness by the public, media, regulators and other stakeholders; the type of drugs approved, such as orphan drugs and biologicals; and the regulatory process, including conditional approvals. The number of DHPCs may in the future increase further with the possibility of screening large epidemiological databases proactively for adverse drug events. Nine percent of all marketed drugs required a safety-related action. Regulatory action is taken shortly (<3 years) after market approval nearly as often as after intermediate (3-10 years) and long-term (>10 years) market exposure. These findings underline the need for risk management during the whole life cycle of a drug.

  9. Higher Education in Crisis: New York in National Perspective. Garland Studies in Higher Education, Vol. 3.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Barba, William C., Ed.

    In a set of 10 papers this volume explores nationally pressing issues in higher education, particularly financial and access issues, by examining those issues in the New York State's higher education system. The papers are: "Factors that Have Shaped Higher Education in New York State: A Historical and Current Perspective" (William C.…

  10. Agenda: "Hispanic Issues Are America's Issues." Quadrennial National Hispanic Leadership Conference (4th, Washington, D.C., April 4-6, 1988).

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    National Hispanic Leadership Conference, Washington, DC.

    This document presents the 1988 National Hispanic Leadership Conference's agenda on the following major issues: (1) civil rights; (2) corporate and philanthropic responsibility; (3) criminal justice; (4) culture and language policy; (5) economic development policy; (6) education; (7) employment and economic security; (8) health and mental health;…

  11. 32 CFR 256.6 - Runway classification by aircraft type.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Runway classification by aircraft type. 256.6... type. Class A runways S-2, VC-6, C-1, C-2, TC-4C, U-10, U-11, LU-16, TU-16, HU-16, C-7, C-8, C-12, C-47...-130, A-7, A-38, AV-8, P-2, P-3, T-29, T-33, T-37, T-39, T-1, HC-130B, C-131, C-140, C-5A, KC-97, F-9...

  12. 32 CFR 256.6 - Runway classification by aircraft type.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Runway classification by aircraft type. 256.6... type. Class A runways S-2, VC-6, C-1, C-2, TC-4C, U-10, U-11, LU-16, TU-16, HU-16, C-7, C-8, C-12, C-47...-130, A-7, A-38, AV-8, P-2, P-3, T-29, T-33, T-37, T-39, T-1, HC-130B, C-131, C-140, C-5A, KC-97, F-9...

  13. Issues for a Model of Language Planning.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Bamgbose, Ayo

    1989-01-01

    Examines the following issues as they relate to a model of language planning: (1) types of decisions (policy or implemental, higher- or lower-level, rational or arbitrary); (2) the planning mechanism; (3) the role of fact finding (prepolicy, preimplementation, and intraimplementation); (4) levels of planning; and (5) the nature of status versus…

  14. 18 CFR 341.3 - Form of tariff.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... corporate name of the carrier; (iii) The type of rates, e.g., local, joint, or proportional, and the... applicable; (viii) The name of the issuing officer or duly appointed official issuing the tariff, the complete street and mailing address of the carrier, and the name and phone number of the individual...

  15. Complement 3 activates the renal renin-angiotensin system by induction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of the nephrotubulus in mice.

    PubMed

    Zhou, Xueli; Fukuda, Noboru; Matsuda, Hiroyuki; Endo, Morito; Wang, Xiaofei; Saito, Kosuke; Ueno, Takahiro; Matsumoto, Taro; Matsumoto, Koichi; Soma, Masayoshi; Kobayashi, Naohiko; Nishiyama, Akira

    2013-10-01

    We have demonstrated that mesenchymal cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats genetically express complement 3 (C3). Mature tubular epithelial cells can undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) that is linked to the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis and injury. In this study, we investigated the contribution of C3 in EMT and in the renal renin-angiotensin (RA) systems associated with hypertension. C3a induced EMT in mouse TCMK-1 epithelial cells, which displayed increased expression of renin and Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) and nuclear localization of liver X receptor α (LXRα). C3 and renin were strongly stained in the degenerated nephrotubulus and colocalized with LXRα and prorenin receptor in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) kidneys from wild-type mice. In C3-deficient mice, hydronephrus and EMT were suppressed, with no expression of renin and C3. After UUO, systolic blood pressure was increased in wild-type but not C3-deficient mice. In wild-type mice, intrarenal angiotensin II (ANG II) levels were markedly higher in UUO kidneys than normal kidneys and decreased with aliskiren. There were no increases in intrarenal ANG II levels after UUO in C3-deficient mice. Thus C3 induces EMT and dedifferentiation of epithelial cells, which produce renin through induction of LXRα. These data indicate for the first time that C3 may be a primary factor to activate the renal RA systems to induce hypertension.

  16. Heterogeneous behavior of lipids according to HbA1c levels undermines the plausibility of metabolic syndrome in type 1 diabetes: data from a nationwide multicenter survey

    PubMed Central

    2012-01-01

    Background Cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) may cluster in type 1 diabetes, analogously to the metabolic syndrome described in type 2 diabetes. The threshold of HbA1c above which lipid variables start changing behavior is unclear. This study aims to 1) assess the behavior of dyslipidemia according to HbA1c values; 2) detect a threshold of HbA1c beyond which lipids start to change and 3) compare the clustering of lipids and other non-lipid CVRF among strata of HbA1c individuals with type 1 diabetes. Methods Effects of HbA1c quintiles (1st: ≤7.4%; 2nd: 7.5-8.5%; 3rd: 8.6-9.6%; 4th: 9.7-11.3%; and 5th: >11.5%) and covariates (gender, BMI, blood pressure, insulin daily dose, lipids, statin use, diabetes duration) on dyslipidemia were studied in 1275 individuals from the Brazilian multi-centre type 1 diabetes study and 171 normal controls. Results Body size and blood pressure were not correlated to lipids and glycemic control. OR (99% CI) for high-LDL were 2.07 (1.21-3.54) and 2.51 (1.46-4.31), in the 4th and 5th HbA1c quintiles, respectively. Hypertriglyceridemia increased in the 5th quintile of HbA1c, OR 2.76 (1.20-6.37). OR of low-HDL-cholesterol were 0.48 (0.24-0.98) and 0.41 (0.19-0.85) in the 3rd and 4th HbA1c quintiles, respectively. HDL-cholesterol correlated positively (0.437) with HbA1c in the 3rd quintile. HDL-cholesterol and insulin dose correlated inversely in all levels of glycemic control. Conclusions Correlation of serum lipids with HbA1c is heterogeneous across the spectrum of glycemic control in type 1 diabetes individuals. LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides worsened alongside HbA1c with distinct thresholds. Association of lower HDL-cholesterol with higher daily insulin dose is consistent and it points out to a role of exogenous hyperinsulinemia in the pathophysiology of the CVRF clustering. These data suggest diverse pathophysiological processes depending on HbA1c, refuting a unified explanation for cardiovascular risk in type 1 diabetes. PMID:23270560

  17. The soil microbial community composition and soil microbial carbon uptake are more affected by soil type than by different vegetation types (C3 and C4 plants) and seasonal changes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Griselle Mellado Vazquez, Perla; Lange, Markus; Gleixner, Gerd

    2016-04-01

    This study investigates the influence of different vegetation types (C3 and C4 plants), soil type and seasonal changes on the soil microbial biomass, soil microbial community composition and soil microbial carbon (C) uptake. We collected soil samples in winter (non-growing season) and summer (growing season) in 2012 from an experimental site cropping C3 and C4 plants for 6 years on two different soil types (sandy and clayey). The amount of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) and their compound-specific δ13C values were used to determined microbial biomass and the flow of C from plants to soil microorganisms, respectively. Higher microbial biomass was found in the growing season. The microbial community composition was mainly explained by soil type. Higher amounts of SOC were driving the predominance of G+ bacteria, actinobacteria and cyclic G- bacteria in sandy soils, whereas root biomass was significantly related to the increased proportions of G- bacteria in clayey soils. Plant-derived C in G- bacteria increased significantly in clayey soils in the growing season. This increase was positively and significantly driven by root biomass. Moreover, changes in plant-derived C among microbial groups pointed to specific capabilities of different microbial groups to decompose distinct sources of C. We concluded that soil texture and favorable growth conditions driven by rhizosphere interactions are the most important factors controlling the soil microbial community. Our results demonstrate that a change of C3 plants vs. C4 plants has only a minor effect on the soil microbial community. Thus, such experiments are well suited to investigate soil organic matter dynamics as they allow to trace the C flow from plants into the soil microbial community without changing the community abundance and composition.

  18. Countercurrent chromatography separation of saponins by skeleton type from Ampelozizyphus amazonicus for off-line ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/high resolution accurate mass spectrometry analysis and characterisation.

    PubMed

    de Souza Figueiredo, Fabiana; Celano, Rita; de Sousa Silva, Danila; das Neves Costa, Fernanda; Hewitson, Peter; Ignatova, Svetlana; Piccinelli, Anna Lisa; Rastrelli, Luca; Guimarães Leitão, Suzana; Guimarães Leitão, Gilda

    2017-01-20

    Ampelozizyphus amazonicus Ducke (Rhamnaceae), a medicinal plant used to prevent malaria, is a climbing shrub, native to the Amazonian region, with jujubogenin glycoside saponins as main compounds. The crude extract of this plant is too complex for any kind of structural identification, and HPLC separation was not sufficient to resolve this issue. Therefore, the aim of this work was to obtain saponin enriched fractions from the bark ethanol extract by countercurrent chromatography (CCC) for further isolation and identification/characterisation of the major saponins by HPLC and MS. The butanol extract was fractionated by CCC with hexane - ethyl acetate - butanol - ethanol - water (1:6:1:1:6; v/v) solvent system yielding 4 group fractions. The collected fractions were analysed by UHPLC-HRMS (ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/high resolution accurate mass spectrometry) and MS n . Group 1 presented mainly oleane type saponins, and group 3 showed mainly jujubogenin glycosides, keto-dammarane type triterpene saponins and saponins with C 31 skeleton. Thus, CCC separated saponins from the butanol-rich extract by skeleton type. A further purification of group 3 by CCC (ethyl acetate - ethanol - water (1:0.2:1; v/v)) and HPLC-RI was performed in order to obtain these unusual aglycones in pure form. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  19. Analyzing Cold Tolerance Mechanism in Transgenic Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

    PubMed Central

    Wang, Qian; Tan, Xungang; Jiao, Shuang; You, Feng; Zhang, Pei-Jun

    2014-01-01

    Low temperatures may cause severe growth inhibition and mortality in fish. In order to understand the mechanism of cold tolerance, a transgenic zebrafish Tg (smyd1:m3ck) model was established to study the effect of energy homeostasis during cold stress. The muscle-specific promoter Smyd1 was used to express the carp muscle form III of creatine kinase (M3-CK), which maintained enzymatic activity at a relatively low temperature, in zebrafish skeletal muscle. In situ hybridization showed that M3-CK was expressed strongly in the skeletal muscle. When exposed to 13°C, Tg (smyd1:m3ck) fish maintained their swimming behavior, while the wild-type could not. Energy measurements showed that the concentration of ATP increased in Tg (smyd1:m3ck) versus wild-type fish at 28°C. After 2 h at 13°C, ATP concentrations were 2.16-fold higher in Tg (smyd1:m3ck) than in wild-type (P<0.05). At 13°C, the ATP concentration in Tg (smyd1:m3ck) fish and wild-type fish was 63.3% and 20.0%, respectively, of that in wild-type fish at 28°C. Microarray analysis revealed differential expression of 1249 transcripts in Tg (smyd1:m3ck) versus wild-type fish under cold stress. Biological processes that were significantly overrepresented in this group included circadian rhythm, energy metabolism, lipid transport, and metabolism. These results are clues to understanding the mechanisms underlying temperature acclimation in fish. PMID:25058652

  20. Beyond Precision: Issues of Morality and Decision Making in Minimizing Collateral Casualties

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2003-04-28

    possible contributions from moral judgment and decision making . As Fuller himself said, laws “can create the conditions essential for a rational ...BEYOND PRECISION: Issues of Morality and Decision Making in Minimizing Collateral Casualties Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and...28 APR 2003 2. REPORT TYPE N/A 3. DATES COVERED - 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Beyond Precision: Issues of Morality and Decision Making in

  1. Organic or organometallic template mediated clay synthesis

    DOEpatents

    Gregar, Kathleen C.; Winans, Randall E.; Botto, Robert E.

    1994-01-01

    A method for incorporating diverse Varieties of intercalants or templates directly during hydrothermal synthesis of clays such as hectorite or montmorillonite-type layer-silicate clays. For a hectorite layer-silicate clay, refluxing a gel of silica sol, magnesium hydroxide sol and lithium fluoride for two days in the presence of an organic or organometallic intercalant or template results in crystalline products containing either (a) organic dye molecules such as ethyl violet and methyl green, (b) dye molecules such as alcian blue that are based on a Cu(II)-phthalocyannine complex, or (c) transition metal complexes such as Ru(II)phenanthroline and Co(III)sepulchrate or (d) water-soluble porphyrins and metalloporphyrins. Montmorillonite-type clays are made by the method taught by U.S. Pat. No. 3,887,454 issued to Hickson, Jun. 13, 1975; however, a variety of intercalants or templates may be introduced. The intercalants or templates should have (i) water-solubility, (ii) positive charge, and (iii) thermal stability under moderately basic (pH 9-10) aqueous reflux conditions or hydrothermal pressurized conditions for the montmorillonite-type clays.

  2. Organic or organometallic template mediated clay synthesis

    DOEpatents

    Gregar, K.C.; Winans, R.E.; Botto, R.E.

    1994-05-03

    A method is described for incorporating diverse varieties of intercalates or templates directly during hydrothermal synthesis of clays such as hectorite or montmorillonite-type layer-silicate clays. For a hectorite layer-silicate clay, refluxing a gel of silica sol, magnesium hydroxide sol and lithium fluoride for two days in the presence of an organic or organometallic intercalate or template results in crystalline products containing either (a) organic dye molecules such as ethyl violet and methyl green, (b) dye molecules such as alcian blue that are based on a Cu(II)-phthalocyannine complex, or (c) transition metal complexes such as Ru(II)phenanthroline and Co(III)sepulchrate or (d) water-soluble porphyrins and metalloporphyrins. Montmorillonite-type clays are made by the method taught by U.S. Pat. No. 3,887,454 issued to Hickson, Jun. 13, 1975; however, a variety of intercalates or templates may be introduced. The intercalates or templates should have (i) water-solubility, (ii) positive charge, and (iii) thermal stability under moderately basic (pH 9-10) aqueous reflux conditions or hydrothermal pressurized conditions for the montmorillonite-type clays. 22 figures.

  3. Step 3: Manage Your Diabetes

    MedlinePlus

    ... please turn JavaScript on. Feature: Type 2 Diabetes Step 3: Manage Your Diabetes Past Issues / Fall 2014 ... 2 Diabetes" Articles Diabetes Is Serious But Manageable / Step 1: Learn About Diabetes / Step 2: Know Your ...

  4. Linkage to D3S47 (C17) in one large autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa family and exclusion in another: confirmation of genetic heterogeneity.

    PubMed Central

    Lester, D H; Inglehearn, C F; Bashir, R; Ackford, H; Esakowitz, L; Jay, M; Bird, A C; Wright, A F; Papiha, S S; Bhattacharya, S S

    1990-01-01

    Recently Dryja and his co-workers observed a mutation in the 23d codon of the rhodopsin gene in a proportion of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (ADRP) patients. Linkage analysis with a rhodopsin-linked probe C17 (D3S47) was carried out in two large British ADRP families, one with diffuse-type (D-type) RP and the other with regional-type (R-type) RP. Significantly positive lod scores (lod score maximum [Zmax] = +5.58 at recombination fraction [theta] = .0) were obtained between C17 and our D-type ADRP family showing complete penetrance. Sequence and oligonucleotide analysis has, however, shown that no point mutation at the 23d codon exists in affected individuals in our complete-penetrance pedigree, indicating that another rhodopsin mutation is probably responsible for ADRP in this family. Significantly negative lod scores (Z less than -2 at theta = .045) were, however, obtained between C17 and our R-type family which showed incomplete penetrance. Previous results presented by this laboratory also showed no linkage between C17 and another large British R-type ADRP family with incomplete penetrance. This confirms genetic heterogeneity. Some types of ADRP are being caused by different mutations in the rhodopsin locus (3q21-24) or another tightly linked gene in this region, while other types of ADRP are the result of mutations elsewhere in the genome. Images Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 PMID:2393026

  5. Relative contribution of C3 and C4 type terrestrial organic matter in the Mahanadi offshore (Bay of Bengal) sediments and climatic implication.

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    da Silva, Rheane; Mazumdar, Aninda; Naik, Bg

    2017-04-01

    C3 and C4 are dominant vegetation in terrestrial environment. The primary product of photosynthesis of C3 plants is a 3 carbon bearing compound called phosphoglycerate (PGA). In contrast, CO2 is transferred to bundle sheath cells via 4 carbon bearing compound oxaloacetate/mallate and fixed by RuBiSCO in C4 plants. This marked variation in CO2 diffusion across stomata and enzymatic pathways lead to differences in stable carbon isotope ratios. Factors that control relative abundance of these vegetation types are concentration of p-CO2, temperature and humidity. Low p-CO2, air temperature below cross over temperature and aridity are the climatic parameters favoring expansion of C4 type vegetation, whereas higher extreme conditions promote greater C3 type production (Ehleringer, J. R, 2005). In marine sediment n-alkane (lipid fraction) distribution and compound specific isotope ratios are ideal markers to characterize nature of terrestrial organic flux owing to high diagenetic stability and near 100% extraction efficiency. We report here the relative abundance of C3-C4 vegetation over 8 marine isotope stages covering 300kyr. A 39.08 m long core (MD 161-19) was collected onboard ORV Marion Dufresne, at a water depth of 1480 m (Lat: 18 59.1092N Long: 85 41.1669E) (Mazumdar., et. al. 2014) for the study of sediment physico chemical properties and their link to paleoclimatic variation. The carbon isotope ratios of C-27 n-alkane range from -35.3‰ to -23.6‰ VPDB. 13C enrichment trends indicate a greater contribution from C4 vegetation type and 13C depletion trends are attributed to greater flux of C3 type vegetation. Mass balance calculation to reconstruct the temporal variation in C3/ C4 ratios is carried out using the end member values of -34.5‰ and -19.8‰ respectively (Collister.,et. al. 1994). The calculated C3/C4 ratio is 27:73 at LGM and shifts to 71:29 around 6 kyr BP. Based on results, we observe that colder isotope substages characterized by lower pCO2 saw relative expansion of C4 vegetation while warmer, high pCO2 periods supported C3 expansion. A high resolution work is being carried out to get better understanding on actual limiting factors across the last 300 ky responsible for changes in C3 vs C4 expansion. Our data may help in understanding how vegetation may respond to future global warming and climate change including pCO2 build up, change in air temperature and monsoonal rainfall. References: • Collister, James W., et al. "Compound-specific δ 13C analyses of leaf lipids from plants with differing carbon dioxide metabolisms." Organic Geochemistry 21.6-7 (1994): 619-627. • Ehleringer, J. R. The influence of atmospheric CO2, temperature, and water on the abundance of C3/C4 taxa. In A history of atmospheric CO2 and its effects on plants, animals, and ecosystems Springer New York 214-231 (2005). • Mazumdar, A., et al. "Pore-water chemistry of sediment cores off Mahanadi Basin, Bay of Bengal: Possible link to deep seated methane hydrate deposit." Marine and Petroleum Geology 49 (2014): 162-175.

  6. Human Terrain: A Tactical Issue or a Strategic C4I Problem?

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2008-05-20

    C4I" 20-21 May 2008, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia Campus, The original document contains color images . 14. ABSTRACT 15. SUBJECT TERMS...can modify and control it – Terrain is many things: typography ; geology and soil type; it’s natural coverage (forests); it’s roadways, rail lines... image of “gun toting” field researchers who are doing military stuff and not research and in the process are poisoning the environment for real field

  7. Kinetic control in the synthesis of metastable polymorphs: Bixbyite-to-Rh{sub 2}O{sub 3}(II)-to-corundum transition in In{sub 2}O{sub 3}

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Bekheet, Maged F., E-mail: maged.bekheet@ceramics.tu-berlin.de; Fachgebiet Keramische Werkstoffe, Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaften und -technologien, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 40, 10623 Berlin; Schwarz, Marcus R.

    2015-09-15

    An example for kinetic control of a solid-state phase transformation, in which the system evolves via the path with the lowest activation barrier rather than ending in the thermodynamically most favorable state, has been demonstrated. As a case study, the phase transitions of indium sesquioxide (In{sub 2}O{sub 3}) have been guided by theoretical calculations and followed in situ under high-pressure high-temperature conditions in multi-anvil assemblies. The corundum-type rh-In{sub 2}O{sub 3} has been synthesized from stable bixbyite-type c-In{sub 2}O{sub 3} in two steps: first generating orthorhombic Rh{sub 2}O{sub 3}-II-type o′-In{sub 2}O{sub 3} which is thermodynamically stable at 8.5 GPa/850 °C and,more » thereafter, exploiting the preferred kinetics in the subsequent transformation to the rh-In{sub 2}O{sub 3} during decompression. This synthesis strategy of rh-In{sub 2}O{sub 3} was confirmed ex situ in a toroid-type high-pressure apparatus at 8 GPa and 1100 °C. The pressure–temperature phase diagrams have been constructed and the stability fields of In{sub 2}O{sub 3} polymorphs and the crystallographic relationship between them have been discussed. - Graphical abstract: In situ energy-dispersive XRD patterns in multi-anvil assemblies show the sequence of phase transition c-In{sub 2}O{sub 3}→o′-In{sub 2}O{sub 3}→rh-In{sub 2}O{sub 3} under particular pressure and temperature conditions. The tick marks refer to the calculated Bragg positions of bixbyite-type (c-In{sub 2}O{sub 3}), Rh{sub 2}O{sub 3}-II-type (o–-In2O{sub 3}) and corundum-type (rh-In{sub 2}O{sub 3}). - Highlights: • The solid-state synthesis methods can be employed for obtaining metastable phases. • The phase transition of In{sub 2}O{sub 3} was guided by DFT calculations. • The phase transition of In{sub 2}O{sub 3} was followed in situ under HP–HT conditions. • Orthorhombic o′-In{sub 2}O{sub 3} polymorph was synthesized from c-In{sub 2}O{sub 3} at 8.5 GPa/850 °C. • Metastable rh-In{sub 2}O{sub 3} was obtained from o′-In{sub 2}O{sub 3} at 5.5 GPa during decompression.« less

  8. Partial agonist clonidine mediates alpha(2)-AR subtypes specific regulation of cAMP accumulation in adenylyl cyclase II transfected DDT1-MF2 cells.

    PubMed

    Limon-Boulez, I; Bouet-Alard, R; Gettys, T W; Lanier, S M; Maltier, J P; Legrand, C

    2001-02-01

    alpha2-Adrenergic receptor (alpha(2)-AR) activation in the pregnant rat myometrium at midterm potentiates beta(2)-AR stimulation of adenylyl cyclase (AC) via Gbetagamma regulation of the type II isoform of adenylyl cyclase. However, at term, alpha(2)-AR activation inhibits beta(2)-AR stimulation of AC. This phenomenon is associated with changes in alpha(2)-AR subtype expression (midterm alpha(2A/D)-AR > alpha(2B)-AR; term alpha(2B) >or =alpha(2A/D)-AR), without any change in ACII mRNA, suggesting that alpha(2A/D)- and alpha(2B)-AR differentially regulate beta(2)-cAMP production. To address this issue, we have stably expressed the same density of alpha(2A/D)- or alpha(2B)-AR with AC II in DDT1-MF2 cells. Clonidine (partial agonist) increased beta(2)-AR-stimulated cAMP production in alpha(2A/D)-AR-ACII transfectants but inhibited it in alpha(2B)-AR-ACII transfectants. In contrast, epinephrine (full agonist) enhanced beta(2)-stimulated ACII in both alpha(2A)- and alpha(2B)-ACII clonal cell lines. 4-Azidoanilido-[alpha-(32)P]GTP-labeling of activated G proteins indicated that, in alpha(2B)-AR transfectants, clonidine activated only Gi(2), whereas epinephrine, the full agonist, effectively coupled to Gi(2) and Gi(3). Thus, partial and full agonists selectively activate G proteins that lead to drug specific effects on effectors. Moreover, these data indicate that Gi(3) activation is required for potentiation of beta(2)-AR stimulation of AC by alpha(2A/D) and alpha(2B)-AR in DDT1-MF2 cells. This may reflect an issue of the amount of Gbetagamma released upon receptor activation and/or betagamma composition of Gi(3) versus Gi(2).

  9. Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome and C3 glomerulopathy: conclusions from a "Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes" (KDIGO) Controversies Conference.

    PubMed

    Goodship, Timothy H J; Cook, H Terence; Fakhouri, Fadi; Fervenza, Fernando C; Frémeaux-Bacchi, Véronique; Kavanagh, David; Nester, Carla M; Noris, Marina; Pickering, Matthew C; Rodríguez de Córdoba, Santiago; Roumenina, Lubka T; Sethi, Sanjeev; Smith, Richard J H

    2017-03-01

    In both atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) and C3 glomerulopathy (C3G) complement plays a primary role in disease pathogenesis. Herein we report the outcome of a 2015 Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference where key issues in the management of these 2 diseases were considered by a global panel of experts. Areas addressed included renal pathology, clinical phenotype and assessment, genetic drivers of disease, acquired drivers of disease, and treatment strategies. In order to help guide clinicians who are caring for such patients, recommendations for best treatment strategies were discussed at length, providing the evidence base underpinning current treatment options. Knowledge gaps were identified and a prioritized research agenda was proposed to resolve outstanding controversial issues. Copyright © 2016 International Society of Nephrology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  10. Junior physicians' workplace experiences in clinical fields in German-speaking Switzerland.

    PubMed

    Buddeberg-Fischer, Barbara; Klaghofer, Richard; Abel, Thomas; Buddeberg, Claus

    2005-01-08

    To date, there have been several prospective cohort studies investigating the workplace experiences of junior physicians, but with limited focus on gender issues. The objective of the present study is to explore the workplace experiences of first-year residents according to gender, type of training hospital, and clinical field. Data reported are from the second assessment of the longitudinal Swiss physicians' career development study, begun in 2001. In 2003, 497 residents (54.7% females, 45.3% males) assessed their workplace conditions, social support at work, and effort-reward imbalance. There are few, but relevant, gender related differences in workplace experiences, with female physicians experiencing less mentoring and higher over-commitment, yet more positive social relationships at work. In a multivariate model, significant differences in some workplace variables with regard to type of training hospital and/or clinical field are found: workplace conditions are rated worse in type "A" hospitals (university and cantonal hospitals) than in type "B"/"C"/"D" hospitals (regional hospitals and highly specialised units), and in surgical fields than in internal medicine. In "A" hospitals mentoring is assessed as better, but positive social relationships as worse. Both scales are rated worse in surgical fields than in internal medicine. The effort-reward imbalance (ERI) is rated significantly higher (unfavourable) in "A" hospitals than in "B"/"C"/"D" hospitals, regardless of gender and clinical field. Significantly more subjects with an ERI quotient above 1 (which is unfavourable) work in "A" hospitals, and in surgical fields regardless of hospital type. Of the total sample, 81 subjects (16.3%), 41 males and 40 females, show an ERI quotient above 1. The greater the workload, the worse the rating of workplace conditions, effort-reward imbalance, and over-commitment. Institutional determinants are crucial factors for the workplace experiences and first career steps of junior physicians. Medical educators, especially those in "A" hospitals, should become more involved in structured residency programs and be aware of potential gender inequalities in the career support of female physicians.

  11. 75 FR 52649 - Radio Broadcasting Services; DeBeque, Colorado

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-08-27

    ...The Audio Division grants a Petition for Rule Making issued at the request of Cochise Media Licenses, LLC, requesting the substitution of Channel 247C3 for vacant Channel 275C3 at DeBeque to accommodate the hybrid application, proposing the reallotment of Channel 274C3, Crawford, Colorado, to Channel 275C3 at Battlement Mesa, Colorado, as its first local service. A staff engineering analysis indicates that Channel 247C3 can be allotted to DeBeque consistent with the minimum distance separation requirements of the Rules with a site restriction 13.8 kilometers (8.5 miles) northeast of the community. The reference coordinates are 39-24-45 NL and 108-05-26 WL.

  12. Coronal imbalance in degenerative lumbar scoliosis: Prevalence and influence on surgical decision-making for spinal osteotomy.

    PubMed

    Bao, H; Yan, P; Qiu, Y; Liu, Z; Zhu, F

    2016-09-01

    There is a paucity of information on the pre-operative coronal imbalance in patients with degenerative lumbar scoliosis (DLS) and its influence on surgical outcomes. A total of 284 DLS patients were recruited into this study, among whom 69 patients were treated surgically and the remaining 215 patients conservatively Patients were classified based on the coronal balance distance (CBD): Type A, CBD < 3 cm; Type B, CBD > 3 cm and C7 Plumb Line (C7PL) shifted to the concave side of the curve; Type C, CBD > 3 cm and C7PL shifted to the convex side. A total of 99 of the 284 (34.8%) patient presented with a pre-operative coronal imbalance (mean CBD: 48.5, standard deviation 18.7 mm). More patients with a Type B malalignment were observed than with a Type C malalignment (62 versus 37). A total of 21 pf the 69 (30.4%) surgically treated patients had a post-operative coronal imbalance, which was found to be more prevalent in Type C patients (p < 0.001). At follow-up, less improvement was observed in terms of Short Form-36 Physical Component Score and visual analogue score for back pain (p = 0.034 and 0.025, respectively) in Type C patients. This study shows that patients with Type C coronal malalignment may be at greater risk of post-operative coronal imbalance following posterior osteotomy. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:1227-33. ©2016 The British Editorial Society of Bone & Joint Surgery.

  13. PDE4 and PDE5 regulate cyclic nucleotide contents and relaxing effects on carbachol-induced contraction in the bovine abomasum.

    PubMed

    Kaneda, Takeharu; Kido, Yuuki; Tajima, Tsuyoshi; Urakawa, Norimoto; Shimizu, Kazumasa

    2015-01-01

    The effects of various selective phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors on carbachol (CCh)-induced contraction in the bovine abomasum were investigated. Various selective PDE inhibitors, vinpocetine (type 1), erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine (EHNA, type 2), milrinone (type 3), Ro20-1724 (type 4), vardenafil (type 5), BRL-50481 (type 7) and BAY73-6691 (type 9), inhibited CCh-induced contractions in a concentration-dependent manner. Among the PDE inhibitors, Ro20-1724 and vardenafil induced more relaxation than the other inhibitors based on the data for the IC50 or maximum relaxation. In smooth muscle of the bovine abomasum, we showed the expression of PDE4B, 4C, 4D and 5 by RT-PCR analysis. In the presence of CCh, Ro20-1724 increased the cAMP content, but not the cGMP content. By contrast, vardenafil increased the cGMP content, but not the cAMP content. These results suggest that Ro20-1724-induced relaxation was correlated with cAMP and that vardenafil-induced relaxation was correlated with cGMP in the bovine abomasum. In conclusion, PDE4 and PDE5 are the enzymes involved in regulation of the relaxation associated with cAMP and cGMP, respectively, in the bovine abomasum.

  14. Advantages of type and screen policy: Perspective from a developing country!

    PubMed

    Aggarwal, Geet; Tiwari, Aseem K; Arora, Dinesh; Dara, Ravi C; Acharya, Devi P; Bhardwaj, Gunjan; Sharma, Jyoti

    2018-01-01

    The authors' center recently changed their pretransfusion testing protocol from "conventional" type and screen (TS) with anti-human globulin (AHG) crossmatch (Policy A) to TS with immediate-spin (IS) crossmatch (Policy B). Red blood cell (RBC) units were issued after compatible IS crossmatch as and when required instead of AHG crossmatch. This study was conducted to compare the effects of change of policy from A to B over 1-year period on crossmatch-to-transfusion (C/T) ratio, RBC issue turnaround time (TAT), outdating of RBC, man-hours consumption, and monetary savings. This was a comparative, prospective study conducted by the Department of Transfusion Medicine of a tertiary hospital-based blood bank in Northern India. The Policy B was implemented in the department from January 2014. Relevant retrospective data for comparison of the previous 1 year, when Policy A was practiced, were derived from hospital information system. 23909 and 24724 RBC units transfused to patients admitted to the hospital during respective 1-year period of practice for Policy A and B. There was significant reduction in C/T ratio (1.94 vs. 1.01) and RBC issue TAT (79 vs. 65 min) with Policy B. Expiry due to outdating reduced (37 vs. zero) along with man-hours (16% reduction) and monetary (33% reduction) savings. Use of 'TS with IS crossmatch' policy provides multiple advantages to all the stakeholders; blood banker, clinician, patient, and the hospital management.

  15. Is Medieval Warm Period (MWP) wetter in Nagaland?

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Misra, S.; Agarwal, D. S.; Bhattacharyya, D. A.

    2017-12-01

    Dzukou Valley, Nagaland is one of the biodiversity rich regions in northeast India. It is house to 113 families of plants where primitive angiosperms and endemic plants species contribute 19% and 6% respectively to this unique floristic wealth. Floristic uniqueness of the valley is that 50 families are represented by single genus and 128 genuses are represented by single species. Present work is the first attempt to use soil organic matter (SOM) d13C and pollen data to understand climate vis-à-vis vegetation dynamics in an area where climatic changes were not strong enough to induce a significant change in vegetation cover. The d13C values in our study range from -29.1‰ to -27.7‰ during late Holocene. These values are typical of forest soils and suggest organic carbon derived exclusively from C3 vegetation. Generated proxy data reveals three phases of climatic and vegetational shifts in the region since 3100 yr BP. During the first phase from 3100 yr BP to 2300 yr BP isotope data shows higher values, indicating towards a comparatively dry climate and area was occupies by dry Pine-Oak forest. Subsequently in second phase from 2300 yr BP to 1060 yr BP increase in arboreal pollens (tree elements) and gradually decreasing trend in d13C values from 2300 to 1060 yrs BP by 1.4 ‰ indicate towards comparatively moist climatic conditions corresponding to Medieval Warm Period. Later on in the third phase from 1060 yr BP onwards climate again climate turned dry and continued till date as postulated from the increasing trend in d13C values and good recovery of Pinus-Oak forest pollens.This study holds its significance not only as the first attempt to address palaeoclimate and palaeo-vegetation study from Nagaland but also as the first attempt to use SOM d13C along with pollen data to understand the influence of fluctuating rainfall (in a high rainfall zone) in altering the floristic wealth of a region. This type of study is essentially needed to address several issues related biodiversity loss, extent of endemism in high rainfall zone areas dominated by single type (C3 or C4) of vegetation.

  16. Effects of Aerobic Growth on the Fatty Acid and Hydrocarbon Compositions of Geobacter bemidjiensis BemT.

    PubMed

    Ueno, Akio; Shimizu, Satoru; Hashimoto, Mikako; Adachi, Takumi; Matsushita, Takako; Okuyama, Hidetoshi; Yoshida, Kiyohito

    2017-01-01

    Geobacter spp., regarded as strict anaerobes, have been reported to grow under aerobic conditions. To elucidate the role of fatty acids in aerobiosis of Geobacter spp., we studied the effect of aerobiosis on fatty acid composition and turnover in G. bemidjiensis Bem T . G. bemidjiensis Bem T was grown under the following different culture conditions: anaerobic culture for 4 days (type 1) and type 1 culture followed by 2-day anaerobic (type 2) or aerobic culture (anaerobic-to-aerobic shift; type 3). The mean cell weight of the type 3 culture was approximately 2.5-fold greater than that of type 1 and 2 cultures. The fatty acid methyl ester and hydrocarbon fraction contained hexadecanoic (16:0), 9-cis-hexadecenoic [16:1(9c)], tetradecanoic (14:0), tetradecenoic [14:1(7c)] acids, hentriacontanonaene, and hopanoids, but not long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. The type 3 culture contained higher levels of 14:0 and 14:1(7c) and lower levels of 16:0 and 16:1(9c) compared with type 1 and 2 cultures. The weight ratio of extracted lipid per dry cell was lower in the type 3 culture than in the type 1 and 2 cultures. We concluded that anaerobically-grown G. bemidjiensis Bem T followed by aerobiosis were enhanced in growth, fatty acid turnover, and de novo fatty acid synthesis.

  17. Fizzlers

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Imamura, James

    2008-05-01

    Type II Supernovae are produced by the collapse of the cores of massive stars at the ends of their nuclear lifetimes. The basic picture for the outburst mechanism of Type II Supernova explosions is rather secure with only the details of the shock generation and the outburst uncertain. However, broad issues remain concerning our understanding of Type II Supernovae when the less studied, but more general case of rotating and/or magnetic progenitor stars is considered. That rotation and magnetic fields may play large roles in core collapse has been suggested for almost 40 years dating from the discovery that pulsars, the remnants of Type II Supernovae, are strongly magnetic, rapidly rotating neutron stars. This fact has been further reinforced by the discovery of the class of neutron stars with ultra-strong magnetic fields known as Magnetars. The role that rotation plays in core collapse can be appreciated by noting that stable, stationary, degenerate equilibrium configurations are possible only for stars with central density ρc 10^4-10^9 g cm-3 (white dwarf densities) and ρc 10^14-10^15 g cm-3 (neutron star densities). Nonrotating objects with ρc between that of white dwarfs (typical of the densities of the precollapse cores of Type II Supernovae) and neutron stars are unstable to radial collapse because of the low effective γ of their equations-of-state (EOS) (see Shapiro & & Teukolsky 1983). Stars at intermediate ρc may be stabilized against collapse by rapid rotation. This possibility gives rise to what were coined fizzlers by Gold (1974) to describe fizzled core collapses of massive rotating stars through formation of rotation-supported stars with densities intermediate between those of the white dwarf-like precollapse core and a neutron star. Interest in fizzlers waned in the 1980s when it was showed that, although fizzlers could exist, they only occupied a small part of the precollapse core parameter space for cold equations-of-state (EOS). Interest in fizzlers was revived in the late 1990s when it was found that fizzlers could form under a wider range of conditions than had been suggested if hot dense EOSs were considered. Observationally, interest in fizzlers was also driven by the recognition that fizzlers could lead to the generation of gravitational wave emission in Type II Supernovae, emission potentially observable by LIGO, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory), and other gravitational wave observatories, and that fizzlers could perhaps play roles in the γ-ray burster phenomenon and the formation of strange stars. We review the properties of fizzlers and consider their applications to LIGO, strange stars, and Magnetars.

  18. 26 CFR 1.1232-3 - Gain upon sale or exchange of obligations issued at a discount after December 31, 1954.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... section 582(c) (relating to treatment of losses and gains on bonds of certain financial institutions... for cash of $7,600, M Corporation's 10-year, 5 percent bond which has a stated redemption price at... issue discount (stated redemption price at maturity, $10,000, minus issue price, $7,600) $2,400 (2) Less...

  19. 26 CFR 1.1032-3 - Disposition of stock or stock options in certain transactions not qualifying under any other...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... issuing corporation's stock from the issuing corporation for fair market value with cash contributed to... difference between the fair market value of the issuing corporation stock and the amount of money or the fair... market value of $100. To effectuate Y's agreement with C, X transfers to Y the X stock in a transaction...

  20. 7 CFR 3.91 - Adjusted civil monetary penalties.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... Secretary issued pursuant to the Dairy Product Mandatory Reporting program, codified at 7 U.S.C. 1637b(c)(4... Protection Act disqualification, codified at 15 U.S.C. 1825(c), has a maximum of $4,300. (x) Civil penalty....C. 1786(h)(8)(H)(i), has a maximum of $145,200,000. (v) Civil penalty for a vendor convicted of...

  1. 43 CFR 8340.0-3 - Authority.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... of this part are issued under the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.); the Taylor Grazing Act (43 U.S.C. 315a); the Endangered Species Act (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.); the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (16 U.S.C. 1281c); the Act of September 15, 1960, as amended (16 U.S.C...

  2. 43 CFR 8340.0-3 - Authority.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... of this part are issued under the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.); the Taylor Grazing Act (43 U.S.C. 315a); the Endangered Species Act (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.); the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (16 U.S.C. 1281c); the Act of September 15, 1960, as amended (16 U.S.C...

  3. 43 CFR 8340.0-3 - Authority.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... of this part are issued under the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.); the Taylor Grazing Act (43 U.S.C. 315a); the Endangered Species Act (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.); the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (16 U.S.C. 1281c); the Act of September 15, 1960, as amended (16 U.S.C...

  4. 43 CFR 8340.0-3 - Authority.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... of this part are issued under the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.); the Taylor Grazing Act (43 U.S.C. 315a); the Endangered Species Act (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.); the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (16 U.S.C. 1281c); the Act of September 15, 1960, as amended (16 U.S.C...

  5. Diabetes Distress and Depression in South Asian Canadians with Type 2 Diabetes.

    PubMed

    Sidhu, Rawel; Tang, Tricia S

    2017-02-01

    South Asians are disproportionately affected by diabetes compared to some other ethnic groups in Canada. Although depression and diabetes distress are psychological issues well studied in the general population of those with diabetes, they have not been investigated in South Asian Canadians with type 2 diabetes. We sought to identify the rates of depression and diabetes distress in South Asian adults with type 2 diabetes and to explore the relationship among glycemic control, depression and diabetes distress. We recruited 41 South Asian adults with type 2 diabetes for this study. Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) levels were collected via venous puncture. We utilized the Diabetes Distress Scale to assess total diabetes distress and its subscales (emotional distress, interpersonal distress, regimen-related distress and physician distress) and the Personal Health Questionnaire-9 to assess depressive symptoms. The rate of depression was 15%, and the rate of total diabetes distress was 52.5%. Although neither measure was found to be correlated with A1C levels, depression had a moderate positive correlation with total diabetes distress (r=0.696; p<0.001); subscales of regimen distress and emotional burden emerged as the strongest correlates. This is the first study to report that diabetes distress is a serious concern for South Asian Canadians with type 2 diabetes. Given that depression and diabetes distress are linked, studies recruiting a larger and more diverse sample of South Asian Canadians should be conducted to better understand the psychological issues that may impact diabetes self-management in this community. Copyright © 2016 Canadian Diabetes Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  6. English Teachers' Journal (Israel), No. 26.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Ministry of Education and Culture, Jerusalem (Israel). English Inspectorate.

    The following articles on teaching English as a second language appear in this issue: (1) "Information for English Teachers" (on testing, literature, teaching reading skills, English in the weakest streams, and new publications); (2) "Relevant Issues in Contemporary Humanism--R.I.C.H.," by O. Zohar; (3) "Matriculation…

  7. Ab initio prediction of superdense tetragonal and monoclinic polymorphs of carbon

    DOE PAGES

    Li, Zhen -Zhen; Wang, Jian -Tao; Xu, Li -Fang; ...

    2016-11-02

    The design and synthesis of three-dimensional denser carbons are one of the hot issues in condensed matter physics because of their fascinating properties. Here we identify by ab initio calculations several tetragonal and monoclinic polymorphs of carbon that adopt the t32, t32*, m32, and m32* structures in P4¯2 1c, P4 32 12, P2 1/c, and C2 symmetry, respectively. These carbon polymorphs have large 32-atom unit cells in all-sp 3 bonding networks comprising five- and six-membered rings that are dynamically stable, as verified by a phonon mode analysis. Electronic band structure calculations show that they are insulators with band gaps inmore » the range of 5.19–5.41 eV, close to the calculated band gap of 5.34 eV for diamond. Remarkably, these carbon phases possess an extremely high atom number density exceeding that of diamond. Lastly, the present results establish different types of carbon phases and offer insights into their outstanding structural and electronic properties.« less

  8. A stretch of residues within the protease-resistant core is not necessary for prion structure and infectivity.

    PubMed

    Munoz-Montesino, Carola; Sizun, Christina; Moudjou, Mohammed; Herzog, Laetitia; Reine, Fabienne; Igel-Egalon, Angelique; Barbereau, Clément; Chapuis, Jérôme; Ciric, Danica; Laude, Hubert; Béringue, Vincent; Rezaei, Human; Dron, Michel

    2017-01-02

    Mapping out regions of PrP influencing prion conversion remains a challenging issue complicated by the lack of prion structure. The portion of PrP associated with infectivity contains the α-helical domain of the correctly folded protein and turns into a β-sheet-rich insoluble core in prions. Deletions performed so far inside this segment essentially prevented the conversion. Recently we found that deletion of the last C-terminal residues of the helix H2 was fully compatible with prion conversion in the RK13-ovPrP cell culture model, using 3 different infecting strains. This was in agreement with preservation of the overall PrP C structure even after removal of up to one-third of this helix. Prions with internal deletion were infectious for cells and mice expressing the wild-type PrP and they retained prion strain-specific characteristics. We thus identified a piece of the prion domain that is neither necessary for the conformational transition of PrP C nor for the formation of a stable prion structure.

  9. Troubled meditations on psychosexual differentiation: reply to Hegarty (2009).

    PubMed

    Zucker, Kenneth J; Drummond, Kelley D; Bradley, Susan J; Peterson-Badali, Michele

    2009-07-01

    P. Hegarty (see record 2009-09998-015) offered several critiques of the articles by G. Rieger, J. A. W. Linsenmeier, L. Gygax, and J. M. Bailey (see record 2007-19851-006) and K. D. Drummond, S. J. Bradley, M. Peterson-Badali, and K. J. Zucker (see record 2007-19851-005) that were published in a Developmental Psychology special section entitled "Sexual Orientation Across the Lifespan," guest-edited by C. J. Patterson and R. C. Savin-Williams (2008): (a) reliance on a "disease paradigm" (i.e., the use of "medicalizing" language) of lesbian-gay-bisexual-transgender issues at the expense of a "stigma paradigm," (b) endorsement of a developmental linkage between childhood sex-typed behavior and later gender identity-sexual orientation, and (c) various sociophilosophical and applied matters pertaining to the diagnosis of gender identity disorder in children. In this reply, we address these 3 criticisms and argue that an interdisciplinary approach, informed by multiple paradigms, will most certainly facilitate, not impede, the discovery of answers to many questions about psychosexual development for which data are currently lacking.

  10. Effect of thyroid hormone on the levels of erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase isozymes and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in rabbits.

    PubMed

    Kondo, T; Taniguchi, N; Ishikawa, N; Ide, H; Takakuwa, E; Murao, M

    1978-05-01

    Levels of rabbit erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase B and C isozymes were determined in experimental hyperthyroidism using a quantitative immunologic technique. Levels of erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and protein binding iodine were simultaneously determined. Thyroxine and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine were administered to rabbits orally for 30 days. A significant decrease in carbonic anhydrase B type was observed after 30 days, although no significant change was observed in carbonic anhydrase C type. These findings suggest that the steady state level of carbonic anhydrase B type in red cells is affected by thyroid hormone more readily than that of carbonic anhydrase C type. The level of red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate increased markedly after 10 days of treatment, corresponding to the increase of protein binding iodine. The clinical or pathologic significances were discussed in relation to the changes in the levels of these isozymes and 2,3-diphosphglycerate in red cells.

  11. ICD-10 procedure codes produce transition challenges

    PubMed Central

    Boyd, Andrew D.; Li, Jianrong ‘John’; Kenost, Colleen; Zaim, Samir Rachid; Krive, Jacob; Mittal, Manish; Satava, Richard A.; Burton, Michael; Smith, Jacob; Lussier, Yves A.

    2018-01-01

    The transition of procedure coding from ICD-9-CM-Vol-3 to ICD-10-PCS has generated problems for the medical community at large resulting from the lack of clarity required to integrate two non-congruent coding systems. We hypothesized that quantifying these issues with network topology analyses offers a better understanding of the issues, and therefore we developed solutions (online tools) to empower hospital administrators and researchers to address these challenges. Five topologies were identified: “identity”(I), “class-to-subclass”(C2S), “subclass-toclass”(S2C), “convoluted(C)”, and “no mapping”(NM). The procedure codes in the 2010 Illinois Medicaid dataset (3,290 patients, 116 institutions) were categorized as C=55%, C2S=40%, I=3%, NM=2%, and S2C=1%. Majority of the problematic and ambiguous mappings (convoluted) pertained to operations in ophthalmology cardiology, urology, gyneco-obstetrics, and dermatology. Finally, the algorithms were expanded into a user-friendly tool to identify problematic topologies and specify lists of procedural codes utilized by medical professionals and researchers for mitigating error-prone translations, simplifying research, and improving quality.http://www.lussiergroup.org/transition-to-ICD10PCS PMID:29888037

  12. 12 CFR Appendix C to Part 226 - Issuance of Staff Interpretations

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Issuance of Staff Interpretations C Appendix C... of Staff Interpretations Official Staff Interpretations Officials in the Board's Division of Consumer and Community Affairs are authorized to issue official staff interpretations of this regulation. These...

  13. 12 CFR Appendix C to Part 226 - Issuance of Staff Interpretations

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Issuance of Staff Interpretations C Appendix C... of Staff Interpretations Official Staff Interpretations Officials in the Board's Division of Consumer and Community Affairs are authorized to issue official staff interpretations of this regulation. These...

  14. A novel dihydropyridine with 3-aryl meta-hydroxyl substitution blocks L-type calcium channels in rat cardiomyocytes.

    PubMed

    Galvis-Pareja, David; Zapata-Torres, Gerald; Hidalgo, Jorge; Ayala, Pedro; Pedrozo, Zully; Ibarra, Cristián; Diaz-Araya, Guillermo; Hall, Andrew R; Vicencio, Jose Miguel; Nuñez-Vergara, Luis; Lavandero, Sergio

    2014-08-15

    Dihydropyridines are widely used for the treatment of several cardiac diseases due to their blocking activity on L-type Ca(2+) channels and their renowned antioxidant properties. We synthesized six novel dihydropyridine molecules and performed docking studies on the binding site of the L-type Ca(2+) channel. We used biochemical techniques on isolated adult rat cardiomyocytes to assess the efficacy of these molecules on their Ca(2+) channel-blocking activity and antioxidant properties. The Ca(2+) channel-blocking activity was evaluated by confocal microscopy on fluo-3AM loaded cardiomyocytes, as well as using patch clamp experiments. Antioxidant properties were evaluated by flow cytometry using the ROS sensitive dye 1,2,3 DHR. Our docking studies show that a novel compound with 3-OH substitution inserts into the active binding site of the L-type Ca(2+) channel previously described for nitrendipine. In biochemical assays, the novel meta-OH group in the aryl in C4 showed a high blocking effect on L-type Ca(2+) channel as opposed to para-substituted compounds. In the tests we performed, none of the molecules showed antioxidant properties. Only substitutions in C2, C3 and C5 of the aryl ring render dihydropyridine compounds with the capacity of blocking LTCC. Based on our docking studies, we postulate that the antioxidant activity requires a larger group than the meta-OH substitution in C2, C3 or C5 of the dihydropyridine ring. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  15. Cytochrome components of nitrate- and sulfate-respiring Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ATCC 27774.

    PubMed Central

    Liu, M C; Costa, C; Coutinho, I B; Moura, J J; Moura, I; Xavier, A V; LeGall, J

    1988-01-01

    Three multiheme c-type cytochromes--the tetraheme cytochrome c3 (molecular weight [MW] 13,500), a dodecaheme cytochrome c (MW 40,800), and a "split-Soret" cytochrome c (MW 51,540), which is a dimer with 2 hemes per subunit (MW 26,300)--were isolated from the soluble fraction of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans (ATCC 27774) grown under nitrate- or sulfate-respiring conditions. Two of them, the dodecaheme and the split-Soret cytochromes, showed no similarities to any of the c-type cytochromes isolated from other sulfate-reducing bacteria, while the tetraheme cytochrome c3 appeared to be analogous to the cytochrome c3 found in other sulfate-reducing bacteria. For all three multiheme c-type cytochromes isolated, the homologous proteins from nitrate- and sulfate-grown cells were indistinguishable in amino acid composition, physical properties, and spectroscopic characteristics. It therefore appears that the same c-type cytochrome components are present when D. desulfuricans ATCC 27774 cells are grown under either condition. This is in contrast to the considerable difference found in Pseudomonas perfectomarina (Liu et al., J. Bacteriol. 154:278-286, 1983), a marine denitrifier, when the cells are grown on nitrate or oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. In addition, two spectroscopy methods capable of revealing minute structural variations in proteins provided identical information about the tetraheme cytochrome c3 from nitrate-grown and sulfate-grown cells. PMID:2848008

  16. High-pressure investigations of yttrium(III) oxoarsenate(V): Crystal structure and luminescence properties of Eu3+-doped scheelite-type Y[AsO4] from xenotime-type precursors

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ledderboge, Florian; Nowak, Jan; Massonne, Hans-Joachim; Förg, Katharina; Höppe, Henning A.; Schleid, Thomas

    2018-07-01

    Colourless, water- and air-stable single crystals of yttrium(III) oxoarsenate(V) Y[AsO4] in the xenotime-type crystal structure were prepared by the reaction of yttrium sesquioxide (Y2O3) dissolved in aqueous nitric acid (13%) with a solution of arsenic(V) oxide hydrate (As2O5·3H2O) and subsequent neutralization with 1 M caustic soda. Y[AsO4] crystallizes tetragonally in the space group I41/amd with the lattice parameters a = 704.63(6) and c = 628.94(5) pm for Z = 4 and is isotypic to the minerals xenotime RE[PO4] (RE: mainly Y and Yb) and chernovite RE[AsO4] (RE: mainly Y and Ce). This xenotime-type yttrium compound was used as precursor in a high-pressure experiment (20 kbar) at 700 °C to create a new tetragonal modification of Y[AsO4]. It shows the scheelite-type structure (space group: I41/a) with the lattice parameters a = 498.23(4) and c = 1120.71(9) pm for Z = 4, named after the mineral scheelite (Ca[WO4]). Both tetragonal structures are characterized by only one crystallographically unique position for each of the Y3+, As5+ and O2- ions with distances of d(Y-O) = 232 and 241 pm (C.N. = 8) as well as d(As-O) = 169 pm (C.N. = 4) in the case of the scheelite-type structure. The xenotime-type compound shows an unexpected slight decrease in average bond lengths for the yttrium to oxygen (d(Y-O) = 230 and 241 pm, C.N. = 8) as well as for the arsenic to oxygen distances (d(As-O) = 168 pm, C.N. = 4), accompanied by a drastic density increase from Dx = 4.85 (xenotime type) to Dx = 5.44 g • cm-3 (scheelite type). Luminescence spectroscopic measurements of the Eu3+-doped Y[AsO4] samples, obtained in experiments at similar conditions as for the pure compounds, show a bright, reddish lighting for the scheelite type, which does not occur for the xenotime type of yttrium(III) oxoarsenate(V).

  17. 14 CFR 21.451 - Limits of applicability.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... Limits of applicability. (a) DAS authorizations apply only to products— (1) Covered by the ratings of the... authority under § 43.3(i) of this subchapter. (b) DAS authorizations may be used for— (1) The issue of... by the DAS under a supplemental type certificate issued by the DAS; and (ii) Require flight tests in...

  18. Development of LHX (Light Helicopter Family) MANPRINT (Manpower and Personnel Integration) Issues

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1988-09-01

    for Proposal (RFP) plus references to pertinent studies and analyses where available. In addition, cmments on the S MP and 13 reccmneded new critical...A - 2a *.-0La0La -cm La -a-C-ama aa cam-c 2-3-0 ’O3- 33 3J4m ~J- -, a a -J - a La a - a 30 am aCaLac mccc-a- aLacta r2LaLa ractaB "ooo au- ~c0--J

  19. Issues in Science Assessment in a Bilingual/Biliterate Elementary Classroom.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Karpel, Jennifer A.; Abell, Sandra K.

    This study examines the types, uses, and roles of science assessment in a bilingual/biliterate (Spanish/English) elementary classroom in the Honduras during one unit of science instruction. Focus is placed on how one teacher used assessment to a) inform practice; b) evaluate student learning; and c) modify curricula and teaching strategies to meet…

  20. 75 FR 50859 - Airworthiness Directives; The Boeing Company Model 737-600, -700, -700C, -800, and -900 Series...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-08-18

    ... installation and maintenance of universal fault interrupters (UFIs) using a certain supplemental type... series airplanes), as an example of an AD issued against the fuel pump motor- impeller assembly to ensure... circuit to burn through the motor-impeller assembly and through the housing. AirTran asserts that an arc...

  1. 12 CFR 1500.4 - How are investments in private equity funds treated under this part?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... type of company that issues ownership interests in any form. (c) What is the holding period permitted... company that: (1) Is formed for the purpose of and is engaged exclusively in the business of investing in shares, assets, and ownership interests of financial and nonfinancial companies for resale or other...

  2. Declared and real physical activity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus as assessed by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and Caltrac accelerometer monitor: a potential tool for physical activity assessment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

    PubMed

    Mynarski, W; Psurek, A; Borek, Z; Rozpara, M; Grabara, M; Strojek, K

    2012-10-01

    The aims of this study were to assess and compare declared and real volume of physical activity (PA), and to evaluate correlations of these measurements with glycemic control (HbA1c) and body mass index (BMI), in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A group of 31 (16 women and 15 men) type 2 diabetic patients treated with insulin monotherapy, from (mean age=54 ± 3.6 years, BMI=29.7 ± 4.8 kg/m(2), T2DM treatment=9 ± 8 years, HbA1c 7 ± 1%) and not professionally active (unemployed or retired) was recruited. An assessment of energy cost (EC) of their weekly PA using International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), and an accelerometer assessment was performed. Total energy expenditure of the declared weekly PA, calculated from the IPAQ (DPA) was 2513 ± 1349 METmin/week, and 2428 ± 1348, for male and female participants, respectively (p > 0.05). EC of the real PA (RPA), registered with the accelerometer was 4552 ± 2028 kcal/week, and 4032 ± 2288 kcal/week, for males, and females, respectively. Patients who demonstrated a high DPA, based on their IPAQ score, showed a significantly higher RPA, as registered by the accelerometer (p < 0.05). HbA1c and BMI did not correlate with their PA measurements. Our findings indicate that the IPAQ may serve as a potential tool for physical activity assessment with no further requirement for more sophisticated methods. Our results suggest that habitual physical activity has no impact on glycemic control and BMI in type 2 diabetic patients. However, further studies on a larger population are needed to explore these issues. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

  3. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor, C-kit, and Her2/neu Immunostaining in Advanced or Recurrent Thymic Epithelial Neoplasms Staged According to the 2004 World Health Organization in Patients Treated with Octreotide and Prednisone

    PubMed Central

    Aisner, Seena C.; Dahlberg, Suzanne; Hameed, Meera R.; Ettinger, David S.; Schiller, Joan H.; Johnson, David H.; Aisner, Joseph; Loehrer, Patrick J.

    2011-01-01

    Background Advanced or recurrent nonresectable thymic epithelial tumors show only a modest response to standard chemotherapy. A recent study using octreotide and prednisone in thymic tumors, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study E1C97, was conducted to verify the activity of octreotide for thymic tumors. The aim of this study was to determine whether epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) immunoreactivity correlated with outcomes and to identify new biologic markers for potential targeted therapy. Three markers, EGFR, C-kit, and Her2/neu, were selected for evaluation in patients with advanced thymic epithelial tumors treated on E1C97. Methods Of the 42 patients entered onto E1C97, 34 patients (World Health Organization [WHO] categories: type A = 1, type AB = 1, type B1 = 10, type B2 = 11 type B3 = 8, and type C = 3) had sufficient tissue available for immunohistologic study. Each tumor was assessed to have 0, 1+, 2+, or 3+ immunore-activity in the cytoplasm or membranes of the neoplastic cells for Her2/neu and EGFR and for the presence or absence of C-kit immunoreactivity. Results EGFR immunoreactivity of 2+ or 3+ was associated with more aggressive thymic tumors (WHO types B2 and B3). However, strong EGFR immunoreactivity was not consistently seen with thymic carcinoma. The presence of EGFR within cells was associated with a significantly improved progression-free survival (PFS) and a trend for overall survival (OS). Twelve patients demonstrated C-kit immunoreactivity; the lack of C-kit immunoreactivity was significantly associated with superior PFS but not OS. Her2/neu immunoreactivity was uniformly negative for all tumors evaluated. There was no association between response and biomarker status. Conclusions High EGFR immunoreactivity is seen in more aggressive thymic neoplasms as classified according to the 2004 WHO, but regardless of classification, the presence of EGFR in tumor cells (1+, 2+, and 3+) is associated with improved performance free survival (PFS) and a trend for better OS. In contrast, the absence of C-kit immunoreactivity was associated with improved PFS. These data suggest that EGFR and C-kit may be prognostic, and further studies of these markers in subcategories of thymic malignancies is warranted. PMID:20421818

  4. Discovery of the type VII ESX-1 secretion needle?

    PubMed

    Ates, Louis S; Brosch, Roland

    2017-01-01

    Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiological agent of human tuberculosis, harbours five ESAT-6/type VII secretion (ESX/T7S) systems. The first esx gene clusters were identified during the genome-sequencing project of M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Follow-up studies revealed additional genes playing important roles in ESX/T7S systems. Among the latter genes, one can find those that encode Pro-Glu (PE) and Pro-Pro-Glu (PPE) proteins as well as a gene cluster that is encoded >260 kb upstream of the esx-1 locus and encodes ESX-1 secretion-associated proteins EspA (Rv3616c), EspC (Rv3615c) and EspD (Rv3614c). The espACD cluster has been suggested to have an important function in ESX-1 secretion since EspA-EspC and EsxA-EsxB are mutually co-dependent on each other for secretion. However, the molecular mechanism of this co-dependence and interaction between the substrates remained unknown. In this issue of Molecular Microbiology, Lou and colleagues show that EspC forms high-molecular weight polymerization complexes that resemble selected components of type II, III and/or IV secretion systems of Gram-negative bacteria. Indeed, EspC-multimeric complexes form filamentous structures that could well represent a secretion needle of ESX-1 type VII secretion systems. This exciting observation opens new avenues for research to discover and characterize ESX/T7S components and elucidates the co-dependence of EsxA/B secretion with EspA/C. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  5. Safety and immunogenicity of inactivated poliovirus vaccine made from Sabin strains: a phase II, randomized, positive-controlled trial.

    PubMed

    Liao, Guoyang; Li, Rongcheng; Li, Changgui; Sun, Mingbo; Li, Yanping; Chu, Jiayou; Jiang, Shude; Li, Qihan

    2012-01-15

    The production of Sabin inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) can reduce biosafety requirements in the posteradication/post-oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) era. We conducted a phase II, randomized, positive-controlled trial to assess the safety and immunogenicity of Sabin IPV. The test groups (A, B, and C) received 3 doses of high, middle, and low D antigen (D Ag) of Sabin IPV at ages 2, 3, and 4 months, respectively. Infants in 2 control groups, group D and group E, received 3 doses of trivalent OPV and conventional IPV (cIPV), respectively, on the same schedule as that of groups A, B, and C. Serum samples were collected before and 30 days after the administration of the third dose. In total, 500 infants were randomly assigned to 5 groups, and 449 infants completed the vaccine series. No serious adverse events were associated with vaccinations. After 3 doses, the seroconversion rates in groups A, B, C, D, and E were 100%, 97.8%, 96.6%, 100%, and 90.1%, respectively, for type 1 poliovirus; 97.7%, 95.7%, 78.7%, 100%, and 90.1%, respectively, for type 2; and 98.8%, 98.9%, 93.3%, 100%, and 97.8%, respectively, for type 3. Sabin IPV has good safety characteristics. The seroconversion rates for type 1 poliovirus (most appropriate concentration, 15 D Ag units [DU]), type 2 (32 DU), and type 3 (45 DU) Sabin IPV were similar to those of the OPV and cIPV control groups. NCT01056705.

  6. 27 CFR 70.26 - Third-party recordkeepers.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... admitted to the bar of a State or the District of Columbia. (3) Credit cards—(i) Person extending credit through credit cards. The term “person extending credit through credit cards or similar devices” under 26 U.S.C. 7609(a)(3)(C) generally includes any person who issues a credit card. It does not include a...

  7. 27 CFR 70.26 - Third-party recordkeepers.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... admitted to the bar of a State or the District of Columbia. (3) Credit cards—(i) Person extending credit through credit cards. The term “person extending credit through credit cards or similar devices” under 26 U.S.C. 7609(a)(3)(C) generally includes any person who issues a credit card. It does not include a...

  8. 27 CFR 70.26 - Third-party recordkeepers.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... admitted to the bar of a State or the District of Columbia. (3) Credit cards—(i) Person extending credit through credit cards. The term “person extending credit through credit cards or similar devices” under 26 U.S.C. 7609(a)(3)(C) generally includes any person who issues a credit card. It does not include a...

  9. Roles of interfacial modifiers in hybrid solar cells: inorganic/polymer bilayer vs inorganic/polymer:fullerene bulk heterojunction.

    PubMed

    Eom, Seung Hun; Baek, Myung-Jin; Park, Hanok; Yan, Liang; Liu, Shubin; You, Wei; Lee, Soo-Hyoung

    2014-01-22

    Hybrid solar cells (HSCs) incorporating both organic and inorganic materials typically have significant interfacial issues which can significantly limit the device efficiency by allowing charge recombination, macroscopic phase separation, and nonideal contact. All these issues can be mitigated by applying carefully designed interfacial modifiers (IMs). In an attempt to further understand the function of these IMs, we investigated two IMs in two different HSCs structures: an inverted bilayer HSC of ZnO:poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and an inverted bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cell of ZnO/P3HT:[6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). In the former device configuration, ZnO serves as the n-type semiconductor, while in the latter device configuration, it functions as an electron transport layer (ETL)/hole blocking layer (HBL). In the ZnO:P3HT bilayer device, after the interfacial modification, a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 0.42% with improved Voc and FF and a significantly increased Jsc was obtained. In the ZnO/P3HT:PCBM based BHJ device, including IMs also improved the PCE to 4.69% with an increase in Voc and FF. Our work clearly demonstrates that IMs help to reduce both the charge recombination and leakage current by minimizing the number of defect sites and traps and to increase the compatibility of hydrophilic ZnO with the organic layers. Furthermore, the major role of IMs depends on the function of ZnO in different device configurations, either as n-type semiconductor in bilayer devices or as ETL/HBL in BHJ devices. We conclude by offering insights for designing ideal IMs in future efforts, in order to achieve high-efficiency in both ZnO:polymer bilayer structure and ZnO/polymer:PCBM BHJ devices.

  10. A review of Ga2O3 materials, processing, and devices

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pearton, S. J.; Yang, Jiancheng; Cary, Patrick H.; Ren, F.; Kim, Jihyun; Tadjer, Marko J.; Mastro, Michael A.

    2018-03-01

    Gallium oxide (Ga2O3) is emerging as a viable candidate for certain classes of power electronics, solar blind UV photodetectors, solar cells, and sensors with capabilities beyond existing technologies due to its large bandgap. It is usually reported that there are five different polymorphs of Ga2O3, namely, the monoclinic (β-Ga2O3), rhombohedral (α), defective spinel (γ), cubic (δ), or orthorhombic (ɛ) structures. Of these, the β-polymorph is the stable form under normal conditions and has been the most widely studied and utilized. Since melt growth techniques can be used to grow bulk crystals of β-GaO3, the cost of producing larger area, uniform substrates is potentially lower compared to the vapor growth techniques used to manufacture bulk crystals of GaN and SiC. The performance of technologically important high voltage rectifiers and enhancement-mode Metal-Oxide Field Effect Transistors benefit from the larger critical electric field of β-Ga2O3 relative to either SiC or GaN. However, the absence of clear demonstrations of p-type doping in Ga2O3, which may be a fundamental issue resulting from the band structure, makes it very difficult to simultaneously achieve low turn-on voltages and ultra-high breakdown. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent advances in the growth, processing, and device performance of the most widely studied polymorph, β-Ga2O3. The role of defects and impurities on the transport and optical properties of bulk, epitaxial, and nanostructures material, the difficulty in p-type doping, and the development of processing techniques like etching, contact formation, dielectrics for gate formation, and passivation are discussed. Areas where continued development is needed to fully exploit the properties of Ga2O3 are identified.

  11. 46 CFR 154.528 - Piping joints: Flange type.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... and Process Piping Systems § 154.528 Piping joints: Flange type. (a) A flange must be one of the following types: (1) Welding neck. (2) Slip-on. (3) Socket weld. (b) If the piping is designed for a... less; or (3) Welding neck. (c) If the piping is designed for a temperature lower than −55 °C (−67 °F...

  12. Quantifying Interactions of Nucleobase Atoms with Model Compounds for the Peptide Backbone and Glutamine and Asparagine Side Chains in Water.

    PubMed

    Cheng, Xian; Shkel, Irina A; Molzahn, Cristen; Lambert, David; Karim, Rezwana; Record, M Thomas

    2018-04-17

    Alkylureas display hydrocarbon and amide groups, the primary functional groups of proteins. To obtain the thermodynamic information that is needed to analyze interactions of amides and proteins with nucleobases and nucleic acids, we quantify preferential interactions of alkylureas with nucleobases differing in the amount and composition of water-accessible surface area (ASA) by solubility assays. Using an established additive ASA-based analysis, we interpret these thermodynamic results to determine interactions of each alkylurea with five types of nucleobase unified atoms (carbonyl sp 2 O, amino sp 3 N, ring sp 2 N, methyl sp 3 C, and ring sp 2 C). All alkylureas interact favorably with nucleobase sp 2 C and sp 3 C atoms; these interactions become more favorable with an increasing level of alkylation of urea. Interactions with nucleobase sp 2 O are most favorable for urea, less favorable for methylurea and ethylurea, and unfavorable for dialkylated ureas. Contributions to overall alkylurea-nucleobase interactions from interactions with each nucleobase atom type are proportional to the ASA of that atom type with proportionality constant (interaction strength) α, as observed previously for urea. Trends in α-values for interactions of alkylureas with nucleobase atom types parallel those for corresponding amide compound atom types, offset because nucleobase α-values are more favorable. Comparisons between ethylated and methylated ureas show interactions of amide compound sp 3 C with nucleobase sp 2 C, sp 3 C, sp 2 N, and sp 3 N atoms are favorable while amide sp 3 C-nucleobase sp 2 O interactions are unfavorable. Strongly favorable interactions of urea with nucleobase sp 2 O but weakly favorable interactions with nucleobase sp 3 N indicate that amide sp 2 N-nucleobase sp 2 O and nucleobase sp 3 N-amide sp 2 O hydrogen bonding (NH···O═C) interactions are favorable while amide sp 2 N-nucleobase sp 3 N interactions are unfavorable. These favorable amide-nucleobase hydrogen bonding interactions are prevalent in specific protein-nucleotide complexes.

  13. 78 FR 48724 - Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Station, Units 2 and 3; South Carolina Electric and Gas; Change to the...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-08-09

    ...The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is granting an exemption to allow a departure from the certification information of Tier 1 of the generic design control document (DCD) and issuing License Amendment No. 7 to Combined Licenses (COL), NPF-93 and NPF-94. The COLs were issued to South Carolina Electric and Gas (SCE&G) and South Carolina Public Service Authority (Santee Cooper) (the licensee), for construction and operation of the Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Station (VCSNS), Units 2 and 3 located in Fairfield County, South Carolina. The amendment changes requested revise the design of the bracing used to support the Turbine Building structure. This request requires changing Tier 1 information found in the Design Description portion of Updated Final Safety Analysis Report (UFSAR) section 3.3, ``Buildings.'' The granting of the exemption allows the changes to Tier 1 information asked for in the amendment. Because the acceptability of the exemption was determined in part by the acceptability of the amendment, the exemption and amendment are being issued concurrently.

  14. Inflammatory patterns in asthmatic children based on alveolar nitric oxide determination.

    PubMed

    Corcuera-Elosegui, Paula; Sardón-Prado, Olaia; Aldasoro-Ruiz, Ane; Korta-Murua, Javier; Mintegui-Aramburu, Javier; Emparanza-Knorr, José I; Pérez-Yarza, Eduardo G

    2015-06-01

    Nitric oxide (NO) levels can be measured at proximal (maximum airway NO flux [J'aw(NO)]) and distal (alveolar NO concentration [C(ANO)]) levels. Four inflammatory patterns have been described in asthmatic individuals, although their relevance has not been well established. The objective was to determine J'aw(NO) and C(ANO) in order to establish four inflammatory categories in asthmatics. Cross-sectional study of a sample consisting of healthy and asthmatic children. Exhaled NO was determined at multiple flows. J'aw(NO) and C(ANO) were obtained according to the two-compartment model. The asthma control questionnaire (ACQ) and spirometry were administered to asthmatic children. Patients were categorized as type I (normal J'aw(NO) and C(ANO)), type II (elevated J'aw(NO) and normal C(ANO)), type III (elevated J'aw(NO) and C(ANO)) and type IV (normal J'aw(NO) and elevated C(ANO)). Correlation between FE(NO,50), J'aw(NO) and C(ANO) was analyzed using Spearman's R Correlation Test. Analysis of variance and paired comparisons were performed using the Bonferroni correction. One hundred sixty-two children were studied, of whom 49 (32.23%) were healthy controls and 103 (67.76%) asthmatics. In the control subjects, FE(NO,50) (ppb)(median and range) was 11.5 (1.6 to 27.3), J'aw(NO) (pl/s) was 516 (98.3 to 1470) and C(ANO) (ppb) was 2.2 (0.1 to 4.5). Forty-four (42.7%) of the asthmatic participants were categorized as type I, 41 (39.8%) as type II, 14 (13.5%) as type III and 4 (3.88%) as type IV. Good correlation was observed between J'aw(NO) and FE(NO,50) (r=0.97). There was no association between J'aw(NO) and C(ANO). FEV1/FVC decreased significantly in type III (mean 79.8±7.5). Morbidity was significantly higher in types III and IV. Normal values obtained are similar to those previously reported. Asthmatics with high C(ANO) showed higher morbidity. No correlation was found between proximal and distal inflammation. Copyright © 2014 SEPAR. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.

  15. Aluminum acceptor four particle bound exciton complex in 4H, 6H, and 3C SiC

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Clemen, L. L.; Devaty, R. P.; Macmillan, M. F.; Yoganathan, M.; Choyke, W. J.; Larkin, D. J.; Powell, J. A.; Edmond, J. A.; Kong, H. S.

    1993-01-01

    Evidence is presented for a four particle acceptor complex in 3C, 6H, and 4H SiC, obtained in low-temperature photoluminescence and cathodoluminescence experiments. The new lines were observed in p-type films lightly doped with aluminum, of 6H, 4H, and 3C SiC grown on the silicon (0001) face of 6H SiC under special conditions. The lines increase in intensity as more aluminum is added during growth. The multiplicity of observed lines is consistent with symmetry-based models similar to those which have been proposed to describe 4A centers in p-type zincblende semiconductors.

  16. Precipitation of Carbides in Early Aging Stages and Their Crystallographic Orientations in Hadfield Steel Mn13

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ding, Zhimin; Liang, Bo; Zhao, Ruirong; Chen, Chunhuan

    2015-05-01

    The methods of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron diffraction are used to study the carbides precipitated in Hadfield steel Mn13 during 2-h aging at 475°C. It is shown that carbides of types (Fe, Mn, Cr)23C6 and mixed (Fe, Mn, Cr)7C3 + (Fe, Mn, Cr)3C precipitate simultaneously over austenite grain boundaries. The data on precipitation of M23C- and M7C3-type carbides in a Hadfield steel after water quenching and aging are pioneer ones. Strict orientation relations of the M23C6 carbides and of the austenite matrix are determined.

  17. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of the HA3 component of Clostridium botulinum type C progenitor toxin

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Nakamura, Toshio; Tonozuka, Takashi; Kotani, Mao

    2007-12-01

    HA3, a 70 kDa haemagglutinating protein, is a precursor form of HA3a and HA3b, the subcomponents of Clostridium botulinum type C 16S progenitor toxin. In this report, recombinant HA3 protein was overexpressed in Escherichia coli, purified and crystallized. HA3, a 70 kDa haemagglutinating protein, is a precursor form of HA3a and HA3b, the subcomponents of Clostridium botulinum type C 16S progenitor toxin. In this report, recombinant HA3 protein was overexpressed in Escherichia coli, purified and crystallized. Diffraction data were collected to 2.6 Å resolution and the crystal belonged to the hexagonal space group P6{sub 3}. Matthews coefficient and self-rotation functionmore » calculations indicate that there is probably one molecule of HA3 in the asymmetric unit. A search for heavy-atom derivatives has been undertaken.« less

  18. Cytokine expression in patients with bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis ESSIC type 3C.

    PubMed

    Logadottir, Yr; Delbro, Dick; Fall, Magnus; Gjertsson, Inger; Jirholt, Pernilla; Lindholm, Catharina; Peeker, Ralph

    2014-11-01

    Bladder wall nitric oxide production in patients with bladder pain syndrome type 3C is increased compared to undetectable nitric oxide in patients with nonHunner bladder pain syndrome and healthy controls. However, the underlying mechanism/s of the increased nitric oxide production is largely unknown. We compared mRNA expression of a select group of cytokines in patients with bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis type 3C and in pain-free controls. Cold cup biopsies from 7 patients with bladder pain syndrome type 3C and 6 healthy subjects were analyzed. mRNA expression of IL-4, 6, 10 and 17A, iNOS, TNF-α, TGF-β and IFN-γ was estimated by real-time polymerase chain reaction. IL-17 protein expression was determined by immunohistochemistry. Mast cells were labeled with tryptase to evaluate cell appearance and count. IL-6, 10 and 17A, and iNOS mRNA levels as well as the number of mast cells infiltrating the bladder mucosa were significantly increased in patients with bladder pain syndrome type 3C compared to healthy controls. TNF-α, TGF-β and IFN-γ mRNA levels were similar in patients and controls. IL-17A expression at the protein level was up-regulated and localized to inflammatory cells and urothelium in patients with bladder pain syndrome type 3C. Patients with bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis had increased mRNA levels of IL-17A, 10 and 6, and iNOS. IL-17A might be important in the inflammatory process. To our knowledge the increase in IL-17A is a novel finding that may have new treatment implications. Copyright © 2014 American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  19. Both epsilon-toxin and beta-toxin are important for the lethal properties of Clostridium perfringens type B isolates in the mouse intravenous injection model.

    PubMed

    Fernandez-Miyakawa, Mariano E; Fisher, Derek J; Poon, Rachael; Sayeed, Sameera; Adams, Vicki; Rood, Julian I; McClane, Bruce A; Uzal, Francisco A

    2007-03-01

    Clostridium perfringens is capable of producing up to 15 toxins, including alpha-toxin (CPA), beta-toxin (CPB), epsilon-toxin (ETX), enterotoxin, beta2-toxin (CPB2), and perfringolysin O. Type B isolates, which must produce CPA, CPB, and ETX, are associated with animal illnesses characterized by sudden death or acute neurological signs, with or without intestinal damage. Type B pathogenesis in ruminants is poorly understood, with some animals showing lesions and clinical signs similar to those caused by either type C or type D infections. It is unknown whether host or environmental conditions are dominant for determining the outcome of type B disease or if disease outcomes are determined by variable characteristics of type B isolates. To help clarify this issue, 19 type B isolates were evaluated for toxin production during late-log-phase growth via quantitative Western blotting and by biological activity assays. Most type B isolates produced CPB levels similar to those produced by type C isolates in vitro and have the potential to produce genotype C-like disease. The lethality of type B isolate supernatants administered intravenously to mice was evaluated with or without prior trypsin treatment, and monoclonal antibody neutralization studies also were performed. Correlation analyses comparing toxin levels in type B supernatants versus lethality and neutralization studies both found that the main contributor to lethality without pretreatment with trypsin was CPB, whereas neutralization studies indicated that CPB and ETX were both important after trypsin pretreatment. At least part of the CPB produced by type B isolates remained active after trypsin treatment. However, the overall lethalities of most supernatants were lower after trypsin pretreatment. Also, there was a significant association between ETX, CPB2, and CPA production in vitro among type B isolates. However, our results suggest that both CPB and ETX are likely the most important contributors to the pathogenesis of C. perfringens type B infections in domestic animals.

  20. Hyperpolarized [U-(2) H, U-(13) C]Glucose reports on glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathway activity in EL4 tumors and glycolytic activity in yeast cells.

    PubMed

    Timm, Kerstin N; Hartl, Johannes; Keller, Markus A; Hu, De-En; Kettunen, Mikko I; Rodrigues, Tiago B; Ralser, Markus; Brindle, Kevin M

    2015-12-01

    A resonance at ∼181 ppm in the (13) C spectra of tumors injected with hyperpolarized [U-(2) H, U-(13) C]glucose was assigned to 6-phosphogluconate (6PG), as in previous studies in yeast, whereas in breast cancer cells in vitro this resonance was assigned to 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG). These peak assignments were investigated here using measurements of 6PG and 3PG (13) C-labeling using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) METHODS: Tumor-bearing mice were injected with (13) C6 glucose and the (13) C-labeled and total 6PG and 3PG concentrations measured. (13) C MR spectra of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient (zwf1Δ) and wild-type yeast were acquired following addition of hyperpolarized [U-(2) H, U-(13) C]glucose and again (13) C-labeled and total 6PG and 3PG were measured by LC-MS/MS RESULTS: Tumor (13) C-6PG was more abundant than (13) C-2PG/3PG and the resonance at ∼181 ppm matched more closely that of 6PG. (13) C MR spectra of wild-type and zwf1Δ yeast cells showed a resonance at ∼181 ppm after labeling with hyperpolarized [U-(2) H, U-(13) C]glucose, however, there was no 6PG in zwf1Δ cells. In the wild-type cells 3PG was approximately four-fold more abundant than 6PG CONCLUSION: The resonance at ∼181 ppm in (13) C MR spectra following injection of hyperpolarized [U-(2) H, U-(13) C]glucose originates predominantly from 6PG in EL4 tumors and 3PG in yeast cells. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

  1. Can resistant coral-Symbiodinium associations enable coral communities to survive climate change? A study of a site exposed to long-term hot water input

    PubMed Central

    Keshavmurthy, Shashank; Meng, Pei-Jie; Wang, Jih-Terng; Kuo, Chao-Yang; Yang, Sung-Yin; Hsu, Chia-Min; Gan, Chai-Hsia; Dai, Chang-Feng

    2014-01-01

    Climate change has led to a decline in the health of corals and coral reefs around the world. Studies have shown that, while some corals can cope with natural and anthropogenic stressors either through resistance mechanisms of coral hosts or through sustainable relationships with Symbiodinium clades or types, many coral species cannot. Here, we show that the corals present in a reef in southern Taiwan, and exposed to long-term elevated seawater temperatures due to the presence of a nuclear power plant outlet (NPP OL), are unique in terms of species and associated Symbiodinium types. At shallow depths (<3 m), eleven coral genera elsewhere in Kenting predominantly found with Symbiodinium types C1 and C3 (stress sensitive) were instead hosting Symbiodinium type D1a (stress tolerant) or a mixture of Symbiodinium type C1/C3/C21a/C15 and Symbiodinium type D1a. Of the 16 coral genera that dominate the local reefs, two that are apparently unable to associate with Symbiodinium type D1a are not present at NPP OL at depths of <3 m. Two other genera present at NPP OL and other locations host a specific type of Symbiodinium type C15. These data imply that coral assemblages may have the capacity to maintain their presence at the generic level against long-term disturbances such as elevated seawater temperatures by acclimatization through successful association with a stress-tolerant Symbiodinium over time. However, at the community level it comes at the cost of some coral genera being lost, suggesting that species unable to associate with a stress-tolerant Symbiodinium are likely to become extinct locally and unfavorable shifts in coral communities are likely to occur under the impact of climate change. PMID:24765567

  2. Understanding and control of bipolar self-doping in copper nitride

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Fioretti, Angela N.; Schwartz, Craig P.; Vinson, John; Nordlund, Dennis; Prendergast, David; Tamboli, Adele C.; Caskey, Christopher M.; Tuomisto, Filip; Linez, Florence; Christensen, Steven T.; Toberer, Eric S.; Lany, Stephan; Zakutayev, Andriy

    2016-05-01

    Semiconductor materials that can be doped both n-type and p-type are desirable for diode-based applications and transistor technology. Copper nitride (Cu3N) is a metastable semiconductor with a solar-relevant bandgap that has been reported to exhibit bipolar doping behavior. However, deeper understanding and better control of the mechanism behind this behavior in Cu3N is currently lacking in the literature. In this work, we use combinatorial growth with a temperature gradient to demonstrate both conduction types of phase-pure, sputter-deposited Cu3N thin films. Room temperature Hall effect and Seebeck effect measurements show n-type Cu3N with 1017 electrons/cm3 for low growth temperature (≈35 °C) and p-type with 1015 holes/cm3-1016 holes/cm3 for elevated growth temperatures (50 °C-120 °C). Mobility for both types of Cu3N was ≈0.1 cm2/Vs-1 cm2/Vs. Additionally, temperature-dependent Hall effect measurements indicate that ionized defects are an important scattering mechanism in p-type films. By combining X-ray absorption spectroscopy and first-principles defect theory, we determined that VCu defects form preferentially in p-type Cu3N, while Cui defects form preferentially in n-type Cu3N, suggesting that Cu3N is a compensated semiconductor with conductivity type resulting from a balance between donor and acceptor defects. Based on these theoretical and experimental results, we propose a kinetic defect formation mechanism for bipolar doping in Cu3N that is also supported by positron annihilation experiments. Overall, the results of this work highlight the importance of kinetic processes in the defect physics of metastable materials and provide a framework that can be applied when considering the properties of such materials in general.

  3. Identification of number and type of cations in water-soluble Cs+ and Na+ calix[4]arene-bis-crown-6 complexes by using ESI-TOF-MS.

    PubMed

    Kumagai, Shogo; Hayashi, Kotaro; Kameda, Tomohito; Morohashi, Naoya; Hattori, Tetsutaro; Yoshioka, Toshiaki

    2018-04-01

    The treatment of cesium-contaminated wastewater has become one of the biggest issues. The selective Cs + removal from wastewater containing competitive alkali metal ions such as Na + is desired to reduce the volume of sludge. Therefore, the present work focused on water-soluble calix[4]arene-bis-crown-6 (W-BisC6) to selectively capture Cs + . For characterization of the complex, UV-vis spectroscopy is commonly used, however, due to the limited availability of information it can be hard to quickly identify the specific structures of some complexes. In this work, the electrospray ionization time of flight spectrometry (ESI-TOF-MS) is successfully utilized to identify the number and type of cations in W-BisC6-cation complexes. ESI-TOF-MS accurately recognized 4 types of complex (W-BisC6-Na + , W-BisC6-Cs + , W-BisC6-2Na + , W-BisC6-Na + -Cs + ), and the experimental and simulated results were almost perfectly matched. It also revealed the difficulty of W-BisC6-2Cs + complex formation under the present conditions. Thus, this technique is significantly helpful for rapid identification of the specific structures of complexes during Cs + -contaminated wastewater treatment. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  4. Nitrogen fixation activity in biological soil crusts dominated by cyanobacteria in the Subpolar Urals (European North-East Russia).

    PubMed

    Patova, Elena; Sivkov, Michail; Patova, Anna

    2016-09-01

    The nitrogen fixation by biological soil crusts with a dominance of cyanobacteria was studied using the acetylene reduction assay in the territory of the Subpolar Urals (65°11' N, 60°18' E), Russia. The field measurements of nitrogen fixation activity were conducted in situ for two different types of soil crusts dominated by Stigonema (V1 type) and Nostoc with Scytonema (V2 type). The nitrogen fixation process had similar dynamics in both crusts but nitrogen fixation rates were different. The crusts of the V2 type showed a significantly higher acetylene reduction activity, with ethylene production rate of 1.76 ± 0.49 g C2H4 m(-2) h(-1) at 15°C, compared with V1-type soil crusts, with a rate of 0.53 ± 0.21 mg C2H4 m(-2) h(-1) at 15°C. The daily value of acetylene reduction activity in V2-type soil crusts was 32.7 ± 6.2 mg C2H4 m(-2) d(-1) and in V1-type crusts, 12.3 ± 1.8 mg C2H4 m(-2) d(-1) After recalculation for N, the daily values of nitrogen fixation were in the range 3.3-22.3 mg N m(-2) d(-1), which is a few times higher than the values of N input from the precipitation to the soil in the studied regions. The dependence of nitrogen-fixation activity on temperature and light intensity of biological soil crusts was investigated. On the basis of temperature models obtained from the dependence, the nitrogen balance was calculated for the growing season (approximately 120 days). The crusts dominated by Stigonema species were fixing 0.3 g N m(-2) (ethylene production rate, 1.10 g C2H4 m(-2)) and crusts dominated by Nostoc and Scytonema were fixing 1.3 g N m(-2) (4.10 g C2H4 m(-2)). © FEMS 2016. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

  5. Structures and vibrational spectra of pinacol.. 1. Infrared and matrix infrared spectra of monomeric pinacol. Ab initio calculations on conformers and vibrational frequencies

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Dahlqvist, Martti; Hotokka, Matti; Räsänen, Markku

    1998-04-01

    The infrared spectra of monomeric pinacol molecules (2,3-dimethyl-2,3-butanediol; (CH 3) 2C(OH)C(OH)(CH 3) 2) have been recorded in the gas phase and dilute nonpolar solutions, and in an argon matrix. The vibrational data are consistent with the intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded G-type (gauche with respect to the central C-C bond) conformers and there is no evidence for the T-type (trans with respect to the central C-C bond) conformers, which have been observed in the condensed phases. This was confirmed by studying the infrared region 835-815 cm -1, which was found to be the most indicative to show spectral changes within the type of the conformers. In this region the band of the T-type conformers (assigned to the hybridized asymmetric vibration of the central CC and CO stretching modes) disappears when going from the condensed phases to phases, where pinacol molecules are monomeric. Ab initio HF/6-311G** (MP2/6-311G**) calculations support the experimental findings; the calculated relative energies for the tGg', gGg', g'Gg', tTt, and gTg' conformers are 0.0 (0.0), 3.4 (3.4), 5.1 (5.9), 7.9 (11.3), and 12.0 (14.0) kJ mol -1, respectively. Consequently, only the G-type conformers are sufficiently populated to give rise to observable spectral lines. Both experimental findings and theoretical calculations demonstrated that the bands in the argon matrix spectrum of pinacol are due to the most stable tGg' conformer. Although the ab initio calculations predict that also the gGg' and g'Gg' conformers are present in the gas phase and in dilute nonpolar solutions their existence could not be confirmed experimentally. Hence, we conclude that the conformation sensitive bands may coincide in the spectra. The HF/6-311G** ab initio calculations for vibrational frequencies of pinacol are consistent with this conclusion, suggesting only small differences between the wavenumbers of the G-type conformers. Pinacol does not show infrared-induced photorotamerization in the low-temperature argon matrix. This is due to the high energy barrier to internal rotation around the central C-C bond as demonstrated by ab initio calculations. Assignments of the vibrational bands were made with the aid of computer animations of the ab initio calculated harmonic vibrations, common group frequencies, and analogy conclusions from related compounds. The deuterium derivatives [(CD 3) 2C(OH)C(OH)(CD 3) 2 and (CH 3) 2C(OD)C(OD)(CH 3) 2] of pinacol were also utilized even though their spectra were recorded only in the condensed phases.

  6. Alternative Fuels Data Center

    Science.gov Websites

    apply to diesel vehicles with a label issued by the California Air Resources Board and diesel vehicles powered by clean diesel technology or biodiesel. (Reference West Virginia Code 17C-13A-1 through 17C-13A-3

  7. 40 CFR 503.3 - Permits and direct enforceability.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... with 40 CFR part 123 or 40 CFR part 501 or (2) Issued under subtitle C of the Solid Waste Disposal Act; part C of the Safe Drinking Water Act; the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972; or...

  8. Magnitude comparison with different types of rational numbers.

    PubMed

    DeWolf, Melissa; Grounds, Margaret A; Bassok, Miriam; Holyoak, Keith J

    2014-02-01

    An important issue in understanding mathematical cognition involves the similarities and differences between the magnitude representations associated with various types of rational numbers. For single-digit integers, evidence indicates that magnitudes are represented as analog values on a mental number line, such that magnitude comparisons are made more quickly and accurately as the numerical distance between numbers increases (the distance effect). Evidence concerning a distance effect for compositional numbers (e.g., multidigit whole numbers, fractions and decimals) is mixed. We compared the patterns of response times and errors for college students in magnitude comparison tasks across closely matched sets of rational numbers (e.g., 22/37, 0.595, 595). In Experiment 1, a distance effect was found for both fractions and decimals, but response times were dramatically slower for fractions than for decimals. Experiments 2 and 3 compared performance across fractions, decimals, and 3-digit integers. Response patterns for decimals and integers were extremely similar but, as in Experiment 1, magnitude comparisons based on fractions were dramatically slower, even when the decimals varied in precision (i.e., number of place digits) and could not be compared in the same way as multidigit integers (Experiment 3). Our findings indicate that comparisons of all three types of numbers exhibit a distance effect, but that processing often involves strategic focus on components of numbers. Fractions impose an especially high processing burden due to their bipartite (a/b) structure. In contrast to the other number types, the magnitude values associated with fractions appear to be less precise, and more dependent on explicit calculation. PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved.

  9. 49 CFR 80.3 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 4974(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, 26 U.S.C. 4974(c)) that is a qualified institutional buyer; and (2) A governmental plan (as defined in section 414(d) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986... issued by an obligor and funded by a lender. Local servicer means: (1) A State infrastructure bank...

  10. c-Jun activation in Schwann cells protects against loss of sensory axons in inherited neuropathy

    PubMed Central

    Hantke, Janina; Carty, Lucy; Wagstaff, Laura J.; Turmaine, Mark; Wilton, Daniel K.; Quintes, Susanne; Koltzenburg, Martin; Baas, Frank; Mirsky, Rhona

    2014-01-01

    Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 1A is the most frequent inherited peripheral neuropathy. It is generally due to heterozygous inheritance of a partial chromosomal duplication resulting in over-expression of PMP22. A key feature of Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 1A is secondary death of axons. Prevention of axonal loss is therefore an important target of clinical intervention. We have previously identified a signalling mechanism that promotes axon survival and prevents neuron death in mechanically injured peripheral nerves. This work suggested that Schwann cells respond to injury by activating/enhancing trophic support for axons through a mechanism that depends on upregulation of the transcription factor c-Jun in Schwann cells, resulting in the sparing of axons that would otherwise die. As c-Jun orchestrates Schwann cell support for distressed neurons after mechanical injury, we have now asked: do Schwann cells also activate a c-Jun dependent neuron-supportive programme in inherited demyelinating disease? We tested this by using the C3 mouse model of Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 1A. In line with our previous findings in humans with Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 1A, we found that Schwann cell c-Jun was elevated in (uninjured) nerves of C3 mice. We determined the impact of this c-Jun activation by comparing C3 mice with double mutant mice, namely C3 mice in which c-Jun had been conditionally inactivated in Schwann cells (C3/Schwann cell-c-Jun−/− mice), using sensory-motor tests and electrophysiological measurements, and by counting axons in proximal and distal nerves. The results indicate that c-Jun elevation in the Schwann cells of C3 nerves serves to prevent loss of myelinated sensory axons, particularly in distal nerves, improve behavioural symptoms, and preserve F-wave persistence. This suggests that Schwann cells have two contrasting functions in Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 1A: on the one hand they are the genetic source of the disease, on the other, they respond to it by mounting a c-Jun-dependent response that significantly reduces its impact. Because axonal death is a central feature of much nerve pathology it will be important to establish whether an axon-supportive Schwann cell response also takes place in other conditions. Amplification of this axon-supportive mechanism constitutes a novel target for clinical intervention that might be useful in Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 1A and other neuropathies that involve axon loss. PMID:25216747

  11. Activity of Protein Kinase C is Important for 3α,5α-THP’s Actions at Dopamine Type 1-like and/or GABAA receptors in the Ventral Tegmental Area for Lordosis of Rats

    PubMed Central

    Frye, Cheryl A.; Walf, Alicia A.

    2008-01-01

    In the ventral tegmental area, progestogens facilitate sexual receptivity of rodents via actions at dopamine type 1-like and/or γ-aminobutyric type A receptors and activation of downstream signal transduction molecules. In the present study, we investigated whether effects of progesterone’s metabolite, 3α,5α-THP, to enhance lordosis via actions at these receptors in the ventral tegmental area requires phospholipase C-dependent protein kinase C. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that: if progestogens’ actions through dopamine type 1-like and/or γ-aminobutyric type A receptors in the ventral tegmental area for lordosis require protein kinase C, then inhibiting protein kinase C in the ventral tegmental area should reduce 3α,5α-THP-facilitated lordosis and its enhancement by dopamine type 1-like or γ-aminobutyric type A receptor agonists. Ovariectomized, E2 (10 μg s.c. at hr 0)-primed rats were tested for their baseline lordosis responses and then received a series of three infusions to the ventral tegmental area: first, bisindolylmaleimide (75 nM/side) or vehicle; second, SKF38393 (100 ng/side), muscimol (100 ng/side), or vehicle; third, 3α,5α-THP (100, 200 ng) or vehicle. Rats were pre-tested for lordosis and motor behavior and then tested for lordosis after each infusion and 10 and 60 mins after the last infusion. Rats were tested for motor behavior following their last lordosis test. As has been previously demonstrated, 3α,5α-THP infusions to the ventral tegmental area increased lordosis and effects were further enhanced by infusions of SKF38393 and muscimol. Infusions of bisindolylmaleimide to the ventral tegmental area attenuated 3α,5α-THP-, SKF38393-, and/or muscimol-facilitated lordosis. Effects on lordosis were not solely due to changes in general motor behavior. Thus, 3α,5α-THP’s actions in the ventral tegmental area through membrane receptors may require activity of protein kinase C. PMID:18675324

  12. Effectiveness and tolerability of second-line therapy with vildagliptin versus other oral agents in type 2 diabetes (EDGE): post-hoc subanalysis of the Belgian data.

    PubMed

    Hoste, J; Daci, E; Mathieu, C

    2014-06-01

    To assess the efficacy and safety of vildagliptin versus other oral glucose-lowering drugs added to antidiabetic monotherapy in Belgian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, in comparison to the global EDGE study results. This is a pre-specified post-hoc subanalysis of the Belgian patient cohort from a worldwide 1-year observational study that compared the effectiveness and tolerability of vildagliptin to other oral antidiabetic agents in type 2 diabetes patients failing monotherapy with oral glucose-lowering agents (EDGE). A total of 1793 Belgian patients were enrolled. Physicians could add any oral antidiabetic drug and patients entered either into the vildagliptin or the comparator cohort. The primary effectiveness and tolerability endpoint was defined as the proportion of patients having a treatment response (HbA1c reduction from baseline to month 12 endpoint >0·3%) without hypoglycemia, weight gain, peripheral oedema, or gastrointestinal side-effects. In the Belgian population, 37·8% of patients in the vildagliptin group and 32·8% in the comparator group had a decrease in HbA1c of >0·3% without the predefined tolerability issues of hypoglycemia, weight gain, oedema or, gastrointestinal complaints (primary endpoint), resulting in an unadjusted odds ratio of 1·24 (95% CI: 0·96-1·61). Mean HbA1c change from baseline was -0·81% in the vildagliptin cohort and -0·75% in the comparator cohort. Overall, vildagliptin was well tolerated with similarly low incidences of total adverse events (14·9% versus 14·5% in the compactor group) and serious adverse events (2·7% versus 2·5% in the comparator group). In this EDGE subgroup of Belgian patients with type 2 diabetes who do not achieve the glycemic targets with monotherapy, a similar trend as in the global EDGE study was observed. Adding vildagliptin as a second oral glucose-lowering agent resulted in lowering HbA1c to <7% without weight gain, hypoglycemia or peripheral oedema in a higher proportion of patients than comparator oral antidiabetic drugs, with no differences in the reported number of adverse events.

  13. Modulation of neurosteroid potentiation by protein kinases at synaptic- and extrasynaptic-type GABAA receptors

    PubMed Central

    Adams, Joanna M.; Thomas, Philip; Smart, Trevor G.

    2015-01-01

    GABAA receptors are important for inhibition in the CNS where neurosteroids and protein kinases are potent endogenous modulators. Acting individually, these can either enhance or depress receptor function, dependent upon the type of neurosteroid or kinase and the receptor subunit combination. However, in vivo, these modulators probably act in concert to fine-tune GABAA receptor activity and thus inhibition, although how this is achieved remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between these modulators at synaptic-type α1β3γ2L and extrasynaptic-type α4β3δ GABAA receptors using electrophysiology. For α1β3γ2L, potentiation of GABA responses by tetrahydro-deoxycorticosterone was reduced after inhibiting protein kinase C, and enhanced following its activation, suggesting this kinase regulates neurosteroid modulation. In comparison, neurosteroid potentiation was reduced at α1β3S408A,S409Aγ2L receptors, and unaltered by PKC inhibitors or activators, indicating that phosphorylation of β3 subunits is important for regulating neurosteroid activity. To determine whether extrasynaptic-type GABAA receptors were similarly modulated, α4β3δ and α4β3S408A,S409Aδ receptors were investigated. Neurosteroid potentiation was reduced at both receptors by the kinase inhibitor staurosporine. By contrast, neurosteroid-mediated potentiation at α4S443Aβ3S408A,S409Aδ receptors was unaffected by protein kinase inhibition, strongly suggesting that phosphorylation of α4 and β3 subunits is required for regulating neurosteroid activity at extrasynaptic receptors. Western blot analyses revealed that neurosteroids increased phosphorylation of β3S408,S409 implying that a reciprocal pathway exists for neurosteroids to modulate phosphorylation of GABAA receptors. Overall, these findings provide important insight into the regulation of GABAA receptors in vivo, and into the mechanisms by which GABAergic inhibitory transmission may be simultaneously tuned by two endogenous neuromodulators. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled ‘GABAergic Signaling in Health and Disease’. PMID:25278033

  14. Evidence of Metasomatism in the Lowest Petrographic Types Inferred from A Na(-), K, Rich Rim Around A LEW 86018 (L3.1) Chondrule

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Mishra, Ritesh Kumar; Marhas, Kuljeet Kaur; Simon, Justin I.; Ross, Daniel Kent

    2015-01-01

    Ordinary chondrites (OCs) represent the most abundant extraterrestrial materials and also record the widest range of alteration of primary, pristine minerals of early Solar system material available for study. Relatively few investigations, however, address: (1) the role of fluid alteration, and (2) the relationship between thermal metamorphism and metasomatism in OCs, issues that have been extensively studied in many other meteorite groups e.g., CV, CO, CR, and enstatite chondrites. Detailed elemental abundances profiles across individual chondrules, and mineralogical studies of Lewis Hills (LEW) 86018 (L3.1), an unequilibrated ordinary chondrite (UOC) of low petrographic type of 3.1 returned from Antarctica, provide evidence of extensive alteration of primary minerals. Some chondrules have Na(-), K(-), rich rims surrounded by nepheline, albite, and sodalite-like Na(-), Cl(-), Al-rich secondary minerals in the near vicinity within the matrices. Although, limited evidences of low temperature (approximately 250 C) fluid-assisted alteration of primary minerals to phyllosilicates, ferroanolivine, magnetite, and scapolite have been reported in the lowest grades (less than 3.2) Semarkona (LL3.00) and Bishunpur (LL3.10), alkali-rich secondary mineralization has previously only been seen in higher grade greater than 3.4 UOCs. This preliminary result suggests highly localized metamorphism in UOCs and widens the range of alteration in UOCs and complicates classification of petrographic type and extent of thermal metamorphism or metasomatism. The work in progress will document the micro-textures, geochemistry (Ba, Ca, REE), and isotopic composition (oxygen, Al(-)- 26 Mg-26) of mineral phases in chondrules and adjoining objects to help us understand the formation scenario and delineate possible modes of metamorphism in UOCs.

  15. France: Factors Shaping Foreign Policy, and Issues in U.S.-French Relations

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2009-05-20

    TYPE 3. DATES COVERED 00-00-2009 to 00-00-2009 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE France : Factors Shaping Foreign Policy, and Issues in U.S.- French ...Z39-18 France : Factors Shaping Foreign Policy, and Issues in U.S.- French Relations Congressional Research Service Summary The factors that shape... French foreign policy have changed since the end of the Cold War. The perspectives of France and the United States have diverged in some cases. More

  16. Evaluation of nickel-hydrogen battery for space application

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Billard, J. M.; Dupont, D.

    1983-01-01

    Results of electrical space qualification tests of nickel-hydrogen battery type HR 23S are presented. The results obtained for the nickel-cadmium battery type VO 23S are similar except that the voltage level and the charge conservation characteristics vary significantly. The electrical and thermal characteristics permit predictions of the following optimal applications: charge coefficient in the order of 1.3 to 1.4 at 20C; charge current density higher than C/10 at 20C; discharge current density from C/10 to C/3 at 20C; maximum discharge temperature: OC; storage temperature: -20C.

  17. Association of SNP3 polymorphism in the apolipoprotein A-V gene with plasma triglyceride level in Tunisian type 2 diabetes

    PubMed Central

    Chaaba, Raja; Attia, Nebil; Hammami, Sonia; Smaoui, Maha; Mahjoub, Sylvia; Hammami, Mohamed; Masmoudi, Ahmed Slaheddine

    2005-01-01

    Background Apolipoprotein A-V (Apo A-V) gene has recently been identified as a new apolipoprotein involved in triglyceride metabolism. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP3) located in the gene promoter (-1131) was associated with triglyceride variation in healthy subjects. In type 2 diabetes the triglyceride level increased compared to healthy subjects. Hypertriglyceridemia is a risk factor for coronary artery disease. We aimed to examine the interaction between SNP3 and lipid profile and coronary artery disease (CAD) in Tunisian type 2 diabetic patients. Results The genotype frequencies of T/T, T/C and C/C were 0.74, 0.23 and 0.03 respectively in non diabetic subjects, 0.71, 0.25 and 0.04 respectively in type 2 diabetic patients. Triglyceride level was higher in heterozygous genotype (-1131 T/C) of apo A-V (p = 0.024). Heterozygous genotype is more frequent in high triglyceride group (40.9%) than in low triglyceride group (18.8%) ; p = 0.011. Despite the relation between CAD and hypertriglyceridemia the SNP 3 was not associated with CAD. Conclusion In type 2 diabetic patients SNP3 is associated with triglyceride level, however there was no association between SNP3 and coronary artery disease. PMID:15636639

  18. PS: A nonprocedural language with data types and modules

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Gokhale, M. B.

    1986-01-01

    The Problem Specification (PS) nonprocedural language is a very high level language for algorithm specification. PS is suitable for nonprogrammers, who can specify a problem using mathematically-oriented equations; for expert programmers, who can prototype different versions of a software system for evaluation; and for those who wish to use specifications for portions (if not all) of a program. PS has data types and modules similar to Modula-2. The compiler generates C code. PS is first shown by example, and then efficiency issues in scheduling and code generation are discussed.

  19. AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGISTS AND AMERICAN COLLEGE OF ENDOCRINOLOGY 2018 POSITION STATEMENT ON INTEGRATION OF INSULIN PUMPS AND CONTINUOUS GLUCOSE MONITORING IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES MELLITUS.

    PubMed

    Grunberger, George; Handelsman, Yehuda; Bloomgarden, Zachary T; Fonseca, Vivian A; Garber, Alan J; Haas, Richard A; Roberts, Victor L; Umpierrez, Guillermo E

    2018-03-01

    This document represents the official position of the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology. Where there are no randomized controlled trials or specific U.S. FDA labeling for issues in clinical practice, the participating clinical experts utilized their judgment and experience. Every effort was made to achieve consensus among the committee members. Position statements are meant to provide guidance, but they are not to be considered prescriptive for any individual patient and cannot replace the judgment of a clinician. AACE/ACE Task Force on Integration of Insulin Pumps and Continuous Glucose Monitoring in the Management of Patients With Diabetes Mellitus Chair George Grunberger, MD, FACP, FACE Task Force Members Yehuda Handelsman, MD, FACP, FNLA, MACE Zachary T. Bloomgarden, MD, MACE Vivian A. Fonseca, MD, FACE Alan J. Garber, MD, PhD, FACE Richard A. Haas, MD, FACE Victor L. Roberts, MD, MBA, FACP, FACE Guillermo E. Umpierrez, MD, CDE, FACP, FACE Abbreviations: AACE = American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists ACE = American College of Endocrinology A1C = glycated hemoglobin BGM = blood glucose monitoring CGM = continuous glucose monitoring CSII = continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion DM = diabetes mellitus FDA = Food & Drug Administration MDI = multiple daily injections T1DM = type 1 diabetes mellitus T2DM = type 2 diabetes mellitus SAP = sensor-augmented pump SMBG = self-monitoring of blood glucose STAR 3 = Sensor-Augmented Pump Therapy for A1C Reduction phase 3 trial.

  20. Characterization of the specificities of human blood group H gene-specified alpha 1,2-L-fucosyltransferase toward sulfated/sialylated/fucosylated acceptors: evidence for an inverse relationship between alpha 1,2-L-fucosylation of Gal and alpha 1,6-L-fucosylation of asparagine-linked GlcNAc.

    PubMed

    Chandrasekaran, E V; Jain, R K; Larsen, R D; Wlasichuk, K; Matta, K L

    1996-07-09

    The assembly of complex structures bearing the H determinant was examined by characterizing the specificities of a cloned blood group H gene-specified alpha 1,2-L-fucosyltransferase (FT) toward a variety of sulfated, sialylated, or fucosylated Gal beta 1,3/4GlcNAc beta- or Gal beta 1,3GalNAc alpha-based acceptor structures. (a) As compared to the basic type 2, Gal beta 1,4GlcNAc beta-(K(m) = 1.67 mM), the basic type 1 was 137% active (K(m) = 0.83 mM). (b) On C-6 sulfation of Gal, type 1 became 142.1% active and type 2 became 223.0% active (K(m) = 0.45 mM). (c) On C-6 sulfation of GlcNAc, type 2 showed 33.7% activity. (d) On C-3 or C-4 fucosylation of GlcNAc, both types 1 and 2 lost activity. (e) Type 1 showed 70.8% and 5.8% activity, respectively, on C-6 and C-4 O-methylation of GlcNAc. (f) Type 1 retained 18.8% activity on alpha 2,6-sialylation of GlcNAc. (g) Terminal type 1 or 2 of extended chain had lower activity. (h) With Gal in place of GlcNAc in type 1, the activity became 43.2%. (i) Compounds with terminal alpha 1,3-linked Gal were inactive. (j) Gal beta 1,3GalNAc alpha- (the T-hapten) was approximately 0.4-fold as active as Gal beta 1,4GlcNAc beta-. (k) C-6 sulfation of Gal on the T-hapten did not affect the acceptor activity. (l) C-6 sulfation of GalNAc decreased the activity to 70%, whereas on C-6 sulfation of both Gal and GalNAc the T-hapten lost the acceptor ability. (m) C-6 sialylation of GalNAc also led to inactivity. (n) beta 1,6 branching from GalNAc of the T-hapten by a GlcNAc residue or by units such as Gal beta 1, 4GlcNAc-, Gal beta 1,4(Fuc alpha 1,3)GlcNAc-, or 3-sulfoGal beta 1,4GlcNAc- resulted in 111.9%, 282.8%, 48.3%, and 75.3% activities, respectively. (o) The enhancement of enzyme affinity by a sulfo group on C-6 of Gal was demonstrated by an increase (approximately 5-fold) in the K(m) for Gal beta 1,4GlcNAc beta 1,6(Gal beta 1,3)GalNAc alpha-O-Bn in presence of 6-sulfoGal beta 1,- 4GlcNAc beta-O-Me (3.0 mM). (p) Among the two sites in Gal beta 1, 4GlcNAc beta 1,6(Gal beta 1,3) GalNAc alpha-O-Bn, the enzyme had a higher affinity ( > 3-fold) for the Gal linked to GlcNAc. (q) With respect to Gal beta 1,- 3GlcNAc beta-O-Bn (3.0 mM), fetuin triantennary asialo glycopeptide (2.4 mM), bovine IgG diantennary glycopeptide (2.8 mM), asialo Cowper's gland mucin (0.06 mM), and the acrylamide copolymers (0.125 mM each) containing Gal beta 1,3GlcNAc beta-, Gal beta 1,3(6-sulfo)GlcNAc beta-, Gal beta 1,3GalNAc alpha-, Gal beta 1,3Gal beta-, or Gal alpha 1,3Gal beta- units were 153.6%, 43.0%, 6.2%, 52.5%, 94.9%, 14.7%, 23.6%, and 15.6% active, respectively. (r) Fucosylation by alpha 1,2-L-FT of the galactosyl residue which occurs on the antennary structure of the bovine IgG glycopeptide was adversely affected by the presence of an alpha 1,6-L-fucosyl residue located on the distant glucosaminyl residue that is directly attached to the asparagine of the protein backbone. This became evident from the 4-fold activity of alpha 1,2-L-FT toward bovine IgG glycopeptide after approximately 5% removal of alpha 1,6-linked Fuo.

  1. Density functional theory study of the structural and bonding mechanism of molecular oxygen (O2) with C3Si

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Parida, Saroj K.; Behera, C.; Sahu, Sridhar

    2018-07-01

    The investigations of pure and heteroatom doped carbon clusters have created great interest because of their enormous prospective applications in various research zones, for example, optoelectronics, semiconductors, material science, energy storage devices, astro-science and so on. In this article, the interaction of molecular oxygen (O2) with C3Si has explored within a density functional theory (DFT). Different possible types of structure for C3SiO2 have collected. Among five different kinds of structure, the structure-1a, 1A1 is more energetically stable. The nature of the bonding of O2 and C3Si, in C3SiO2 has been studied by using Bader's topological analysis of the electron charge density distribution ρ(r) , Laplacian ∇2 ρ(r) and total energy density H(r) at the bond critical points (BCPs) of the structures within the framework of the atoms in molecules theory (AIM). The bonding mechanism of O2 and C3Si in C3SiO2 prompts to the fundamental understanding of the interaction of C3Si with oxygen molecule. It is interesting to note that, two types of bonding mechanism are established in same C3SiO2 system such as (i) shared-kind interactions (ii) closed-shell interactions. From various kinds of structure, Csbnd C bonds in all structures are shown as shared-kind interactions whereas Csbnd Si, Osbnd O bonds are classified as closed-shell type interactions with a certain degree of covalent character.

  2. Regioselective synthesis of C3 alkylated and arylated benzothiophenes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Shrives, Harry J.; Fernández-Salas, José A.; Hedtke, Christin; Pulis, Alexander P.; Procter, David J.

    2017-03-01

    Benzothiophenes are heterocyclic constituents of important molecules relevant to society, including those with the potential to meet modern medical challenges. The construction of molecules would be vastly more efficient if carbon-hydrogen bonds, found in all organic molecules, can be directly converted into carbon-carbon bonds. In the case of elaborating benzothiophenes, functionalization of carbon-hydrogen bonds at carbon-number 3 (C3) is markedly more demanding than at C2 due to issues of regioselectivity (C3 versus C2), and the requirement of high temperatures, precious metals and the installation of superfluous directing groups. Herein, we demonstrate that synthetically unexplored but readily accessible benzothiophene S-oxides serve as novel precursors for C3-functionalized benzothiophenes. Employing an interrupted Pummerer reaction to capture and then deliver phenol and silane coupling partners, we have discovered a directing group-free method that delivers C3-arylated and -alkylated benzothiophenes with complete regioselectivity, under metal-free and mild conditions.

  3. Sabin Vaccine Reversion in the Field: a Comprehensive Analysis of Sabin-Like Poliovirus Isolates in Nigeria.

    PubMed

    Famulare, Michael; Chang, Stewart; Iber, Jane; Zhao, Kun; Adeniji, Johnson A; Bukbuk, David; Baba, Marycelin; Behrend, Matthew; Burns, Cara C; Oberste, M Steven

    2016-01-01

    To assess the dynamics of genetic reversion of live poliovirus vaccine in humans, we studied molecular evolution in Sabin-like poliovirus isolates from Nigerian acute flaccid paralysis cases obtained from routine surveillance. We employed a novel modeling approach to infer substitution and recombination rates from whole-genome sequences and information about poliovirus infection dynamics and the individual vaccination history. We confirmed observations from a recent vaccine trial that VP1 substitution rates are increased for Sabin-like isolates relative to the rate for the wild type due to increased nonsynonymous substitution rates. We also inferred substitution rates for attenuating nucleotides and confirmed that reversion can occur in days to weeks after vaccination. We combine our observations for Sabin-like virus evolution with the molecular clock for VP1 of circulating wild-type strains to infer that the mean time from the initiating vaccine dose to the earliest detection of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) is 300 days for Sabin-like virus type 1, 210 days for Sabin-like virus type 2, and 390 days for Sabin-like virus type 3. Phylogenetic relationships indicated transient local transmission of Sabin-like virus type 3 and, possibly, Sabin-like virus type 1 during periods of low wild polio incidence. Comparison of Sabin-like virus recombinants with known Nigerian vaccine-derived poliovirus recombinants shows that while recombination with non-Sabin enteroviruses is associated with cVDPV, the recombination rates are similar for Sabin isolate-Sabin isolate and Sabin isolate-non-Sabin enterovirus recombination after accounting for the time from dosing to the time of detection. Our study provides a comprehensive picture of the evolutionary dynamics of the oral polio vaccine in the field. The global polio eradication effort has completed its 26th year. Despite success in eliminating wild poliovirus from most of the world, polio persists in populations where logistical, social, and political factors have not allowed vaccination programs of sustained high quality. One issue of critical importance is eliminating circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs) that have properties indistinguishable from those of wild poliovirus and can cause paralytic disease. cVDPV emerges due to the genetic instability of the Sabin viruses used in the oral polio vaccine (OPV) in populations that have low levels of immunity to poliovirus. However, the dynamics responsible are incompletely understood because it has historically been difficult to gather and interpret data about evolution of the Sabin viruses used in OPV in regions where cVDPV has occurred. This study is the first to combine whole-genome sequencing of poliovirus isolates collected during routine surveillance with knowledge about the intrahost dynamics of poliovirus to provide quantitative insight into polio vaccine evolution in the field. Copyright © 2015, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

  4. Associations among psychological distress, high-risk activism, and conflict between ethnic-racial and sexual minority identities in lesbian, gay, bisexual racial/ethnic minority adults.

    PubMed

    Santos, Carlos E; VanDaalen, Rachel A

    2018-03-01

    In this brief report, we present results from a study exploring the associations of high-risk activism (HRA) orientation in lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) issues; HRA orientation in racial/ethnic issues; conflicts in allegiances (CIA) between one's ethnic-racial and sexual minority identities; and anxiety among LGB racial/ethnic minority adults. A racially and ethnically diverse sample of 208 LGB racial/ethnic minority adults (age: M = 27.52, SD = 8.76) completed an online survey. Bivariate correlations showed that HRA orientation in LGB and in racial/ethnic issues, as well as CIA, were each positively associated with anxiety. However, regression analyses indicated that CIA moderated the association between anxiety and HRA orientation in LGB issues (but not racial/ethnic minority issues) such that this association was significant and positive at low levels of CIA and nonsignificant at high levels of CIA. These findings can be used to not only inform psychological practice with this population (e.g., by encouraging practitioners to be more attentive to these issues as potential sources of stress), but also more broadly, as knowledge that can inform the burgeoning psychological literature on collective action. We highlight, for example, the importance of distinguishing between types of activism (i.e., high- vs. low-risk types) in relation to mental health outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).

  5. Aircraft Jet Engine Exhaust Blast Effects on Par-56 Runway Threshold Lamp Fixtures

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1989-06-01

    Engine Type(s): SPEY 511-14 British Aerospace, BAe-125-700/ -700 Engine Type(s): Garret TFE731 -3 British Aerospace, Concorde Engine Type(s): Not Given... TFE731 -3B Falcon Jet, Falcon 50 Engine Type(s): Garrett TFE-731-3C (See data for Citation) Gates Learjet, Models 23/24, 35/36, 35A/36A, 55/55B Engine Type

  6. 48 CFR 204.7003 - Basic PII number.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... procurement instrument is issued or awarded. (3) Position 9. Indicate the type of instrument by entering one...) Invitations for bids—B (iii) Contracts of all types except indefinite delivery contracts, sales contracts, and...—N (xv) Do not use—O (xvi) Purchase order—automated (assign V when numbering capacity of P is...

  7. Correlation between the electrical properties and the interfacial microstructures of TiAl-based ohmic contacts to p-type 4H-SiC

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tsukimoto, S.; Nitta, K.; Sakai, T.; Moriyama, M.; Murakami, Masanori

    2004-05-01

    In order to understand a mechanism of TiAl-based ohmic contact formation for p-type 4H-SiC, the electrical properties and microstructures of Ti/Al and Ni/Ti/Al contacts, which provided the specific contact resistances of approximately 2×10-5 Ω-cm2 and 7×10-5 Ω-cm2 after annealing at 1000°C and 800°C, respectively, were investigated using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Ternary Ti3SiC2 carbide layers were observed to grow on the SiC surfaces in both the Ti/Al and the Ni/Ti/Al contacts when the contacts yielded low resistance. The Ti3SiC2 carbide layers with hexagonal structures had an epitaxial orientation relationship with the 4H-SiC substrates. The (0001)-oriented terraces were observed periodically at the interfaces between the carbide layers and the SiC, and the terraces were atomically flat. We believed the Ti3SiC2 carbide layers primarily reduced the high Schottky barrier height at the contact metal/p-SiC interface down to about 0.3 eV, and, thus, low contact resistances were obtained for p-type TiAl-based ohmic contacts.

  8. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 pol gene mutations which cause decreased susceptibility to 2',3'-dideoxycytidine.

    PubMed Central

    Fitzgibbon, J E; Howell, R M; Haberzettl, C A; Sperber, S J; Gocke, D J; Dubin, D T

    1992-01-01

    To investigate whether human immunodeficiency virus type 1 pol gene mutations are selected during prolonged 2',3'-dideoxycytidine (ddC) therapy, we used the polymerase chain reaction to amplify a portion of the reverse transcriptase segment of the pol gene from the peripheral blood mononuclear cell DNA of a patient with AIDS before and after an 80-week course of ddC therapy. The consensus sequence from the second sample contained a unique double mutation (ACT to GAT) in the codon for reverse transcriptase amino acid 69, causing substitution of aspartic acid (Asp) for the wild-type threonine (Thr). A mutation (ACA to ATA) also occurred in the codon for position 165, causing substitution of isoleucine (Ile) for Thr. The GAT (Asp) codon was introduced into the pol gene of a molecular clone of human immunodeficiency virus via site-directed mutagenesis. Following transfection, mutant and wild-type viruses were tested for susceptibility to ddC by a plaque reduction assay. The mutant virus was fivefold less susceptible to ddC than the wild type; cross-resistance to 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine or 2'3'-dideoxyinosine was not found. The Ile-165 mutation did not confer additional ddC resistance. The Asp-69 substitution may have contributed to the generation of resistant virus in this patient. Images PMID:1317143

  9. 75 FR 14409 - Amendment of Certain of the Commission's Ex Parte Rules and Other Procedural Rules

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-03-25

    ... matter or proceeding covered by this subchapter.'' 5 U.S.C. 551(14). Consistent with that definition, the... arguments directed to the outcome of a proceeding. The definition excludes certain types of communications... such as blogs, Facebook, and IdeaScale. Some of the issues on which the public provides input are the...

  10. Tumor cell-derived microparticles: a new form of cancer vaccine.

    PubMed

    Zhang, Huafeng; Huang, Bo

    2015-08-01

    For cancer vaccines, tumor antigen availability is currently not an issue due to technical advances. However, the generation of optimal immune stimulation during vaccination is challenging. We have recently demonstrated that tumor cell-derived microparticles (MP) can function as a new form of potent cancer vaccine by efficiently activating type I interferon pathway in a cGAS/STING dependent manner.

  11. An rbcL mRNA-binding protein is associated with C3 to C4 evolution and light-induced production of Rubisco in Flaveria.

    PubMed

    Yerramsetty, Pradeep; Agar, Erin M; Yim, Won C; Cushman, John C; Berry, James O

    2017-07-20

    Nuclear-encoded RLSB protein binds chloroplastic rbcL mRNA encoding the Rubisco large subunit. RLSB is highly conserved across all groups of land plants and is associated with positive post-transcriptional regulation of rbcL expression. In C3 leaves, RLSB and Rubisco occur in all chlorenchyma cell chloroplasts, while in C4 leaves these accumulate only within bundle sheath (BS) chloroplasts. RLSB's role in rbcL expression makes modification of its localization a likely prerequisite for the evolutionary restriction of Rubisco to BS cells. Taking advantage of evolutionarily conserved RLSB orthologs in several C3, C3-C4, C4-like, and C4 photosynthetic types within the genus Flaveria, we show that low level RLSB sequence divergence and modification to BS specificity coincided with ontogeny of Rubisco specificity and Kranz anatomy during C3 to C4 evolution. In both C3 and C4 species, Rubisco production reflected RLSB production in all cell types, tissues, and conditions examined. Co-localization occurred only in photosynthetic tissues, and both proteins were co-ordinately induced by light at post-transcriptional levels. RLSB is currently the only mRNA-binding protein to be associated with rbcL gene regulation in any plant, with variations in sequence and acquisition of cell type specificity reflecting the progression of C4 evolution within the genus Flaveria. © The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology.

  12. Cross-standard user description in mobile, medical oriented virtual collaborative environments

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ganji, Rama Rao; Mitrea, Mihai; Joveski, Bojan; Chammem, Afef

    2015-03-01

    By combining four different open standards belonging to the ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29 WG11 (a.k.a. MPEG) and W3C, this paper advances an architecture for mobile, medical oriented virtual collaborative environments. The various users are represented according to MPEG-UD (MPEG User Description) while the security issues are dealt with by deploying the WebID principles. On the server side, irrespective of their elementary types (text, image, video, 3D, …), the medical data are aggregated into hierarchical, interactive multimedia scenes which are alternatively represented into MPEG-4 BiFS or HTML5 standards. This way, each type of content can be optimally encoded according to its particular constraints (semantic, medical practice, network conditions, etc.). The mobile device should ensure only the displaying of the content (inside an MPEG player or an HTML5 browser) and the capturing of the user interaction. The overall architecture is implemented and tested under the framework of the MEDUSA European project, in partnership with medical institutions. The testbed considers a server emulated by a PC and heterogeneous user devices (tablets, smartphones, laptops) running under iOS, Android and Windows operating systems. The connection between the users and the server is alternatively ensured by WiFi and 3G/4G networks.

  13. Safety and efficacy of ipragliflozin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes in real-world clinical practice: interim results of the STELLA-LONG TERM post-marketing surveillance study.

    PubMed

    Nakamura, Ichiro; Maegawa, Hiroshi; Tobe, Kazuyuki; Tabuchi, Hiromi; Uno, Satoshi

    2018-02-01

    Data regarding the efficacy and safety of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in the real-world setting in Japan are limited. The STELLA-LONG TERM study is an ongoing 3-year post-marketing surveillance study of ipragliflozin in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients. Here, we report the interim results (including 3-, 12-, and 24-month data). All Japanese patients with T2D who were first prescribed ipragliflozin between 17 July 2014 and 16 October 2015 at participating centers in Japan were registered in STELLA-LONG TERM. At 3, 12, and 24 months, the safety analysis set comprised 11,053, 5475, and 138 patients, respectively; the efficacy analysis set comprised 8757 patients. Ipragliflozin treatment resulted in statistically significant improvements versus baseline in hemoglobin A1c, fasting plasma glucose concentration, body weight, blood pressure, heart rate, and serum concentrations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides. The adverse drug reaction incidence rate was 10.71%, the most common reactions being renal and urinary disorders (5.06%), infections and infestations (1.24%), and skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders (1.14%). Ipragliflozin was well tolerated and effective in Japanese patients with T2D; no new safety issues were identified.

  14. 42 CFR 3.534 - The hearing.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... this part. (b)(1) The respondent has the burden of going forward and the burden of persuasion with... persuasion with respect to all other issues, including issues of liability and the existence of any factors... persuasion will be judged by a preponderance of the evidence. (c) The hearing must be open to the public...

  15. 42 CFR 3.534 - The hearing.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... this part. (b)(1) The respondent has the burden of going forward and the burden of persuasion with... persuasion with respect to all other issues, including issues of liability and the existence of any factors... persuasion will be judged by a preponderance of the evidence. (c) The hearing must be open to the public...

  16. 42 CFR 3.534 - The hearing.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... this part. (b)(1) The respondent has the burden of going forward and the burden of persuasion with... persuasion with respect to all other issues, including issues of liability and the existence of any factors... persuasion will be judged by a preponderance of the evidence. (c) The hearing must be open to the public...

  17. 42 CFR 3.534 - The hearing.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... this part. (b)(1) The respondent has the burden of going forward and the burden of persuasion with... persuasion with respect to all other issues, including issues of liability and the existence of any factors... persuasion will be judged by a preponderance of the evidence. (c) The hearing must be open to the public...

  18. School Law Update...Preventive School Law.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Jones, Thomas N., Ed.; Semler, Darel P., Ed.

    A wide variety of contemporary legal issues are addressed in the 15 separate papers that make up this volume. The introductory chapter by William C. Bednar, Jr. provides a broad-based rationale for "Preventive School Law." Chapters 2 and 3, both by Gerald A. Caplan, review "Current Issues in Reduction-in-Force" and "First Amendment Claims by…

  19. 10 CFR Appendix C to Part 30 - Criteria Relating to Use of Financial Tests and Self Guarantees for Providing Reasonable...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... thereof. (3) A current rating for its most recent bond issuance of AAA, AA, or A as issued by Standard and Poors (S&P), or Aaa, Aa, or A as issued by Moodys. B. To pass the financial test, a company must meet...

  20. 43 CFR 3142.0-3 - Authority.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    .../Diligent Development for Combined Hydrocarbon Leases § 3142.0-3 Authority. These regulations are issued... Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.) and the Combined Hydrocarbon Leasing Act of 1981 (95 Stat...

  1. [Treatment of open tile type C pelvic fractures by open reduction and internal fixation through anterior and posterior approaches at early stage].

    PubMed

    Li, Baichuan

    2014-05-01

    To explore the effectiveness of open reduction and internal fixation through anterior and posterior approaches in treatment of open Tile type C pelvic fractures at early stage. Between January 2009 and April 2012, 12 patients with open Tile C pelvic fractures were treated. There were 7 males and 5 females, aged 6-53 years (median, 31 years). Of 12 cases, 4 were classified as Tile type C1, 6 as Tile type C2, and 2 as Tile type C3; 5 were rated as Gustilo type II and 7 as Gustilo type III. The injury severity score was 18-57 (mean, 37.2). The interval of injury and admission ranged from 15 minutes to 3 days (median, 50 minutes). The debridement and external fixation were performed at first stage; then open reduction and internal fixation were used through anterior approach (reconstruction plate) and posterior approach (cannulated lag screws). The vacuum sealing drainage was performed during treatment until the wounds healed. Delayed healing of incison was obtained in 12 cases because of wound infection. Anatomical reduction or approximate anatomical reduction was achieved in all 12 cases. The patients were followed up 3-39 months (median, 18 months). No loosening of internal fixation or fracture displacement was observed during follow-up. The fracture healing time was 7-13 weeks (mean, 9.7 weeks). At last follow-up, according to the Matta standard, the outcome was excellent in 10 cases and good in 2 cases; according to Majeed score, the results were excellent in 9 cases, good in 1, and poor in 2. Early internal fixation operation of open Tile type C pelvic fractures can effectively restore the pelvic anatomical structure and stability, reduce the complication, and achieve satisfactory effectiveness.

  2. Usefulness of hepatitis C virus RNA counts by second generation HCV bDNA-probe in chronic hepatitis C based on the HCV genotype.

    PubMed

    Kobayashi, M; Kumada, H; Arase, Y; Chayama, K; Kobayashi, M; Tsubota, A; Koida, I; Saitoh, S; Suzuki, Y; Murashima, N; Ikeda, K; Miyano, Y; Mizoshita, K; Matsuda, M; Koike, H; Hashimoto, M

    1998-04-01

    Detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA by a second generation (ver 2) HCV bDNA-probe method (bDNA-probe) was compared with detection by the first generation (ver 1) assay. The two assays were performed simultaneously with the same serum samples of HCV genotypes 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a, and 3b. The positive rates with ver 1 were 82% for HCV genotype 1b (type 1b), 57.6% for HCV genotype 2a (type 2a), 75.0% for HCV genotype 2b (type 2b), 55.6% for HCV genotype 3a (type 3a), and 93.8% for HCV genotype 3b (type 3b). The positive rates with ver 2 were 95.0% for type 1b, 93.9% for type 2a, 83.3% for type 2b, 100% for type 3a, and 93.8% for type 3b. With Fisher's exact test, the detection rate for type 2a was significantly higher (P = 0.001) with ver 2 than with ver 1. We obtained regression lines using the HCV counts measured by bDNA-probe on the y axis and the HCV counts obtained by an HCV reverse transcriptase (RT)-competitive polymerase chain reaction method (competitive PCR) on the x axis. The gradients for types 1b, 2a, and 3b were greater with ver 2 compared to ver 1. The gradients for types 2a and 3b were the highest: for type 2a, y = 0.135x + 0.6 with ver 1 and y = 0.248x + 0.1 with ver 2; for type 3b, y = 0.366x + 0.1 with ver 1 and y = 0.727x + 0.3 for ver 2. In addition, HCV-RNA counts for all the genotypes tested in this study were significantly higher with ver 2 than with ver 1. Hence, we conclude that ver 2 of the bDNA-probe measures HCV-RNA counts closer to those obtained with competitive PCR than the ver 1 assay.

  3. SeSBench - An initiative to benchmark reactive transport models for environmental subsurface processes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Jacques, Diederik

    2017-04-01

    As soil functions are governed by a multitude of interacting hydrological, geochemical and biological processes, simulation tools coupling mathematical models for interacting processes are needed. Coupled reactive transport models are a typical example of such coupled tools mainly focusing on hydrological and geochemical coupling (see e.g. Steefel et al., 2015). Mathematical and numerical complexity for both the tool itself or of the specific conceptual model can increase rapidly. Therefore, numerical verification of such type of models is a prerequisite for guaranteeing reliability and confidence and qualifying simulation tools and approaches for any further model application. In 2011, a first SeSBench -Subsurface Environmental Simulation Benchmarking- workshop was held in Berkeley (USA) followed by four other ones. The objective is to benchmark subsurface environmental simulation models and methods with a current focus on reactive transport processes. The final outcome was a special issue in Computational Geosciences (2015, issue 3 - Reactive transport benchmarks for subsurface environmental simulation) with a collection of 11 benchmarks. Benchmarks, proposed by the participants of the workshops, should be relevant for environmental or geo-engineering applications; the latter were mostly related to radioactive waste disposal issues - excluding benchmarks defined for pure mathematical reasons. Another important feature is the tiered approach within a benchmark with the definition of a single principle problem and different sub problems. The latter typically benchmarked individual or simplified processes (e.g. inert solute transport, simplified geochemical conceptual model) or geometries (e.g. batch or one-dimensional, homogeneous). Finally, three codes should be involved into a benchmark. The SeSBench initiative contributes to confidence building for applying reactive transport codes. Furthermore, it illustrates the use of those type of models for different environmental and geo-engineering applications. SeSBench will organize new workshops to add new benchmarks in a new special issue. Steefel, C. I., et al. (2015). "Reactive transport codes for subsurface environmental simulation." Computational Geosciences 19: 445-478.

  4. A novel dihydropyridine with 3-aryl meta-hydroxyl substitution blocks L-type calcium channels in rat cardiomyocytes

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Galvis-Pareja, David; Centro Estudios Moleculares de la Célula; Zapata-Torres, Gerald

    2014-08-15

    Rationale: Dihydropyridines are widely used for the treatment of several cardiac diseases due to their blocking activity on L-type Ca{sup 2+} channels and their renowned antioxidant properties. Methods: We synthesized six novel dihydropyridine molecules and performed docking studies on the binding site of the L-type Ca{sup 2+} channel. We used biochemical techniques on isolated adult rat cardiomyocytes to assess the efficacy of these molecules on their Ca{sup 2+} channel-blocking activity and antioxidant properties. The Ca{sup 2+} channel-blocking activity was evaluated by confocal microscopy on fluo-3AM loaded cardiomyocytes, as well as using patch clamp experiments. Antioxidant properties were evaluated by flowmore » cytometry using the ROS sensitive dye 1,2,3 DHR. Results: Our docking studies show that a novel compound with 3-OH substitution inserts into the active binding site of the L-type Ca{sup 2+} channel previously described for nitrendipine. In biochemical assays, the novel meta-OH group in the aryl in C4 showed a high blocking effect on L-type Ca{sup 2+} channel as opposed to para-substituted compounds. In the tests we performed, none of the molecules showed antioxidant properties. Conclusions: Only substitutions in C2, C3 and C5 of the aryl ring render dihydropyridine compounds with the capacity of blocking LTCC. Based on our docking studies, we postulate that the antioxidant activity requires a larger group than the meta-OH substitution in C2, C3 or C5 of the dihydropyridine ring. - Highlights: • Dihydropyridine (DHP) molecules are widely used in cardiovascular disease. • DHPs block Ca{sup 2+} entry through LTCC—some DHPs have antioxidant activity as well. • We synthesized 6 new DHPs and tested their Ca{sup 2+} blocking and antioxidant activities. • 3-Aryl meta-hydroxyl substitution strongly increases their Ca{sup 2+} blocking activity. • 3-Aryl meta-hydroxyl substitution did not affect the antioxidant properties.« less

  5. Octahedral rotation patterns in strained EuFeO 3 and other Pbnm perovskite films: Implications for hybrid improper ferroelectricity

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Choquette, A. K.; Smith, C. R.; Sichel-Tissot, R. J.

    2016-07-01

    We report the relationship between epitaxial strain and the crystallographic orientation of the in-phase rotation axis and A-site displacements in Pbnm-type perovskite films. Synchrotron diffraction measurements of EuFeO3 films under strain states ranging from 2% compressive to 0.9% tensile on cubic or rhombohedral substrates exhibit a combination of a(-)a(+)c(-) and a(+)a(-)c(-) rotational patterns. We compare the EuFeO3 behavior with previously reported experimental and theoretical work on strained Pbnm-type films on nonorthorhombic substrates, as well as additional measurements from LaGaO3, LaFeO3, and Eu0.7Sr0.3MnO3 films on SrTiO3. Compiling the results from various material systems reveals a general strain dependence in which compressivemore » strain strongly favors a(-)a(+)c(-) and a(+)a(-)c(-) rotation patterns and tensile strain weakly favors a(-)a(-)c(+) structures. In contrast, EuFeO3 films grown on Pbnm-type GdScO3 under 2.3% tensile strain take on a uniform a(-)a(+)c(-) rotation pattern imprinted from the substrate, despite strain considerations that favor the a(-)a(-)c(+) pattern. These results point to the use of substrate imprinting as a more robust route than strain for tuning the crystallographic orientations of the octahedral rotations and A-site displacements needed to realize rotation-induced hybrid improper ferroelectricity in oxide heterostructures.« less

  6. Octahedral rotation patterns in strained EuFeO 3 and other Pbnm perovskite films: Implications for hybrid improper ferroelectricity

    DOE PAGES

    Choquette, A. K.; Smith, C. R.; Sichel-Tissot, R. J.; ...

    2016-07-07

    Here, we report the relationship between epitaxial strain and the crystallographic orientation of the in-phase rotation axis and A -site displacements in Pbnm-type perovskite films. Synchrotron diffraction measurements of EuFeO 3 films under strain states ranging from 2% compressive to 0.9% tensile on cubic or rhombohedral substrates exhibit a combination of a - a + c - and a + a - c - rotational patterns. We compare the EuFeO 3 behavior with previously reported experimental and theoretical work on strained Pbnm-type films on nonorthorhombic substrates, as well as additional measurements from LaGaO 3 ,more » LaFeO 3 , and Eu 0.7Sr 0.3 MnO 3 films on SrTiO 3 . Compiling the results from various material systems reveals a general strain dependence in which compressive strain strongly favors a - a + c - and a + a - c - rotation patterns and tensile strain weakly favors a - a - c + structures. In contrast, EuFeO 3 films grown on Pbnm-type GdScO 3 under 2.3% tensile strain take on a uniform a - a + c - rotation pattern imprinted from the substrate, despite strain considerations that favor the a - a - c + pattern. Our results point to the use of substrate imprinting as a more robust route than strain for tuning the crystallographic orientations of the octahedral rotations and A -site displacements needed to realize rotation-induced hybrid improper ferroelectricity in oxide heterostructures.« less

  7. National outbreak of type a foodborne botulism associated with a widely distributed commercially canned hot dog chili sauce.

    PubMed

    Juliao, Patricia C; Maslanka, Susan; Dykes, Janet; Gaul, Linda; Bagdure, Satish; Granzow-Kibiger, Lynae; Salehi, Ellen; Zink, Donald; Neligan, Robert P; Barton-Behravesh, Casey; Lúquez, Carolina; Biggerstaff, Matthew; Lynch, Michael; Olson, Christine; Williams, Ian; Barzilay, Ezra J

    2013-02-01

    On 7 and 11 July 2007, health officials in Texas and Indiana, respectively, reported 4 possible cases of type A foodborne botulism to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Foodborne botulism is a rare and sometimes fatal illness caused by consuming foods containing botulinum neurotoxin. Investigators reviewed patients' medical charts and food histories. Clinical specimens and food samples were tested for botulinum toxin and neurotoxin-producing Clostridium species. Investigators conducted inspections of the cannery that produced the implicated product. Eight confirmed outbreak associated cases were identified from Indiana (n = 2), Texas (n = 3), and Ohio (n = 3). Botulinum toxin type A was identified in leftover chili sauce consumed by the Indiana patients and 1 of the Ohio patients. Cannery inspectors found violations of federal canned-food regulations that could have led to survival of Clostridium botulinum spores during sterilization. The company recalled 39 million cans of chili. Following the outbreak, the US Food and Drug Administration inspected other canneries with similar canning systems and issued warnings to the industry about the danger of C. botulinum and the importance of compliance with canned food manufacturing regulations. Commercially produced hot dog chili sauce caused these cases of type A botulism. This is the first US foodborne botulism outbreak involving a commercial cannery in >30 years. Sharing of epidemiologic and laboratory findings allowed for the rapid identification of implicated food items and swift removal of potentially deadly products from the market by US food regulatory authorities.

  8. Advancing our understanding of religion and spirituality in the context of behavioral medicine.

    PubMed

    Park, Crystal L; Masters, Kevin S; Salsman, John M; Wachholtz, Amy; Clements, Andrea D; Salmoirago-Blotcher, Elena; Trevino, Kelly; Wischenka, Danielle M

    2017-02-01

    Recognizing and understanding the potentially powerful roles that religiousness and spirituality (RS) may serve in the prevention and amelioration of disease, as well as symptom management and health related quality of life, significantly enhances research and clinical efforts across many areas of behavioral medicine. This article examines the knowledge established to date and suggests advances that remain to be made. We begin with a brief summary of the current knowledge regarding RS as related to three exemplary health conditions: (a) cardiovascular disease; (b) cancer; and, (c) substance abuse. We then focus on particular concerns for future investigations, emphasizing conceptual issues, possible mediators and moderators of relationships or effects, and methodology. Our discussion is framed by a conceptual model that may serve to guide and organize future investigations. This model highlights a number of important issues regarding the study of links between RS and health: (a) RS comprise many diverse constructs, (b) the mechanisms through which RS may influence health outcomes are quite diverse, and (c) a range of different types of health and health relevant outcomes may be influenced by RS. The multidimensional nature of RS and the complexity of related associations with different types of health relevant outcomes present formidable challenges to empirical study in behavioral medicine. These issues are referred to throughout our review and we suggest several solutions to the presented challenges in our summary. We end with a presentation of barriers to be overcome, along with strategies for doing so, and concluding thoughts.

  9. Advancing our understanding of religion and spirituality in the context of behavioral medicine

    PubMed Central

    Masters, Kevin S.; Salsman, John M.; Wachholtz, Amy; Clements, Andrea D.; Salmoirago-Blotcher, Elena; Trevino, Kelly; Wischenka, Danielle M.

    2016-01-01

    Recognizing and understanding the potentially powerful roles that religiousness and spirituality (RS) may serve in the prevention and amelioration of disease, as well as symptom management and health related quality of life, significantly enhances research and clinical efforts across many areas of behavioral medicine. This article examines the knowledge established to date and suggests advances that remain to be made. We begin with a brief summary of the current knowledge regarding RS as related to three exemplary health conditions: (a) cardiovascular disease; (b) cancer; and, (c) substance abuse. We then focus on particular concerns for future investigations, emphasizing conceptual issues, possible mediators and moderators of relationships or effects, and methodology. Our discussion is framed by a conceptual model that may serve to guide and organize future investigations. This model highlights a number of important issues regarding the study of links between RS and health: (a) RS comprise many diverse constructs, (b) the mechanisms through which RS may influence health outcomes are quite diverse, and (c) a range of different types of health and health relevant outcomes may be influenced by RS. The multidimensional nature of RS and the complexity of related associations with different types of health relevant outcomes present formidable challenges to empirical study in behavioral medicine. These issues are referred to throughout our review and we suggest several solutions to the presented challenges in our summary. We end with a presentation of barriers to be overcome, along with strategies for doing so, and concluding thoughts. PMID:27342616

  10. Update of Aircraft Profile Data for the Integrated Noise Model Computer Program. Volume 3. Appendix B: Aircraft Performance Coefficients

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1992-03-01

    00 Name: LEAR 36/ TFE731 -2 ID: A/C Number 054 AC Type: JGA 2 ENGINES Rated Power: 3500 LB TOFLAP B C RT 1 20 0.438030E-01 0.105985E+01 0.1082240 2 10 0...00 0.OOOOOOE+00 O.OOOOOOE+00 O.OOOOOOE+00 B-28 Name: ASTRA 1125/ TFE731 -3A ID: A/C Number 062 AC Type: JGA 2 ENGINES Rated Power: 3700 LB TOFLAP B C RT...0.OOOOOOE+00 0.OOOOOOE+O0 0.OOOOOOE+00 Kla Klb K2 K3 0.OOOOOOE+00 O.O00000E+00 0.OOOOOOE+00 0.OOOOOOE+00 Name: CIT 3/ TFE731 -3-100S ID: A/C Number 095

  11. Structural and electronic transformations in substituted La-Sr manganites depending on cations and oxygen content

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Karpasyuk, Vladimir; Badelin, Alexey; Merkulov, Denis; Derzhavin, Igor; Estemirova, Svetlana

    2018-05-01

    In the present research experimental data are obtained for the Jahn-Teller O‧ phase formation, phase transformation "orthorhombic-rhombohedral structure" and the change of the conductance type in the systems of manganites La3+1-c+xSr2+c-xMn3+1-c-x-2γMn4+c+2γZn2+xO3+γ, La3+1-c-xSr2+c+xMn3+1-c-x-2γMn4+c+2γGe4+xO3+γ, La3+1-cSr2+cMn3+1-x-c-2γMn4+c+2γ(Zn2+0.5Ge4+0.5)xO3+γ, where Mn4+ ions concentration is independent of "x". Ceramic samples were sintered in air at 1473 K. As-sintered samples had an excess of oxygen content. In order to provide stoichiometric oxygen content, the samples were annealed at 1223 K and partial pressure of oxygen PO2 = 10-1 Pа. Structural characteristics of the O‧ phase were obtained. The position of the phase boundary "orthorhombic-rhombohedral structure" and the temperature of the conductance type change depending on the cation composition of manganites and oxygen content were determined. Possible approaches to the interpretation of experimental results were suggested.

  12. Clinical Features of Ground Glass Opacity-Dominant Lung Cancer Exceeding 3.0 cm in the Whole Tumor Size.

    PubMed

    Suzuki, Shigeki; Sakurai, Hiroyuki; Yotsukura, Masaya; Masai, Kyohei; Asakura, Keisuke; Nakagawa, Kazuo; Motoi, Noriko; Watanabe, Shun-Ichi

    2018-05-01

    Ground glass opacity (GGO)-dominant lung adenocarcinoma sized 3.0 cm or less in the whole tumor size is widely known to have an excellent prognosis and is regarded as early lung cancer. However, the characteristics and prognosis of lung cancer showing GGO exceeding 3.0 cm remains unclear. From 2002 through 2012, we reviewed 3,735 lung cancers that underwent complete resection at our institution. We identified 160 lung cancers (4.3%) showing GGO exceeding 3.0 cm on thin-section computed tomography and divided them into three types by the consolidation/tumor ratio (CTR) using cutoff values of 0.25 and 0.5. We compared the characteristics and prognosis among these types. Type A (CTR, 0 to ≤0.25), type B (CTR, >0.25 to ≤0.5), and type C (CTR, >0.5 to <1.0) were found in 16 (10%), 37 (23%), and 107 lesions (67%), respectively. No lymph node metastasis was found in types A and B. Recurrence was not observed in types A and B. The 5-year overall survival and disease-free survival rates were both 100% in type A, both 97.2% in type B, and 88.4% and 66.7% in type C, respectively. Patients with type C had a significantly worse prognosis than those with the other types with respect to overall survival and disease-free survival. A patient with GGO-dominant lung cancer exceeding 3.0 cm can be considered to be in a group of patients with nodal-negative disease and an excellent prognosis. Copyright © 2018 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  13. Bisabolane-type sesquiterpenes from the aerial parts of Lippia dulcis.

    PubMed

    Ono, Masateru; Tsuru, Tsuyoshi; Abe, Hiroaki; Eto, Masashi; Okawa, Masafumi; Abe, Fumiko; Kinjo, Junei; Ikeda, Tsuyoshi; Nohara, Toshihiro

    2006-10-01

    Six new bisabolane-type sesquiterpenes, peroxylippidulcines A-C (3-5), peroxyepilippidulcine B (6), and epilippidulcines B (7) and C (8), have been isolated from the aerial parts of Lippia dulcis, along with two known bisabolane-type sesquiterpenes, seven known flavonoids, and a known triterpenoid. The structures of 3-8 were characterized on the basis of NMR, MS, specific rotation, and X-ray crystallographic analysis data and chemical evidence.

  14. The National Shipbuilding Research Program. A Common Sense Design Manual for Producibility of Hull Foundations

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1996-06-01

    FAMILY OF STANDARD FOUNDATION TYPES TYPE 6 TYPE _TYPE 18 TYPE 24 C o m p u t e r M o d e l Hull Mounted Bottom Shell Gril lage C o m p u t e r M o d... Gril lage S T A N D A R D FOUNDATION TYPE 1 C o m p u t e r M o d e l Hull Mounted Bottom Shell Frame 3. FLANGE BENDING LONGITUDINAL L FRAME BENDING 2

  15. Antigenic characterization of a formalin-inactivated poliovirus vaccine derived from live-attenuated Sabin strains.

    PubMed

    Tano, Yoshio; Shimizu, Hiroyuki; Martin, Javier; Nishimura, Yorihiro; Simizu, Bunsiti; Miyamura, Tatsuo

    2007-10-10

    A candidate inactivated poliovirus vaccine derived from live-attenuated Sabin strains (sIPV), which are used in the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), was prepared in a large-production scale. The modification of viral antigenic epitopes during the formalin inactivation process was investigated by capture ELISA assays using type-specific and antigenic site-specific monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs). The major antigenic site 1 was modified during the formalin inactivation of Sabin 1. Antigenic sites 1-3 were slightly modified during the formalin inactivation of Sabin 2 strain. Sites 1 and 3 were altered on inactivated Sabin 3 virus. These alterations were different to those shown by wild-type Saukett strain, used in conventional IPV (cIPV). It has been previously reported that type 1 sIPV showed higher immunogenicity to type 1 cIPV whereas types 2 and 3 sIPV induced lower level of immunogenicity than their cIPV counterparts. Our results suggest that the differences in epitope structure after formalin inactivation may account, at least in part, for the observed differences in immunogenicity between Sabin and wild-type inactivated poliovaccines.

  16. How do hospital professionals involved in a randomised controlled trial perceive the value of genotyping vs. PCR-ribotyping for control of hospital acquired C. difficile infections?

    PubMed Central

    2014-01-01

    Background Despite scientific advances in typing of C. difficile strains very little is known about how hospital staff use typing results during periods of increased incidence (PIIs). This qualitative study, undertaken alongside a randomised controlled trial (RCT), explored this issue. The trial compared ribotyping versus more rapid genotyping (MLVA or multilocus variable repeat analysis) and found no significant difference in post 48 hour cases (C difficile transmissions). Methods In-depth qualitative interviews with senior staff in 11/16 hospital trusts in the trial (5 MLVA and 6 Ribotyping). Semi-structured interviews were conducted at end of the trial period. Transcripts were content analysed using framework analysis supported by NVivo-8 software. Common sub-themes were extracted by two researchers independently. These were compared and organised into over-arching categories or ‘super-ordinate themes’. Results The trial recorded that 45% of typing tests had some impact on infection control (IC) activities. Interviews indicated that tests had little impact on initial IC decisions. These were driven by hospital protocols and automatically triggered when a PII was identified. To influence decision-making, a laboratory turnaround time < 3 days (ideally 24 hours) was suggested; MLVA turnaround time was 5.3 days. Typing results were predominantly used to modify initiated IC activities such as ward cleaning, audits of practice or staff training; major decisions (e.g. ward closure) were unaffected. Organisational factors could limit utilisation of MLVA results. Results were twice as likely to be reported as ‘aiding management’ (indirect benefit) than impacting on IC activities (direct effect). Some interviewees considered test results provided reassurance about earlier IC decisions; others identified secondary benefits on organisational culture. An underlying benefit of improved discrimination provided by MLVA typing was the ability to explore epidemiology associated with CDI cases in a hospital more thoroughly. Conclusions Ribotyping and MLVA are both valued by users. MLVA had little additional direct impact on initial infection control decisions. This would require reduced turnaround time. The major impact is adjustments to earlier IC measures and retrospective reassurance. For this, turnaround time is less important than discriminatory power. The potential remains for wider use of genotyping to examine transmission routes. PMID:24656142

  17. Analysis of the gutta-percha filled area in C-shaped mandibular molars obturated with a modified MicroSeal technique.

    PubMed

    Ordinola-Zapata, R; Bramante, C M; de Moraes, I G; Bernardineli, N; Garcia, R B; Gutmann, J L

    2009-03-01

    To analyse the gutta-percha filled area of C-shaped molar teeth root filled with the modified MicroSeal technique with reference to the radiographic features and the C-shaped canal configuration. Twenty-three mandibular second molar teeth with C-shaped roots were classified according to their radiographic features as: type I--merging, type II--symmetrical and type III--asymmetrical. The canals were root filled using a modified technique of the MicroSeal system. Horizontal sections at intervals of 600 mum were made 1 mm from the apex to the subpulpal floor level. The percentage of gutta-percha area from the apical, middle and coronal levels of the radiographic types was analysed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Complementary analysis of the C-shaped canal configurations (C1, C2 and C3) determined from cross-sections from the apical third was performed in a similar way. No significant differences were found between the radiographic types in terms of the percentage of gutta-percha area at any level (P > 0.05): apical third, type I: 77.04%, II: 70.48% and III: 77.13%, middle third, type I: 95.72%, II: 93.17%, III: 91.13% and coronal level, type I: 98.30%, II: 98.25%, III: 97.14%. Overall, the percentage of the filling material was lower in the apical third (P < 0.05). No significant differences were found between the C-shaped canal configurations apically; C1: 72.64%, C2: 79.62%, C3: 73.51% (P > 0.05). The percentage of area filled with gutta-percha was similar in the three radiographic types and canal configuration categories of C-shaped molars. These results show the difficulty of achieving predictable filling of the root canal system when this anatomical variation exists. In general, the apical third was less completely filled.

  18. FIREX mission requirements document for renewable resources

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Carsey, F.; Dixon, T.

    1982-01-01

    The initial experimental program and mission requirements for a satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) system FIREX (Free-Flying Imaging Radar Experiment) for renewable resources is described. The spacecraft SAR is a C-band and L-band VV polarized system operating at two angles of incidence which is designated as a research instrument for crop identification, crop canopy condition assessments, soil moisture condition estimation, forestry type and condition assessments, snow water equivalent and snow wetness assessments, wetland and coastal land type identification and mapping, flood extent mapping, and assessment of drainage characteristics of watersheds for water resources applications. Specific mission design issues such as the preferred incidence angles for vegetation canopy measurements and the utility of a dual frequency (L and C-band) or dual polarization system as compared to the baseline system are addressed.

  19. Hot wire in low Reynolds number flow

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Kolb, M. A.; Covert, E. E.

    1984-01-01

    Progress reports were issued on the following experiments: (1) low Reynolds number flow phenomenon of periodic vortex shedding in the wake behind a cylinder as studied by applying the hot wire anemometer technique of flow measurement. The downstream diffusion of these shed vortices was of prime concern. An evaluation of the performance of the hot wire at low Reynolds number is also considered. (2) A brief examination of the back sections of the Wright Brothers wind tunnel circuits were conducted to establish whether or not gross flow deviations were present at corners, or turning vane regions. A calibration of the test sections was done. (3) The attractiveness of using rembedded grids for airfoil calculations modeled by the Euler equations was explored. These calculations were extended to C-type grids and then to Navier-Stokes calculations,

  20. Band gap narrowing in n-type and p-type 3C-, 2H-, 4H-, 6H-SiC, and Si

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Persson, C.; Lindefelt, U.; Sernelius, B. E.

    1999-10-01

    Doping-induced energy shifts of the conduction band minimum and the valence band maximum have been calculated for n-type and p-type 3C-, 2H-, 4H-, 6H-SiC, and Si. The narrowing of the fundamental band gap and of the optical band gap are presented as functions of ionized impurity concentration. The calculations go beyond the common parabolic treatments of the ground state energy dispersion by using energy dispersion and overlap integrals from band structure calculations. The nonparabolic valence band curvatures influence strongly the energy shifts especially in p-type materials. The utilized method is based on a zero-temperature Green's function formalism within the random phase approximation with local field correction according to Hubbard. We have parametrized the shifts of the conduction and the valence bands and made comparisons with recently published results from a semi-empirical model.

  1. 28 CFR 45.3 - Disciplinary proceedings under 18 U.S.C. 207(j).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... proceedings. (f) A decision adverse to the former departmental employee must be sustained by substantial... officer. (i) If a former departmental employee fails to appeal from an adverse initial decision within the... decision that the former departmental employee violated 18 U.S.C. 207 (a), (b) or (c), may issue an order...

  2. 40 CFR 720.3 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ..., Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 21 U.S.C. 321 et seq., and the regulations issued under it. In addition, the..., 21 U.S.C. 453 et seq.; meats and meat food products, as defined in the Federal Meat Inspection Act, 21 U.S.C. 60 et seq.; and eggs and egg products, as defined in the Egg Products Inspection Act, 21 U...

  3. 40 CFR 720.3 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ..., Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 21 U.S.C. 321 et seq., and the regulations issued under it. In addition, the..., 21 U.S.C. 453 et seq.; meats and meat food products, as defined in the Federal Meat Inspection Act, 21 U.S.C. 60 et seq.; and eggs and egg products, as defined in the Egg Products Inspection Act, 21 U...

  4. The Effect of SiC Polytypes on the Heat Distribution Efficiency of a Phase Change Memory.

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Aziz, M. S.; Mohammed, Z.; Alip, R. I.

    2018-03-01

    The amorphous to crystalline transition of germanium-antimony-tellurium (GST) using three types of silicon carbide’s structure as a heating element was investigated. Simulation was done using COMSOL Multiphysic 5.0 software with separate heater structure. Silicon carbide (SiC) has three types of structure; 3C-SiC, 4H-SiC and 6H-SiC. These structures have a different thermal conductivity. The temperature of GST and phase transition of GST can be obtained from the simulation. The temperature of GST when using 3C-SiC, 4H-SiC and 6H-SiC are 467K, 466K and 460K, respectively. The phase transition of GST from amorphous to crystalline state for three type of SiC’s structure can be determined in this simulation. Based on the result, the thermal conductivity of SiC can affecting the temperature of GST and changed of phase change memory (PCM).

  5. The Effect of the Elimination of Micromotion and Tissue Strain on Intracortical Device Performance

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2017-10-01

    dry mode and after soaking for 60 min in PBS at 37 °C. 6 3. Connectivity Issue: An additional issue emerged while trying to establish an electrical...patterned to dry etch the Parylene-C film using DMA ribbons photo mask using O2 plasma. The photoresist is then stripped off to get the wafers ready for...investigated visually by the naked eye and with an optical microscope and only those who pass (substrates with very low number of small particles, if

  6. ClC-K chloride channels: emerging pathophysiology of Bartter syndrome type 3.

    PubMed

    Andrini, Olga; Keck, Mathilde; Briones, Rodolfo; Lourdel, Stéphane; Vargas-Poussou, Rosa; Teulon, Jacques

    2015-06-15

    The mutations in the CLCNKB gene encoding the ClC-Kb chloride channel are responsible for Bartter syndrome type 3, one of the four variants of Bartter syndrome in the genetically based nomenclature. All forms of Bartter syndrome are characterized by hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, and secondary hyperaldosteronism, but Bartter syndrome type 3 has the most heterogeneous presentation, extending from severe to very mild. A relatively large number of CLCNKB mutations have been reported, including gene deletions and nonsense or missense mutations. However, only 20 CLCNKB mutations have been functionally analyzed, due to technical difficulties regarding ClC-Kb functional expression in heterologous systems. This review provides an overview of recent progress in the functional consequences of CLCNKB mutations on ClC-Kb chloride channel activity. It has been observed that 1) all ClC-Kb mutants have an impaired expression at the membrane; and 2) a minority of the mutants combines reduced membrane expression with altered pH-dependent channel gating. Although further investigation is needed to fully characterize disease pathogenesis, Bartter syndrome type 3 probably belongs to the large family of conformational diseases, in which the mutations destabilize channel structure, inducing ClC-Kb retention in the endoplasmic reticulum and accelerated channel degradation. Copyright © 2015 the American Physiological Society.

  7. Characterising the metamorphic discontinuity across the Main Central Thrust Zone of eastern-central Nepal

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wang, Jiamin; Zhang, Jinjiang; Wei, Chunjing; Rai, SantaMan; Wang, Meng; Qian, Jiahui

    2015-04-01

    The Main Central Thrust Zone (MCTZ) is a top-to-south shear zone that has exhumed the high-grade Himalayan metamorphic core during the orogeny. Identifying the location of the MCTZ is a major challenge and the characteristics of the metamorphic discontinuity remain under debate. To clarify this issue, petrologic and thermobarometric studies were carried out on metapelites and metapsammites that were collected from the basal Nyalam transect in eastern-central Nepal. Results reveal that the metamorphic discontinuity across the MCTZ is characterised by a continuous increase in peak P-T conditions toward higher structural levels, a relatively high field temperature gradient (25-50 °C km-1) and different types of P-T paths. Specifically, representative rocks in the MCTZ record sub-solidus peak conditions (637 ± 16 °C and 9.2 ± 1.0 kbar) and a hairpin-type P-T path. The lower GHC rocks record supra-solidus peak conditions (690 ± 32 °C and 10.3 + 1.1/-1.4 kbar) and a prograde loading path with a small segment of decompression. The presence of a high field pressure gradient across the MCTZ is debatable in the Nyalam transect due to the large uncertainties in pressure estimates. Comparison between obtained P-T results and model predictions indicates that a multiple thrusting process dominated exhumation of the MCTZ and lower GHC rocks, while crustal flow contributed partly to exhumation of the lower GHC rocks.

  8. China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities -- Background and Issues for Congress

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2008-04-04

    Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions...information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. 1 . REPORT DATE 04 APR 2008 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED 00-00-2008 to... 1 Issue for Congress

  9. China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities -- Background and Issues for Congress

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2008-09-12

    Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions...information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. 1 . REPORT DATE 12 SEP 2008 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED 00-00-2008... 1 Issue for Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Scope, Sources, and

  10. China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities - Background and Issues for Congress

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2008-08-11

    Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions...information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. 1 . REPORT DATE 11 AUG 2008 2. REPORT TYPE N/A 3. DATES COVERED - 4... 1 Issue for Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Scope, Sources

  11. RING-type E3 ligases: Master manipulators of E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes and ubiquitination

    PubMed Central

    Metzger, Meredith B.; Pruneda, Jonathan N.; Klevit, Rachel E.; Weissman, Allan M.

    2013-01-01

    RING finger domain and RING finger-like ubiquitin ligases (E3s), such as U-box proteins, constitute the vast majority of known E3s. RING-type E3s function together with ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s) to mediate ubiquitination and are implicated in numerous cellular processes. In part because of their importance in human physiology and disease, these proteins and their cellular functions represent an intense area of study. Here we review recent advances in RING-type E3 recognition of substrates, their cellular regulation, and their varied architecture. Additionally, recent structural insights into RING-type E3 function, with a focus on important interactions with E2s and ubiquitin, are reviewed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Ubiquitin-Proteasome System. PMID:23747565

  12. Comparative study on degradation and trap density-of-states of p type and n type organic semiconductors

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Shijeesh, M. R.; Vikas, L. S.; Jayaraj, M. K.; Puigdollers, J.

    2014-10-01

    The OTFTs with both p type and n type channel layers were fabricated using the inverted-staggered (top contact) structure by thermal vapour deposition on Si/SiO2 substrate. Pentacene and N,N'-Dioctyl- 3,4,9,10- perylenedicarboximide (PTCDI-C8) were used as channel layer for the fabrications of p type and n type OTFTs respectively. A comparative study on the degradation and density of states (DOS) of p type and n type organic semiconductors have been carried out. In order to compare the stability and degradation of pentacene and PTCDI-C8 OTFTs, the devices were exposed to air for 2 h before performing electrical measurements in air. The DOS measurements revealed that a level with defect density of 1020 cm-3 was formed only in PTCDI C8 layer on exposure to air. The oxygen adsorption into the PTCDI-C8 active layer can be attributed to the formation of this level at 0.15 eV above the LUMO level. The electrical charge transport is strongly affected by the oxygen traps and hence n type organic materials are less stable than p type organic materials.

  13. Complement component C3 plays a critical role in protecting the aging retina in a murine model of age-related macular degeneration.

    PubMed

    Hoh Kam, Jaimie; Lenassi, Eva; Malik, Talat H; Pickering, Matthew C; Jeffery, Glen

    2013-08-01

    Complement component C3 is the central complement component and a key inflammatory protein activated in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). AMD is associated with genetic variation in complement proteins that results in enhanced activation of C3 through the complement alternative pathway. These include complement factor H (CFH), a negative regulator of C3 activation. Both C3 inhibition and/or CFH augmentation are potential therapeutic strategies in AMD. Herein, we examined retinal integrity in aged (12 months) mice deficient in both factors H and C3 (CFH(-/-).C3(-/-)), CFH alone (CFH(-/-)), or C3 alone (C3(-/-)), and wild-type mice (C57BL/6). Retinal function was assessed by electroretinography, and retinal morphological features were analyzed at light and electron microscope levels. Retinas were also stained for amyloid β (Aβ) deposition, inflammation, and macrophage accumulation. Contrary to expectation, electroretinograms of CFH(-/-).C3(-/-) mice displayed more severely reduced responses than those of other mice. All mutant strains showed significant photoreceptor loss and thickening of Bruch's membrane compared with wild-type C57BL/6, but these changes were greater in CFH(-/-).C3(-/-) mice. CFH(-/-).C3(-/-) mice had significantly more Aβ on Bruch's membrane, fewer macrophages, and high levels of retinal inflammation than the other groups. Our data show that both uncontrolled C3 activation (CFH(-/-)) and complete absence of C3 (CFH(-/-).C3(-/-) and C3(-/-)) negatively affect aged retinas. These findings suggest that strategies that inhibit C3 in AMD may be deleterious. Copyright © 2013 American Society for Investigative Pathology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  14. Novel PAX3 mutations causing Waardenburg syndrome type 1 in Tunisian patients.

    PubMed

    Trabelsi, Mediha; Nouira, Malek; Maazoul, Faouzi; Kraoua, Lilia; Meddeb, Rim; Ouertani, Ines; Chelly, Imen; Benoit, Valérie; Besbes, Ghazi; Mrad, Ridha

    2017-12-01

    Waardenburg syndrome (WS) is an auditory-pigmentary disease characterized by a clinical and genetic variability. WS is classified into four types depending on the presence or absence of additional symptoms: WS1, WS2, WS3 and WS4. Type 1 and 3 are mostly caused by PAX3 mutations, while type 2 and type 4 are genetically heterogeneous. The aims of this study are to confirm the diagnostic of WS1 by the sequencing of PAX3 gene and to evaluate the genotype phenotype correlation. A clinical classification was established for 14 patients WS, as proposed by the Waardenburg Consortium, and noted a predominance of type 1 and type 2 with 6 patients WS1, 7 patients WS2 and 1 patient WS3. A significant inter and intra-familial clinical heterogeneity was also observed. A sequencing of PAX3 gene in the 6 patients WS1 confirmed the diagnosis in 4 of them by revealing three novel mutations that modify two functional domains of the protein: the c.942delC; the c.933_936dupTTAC and the c.164delTCCGCCACA. These three variations are most likely responsible for the phenotype, however their pathogenic effects need to be confirmed by functional studies. The MLPA analysis of the 2 patients who were sequence negative for PAX3 gene revealed, in one of them, a heterozygous deletion of exons 5 to 9 confirming the WS1 diagnosis. Both clinical and molecular approaches led to the conclusion that there is a lack of genotype-phenotype correlation in WS1, an element that must be taken into account in genetic counseling. The absence of PAX3 mutation in one patient WS1 highlights the fact that the clinical classification is sometimes insufficient to distinguish WS1 from other types WS hence the interest of sequencing the other WS genes in this patient. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  15. Niemann-Pick disease, Type C: evidence for the deficiency of an activating factor stimulating sphingomyelin and glucocerebroside degradation.

    PubMed

    Christomanou, H

    1980-10-01

    1) Qualitative lipid analyses by thin-layer chromatography of 4 Niemann-Pick type C spleens confirmed sphingomyelin accumulation together with increase in the amount of glucocerebroside. 2) In the presence of crude sodium taurocholate as detergent, sphingomyelin degradation rates of normal and Niemann-Pick type C-cultured fibroblasts were fairly close under standard conditions at pH 5.0. In the absence of sodium taurocholate, sphingomyelinase activity was optimal at pH 4.0. Sphingomyelinase activities of fibroblasts from two patients with Niemann-Pick disease type C measured without detergent, were about 30% of that of controls. 3) Extracts from Gaucher spleen heated to 90 degrees C and devoid of sphingomyelinase activity stimulated at the optimal pH of 4.0 sphingomyelin degradation by cultured normal fibroblasts (2--4-fold, Niemann-Pick type C fibroblasts (5--9-fold), whereas similarly treated extracts from Niemann-Pick type C spleen showed no stimulation of sphingomyelin catabolism. Heated extracts from normal human spleen exhibited a smaller stimulation than that shown by Gaucher spleen. This stimulating effect could not be observed in fibroblasts from patients suffering from Niemann-Pick type B (sphingomyelinase defect). 4) Heat-treated extracts of Gaucher spleen were fractionated by ion exchange chromatography, isoelectric focusing and gel filtration. The active fractions obtained by these procedures stimulated sphingomyelin as well as glucocerebroside degradation and were absent from the corresponding Niemann-Pick type C preparations. Enriched activator preparations of Gaucher spleen stimulated sphingomyelinase activity of Niemann-Pick type C fibroblasts 25--38-fold and that of normal cells 3-fold. 5) The activating factor had an isoelectric point of 4.0 and an apparent molecular weight, as estimated by gel filtration, of 25000. Treatment with pronase E abolished its activity.

  16. Structure and immunocytochemical localization of photosynthetic enzymes in the lamina joint and sheath pulvinus of the C4 grass Arundinella hirta.

    PubMed

    Wakayama, Masataka; Ohnishi, Jun-ichi; Ueno, Osamu

    2013-03-01

    The C(4) grass Arundinella hirta exhibits a unique C(4) anatomy, with isolated Kranz cells (distinctive cells) and C(4)-type expression of photosynthetic enzymes in the leaf sheath and stem as well as in the leaf blade. The border zones between these organs are pale green. Those between the leaf blade and sheath and between the sheath and stem are called the lamina joint and sheath pulvinus, respectively, and are involved in gravity sensing. We investigated the structure and localization of C(3) and C(4) photosynthetic enzymes in these tissues. In both zones the epidermis lacked stomata. The inner tissue was composed of parenchyma cells and vascular bundles. The parenchyma cells were densely packed with small intercellular spaces and contained granal chloroplasts with large starch grains. No C(4)-type cellular differentiation was recognized. Western blot analysis showed that the lamina joint and pulvinus accumulated substantial amounts of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), pyruvate,Pi dikinase (PPDK), and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco). Immunogold electron microscopy revealed PEPC in the cytosol and both PPDK and rubisco in the chloroplasts of parenchyma cells, suggesting the occurrence of C(3) and C(4) enzymes within a single type of chlorenchyma cell. These data indicate that the lamina joint and pulvinus have unique expression patterns of C(3) and C(4) enzymes, unlike those in C(4)-type anatomy.

  17. Image volume analysis of omnidirectional parallax regular-polyhedron three-dimensional displays.

    PubMed

    Kim, Hwi; Hahn, Joonku; Lee, Byoungho

    2009-04-13

    Three-dimensional (3D) displays having regular-polyhedron structures are proposed and their imaging characteristics are analyzed. Four types of conceptual regular-polyhedron 3D displays, i.e., hexahedron, octahedron, dodecahedron, and icosahedrons, are considered. In principle, regular-polyhedron 3D display can present omnidirectional full parallax 3D images. Design conditions of structural factors such as viewing angle of facet panel and observation distance for 3D display with omnidirectional full parallax are studied. As a main issue, image volumes containing virtual 3D objects represented by the four types of regular-polyhedron displays are comparatively analyzed.

  18. Sensitivity improvement of a sandwich-type ELISA immunosensor for the detection of different prostate-specific antigen isoforms in human serum using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and an ordered and hierarchically organized interfacial supramolecular architecture.

    PubMed

    Gutiérrez-Zúñiga, Gabriela Guadalupe; Hernández-López, José Luis

    2016-01-01

    A gold millielectrode (GME) functionalized with a mixed (16-MHA + EG3SH) self-assembled monolayer (SAM) was used to fabricate an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) immunosensor for the sensitive detection of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a prostate cancer (PCa) biomarker, in human serum samples. To address and minimize the issue of non-specific protein adsorption, an organic matrix (amine-PEG3-biotin/avidin) was assembled on the previously functionalized electrode surface to build up an ordered and hierarchically organized interfacial supramolecular architecture: Au/16-MHA/EG3SH/amine-PEG3-biotin/avidin. The electrode was then exposed to serum samples at different concentrations of a sandwich-type immunocomplex molecule ((Btn)Ab-AgPSA-(HRP)Ab), and its interfacial properties were characterized using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Calibration curves for polarization resistance (RP) and capacitance (1/C) vs. total and free PSA concentrations were obtained and their analytical quality parameters were determined. This approach was compared with results obtained from a commercially available ELISA immunosensor. The results obtained in this work showed that the proposed immunosensor can be successfully applied to analyze serum samples of patients representative of the Mexican population. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  19. A decade review of publications in Families, Systems, & Health: 2005-2015.

    PubMed

    Mendenhall, Tai J; Li, Yiting; Schulz, Catherine L

    2016-09-01

    The purpose of this investigation was to review recent publication content and trends in Families, Systems, & Health ( FSH ). How do the journal’s articles reflect current and emerging challenges in health care? We hope that our findings can guide special issues and content foci. All work published in FSH between 2005 and 2015 was included (n = 452); each piece was coded for article type, general foci, and specific foci. The most common type of article published over the 10-year time frame was research reports (43%; n = 195), followed by other types (e.g., tribute pieces, poems), commentaries, conceptual/theory papers, literature reviews, and case studies. The most common general focus included family health and/or functioning (28%; n = 128). The most common specific foci centered on children (15%; n = 55). Common themes found in FSH ’s most frequently cited publications included family relationships in care, chronic physical illnesses, and mental health. Marked trends in journal content included increases in articles targeting family health and/or functioning and primary care and decreased attention to theory. FSH’s emphasis on research reports to inform current and evolving interventions that target contemporary health challenges suggests that the journal is keeping stride with the most pressing issues in health care today. Future special issues can continue to serve and meet these needs. FSH’s robust inclusion of other article types sustains the journal’s mission to advance multiple ways of understanding health-care phenomena. PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved

  20. Inhibition of Human Papillomavirus Type 16 Infection Using an RNA Aptamer.

    PubMed

    Valencia-Reséndiz, Diana Gabriela; Palomino-Vizcaino, Giovanni; Tapia-Vieyra, Juana Virginia; Benítez-Hess, María Luisa; Leija-Montoya, Ana Gabriela; Alvarez-Salas, Luis Marat

    2018-04-01

    Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) DNA has been found in ∼50% of cervical tumors worldwide. HPV infection starts with the binding of the virus capsid to heparan sulfate (HS) receptors exposed on the surface of epithelial basal layer keratinocytes. Previously, our group isolated a high-affinity RNA aptamer (Sc5c3) specific for HPV16 L1 virus-like particles (VLPs). In this study, we report the inhibition of HPV16 infection by Sc5c3 in a pseudovirus (PsVs) model. 293TT cells were infected by HPV16 PsVs containing the yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) as reporter gene. Incubation of HPV16 PsVs with Sc5c3 before infection resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in YFP fluorescence, suggesting infection inhibition. Aptamer degradation by RNase A restored PsVs infectivity, supporting the previous observation that Sc5c3 aptamer can inhibit infection. VLP mutants with removed HS binding sites were used in binding assays to elucidate the Sc5c3 blocking mechanism; however, no binding difference was observed between wild-type and mutant VLPs, suggesting that pseudoinfection inhibition relies on mechanisms additional to electrostatic HS binding site interaction. A DNA/RNA Sc5c3 version also inhibited HPV PsVs infection, suggesting that a modified, nuclease-resistant Sc5c3 may be used to inhibit HPV16 infection in vivo.

  1. Kingella kingae expresses four structurally distinct polysaccharide capsules that differ in their correlation with invasive disease

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Starr, Kimberly F.; Porsch, Eric A.; Seed, Patrick C.

    Kingella kingae is an encapsulated gram-negative organism that is a common cause of osteoarticular infections in young children. In earlier work, we identified a glycosyltransferase gene called csaA that is necessary for synthesis of the [3)-β-GalpNAc-(1→5)-β-Kdop-(2→] polysaccharide capsule (type a) in K. kingae strain 269–492. In the current study, we analyzed a large collection of invasive and carrier isolates from Israel and found that csaA was present in only 47% of the isolates. Further examination of this collection using primers based on the sequence that flanks csaA revealed three additional gene clusters (designated the csb, csc, and csd loci), allmore » encoding predicted glycosyltransferases. The csb locus contains the csbA, csbB, and csbC genes and is associated with a capsule that is a polymer of [6)-α-GlcpNAc-(1→5)-β-(8-OAc)Kdop-(2→] (type b). The csc locus contains the cscA, cscB, and cscC genes and is associated with a capsule that is a polymer of [3)-β-Ribf-(1→2)-β-Ribf-(1→2)-β-Ribf-(1→4)-β-Kdop-(2→] (type c). The csd locus contains the csdA, csdB, and csdC genes and is associated with a capsule that is a polymer of [P-(O→3)[β-Galp-(1→4)]-β-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-α-GlcpNAc-1-] (type d). Introduction of the csa, csb, csc, and csd loci into strain KK01Δcsa, a strain 269–492 derivative that lacks the native csaA gene, was sufficient to produce the type a capsule, type b capsule, type c capsule, and type d capsule, respectively, indicating that these loci are solely responsible for determining capsule type in K. kingae. Further analysis demonstrated that 96% of the invasive isolates express either the type a or type b capsule and that a disproportionate percentage of carrier isolates express the type c or type d capsule. Lastly, these results establish that there are at least four structurally distinct K. kingae capsule types and suggest that capsule type plays an important role in promoting K. kingae invasive disease« less

  2. Kingella kingae expresses four structurally distinct polysaccharide capsules that differ in their correlation with invasive disease

    DOE PAGES

    Starr, Kimberly F.; Porsch, Eric A.; Seed, Patrick C.; ...

    2016-10-19

    Kingella kingae is an encapsulated gram-negative organism that is a common cause of osteoarticular infections in young children. In earlier work, we identified a glycosyltransferase gene called csaA that is necessary for synthesis of the [3)-β-GalpNAc-(1→5)-β-Kdop-(2→] polysaccharide capsule (type a) in K. kingae strain 269–492. In the current study, we analyzed a large collection of invasive and carrier isolates from Israel and found that csaA was present in only 47% of the isolates. Further examination of this collection using primers based on the sequence that flanks csaA revealed three additional gene clusters (designated the csb, csc, and csd loci), allmore » encoding predicted glycosyltransferases. The csb locus contains the csbA, csbB, and csbC genes and is associated with a capsule that is a polymer of [6)-α-GlcpNAc-(1→5)-β-(8-OAc)Kdop-(2→] (type b). The csc locus contains the cscA, cscB, and cscC genes and is associated with a capsule that is a polymer of [3)-β-Ribf-(1→2)-β-Ribf-(1→2)-β-Ribf-(1→4)-β-Kdop-(2→] (type c). The csd locus contains the csdA, csdB, and csdC genes and is associated with a capsule that is a polymer of [P-(O→3)[β-Galp-(1→4)]-β-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-α-GlcpNAc-1-] (type d). Introduction of the csa, csb, csc, and csd loci into strain KK01Δcsa, a strain 269–492 derivative that lacks the native csaA gene, was sufficient to produce the type a capsule, type b capsule, type c capsule, and type d capsule, respectively, indicating that these loci are solely responsible for determining capsule type in K. kingae. Further analysis demonstrated that 96% of the invasive isolates express either the type a or type b capsule and that a disproportionate percentage of carrier isolates express the type c or type d capsule. Lastly, these results establish that there are at least four structurally distinct K. kingae capsule types and suggest that capsule type plays an important role in promoting K. kingae invasive disease« less

  3. Persistent C II absorption in the normal type Ia supernova 2002fk

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Cartier, Régis; Zelaya, Paula; Hamuy, Mario

    2014-07-01

    We present well-sampled UBVRIJHK photometry of SN 2002fk starting 12 days before maximum light through 122 days after peak brightness, along with a series of 15 optical spectra from –4 to +95 days since maximum. Our observations show the presence of C II lines in the early-time spectra of SN 2002fk, expanding at 11,000 km s{sup –1} and persisting until 8 days past maximum light with a velocity of ∼9000 km s{sup –1}. SN 2002fk is characterized by a small velocity gradient of v-dot {sub Si} {sub II}=26 km s{sup –1} day{sup –1}, possibly caused by an off-center explosion withmore » the ignition region oriented toward the observer. The connection between the viewing angle of an off-center explosion and the presence of C II in the early-time spectrum suggests that the observation of C II could be also due to a viewing angle effect. Adopting the Cepheid distance to NGC 1309 we provide the first H {sub 0} value based on near-infrared (near-IR) measurements of a Type Ia supernova (SN) between 63.0 ± 0.8 (±3.4 systematic) and 66.7 ± 1.0 (±3.5 systematic) km s{sup –1} Mpc{sup –1}, depending on the absolute magnitude/decline rate relationship adopted. It appears that the near-IR yields somewhat lower (6%-9%) H {sub 0} values than the optical. It is essential to further examine this issue by (1) expanding the sample of high-quality near-IR light curves of SNe in the Hubble flow, and (2) increasing the number of nearby SNe with near-IR SN light curves and precise Cepheid distances, which affords the promise to deliver a more precise determination of H {sub 0}.« less

  4. Differential Cav2.1 and Cav2.3 channel inhibition by baclofen and α-conotoxin Vc1.1 via GABAB receptor activation

    PubMed Central

    McArthur, Jeffrey R.; Cuny, Hartmut; Clark, Richard J.; Adams, David J.

    2014-01-01

    Neuronal Cav2.1 (P/Q-type), Cav2.2 (N-type), and Cav2.3 (R-type) calcium channels contribute to synaptic transmission and are modulated through G protein–coupled receptor pathways. The analgesic α-conotoxin Vc1.1 acts through γ-aminobutyric acid type B (GABAB) receptors (GABABRs) to inhibit Cav2.2 channels. We investigated GABABR-mediated modulation by Vc1.1, a cyclized form of Vc1.1 (c-Vc1.1), and the GABABR agonist baclofen of human Cav2.1 or Cav2.3 channels heterologously expressed in human embryonic kidney cells. 50 µM baclofen inhibited Cav2.1 and Cav2.3 channel Ba2+ currents by ∼40%, whereas c-Vc1.1 did not affect Cav2.1 but potently inhibited Cav2.3, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of ∼300 pM. Depolarizing paired pulses revealed that ∼75% of the baclofen inhibition of Cav2.1 was voltage dependent and could be relieved by strong depolarization. In contrast, baclofen or Vc1.1 inhibition of Cav2.3 channels was solely mediated through voltage-independent pathways that could be disrupted by pertussis toxin, guanosine 5′-[β-thio]diphosphate trilithium salt, or the GABABR antagonist CGP55845. Overexpression of the kinase c-Src significantly increased inhibition of Cav2.3 by c-Vc1.1. Conversely, coexpression of a catalytically inactive double mutant form of c-Src or pretreatment with a phosphorylated pp60c-Src peptide abolished the effect of c-Vc1.1. Site-directed mutational analyses of Cav2.3 demonstrated that tyrosines 1761 and 1765 within exon 37 are critical for inhibition of Cav2.3 by c-Vc1.1 and are involved in baclofen inhibition of these channels. Remarkably, point mutations introducing specific c-Src phosphorylation sites into human Cav2.1 channels conferred c-Vc1.1 sensitivity. Our findings show that Vc1.1 inhibition of Cav2.3, which defines Cav2.3 channels as potential targets for analgesic α-conotoxins, is caused by specific c-Src phosphorylation sites in the C terminus. PMID:24688019

  5. Expression of microRNAs of C19MC in Different Histological Types of Testicular Germ Cell Tumour.

    PubMed

    Flor, Inga; Spiekermann, Meike; Löning, Thomas; Dieckmann, Klaus-Peter; Belge, Gazanfer; Bullerdiek, Jörn

    2016-01-01

    Testicular germ cell tumours (TGCTs) are the most common tumours in men aged from 20 to 40 years, with a steadily increasing incidence. This study aimed to characterize the expression of the miRNA cluster C19MC in TGCT and to evaluate the suitability of a C19MC miRNA as a serum biomarker. By quantitative reverse transcription PCR, we measured the expression of miR-517a-3p, miR-519a-3p, and miR-519c 3p in tissue samples of 25 TGCTs and the level of miR-517a-3p in serum samples obtained pre- and postoperatively from the same patients. We detected a significantly higher expression of C19MC miRNAs in non-seminomas than in seminomas and in clinical stages 2 and 3 than in stage 1 in both tissue and serum samples. miRNAs of C19MC are overexpressed in more aggressive types of TGCT, suggesting they contribute to malignancy. Furthermore, they might serve as serum biomarkers for these types of TGCT. Copyright© 2016, International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. John G. Delinasios), All rights reserved.

  6. National Security Issues 1982 Symposium. Worldwide Deployment of Tactical Forces and the C3I Connection, 4-5 October 1982.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1982-10-01

    CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(e) F19628-82-C-0001 9 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT PROJECT, TASK The MITRE Corporation AREA...THiS PAGE(Whum Dam Emma• 19. (Concluded) EUROPEAN VIEW OF COALITION DEFENSE MANAGING C 3 1 NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION PACIFIC COMMAND...have a very organization of ESD very signifi- practical warmaking capability. If cantly, going from a iroduct- we must fight, we must be able to

  7. The neodymium-gold phase diagram

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Saccone, A.; Maccio, D.; Delfino, S.

    The Nd-Au phase diagram was studied in the 0 to 100 at. pct Au composition range by differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy (LOM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). Six intermetallic phases were identified, the crystallographic structures were determined or confirmed, and the melting behavior was determined, as follows: Nd{sub 2}Au, orthorhombic oP12-Co{sub 2}Si type, peritectic decomposition at 810 C; NdAu, R.T. form, orthorhombic oP8-FeB type, H.T. forms, orthorhombic oC8-CrB type and, at a higher temperature, cubic cP2-CsCl type, melting point 1470 C; Nd{sub 3}Au{sub 4}, trigonal hR42-Pu{sub 3}Pd{sub 4} type, peritectic decompositionmore » at 1250 C; Nd{sub 17}Au{sub 36}, tetragonal tP106-Nd{sub 17}Au{sub 36} type, melting point 1170 C; Nd{sub 14}Au{sub 51}, hexagonal hP65-Gd{sub 14}Ag{sub 51} type, melting point 1210 C; and NdAu{sub 6}, monoclinic mC28-PrAu{sub 6} type, peritectic decomposition at 875 C. Four eutectic reactions were found, respectively, at 19.0 at. pct Au and 655 C, at 63.0 at. pct Au and 1080 C, at 72.0 at. pct Au and 1050 C, and, finally, at 91.0 at. pct Au and 795 C. A catatectic decomposition of the ({beta}Nd) phase, at 825 C and {approx}1 at. pct Au, was also found. The results are briefly discussed and compared to those for the other rare earth-gold (R-Au) systems. A short discussion of the general alloying behavior of the coinage metals (Cu, Ag, and Au) with the rare-earth metals is finally presented.« less

  8. 21 CFR 610.40 - Test requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... virus, type 1; (2) Human immunodeficiency virus, type 2; (3) Hepatitis B virus; (4) Hepatitis C virus.... Except as specified in paragraphs (c) and (d) of this section, you, an establishment that collects blood... of transmission of communicable disease. (c) Exceptions to testing for allogeneic transfusion or...

  9. The mating type-like loci of Candida glabrata.

    PubMed

    Yáñez-Carrillo, Patricia; Robledo-Márquez, Karina A; Ramírez-Zavaleta, Candy Y; De Las Peñas, Alejandro; Castaño, Irene

    2014-01-01

    Candida glabrata, a haploid and opportunistic fungal pathogen that has not known sexual cycle, has conserved the majority of the genes required for mating and cell type identity. The C. glabrata genome contains three mating-type-like loci called MTL1, MTL2 and MTL3. The three loci encode putative transcription factors, a1, α1 and α2 that regulate cell type identity and sexual reproduction in other fungi like the closely related Saccharomyces cerevisiae. MTL1 can contain either a or α information. MTL2, which contains a information and MTL3 with α information, are relatively close to two telomeres. MTL1 and MTL2 are transcriptionally active, while MTL3 is subject to an incomplete silencing nucleated at the telomere that depends on the silencing proteins Sir2, Sir3, Sir4, yKu70/80, Rif1, Rap1 and Sum1. C. glabrata does not seem to maintain cell type identity, as cell type-specific genes are expressed regardless of the type (or even absence) of mating information. These data highlight important differences in the control of mating and cell type identity between the non-pathogenic yeast S. cerevisiae and C. glabrata, which might explain the absence of a sexual cycle in C. glabrata. The fact that C. glabrata has conserved the vast majority of the genes involved in mating might suggest that some of these genes perhaps have been rewired to control other processes important for the survival inside the host as a commensal or as a human pathogen. This manuscript is part of the series of works presented at the "V International Workshop: Molecular genetic approaches to the study of human pathogenic fungi" (Oaxaca, Mexico, 2012). Copyright © 2013 Revista Iberoamericana de Micología. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.

  10. Structure-function discrepancy in Clostridium botulinum C3 toxin for its rational prioritization as a subunit vaccine.

    PubMed

    Prathiviraj, R; Prisilla, A; Chellapandi, P

    2016-06-01

    Clostridium botulinum is anaerobic pathogenic bacterium causing food-born botulism in human and animals by producing botulinum neurotoxins A-H, C2, and C3 cytotoxins. Physiological group III strains (type C and D) of this bacterium are capable of producing C2 and C3 toxins in cattle and avian. Herein, we have revealed the structure-function disparity of C3 toxins from two different C. botulinum type C phage (CboC) and type D phage (CboD) to design avirulent toxins rationally. Structure-function discrepancy of the both toxins was computationally evaluated from their homology models based on the conservation in sequence-structure-function relationships upon covariation and point mutations. It has shown that 8 avirulent mutants were generated from CboC of 34 mutants while 27 avirulent mutants resulted from CboD mutants. No major changes were found in tertiary structure of these toxins; however, some structural variations appeared in the coiled and loop regions. Correlated mutation on the first residue would disorder or revolutionize the hydrogen bonding pattern of the coevolved pairs. It suggested that the residues coupling in the local structural environments were compensated with coevolved pairs so as to preserve a pseudocatalytic function in the avirulent mutants. Avirulent mutants of C3 toxins have shown a stable structure with a common blue print of folding process and also attained a near-native backrub ensemble. Thus, we concluded that selecting the site-directed mutagenesis sites are very important criteria for designing avirulent toxins, in development of rational subunit vaccines, to cattle and avian, but the vaccine specificity can be determined by the C3 toxins of C. botulinum harboring phages.

  11. Type VII collagen regulates expression of OATP1B3, promotes front-to-rear polarity and increases structural organisation in 3D spheroid cultures of RDEB tumour keratinocytes

    PubMed Central

    Dayal, Jasbani H. S.; Cole, Clare L.; Pourreyron, Celine; Watt, Stephen A.; Lim, Yok Zuan; Salas-Alanis, Julio C.; Murrell, Dedee F.; McGrath, John A.; Stieger, Bruno; Jahoda, Colin; Leigh, Irene M.; South, Andrew P.

    2014-01-01

    ABSTRACT Type VII collagen is the main component of anchoring fibrils, structures that are integral to basement membrane homeostasis in skin. Mutations in the gene encoding type VII collagen COL7A1 cause recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) an inherited skin blistering condition complicated by frequent aggressive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). OATP1B3, which is encoded by the gene SLCO1B3, is a member of the OATP (organic anion transporting polypeptide) superfamily responsible for transporting a wide range of endogenous and xenobiotic compounds. OATP1B3 expression is limited to the liver in healthy tissues, but is frequently detected in multiple cancer types and is reported to be associated with differing clinical outcome. The mechanism and functional significance of tumour-specific expression of OATP1B3 has yet to be determined. Here, we identify SLCO1B3 expression in tumour keratinocytes isolated from RDEB and UV-induced cSCC and demonstrate that SLCO1B3 expression and promoter activity are modulated by type VII collagen. We show that reduction of SLCO1B3 expression upon expression of full-length type VII collagen in RDEB cSCC coincides with acquisition of front-to-rear polarity and increased organisation of 3D spheroid cultures. In addition, we show that type VII collagen positively regulates the abundance of markers implicated in cellular polarity, namely ELMO2, PAR3, E-cadherin, B-catenin, ITGA6 and Ln332. PMID:24357722

  12. Current Campus Issues. Proceedings June 1969 Institutes on College and University Administration.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    University Consultants, Inc., Cambridge, MA.

    The Institutes were held in Washington, D.C. and Ann Arbor, Mich. in June 1969, and were directed toward helping administrators develop greater senstivity and understanding of the critical issues facing them. This monograph contains a description of the 3-day "campus confrontation crisis" game played by the conference participants, and presents…

  13. 26 CFR 1.1502-34 - Special aggregate stock ownership rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... stock ownership of a member of a group in another corporation (the “issuing corporation”) for purposes... in the issuing corporation. Thus, assume that members A, B, and C each own 331/3 percent of the stock... 26 Internal Revenue 12 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Special aggregate stock ownership rules. 1.1502...

  14. Phase relations in the system In{sub 2}O{sub 3}-TiO{sub 2}-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} at 1100 C in air

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Brown, F.; Flores, M.J.R.; Kimizuka, N.

    1999-04-01

    Phase relations in the system In{sub 2}O{sub 3}-TiO{sub 2}-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} at 1100 C in air are determined by means of a classic quenching method. There exist In{sub 2}TiO{sub 5}, Fe{sub 2}TiO{sub 5} having a pseudo-Brookite-type phase and a new phase, In{sub 3}Ti{sub 2}FeO{sub 10} having a solid solution range from In{sub 2}O{sub 3}:TiO{sub 2}:Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} = 4:6:1 to In{sub 2}O{sub 3}:TiO{sub 2}:Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} = 0.384:0.464:0.152 (mole ratio) on the line InFeO{sub 3}-In{sub 2}Ti{sub 2}O{sub 7}. The crystal structures of In{sub 3}Ti{sub 2}FeO{sub 10} are pyrochlore related with a{sub m} = 5.9171 (5) {angstrom}, b{sub m} = 3.3696more » (3) {angstrom}, c{sub m} = 6.3885 (6) {angstrom}, and {beta} = 108.02 (1){degree} in a monoclinic crystal system at 1100 C, and a{sub 0} = 5.9089 (5) {angstrom}, b{sub 0} = 3.3679 (3) {angstrom}, and c{sub 0} = 12.130 (1) {angstrom} in an orthorhombic system at 1200 C. The relationship between the lattice constants of these phases and those of the cubic pyrochlore type are approximately as follows: a{sub m} = {minus}{1/4}a{sub p} + ({minus}{1/2})b{sub p} + ({minus}{1/4})c{sub p}, b{sub m} = {minus}{1/4}a{sub p} + (0)b{sub p} + ({1/4})c{sub p}, c{sub m} = {1/4}a{sub p} + ({minus}{1/2})b{sub p} + ({1/4})c{sub p} and {beta} = 109.47{degree} in the monoclinic system, and a{sub 0} = {minus}{1/4}a{sub p} + ({minus}{1/2})b{sub p} + ({minus}{1/4})c{sub p}, b{sub 0} = {minus}{1/4}a{sub p} + (0)b{sub p} + ({1/4})c{sub p}, and c{sub 0} = 2/3a{sub p} + ({minus}2/3)b{sub p} + (2/3)c{sub p} in the orthorhombic system, where a{sub p} = b{sub p} = c{sub p} = 9.90 ({angstrom}) are the lattice constants of In{sub 2}Ti{sub 2}O{sub 7} having the cubic pyrochlore type. All solid solutions of In{sub 3}Ti{sub 2}FeO{sub 10} have incommensurate structures with a periodicity of q {times} b{sup *} (q = 0.281--0.356) along the b{sup *} axis and the stoichiometric phase has q = 1/3. In FeO{sub 3} having a layered structure type is unstable between 750 and 1100 C.« less

  15. 3D and 4D Bioprinting of the Myocardium: Current Approaches, Challenges, and Future Prospects

    PubMed Central

    Ong, Chin Siang; Nam, Lucy; Ong, Kingsfield; Krishnan, Aravind; Huang, Chen Yu; Fukunishi, Takuma

    2018-01-01

    3D and 4D bioprinting of the heart are exciting notions in the modern era. However, myocardial bioprinting has proven to be challenging. This review outlines the methods, materials, cell types, issues, challenges, and future prospects in myocardial bioprinting. Advances in 3D bioprinting technology have significantly improved the manufacturing process. While scaffolds have traditionally been utilized, 3D bioprinters, which do not require scaffolds, are increasingly being employed. Improved understanding of the cardiac cellular composition and multiple strategies to tackle the issues of vascularization and viability had led to progress in this field. In vivo studies utilizing small animal models have been promising. 4D bioprinting is a new concept that has potential to advance the field of 3D bioprinting further by incorporating the fourth dimension of time. Clinical translation will require multidisciplinary collaboration to tackle the pertinent issues facing this field. PMID:29850546

  16. 5 CFR 842.907 - Withholding and contributions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... Section 842.907 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT (CONTINUED) CIVIL SERVICE... required under 5 U.S.C. 8422(a)(3) and submit that amount to OPM in accordance with payroll office... payroll office instructions issued by OPM. (c) If the correct withholding and/or Government contributions...

  17. Phase equilibria in the La–Mg–Ge system at 500 °C and crystal structure of the new ternary compounds La{sub 11}Mg{sub 2}Ge{sub 7} and LaMg{sub 3−x}Ge{sub 2}

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    De Negri, S., E-mail: serena.denegri@unige.it; Solokha, P.; Skrobańska, M.

    2014-10-15

    The whole 500 °C isothermal section of the La–Mg–Ge ternary system was constructed. The existence and crystal structure of three ternary compounds were confirmed: La{sub 2+x}Mg{sub 1−x}Ge{sub 2} (τ{sub 2}, P4/mbm, tP10–Mo{sub 2}FeB{sub 2}, 0≤x≤0.25), La{sub 4}Mg{sub 5}Ge{sub 6} (τ{sub 3}, Cmc2{sub 1}, oS60–Gd{sub 4}Zn{sub 5}Ge{sub 6}) and La{sub 4}Mg{sub 7}Ge{sub 6} (τ{sub 4}, C2/m, mS34, own structure type). Five novel compounds were identified and structurally characterized: La{sub 11}Mg{sub 2}Ge{sub 7} (τ{sub 1}, P4{sub 2}/ncm, tP88-8, own structure type, a=1.21338(5), c=1.57802(6) nm), LaMg{sub 3−x}Ge{sub 2} (τ{sub 5}, P3{sup ¯}1c, hP34-0.44, own structure type, x=0.407(5), a=0.78408(4), c=1.45257(7) nm), La{sub 6}Mg{sub 23}Gemore » (τ{sub 6}, Fm3{sup ¯}m, cF120–Zr{sub 6}Zn{sub 23}Si, a=1.46694(6) nm), La{sub 4}MgGe{sub 10−x} (τ{sub 7}, x=0.37(1), C2/m, mS60-1.46, own structure type, a=0.88403(8), b=0.86756(8), c=1.7709(2) nm, β=97.16°(1) and La{sub 2}MgGe{sub 6} (τ{sub 8}, Cmce, oS72–Ce{sub 2}(Ga{sub 0.1}Ge{sub 0.9}){sub 7}, a=0.8989(2), b=0.8517(2), c=2.1064(3) nm). Disordering phenomena were revealed in several La–Mg–Ge phases in terms of partially occupied sites. The crystal structures of La{sub 11}Mg{sub 2}Ge{sub 7} and LaMg{sub 3−x}Ge{sub 2} are discussed in details. The latter is a √3a×√3a×2c superstructure of the LaLi{sub 3}Sb{sub 2} structure type; the symmetry reduction scheme is shown in the Bärnighausen formalism terms. - Graphical abstract: La–Mg–Ge isothermal section at 500 °C and group–subgroup relation between the LaLi{sub 3}Sb{sub 2} (parent type) and LaMg{sub 3−x}Ge{sub 2} (derivative) structures. - Highlights: • Novel La−Mg−Ge compounds structure determination from X-ray single crystal data. • Disordering phenomena as common features of the studied germanides. • Bärnighausen formalism as a useful tool for accurate structure determination. • Full isothermal section of the La–Mg–Ge ternary system at 500 °C.« less

  18. Understanding and Control of Bipolar Self-Doping in Copper Nitride

    PubMed Central

    Fioretti, Angela N.; Schwartz, Craig P.; Vinson, John; Nordlund, Dennis; Prendergast, David; Tamboli, Adele C.; Caskey, Christopher M.; Tuomisto, Filip; Linez, Florence; Christensen, Steven T.; Toberer, Eric S.; Lany, Stephan; Zakutayev, Andriy

    2016-01-01

    Semiconductor materials that can be doped both n-type and p-type are desirable for diode-based applications and transistor technology. Copper nitride (Cu3N) is a metastable semiconductor with a solar-relevant bandgap that has been reported to exhibit bipolar doping behavior. However, deeper understanding and better control of the mechanism behind this behavior in Cu3N is currently lacking in the literature. In this work, we use combinatorial growth with a temperature gradient to demonstrate both conduction types of phase-pure, sputter-deposited Cu3N thin films. Room temperature Hall effect and Seebeck effect measurements show n-type Cu3N with an electron density of 1017 cm−3 for low growth temperature (≈ 35 °C) and p-type with a hole density between 1015 cm−3 and 1016 cm−3 for elevated growth temperatures (50 °C to 120 °C). Mobility for both types of Cu3N was ≈ 0.1 cm2/Vs to 1 cm2/V. Additionally, temperature-dependent Hall effect measurements indicate that ionized defects are an important scattering mechanism in p-type films. By combining X-ray absorption spectroscopy and first-principles defect theory, we determined that VCu defects form preferentially in p-type Cu3N while Cui defects form preferentially in n-type Cu3N; suggesting that Cu3N is a compensated semiconductor with conductivity type resulting from a balance between donor and acceptor defects. Based on these theoretical and experimental results, we propose a kinetic defect formation mechanism for bipolar doping in Cu3N, that is also supported by positron annihilation experiments. Overall, the results of this work highlight the importance of kinetic processes in the defect physics of metastable materials, and provide a framework that can be applied when considering the properties of such materials in general. PMID:27746508

  19. Understanding and Control of Bipolar Self-Doping in Copper Nitride

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Fioretti, Angela N.; Schwartz, Craig P.; Vinson, John

    2016-05-14

    Semiconductor materials that can be doped both n-type and p-type are desirable for diode-based applications and transistor technology. Copper nitride (Cu3N) is a metastable semiconductor with a solar-relevant bandgap that has been reported to exhibit bipolar doping behavior. However, deeper understanding and better control of the mechanism behind this behavior in Cu3N is currently lacking in the literature. In this work, we use combinatorial growth with a temperature gradient to demonstrate both conduction types of phase-pure, sputter-deposited Cu3N thin films. Room temperature Hall effect and Seebeck effect measurements show n-type Cu3N with 1017 electrons/cm3 for low growth temperature (approximately 35more » degrees C) and p-type with 1015 holes/cm3-1016 holes/cm3 for elevated growth temperatures (50 degrees C-120 degrees C). Mobility for both types of Cu3N was approximately 0.1 cm2/Vs-1 cm2/Vs. Additionally, temperature-dependent Hall effect measurements indicate that ionized defects are an important scattering mechanism in p-type films. By combining X-ray absorption spectroscopy and first-principles defect theory, we determined that VCu defects form preferentially in p-type Cu3N, while Cui defects form preferentially in n-type Cu3N, suggesting that Cu3N is a compensated semiconductor with conductivity type resulting from a balance between donor and acceptor defects. Based on these theoretical and experimental results, we propose a kinetic defectformation mechanism for bipolar doping in Cu3N that is also supported by positron annihilation experiments. Overall, the results of this work highlight the importance of kinetic processes in the defect physics of metastable materials and provide a framework that can be applied when considering the properties of such materials in general.« less

  20. In search of early life: Carbonate veins in Archean metamorphic rocks as potential hosts of biomarkers

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Peters, Carl A.; Piazolo, Sandra; Webb, Gregory E.; Dutkiewicz, Adriana; George, Simon C.

    2016-11-01

    The detection of early life signatures using hydrocarbon biomarkers in Precambrian rocks struggles with contamination issues, unspecific biomarkers and the lack of suitable sedimentary rocks due to extensive thermal overprints. Importantly, host rocks must not have been exposed to temperatures above 250 °C as at these temperatures biomarkers are destroyed. Here we show that Archean sedimentary rocks from the Jeerinah Formation (2.63 billion yrs) and Carawine Dolomite (2.55 billion yrs) of the Pilbara Craton (Western Australia) drilled by the Agouron Institute in 2012, which previously were suggested to be suitable for biomarker studies, were metamorphosed to the greenschist facies. This is higher than previously reported. Both the mineral assemblages (carbonate, quartz, Fe-chlorite, muscovite, microcline, rutile, and pyrite with absence of illite) and chlorite geothermometry suggest that the rocks were exposed to temperatures higher than 300 °C and probably ∼400 °C, consistent with greenschist-facies metamorphism. This facies leads to the destruction of any biomarkers and explains why the extraction of hydrocarbon biomarkers from pristine drill cores has not been successful. However, we show that the rocks are cut by younger formation-specific carbonate veins containing primary oil-bearing fluid inclusions and solid bitumens. Type 1 veins in the Carawine Dolomite consist of dolomite, quartz and solid bitumen, whereas type 2 veins in the Jeerinah Formation consist of calcite. Within the veins fluid inclusion homogenisation temperatures and calcite twinning geothermometry indicate maximum temperatures of ∼200 °C for type 1 veins and ∼180 °C for type 2 veins. Type 1 veins have typical isotopic values for reprecipitated Archean sea-water carbonates, with δ13CVPDB ranging from - 3 ‰ to 0‰ and δ18OVPDB ranging from - 13 ‰ to - 7 ‰, while type 2 veins have isotopic values that are similar to hydrothermal carbonates, with δ13CVPDB ranging from - 18 ‰ to - 4 ‰ and δ18OVPDB ranging from - 18 ‰ to - 12 ‰. Evidently, the migration and entrapment of hydrocarbons occurred after peak metamorphism under temperatures congruous with late catagenesis and from fluids of different compositions. The relatively high temperatures of vein formation and the known geotectonic history of the rocks analysed suggest a probable minimum age of 1.8 billion yrs (Paleoproterozoic). Our results demonstrate that post peak-metamorphic veins provide an exciting opportunity in the search for evidence of early life. The integration of petrological and organic geochemical techniques is crucial for any future studies that use biomarkers to reconstruct the early biosphere.

  1. GammaM23K, gammaM232K, and gammaL77K single substitutions in the TF1-ATPase lower ATPase activity by disrupting a cluster of hydrophobic side chains.

    PubMed

    Bandyopadhyay, Sanjay; Allison, William S

    2004-07-27

    In crystal structures of the bovine F(1)-ATPase (MF(1)), the side chains of gammaMet(23), gammaMet(232), and gammaLeu(77) interact in a cluster. Substitution of the corresponding residues in the alpha(3)beta(3)gamma subcomplex of TF(1) with lysine lowers the ATPase activity to 2.3, 11, and 15%, respectively, of that displayed by wild-type. In contrast, TF(1) subcomplexes containing the gammaM(23)C, gammaM(232)C, and gammaL(77)C substitutions display 36, 36, and 130%, respectively, of the wild-type ATPase activity. The ATPase activity of the gammaM(23)C/gammaM(232)C double mutant subcomplex is 36% that of the wild-type subcomplex before and after cross-linking the introduced cysteines, whereas the ATPase activity of the gammaM(23)C/L(77)C double mutant increased from 50 to 85% that of wild-type after cross-linking the introduced cysteines. Only beta-beta cross-links formed when the alpha(3)(betaE(395)C)(3)gammaM(23)C double mutant was inactivated with CuCl(2). The overall results suggest that the attenuated ATPase of the mutant subcomplexes containing the gammaM(23)K, gammaL(77)K, and gammaM(232)K substitutions is caused by disruption of the cluster of hydrophobic amino acid side chains and that the midregion of the coiled-coil comprised of the amino- and carboxyl-terminal alpha helices of the gamma subunit does not undergo unwinding or major displacement from the side chain of gammaLeu(77) during ATP-driven rotation of the gamma subunit.

  2. The Genetic Basis of Graves' Disease

    PubMed Central

    Płoski, Rafał; Szymański, Konrad; Bednarczuk, Tomasz

    2011-01-01

    The presented comprehensive review of current knowledge about genetic factors predisposing to Graves’ disease (GD) put emphasis on functional significance of observed associations. In particular, we discuss recent efforts aimed at refining diseases associations found within the HLA complex and implicating HLA class I as well as HLA-DPB1 loci. We summarize data regarding non-HLA genes such as PTPN22, CTLA4, CD40, TSHR and TG which have been extensively studied in respect to their role in GD. We review recent findings implicating variants of FCRL3 (gene for FC receptor-like-3 protein), SCGB3A2 (gene for secretory uteroglobin-related protein 1- UGRP1) as well as other unverified possible candidate genes for GD selected through their documented association with type 1 diabetes mellitus: Tenr–IL2–IL21, CAPSL (encoding calcyphosine-like protein), IFIH1(gene for interferon-induced helicase C domain 1), AFF3, CD226 and PTPN2. We also review reports on association of skewed X chromosome inactivation and fetal microchimerism with GD. Finally we discuss issues of genotype-phenotype correlations in GD. PMID:22654555

  3. 40 CFR Table C-1 to Subpart C of... - Default CO2 Emission Factors and High Heat Values for Various Types of Fuel

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... Heat Values for Various Types of Fuel C Table C-1 to Subpart C of Part 98 Protection of Environment... Stationary Fuel Combustion Sources Pt. 98, Subpt. C, Table C-1 Table C-1 to Subpart C of Part 98—Default CO2... exception of ethylene. 2 Ethylene HHV determined at 41 °F (5 °C) and saturation pressure. 3 Use of this...

  4. Vitamin D and glycemic control in diabetes mellitus type 2.

    PubMed

    Kostoglou-Athanassiou, Ifigenia; Athanassiou, Panagiotis; Gkountouvas, Anastasios; Kaldrymides, Philippos

    2013-08-01

    The extraskeletal effects of vitamin D have attracted considerable interest. Vitamin D deficiency appears to be related to the development of diabetes mellitus type 2 and the metabolic syndrome. Vitamin D may affect glucose homeostasis, vitamin D levels having been found to be inversely related to glycosylated hemoglobin levels in gestational diabetes mellitus. In addition, vitamin D appears to protect from the development of gestational diabetes mellitus. The aim was to study levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] and the relationship between 25(OH)D3 levels and glycemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and 25(OH)D3 levels were measured in a group of 120 diabetes mellitus type 2 patients. The same measurements were performed in a group of 120 control subjects of the same age and sex. 25(OH)D3 was measured by radioimmunoassay and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. 25(OH)D3 levels were lower in the diabetes mellitus type 2 patients than in the control group, being 19.26 ± 0.95 ng/ml and 25.49 ± 1.02 ng/ml, in the patient and control groups, respectively (p < 0.001, Student's t-test). 25(OH)D3 levels were found to be inversely associated with HbA1c levels in the diabetic patients (p = 0.008, r (2) = 0.058, linear regression). 25(OH)D3 levels were found to be inversely associated with HbA1c when the patient and control groups were analysed together (p < 0.001, r (2) = 0.086). Vitamin D levels appeared to be lower in diabetes mellitus type 2 patients than in the control group, vitamin D levels being related to glycemic control in diabetes mellitus type 2. These findings may have therapeutic implications as cautious vitamin D supplementation may improve glycemic control in diabetes mellitus type 2.

  5. Compatibility between strontium-doped ferrite cathode and metallic interconnects in solid oxide fuel cells

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Miguel-Pérez, Verónica; Martínez-Amesti, Ana; Arriortua, María Isabel

    2015-04-01

    One of the most important issues related to the performance of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) is the chromium poisoning of the perovskite-type materials used as cathodes by the gaseous chromium species from metallic interconnects. In this study, powder mixtures of LSF40-Cr2O3 were heated at 800 °C and 1000 °C in air and were subsequently analysed by X-ray powder diffraction. For all the mixtures, the crystallisation of SrCrO4 was observed. In addition, the degradation occurring between three alloys with different compositions, Crofer 22 APU, SS430 and Conicro 4023 W 188, as metallic interconnects and La0.6Sr0.4FeO3 (LSF40) ceramic material as a cathode was studied. The results show significant chromium deposition and the formation of SrCrO4, LaCrO3 and La2O3 that block the active LSF40 electrode surface and degrade the stack (YSZ/SDC/LSF40/Interconnect) performance. LSF40 assembled with SS430 exhibited substantial Cr deposition. The deposition of the Cr species and the reaction with the LSF40 cathode is related to the composition of the oxide scales formed at each metallic interconnect and at the same time is related to the composition of the alloys. The best results obtained were for the half-cell (YSZ/SDC/LSF40) in contact with Conicro 4023 W 188 and Crofer 22 APU after heat treatment in air at 800 °C for 100 h.

  6. Cadherin-related family member 3, a childhood asthma susceptibility gene product, mediates rhinovirus C binding and replication.

    PubMed

    Bochkov, Yury A; Watters, Kelly; Ashraf, Shamaila; Griggs, Theodor F; Devries, Mark K; Jackson, Daniel J; Palmenberg, Ann C; Gern, James E

    2015-04-28

    Members of rhinovirus C (RV-C) species are more likely to cause wheezing illnesses and asthma exacerbations compared with other rhinoviruses. The cellular receptor for these viruses was heretofore unknown. We report here that expression of human cadherin-related family member 3 (CDHR3) enables the cells normally unsusceptible to RV-C infection to support both virus binding and replication. A coding single nucleotide polymorphism (rs6967330, C529Y) was previously linked to greater cell-surface expression of CDHR3 protein, and an increased risk of wheezing illnesses and hospitalizations for childhood asthma. Compared with wild-type CDHR3, cells transfected with the CDHR3-Y529 variant had about 10-fold increases in RV-C binding and progeny yields. We developed a transduced HeLa cell line (HeLa-E8) stably expressing CDHR3-Y529 that supports RV-C propagation in vitro. Modeling of CDHR3 structure identified potential binding sites that could impact the virus surface in regions that are highly conserved among all RV-C types. Our findings identify that the asthma susceptibility gene product CDHR3 mediates RV-C entry into host cells, and suggest that rs6967330 mutation could be a risk factor for RV-C wheezing illnesses.

  7. Synthesis, molecular structure, and C-C coupling reactions of carbeneruthenium(II) complexes with C5H5Ru(=CRR') and C5Me5Ru(=CRR') as molecular units.

    PubMed

    Braun, Thomas; Münch, Gerhard; Windmüller, Bettina; Gevert, Olaf; Laubender, Matthias; Werner, Helmut

    2003-06-06

    The ethene derivatives [(eta(5)-C(5)R(5))RuX(C(2)H(4))(PPh(3))] with R=H and Me, which have been prepared from the eta(3)-allylic compounds [(eta(5)-C(5)R(5))Ru(eta(3)-2-MeC(3)H(4))(PPh(3))] (1, 2) and acids HX under an ethene atmosphere, are excellent starting materials for the synthesis of a series of new halfsandwich-type ruthenium(II) complexes. The olefinic ligand is replaced not only by CO and pyridine, but also by internal and terminal alkynes to give (for X=Cl) alkyne, vinylidene, and allene compounds of the general composition [(eta(5)-C(5)R(5))RuCl(L)(PPh(3))] with L=C(2)(CO(2)Me)(2), Me(3)SiC(2)CO(2)Et, C=CHCO(2)R, and C(3)H(4). The allenylidene complex [(eta(5)-C(5)H(5))RuCl(=C=C=CPh(2))(PPh(3))] is directly accessible from 1 (R=H) in two steps with the propargylic alcohol HC triple bond CC(OH)Ph(2) as the precursor. The reactions of the ethene derivatives [(eta(5)-C(5)H(5))RuX(C(2)H(4))(PPh(3))] (X=Cl, CF(3)CO(2)) with diazo compounds RR'CN(2) yield the corresponding carbene complexes [(eta(5)-C(5)R(5))RuX(=CRR')(PPh(3))], while with ethyl diazoacetate (for X=Cl) the diethyl maleate compound [(eta(5)-C(5)H(5))RuCl[eta(2)-Z-C(2)H(2)(CO(2)Et)(2)](PPh(3))] is obtained. Halfsandwich-type ruthenium(II) complexes [(eta(5)-C(5)R(5))RuCl(=CHR')(PPh(3))] with secondary carbenes as ligands, as well as cationic species [(eta(5)-C(5)H(5))Ru(=CPh(2))(L)(PPh(3))]X with L=CO and CNtBu and X=AlCl(4) and PF(6), have also been prepared. The neutral compounds [(eta(5)-C(5)H(5))RuCl(=CRR')(PPh(3))] react with phenyllithium, methyllithium, and the vinyl Grignard reagent CH(2)=CHMgBr by displacement of the chloride and subsequent C-C coupling to generate halfsandwich-type ruthenium(II) complexes with eta(3)-benzyl, eta(3)-allyl, and substituted olefins as ligands. Protolytic cleavage of the metal-allylic bond in [(eta(5)-C(5)H(5))Ru(eta(3)-CH(2)CHCR(2))(PPh(3))] with acetic acid affords the corresponding olefins R(2)C=CHCH(3). The by-product of this process is the acetato derivative [(eta(5)-C(5)H(5))Ru(kappa(2)-O(2)CCH(3))(PPh(3))], which can be reconverted to the carbene complexes [(eta(5)-C(5)H(5))RuCl(=CR(2))(PPh(3))] in a one-pot reaction with R(2)CN(2) and Et(3)NHCl.

  8. Tangible resources for preparing patients for antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C.

    PubMed

    Bonner, Jason E; Barritt, A Sidney; Fried, Michael W; Evon, Donna M

    2012-06-01

    Chronic hepatitis C (HCV) infected patients with coexisting mental health and/or substance abuse issues face significant barriers to treatment and are often deferred. This paper sought to highlight critical pre-treatment strategies and provide tangible resources for HCV clinicians to facilitate preparation and successful treatment of these patients. Guided by the clinical experience of our liver center, a large, tertiary academic medical center, and informed by the extant literature, we summarize pre-treatment strategies and specific resources and recommendations for HCV providers. Four key pre-treatment strategies include: 1) screening for mental health/substance abuse issues using brief, reliable and validated instruments; 2) locating and establishing collaborative care with mental health and substance abuse specialists; 3) using a motivational interviewing communication style; and 4) addressing adherence-related issues. HCV clinicians are in a unique position to prepare patients with coexisting mental health and/or substance abuse issues for antiviral therapy.

  9. Synthesis of decacationic [60]fullerene decaiodides giving photoinduced production of superoxide radicals and effective PDT-mediation on antimicrobial photoinactivation

    PubMed Central

    Wang, Min; Maragani, Satyanarayana; Huang, Liyi; Jeon, Seaho; Canteenwala, Taizoon; Hamblin, Michael R.; Chiang, Long Y.

    2013-01-01

    We report a novel class of highly water-soluble decacationic methano[60]fullerene decaiodides C60[>M(C3N6+C3)2]-(I−)10[1-(I−)10] capable of co-producing singlet oxygen (Type-II) and highly reactive hydroxyl radicals, formed from superoxide radicals in Type-I photosensitizing reactions, upon illumination at both UVA and white light wavelengths. The O2-·-production efficiency of 1-(I−)10 was confirmed by using an O2-·-reactive bis(2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonyl)tetrafluorofluorescein probe and correlated to the photoinduced electron-transfer event going from iodide anions to C360∗[>M(C3N6+C3)2] leading to C60-·[>M(C3N6+C3)2]. Incorporation of a defined number (ten) of quaternary ammonium cationic charges per C60 in 1 was aimed to enhance its ability to target pathogenic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cells. We used the well-characterized malonato[60]fullerene diester mono-adduct C60[>M(t-Bu)2] as the starting fullerene derivative to provide a better synthetic route to C60[>M(C3N6+C3)2] via transesterification reaction under trifluoroacetic acid catalyzed conditions. These compounds may be used as effective photosensitizers and nano-PDT drugs for photoinactivation of pathogens. PMID:23474903

  10. Evidence of Paternal N5, N10 - Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR) C677T Gene Polymorphism in Couples with Recurrent Spontaneous Abortions (RSAs) in Kolar District- A South West of India

    PubMed Central

    Vanilla, Shiny; Kotur, Pushpa F; Kutty, Moideen A; Vegi, Pradeep Kumar

    2015-01-01

    Introduction: Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) is a multifactorial clinical obstetrics complication commonly occurring in pregnancy. Many research studies have noted the mutations such as C677T in N5, N10 - Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR)gene which is regarded as RSA risk factor. This study was carried out to determine the occurrence of frequency of C677T of the MTHFR gene mutations with RSA. Aim: The purpose of present study is to determine the frequency of MTHFR C677T polymorphisms in couples with recurrent pregnancy loss and the impact of paternal polymorphisms of MTHFR C677T in recurrent pregnancy loss in population of couples living in Kolar district of Karnataka with RSA. Design: A total of 15 couples with a history of two or more unexplained RSA were enrolled as subjects in the study and a total of 15 couples with normal reproductive history, having two or more children and no history of miscarriages were enrolled as controls. Materials and Methods: DNA extraction from samples case and control group couples and its quantification by Agarose gel electrophoresis, assessment of DNA purity, MTHFR C 677T gene mutation detection by PCR-RFLP method. Statistical analysis: Carried out by web based online SPSS tool. Results: The frequency of C677T genotype showed homozygous wild type CC (80%), heterozygous CT type (13.3%) and homozygous mutation TT type (6.67%) observed in males. Similarly from female’s homozygous wild type CC (86.6%), heterozygous type (13.3%), and homozygous type mutations TT (0%) was recorded. In couple control groups, we observed homozygous wild type CC (86.6%), heterozygous CT type (13.3%) and homozygous type mutations TT type (0%). Conclusion: We noticed a high frequency of MTHFR specifically T allele associated with paternal side.Therefore, the present study indicated the impact of paternal gene polymorphism of MTHFR C677T on screening in couples with recurrent pregnancy loss. PMID:25859445

  11. CTC Sentinel. Volume 10, Issue 3

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2017-03-01

    Mining Matthew C . DuPée MARCH 2017 C TC SENTINEL 1 Among the most recent evolutions of jihadi terrorist tactics in the West has been...arrest him. Soofi and Simpson committed the attack with assistance from Adbul Malik Abdul Kareem. Source: court documents. c They are Avin Brown (2014...State’s Virtual Entrepreneurs By Seamus Hughes and Alexander Meleagrou-Hitchens 2 C TC SENTINEL MARCH 2017 jihadi propaganda. Together

  12. A Common histone modification code on C4 genes in maize and its conservation in Sorghum and Setaria italica.

    PubMed

    Heimann, Louisa; Horst, Ina; Perduns, Renke; Dreesen, Björn; Offermann, Sascha; Peterhansel, Christoph

    2013-05-01

    C4 photosynthesis evolved more than 60 times independently in different plant lineages. Each time, multiple genes were recruited into C4 metabolism. The corresponding promoters acquired new regulatory features such as high expression, light induction, or cell type-specific expression in mesophyll or bundle sheath cells. We have previously shown that histone modifications contribute to the regulation of the model C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (C4-Pepc) promoter in maize (Zea mays). We here tested the light- and cell type-specific responses of three selected histone acetylations and two histone methylations on five additional C4 genes (C4-Ca, C4-Ppdk, C4-Me, C4-Pepck, and C4-RbcS2) in maize. Histone acetylation and nucleosome occupancy assays indicated extended promoter regions with regulatory upstream regions more than 1,000 bp from the transcription initiation site for most of these genes. Despite any detectable homology of the promoters on the primary sequence level, histone modification patterns were highly coregulated. Specifically, H3K9ac was regulated by illumination, whereas H3K4me3 was regulated in a cell type-specific manner. We further compared histone modifications on the C4-Pepc and C4-Me genes from maize and the homologous genes from sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and Setaria italica. Whereas sorghum and maize share a common C4 origin, C4 metabolism evolved independently in S. italica. The distribution of histone modifications over the promoters differed between the species, but differential regulation of light-induced histone acetylation and cell type-specific histone methylation were evident in all three species. We propose that a preexisting histone code was recruited into C4 promoter control during the evolution of C4 metabolism.

  13. 75 FR 65437 - Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement; Defense Cargo Riding Gang Members (DFARS Case...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-10-25

    ... Document issued under 46 U.S.C., chapter 73, or a transportation security card issued under section 70105.... Merchant Mariner's Document issued under 46 U.S.C. chapter 73, or a transportation security card issued... Mariner's Document issued under 46 U.S.C. chapter 73, or a transportation security card issued under...

  14. Patterning and photoluminescent properties of perovskite-type organic/inorganic hybrid luminescent films by soft lithography

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cheng, Z. Y.; Wang, Z.; Xing, R. B.; Han, Y. C.; Lin, J.

    2003-07-01

    Perovskite-type organic/inorganic hybrid layered compound (C 6H 5C 2H 4NH 3) 2PbI 4 was synthesized. The patterning of (C 6H 5C 2H 4NH 3) 2PbI 4 thin films on silicon substrate was realized by the micromolding in capillaries (MIMIC) process, a kind of soft lithography. Bright green luminescent stripes with different widths (50, 15, 0.8 μm) have been obtained. The structure and optical properties of (C 6H 5C 2H 4NH 3) 2PbI 4 films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV/Vis absorption and photoluminescence excitation and emission spectra, respectively. It is shown that the organic-inorganic layered (C 6H 5C 2H 4NH 3) 2PbI 4 film was c-axis oriented, paralleling to the substrate plane. Green exciton emission at 525 nm was observed in the film, and the explanations for it were given.

  15. Corynebacterium timonense sp. nov. and Corynebacterium massiliense sp. nov., isolated from human blood and human articular hip fluid.

    PubMed

    Merhej, Vicky; Falsen, Enevold; Raoult, Didier; Roux, Véronique

    2009-08-01

    Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria were isolated from the blood of a patient with endocarditis (strain 5401744T) and from the hip joint fluid of a patient with an infected orthopaedic prosthesis (strain 5402485T). These strains were characterized by using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Based on cellular morphology and biochemical criteria the two isolates were tentatively assigned to the genus Corynebacterium, although they did not correspond to any recognized species. The predominant fatty acids were a mix of C18:2omega6,9c and anteiso-C18:0 (32.1% of the total), C16:0 (26.3%) and C18:1omega9c (22.5%) for strain 5402485T and C18:1omega9c (36.4%), C17:1omega9c (27.1%) and C16:0 (10.9%) for strain 5401744T. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons showed that strain 5401744T was closely related to the type strains of Corynebacterium auris, Corynebacterium capitovis, Corynebacterium lipophiloflavum and Corynebacterium mycetoides (97.0, 96.6, 96.5 and 96.3% similarity, respectively) and strain 5402485T was closely related to the type strains of Corynebacterium macginleyi, Corynebacterium accolens, Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum, Corynebacterium confusum, Corynebacterium mastitidis and Corynebacterium renale (95.6, 95.3, 95.3, 94.5, 94.0 and 93.5%, respectively). On the basis of phenotypic data and phylogenetic inference, these isolates are considered to represent two novel species of the genus Corynebacterium, for which the names Corynebacterium timonense sp. nov. (type strain, 5401744T=CSUR P20T=CIP 109424T=CCUG 53856T) and Corynebacterium massiliense sp. nov. (type strain, 5402485T=CSUR P19T=CIP 109423T=CCUG 53857T) are proposed.

  16. 3D nanostructured N-doped TiO2 photocatalysts with enhanced visible absorption.

    PubMed

    Cho, Sumin; Ahn, Changui; Park, Junyong; Jeon, Seokwoo

    2018-05-24

    Considering the environmental issues, it is essential to develop highly efficient and recyclable photocatalysts in purification systems. Conventional TiO2 nanoparticles have strong intrinsic oxidizing power and high surface area, but are difficult to collect after use and rarely absorb visible light, resulting in low photocatalytic efficiency under sunlight. Here we develop a new type of highly efficient and recyclable photocatalyst made of a three-dimensional (3D) nanostructured N-doped TiO2 monolith with enhanced visible light absorption. To prepare the sample, an ultrathin TiN layer (∼10 nm) was conformally coated using atomic layer deposition (ALD) on 3D nanostructured TiO2. Subsequent thermal annealing at low temperature (550 °C) converted TiN to anatase phase N-doped TiO2. The resulting 3D N-doped TiO2 showed ∼33% enhanced photocatalytic performance compared to pure 3D TiO2 of equivalent thickness under sunlight due to the reduced bandgap, from 3.2 eV to 2.75 eV through N-doping. The 3D N-doped TiO2 monolith could be easily collected and reused at least 5 times without any degradation in photocatalytic performance.

  17. CADASIL mutant NOTCH3(R90C) decreases the viability of HS683 oligodendrocytes via apoptosis.

    PubMed

    Tang, Mibo; Shi, Changhe; Song, Bo; Yang, Jing; Yang, Ting; Mao, Chengyuan; Li, Yusheng; Liu, Xinjing; Zhang, Shuyu; Wang, Hui; Luo, Haiyang; Xu, Yuming

    2017-07-01

    Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is the most common hereditary cerebral small vessel disease caused by mutations in NOTCH3. Prevailing models suggest that demyelination occurs secondary to vascular pathology. However, in zebrafish, NOTCH3 is also expressed in mature oligodendrocytes. Thus, we hypothesized that in addition to vascular defects, mutant NOTCH3 may alter glial function in individuals with CADASIL. The aim of this study was to characterize the direct effects of a mutant NOTCH3 protein in HS683 oligodendrocytes. HS683 oligodendrocytes transfected with wild-type NOTCH3, mutant NOTCH3(R90C), and empty control vector were used to study the impact of the NOTCH3(R90C) mutant on its protein hydrolytic processing, cell viability, apoptosis, autophagy, oxidative stress, and the related upstream events using immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, RT-PCR, and flow cytometry. We determined that HS683 oligodendrocytes transfected with mutant NOTCH3(R90C), which is the hotspot mutation site-associated with CADASIL, exhibited aberrant NOTCH3 proteolytic processing. Compared to cells overexpressing wild-type NOTCH3, cells overexpressing NOTCH3(R90C) were less viable and had a higher rate of apoptosis. Immunoblotting revealed that cells transfected with NOTCH3(R90C) had higher levels of intrinsic mitochondrial apoptosis, extrinsic death receptor path-related apoptosis, and autophagy compared with cells transfected with wild-type NOTCH3. This study suggests that in patients with CADASIL, early defects in glia influenced by NOTCH3(R90C) may directly contribute to white matter pathology in addition to secondary vascular defects. This study provides a potential therapeutic target for the future treatment of CADASIL.

  18. Identification and Characterization of Novel Variations in Platelet G-Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR) Genes in Patients Historically Diagnosed with Type 1 von Willebrand Disease.

    PubMed

    Stockley, Jacqueline; Nisar, Shaista P; Leo, Vincenzo C; Sabi, Essa; Cunningham, Margaret R; Eikenboom, Jeroen C; Lethagen, Stefan; Schneppenheim, Reinhard; Goodeve, Anne C; Watson, Steve P; Mundell, Stuart J; Daly, Martina E

    2015-01-01

    The clinical expression of type 1 von Willebrand disease may be modified by co-inheritance of other mild bleeding diatheses. We previously showed that mutations in the platelet P2Y12 ADP receptor gene (P2RY12) could contribute to the bleeding phenotype in patients with type 1 von Willebrand disease. Here we investigated whether variations in platelet G protein-coupled receptor genes other than P2RY12 also contributed to the bleeding phenotype. Platelet G protein-coupled receptor genes P2RY1, F2R, F2RL3, TBXA2R and PTGIR were sequenced in 146 index cases with type 1 von Willebrand disease and the potential effects of identified single nucleotide variations were assessed using in silico methods and heterologous expression analysis. Seven heterozygous single nucleotide variations were identified in 8 index cases. Two single nucleotide variations were detected in F2R; a novel c.-67G>C transversion which reduced F2R transcriptional activity and a rare c.1063C>T transition predicting a p.L355F substitution which did not interfere with PAR1 expression or signalling. Two synonymous single nucleotide variations were identified in F2RL3 (c.402C>G, p.A134 =; c.1029 G>C p.V343 =), both of which introduced less commonly used codons and were predicted to be deleterious, though neither of them affected PAR4 receptor expression. A third single nucleotide variation in F2RL3 (c.65 C>A; p.T22N) was co-inherited with a synonymous single nucleotide variation in TBXA2R (c.6680 C>T, p.S218 =). Expression and signalling of the p.T22N PAR4 variant was similar to wild-type, while the TBXA2R variation introduced a cryptic splice site that was predicted to cause premature termination of protein translation. The enrichment of single nucleotide variations in G protein-coupled receptor genes among type 1 von Willebrand disease patients supports the view of type 1 von Willebrand disease as a polygenic disorder.

  19. Moving to Aqueous Binder: A Valid Approach to Achieving High‐Rate Capability and Long‐Term Durability for Sodium‐Ion Battery

    PubMed Central

    Zhao, Jing; Yang, Xu; Yao, Ye; Gao, Yu; Sui, Yongming; Zou, Bo; Ehrenberg, Helmut; Chen, Gang

    2018-01-01

    Abstract Polyanionic Na3V2(PO4)2F3 with a NASICON‐type structure is heralded as a promising cathode material for sodium‐ion batteries due to its fast ionic conduction, high working voltage, and favorable structural stability. However, a number of challenging issues remain regarding its rate capability and cycle life, which must be addressed to enable greater application compatibility. Here, a facile and effective approach that can be used to overcome these disadvantages by introducing an aqueous carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) binder is reported. The resulting conductive network serves to accelerate the diffusion of Na+ ions across the interface as well as in the bulk. The strong binding force of the CMC and stable solid permeable interface protect the electrode from degradation, leading to an excellent capacity of 75 mA h g−1 at an ultrahigh rate of 70 C (1 C = 128 mA g−1) and a long lifespan of 3500 cycles at 30 C while sustaining 79% of the initial capacity value. A full cell based on this electrode material delivers an impressive energy density as high as 216 W h kg−1, indicating the potential for application of this straightforward and cost‐effective route for the future development of advanced battery technologies. PMID:29721423

  20. Growth and characterization of different human rhinovirus C types in three-dimensional human airway epithelia reconstituted in vitro

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Tapparel, Caroline, E-mail: Caroline.Tapparel@hcuge.ch; Sobo, Komla; Constant, Samuel

    New molecular diagnostic tools have recently allowed the discovery of human rhinovirus species C (HRV-C) that may be overrepresented in children with lower respiratory tract complications. Unlike HRV-A and HRV-B, HRV-C cannot be propagated in conventional immortalized cell lines and their biological properties have been difficult to study. Recent studies have described the successful amplification of HRV-C15, HRV-C11, and HRV-C41 in sinus mucosal organ cultures and in fully differentiated human airway epithelial cells. Consistent with these studies, we report that a panel of clinical HRV-C specimens including HRV-C2, HRV-C7, HRV-C12, HRV-C15, and HRV-C29 types were all capable of mediating productivemore » infection in reconstituted 3D human primary upper airway epithelial tissues and that the virions enter and exit preferentially through the apical surface. Similar to HRV-A and HRV-B, our data support the acid sensitivity of HRV-C. We observed also that the optimum temperature requirement during HRV-C growth may be type-dependent. - Highlights: • A 3D human upper airway epithelia reconstituted in vitro supports HRV-C growth. • HRV-Cs enter and exit preferentially at the apical side of this ALI culture system. • HRV-Cs are acid sensitive. • Temperature sensitivity may be type-dependent for HRV-Cs.« less

  1. Description of Noviherbaspirillum malthae gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from an oil-contaminated soil, and proposal to reclassify Herbaspirillum soli, Herbaspirillum aurantiacum, Herbaspirillum canariense and Herbaspirillum psychrotolerans as Noviherbaspirillum soli comb. nov., Noviherbaspirillum aurantiacum comb. nov., Noviherbaspirillum canariense comb. nov. and Noviherbaspirillum psychrotolerans comb. nov. based on polyphasic analysis.

    PubMed

    Lin, Shih-Yao; Hameed, Asif; Arun, A B; Liu, You-Cheng; Hsu, Yi-Han; Lai, Wei-An; Rekha, P D; Young, Chiu-Chung

    2013-11-01

    An aerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium with polar flagella, strain CC-AFH3(T), was isolated from an oil-contaminated site located in Kaohsiung county, Taiwan. Strain CC-AFH3(T) grew at 20-40 °C, pH 5.0-10.0 and <2 % (w/v) NaCl. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain CC-AFH3(T) showed the greatest degree of similarity to Herbaspirillum soli SUEMI10(T) (96.5 %), H. aurantiacum SUEMI08(T) (96.3 %), H. canariense SUEMI03(T) (96.0 %), H. psychrotolerans PB1(T) (95.4 %) and members of other Herbaspirillum species (94.1-95.2 %), and lower similarity to members of other genera (<94 %). Phylogenetic analyses also positioned the novel strain in the genus Herbaspirillum as an independent lineage. The major fatty acids in strain CC-AFH3(T) were C10 : 0 3-OH, C12 : 0, C14 : 0 2-OH, C16 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 3-OH, C17 : 0 cyclo, C16 : 1ω7c/C16 : 1ω6c and C18 : 1ω7c/C18 : 1ω6c. The major polar lipids of strain CC-AFH3(T) were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine. The predominant quinone was ubiquinone 8 (Q-8) and the DNA G+C content was 63.4 mol%. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis in combination with physiological and chemotaxonomic data, strain CC-AFH3(T) represents a novel species in a new genus, for which we propose the name Noviherbaspirillum malthae gen. nov., sp. nov.; the type strain of Noviherbaspirillum malthae is CC-AFH3(T) ( = BCRC 80516(T) = JCM 18414(T)). We also propose the reclassification of Herbaspirillum soli, Herbaspirillum aurantiacum, Herbaspirillum canariense and 'Herbaspirillum psychrotolerans' as Noviherbaspirillum soli comb. nov. (type strain SUEMI10(T) = LMG 26149(T) = CECT 7840(T)), Noviherbaspirillum aurantiacum comb. nov. (type strain SUEMI08(T) = LMG 26150(T) = CECT 7839(T)), Noviherbaspirillum canariense comb. nov. (type strain SUEMI03(T) = LMG 26151(T) = CECT 7838(T)) and Noviherbaspirillum psychrotolerans comb. nov. (type strain PB1(T) = DSM 26001(T) = LMG 27282(T)), respectively. An emended description of Herbaspirillum seropedicae is also presented.

  2. High-capacity FeTiO3/C negative electrode for sodium-ion batteries with ultralong cycle life

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ding, Changsheng; Nohira, Toshiyuki; Hagiwara, Rika

    2018-06-01

    The development of electrode materials which improve both the energy density and cycle life is one of the most challenging issues facing the practical application of sodium-ion batteries today. In this work, FeTiO3/C nanoparticles are synthesized as negative electrode materials for sodium-ion batteries. The electrochemical performance and charge-discharge mechanism of the FeTiO3/C negative electrode are investigated in an ionic liquid electrolyte at 90 °C. The FeTiO3/C negative electrode delivers a high reversible capacity of 403 mAh g-1 at a current rate of 10 mA g-1, and exhibits high rate capability and excellent cycling stability for up to 2000 cycles. The results indicate that FeTiO3/C is a promising negative electrode material for sodium-ion batteries.

  3. Regulation of L-type CaV1.3 channel activity and insulin secretion by the cGMP-PKG signaling pathway

    PubMed Central

    Sandoval, Alejandro; Duran, Paz; Gandini, María A.; Andrade, Arturo; Almanza, Angélica; Kaja, Simon; Felix, Ricardo

    2018-01-01

    cGMP is a second messenger widely used in the nervous system and other tissues. One of the major effectors for cGMP is the serine/threonine protein kinase, cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG), which catalyzes the phosphorylation of a variety of proteins including ion channels. Previously, it has been shown that the cGMP-PKG signaling pathway inhibits Ca2+ currents in rat vestibular hair cells and chromaffin cells. This current allegedly flow through voltage-gated CaV1.3L-type Ca2+ channels, and is important for controlling vestibular hair cell sensory function and catecholamine secretion, respectively. Here, we show that native L-type channels in the insulin-secreting RIN-m5F cell line, and recombinant CaV1.3 channels heterologously expressed in HEK-293 cells, are regulatory targets of the cGMP-PKG signaling cascade. Our results indicate that the CaVα1 ion-conducting subunit of the CaV1.3 channels is highly expressed in RIN-m5F cells and that the application of 8-Br-cGMP, a membrane-permeable analogue of cGMP, significantly inhibits Ca2+ macroscopic currents and impair insulin release stimulated with high K+. In addition, KT-5823, a specific inhibitor of PKG, prevents the current inhibition generated by 8-Br-cGMP in the heterologous expression system. Interestingly, mutating the putative phosphorylation sites to residues resistant to phosphorylation showed that the relevant PKG sites for CaV1.3 L-type channel regulation centers on two amino acid residues, Ser793 and Ser860, located in the intracellular loop connecting the II and III repeats of the CaVα1 pore-forming subunit of the channel. These findings unveil a novel mechanism for how the cGMP-PKG signaling pathway may regulate CaV1.3 channels and contribute to regulate insulin secretion. PMID:28807144

  4. Regulation of L-type CaV1.3 channel activity and insulin secretion by the cGMP-PKG signaling pathway.

    PubMed

    Sandoval, Alejandro; Duran, Paz; Gandini, María A; Andrade, Arturo; Almanza, Angélica; Kaja, Simon; Felix, Ricardo

    2017-09-01

    cGMP is a second messenger widely used in the nervous system and other tissues. One of the major effectors for cGMP is the serine/threonine protein kinase, cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG), which catalyzes the phosphorylation of a variety of proteins including ion channels. Previously, it has been shown that the cGMP-PKG signaling pathway inhibits Ca 2+ currents in rat vestibular hair cells and chromaffin cells. This current allegedly flow through voltage-gated Ca V 1.3L-type Ca 2+ channels, and is important for controlling vestibular hair cell sensory function and catecholamine secretion, respectively. Here, we show that native L-type channels in the insulin-secreting RIN-m5F cell line, and recombinant Ca V 1.3 channels heterologously expressed in HEK-293 cells, are regulatory targets of the cGMP-PKG signaling cascade. Our results indicate that the Ca V α 1 ion-conducting subunit of the Ca V 1.3 channels is highly expressed in RIN-m5F cells and that the application of 8-Br-cGMP, a membrane-permeable analogue of cGMP, significantly inhibits Ca 2+ macroscopic currents and impair insulin release stimulated with high K + . In addition, KT-5823, a specific inhibitor of PKG, prevents the current inhibition generated by 8-Br-cGMP in the heterologous expression system. Interestingly, mutating the putative phosphorylation sites to residues resistant to phosphorylation showed that the relevant PKG sites for Ca V 1.3 L-type channel regulation centers on two amino acid residues, Ser793 and Ser860, located in the intracellular loop connecting the II and III repeats of the Ca V α 1 pore-forming subunit of the channel. These findings unveil a novel mechanism for how the cGMP-PKG signaling pathway may regulate Ca V 1.3 channels and contribute to regulate insulin secretion. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  5. The F-111D Retention Issue.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1986-06-06

    Washington D.C.: Office of Air Force History, 1978), pp. 234, 241, 254, ?59. 3 Knaack, Post- Worl -g War 11 Fighters, p. 254. 7 CHAPTER 2 HISTORICAL...The F-IlIA in Southeast Asia: 19 Second Deployment The F-I11B 22 The F-111C 25 The F-1111 25 The F-1IE 30 The F-1I1F 33 iv...Sortie 98 3-13 Maintenance Plan / Scheduling Effectiveness 99 3-14 War Readiness Spares Kit (WRSK) Fill Rate 99 3-15 WRSK / BLSS Withdrawals 100 3-16

  6. The association between preoperative spinal cord rotation and postoperative C5 nerve palsy.

    PubMed

    Eskander, Mark S; Balsis, Steve M; Balinger, Chris; Howard, Caitlin M; Lewing, Nicholas W; Eskander, Jonathan P; Aubin, Michelle E; Lange, Jeffrey; Eck, Jason; Connolly, Patrick J; Jenis, Louis G

    2012-09-05

    C5 nerve palsy is a known complication of cervical spine surgery. The development and etiology of this complication are not completely understood. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether rotation of the cervical spinal cord predicts the development of a C5 palsy. We performed a retrospective review of prospectively collected spine registry data as well as magnetic resonance images. We reviewed the records for 176 patients with degenerative disorders of the cervical spine who underwent anterior cervical decompression or corpectomy within the C4 to C6 levels. Our measurements included area for the spinal cord, space available for the cord, and rotation of the cord with respect to the vertebral body. There was a 6.8% prevalence of postoperative C5 nerve palsy as defined by deltoid motor strength of ≤ 3 of 5. The average rotation of the spinal cord (and standard deviation) was 2.8° ± 3.0°. A significant association was detected between the degree of rotation (0° to 5° versus 6° to 10° versus ≥ 11°) and palsy (point-biserial correlation = 0.94; p < 0.001). A diagnostic criterion of 6° of rotation could identify patients who had a C5 palsy (sensitivity = 1.00 [95% confidence interval, 0.70 to 1.00], specificity = 0.97 [95% confidence interval, 0.93 to 0.99], positive predictive value = 0.71 [95% confidence interval, 0.44 to 0.89], negative predictive value = 1.00 [95% confidence interval, 0.97 to 1.00]). Our evidence suggests that spinal cord rotation is a strong and significant predictor of C5 palsy postoperatively. Patients can be classified into three types, with Type 1 representing mild rotation (0° to 5°), Type 2 representing moderate rotation (6° to 10°), and Type 3 representing severe rotation (≥ 11°). The rate of C5 palsy was zero of 159 in the Type-1 group, eight of thirteen in the Type-2 group, and four of four in the Type-3 group. This information may be valuable for surgeons and patients considering anterior surgery in the C4 to C6 levels.

  7. 32 CFR 989.3 - Responsibilities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... specified in paragraph (c)(3) of this section. (iii) Is the liaison on environmental matters with Federal... of the Secretary of Defense are kept informed on EIAP matters of Defense-wide interest. (2) The... and Occupational Health Committee (ESOHC) on EIAP issues. (3) Office of Legislative Liaison (SAF/LL...

  8. Evolution of the Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase Protein Kinase Family in C3 and C4 Flaveria spp.1[W][OPEN

    PubMed Central

    Aldous, Sophia H.; Weise, Sean E.; Sharkey, Thomas D.; Waldera-Lupa, Daniel M.; Stühler, Kai; Mallmann, Julia; Groth, Georg; Gowik, Udo; Westhoff, Peter; Arsova, Borjana

    2014-01-01

    The key enzyme for C4 photosynthesis, Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase (PEPC), evolved from nonphotosynthetic PEPC found in C3 ancestors. In all plants, PEPC is phosphorylated by Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase Protein Kinase (PPCK). However, differences in the phosphorylation pattern exist among plants with these photosynthetic types, and it is still not clear if they are due to interspecies differences or depend on photosynthetic type. The genus Flaveria contains closely related C3, C3-C4 intermediate, and C4 species, which are evolutionarily young and thus well suited for comparative analysis. To characterize the evolutionary differences in PPCK between plants with C3 and C4 photosynthesis, transcriptome libraries from nine Flaveria spp. were used, and a two-member PPCK family (PPCKA and PPCKB) was identified. Sequence analysis identified a number of C3- and C4-specific residues with various occurrences in the intermediates. Quantitative analysis of transcriptome data revealed that PPCKA and PPCKB exhibit inverse diel expression patterns and that C3 and C4 Flaveria spp. differ in the expression levels of these genes. PPCKA has maximal expression levels during the day, whereas PPCKB has maximal expression during the night. Phosphorylation patterns of PEPC varied among C3 and C4 Flaveria spp. too, with PEPC from the C4 species being predominantly phosphorylated throughout the day, while in the C3 species the phosphorylation level was maintained during the entire 24 h. Since C4 Flaveria spp. evolved from C3 ancestors, this work links the evolutionary changes in sequence, PPCK expression, and phosphorylation pattern to an evolutionary phase shift of kinase activity from a C3 to a C4 mode. PMID:24850859

  9. Variation of Synechococcus Pigment Genetic Diversity Along Two Turbidity Gradients in the China Seas.

    PubMed

    Xia, Xiaomin; Liu, Hongbin; Choi, Donghan; Noh, Jae Hoon

    2018-01-01

    Synechococcus are important and widely distributed picocyanobacteria that encompass a high pigment diversity. In this study, we developed a primer set (peBF/peAR) for amplifying the cpeBA operon sequence from Synechococcus genomic DNA to study Synechococcus pigment diversity along two turbidity gradients in the China seas. Our data revealed that all previously reported pigment types occurred in the South (SCS) and East (ECS) China Seas. In addition, a novel pigment genetic type (type 3f), represented by the high phycourobilin Synechococcus sp. strain KORDI-100 (Exc495:545 = 2.35), was detected. This pigment genetic type differs from the 3c/3d types not only for a very high PUB/PEB ratio but also for a different intergenic spacer sequence and gene organization of the phycobilisome. Synechococcus of different pigment types exhibited clear niche differentiation. Type 2 dominated in the coastal waters, whereas type 3c/3d and 3f were predominant in oceanic waters of the SCS in summer. In the ECS, however, type 3a was the major pigment type throughout the transect. We suggest that in marine environment, various pigment types often co-occur but with one type dominant and PUB/PEB ratio is related to geographic distribution of Synechococcus pigment types. The two marginal seas of China have markedly different Synechococcus pigment compositions.

  10. China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities - Background and Issues for Congress

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2008-10-08

    Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions...information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. 1 . REPORT DATE 08 OCT 2008 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED 00-00-2008 to... 1 Issue for Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Scope, Sources, and

  11. China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities -- Background and Issues for Congress

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2008-07-10

    Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions...information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. 1 . REPORT DATE 10 JUL 2008 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED 00-00-2008 to 00... 1 Issue for Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Scope, Sources, and

  12. China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities - Background and Issues for Congress

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2008-11-19

    Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions...information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. 1 . REPORT DATE 19 NOV 2008 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED 00-00-2008 to... 1 Issue for Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Scope, Sources, and

  13. Cost and Training Effectiveness Analysis (CTEA) Performance Guide.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1980-09-01

    planning the CTFA and provides illustrative ne.-hods to be adapted to the particular data availability situations of the CTEA analyst. The report...11-1 B. Assessment of Available Data 1-1-3 C. Issues Requiring Resolution 1-5 D. Strategies for Conducting the CTE-A 11-6 E. Summnarv TI-15 III...Resolution of Issues 111-137 1. ITV CTEA 111-137 2. DRIMS CTEA 111-137 3. Trainability Analysis 11i-137 G. Sample Procedure 111-140 1. Assessment of Data

  14. Occurrence of C. botulinum in healthy cattle and their environment following poultry botulism outbreaks in mixed farms.

    PubMed

    Souillard, R; Le Maréchal, C; Hollebecque, F; Rouxel, S; Barbé, A; Houard, E; Léon, D; Poëzévara, T; Fach, P; Woudstra, C; Mahé, F; Chemaly, M; Le Bouquin, S

    2015-10-22

    Ten cattle farms located in an area with a recent history of poultry botulism outbreaks were investigated to evaluate the occurrence of toxigenic C. botulinum in healthy cattle. Environmental samples in the 10 cattle farms and bovine fecal contents in farms with a confirmed environmental contamination were collected. Detection of C. botulinum toxin genes C, D, C/D, D/C and E was performed using real-time PCR. 4.9% (7/143) of the environmental samples collected in the 10 investigated cattle farms were positive for C. botulinum type C/D. Theses samples (boot-swabs in stalls and on pasture and water of a stream) were collected in 3 different farms. One cow dung sample and 3 out of 64 fecal contents samples collected in a single farm were also positive for C. botulinum type C/D. This study demonstrates that cattle are probably indirectly contaminated via poultry botulism in the area and that they can be intermittent carrier of C. botulinum type C/D after poultry botulism outbreaks in mixed farms. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  15. 46 CFR 160.049-1 - Incorporation by reference.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... documents: (1) Federal Specifications: CCC-C-700G-Cloth, Coated, Vinyl, Coated (Artificial Leather). CCC-C-426D-Cloth, Cotton Drill. (2) Federal standard: No. 751—Stitches, Seams, and Stitchings. (3) Coast...—Cloth, Laminated, Vinyl-Nylon, High Strength, Flexible. (b) Plan. The following plan, of the issue in...

  16. 46 CFR 160.049-1 - Incorporation by reference.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... documents: (1) Federal Specifications: CCC-C-700G-Cloth, Coated, Vinyl, Coated (Artificial Leather). CCC-C-426D-Cloth, Cotton Drill. (2) Federal standard: No. 751—Stitches, Seams, and Stitchings. (3) Coast...—Cloth, Laminated, Vinyl-Nylon, High Strength, Flexible. (b) Plan. The following plan, of the issue in...

  17. 46 CFR 160.049-1 - Incorporation by reference.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... documents: (1) Federal Specifications: CCC-C-700G-Cloth, Coated, Vinyl, Coated (Artificial Leather). CCC-C-426D-Cloth, Cotton Drill. (2) Federal standard: No. 751—Stitches, Seams, and Stitchings. (3) Coast...—Cloth, Laminated, Vinyl-Nylon, High Strength, Flexible. (b) Plan. The following plan, of the issue in...

  18. Pure Rotational Spectroscopy of Asymmetric Tops in the Undergraduate Classroom or Laboratory

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Minei, A. J.; Cooke, S. A.

    2013-06-01

    Due to concerns of complexity, the asymmetric top, for which κ = {(2B - A - C) / (A - C)} ≠ ± 1, is feared, or at least avoided, by many instructors when explaining the rigid rotor. However, the spectral patterns formed by cold} asymmetric rigid rotors in the centimeter-wave} region of the electromagnetic spectrum can be easily identified. We will present some techniques for spectral analyses that we have successfully employed with undergraduate students who are either ``pre-quantum mechanics" or are currently enrolled in a chemical quantum mechanics class. The activities are simple, requiring the students to first locate repeating patterns and then apply simple algebraic expressions in order to determine all three rotational constants. The method will be illustrated using the spectra of 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl trifluoroacetate (CF_3C(=O)OCH_2CF_2CHF_2), (E)-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (CF_3CH=CHF), 1H,1H,2H-perfluorocyclobutane (CF_2CF_2CHFCH_2), and 2H-nonafluorobutane (CF_3CHFCF_2CF_3). The first two of these species have predominantly a-type spectra, the third has a predominantly b-type spectrum, the fourth has a predominantly c-type spectrum.

  19. Hospital type- and volume-outcome relationships in esophageal cancer patients receiving non-surgical treatments.

    PubMed

    Hsu, Po-Kuei; Chen, Hui-Shan; Wang, Bing-Yen; Wu, Shiao-Chi; Liu, Chao-Yu; Shih, Chih-Hsun; Liu, Chia-Chuan

    2015-01-28

    To study the "hospital type-outcome" and "volume-outcome" relationships in patients with esophageal cancer who receive non-surgical treatments. A total of 6106 patients with esophageal cancer diagnosed between 2008 and 2011 were identified from a national population-based cancer registry in Taiwan. The hospital types were defined as medical center and non-medical center. The threshold for high-volume hospitals was based on a median volume of 225 cases between 2008 and 2011 (annual volume, >56 cases) or an upper quartile (>75%) volume of 377 cases (annual volume>94 cases). Cox regression analyses were used to determine the effects of hospital type and volume outcome on patient survival. A total of 3955 non-surgically treated patients were included in the survival analysis. In the unadjusted analysis, the significant prognostic factors included cT, cN, cM stage, hospital type and hospital volume (annual volume, >94 vs ≤94). The 1- and 3-year overall survival rates in the non-medical centers (36.2% and 13.2%, respectively) were significantly higher than those in the medical centers (33.5% and 11.3%, respectively; P=0.027). The 1- and 3-year overall survival rates in hospitals with an annual volume of ≤94 (35.3% and 12.6%, respectively) were significantly higher than those with an annual volume of >94 (31.1% and 9.4%, respectively; P=0.001). However, in the multivariate analysis, the hospital type was not statistically significant. Only cT, cN, and cM stages and hospital volume (annual volume>94 vs ≤94) were independent prognostic factors. Whether the treatment occurs in medical centers is not a significant prognostic factor. High-volume hospitals were not associated with better survival rates compared with low-volume hospitals.

  20. Oxygen Issue in Core Collapse Supernovae

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Elmhamdi, A.

    2011-06-01

    We study the spectroscopic properties of a selected sample of 26 events within Core Collapse Supernovae (CCSNe) family. Special attention is paid to the nebular oxygen forbidden line [OI] 6300, 6364 Å doublet. We analyze the line flux ratio F6300/F6364 and infer information about the optical depth evolution, densities, volume-filling factors in the oxygen emitting zones. The line luminosity is measured for the sample events and its evolution is discussed on the basis of the bolometric light curve properties in type II and in type Ib-c SNe. The luminosities are then translated into oxygen abundances using two different methods. The results are combined with the determined 56Ni masses and compared with theoretical models by means of the [O/Fe] vs. Mms diagram. Two distinguishable and continuous populations, corresponding to Ib-c and type II SNe, are found. The higher mass nature of the ejecta in type II objects is also imprinted in the [CaII] 7291, 7324Å to [OI] 6300, 6364Å luminosity ratios. Our results may be used as input parameters for theoretical models studying the chemical enrichment of galaxies.

  1. Regioselective synthesis of C3 alkylated and arylated benzothiophenes

    PubMed Central

    Shrives, Harry J.; Fernández-Salas, José A.; Hedtke, Christin; Pulis, Alexander P.; Procter, David J.

    2017-01-01

    Benzothiophenes are heterocyclic constituents of important molecules relevant to society, including those with the potential to meet modern medical challenges. The construction of molecules would be vastly more efficient if carbon–hydrogen bonds, found in all organic molecules, can be directly converted into carbon–carbon bonds. In the case of elaborating benzothiophenes, functionalization of carbon–hydrogen bonds at carbon-number 3 (C3) is markedly more demanding than at C2 due to issues of regioselectivity (C3 versus C2), and the requirement of high temperatures, precious metals and the installation of superfluous directing groups. Herein, we demonstrate that synthetically unexplored but readily accessible benzothiophene S-oxides serve as novel precursors for C3-functionalized benzothiophenes. Employing an interrupted Pummerer reaction to capture and then deliver phenol and silane coupling partners, we have discovered a directing group-free method that delivers C3-arylated and -alkylated benzothiophenes with complete regioselectivity, under metal-free and mild conditions. PMID:28317882

  2. Streptococcus mutans clonal variation revealed by multilocus sequence typing.

    PubMed

    Nakano, Kazuhiko; Lapirattanakul, Jinthana; Nomura, Ryota; Nemoto, Hirotoshi; Alaluusua, Satu; Grönroos, Lisa; Vaara, Martti; Hamada, Shigeyuki; Ooshima, Takashi; Nakagawa, Ichiro

    2007-08-01

    Streptococcus mutans is the major pathogen of dental caries, a biofilm-dependent infectious disease, and occasionally causes infective endocarditis. S. mutans strains have been classified into four serotypes (c, e, f, and k). However, little is known about the S. mutans population, including the clonal relationships among strains of S. mutans, in relation to the particular clones that cause systemic diseases. To address this issue, we have developed a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme for S. mutans. Eight housekeeping gene fragments were sequenced from each of 102 S. mutans isolates collected from the four serotypes in Japan and Finland. Between 14 and 23 alleles per locus were identified, allowing us theoretically to distinguish more than 1.2 x 10(10) sequence types. We identified 92 sequence types in these 102 isolates, indicating that S. mutans contains a diverse population. Whereas serotype c strains were widely distributed in the dendrogram, serotype e, f, and k strains were differentiated into clonal complexes. Therefore, we conclude that the ancestral strain of S. mutans was serotype c. No geographic specificity was identified. However, the distribution of the collagen-binding protein gene (cnm) and direct evidence of mother-to-child transmission were clearly evident. In conclusion, the superior discriminatory capacity of this MLST scheme for S. mutans may have important practical implications.

  3. 16 CFR 1505.7 - Maximum acceptable surface temperatures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... (as described—in § 1505.6 (g)(2)) Thermal inertia type 1 Temperatures °C. °F. A 1 50 122 A 2 55 131 A... 60 140 D marked 2 75 167 D marked 3 100 212 D marked 4 125 257 E (2) (3) (3) 1 Thermal inertia types... inertia of a material can be obtained by multiplying the thermal conductivity (cal./cm./sec./degrees C...

  4. 16 CFR 1505.7 - Maximum acceptable surface temperatures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... (as described—in § 1505.6 (g)(2)) Thermal inertia type 1 Temperatures °C. °F. A 1 50 122 A 2 55 131 A... 60 140 D marked 2 75 167 D marked 3 100 212 D marked 4 125 257 E (2) (3) (3) 1 Thermal inertia types... inertia of a material can be obtained by multiplying the thermal conductivity (cal./cm./sec./degrees C...

  5. 16 CFR 1505.7 - Maximum acceptable surface temperatures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... (as described—in § 1505.6 (g)(2)) Thermal inertia type 1 Temperatures °C. °F. A 1 50 122 A 2 55 131 A... 60 140 D marked 2 75 167 D marked 3 100 212 D marked 4 125 257 E (2) (3) (3) 1 Thermal inertia types... inertia of a material can be obtained by multiplying the thermal conductivity (cal./cm./sec./degrees C...

  6. 16 CFR 1505.7 - Maximum acceptable surface temperatures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... (as described—in § 1505.6 (g)(2)) Thermal inertia type 1 Temperatures °C. °F. A 1 50 122 A 2 55 131 A... 60 140 D marked 2 75 167 D marked 3 100 212 D marked 4 125 257 E (2) (3) (3) 1 Thermal inertia types... inertia of a material can be obtained by multiplying the thermal conductivity (cal./cm./sec./degrees C...

  7. 46 CFR 11.501 - Grade and type of engineer endorsements issued.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Grade and type of engineer endorsements issued. 11.501... REQUIREMENTS FOR OFFICER ENDORSEMENTS Professional Requirements for Engineer Officer § 11.501 Grade and type of engineer endorsements issued. (a) Engineer endorsements are issued in the grades of: (1) Chief engineer; (2...

  8. 46 CFR 11.501 - Grade and type of engineer endorsements issued.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Grade and type of engineer endorsements issued. 11.501... REQUIREMENTS FOR OFFICER ENDORSEMENTS Professional Requirements for Engineer Officer § 11.501 Grade and type of engineer endorsements issued. (a) Engineer endorsements are issued in the grades of: (1) Chief engineer; (2...

  9. 46 CFR 11.501 - Grade and type of engineer endorsements issued.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Grade and type of engineer endorsements issued. 11.501... REQUIREMENTS FOR OFFICER ENDORSEMENTS Professional Requirements for Engineer Officer § 11.501 Grade and type of engineer endorsements issued. (a) Engineer endorsements are issued in the grades of: (1) Chief engineer; (2...

  10. 46 CFR 11.501 - Grade and type of engineer endorsements issued.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Grade and type of engineer endorsements issued. 11.501... REQUIREMENTS FOR OFFICER ENDORSEMENTS Professional Requirements for Engineer Officer § 11.501 Grade and type of engineer endorsements issued. (a) Engineer endorsements are issued in the grades of: (1) Chief engineer; (2...

  11. Live Attenuated Vaccine Based on Duck Enteritis Virus against Duck Hepatitis A Virus Types 1 and 3

    PubMed Central

    Zou, Zhong; Ma, Ji; Huang, Kun; Chen, Huanchun; Liu, Ziduo; Jin, Meilin

    2016-01-01

    As causative agents of duck viral hepatitis, duck hepatitis A virus type 1 (DHAV-1) and type 3 (DHAV-3) causes significant economic losses in the duck industry. However, a licensed commercial vaccine that simultaneously controls both pathogens is currently unavailable. Here, we generated duck enteritis virus recombinants (rC-KCE-2VP1) containing both VP1 from DHAV-1 (VP1/DHAV-1) and VP1 from DHAV-3 (VP1/DHAV-3) between UL27 and UL26. A self-cleaving 2A-element of FMDV was inserted between the two different types of VP1, allowing production of both proteins from a single open reading frame. Immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis results demonstrated that both VP1 proteins were robustly expressed in rC-KCE-2VP1-infected chicken embryo fibroblasts. Ducks that received a single dose of rC-KCE-2VP1 showed potent humoral and cellular immune responses and were completely protected against challenges of both pathogenic DHAV-1 and DHAV-3 strains. The protection was rapid, achieved as early as 3 days after vaccination. Moreover, viral replication was fully blocked in vaccinated ducks as early as 1 week post-vaccination. These results demonstrated, for the first time, that recombinant rC-KCE-2VP1 is potential fast-acting vaccine against DHAV-1 and DHAV-3. PMID:27777571

  12. The gene for autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia with pigmentary macular dystrophy maps to chromosome 3p12-p21.1.

    PubMed

    Benomar, A; Krols, L; Stevanin, G; Cancel, G; LeGuern, E; David, G; Ouhabi, H; Martin, J J; Dürr, A; Zaim, A

    1995-05-01

    Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia with pigmentary macular dystrophy (ADCA type II) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder with marked anticipation. We have mapped the ADCA type II locus to chromosome 3 by linkage analysis in a genome-wide search and found no evidence for genetic heterogeneity among four families of different geographic origins. Haplotype reconstruction initially restricted the locus to the 33 cM interval flanked by D3S1300 and D3S1276 located at 3p12-p21.1. Combined multipoint analysis, using the Zmax-1 method, further reduced the candidate interval to an 8 cM region around D3S1285. Our results show that ADCA type II is a genetically homogenous disorder, independent of the heterogeneous group of type I cerebellar ataxias.

  13. Starch Accumulation in the Bundle Sheaths of C3 Plants: A Possible Pre-Condition for C4 Photosynthesis.

    PubMed

    Miyake, Hiroshi

    2016-05-01

    C4 plants have evolved >60 times from their C3 ancestors. C4 photosynthesis requires a set of closely co-ordinated anatomical and biochemical characteristics. However, it is now recognized that the evolution of C4 plants requires fewer changes than had ever been considered, because of the genetic, biochemical and anatomical pre-conditions of C3 ancestors that were recruited into C4 photosynthesis. Therefore, the pre-conditions in C3 plants are now being actively investigated to clarify the evolutionary trajectory from C3 to C4 plants and to engineer C4 traits efficiently into C3 crops. In the present mini review, the anatomical characteristics of C3 and C4 plants are briefly reviewed and the importance of the bundle sheath for the evolution of C4 photosynthesis is described. For example, while the bundle sheath of C3 rice plants accumulates large amounts of starch in the developing leaf blade and at the lamina joint of the mature leaf, the starch sheath function is also observed during leaf development in starch accumulator grasses regardless of photosynthetic type. The starch sheath function of C3 plants is therefore also implicated as a possible pre-condition for the evolution of C4 photosynthesis. The phylogenetic relationships between the types of storage carbohydrates and of photosynthesis need to be clarified in the future. © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Japanese Society of Plant Physiologists. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

  14. Changes in fatty acid metabolism induced by varied micro-supplementation with zinc in snails Helix pomatia (Gastropoda Pulmonata).

    PubMed

    Kowalczyk-Pecka, Danuta; Pecka, Stanisław; Kowalczuk-Vasilev, Edyta

    2017-04-01

    We analyzed the changes in the profile of fatty acids (FA) in the foot tissues and hepatopancreas (HP) of snails Helix pomatia exposed to five microdoses of zinc (0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, or 1mg/l) administered in the form of a pure salt solution and in the form of EDTA and lysine chelates. Selection from a pool of 56 fatty acids analyzed in snail tissues yielded a set of 12 biomarker acids undergoing significant changes in contact with toxic substances. The selection criteria included the greatest percentage among the FA profile and their significant role in physiological processes. The proposed palette of acids of the biomarker FAs comprised C16:0; C18:0; C23:0; C18:1 n-9; C20:1 n-9; C18:2 n-6; C18:3 n-3; C20:2; C20:4 n-6; C20:5 n-3; C22:4 n-6; and C22:5 n-3, and saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), determined separately in the foot tissues and hepatopancreas. The significant (p=0.01) influence of the dose as well as the source of the zinc on its' concentration in the tissues and on changes in the fatty acid profiles. Among the three zinc forms administered to the snails, the highest bioaccumulation of zinc in both tissues was noted in the group receiving the Zn-EDTA chelate. The content of PUFAs increased as the supplementation with zinc increased up to 0.75mg/l, but at 1mg/l, the share of these FAs began to decrease. This trend was observed in both analyzed tissue types - foot and hepatopancreas. The dose of 1mg Zn/l might be considered as a threshold dose above which the saturation of FAs increases. The results proved that determination of FA profile in snails can be used in ecotoxicological research as a reliable test of the effect of trace doses of stressors. The micro-supplementation of the mollusks diet with zinc is an example of a non-routine approach to issues connected with both diet and toxicology. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  15. Defensive zeal and the uncertain self: what makes you so sure?

    PubMed

    McGregor, Ian; Marigold, Denise C

    2003-11-01

    In Studies 1-3, undergraduates with high self-esteem (HSEs) reacted to personal uncertainty-threats with compensatory conviction about unrelated issues and aspects of the self. In Study 1 HSEs reacted to salience of personal dilemmas with increased implicit conviction about self-definition. In Study 2 they reacted to the same uncertainty-threat with increased explicit conviction about social issues. In Study 3, HSEs (particularly defensive HSEs, i.e., with low implicit self-esteem; C. H. Jordan, S. J. Spencer, & M. P. Zanna, 2003) reacted to uncertainty about a personal relationship with compensatory conviction about social issues. For HSEs in Study 4, expressing convictions about social issues decreased subjective salience of dilemma-related uncertainties that were not related to the social issues. Compensatory conviction is viewed as a mode of repression, akin to reaction formation, that helps keep unwanted thoughts out of awareness.

  16. Hunger in America: Hearings on Hunger and Related Nutritional Issues, before the Subcommittee on Nutrition and Investigations of the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, United States Senate, and the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, United States Senate. One Hundredth Congress, Second Session (Cedar Rapids, Iowa, January 30, 1988; Washington, D.C., March 1 and 28, 1988).

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Congress of the U.S., Washington, DC. Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry.

    This report presents the testimony of numerous expert witnesses who appeared at three hearings on the following topics: (1) Hunger and Related Nutritional Issues; (2) U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Assistance Programs; and (3) Domestic Hunger and Related Nutritional Issues. The following major issues were discussed: (1) the number of…

  17. Epidemiologic Approaches to Evaluating the Potential for Human Papillomavirus Type Replacement Postvaccination

    PubMed Central

    Tota, Joseph E.; Ramanakumar, Agnihotram V.; Jiang, Mengzhu; Dillner, Joakim; Walter, Stephen D.; Kaufman, Jay S.; Coutlée, François; Villa, Luisa L.; Franco, Eduardo L.

    2013-01-01

    Currently, 2 vaccines exist that prevent infection by the genotypes of human papillomavirus (HPV) responsible for approximately 70% of cervical cancer cases worldwide. Although vaccination is expected to reduce the prevalence of these HPV types, there is concern about the effect this could have on the distribution of other oncogenic types. According to basic ecological principles, if competition exists between ≥2 different HPV types for niche occupation during natural infection, elimination of 1 type may lead to an increase in other type(s). Here, we discuss this issue of “type replacement” and present different epidemiologic approaches for evaluation of HPV type competition. Briefly, these approaches involve: 1) calculation of the expected frequency of coinfection under independence between HPV types for comparison with observed frequency; 2) construction of hierarchical logistic regression models for each vaccine-targeted type; and 3) construction of Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox models to evaluate sequential acquisition and clearance of HPV types according to baseline HPV status. We also discuss a related issue concerning diagnostic artifacts arising when multiple HPV types are present in specific samples (due to the inability of broad-spectrum assays to detect certain types present in lower concentrations). This may result in an apparent increase in previously undetected types postvaccination. PMID:23660798

  18. Anti-botulism single-shot vaccine using chitosan for protein encapsulation by simple coacervation.

    PubMed

    Sari, Roger S; de Almeida, Anna Christina; Cangussu, Alex S R; Jorge, Edson V; Mozzer, Otto D; Santos, Hércules Otacílio; Quintilio, Wagner; Brandi, Igor Viana; Andrade, Viviane Aguiar; Miguel, Angelo Samir M; Sobrinho Santos, Eliane M

    2016-12-01

    The aim of the present study was to compare the potency and safety of vaccines against Clostridium botulinum (C. botulinum) type C and D formulated with chitosan as controlled release matrix and vaccines formulated in conventional manner using aluminum hydroxide. Parameters were established for the development of chitosan microspheres, using simple coacervation to standardize the use of this polymer in protein encapsulation for vaccine formulation. To formulate a single shot vaccine inactivated antigens of C. botulinum type C and D were used with original toxin titles equal to 5.2 and 6.2 log LD50/ml, respectively. For each antigen a chitosan based solution of 50 mL was prepared. Control vaccines were formulated by mixing toxoid type C and D with aluminum hydroxide [25% Al(OH) 3 , pH 6.3]. The toxoid sterility, innocuity and potency of vaccines were evaluated as stipulated by MAPA-BRASIL according to ministerial directive no. 23. Encapsulation efficiency of BSA in chitosan was 32.5-40.37%, while that the encapsulation efficiency to toxoid type C was 41,03% (1.94 mg/mL) and of the toxoid type D was 32.30% (1.82 mg/mL). The single shot vaccine formulated using chitosan for protein encapsulation through simple coacervation showed potency and safety similar to conventional vaccine currently used in Brazilian livestock (10 and 2 IU/mL against C. botulinum type C and D, respectively). The present work suggests that our single shot vaccine would be a good option as a cattle vaccine against these C. botulinum type C and D. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  19. The effect of nitrate on ethylene biofiltration.

    PubMed

    Lee, Sang-Hun; Li, Congna; Heber, Albert J

    2012-11-30

    This study investigated the effects of filter media types and nitrate (NO(3)(-)) concentrations in nutrient solutions on C(2)H(4) biofiltration. A new nutrient solution with zero NO(3)(-) concentration was supplied to two perlite-bed biotrickling filters, two perlite-bed biofilters, and two GAC (Granular Activated Carbon)-bed biofilters, while the other with 2 g L(-1) of NO(3)(-) was used for the other two GAC biofilters. All reactors underwent a total test duration of over 175 days with an EBRT (Empty Bed Residence Time) of 30 s, inlet gas flow rate of 7 L min(-1), and inlet C(2)H(4) concentrations of 20-30 mg m(-3). NO(3)(-) concentration and media type significantly affected the C(2)H(4) removal efficiencies in all types of biofiltration. The perlite media with no NO(3)(-) achieved C(2)H(4) removal efficiencies 10-50% higher than the others. A NO(3)(-) concentration as high as 2 g L(-1) in the original nutrient solution may act as an inhibitor that suppresses the growth or activity of C(2)H(4) degraders. In addition, the perlite media resulted in higher C(2)H(4) removal efficiencies than GAC media, because the hydrophilic surface of the perlite leads to a higher moisture content and thus to favorable microbial growth. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  20. Insulin sensitising action of chromium picolinate in various experimental models of diabetes mellitus.

    PubMed

    Shindea, Urmila A; Sharma, Geeta; Xu, Yan J; Dhalla, Naranjan S; Goyal, Ramesh K

    2004-01-01

    Although chromium is an essential element for carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, its effects in diabetic patients are still debated. We have studied the effect of 6 week treatment with chromium picolinate (8 microg/ml in drinking water) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 and type 2 diabetic rat models. The mechanism of anti-diabetic action of chromium picolinate was studied using C2C12 myoblasts and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Chromium picolinate significantly decreased the area under the curve over 120 min for glucose of both STZ-induced type 1 (40mg/kg, i.v. in adult rats) and type 2 (90 mg/kg, i.p. in 2 day old rat neonates) diabetic rats without any significant change in area under the curve over 120 min for insulin as compared to controls. The composite insulin sensitivity index and insulin sensitivity index (KITT) values of both type 1 and type 2 diabetic rats were increased significantly by chromium picolinate. Treatment with chromium picolinate produced a significant decrease in elevated cholesterol and triglyceride levels in both types of diabetic rats. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, chromium picolinate (0-10 micromol) per se did not produce any effect, however, when co-incubated with insulin it significantly increased the intracellular triglyceride synthesis (EC50 = 363.7nmol/1). Similarly in C2C12 myoblasts, chromium picolinate alone did not produce any effect, however, it significantly increased insulin-induced transport of 14C-glucose. In conclusion, chromium picolinate significantly improves deranged carbohydrate and lipid metabolism of experimental chemically induced diabetes in rats. The mechanism of in vivo anti-diabetic action appears to be peripheral (skeletal muscle and adipose tissue) insulin enhancing action of chromium.

  1. Theoretical investigation of the breakdown electric field of SiC polymorphs

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yamaguchi, Kikou; Kobayashi, Daisuke; Yamamoto, Tomoyuki; Hirose, Kazuyuki

    2018-03-01

    The breakdown electric field of several SiC polymorphs has been investigated theoretically using a concept of "recovery rate," which is obtained by first principles calculations. A good relationship between the experimental breakdown electric fields and the calculated recovery rate of 4H-, 6H-, and 3C-SiC was obtained. In order to examine the stability of SiC polymorphs, the total electronic energies of various types of SiC crystal structures were calculated. Here, two candidates of polymorphs-GeS-type- and 2H-SiC-with energies comparable to those of experimentally well-established structures, have been obtained. The breakdown electric fields of these two polymorphs were estimated using a relationship obtained from the results of 4H-, 6H-, and 3C-SiC. This indicates that one of these polymorphs, GeS-type-SiC, has higher breakdown electric field than any other SiC polymorphs. In addition to the investigation with the recovery rate, relationship between experimental breakdown electric field and calculated band gap with recently developed accurate electron-correlation potential has been also discussed.

  2. Ameliorating pathogenesis by removing an exon containing a missense mutation: a potential exon-skipping therapy for laminopathies.

    PubMed

    Scharner, J; Figeac, N; Ellis, J A; Zammit, P S

    2015-06-01

    Exon skipping, as a therapy to restore a reading frame or switch protein isoforms, is under clinical trial. We hypothesised that removing an in-frame exon containing a mutation could also improve pathogenic phenotypes. Our model is laminopathies: incurable tissue-specific degenerative diseases associated with LMNA mutations. LMNA encodes A-type lamins, that together with B-type lamins, form the nuclear lamina. Lamins contain an alpha-helical central rod domain composed of multiple heptad repeats. Eliminating LMNA exon 3 or 5 removes six heptad repeats, so shortens, but should not otherwise significantly alter, the alpha-helix. Human Lamin A or Lamin C with a deletion corresponding to amino acids encoded by exon 5 (Lamin A/C-Δ5) localised normally in murine lmna-null cells, rescuing both nuclear shape and endogenous Lamin B1/emerin distribution. However, Lamin A carrying pathogenic mutations in exon 3 or 5, or Lamin A/C-Δ3, did not. Furthermore, Lamin A/C-Δ5 was not deleterious to wild-type cells, unlike the other Lamin A mutants including Lamin A/C-Δ3. Thus Lamin A/C-Δ5 function as effectively as wild-type Lamin A/C and better than mutant versions. Antisense oligonucleotides skipped LMNA exon 5 in human cells, demonstrating the possibility of treating certain laminopathies with this approach. This proof-of-concept is the first to report the therapeutic potential of exon skipping for diseases arising from missense mutations.

  3. 40 CFR 155.58 - Procedures for issuing a decision on a registration review case.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ...) State whether it believes that additional data are needed and, if so, describe what is needed. A FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B) notice requiring such data may be issued in conjunction with a proposed or final decision... remain open until all actions required in the final decision on the registration review case have been...

  4. 40 CFR 155.58 - Procedures for issuing a decision on a registration review case.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ...) State whether it believes that additional data are needed and, if so, describe what is needed. A FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B) notice requiring such data may be issued in conjunction with a proposed or final decision... remain open until all actions required in the final decision on the registration review case have been...

  5. A New Frontier: The National Information Infrastructure. Proceedings from the State-of-the-Art Institute (8th, Washington, D.C., November 3-4, 1994).

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Special Libraries Association, New York, NY.

    These conference proceedings address the key issues relating to the National Information Infrastructure, including social policy, cultural issues, government policy, and technological applications. The goal is to provide the knowledge and resources needed to conceptualize and think clearly about this topic. Proceedings include: "Opening…

  6. 75 FR 61130 - Fresh Garlic From the People's Republic of China: Final Results of New Shipper Review

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-10-04

    ... Ranch L.L.C., the Garlic Company, Valley Garlic, and Vessey and Company, Inc. (collectively, Petitioners... reconsideration of its valuation of the labor wage rate for this review. The Department gave interested parties... Valuation of Garlic Bulbs Issue 3: Use of India Wholesale Price Index as Inflator for Surrogate Values Issue...

  7. 26 CFR 1.1273-2 - Determination of issue price and issue date.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78o-3); or (iii) The International Stock Exchange of the United Kingdom and the... for money or in a sale or exchange. (e) Special rule for certain sales to bond houses, brokers, or... this section, sales to bond houses, brokers, or similar persons or organizations acting in the capacity...

  8. 26 CFR 1.1273-2 - Determination of issue price and issue date.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78o-3); or (iii) The International Stock Exchange of the United Kingdom and the... for money or in a sale or exchange. (e) Special rule for certain sales to bond houses, brokers, or... this section, sales to bond houses, brokers, or similar persons or organizations acting in the capacity...

  9. 77 FR 20375 - Notice of Availability of Secretarial Determination and Basis for Determination Under Section...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-04-04

    ... that the waste in the FTF: (1) Does not require permanent isolation in a deep geologic repository for... pursuant to a State approved closure plan or State-issued permit; or (3)(B) exceeds concentration limits... 10 CFR part 61, Subpart C; pursuant to a State-approved closure plan or State-issued [[Page 20376...

  10. 12 CFR 1.3 - Limitations on dealing in, underwriting, and purchase and sale of securities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... security. (2) The aggregate par value of securities treated as investment securities under paragraph (i)(1... its own account, provided the aggregate par value of Type II securities issued by any one obligor held... may purchase and sell Type III securities for its own account, provided the aggregate par value of...

  11. 12 CFR 1.3 - Limitations on dealing in, underwriting, and purchase and sale of securities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... the obligor will be able to satisfy its obligations under that security. (2) The aggregate par value... its own account, provided the aggregate par value of Type II securities issued by any one obligor held... may purchase and sell Type III securities for its own account, provided the aggregate par value of...

  12. 12 CFR 1.3 - Limitations on dealing in, underwriting, and purchase and sale of securities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... security. (2) The aggregate par value of securities treated as investment securities under paragraph (i)(1... its own account, provided the aggregate par value of Type II securities issued by any one obligor held... may purchase and sell Type III securities for its own account, provided the aggregate par value of...

  13. 12 CFR 1.3 - Limitations on dealing in, underwriting, and purchase and sale of securities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... the obligor will be able to satisfy its obligations under that security. (2) The aggregate par value... its own account, provided the aggregate par value of Type II securities issued by any one obligor held... may purchase and sell Type III securities for its own account, provided the aggregate par value of...

  14. Analyzing Media: Metaphors as Methodologies.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Meyrowitz, Joshua

    Students have little intuitive insight into the process of thinking and structuring ideas. The image of metaphor for a phenomenon acts as a kind of methodology for the study of the phenomenon by (1) defining the key issues or problems; (2) shaping the type of research questions that are asked; (3) defining the type of data that are searched out;…

  15. Fostering collaborative research for rare genetic disease: the example of niemann-pick type C disease.

    PubMed

    Walkley, Steven U; Davidson, Cristin D; Jacoby, Jonathan; Marella, Philip D; Ottinger, Elizabeth A; Austin, Christopher P; Porter, Forbes D; Vite, Charles H; Ory, Daniel S

    2016-12-01

    Rare disease represents one of the most significant issues facing the medical community and health care providers worldwide, yet the majority of these disorders never emerge from their obscurity, drawing little attention from the medical community or the pharmaceutical industry. The challenge therefore is how best to mobilize rare disease stakeholders to enhance basic, translational and clinical research to advance understanding of pathogenesis and accelerate therapy development. Here we describe a rare, fatal brain disorder known as Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) and an innovative research collaborative known as Support of Accelerated Research for NPC (SOAR-NPC) which illustrates one pathway through which knowledge of a rare disease and its possible treatments are being successfully advanced. Use of the "SOAR" mechanism, we believe, offers a blueprint for similar advancement for many other rare disorders.

  16. [Study on rules of TCM syndrome in patients with dyslipidemia and its objectization].

    PubMed

    Lei, Yan; Wang, Zhen-Hua; Liu, Jian-Gang

    2007-12-01

    To explore the rules of TCM syndrome in patients with dyslipidemia and its relation with C-reactive protein (CRP), homocysteine (Hcy), carotid ultrasonic picture, blood lipids and blood viscosity. From 152 recruited patients symptoms and physical signs (including figures of tongue and pulse) were selected and analyzed in grading and quantifying by factor analysis. At the same time, blood lipids, CRP, Hcy, carotid ultrasonic picture and blood viscosity were detected to conduct a canonical correlation analysis for exploring the relationship between different TCM syndromes and their corresponding physical and/or chemical indexes. Five types of TCM syndrome obtained by factor analysis were syndrome of Shen-yin deficiency (I), Pi-qi deficiency (II), turbid-phlegm impediment (III), blood stasis (IV), and phlegm-blood block (V). By canonical correlation analysis, they were characterized with: Type I, high levels of CRP and blood viscosity; Type II, high level of very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C); Type III, high level of total cholesterol (TC) and low level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C); and Type V, high level of Hcy. The five syndrome types frequently found in patients with dyslipidemia are syndrome of Shen-yin deficiency, Pi-qi deficiency, turbid-phlegm impediment, blood stasis, and phlegm-blood block. Different syndrome has its own correlation with some corresponding physical and/or chemical laboratory indexes, the issue provides new evidences for the objectification of TCM syndromes in patients with dyslipidemia.

  17. Genetic Mapping of Glutaric Aciduria, Type 3, to Chromosome 7 and Identification of Mutations in C7orf10

    PubMed Central

    Sherman, Eric A.; Strauss, Kevin A.; Tortorelli, Silvia; Bennett, Michael J.; Knerr, Ina; Morton, D. Holmes; Puffenberger, Erik G.

    2008-01-01

    While screening Old Order Amish children for glutaric aciduria type 1 (GA1) between 1989 and 1993, we found three healthy children who excreted abnormal quantities of glutaric acid but low 3-hydroxyglutaric acid, a pattern consistent with glutaric aciduria type 3 (GA3). None of these children had the GCDH c.1262C→T mutation that causes GA1 among the Amish. Using single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes, we identified a shared homozygous 4.7 Mb region on chromosome 7. This region contained 25 genes including C7orf10, an open reading frame with a putative mitochondrial targeting sequence and coenzyme-A transferase domain. Direct sequencing of C7orf10 revealed that the three Amish individuals were homozygous for a nonsynonymous sequence variant (c.895C→T, Arg299Trp). We then sequenced three non-Amish children with GA3 and discovered two nonsense mutations (c.322C→T, Arg108Ter, and c.424C→T, Arg142Ter) in addition to the Amish mutation. Two pathogenic alleles were identified in each of the six patients. There was no consistent clinical phenotype associated with GA3. In affected individuals, urine molar ratios of glutarate to its derivatives (3-hydroxyglutarate, glutarylcarnitine, and glutarylglycine) were elevated, suggesting impaired formation of glutaryl-CoA. These observations refine our understanding of the lysine-tryptophan degradation pathway and have important implications for the pathophysiology of GA1. PMID:18926513

  18. Pharmacological Characterization of a Novel Bifunctional Aldo-Keto Reductase 1C3 Inhibitor and Androgen Receptor Antagonist

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2013-10-01

    Novel Bifunctional Aldo -Keto Reductase 1C3 Inhibitor and Androgen Receptor Antagonist” PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: ADEGOKE ADENIJI, Ph.D...therapeutic benefit relative to targeting either mechanism alone. Aldo -keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) is highly upregulated in APC and is localized within...therapy of Abi with MDV3100 has been proposed as a way to reduce resistance. 14, 15 Aldo -keto reductase IC3 (AKR1C3, type 5 17β hydroxysteroid

  19. CROSS-DISCIPLINARY PHYSICS AND RELATED AREAS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: Excellent Passivation of p-Type Si Surface by Sol-Gel Al2O3 Films

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Xiao, Hai-Qing; Zhou, Chun-Lan; Cao, Xiao-Ning; Wang, Wen-Jing; Zhao, Lei; Li, Hai-Ling; Diao, Hong-Wei

    2009-08-01

    Al2O3 films with a thickness of about 100 nm synthesized by spin coating and thermally treated are applied for field-induced surface passivation of p-type crystalline silicon. The level of surface passivation is determined by techniques based on photoconductance. An effective surface recombination velocity below 100 cm/s is obtained on 10Ω ·cm p-type c-Si wafers (Cz Si). A high density of negative fixed charges in the order of 1012 cm-2 is detected in the Al2O3 films and its impact on the level of surface passivation is demonstrated experimentally. Furthermore, a comparison between the surface passivation achieved for thermal SiO2 and plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition SiNx:H films on the same c-Si is presented. The high negative fixed charge density explains the excellent passivation of p-type c-Si by Al2O3.

  20. PEATBOG: a biogeochemical model for analyzing coupled carbon and nitrogen dynamics in northern peatlands

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wu, Y.; Blodau, C.

    2013-08-01

    Elevated nitrogen deposition and climate change alter the vegetation communities and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling in peatlands. To address this issue we developed a new process-oriented biogeochemical model (PEATBOG) for analyzing coupled carbon and nitrogen dynamics in northern peatlands. The model consists of four submodels, which simulate: (1) daily water table depth and depth profiles of soil moisture, temperature and oxygen levels; (2) competition among three plants functional types (PFTs), production and litter production of plants; (3) decomposition of peat; and (4) production, consumption, diffusion and export of dissolved C and N species in soil water. The model is novel in the integration of the C and N cycles, the explicit spatial resolution belowground, the consistent conceptualization of movement of water and solutes, the incorporation of stoichiometric controls on elemental fluxes and a consistent conceptualization of C and N reactivity in vegetation and soil organic matter. The model was evaluated for the Mer Bleue Bog, near Ottawa, Ontario, with regards to simulation of soil moisture and temperature and the most important processes in the C and N cycles. Model sensitivity was tested for nitrogen input, precipitation, and temperature, and the choices of the most uncertain parameters were justified. A simulation of nitrogen deposition over 40 yr demonstrates the advantages of the PEATBOG model in tracking biogeochemical effects and vegetation change in the ecosystem.

  1. PEATBOG: a biogeochemical model for analyzing coupled carbon and nitrogen dynamics in northern peatlands

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wu, Y.; Blodau, C.

    2013-03-01

    Elevated nitrogen deposition and climate change alter the vegetation communities and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling in peatlands. To address this issue we developed a new process-oriented biogeochemical model (PEATBOG) for analyzing coupled carbon and nitrogen dynamics in northern peatlands. The model consists of four submodels, which simulate: (1) daily water table depth and depth profiles of soil moisture, temperature and oxygen levels; (2) competition among three plants functional types (PFTs), production and litter production of plants; (3) decomposition of peat; and (4) production, consumption, diffusion and export of dissolved C and N species in soil water. The model is novel in the integration of the C and N cycles, the explicit spatial resolution belowground, the consistent conceptualization of movement of water and solutes, the incorporation of stoichiometric controls on elemental fluxes and a consistent conceptualization of C and N reactivity in vegetation and soil organic matter. The model was evaluated for the Mer Bleue Bog, near Ottawa, Ontario, with regards to simulation of soil moisture and temperature and the most important processes in the C and N cycles. Model sensitivity was tested for nitrogen input, precipitation, and temperature, and the choices of the most uncertain parameters were justified. A simulation of nitrogen deposition over 40 yr demonstrates the advantages of the PEATBOG model in tracking biogeochemical effects and vegetation change in the ecosystem.

  2. Quality of life in relation to tamoxifen or exemestane treatment in postmenopausal breast cancer patients: a Tamoxifen Exemestane Adjuvant Multinational (TEAM) Trial side study.

    PubMed

    van Nes, J G H; Fontein, D B Y; Hille, E T M; Voskuil, D W; van Leeuwen, F E; de Haes, J C J M; Putter, H; Seynaeve, C; Nortier, J W R; van de Velde, C J H

    2012-07-01

    Tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors are associated with side effects which can significantly impact quality of life (QoL). We assessed QoL in the Tamoxifen Exemestane Adjuvant Multinational (TEAM) Trial and compared these data with reported adverse events in the main database. 2,754 Dutch postmenopausal early breast cancer patients were randomized between 5 years of exemestane, or tamoxifen (2.5-3 years) followed by exemestane (2.5-2 years). 742 patients were invited to participate in the QoL side study and complete questionnaires at 1 (T1) and 2 (T2) years after start of endocrine treatment. Questionnaires comprised the EORTC QLQ-C30 and BR23 questionnaires, supplemented with FACT-ES questions. 543 patients completed questionnaires at T1 and 454 patients (84%) at T2. Overall QoL and most functioning scales improved over time. The only clinically relevant and statistically significant difference between treatment types concerned insomnia; exemestane-treated patients reported more insomnia than tamoxifen-treated patients. Discrepancy was observed between QoL issue scores reported by the patients and adverse events reported by physicians. Certain QoL issues are treatment- and/or time-specific and deserve attention by health care providers. There is a need for careful inquiry into QoL issues by those prescribing endocrine treatment to optimize QoL and treatment adherence.

  3. Update on extranodal lymphomas. Conclusions of the Workshop held by the EAHP and the SH in Thessaloniki, Greece

    PubMed Central

    Campo, E; Chott, A; Kinney, MC; Leoncini, L; Meijer, CJLM; Papadimitriou, CS; Piris, MA; Stein, H; Swerdlow, SH

    2006-01-01

    Campo E, Chott A, Kinney M C, Leoncini L, Meijer C J L M, Papadimitriou C S, Piris M A, Stein H & Swerdlow S H (2006) Histopathology48, 481–504 Update on extranodal lymphomas. Conclusions of the Workshop held by the EAHP and the SH in Thessaloniki, Greece Classification and proper treatment of extranodal lymphoma is hindered by the diversity of lymphoma types and the relative rarity of many of these tumour types. In order to review controversial issues in extranodal lymphoma diagnosis, a joint Workshop of the European Haematopathology Association (EAHP) and the Society for Hematopathology (SH) was held, where 99 selected cases were reviewed and discussed. This Workshop summary is focused on the most controversial aspect of cutaneous B-cell lymphoma, other extranodal B-cell lymphomas, plasmablastic lymphoma and anaplastic large-cell lymphoma in extranodal sites, and makes practical recommendations about diagnosis and therapeutic approaches. PMID:16623775

  4. Functional analysis of the missense APOC3 mutation Ala23Thr associated with human hypotriglyceridemia.

    PubMed

    Sundaram, Meenakshi; Zhong, Shumei; Bou Khalil, Maroun; Zhou, Hu; Jiang, Zhenghui G; Zhao, Yang; Iqbal, Jahangir; Hussain, M Mahmood; Figeys, Daniel; Wang, Yuwei; Yao, Zemin

    2010-06-01

    We have shown that expression of apolipoprotein (apo) C-III promotes VLDL secretion from transfected McA-RH7777 cells under lipid-rich conditions. To determine structural elements within apoC-III that confer to this function, we contrasted wild-type apoC-III with a mutant Ala23Thr originally identified in hypotriglyceridemia subjects. Although synthesis of [(3)H]glycerol-labeled TAG was comparable between cells expressing wild-type apoC-III (C3wt cells) or Ala23Thr mutant (C3AT cells), secretion of [(3)H]TAG from C3AT cells was markedly decreased. The lowered [(3)H]TAG secretion was associated with an inability of C3AT cells to assemble VLDL(1). Moreover, [(3)H]TAG within the microsomal lumen in C3AT cells was 60% higher than that in C3wt cells, yet the activity of microsomal triglyceride-transfer protein in C3AT cells was not elevated. The accumulated [(3)H]TAG in C3AT microsomal lumen was mainly associated with lumenal IDL/LDL-like lipoproteins. Phenotypically, this [(3)H]TAG fractionation profiling resembled what was observed in cells treated with brefeldin A, which at low dose specifically blocked the second-step VLDL(1) maturation. Furthermore, lumenal [(35)S]Ala23Thr protein accumulated in IDL/LDL fractions and was absent in VLDL fractions in C3AT cells. These results suggest that the presence of Ala23Thr protein in lumenal IDL/LDL particles might prevent effective fusion between lipid droplets and VLDL precursors. Thus, the current study reveals an important structural element residing within the N-terminal region of apoC-III that governs the second step VLDL(1) maturation.

  5. Frequency of vagınal candida colonization and relationship between metabolic parameters in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

    PubMed

    Atabek, Mehmet Emre; Akyürek, Nesibe; Eklioglu, Beray Selver

    2013-10-01

    Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) are at risk for vulvovaginal candidasis. The aim of this study was to determine the species-specific prevalence rate and risk of candidiasis in patients with type 1 DM. Children aged between 8-16 years were included in the study. Clinical and laboratory features of diabetes and evidence of genital symptoms were recorded. Vaginal swabs were taken from patients and placed on Sabouraud's dextrose agar and incubated. Following fasting overnight for 12 hours venous blood samples were taken simultaneously for analyses of blood glucose, HbA1c, and lipid profile. A simple 1-time fluconazole treatment regimen was used to treat patients with vulvo-vaginal candidiasis. Candida species were isolated in 30 of 76 (39%) swabs of patients with type 1 DM. Subjects who had candida colonization and candidiasis were all acute. The predominant candida species isolated from patients with type 1 DM were C.albicans 50%, C. glabrata 36.6%, C.crusei 3.3%, C.spesies 6.6%, and C.dubliniensis 3.3%. 42 patients had symptoms.The prevalence of candidiasis in symptomatic patients was 59.2%. Subjects with vulvo-vaginal candidiasis had higher mean HbA1c when compared to those who had no such infection (P = .047). There seems to be a significant link between hyperglycemia and vulvo-vaginal candidiasis in patients with type 1 DM. Improving glucose control may reduce the risk of candidiasis and potentially symptomatic infection among children with diabetes. Because of high rate of colonization with candida species in diabetes, patients should undergo periodic screening for genital candidiasis. Copyright © 2013 North American Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  6. (001) 3C SiC/Ni contact interface: In situ XPS observation of annealing induced Ni2Si formation and the resulting barrier height changes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tengeler, Sven; Kaiser, Bernhard; Chaussende, Didier; Jaegermann, Wolfram

    2017-04-01

    The electronic states of the (001) 3C SiC/Ni interface prior and post annealing are investigated via an in situ XPS interface experiment, allowing direct observation of the induced band bending and the transformation from Schottky to ohmic behaviour for the first time. A single domain (001) 3C SiC sample was prepared via wet chemical etching. Nickel was deposited on the sample in multiple in situ deposition steps via RF sputtering, allowing observation of the 3C SiC/Ni interface formation. Over the course of the experiments, an upward band bending of 0.35 eV was observed, along with defect induced Fermi level pinning. This indicates a Schottky type contact behaviour with a barrier height of 0.41 eV. The subsequent annealing at 850 °C for 5 min resulted in the formation of a Ni2Si layer and a reversal of the band bending to 0.06 eV downward. Thus explaining the ohmic contact behaviour frequently reported for annealed n-type 3C SiC/Ni contacts.

  7. Cyclic-RGDyC functionalized liposomes for dual-targeting of tumor vasculature and cancer cells in glioblastoma: An in vitro boron neutron capture therapy study.

    PubMed

    Kang, Weirong; Svirskis, Darren; Sarojini, Vijayalekshmi; McGregor, Ailsa L; Bevitt, Joseph; Wu, Zimei

    2017-05-30

    The efficacy of boron neutron capture therapy depends on the selective delivery of 10B to the target. Integrins αvβ3 are transmembrane receptors over-expressed in both glioblastoma cells and its neovasculature. In this study, a novel approach to dual-target glioblastoma vasculature and tumor cells was investigated. Liposomes (124 nm) were conjugated with a αvβ3 ligand, cyclic arginine-glycine-aspartic acid-tyrosine-cysteine peptide (c(RGDyC)-LP) (1% molar ratio) through thiol-maleimide coupling. Expression of αvβ3 in glioblastoma cells (U87) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), representing tumor angiogenesis, was determined using Western Blotting with other cells as references. The results showed that both U87 and HUVEC had stronger expression of αvβ3 than other cell types, and the degree of cellular uptake of c(RGDyC)-LP correlated with the αvβ3-expression levels of the cells. In contrast, control liposomes without c(RGDyC) showed little cellular uptake, regardless of cell type. In an in vitro boron neutron capture therapy study, the c(RGDyC)-LP containing sodium borocaptate generated more rapid and significant lethal effects to both U87 and HUVEC than the control liposomes and drug solution. Interestingly, neutron irradiated U87 and HUVEC showed different types of subsequent cell death. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated the potential of a new dual-targeting strategy using c(RGDyC)-LP to improve boron neutron capture therapy for glioblastoma.

  8. Cyclic-RGDyC functionalized liposomes for dual-targeting of tumor vasculature and cancer cells in glioblastoma: An in vitro boron neutron capture therapy study

    PubMed Central

    Kang, Weirong; Svirskis, Darren; Sarojini, Vijayalekshmi; McGregor, Ailsa L.; Bevitt, Joseph; Wu, Zimei

    2017-01-01

    The efficacy of boron neutron capture therapy depends on the selective delivery of 10B to the target. Integrins αvβ3 are transmembrane receptors over-expressed in both glioblastoma cells and its neovasculature. In this study, a novel approach to dual-target glioblastoma vasculature and tumor cells was investigated. Liposomes (124 nm) were conjugated with a αvβ3 ligand, cyclic arginine-glycine-aspartic acid-tyrosine-cysteine peptide (c(RGDyC)-LP) (1% molar ratio) through thiol-maleimide coupling. Expression of αvβ3 in glioblastoma cells (U87) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), representing tumor angiogenesis, was determined using Western Blotting with other cells as references. The results showed that both U87 and HUVEC had stronger expression of αvβ3 than other cell types, and the degree of cellular uptake of c(RGDyC)-LP correlated with the αvβ3-expression levels of the cells. In contrast, control liposomes without c(RGDyC) showed little cellular uptake, regardless of cell type. In an in vitro boron neutron capture therapy study, the c(RGDyC)-LP containing sodium borocaptate generated more rapid and significant lethal effects to both U87 and HUVEC than the control liposomes and drug solution. Interestingly, neutron irradiated U87 and HUVEC showed different types of subsequent cell death. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated the potential of a new dual-targeting strategy using c(RGDyC)-LP to improve boron neutron capture therapy for glioblastoma. PMID:28402271

  9. A study of transition from n- to p-type based on hexagonal WO3 nanorods sensor

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wu, Ya-Qiao; Hu, Ming; Wei, Xiao-Ying

    2014-04-01

    Hexagonal WO3 nanorods are fabricated by a facile hydrothermal process at 180 °C using sodium tungstate and sodium chloride as starting materials. The morphology, structure, and composition of the prepared nanorods are studied by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy. It is found that the agglomeration of the nanorods is strongly dependent on the PH value of the reaction solution. Uniform and isolated WO3 nanorods with diameters ranging from 100 nm-150 nm and lengths up to several micrometers are obtained at PH = 2.5 and the nanorods are identified as being hexagonal in phase structure. The sensing characteristics of the WO3 nanorod sensor are obtained by measuring the dynamic response to NO2 with concentrations in the range 0.5 ppm-5 ppm and at working temperatures in the range 25 °C-250 °C. The obtained WO3 nanorods sensors are found to exhibit opposite sensing behaviors, depending on the working temperature. When being exposed to oxidizing NO2 gas, the WO3 nanorod sensor behaves as an n-type semiconductor as expected when the working temperature is higher than 50 °C, whereas, it behaves as a p-type semiconductor below 50 °C. The origin of the n- to p-type transition is correlated with the formation of an inversion layer at the surface of the WO3 nanorod at room temperature. This finding is useful for making new room temperature NO2 sensors based on hexagonal WO3 nanorods.

  10. Ni{sub 3}Al technology transfer

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Sikka, V.K.; Viswanathan, S.; Santella, M.L.

    1997-04-01

    Ductile Ni{sub 3}Al and Ni{sub 3}Al-based alloys have been identified for a range of applications. These applications require the use of material in a variety of product forms such as sheet, plate, bar, wire, tubing, piping, and castings. Although significant progress has been made in the melting, casting, and near-net-shape forming of nickel aluminides, some issues still remain. These include the need for: (1) high-strength castable composition for many applications that have been identified; (2) castability (mold type, fluidity, hot-shortness, porosity, etc.); (3) weld reparability of castings; and (4) workability of cast or powder metallurgy product to sheet, bar, andmore » wire. The four issues listed above can be {open_quotes}show stoppers{close_quotes} for the commercial application of nickel aluminides. This report describes the work completed to address some of these issues during FY 1996.« less

  11. Effect of two types of latex gloves and surfactants on polymerization inhibition of three polyvinylsiloxane impression materials.

    PubMed

    Peregrina, Alejandro; Land, Martin F; Feil, Phillip; Price, Connie

    2003-09-01

    Polymerization inhibition of polyvinylsiloxane impression materials has been reported when in sustained contact with some types of latex gloves. This study examined the polymerization inhibition of 3 polyvinylsiloxane impression materials placed in contact with surfaces subjected to prior contact with gloves or commonly used surfactants. A 2 x 3 x 4 x 2 design was used (n = 20), with 2 types of gloves (powdered and unpowdered), 3 types of polyvinylsiloxane impression materials (Aquasil, Extrude, and Affinis), 4 surfactant conditions (water, soap/water-rinse, alcohol, and unexposed), and 2 ambient temperatures of 22 degrees C and 36 degrees C. After glove exposure to surfactants, a glass surface was subjected to rubbing contact with the treated glove for a standardized time. After drying, automixed polyvinylsiloxane impression materials were dispensed onto the treated surface. Specimens were removed and evaluated for polymerization inhibition at the manufacturer's recommended polymerization time (36 degrees C), or after 15 minutes at 22 degrees C. Specimens were rated as polymerized, or as inhibited if any polyvinylsiloxane residue remained on the slab. A chi-square analysis was used to evaluate the results (alpha=.05). Setting inhibition was found only with one of the polyvinylsiloxane materials when alcohol was used as a surfactant. At 22 degrees C, the inhibition rate ranged from 95% to 100% for both glove types; at 36 degrees C inhibition ranged from 40% (unpowdered gloves) to 75% (powdered gloves), respectively. Under these in vitro conditions, glove exposure to alcohol resulted in polymerization inhibition of 1 of 3 tested polyvinylsiloxane impression materials (Extrude).

  12. Association between Triglyceride to HDL-C Ratio (TG/HDL-C) and Insulin Resistance in Chinese Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

    PubMed

    Ren, Xingxing; Chen, Zeng Ai; Zheng, Shuang; Han, Tingting; Li, Yangxue; Liu, Wei; Hu, Yaomin

    2016-01-01

    To explore the association between the triglyceride to HDL-C ratio (TG/HDL-C) and insulin resistance in Chinese patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. Patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (272 men and 288 women) were enrolled and divided into three groups according to TG/HDL-C tertiles. Insulin resistance was defined by homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Demographic information and clinical characteristics were obtained. Spearman's correlation was used to estimate the association between TG/HDL-C and other variables. Multiple logistic regression analyses were adopted to obtain probabilities of insulin resistance. A receiver operating characteristic analysis was conducted to evaluate the ability of TG/HDL-C to discriminate insulin resistance. TG/HDL-C was associated with insulin resistance in Chinese patients with newly diagnosed T2DM (Spearman's correlation coefficient = 0.21, P < 0.01). Patients in the higher tertiles of TG/HDL-C had significantly higher HOMA-IR values than patients in the lower tertiles [T1: 2.68(1.74-3.70); T2: 2.96(2.29-4.56); T3: 3.09(2.30-4.99)]. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that TG/HDL-C was significantly associated with HOMA-IR, and patients in the higher TG/HDL-C tertile had a higher OR than those in the lower TG/HDL-C tertile, after adjusting for multiple covariates including indices for central obesity [T1: 1; T2: 4.02(1.86-8.71); T3: 4.30(1.99-9.29)]. Following stratification of waist circumference into quartiles, the effect of TG/HDL-C on insulin resistance remained significant irrespective of waist circumference. TG/HDL-C was associated with insulin resistance independent of waist circumference. Whether it could be a surrogate marker for insulin resistance in Chinese patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus still needs to be confirmed by more researches.

  13. ASPIICS/PROBA-3 formation flying solar coronagraph: Stray light analysis and optimization of the occulter

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Landini, F.; Mazzoli, A.; Venet, M.; Vivès, S.; Romoli, M.; Lamy, P.; Massone, G.

    2017-11-01

    The "Association de Satellites Pour l'Imagerie et l'Interferometrie de la Couronne Solaire", ASPIICS, selected by ESA for the PROBA-3 mission, heralds the next generation of coronagraph for solar research, exploiting formation flying to gain access to the inner corona under eclipse-like conditions for long periods of time. A detailed description of the ASPIICS instrument and of its scientific objectives can be found in [1]. ASPIICS is distributed on the two PROBA 3 spacecrafts (S/C) separated by 150 m. The coronagraph optical assembly is hosted by the "coronagraph S/C" protected from direct solar disk light by the occulting disk on the "occulter S/C". The most critical issue in the design of a solar coronagraph is the reduction of the stray light due to the diffraction and scattering of the solar disk light by the occulter, the aperture and the optics. In the present article, we deal with two of these issues: - The analysis of the stray light inside the telescope. - The optimization of the external occulter edge, in order to eliminate the Poisson spot behind the occulter and to lower the stray light level going through the entrance pupil of the telescope. This work was performed in the framework of the ESA STARTIGER program which took place at the Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM) during a 6-month period from September 2009 to March 2010. In general, it is a very complicated task to combine the above two stray light issues together in the simulation and design phase as it requires to consider the propagation inside the telescope of the light diffracted by the external occulter. Actually, the present literature only reports diffraction calculations performed for simple occulting systems (i.e., two disks and serrated disk). A more pragmatic approach, also driven by the tight schedule of the STARTIGER program, is to separate the two contributions, and perform two different stray light analyses. This paper is dedicated to the description of both analyses: in particular, the first part is dedicated to the evaluation of the stray light inside the telescope, assuming a simple disk as occulter, and a preliminary baffle design is presented; the second part describes the investigation on the geometry of the external occulter, with a detailed description of the laboratory setup that has been designed and implemented to compare together several types of occulting systems.

  14. Activity of pyramidal I and II < c + a > slip in Mg alloys as revealed by texture development

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zecevic, Miroslav; Beyerlein, Irene J.; Knezevic, Marko

    2018-02-01

    Due to the geometry of the hexagonal close-packed (HCP) lattice, there are two types of pyramidal slip modes: { 10 1 bar 1 } 〈 11 2 bar 3 bar 〉 or type I and { 1 bar 1 bar 22 } 〈 11 2 bar 3 〉 or type II in HCP crystalline materials. Here we use crystal plasticity to examine the importance of crystallographic slip by pyramidal type I and type II on texture evolution. The study is applied to an Mg-4%Li alloy. An elastic-plastic polycrystal model is employed to elucidate the reorientation tendencies of these two slip modes in rolling of a textured polycrystal. Comparisons with experimental texture measurements indicate that both pyramidal I and II type slip were active during rolling deformation, with pyramidal I being the dominant mode. A single-slip-mode analysis is used to identify the orientations that prefer pyramidal I vs. II type slip when acting alone in a crystal. The analysis applies not only to Mg-4%Li, but identifies the key texture components in HCP crystals that would help distinguish the activity of pyramidal I from pyramidal II slip in rolling deformation.

  15. Comamonas aquatilis sp. nov., isolated from a garden pond.

    PubMed

    Kämpfer, Peter; Busse, Hans-Jürgen; Baars, Sophie; Wilharm, Gottfried; Glaeser, Stefanie P

    2018-04-01

    A beige-pigmented bacterial strain, SB30-Chr27-3 T , isolated from a garden pond, was studied for its taxonomic position. Cells of the isolate were rod-shaped and stained Gram-negative. A comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequence with the sequences of the type strains of the most closely related species showed that the strain belongs to the genus Comamonas and showed highest sequence similarities to the type strains of Comamonas jiangduensis (97.5 %), Comamonas aquatica (97.4 %) and Comamonas phosphati (97.3 %). The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to all other Comamonas species were below 97.0 %. The fatty acid profile of strain SB30-Chr27-3 T consisted of the major fatty acids C16 : 0, C15 : 0iso 2-OH/ C16 : 1ω7c, C18 : 1ω7c/C18 : 1ω9c and, in a minor amount, C10 : 0 3-OH. Major compounds in the polar lipid profile were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylserine and diphosphatidylglycerol. The quinone system was exclusively composed of ubiquinone Q-8. The polyamine pattern contained the major compounds putrescine, cadaverine and 2-hydroxyputrescine. These data and the differentiating biochemical properties indicated that isolate SB30-CHR27-3 T represents a novel species of the genus Comamonas, for which we propose the name >Comamonas aquatilis sp. nov. with the type strain SB30-Chr27-3 T (=CIP 111491 T =CCM 8815 T ).

  16. [EFFECT OF VITAMIN C ON APOPTOSIS OF NUCLEUS PULPOSUS CELLS INDUCED BY TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR a AND SERUM DEPRIVATION].

    PubMed

    Dai, Libing; Liu, Zhihe; Liang, Weiguo; Yao, Yicun; Xu, Jiakel; Ye, Dongping; Zou, Longqiang; Shen, Yan

    2015-04-01

    To explore the effect of Vitamin C (Vit C) on the apoptosis of human nucleus pulposus (NP) cells induced by tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-alpha) and serum deprivation. The NP cells were isolated from patients undergoing spine corrective operation by collagenase trypsin. The experiment was divided into 3 groups: Vit C group (group A), TNF-alpha group (group B), and serum deprivation group (group C). Group A was reassigned to Al subgroup (basic medium), A2 subgroup (100 pg/mL Vit C), and A3 subgroup (200 pg/mL Vit C). Group B was reassigned to B0 subgroup (control group), Bi subgroup (100 ng/mL TNF-alpha), B2 subgroup (100 microg/mL Vit C+100 ng/mL TNF-alpha), and B3 subgroup (200 microg/mL Vit C+100 ng/mL TNF-alpha). Group C was reassigned to C0 subgroup (Control group), C1 subgroup (2% FBS), C2 subgroup (2% FBS+100 microg/mL Vit C), and C3 subgroup (2% FBS+200 microg/mL Vit C). After application of 100 pg/mL or 200 microg/mL Vit C for 24 hours, NP cells were stimulated by TNF-alpha and serum deprivation, then the apoptosis rate of NP cells was detected by a flow cytometry, and the gene expressions of the extracellular matrix of NP cells (collagen type I, collagen type II, aggrecan, and Sox9) and apoptosis related genes (p53, FAS, and Caspase 3) were detected by real-time fluoroscent quantitative PCR. Results Group A: Vit C could significantly reduce the apoptosis rate and gene expressions of p53, FAS, and Caspase 3 of NP cells in A2 and A3 subgroups when compared with Al subgroup (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between A2 subgroup and A3 subgroup (P>0.05); Vit C could promote the expressions of the extracellular matrix (collagen type I, collagen type II, aggrecan, and Sox9) of NP cells in a concentration dependent manner (P<0.05). Group B: TNF-alpha significantly increased the apoptosis rate and the gene expressions of p53, FAS, and Caspase 3 in B1 subgroup when compared with B0 subgroup (P<0.05); however, Vit C significantly increased the apoptosis rate and the gene expressions in B2 subgroup, and significantly decreased them in B3 subgroup when compared with B1 subgroup (P<0.05). Group C: 2% FBS significantly increased the apoptosis rate of NP cells and significantly reduced the gene expressions of p53, FAS, and Caspase 3 in C1 subgroup when compared with C0 subgroup (P<0.05); Vit C could significantly reduce the apoptosis rate and gene expressions of p53, FAS, and Caspase 3 in C3 subgroup, but it could significantly increase them in C2 subgroup when compared with C1 subgroup (P<0.05). Vit C can promote the synthesis and secretion of extracellular matrix of NP cells. 200 microg/mL Vit C may delay the apoptosis induced by TNF-alpha and serum deprivation, indicating the potential therapeutic effect of Vit C on intervertebral disc degeneration.

  17. C-FERST Environmental Issue Profiles

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    This page provides links to the 45 issue profiles for C-FERST users, organized with tabs to show issues related to pollutants, environmental media, health effects, other community issues, and all issues.

  18. Adapt Design: A Methodology for Enabling Modular Design for Mission Specific SUAS

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2016-08-24

    ADAPT DESIGN: A METHODOLOGY FOR ENABLING MODULAR DESIGN FOR MISSION SPECIFIC SUAS Zachary C. Fisher David Locascio K. Daniel Cooksey...vehicle’s small scale. This paper considers a different approach to SUAS design aimed at addressing this issue. In this approach, a hybrid modular and...Two types of platforms have been identified: scalable platforms where variants are produced by varying scalable design variables, and modular

  19. Determination of the Chronic Mammalian Toxicological Effects of RDX. Twenty-Four Month Chronic Toxicity/Carcinogenicity Study of Hexahydro-1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-Triazine (RDX) in the B6C3F1 Hybrid Mouse. Phase 4, Volume 3, Appendix 11: Final Pathology Report

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1984-04-01

    bladder 1 muscle, s k e l e t a l 5 bone marrow smear --- 3 nasal t u rb ina tes *ti ~ s u e masses ,- and any o the r t i ssues w i t h...Lymphoma, lymphocytic type .__ - __ __ ___ .____. . _ - --- Fibrosarcoma , me ta s t a t i c - __ .._._- _ __._ - - .- Granulosa-cell Carcinoma... Fibrosarcoma , m e t a s t a t i c . -- RENAL LYMPH NODE -- E ’ L - --.I- t Malignant Lymphoma, mixed type Malignant

  20. The C. elegans PRMT-3 possesses a type III protein arginine methyltransferase activity.

    PubMed

    Takahashi, Yuta; Daitoku, Hiroaki; Yokoyama, Atsuko; Nakayama, Kimihiro; Kim, Jun-Dal; Fukamizu, Akiyoshi

    2011-04-01

    Protein arginine methylation is a common post-translational modification in eukaryotes that is catalyzed by a family of the protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs). PRMTs are classified into three types: type I and type II add asymmetrically and symmetrically dimethyl groups to arginine, respectively, while type III adds solely monomethyl group to arginine. However, although the enzymatic activity of type I and type II PRMTs have been reported, the substrate specificity and the methylation activity of type III PRMTs still remains unknown. Here, we report the characterization of Caenorhabditis elegans PRMT-2 and PRMT-3, both of which are highly homologous to human PRMT7. We find that these two PRMTs can bind to S-adenosyl methionine (SAM), but only PRMT-3 has methyltransferase activity for histone H2A depending on its SAM-binding domain. Importantly, thin-layer chromatographic analysis demonstrates that PRMT-3 catalyzes the formation of monomethylated, but not dimethylated arginine. Our study thus identifies the first type III PRMT in C. elegans and provides a means to elucidate the physiological significance of arginine monomethylation in multicellular organisms.

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