Similarities and Differences in Pacing Patterns in a 161-km and 101-km Ultra-Distance Road Race.

PubMed

Tan, Philip L S; Tan, Frankie H Y; Bosch, Andrew N

2016-08-01

Tan, PLS, Tan, FHY, and Bosch, AN. Similarities and differences in pacing patterns in a 161-km and 101-km ultra-distance road race. J Strength Cond Res 30(8): 2145-2155, 2016-The purpose of this study was to establish and compare the pacing patterns of fast and slow finishers in a tropical ultra-marathon. Data were collected from the Craze Ultra-marathon held on the 22nd and 21st of September in 2012 and 2013, respectively. Finishers of the 161-km (N = 47) and 101-km (N = 120) categories of the race were divided into thirds (groups A-C) by merit of finishing time. Altogether, 17 and 11 split times were recorded for the 161-km and 101-km finishers, respectively, and used to calculate the mean running speed for each distance segment. Running speed for the first segment was normalized to 100, with all subsequent splits adjusted accordingly. Running speed during the last 5 km was calculated against the mean race pace to establish the existence of an end spurt. A reverse J-shaped pacing profile was demonstrated in all groups for both distance categories and only 38% of the finishers executed an end spurt. In the 101-km category, in comparison with groups B and C, group A maintained a significantly more even pace (p = 0.013 and 0.001, respectively) and completed the race at a significantly higher percent of initial starting speed (p = 0.001 and 0.001, respectively). Descriptive data also revealed that the top 5 finishers displayed a "herd-behavior" by staying close to the lead runner in the initial portion of the race. These findings demonstrate that to achieve a more even pace, recreational ultra-runners should adopt a patient sustainable starting speed, with less competitive runners setting realistic performance goals whereas competitive runners with a specific time goal to consider running in packs of similar pace.

Gravity wave vertical energy flux at 95 km

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jacob, P. G.; Jacka, F.

1985-01-01

A three-field photometer (3FP) located at Mt. Torrens near Adelaide, is capable of monitoring different airglow emissions from three spaced fields in the sky. A wheel containing up to six different narrow bandpass interference filters can be rotated, allowing each of the filters to be sequentially placed into each of the three fields. The airglow emission of interest is the 557.7 nm line which has an intensity maximum at 95 km. Each circular field of view is located at the apexes of an equilateral triangle centered on zenith with diameters of 5 km and field separations of 13 km when projected to the 95-km level. The sampling period was 30 seconds and typical data lengths were between 7 and 8 hours. The analysis and results from the interaction of gravity waves on the 557.7 nm emission layer are derived using an atmospheric model similar to that proposed by Hines (1960) where the atmosphere is assumed isothermal and perturbations caused by gravity waves are small and adiabatic, therefore, resulting in linearized equations of motion. In the absence of waves, the atmosphere is also considered stationary. Thirteen nights of quality data from January 1983 to October 1984, covering all seasons, are used in this analysis.

Wind Measurements from 15 to 50 Km with a Doppler Rayleigh Lidar

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Garnier, A.; Chanin, M. L.

1992-01-01

The possibility to measure the mean wind in the high stratosphere using a Doppler Rayleigh lidar was demonstrated in 1989, and the Observatory of Haute Province (44 deg N, 6 deg E). It was originally developed to cover the height range 25-60 km, a region where the radars cannot operate; therefore, the system was designed to cover altitudes where the signal is only due to the Rayleigh backscattering. The instrument is currently set up at the Center d'Essais des Landes (44 deg N, 1 deg W) where it operated during the Dynamic Adapted Network for the Atmosphere Campaign in 1990. As the contribution of the Mie scattering was very low during this period above southern France, we have obtained vertical wind profiles in the stratosphere down to 15 km. Since the eruption of the Pinatubo volcano in Jun. 1991, the contribution of Mie scattering has increased between 15 and 30 km and it was very difficult with the original system to obtain wind measurements below 30 km. We will show that by using the same method with slightly different characteristics of the system, it is possible to measure the wind in the presence of Mie scattering. The first experimental results are presented.

KM3NeT

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

de Jong, M.

2015-07-01

KM3NeT is a large research infrastructure, that will consist of a network of deep-sea neutrino telescopes in the Mediterranean Sea. The main objective of KM3NeT is the discovery and subsequent observation of high-energy neutrino sources in the Universe. A further physics perspective is the measurement of the mass hierarchy of neutrinos. A corresponding study, ORCA, is ongoing within KM3NeT. A cost effective technology for (very) large water Cherenkov detectors has been developed based on a new generation of low price 3-inch photo-multiplier tubes. Following the successful deployment and operation of two prototypes, the construction of the KM3NeT research infrastructure has started. The prospects of the different phases of the implementation of KM3NeT are summarised.

KM3NeT

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jong, M. de; Leiden Institute of Physics, Leiden University, Leiden; Collaboration: KM3NeT Collaboration

2015-07-15

KM3NeT is a large research infrastructure, that will consist of a network of deep-sea neutrino telescopes in the Mediterranean Sea. The main objective of KM3NeT is the discovery and subsequent observation of high-energy neutrino sources in the Universe. A further physics perspective is the measurement of the mass hierarchy of neutrinos. A corresponding study, ORCA, is ongoing within KM3NeT. A cost effective technology for (very) large water Cherenkov detectors has been developed based on a new generation of low price 3-inch photo-multiplier tubes. Following the successful deployment and operation of two prototypes, the construction of the KM3NeT research infrastructure hasmore » started. The prospects of the different phases of the implementation of KM3NeT are summarised.« less

Engineering trade studies for a quantum key distribution system over a 30  km free-space maritime channel.

PubMed

Gariano, John; Neifeld, Mark; Djordjevic, Ivan

2017-01-20

Here, we present the engineering trade studies of a free-space optical communication system operating over a 30 km maritime channel for the months of January and July. The system under study follows the BB84 protocol with the following assumptions: a weak coherent source is used, Eve is performing the intercept resend attack and photon number splitting attack, prior knowledge of Eve's location is known, and Eve is allowed to know a small percentage of the final key. In this system, we examine the effect of changing several parameters in the following areas: the implementation of the BB84 protocol over the public channel, the technology in the receiver, and our assumptions about Eve. For each parameter, we examine how different values impact the secure key rate for a constant brightness. Additionally, we will optimize the brightness of the source for each parameter to study the improvement in the secure key rate.

Linear and Nonlinear Infrasound Propagation to 1000 km

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-12-15

Kirtland AFB, NM 87117-5776 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S) AFRL /RVBYE 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORT NUMBER(S) AFRL -RV-PS-TR-2016-0017 12...distribution is unlimited. 30 DISTRIBUTION LIST DTIC/OCP 8725 John J. Kingman Rd, Suite 0944 Ft Belvoir, VA 22060-6218 1 cy AFRL /RVIL Kirtland ... AFRL -RV-PS- AFRL -RV-PS- TR-2016-0017 TR-2016-0017 LINEAR AND NONLINEAR INFRASOUND PROPAGATION TO 1000 KM Catherine de Groot-Hedlin Scripps

Mid-latitude Rayleigh-Mie-Raman Lidar for Observations from 15 to 120 km

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wickwar, V. B.; Sox, L.; Heron, J. P.; Emerick, M. T.

2013-12-01

The original Rayleigh scatter lidar system that ran from 1993-2004 at the Atmospheric Lidar Observatory (ALO; 41.7° N, 111.8° W) in the Center for Atmospheric and Space Sciences (CASS) on the campus of Utah State University (USU) is undergoing a series of upgrades to transform it into a Rayleigh-Mie-Raman (RMR) scatter lidar. The original lidar covered the mesosphere from 45 to 90 km. The upgraded system will cover the region from approximately 15 to 120 km. The scientific impetus for these upgrades is to enable measurements of densities and temperatures throughout the middle atmosphere, covering most of the stratosphere, all of the mesosphere and well into the lower thermosphere. Initially, at the upper end, this will provide good information about the poorly observed region between 90 and 120 km. When the whole system comes on line, it will better enable coupling studies across these regions. By normalizing the relative densities to NCEP reanalysis or radiosonde densities below 30 km, the densities will become absolute all the way up to 120 km. By adding these new observations to those from the original data set, we will continue to examine temperature trends in the mesosphere. The upgrade is based on increasing the telescope collecting area to almost 5 m2 and increasing the 532 nm laser power to 42 W at 30 Hz. The combined effect is a 70 times increase in sensitivity. This increase enables us to go higher. It will also enable us to go lower by making Raman observations possible in the stratosphere, which will allow us to untangle the Rayleigh and Mie returns. Initial observations are approaching 120 km. These observations show significant temperature differences at the highest altitudes when compared to the MSISe00 empirical model.

Revised estimation of 550-km times 550-km mean gravity anomalies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Williamson, M. R.

1977-01-01

The calculation of 550-km x 550-km mean gravity anomalies from 1 degree x 1 degree mean free-air gravimetry data is discussed. The block estimate procedure developed by Kaula is used to obtain 1,504 of the 1,654 possible mean block anomalies. The estimated block anomalies calculated from 1 deg x 1 deg mean anomalies referred to the reference ellipsoid and from 1 degree x 1 degree mean anomalies referred to a 24th-degree-and-order field are compared.

Multiplicity of the 660-km discontinuity beneath the Izu-Bonin area

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhou, Yuan-Ze; Yu, Xiang-Wei; Yang, Hui; Zang, Shao-Xian

2012-05-01

The relatively simple subducting slab geometry in the Izu-Bonin region provides a valuable opportunity to study the multiplicity of the 660-km discontinuity and the related response of the subducting slab on the discontinuity. Vertical short-period recordings of deep events with simple direct P phases beneath the Izu-Bonin region were retrieved from two seismic networks in the western USA and were used to study the structure of the 660-km discontinuity. After careful selection and pre-processing, 23 events from the networks, forming 32 pairs of event-network records, were processed. Related vespagrams were produced using the N-th root slant stack method for detecting weak down-going SdP phases that were inverted to the related conversion points. From depth histograms and the spatial distribution of the conversion points, there were three clear interfaces at depths of 670, 710 and 730 km. These interfaces were depressed approximately 20-30 km in the northern region. In the southern region, only two layers were identified in the depth histograms, and no obvious layered structure could be observed from the distribution of the conversion points.

Seismic Observations Indicating That the 2015 Ogasawara (Bonin) Earthquake Ruptured Beneath the 660 km Discontinuity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kuge, Keiko

2017-11-01

The termination of deep earthquakes at a depth of 700 km is a key feature for understanding the physical mechanism of deep earthquakes. The 680 km deep 30 May 2015, Ogasawara (Bonin) earthquake (Mw 7.9) and its aftershocks were recorded by seismic stations at distances from 7° to 19°. Synthetic seismograms indicate that the P waveforms depend on whether the earthquake is located above or below the 660 km discontinuity. In this study, I show that broadband recordings indicate that the 2015 earthquake may have occurred below the 660 km velocity discontinuity. Recordings of the P wave from the strongest aftershock lack evidence for wave triplication expected when a subhorizontal discontinuity underlies the hypocenter. Theoretical waveforms computed with a 660 km discontinuity above the aftershock and mainshock match the observed waveforms more accurately. These observations may indicate earthquake ruptures due to mantle minerals other than olivine or strong deformation of the 660 km phase transition.

Comparison of SIRTF dewar performance in the 900 km and 100,000 km orbits

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lee, J. H.; Maa, S. S.; Ng, Y. S.

1990-01-01

Feasibility studies showed that the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) can be launched into a 100,000-km high earth orbit (HEO) using a Titan/Centaur launch vehicle. This paper compares the performance of an all-superfluid helium dewar system for SIRTF under conditions of the LEO (900-km) and the HEO missions. Results show that the SIRTF all-superfluid He dewar can achieve a 5-yr lifetime for the 100,000 km HEO mission, with 20 percent margin. Methods to achieve further enhancement of dewar lifetime for the HEO mission are suggested.

Acceleration of barium ions near 8000 km above an aurora

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stenbaek-Nielsen, H. C.; Hallinan, T. J.; Wescott, E. M.; Foeppl, H.

1984-01-01

A barium shaped charge, named Limerick, was released from a rocket launched from Poker Flat Research Range, Alaska, on March 30, 1982, at 1033 UT. The release took place in a small auroral breakup. The jet of ionized barium reached an altitude of 8100 km 14.5 min after release, indicating that there were no parallel electric fields below this altitude. At 8100 km the jet appeared to stop. Analysis shows that the barium at this altitude was effectively removed from the tip. It is concluded that the barium was actually accelerated upward, resulting in a large decrease in the line-of-sight density and hence the optical intensity. The parallel electric potential in the acceleration region must have been greater than 1 kV over an altitude interval of less than 200 km. The acceleration region, although presumably auroral in origin, did not seem to be related to individual auroral structures, but appeared to be a large-scale horizontal structure. The perpendicular electric field below, as deduced from the drift of the barium, was temporally and spatially very uniform and showed no variation related to individual auroral structures passing through.

Influence of environmental temperature on 40 km cycling time-trial performance.

PubMed

Peiffer, Jeremiah J; Abbiss, Chris R

2011-06-01

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of environmental temperature on variability in power output, self-selected pacing strategies, and performance during a prolonged cycling time trial. Nine trained male cyclists randomly completed four 40 km cycling time trials in an environmental chamber at 17°C, 22°C, 27°C, and 32°C (40% RH). During the time trials, heart rate, core body temperature, and power output were recorded. The variability in power output was assessed with the use of exposure variation analysis. Mean 40 km power output was significantly lower during 32°C (309 ± 35 W) compared with 17°C (329 ± 31 W), 22°C (324 ± 34 W), and 27°C (322 ± 32 W). In addition, greater variability in power production was observed at 32°C compared with 17°C, as evidenced by a lower (P = .03) standard deviation of the exposure variation matrix (2.9 ± 0.5 vs 3.5 ± 0.4 units, respectively). Core temperature was greater (P < .05) at 32°C compared with 17°C and 22°C from 30 to 40 km, and the rate of rise in core temperature throughout the 40 km time trial was greater (P < .05) at 32°C (0.06 ± 0.04°C·km-1) compared with 17°C (0.05 ± 0.05°C·km-1). This study showed that time-trial performance is reduced under hot environmental conditions, and is associated with a shift in the composition of power output. These finding provide insight into the control of pacing strategies during exercise in the heat.

Land cover mapping, fire regeneration, and scaling studies in the Canadian boreal forest with 1 km AVHRR and Landsat TM data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Steyaert, L. T.; Hall, F. G.; Loveland, T. R.

1997-12-01

A multitemporal 1 km advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) land cover analysis approach was used as the basis for regional land cover mapping, fire disturbance-regeneration, and multiresolution land cover scaling studies in the boreal forest ecosystem of central Canada. The land cover classification was developed by using regional field observations from ground and low-level aircraft transits to analyze spectral-temporal clusters that were derived from an unsupervised cluster analysis of monthly normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) image composites (April-September 1992). Quantitative areal proportions of the major boreal forest components were determined for a 821 km × 619 km region, ranging from the southern grasslands-boreal forest ecotone to the northern boreal transitional forest. The boreal wetlands (mostly lowland black spruce, tamarack, mosses, fens, and bogs) occupied approximately 33% of the region, while lakes accounted for another 13%. Upland mixed coniferous-deciduous forests represented 23% of the ecosystem. A SW-NE productivity gradient across the region is manifested by three levels of tree stand density for both the boreal wetland conifer and the mixed forest classes, which are generally aligned with isopleths of regional growing degree days. Approximately 30% of the region was directly affected by fire disturbance within the preceding 30-35 years, especially in the Canadian Shield Zone where large fire-regeneration patterns contribute to the heterogeneous boreal landscape. Intercomparisons with land cover classifications derived from 30-m Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data provided important insights into the relative accuracy of the 1 km AVHRR land cover classification. Primarily due to the multitemporal NDVI image compositing process, the 1 km AVHRR land cover classes have an effective spatial resolution in the 3-4 km range; therefore fens, bogs, small water bodies, and small patches of dry jack pine cannot be resolved within

Land cover mapping, fire regeneration, and scaling studies in the Canadian boreal forest with 1 km AVHRR and Landsat TM data

USGS Publications Warehouse

Steyaert, L.T.; Hall, F.G.; Loveland, Thomas R.

1997-01-01

A multitemporal 1 km advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) land cover analysis approach was used as the basis for regional land cover mapping, fire disturbance-regeneration, and multiresolution land cover scaling studies in the boreal forest ecosystem of central Canada. The land cover classification was developed by using regional field observations from ground and low-level aircraft transits to analyze spectral-temporal clusters that were derived from an unsupervised cluster analysis of monthly normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) image composites (April-September 1992). Quantitative areal proportions of the major boreal forest components were determined for a 821 km ?? 619 km region, ranging from the southern grasslands-boreal forest ecotone to the northern boreal transitional forest. The boreal wetlands (mostly lowland black spruce, tamarack, mosses, fens, and bogs) occupied approximately 33% of the region, while lakes accounted for another 13%. Upland mixed coniferous-deciduous forests represented 23% of the ecosystem. A SW-NE productivity gradient across the region is manifested by three levels of tree stand density for both the boreal wetland conifer and the mixed forest classes, which are generally aligned with isopleths of regional growing degree days. Approximately 30% of the region was directly affected by fire disturbance within the preceding 30-35 years, especially in the Canadian Shield Zone where large fire-regeneration patterns contribute to the heterogeneous boreal landscape. Intercomparisons with land cover classifications derived from 30-m Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data provided important insights into the relative accuracy of the 1 km AVHRR land cover classification. Primarily due to the multitemporal NDVI image compositing process, the 1 km AVHRR land cover classes have an effective spatial resolution in the 3-4 km range; therefore fens, bogs, small water bodies, and small patches of dry jack pine cannot be resolved within

Formation of continental crust in a temporally linked arc magma system from 5 to 30 km depth: ~ 90 Ma plutonism in the Cascades Crystalline Core composite arc section

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ratschbacher, B. C.; Miller, J. S.; Kent, A. J.; Miller, R. B.; Anderson, J. L.; Paterson, S. R.

2015-12-01

Continental crust has an andesitic bulk composition with a mafic lower crust and a granodioritic upper crust. The formation of stratified continental crust in general and the vertical extent of processes active in arc crustal columns leading to the differentiation of primitive, mantle-derived melts entering the lower crust are highly debated. To investigate where in the crustal column magma mixing, fractionation, assimilation and crystal growth occur and to what extent, we study the ~ 90 Ma magmatic flare-up event of the Cascades arc, a magma plumbing system from ~ 5 to 30 km depth. We focus on three intrusive complexes, emplaced at different depths during major regional shortening in an exceptionally thick crust (≥ 55 km1) but which are temporally related: the upper crustal Black Peak intrusion (1-3 kbar at 3.7 to 11 km; ~ 86.8 to 91.7 Ma2), the mid-crustal Mt. Stuart intrusion (3.5-4.0 kbar at 13 to 15 km; 90.8 and 96.3 Ma3) and the deep crustal Tenpeak intrusion (7 to 10 kbar at 25 to 37 km; 89.7 to 92.3 Ma4). These intrusive complexes are well characterized by geochronology showing that they have been constructed incrementally by multiple magma batches over their lifespans and thus allow the monitoring and comparison of geochemical parameters over time at different depths. We use a combination of whole rock major and trace element data and isotopes combined with detailed investigation of amphibole, which has been recognized to be important in the generation of calc-alkaline rocks in arcs to test the following hypotheses: (a) compositional bimodality is produced in the lower crust, whereas upper crustal levels are dominated by mixing to form intermediate compositions, or (b) differentiation occurs throughout the crustal column with different crystallizing phases and their compositions controlling the bulk chemistry. 1. Miller et al. 2009: GSA Special Paper 456, p. 125-149 2. Shea 2014: PhD thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 3. Anderson et al. 2012

Measurements of the ambient photoelectron spectrum from Atmosphere Explorer. I - AE-E measurements below 300 km during solar minimum conditions. II - AE-E measurements from 300 to 1000 km during solar minimum conditions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lee, J. S.; Doering, J. P.; Potemra, T. A.; Brace, L. H.

1980-01-01

A study is presented of the ambient photoelectron spectrum below 300 km which includes 500 AE-E orbits observed from Dec. 13, 1975 to Feb. 24, 1976. The daytime photoelectron spectrum from 1 to 100 eV was illustrated by several spectra; high resolution 10-32 eV spectra show the widths of the photoelectron lines and the variation of the linewidth and intensity with altitude. The photoelectron flux below 300 km is constant over a period of several months; the photoelectron lines between 20 and 30 eV are very sharp when the total plasma density is low, but broaden at high altitudes as the plasma density builds up during the day. The photo-electron flux above 300 km had an intensity and energy spectrum characteristic of the 250-300 km region only in the presence of low plasma density at the satellite altitude. The flux at high altitudes was extremely variable 3 h after sunrise as a result of attenuation and energy loss to thermal plasma along the path of escaping electrons.

The estimation of 550 km x 550 km mean gravity anomalies. [from free atmosphere gravimetry data

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Williamson, M. R.; Gaposchkin, E. M.

1975-01-01

The calculation of 550 km X 550 km mean gravity anomalies from 1 degree X 1 degree mean free-air gravimetry data is discussed. The block estimate procedure developed by Kaula was used, and estimates for 1452 of the 1654 blocks were obtained.

Exploring KM Features of High-Performance Companies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, Wei-Wen

2007-12-01

For reacting to an increasingly rival business environment, many companies emphasize the importance of knowledge management (KM). It is a favorable way to explore and learn KM features of high-performance companies. However, finding out the critical KM features of high-performance companies is a qualitative analysis problem. To handle this kind of problem, the rough set approach is suitable because it is based on data-mining techniques to discover knowledge without rigorous statistical assumptions. Thus, this paper explored KM features of high-performance companies by using the rough set approach. The results show that high-performance companies stress the importance on both tacit and explicit knowledge, and consider that incentives and evaluations are the essentials to implementing KM.

Neutral Wind Observations below 200 km altitudes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Watanabe, S.; Abe, T.; Habu, H.; Kakinami, Y.; Larsen, M. F.; Pfaff, R. F., Jr.; Yamamoto, M.

2015-12-01

Neutral Wind Observations below 200 km altitudesS. Watanabe1, T. Abe2, H. Habu2, Y. Kakinami3, M. Larsen4, R. Pfaff5, M. Yamamoto6, M-Y. Yamamoto31Hokkaido University/Hokkaido Information University, 2JAXA/ISAS, 3Kochi University of Technology, 4Clemson University, 5NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, 6Kyoto University, Neutral wind in the thermosphere is one of the key parameters to understand the ionosphere-thermosphere coupling process. JAXA/ISAS successfully launched sounding rockets from Uchinoura Space Center (USC) on September 2, 2007, January 12, 2012, and July 20, 2013, and NASA launched sounding rockets from Kwajalein on May 7, 2013 and from Wallops on July 4, 2013. The rockets installed Lithium and/or TMA canisters as well as instruments for plasma and electric and magnetic fields. The atomic Lithium gases were released at altitudes between 150 km and 300 km in the evening on September 2, 2007, at altitude of ~100 km in the morning on January 12, 2012, at altitude of ~120km in the midnight on July 20, 2013, at altitude between 150 km and 300 km in the evening on May 7, 2013 and at altitude of ~150 km in the noon on July 4, 2013. The Lithium atoms were scattering sunlight by resonance scattering with wavelength of 670nm. However, the Lithium atoms scattered moon light on July 20, 2013. The moon light scattering is the first time to use for thermospheric wind measurement in the midnight. The Lithium clouds/trails and TMA trails showed clearly the neutral wind shears and atmospheric waves at ~150 km altitude in the lower thermosphere for all local time.

Safety effects of reducing the speed limit from 90km/h to 70km/h.

PubMed

De Pauw, Ellen; Daniels, Stijn; Thierie, Melissa; Brijs, Tom

2014-01-01

Speed is one of the main risk factors in traffic safety, as it increases both the chances and the severity of a crash. In order to achieve improved traffic safety by influencing the speed of travel, road authorities may decide to lower the legally imposed speed limits. In 2001 the Flemish government decided to lower speed limits from 90km/h to 70km/h on a considerable number of highways. The present study examines the effectiveness of this measure using a comparison group before- and after study to account for general trend effects in road safety. Sixty-one road sections with a total length of 116km were included. The speed limits for those locations were restricted in 2001 and 2002. The comparison group consisted of 19 road sections with a total length of 53km and an unchanged speed limit of 90km/h throughout the research period. Taking trend into account, the analyses showed a 5% decrease [0.88; 1.03] in the crash rates after the speed limit restriction. A greater effect was identified in the case of crashes involving serious injuries and fatalities, which showed a decrease of 33% [0.57; 0.79]. Separate analyses between crashes at intersections and at road sections showed a higher effectiveness at road sections. It can be concluded from this study that speed limit restrictions do have a favorable effect on traffic safety, especially on severe crashes. Future research should examine the cause for the difference in the effect between road sections and intersections that was identified, taking vehicle speeds into account. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Knob manager (KM) operators guide

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1993-10-08

KM, Knob Manager, is a tool which enables the user to use the SUNDIALS knob box to adjust the settings of the control system. The followings are some features of KM: dynamic knob assignments with the user friendly interface; user-defined gain for individual knob; graphical displays for operating range and status of each process variable is assigned; backup and restore one or multiple process variable; save current settings to a file and recall the settings from that file in future.

MODIS 3km Aerosol Product: Algorithm and Global Perspective

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Remer, L. A.; Mattoo, S.; Levy, R. C.; Munchak, L.

2013-01-01

After more than a decade of producing a nominal 10 km aerosol product based on the dark target method, the MODIS aerosol team will be releasing a nominal 3 km product as part of their Collection 6 release. The new product differs from the original 10 km product only in the manner in which reflectance pixels are ingested, organized and selected by the aerosol algorithm. Overall, the 3 km product closely mirrors the 10 km product. However, the finer resolution product is able to retrieve over ocean closer to islands and coastlines, and is better able to resolve fine aerosol features such as smoke plumes over both ocean and land. In some situations, it provides retrievals over entire regions that the 10 km product barely samples. In situations traditionally difficult for the dark target algorithm, such as over bright or urban surfaces the 3 km product introduces isolated spikes of artificially high aerosol optical depth (AOD) that the 10 km algorithm avoids. Over land, globally, the 3 km product appears to be 0.01 to 0.02 higher than the 10 km product, while over ocean, the 3 km algorithm is retrieving a proportionally greater number of very low aerosol loading situations. Based on collocations with ground-based observations for only six months, expected errors associated with the 3 km land product are determined to be greater than for the 10 km product: 0.05 0.25 AOD. Over ocean, the suggestion is for expected errors to be the same as the 10 km product: 0.03 0.05 AOD. The advantage of the product is on the local scale, which will require continued evaluation not addressed here. Nevertheless, the new 3 km product is expected to provide important information complementary to existing satellite-derived products and become an important tool for the aerosol community.

The SMAP mission combined active-passive soil moisture product at 9 km and 3km spatial resolutions

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The NASA Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission with onboard L-band radiometer and radar was launched on January 31st, 2015. The spacecraft provided high-resolution (3 km and 9 km) global soil moisture estimates at regular intervals by combining radiometer and radar observations for ~2.5 months...

Biochemical and hematological changes following the 120-km open-water marathon swim.

PubMed

Drygas, Wojciech; Rębowska, Ewa; Stępień, Ewa; Golański, Jacek; Kwaśniewska, Magdalena

2014-09-01

Data on physiological effects and potential risks of a ultraendurance swimming are scarce. This report presents the unique case of a 61-year old athlete who completed a non-stop open-water 120-km ultramarathon swim on the Warta River, Poland. Pre-swimming examinations revealed favorable conditions (blood pressure, 110/70 mmHg; rest heart rate, 54 beats/minute, ejection fraction, 60%, 20.2 metabolic equivalents in a maximal exercise test). The swimming time and distance covered were 27 h 33 min and 120 km, respectively. Blood samples for hematological and biochemical parameters were collected 30 min, 4 hrs, 10 hrs and 8 days after the swim. The body temperature of the swimmer was 36.7°C before and 35.1°C after the swim. The hematological parameters remained within the reference range in the postexercise period except for leucocytes (17.5 and 10.6 x G/l noted 30 minutes and 4 hours after the swim, respectively). Serum urea, aspartate aminotransferase and C-reactive protein increased above the reference range reaching 11.3 mmol/l, 1054 nmol/l/s and 25.9 mg/l, respectively. Symptomatic hyponatremia was not observed. Although the results demonstrate that an experienced athlete is able to complete an ultra-marathon swim without negative health consequences, further studies addressing the potential risks of marathon swimming are required. Key pointsData on biochemical changes due to long-distance swimming are scarce.This report presents the unique case of a 61-year old athlete who completed a non-stop open-water 120-km ultramarathon swim.An experienced athlete is able to complete an ultra-marathon swim without serious health consequences.Regarding the growing popularity of marathon swimming further studies addressing the potential risks of such exhaustive exercise are required.

Comparison of Two Fluid Replacement Protocols During a 20-km Trail Running Race in the Heat.

PubMed

Lopez, Rebecca M; Casa, Douglas J; Jensen, Katherine A; Stearns, Rebecca L; DeMartini, Julie K; Pagnotta, Kelly D; Roti, Melissa W; Armstrong, Lawrence E; Maresh, Carl M

2016-09-01

Lopez, RM, Casa, DJ, Jensen, K, Stearns, RL, DeMartini, JK, Pagnotta, KD, Roti, MW, Armstrong, LE, and Maresh, CM. Comparison of two fluid replacement protocols during a 20-km trail running race in the heat. J Strength Cond Res 30(9): 2609-2616, 2016-Proper hydration is imperative for athletes striving for peak performance and safety, however, the effectiveness of various fluid replacement strategies in the field setting is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate how two hydration protocols affect physiological responses and performance during a 20-km trail running race. A randomized, counter-balanced, crossover design was used in a field setting (mean ± SD: WBGT 28.3 ± 1.9° C). Well-trained male (n = 8) and female (n = 5) runners (39 ± 14 years; 175 ± 9 cm; 67.5 ± 11.1 kg; 13.4 ± 4.6% BF) completed two 20-km trail races (5 × 4-km loop) with different water hydration protocols: (a) ad libitum (AL) consumption and (b) individualized rehydration (IR). Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. Paired t-tests compared pre-race-post-race measures. Main outcome variables were race time, heart rate (HR), gastrointestinal temperature (TGI), fluid consumed, percent body mass loss (BML), and urine osmolality (Uosm). Race times between groups were similar. There was a significant condition × time interaction (p = 0.048) for HR, but TGI was similar between conditions. Subjects replaced 30 ± 14% of their water losses in AL and 64 ± 16% of their losses in IR (p < 0.001). Ad libitum trial experienced greater BML (-2.6 ± 0.5%) compared with IR (-1.3 ± 0.5%; p < 0.001). Pre-race to post-race Uosm differences existed between AL (-273 ± 146 mOsm) and IR (-145 ± 215 mOsm, p = 0.032). In IR, runners drank twice as much fluid than AL during the 20-km race, leading to > 2% BML in AL. Ad libitum drinking resulted in 1.3% greater BML over the 20-km race, which resulted in no thermoregulatory or performance differences from IR.

The Effect of a 20 km Run on Appetite Regulation in Long Distance Runners

PubMed Central

Kojima, Chihiro; Ishibashi, Aya; Ebi, Kumiko; Goto, Kazushige

2016-01-01

The purpose of the present study was to investigate appetite-related hormonal responses and energy intake after a 20 km run in trained long distance runners. Twenty-three male long-distance runners completed two trials: either an exercise trial consisting of a 20 km outdoor run (EX) or a control trial with an identical period of rest (CON). Blood samples were collected to determine plasma acylated ghrelin, peptide YY3-36 (PYY3-36) and other hormonal and metabolite concentrations. Energy intake during a buffet test meal was also measured 30 min after the exercise or rest periods. Although plasma acylated ghrelin concentrations were significantly decreased after the 20 km run (p < 0.05), plasma PYY3-36 did not change significantly following exercise. Absolute energy intake during the buffet test meal in EX (1325 ± 55 kcal) was significantly lower than that in CON (1529 ± 55 kcal), and there was a relatively large degree of individual variability for exercise-induced changes in energy intake (−40.2% to 12.8%). However, exercise-induced changes in energy intake were not associated with plasma acylated ghrelin or PYY3-36 responses. The results demonstrated that a 20 km run significantly decreased plasma acylated ghrelin concentrations and absolute energy intake among well-trained long distance runners. PMID:27792164

Status of the KM3NeT project

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Margiotta, A.

2014-04-01

KM3NeT is a deep-sea research infrastructure being constructed in the Mediterranean Sea. It will be installed at three sites: KM3NeT-Fr, offshore Toulon, France, KM3NeT-It, offshore Portopalo di Capo Passero, Sicily (Italy) and KM3NeT-Gr, offshore Pylos, Peloponnese, Greece. It will host the next generation Cherenkov neutrino telescope and nodes for a deep sea multidisciplinary observatory, providing oceanographers, marine biologists, and geophysicists with real time measurements. The neutrino telescope will search for Galactic and extra-Galactic sources of neutrinos, complementing IceCube in its field of view. The detector will have a modular structure and consists of six building blocks, each including about one hundred Detection Units (DUs). Each DU will be equipped with 18 multi-PMT digital optical modules. The first phase of construction has started and shore and deep-sea infrastructures hosting the future KM3NeT detector are being prepared in France near Toulon and in Italy, near Capo Passero in Sicily. The technological solutions for KM3NeT and the expected performance of the detector are presented and discussed.

hi_dni_10km

Science.gov Websites

Microsoft Windows XP Version 5.1 (Build 2600) Service Pack 3; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.3.0.1770 en Monthly and @NREL.gov 10km Direct Normal Microsoft Windows XP Version 5.1 (Build 2600) Service Pack 3; ESRI ArcCatalog

7 CFR 29.1035 - Mixed color (KM).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Mixed color (KM). 29.1035 Section 29.1035 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Standards, Inspections, Marketing... Type 92) § 29.1035 Mixed color (KM). Distinctly different colors of the type mingled together. (See...

7 CFR 29.1035 - Mixed color (KM).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Mixed color (KM). 29.1035 Section 29.1035 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Standards, Inspections, Marketing... Type 92) § 29.1035 Mixed color (KM). Distinctly different colors of the type mingled together. (See...

7 CFR 29.1035 - Mixed color (KM).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Mixed color (KM). 29.1035 Section 29.1035 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Standards, Inspections, Marketing... Type 92) § 29.1035 Mixed color (KM). Distinctly different colors of the type mingled together. (See...

7 CFR 29.1035 - Mixed color (KM).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Mixed color (KM). 29.1035 Section 29.1035 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Standards, Inspections, Marketing... Type 92) § 29.1035 Mixed color (KM). Distinctly different colors of the type mingled together. (See...

7 CFR 29.1035 - Mixed color (KM).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Mixed color (KM). 29.1035 Section 29.1035 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Standards, Inspections, Marketing... Type 92) § 29.1035 Mixed color (KM). Distinctly different colors of the type mingled together. (See...

Local fluctuations of ozone from 16 km to 45 km deduced from in situ vertical ozone profile

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Moreau, G.; Robert, C.

1994-01-01

A vertical ozone profile obtained by an in situ ozone sonde from 16 km to 45 km, has allowed to observe local ozone concentration variations. These variations can be observed, thanks to a fast measurement system based on a UV absorption KrF excimer laser beam in a multipass cell. Ozone standard deviation versus altitude calculated from the mean is derived. Ozone variations or fluctuations are correlated with the different dynamic zones of the stratosphere.

In situ stratospheric measurements of HNO3 and HCl near 30 km using the balloon-borne laser in situ sensor tunable diode laser spectrometer

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

May, R. D.; Webster, C. R.

1989-01-01

In situ stratospheric measurements of the concentrations of the reservoir species HNO3 and HCl made during two flights of the high-resolution (0.0005/cm) balloon-borne laser in situ sensor instrument from Palestine, Texas, are reported. A measured HNO3 volume mixing ratio of 4.3 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) at 31 km altitude is about 1 ppbv larger than previously reported measurements at 32 deg N. An HCl mixing ratio of 1.6 ppbv at 29 km is in agreement with values obtained from earlier remote sensing techniques within the experimental uncertainties. Upper limits at 31 km of 0.4 ppbv for H2O2 and 0.2 ppbv for HOCl are also derived from analyses of spectra recorded near 1252/cm.

One night of sleep restriction following heavy exercise impairs 3-km cycling time-trial performance in the morning.

PubMed

Chase, John D; Roberson, Paul A; Saunders, Michael J; Hargens, Trent A; Womack, Christopher J; Luden, Nicholas D

2017-09-01

The goal of this project was to examine the influence of a single night of sleep restriction following heavy exercise on cycling time-trial (TT) performance and skeletal muscle function in the morning. Seven recreational cyclists (age, 24 ± 7 years; peak oxygen consumption, 62 ± 4 mL·kg -1 ·min -1 ) completed 2 phases, each comprising evening (EX1) and next-morning (EX2) exercise sessions. EX1 and EX2 were separated by an assigned sleep condition: a full night of rest (CON; 7.1 ± 0.3 h of sleep) or sleep restriction through early waking (SR; 2.4 ± 0.2 h). EX1 comprised baseline testing (muscle soreness, isokinetic torque, and 3-km TT performance) followed by heavy exercise that included 60 min of high-intensity cycling intervals and resistance exercise. EX2 was performed to assess recovery from EX1 and included all baseline measures. Magnitude-based inferences were used to evaluate all variables. SR had a negative effect (very likely) on the change in 3-km TT performance compared with CON. Specifically, 3-km TT performance was 'very likely' slower during EX2 compared with EX1 following SR (-4.0% ± 3.0%), whereas 3-km TT performance was 'possibly' slower during EX2 (vs. EX1) following CON (-0.5% ± 3.0%). Sleep condition did not influence changes in peak torque or muscle soreness from EX1 to EX2. A single night of sleep restriction following heavy exercise had marked consequences on 3-km TT performance the next morning. Because occasional sleep loss is likely, strategies to ameliorate the consequences of sleep loss on performance should be investigated.

Observations in variations in the amplitude and depths of the 410 and 520 km discontinuities from PdP and SdS bounce point studies.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Darensburg, A.; Ainiwaer, A.; Gurrola, H.

2015-12-01

To gain a better understanding of the upper mantle transition zone, we beamform EarthScope Transportable array data of events from the western Pacific ring of fire to produce relatively high frequency (0.75 Hz) PdP functions (underside P reflections from a depth d) of the mantle beneath the central Pacific from the society Islands across the Aleutian trench. Like most PdP studies, we fail to image the 660 km discontinuity so we focus on the 410, and 520. It is believed that the 410 and 520 km discontinuities are the result of exothermic phase changes in the Olivine mineral system at pressure and temperatures consistent with the indicated depths. Because these boundaries are hypothesized to be exothermic, we expect them to be deeper in hot regions and shallow in cool. Modeling of these boundaries by mineral physicists suggest the 410 occurs over a 10 km interval and the 520 over about 30 km. Our observed amplitudes of P410P as a function of frequency compared to waveform modeling indicate that the 410 phase change must occur over less 6 km. Our observations of a strong 520 km discontinuity at 0.75 Hz also suggests that this velocity contrast occurs over less than 10 km rather than the hypothesized 30 km. We found that the average depth to the 410 km discontinuity across our study area to be 420 km to 425km. The 520 km discontinuity appears to be strongest around Hawaii and north of the Aleutian trench. The depths of the P410P and P520P phases appear to be correlated in most areas where they occur together; deepest the north of the Aleutian trench and southwestern Alaska; and shallowest south of the westernmost Aleutian trench. One of the more surprising observations was that the P520P phase appears to be the smallest or not observable in regions with the strongest P410P phase. SdS observations will be added to this study for the AGU meeting.

Cardiovascular disease risk following a 758 km pilgrimage.

PubMed

Harris, M B; Wolf, M R

2013-08-01

Millions of people participate in pilgrimages around the world such as the Camino de Santiago. However, few studies have examined the effects of this type of activity on cardiovascular disease risk factors. The aim of this study is to evaluate changes in cardiovascular disease risk factors: c-reactive protein, cholesterol, triglycerides, blood pressure, and cardiorespiratory fitness levels following a 758 km, 30-day pilgrimage. 11 healthy male and female subjects between the ages of 18-56 participated in pre and post pilgrimage blood pressure and blood tests, as well as pre, during, and post pilgrimage weight, skin-fold, and aerobic fitness testing. Heart rate monitors and pedometers provided maximum, average, and minimum heart rates as well as distances covered during the exercise. The mean daily walking distance was 25 km at an average intensity of 55.96% (±1.93%) of maximum heart rate. Statistically significant changes were seen in body weight (79.3 kg±3.4 pre vs. 76.4±2.98 post, p<0.05), body fat percentage (24.48%±2.31% pre vs. 23.01%±2.12 post, p<0.05), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (119±3.82/75±2.73 pre vs. 110±5.07/69±3.10 post, p<0.05), as well as cardiorespiratory fitness. These data suggest that some cardiovascular disease risk factors can be improved in healthy subjects participating in a low intensity, long duration, high frequency activity such as a walking pilgrimage. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.

The geological processes time scale of the Ingozersky block TTG complex (Kola Peninsula)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nitkina, Elena

2013-04-01

complex rocks, the following age-formation stages are determined: protolith of the biotite gneisses - 3149±46 Ma; metamorphism, deformation of rocks, foliation - 2727±5 - 2725±2 - 2697±9 - 2667±7 Ma, granite bodies formation - 2615±8 Ma and biotite gneisses migmatization - 2549±30 Ma, formation of different pegmatite and granite veins -1644±7 Ma. Author are grateful to Akad. Mitrofanov F.P. and Bayanova T.B. for the consultations. The work is supported by RFBR 12-05-31063, 11-05-00570. 1.Batieva I.D., Belkov I.V. Granitoidnie formacii Kolskogo poluostrova. // Ocgerki po petrologiy, mineralogiy i metallogeniy Kolskogo poluostrova. L.: Nauka. 1968. p. 5-143. (in russian) 2. Belkov I.V., Zagorodny V.G., Predovsky A.A. et al. Stratigraficheskoe raschlenenie i korrelyacia dokembria severo-vostochoi chasty Baltiyskogo shita. L.: Nauka. 1971. p. 141-150. (in russian) 3. Docembriskaya tektonica severo-vostochoi chasty Baltiyskogo shita (Ob'asnitelnaya zapiska k tektonicheskoi karte severo-vostochoi chasty Baltiyskogo shita 1:500000) / ed.: F.P.Mitrofanov. Apatity: KFAN SSSR. 1992. 112 P. (in russian) 4. Zagorodny V.G., Radchenko A.T. Tectonika i glubinnoe stroenie severo-vostochoi chasty Baltiyskogo shita. Apatity: KFA SSSR. 1978. p. 3-12. (in russian) 5. Kozlov N.E., Sorohtin N.O., Glaznev V.N. et al. Geologia Arhea Baltiskogo shita. S.Pb.: Nauka. 2006. 329 p. (in russian) 6. Mitrofanov F.P. Sovremennie problemy i nekotorie resheniya dokembriskoy geologii kratonov. (2001) Litosphera.2001. V 1. P. 5-14. (in russian) 7. Ob'asnitelnaya zapiska k geologicheskoy karte severo-vostochoi chasty Baltiyskogo shita 1:500000 / ed.: F.P.Mitrofanov. Apatity: KFAN SSSR. 1994. 95 P. (in russian) 8. Haritonov L.Y. Structura i stratigraphia karelid vostoka Baltiskogo shita. M.: Nedra. 1966. 354 P. (in russian)

Perspectives of the KM3NeT project

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Margiotta, A.; KM3NeT Collaboration

2016-10-01

KM3NeT is a large distributed research infrastructure that comprises a network of deep-sea neutrino telescopes in the Mediterranean Sea with user ports for Earth and Sea sciences. The main objectives of KM3NeT are the discovery and subsequent observation of high-energy neutrino sources in the Universe (ARCA) and the determination of the mass hierarchy of neutrinos (ORCA). Technically, the network of telescopes will consist of building blocks of 115 vertical detection units anchored at the seabed and connected to shore via a deep sea electro-optical cable. Each detection unit carries 18 optical modules equipped with 31 3; photomultipliers. Two configurations for the building blocks are defined to optimally detect neutrinos in different ranges of energy. The modular technical design of the KM3NeT telescope allows for a progressive implementation and for data taking even with an incomplete detector. The first phase of implementation has started. The next phase foresees the installation of three building blocks: two building blocks, for a total instrumented volume of 1 km3 (ARCA), at the KM3NeT-It site, at a depth of 3500 m, about 100 km offshore Capo Passero, Sicily. The main scientific goals of the ARCA detector is the exploration of the neutrino sky with unprecedented resolution, searching for neutrinos coming from defined sources or sky regions, like the Galactic Plane. It will also look for diffuse high energy neutrino fluxes following the indication provided by the IceCube signal. The third building block, with a more compact distribution of the optical modules, will be deployed at the KM3NeT-Fr site, 40 km offshore Toulon at a depth of 2500 m (ORCA). The main objective of ORCA is studying the neutrino mass-hierarchy problem and exploring the low energy region of the spectrum. The status of the first phase of the KM3NeT implementation is described and a survey of the physics potentiality of the telescope is given in this contribution, with particular emphasis on

Enhanced hypervelocity launcher: Capabilities to 16 km/s

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chhabildas, L.C.; Kmetyk, L.N.; Reinhart, W.D.

1993-12-31

A systematic study is described which has led to the successful launch of thin flier plates to velocities of 16 km/s. The energy required to launch a flier plant to 16 km/s is approximately 10 to 15 times the energy required to melt and vaporize the plate. The energy must, therefore, be deposited in a well-controlled manner to prevent melt or vaporation. This is achieved by using a graded-density assembly to impact a stationary flier-plate upon impact time dependent, structure, high pressure pulses are generated and used to propel the plantes plates to hypervelocities without melt or fracture. In previousmore » studies, a graded density impact of 7.3 km/s was used to launch a 0.5 mm thick plate to a velocity of over 12 km/s. If impact techniques alone were to be used to achieve flier-plate velocities approaching 16 km/s, this would require that the graded-density impact occur at {approximately} 10 km/s. In this paper, we describe a new technique that has been implemented to enhance the performance of the Sandia hypervelocity launcher. This technique of creating an impact-generated acceleration reservoir, has allowed the launch of 0.5 mm to 1.0 mm thick plates to record velocities up to 15.8 km/s. In these experiments, both titanium (Ti-6A1-4V) and aluminum (6061-T6) alloy were used for the flier-plate material. These are the highest metallic projectile plate velocities ever achieved for masses in the range of 0.1 g to 1 g.« less

ALMA view of the massive dense clump in the Galactic center 50 km s-1 molecular cloud .

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Uehara, K.; Tsuboi, M.; Kitamura, Y.; Miyawaki, R.; Miyazaki, A.

We observed the 50 km s-1 molecular cloud with a high angular resolution (˜1.5 arcsec) using ALMA in the H13CO+ J=1-0, C34S J=2-1, CS J=2-1 and SiO v=0 J=2-1 emission lines. This cloud is a candidate for the massive star forming region induced by cloud-cloud collision (CCC). We newly found a massive dense clump (DC1) with a size of ˜0.3 pc in the CCC region of the cloud in the H13CO+ J=1-0 map. The DC1 seems to be located on a line where the four HII regions line up. Furthermore, the DC1 has a broad velocity width covering ˜30 km s-1 and ˜60 km s-1 components in the CS J=2-1 map; the 30 km s-1 component has filamentary structures and the 60 km s-1 one a sheet-like structure. From the position-velocity diagrams of the H13CO+ J=1-0 and CS J=2-1 lines and the intensity ratio of T(SiO v=0 J=2-1)/T(H13CO+ J=1-0), i.e., a shock tracer, we consider that the DC1 has formed by the CCC between the filaments and the sheet-like gas. The LTE mass and virial parameter of the DC1 is estimated to be ˜1.3×104 M_ȯ and ˜5, respectively. These facts suggest that the DC1 is likely in a gravitationally bound state and may start massive star formation. We propose a scenario that the CCC induced the massive star formation in the HII region A ˜105 years ago and now causes the formation and collapse of the DC1; the clump would evolve to an HII region within ˜105 years.

Marshall Space Flight Center Propulsion Systems Department (PSD) KM Initiative

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Caraccioli, Paul; Varnadoe, Tom; McCarter, Mike

2006-01-01

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center s Propulsion Systems Department (PSD) is four months into a fifteen month Knowledge Management (KM) initiative to support enhanced engineering decision making and analyses, faster resolution of anomalies (near-term) and effective, efficient knowledge infused engineering processes, reduced knowledge attrition, and reduced anomaly occurrences (long-term). The near-term objective of this initiative is developing a KM Pilot project, within the context of a 3-5 year KM strategy, to introduce and evaluate the use of KM within PSD. An internal NASA/MSFC PSD KM team was established early in project formulation to maintain a practitioner, user-centric focus throughout the conceptual development, planning and deployment of KM technologies and capabilities with in the PSD. The PSD internal team is supported by the University of Alabama's Aging Infrastructure Systems Center Of Excellence (AISCE), Intergraph Corporation, and The Knowledge Institute. The principle product of the initial four month effort has been strategic planning of PSD KM implementation by first determining the "as is" state of KM capabilities and developing, planning and documenting the roadmap to achieve the desired "to be" state. Activities undertaken to support the planning phase have included data gathering; cultural surveys, group work-sessions, interviews, documentation review, and independent research. Assessments and analyses have been performed including industry benchmarking, related local and Agency initiatives, specific tools and techniques used and strategies for leveraging existing resources, people and technology to achieve common KM goals. Key findings captured in the PSD KM Strategic Plan include the system vision, purpose, stakeholders, prioritized strategic objectives mapped to the top ten practitioner needs and analysis of current resource usage. Opportunities identified from research, analyses, cultural/KM surveys and practitioner interviews include

Inverse approach to estimating larval dispersal reveals limited population connectivity along 700 km of wave-swept open coast.

PubMed

Hameed, Sarah O; White, J Wilson; Miller, Seth H; Nickols, Kerry J; Morgan, Steven G

2016-06-29

Demographic connectivity is fundamental to the persistence and resilience of metapopulations, but our understanding of the link between reproduction and recruitment is notoriously poor in open-coast marine populations. We provide the first evidence of high local retention and limited connectivity among populations spanning 700 km along an open coast in an upwelling system. Using extensive field measurements of fecundity, population size and settlement in concert with a Bayesian inverse modelling approach, we estimated that, on average, Petrolisthes cinctipes larvae disperse only 6.9 km (±25.0 km s.d.) from natal populations, despite spending approximately six weeks in an open-coast system that was once assumed to be broadly dispersive. This estimate differed substantially from our prior dispersal estimate (153.9 km) based on currents and larval duration and behaviour, revealing the importance of employing demographic data in larval dispersal estimates. Based on this estimate, we predict that demographic connectivity occurs predominantly among neighbouring populations less than 30 km apart. Comprehensive studies of larval production, settlement and connectivity are needed to advance an understanding of the ecology and evolution of life in the sea as well as to conserve ecosystems. Our novel approach provides a tractable framework for addressing these questions for species occurring in discrete coastal populations. © 2016 The Author(s).

On Improving 4-km Mesoscale Model Simulations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Deng, Aijun; Stauffer, David R.

2006-03-01

A previous study showed that use of analysis-nudging four-dimensional data assimilation (FDDA) and improved physics in the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) produced the best overall performance on a 12-km-domain simulation, based on the 18 19 September 1983 Cross-Appalachian Tracer Experiment (CAPTEX) case. However, reducing the simulated grid length to 4 km had detrimental effects. The primary cause was likely the explicit representation of convection accompanying a cold-frontal system. Because no convective parameterization scheme (CPS) was used, the convective updrafts were forced on coarser-than-realistic scales, and the rainfall and the atmospheric response to the convection were too strong. The evaporative cooling and downdrafts were too vigorous, causing widespread disruption of the low-level winds and spurious advection of the simulated tracer. In this study, a series of experiments was designed to address this general problem involving 4-km model precipitation and gridpoint storms and associated model sensitivities to the use of FDDA, planetary boundary layer (PBL) turbulence physics, grid-explicit microphysics, a CPS, and enhanced horizontal diffusion. Some of the conclusions include the following: 1) Enhanced parameterized vertical mixing in the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) turbulence scheme has shown marked improvements in the simulated fields. 2) Use of a CPS on the 4-km grid improved the precipitation and low-level wind results. 3) Use of the Hong and Pan Medium-Range Forecast PBL scheme showed larger model errors within the PBL and a clear tendency to predict much deeper PBL heights than the TKE scheme. 4) Combining observation-nudging FDDA with a CPS produced the best overall simulations. 5) Finer horizontal resolution does not always produce better simulations, especially in convectively unstable environments, and a new CPS suitable for 4-km resolution is needed. 6

Development of km23-Based Diagnostics and Therapeutics

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-05-01

A107km23), instead of the wild-type 96-amino acid form of km23. Furthermore, five missense mutations (T381, S55G, T56S, 189V, and V90A) were detected in...acid form of 1um23. Furthermore, five TPR-I, and T41R-II can lead to disruption of TGF-P3-signaling missense mutations (T381, S55G, T56S, 189V, and V9OA...these alterations, the three other missense mutations detected (CKII) in km23. For these sites, the prediction scores for serine and in three other

Shear heating and metamorphism in subduction zones, 2. The seismic-aseismic transition at c. 50 km depth.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Castro, A. E.; Spear, F. S.; Kohn, M. J.

2017-12-01

Recent work demonstrates that shear heating, which is required for explaining fore-arc heat flow, reconciles thermal models with pressure-temperature (P-T) conditions determined from exhumed metamorphic rocks, i.e. exhumed rocks are representative of normal subduction. However, the range of subduction conditions on Earth (age, angle and rate of subducting plate, character of overriding plate, coefficient of friction, etc.) implies a ≥250 °C range of corresponding temperatures at the depth of the seismic-aseismic transition (SAT), which is consistently observed at 40-60 km in subduction zones worldwide. Here we show that the predicted rheologies and mineral stabilities for 3 common rock types fail to explain the global consistency of the SAT depth, and we propose that mechanical removal of the weakest rocks is required. Using either realistic thermal models, or P-T conditions recorded by exhumed metamorphic rocks, a substantial subset of depths corresponding with any single petrologic or rheological process falls outside the relatively restricted 40-60 km depth of the SAT. For example, a thermal weakening mechanism (the brittle-ductile transition) implies a wide range of depths, regardless of proposed T (e.g. 20-30 km (300 °C), 25-60 km (400 °C), 35 to >85 km (500 °C), etc). Similarly, individual dehydration reactions span a larger range of depths than observed for the SAT; for example, chlorite-out (metapelites: 35 to >85 km; metabasalts: 40 to >85 km), brucite-out (35-75 km) and serpentine/talc-out (50 to >80 km). The failure of a single petrologic and rheological trigger for these characteristic rocks to produce a consistent SAT depth implies that these rocks do not control the SAT, and consequently must not be abundant at depths below the SAT. That is, these hydrated, weak, and buoyant rocks must be squeezed out of the subduction system, although subduction of discontinuous blobs or lenses to greater depth, e.g. to feed arc volcanoes, may occur. The SAT

Akeno 20 km (2) air shower array (Akeno Branch)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Teshima, M.; Ohoka, H.; Matsubara, Y.; Hara, T.; Hatano, Y.; Hayashida, N.; He, C. X.; Honda, M.; Ishikawa, F.; Kamata, K.

1985-01-01

As the first stage of the future huge array, the Akeno air shower array was expanded to about 20 sq. km. by adding 19 scintillation detectors of 2.25 sq m area outside the present 1 sq. km. Akeno array with a new data collection system. These detectors are spaced about 1km from each other and connected by two optical fiber cables. This array has been in partial operation from 8th, Sep. 1984 and full operation from 20th, Dec. 1984. 20 sq m muon stations are planned to be set with 2km separation and one of them is now under construction. The origin of the highest energy cosmic rays is studied.

The 1 km AVHRR global land data set: first stages in implementation

USGS Publications Warehouse

Eidenshink, J.C.; Faundeen, J.L.

1994-01-01

The global land 1 km data set project represents an international effort to acquire, archive, process, and distribute 1 km AVHRR data of the entire global land surface in order to meet the needs of the international science community. A network of 26 high resolution picture transmission (HRPT) stations, along with data recorded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), has been acquiring daily global land coverage since 1 April 1992. A data set of over 30000 AVHRR images has been archived and made available for distribution by the United States Geological Survey, EROS Data Center and the European Space Agency. Under the guidance of the International Geosphere Biosphere programme, processing standards for the AVHRR data have been developed for calibration, atmospheric correction, geometric registration, and the production of global 10-day maximum normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) composites. The major uses of the composites are related to the study of surface vegetation cover. A prototype 10-day composite was produced for the period of 21–30 June 1992. Production of an 18-month time series of 10-day composites is underway.

The Effect of Compression Stockings on Physiological and Psychological Responses after 5-km Performance in Recreationally Active Females.

PubMed

Treseler, Christine; Bixby, Walter R; Nepocatych, Svetlana

2016-07-01

Treseler, C, Bixby, WR, and Nepocatych, S. The effect of compression stockings on physiological and psychological responses after 5-Km performance in recreationally active females. J Strength Cond Res 30(7): 1985-1991, 2016-The purpose of the study was to examine the physiological and perceptual responses to wearing below-the-knee compression stockings (CS) after a 5-km running performance in recreationally active women. Nineteen women were recruited to participate in the study (20 ± 1 year, 61.4 ± 5.3 kg, 22.6 ± 3.9% body fat). Each participant completed two 5-km performance time trials with CS or regular socks in a counterbalanced order separated by 1 week. For each session, 5-km time, heart rate (HR), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), pain pressure threshold, muscle soreness (MS), and rate of perceived recovery were measured. There was no significant difference in average 5-km times between CS and regular socks (p = 0.74) and HR response (p = 0.42). However, significantly higher RPE and lower gain scores (%) for lower extremity MS but not for calf were observed with CS when compared with regular socks (p = 0.05, p = 0.01, and p = 0.3, respectively). Based on the results of this study, there were no significant improvements in average 5-km running time, heart rate, or perceived calf MS. However, participants perceived less MS in lower extremities and working harder with CS compared with regular socks. Compression stockings may not cause significant physiological improvements; however, there might be psychological benefits positively affecting postexercise recovery.

Evaluation of NLDAS 12-km and downscaled 1-km temperature products in New York State for potential use in health exposure response studies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Estes, M. G., Jr.; Insaf, T.; Crosson, W. L.; Al-Hamdan, M. Z.

2017-12-01

Heat exposure metrics (maximum and minimum daily temperatures,) have a close relationship with human health. While meteorological station data provide a good source of point measurements, temporal and spatially consistent temperature data are needed for health studies. Reanalysis data such as the North American Land Data Assimilation System's (NLDAS) 12-km gridded product are an effort to resolve spatio-temporal environmental data issues; the resolution may be too coarse to accurately capture the effects of elevation, mixed land/water areas, and urbanization. As part of this NASA Applied Sciences Program funded project, the NLDAS 12-km air temperature product has been downscaled to 1-km using MODIS Land Surface Temperature patterns. Limited validation of the native 12-km NLDAS reanalysis data has been undertaken. Our objective is to evaluate the accuracy of both the 12-km and 1-km downscaled products using the US Historical Climatology Network station data geographically dispersed across New York State. Statistical methods including correlation, scatterplots, time series and summary statistics were used to determine the accuracy of the remotely-sensed maximum and minimum temperature products. The specific effects of elevation and slope on remotely-sensed temperature product accuracy were determined with 10-m digital elevation data that were used to calculate percent slope and link with the temperature products at multiple scales. Preliminary results indicate the downscaled temperature product improves accuracy over the native 12-km temperature product with average correlation improvements from 0.81 to 0.85 for minimum and 0.71 to 0.79 for maximum temperatures in 2009. However, the benefits vary temporally and geographically. Our results will inform health studies using remotely-sensed temperature products to determine health risk from excessive heat by providing a more robust assessment of the accuracy of the 12-km NLDAS product and additional accuracy gained from

Simultaneous retrieval of daytime O(3P) and O3 concentrations in the altitude interval 80 - 100 km.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yankovsky, Valentine; Manuilova, Rada; Koval, Andrey

2017-04-01

We propose methods of simultaneously independent retrievals of the key components of Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere (MLT) [O3] and [O(3P)]. The altitude profile of ozone concentration, [O3], can be measured by direct method of the measurement of absorbing radiation from the Sun or the stars in the UV range of the spectrum. However, this method is most often realized in twilight. Retrieval of daytime [O3] depends on a prior information about the O(3P) altitude profile. Vice versa, atomic oxygen concentration, [O(3P)], is usually retrieved from the measured values of [O3]. The problem of independent and simultaneous retrieval of [O3] and [O(3P)] can be solved by using individual proxy for each of the target component. Using a sensitivity study and uncertainty analysis of the contemporary model of O3 and O2 photolysis in the MLT, YM2011, we determined that populations of three excited electronic-vibrational levels O2(b1, v = 0, 1, 2) and of metastable O(1D) atom depend on [O(3P)] and [O3] concentrations. For [O(3P)] retrieval the following transitions should be used: O2(b1, v') -> O2(X3, v") which produce emissions: (a) at 780.4 nm in the band (v' = 2, v" = 2) and at 697.0 nm in the band (2, 1) with the uncertainty of retrieval smaller than 30% for the whole altitude range 80 - 100 km; (b) at 771.0 nm in the band (1, 1), 688.4 nm in the band (1, 0) and at 874.4 nm in the band (1, 2) with the uncertainty of retrieval about 30% above 90 km. For [O3] retrieval the following transitions should be used: O2(b1, v') -> O2(X3, v") which produce emissions: (c) at 762.1 nm in the band (0, 0) and at 864.7 nm in the band (0, 1) with the uncertainty of retrieval 20 - 25% for the altitude range 80 - 85 km and smaller than 20% in the interval 85 - 95 km; (d) in the line of O(1D) 630.0 nm with the uncertainty of retrieval 10 - 15% in the interval 80 - 95 km. Above 95 km the uncertainty of [O3] retrieval grows and reaches up to 80% at 100 km for all suggested proxies. For

Coherent optical frequency transfer over 50-km physical distance using a 120-km-long installed telecom fiber network.

PubMed

Musha, Mitsuru; Hong, Feng-Lei; Nakagawa, Ken'ichi; Ueda, Ken-ichi

2008-10-13

Optical frequency at 1542 nm was coherently transferred over a 120-km-long installed telecom fiber network between two cities (Tsukuba and Tokyo) in Japan separated by more than 50 km. The phase noise induced by the fiber length fluctuations was actively reduced by using a fiber stretcher and an acousto-optic modulator. The fractional frequency instability of the one-way transmitted light was reduced down to less than 8.0 x 10(-16) at an averaging time of 1s, which is limited by the theoretical limit deduced from the length and the intrinsic noise of the fiber.

The 5- or 10-km Marikenloop Run: A Prospective Study of the Etiology of Running-Related Injuries in Women.

PubMed

van der Worp, Maarten P; de Wijer, Anton; van Cingel, Robert; Verbeek, André L M; Nijhuis-van der Sanden, Maria W G; Staal, J Bart

2016-06-01

Study Design Prospective cohort. Background The popularity of running events is still growing, particularly among women; however, little is known about the risk factors for running-related injuries in female runners. Objectives The aims of this study were to determine the incidence and characteristics (site and recurrence) of running-related injuries and to identify specific risk factors for running-related injuries among female runners training for a 5- or 10-km race. Methods Four hundred thirty-five women registered for the Marikenloop run of 5 or 10 km were recruited. Follow-up data were collected over 12 weeks using questionnaires, starting 8 weeks before the event and ending 4 weeks after the event. Two orthopaedic tests (navicular drop test and extension of the first metatarsophalangeal joint) were performed in the 8 weeks before the event. Running-related injuries, defined as running-related pain of the lower back and/or the lower extremity that restricted running for at least 1 day, were assessed at 1-, 2-, and 3-month follow-ups. Results Of 417 female runners with follow-up data (96%), 93 runners (22.3%) reported 109 running-related injuries, mainly of the hip/groin, knee, and lower leg. Multivariable Cox regression analysis showed that a weekly training distance of more than 30 km (hazard ratio = 3.28; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.23, 8.75) and a previous running injury longer than 12 months prior (hazard ratio = 1.88; 95% CI: 1.03, 3.45) were associated with the occurrence of running-related injuries. Conclusion Hip/groin, knee, and lower-leg injuries were common among female runners. Only weekly training distance (greater than 30 km) and previous running injury (greater than 12 months prior) were associated with running-related injuries in female runners training for a 5- or 10-km event. Level of Evidence Etiology, 2b. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2016;46(6):462-470. Epub 26 Apr 2016. doi:10.2519/jospt.2016.6402.

A MASSIVE RUNAWAY STAR FROM 30 DORADUS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Evans, C. J.; Walborn, N. R.; Massa, D.

2010-06-01

We present the first ultraviolet (UV) and multi-epoch optical spectroscopy of 30 Dor 016, a massive O2-type star on the periphery of 30 Doradus in the Large Magellanic Cloud. The UV data were obtained with the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph on the Hubble Space Telescope as part of the Servicing Mission Observatory Verification program after Servicing Mission 4, and reveal no. 016 to have one of the fastest stellar winds known. From analysis of the C IV {lambda}{lambda}1548-51 doublet we find a terminal velocity, v {sub {infinity}} = 3450 {+-} 50 km s{sup -1}. Optical spectroscopy is from the VLT-FLAMES Tarantulamore » Survey, from which we rule out a massive companion (with 2 days < P < 1 yr) to a confidence of 98%. The radial velocity of no. 016 is offset from the systemic value by -85 km s{sup -1}, suggesting that the star has traveled the 120 pc from the core of 30 Doradus as a runaway, ejected via dynamical interactions.« less

l48_ghi_10km

Science.gov Websites

information on the solar resource potential for the 48 Contiguous United States. This data provides monthly latitude and longitude, or about 10 km in size. This data was developed using the State University of New images from geostationary weather satellites, daily snow cover data, and monthly averages of atmospheric

The -145 km/s Absorption System of Eta Carinae

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Vieira, G.; Gull, Theodore R.; Danks, A.; Johansson, S.

2002-01-01

With the STIS E230H mode (R approx. 118,000), we have identified about twenty absorption components in line of sight from Eta Carinae. Two components, one at -513 km/s and another at -145 km/s, are quite different in character from the others, mostly at intermediate velocities. The -145 km/s component is significantly wider in fwhm, is seen in many more species, and the lower level can be above 20,000/cm, well above the 2000/cm noted in the -513 km/s component. In the spectral region from 2400 to 3160A, approximately 500 absorption lines have been identified. In this poster, we will present line identifications and atomic parameters of the measured lines, hopefully providing insight as to what levels are being excited and by what processes. Observations were accomplished through STScI under proposal 9242. Funding is through the STIS GTO resources.

Expedition to the 30-km Chernobyl Exclusion Zone and the Utilization of its Experience in Education and Communication

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Aszodi, Attila; Yamaji, Bogdan; Silye, Judit

2006-07-01

Between May 28 - June 4, 2005, under the organization of the Hungarian Nuclear Society (HNS) and the Hungarian Young Generation Network (HYGN) - which operates within the framework of the HNS - a scientific expedition visited the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant and the surrounding exclusion zone. The participants were young Hungarian nuclear professionals supervised by more experienced experts. The main scientific goals of the expedition were the followings: Get personal experiences in a direct way about the current status of the Chernobyl Power Plant and its surroundings, the contamination of the environment and about the doses. Gather information aboutmore » the state of the shut down power plant and the shelter built above the damaged 4. unit. Training of young nuclear experts by performing on site measurements. The Hungarian expedition successfully achieved its objectives by performing wide-range of environmental and dosimetric measurements and collecting numerous biological and soil samples. Within the 30-km exclusion zone the influence of the accident occurred 20 years ago still could be measured clearly; however the level of the radioactivity is manageable in most places. The dosimetric measurements showed that no considerable exposure occurred among the members of the expedition. The analysis of samples has been started at the International Chernobyl Center in Slavutich. During the expedition not only environmental sampling and in-situ measurements were carried out but it was also well documented with photos and video recordings for educational, training and PR purposes. A documentary TV film was recorded during the expedition. The first-hand knowledge acquired during the expedition helps the authentic communication of the accident and its present-day consequences, which is especially important in 2006, 20 years after the Chernobyl accident. Since Ukraine and Hungary are neighbor countries the media constantly discuss the accident, the consequences and the

Temperature Sensitivities of Extracellular Enzyme Vmax and Km Across Thermal Environments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Allison, S. D.; Romero-Olivares, A.; Lu, Y.; Taylor, J.; Treseder, K. K.

2017-12-01

The magnitude and direction of carbon cycle feedbacks under climate warming remain uncertain due to insufficient knowledge about the temperature sensitivity of microbial processes in soil. Enzymatic rates could increase at higher temperatures, but this response is determined by multiple parameters that may change over time if soil microbes adapt to warming. We used the Michaelis-Menten relationship, the Arrhenius relationship, and biochemical transition state theory to construct hypotheses about the responses of extracellular enzyme Vmax and Km to temperature. Based on the Arrhenius relationship, we hypothesized that Vmax and Km would show positive temperature sensitivities. For enzymes from warmer environments, we expected to find lower Vmax, Km, and Km temperature sensitivity but higher Vmax temperature sensitivity. We tested these hypotheses with enzymes from isolates of the filamentous fungus Neurospora discreta collected around the globe and from decomposing leaf litter in a warming experiment in Alaskan boreal forest. Vmax and Km of most Neurospora extracellular enzymes were temperature sensitive with average Vmax Q10 ranging from 1.48 to 2.25 and Km Q10 ranging from 0.71 to 2.80. For both Vmax and Km, there was a tendency for the parameter to correlate negatively with its temperature sensitivity, a pattern predicted by biochemical theory. Also in agreement with theory, Vmax and Km were positively correlated for some enzymes. In contrast, there was little support for biochemical theory when comparing Vmax and Km across thermal environments. There was no relationship between temperature sensitivity of Vmax or Km and mean annual temperature of the isolation site for Neurospora strains. There was some evidence for greater Vmax under experimental warming in Alaskan litter, but the temperature sensitivities of Vmax and Km did not vary with warming as expected. We conclude that relationships among Vmax, Km, and temperature are largely consistent with biochemical

Allocating emissions to 4 km and 1 km horizontal spatial resolutions and its impact on simulated NOx and O3 in Houston, TX

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pan, Shuai; Choi, Yunsoo; Roy, Anirban; Jeon, Wonbae

2017-09-01

A WRF-SMOKE-CMAQ air quality modeling system was used to investigate the impact of horizontal spatial resolution on simulated nitrogen oxides (NOx) and ozone (O3) in the Greater Houston area (a non-attainment area for O3). We employed an approach recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency to allocate county-based emissions to model grid cells in 1 km and 4 km horizontal grid resolutions. The CMAQ Integrated Process Rate analyses showed a substantial difference in emissions contributions between 1 and 4 km grids but similar NOx and O3 concentrations over urban and industrial locations. For example, the peak NOx emissions at an industrial and urban site differed by a factor of 20 for the 1 km and 8 for the 4 km grid, but simulated NOx concentrations changed only by a factor of 1.2 in both cases. Hence, due to the interplay of the atmospheric processes, we cannot expect a similar level of reduction of the gas-phase air pollutants as the reduction of emissions. Both simulations reproduced the variability of NASA P-3B aircraft measurements of NOy and O3 in the lower atmosphere (from 90 m to 4.5 km). Both simulations provided similar reasonable predictions at surface, while 1 km case depicted more detailed features of emissions and concentrations in heavily polluted areas, such as highways, airports, and industrial regions, which are useful in understanding the major causes of O3 pollution in such regions, and to quantify transport of O3 to populated communities in urban areas. The Integrated Reaction Rate analyses indicated a distinctive difference of chemistry processes between the model surface layer and upper layers, implying that correcting the meteorological conditions at the surface may not help to enhance the O3 predictions. The model-observation O3 bias in our studies (e.g., large over-prediction during the nighttime or along Gulf of Mexico coastline), were due to uncertainties in meteorology, chemistry or other processes. Horizontal grid

Gravity Waves Near 300 km Over the Polar Caps

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Johnson, F. S.; Hanson, W. B.; Hodges, R. R.; Coley, W. R.; Carignan, G. R.; Spencer, N. W.

1995-01-01

Distinctive wave forms in the distributions of vertical velocity and temperature of both neutral particles and ions are frequently observed from Dynamics Explorer 2 at altitudes above 250 km over the polar caps. These are interpreted as being due to internal gravity waves propagating in the neutral atmosphere. The disturbances characterized by vertical velocity perturbations of the order of 100 m/s and horizontal wave lengths along the satellite path of about 500 km. They often extend across the entire polar cap. The associated temperature perturbations indicate that the horizontal phase progression is from the nightside to the dayside. Vertical displacements are inferred to be of the order of 10 km and the periods to be of the order of 10(exp 3) s. The waves must propagate in the neutral atmosphere, but they usually are most clearly recognizable in the observations of ion vertical velocity and ion temperature. By combining the neutral pressure calculated from the observed neutral concentration and temperature with the vertical component of the neutral velocity, an upward energy flux of the order of 0.04 erg/sq cm-s at 250 km has been calculated, which is about equal to the maximum total solar ultraviolet heat input above that altitude. Upward energy fluxes calculated from observations on orbital passes at altitudes from 250 to 560 km indicate relatively little attenuation with altitude.

Topography of the 410 km and 660 km discontinuities beneath the Japan Sea and adjacent regions by analysis of multiple-ScS waves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Xin; Li, Juan; Chen, Qi-Fu

2017-02-01

The northwest Pacific subduction region is an ideal location to study the interaction between the subducting slab and upper mantle discontinuities. Due to the sparse distribution of seismic stations in the sea, previous studies mostly focus on mantle transition zone (MTZ) structures beneath continents or island arcs, leaving the vast area of the Japan Sea and Okhotsk Sea untouched. In this study, we analyzed multiple-ScS reverberation waves, and a common-reflection-point stacking technique was applied to enhance consistent signals beneath reflection points. A topographic image of the 410 km and 660 km discontinuities is obtained beneath the Japan Sea and adjacent regions. One-dimensional and 3-D velocity models are adapted to obtain the "apparent" and "true" depth. We observe a systematic pattern of depression ( 10-20 km) and elevation ( 5-10 km) of the 660, with the topography being roughly consistent with the shift of the olivine-phase transition boundary caused by the subducting Pacific plate. The behavior of the 410 is more complex. It is generally 5-15 km shallower at the location where the slab penetrates and deepened by 5-10 km oceanward of the slab where a low-velocity anomaly is observed in tomography images. Moreover, we observe a wide distribution of depressed 410 beneath the southern Okhotsk Sea and western Japan Sea. The hydrous wadsleyite boundary caused by the high water content at the top of the MTZ could explain the depression. The long-history trench rollback motion of Pacific slab might be responsible for the widely distributed depression of the 410 ranging upward and landward from the slab.

Ice swimming - 'Ice Mile' and '1 km Ice event'.

PubMed

Knechtle, Beat; Rosemann, Thomas; Rüst, Christoph A

2015-01-01

Ice swimming for 1 mile and 1 km is a new discipline in open-water swimming since 2009. This study examined female and male performances in swimming 1 mile ('Ice Mile') and 1 km ('1 km Ice event') in water of 5 °C or colder between 2009 and 2015 with the hypothesis that women would be faster than men. Between 2009 and 2015, 113 men and 38 women completed one 'Ice Mile' and 26 men and 13 completed one '1 km Ice event' in water colder than +5 °C following the rules of International Ice Swimming Association (IISA). Differences in performance between women and men were determined. Sex difference (%) was calculated using the equation ([time for women] - [time for men]/[time for men] × 100). For 'Ice Mile', a mixed-effects regression model with interaction analyses was used to investigate the influence of sex and environmental conditions on swimming speed. The association between water temperature and swimming speed was assessed using Pearson correlation analyses. For 'Ice Mile' and '1 km Ice event', the best men were faster than the best women. In 'Ice Mile', calendar year, number of attempts, water temperature and wind chill showed no association with swimming speed for both women and men. For both women and men, water temperature was not correlated to swimming speed in both 'Ice Mile' and '1 km Ice event'. In water colder than 5 °C, men were faster than women in 'Ice Mile' and '1 km Ice event'. Water temperature showed no correlation to swimming speed.

Marshall Space Flight Center Propulsion Systems Department (PSD) Knowledge Management (KM) Initiative

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Caraccioli, Paul; Varnedoe, Tom; Smith, Randy; McCarter, Mike; Wilson, Barry; Porter, Richard

2006-01-01

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center's Propulsion Systems Department (PSD) is four months into a fifteen month Knowledge Management (KM) initiative to support enhanced engineering decision making and analyses, faster resolution of anomalies (near-term) and effective, efficient knowledge infused engineering processes, reduced knowledge attrition, and reduced anomaly occurrences (long-term). The near-term objective of this initiative is developing a KM Pilot project, within the context of a 3-5 year KM strategy, to introduce and evaluate the use of KM within PSD. An internal NASA/MSFC PSD KM team was established early in project formulation to maintain a practitioner, user-centric focus throughout the conceptual development, planning and deployment of KM technologies and capabilities within the PSD. The PSD internal team is supported by the University of Alabama's Aging Infrastructure Systems Center of Excellence (AISCE), lntergraph Corporation, and The Knowledge Institute. The principle product of the initial four month effort has been strategic planning of PSD KNI implementation by first determining the "as is" state of KM capabilities and developing, planning and documenting the roadmap to achieve the desired "to be" state. Activities undertaken to suppoth e planning phase have included data gathering; cultural surveys, group work-sessions, interviews, documentation review, and independent research. Assessments and analyses have beon pedormed including industry benchmarking, related local and Agency initiatives, specific tools and techniques used and strategies for leveraging existing resources, people and technology to achieve common KM goals. Key findings captured in the PSD KM Strategic Plan include the system vision, purpose, stakeholders, prioritized strategic objectives mapped to the top ten practitioner needs and analysis of current resource usage. Opportunities identified from research, analyses, cultural1KM surveys and practitioner interviews include

Bioconversion of biodiesel-derived crude glycerol into lipids and carotenoids by an oleaginous red yeast Sporidiobolus pararoseus KM281507 in an airlift bioreactor.

PubMed

Manowattana, Atchara; Techapun, Charin; Watanabe, Masanori; Chaiyaso, Thanongsak

2018-01-01

Here we tested the bioconversion of biodiesel-derived crude glycerol by the oleaginous red yeast Sporidiobolus pararoseus KM281507 in two bioreactors types (stirred-tank and airlift). High production yields (biomass, 10.62 ± 0.21 g/L; lipids, 3.26 ± 0.13 g/L; β-carotene, 30.64 ± 0.05 mg/L; total carotenoids, 46.59 ± 0.07 mg/L) were achieved in a 3.0 L airlift bioreactor under uncontrolled pH regimes (initial pH 5.63). Under optimized conditions (6.0 vvm aeration rate; 60 ± 5% constant dissolved oxygen [DO] maintained by flushing pure oxygen [O 2 ] into the vessel; 10,000 Lux light irradiation) volumetric production in the airlift bioreactor was further increased (biomass, 19.30 ± 1.07 g/L; lipids, 6.61 ± 0.04 g/L, β-carotene, 109.75 ± 0.21 mg/L; total carotenoids 151.00 ± 2.71 mg/L). Production was also recorded at a S. pararoseus KM281507 growth rate of 0.16 ± 0.00 h -1 (lipids, 0.94 ± 0.04 g/L/d; β-carotene, 15.68 ± 0.40 mg/L/d; total carotenoids, 21.56 ± 0.20 mg/L/d). Lipids from S. pararoseus KM281507 had a high unsaturated fatty acid content, with oleic acid (C18:1) accounting for 80% of all fatty acids. This high oleic acid content makes S. pararoseus KM281507 well-suited as a third generation biodiesel feedstock. Our findings show that airlift bioreactors are suitable for bioconversion of crude glycerol into lipids and carotenoids using S. pararoseus KM281507. This approach is advantageous because of its ease of operation, cost efficiency, and low energy consumption. Copyright © 2017 The Society for Biotechnology, Japan. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Kinematic structure of the 30 Doradus giant H II region

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chu, You-Hua; Kennicutt, Robert C., Jr.

1994-01-01

We have used the echelle CCD spectrograph on the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO) 4 m telescope to map the nebular velocity field in the 30 Doradus giant H II region. The kinematics of 30 Dor are very complex. The outer regions are charaterized by a smooth velocity field, but its turbulent velocity, 30-40 km/s Full Width Half Maximum (FWHM), is considerably higher than those in most smaller H II regions. In the central 9 min core, multiple velocity components are observed at most positions. The velocity field is dominated by a large number of expanding structures, ranging in size from 1 to 100 pc and expansion velocities of 20-200 km/s, and often organized into large hierarchical networks. The integral of these complex expanding structures in 30 Dor produces a surprisingly simple profile with a broad Gaussian core and faint extended wings. Several fast-expanding shells, with diameters of 2-20 pc, expansion velocities of 100-300 km/s, and kinetic energies of 0.5-10 x 10(exp 50) ergs have been identified. The large fast-expanding shells and networks are coincident with extended X-ray sources and are probably associated with supernova remnants embedded in supershells produced by the combined effects of stellar winds and supernovae from OB associations. We have used the intensity-calibrated echelle spectra to determine the basic physical and dynamical properties of the kinematic features in 30 Dor. The expanding shells contain roughly half of the kinetic energy in the 30 Dor complex, and this energy is several times higher than the gravitational binding energy of the region. The energetic requirements of the gas are consistent with the observed stellar content of 30 Dor, if the gas is accelerated by a combination of stellar winds and supernovae. Extrapolating the current energy injection rate in the nebula over the lifetime of the OB complex suggest that 30 Dor and its vicinity will evolve into a supergiant shell as seen in the LMC and other nearby

Reliability of 5-km Running Performance in a Competitive Environment

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hurst, Philip; Board, Lisa

2017-01-01

The aim of this study was to examine the reliability of a 5-km time-trial during a competitive outdoor running event. Fifteen endurance runners (age = 29.5 ± 4.3 years, height = 1.75 ± 0.08 m, body mass = 71.0 ± 7.1 kg, 5-km lifetime personal best = 19:13 ± 1:13 minutes) completed two competitive 5-km time-trials over 2 weeks. No systematic…

The ion population between 1300 km and 230000 km in the coma of comet P/Halley

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Altwegg, K.; Balsiger, H.; Geiss, J.; Goldstein, R.; Ip, W. -H.; Meier, A.; Neugebauer, M.; Rosenbauer, H.; Shelley, E.

1993-01-01

During the encounter of the spacecraft Giotto with Comet Halley the two sensors of the ion mass spectrometer (IMS), high energy range spectrometer (HERS) and high intensity spectrometer (HIS), measured the mass and the three-dimensional velocity distributions of cometary ions. HIS looked mainly at the cold, slow part of the distribution close to the nucleus, HERS at the more energetic pick-up ions further out. After a thorough recalibration of the HIS flight spare unit and an extensive data analysis we present here continuous ion density-, composition-, velocity-, and temperature profiles for the water group ion (mass range 16-19 amu/e) along Giotto's inbound trajectory from 230,000 to 1300 km from the comet nucleus. The two sensors are in very good agreement in the region where their measurements overlap thus giving an excellent data base for the discussion of theoretical comet models. The most prominent feature where models and observations disagree is the so called pile up region between 8000 and 15,000 km from the nucleus.

Event identification for KM3NeT/ARCA

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Heid, Thomas; KM3NeT Collaboration

2017-09-01

KM3NeT is a large research infrastructure consisting of a network of deep-sea neutrino telescopes. KM3NeT/ARCA will be the instrument detecting high-energy neutrinos with energies above 100 TeV. This instrument gives a new opportunity to observe the neutrino sky with very high angular resolution to be able to detect neutrino point sources. Furthermore it will be possible to probe the flavour composition of neutrino fluxes, and hence production mechanisms, with so-far unreached precision. Neutrinos produce different event topologies in the detector according to their flavour, interaction channel and deposited energy. Machine-learning algorithms are able to learn features of topologies to discriminate them. In previous analyses only two event types were regarded, namely the shower and track topology. With good timing resolution and precise reconstruction algorithms it is possible to separate into more event types, for example the double bang topology produced by tau neutrinos. The final goal is to distinguish all three neutrino flavors as much as possible. To resolve this issue the KM3NeT collaboration uses deep neural networks trained with Monte Carlo events of all neutrino types. This contribution shows the ability of KM3NeT/ARCA to classify events in more than two neutrino event topologies. Furthermore, the borders between detectable classes are shown, such as the minimum distance the tau has to travel before decaying into a tau neutrino to be detected as double bang event.

Results of the first detection units of KM3NeT

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Biagi, Simone; KM3NeT Collaboration

2017-12-01

The KM3NeT collaboration is building a km3-scale neutrino telescope in the Mediterranean Sea. The current phase of construction comprises the deep-sea and onshore infrastructures at two installation sites and the installation of the first detection units for the "ARCA" (Astroparticle Research with Cosmics in the Abyss) and "ORCA" (Oscillation Research with Cosmics in the Abyss) detector. At the KM3NeT-It site, 80 km offshore Capo Passero, Italy, the first 32 detection units for the ARCA detector are being installed and at the KM3Net-Fr site, 40 km offshore Toulon, France, 7 detection units for the ORCA detector will be deployed. The second phase of KM3NeT foresees the completion of ARCA for neutrino astronomy at energies above TeV and ORCA for neutrino mass hierarchy studies at energies in the GeV range. The basic element of the KM3NeT detector is the detection unit. In the ARCA geometry, the detection unit is a 700 m long vertical structure hosting 18 optical modules. Each optical module comprises 31 3 in photomultiplier tubes, instruments to monitor environmental parameters, and the electronic boards for the digitisation of the PMT signals and the management of data acquisition. In their final configuration, both ARCA and ORCA will be composed of about 200 detection units. The first detection unit was installed at the KM3NeT-It site in December 2015. It is active and taking data since its connection to the subsea network. The time of arrival and the duration of photon hits on each of the photomultipliers is measured with a time resolution of 1 ns and transferred onshore where the measurements are processed, triggered and stored on disk. A time calibration procedure, based on data recorded with flashing LED beacons during dedicated periods, allows for time synchronisation of the signals from the optical modules at the nanosecond level. In May 2016, an additional detection unit was installed at the KM3NeT-It site. The first results with two active detection units

Comparison of Ventilatory Measures and 20 km Time Trial Performance.

PubMed

Peveler, Willard W; Shew, Brandy; Johnson, Samantha; Sanders, Gabe; Kollock, Roger

2017-01-01

Performance threshold measures are used to predict cycling performance. Previous research has focused on long time trials (≥ 40 km) using power at ventilatory threshold and respiratory threshold to estimate time trial performance. As intensity greatly differs during shorter time trails applying findings from longer time trials may not be appropriate. The use of heart rate measures to determine 20 km time trial performance has yet to be examined. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of heart rate measures at ventilatory threshold (VE/VO 2 Plotted and VT determined by software) and respiratory threshold (RER of 0.95, 1.00, and 1.05) to predict 20 km time trial performance. Eighteen cyclists completed a VO 2max protocol and two 20 km time trials. Average heart rates from 20 km time trials were compared with heart rates from performance threshold measures (VT plotted, VT software, and an RER at 0.95, 1.00, and 1.05) using repeated measures ANOVA. Significance was set a priori at P ≤ 0.05. The only measure not found to be significantly different in relation to time trial performance was HR at an RER of 1.00 (166.61±12.70 bpm vs. 165.89 ± 9.56 bpm, p = .671). VT plotting and VT determined by software were found to underestimate time trial performance by 3% and 8% respectively. From these findings it is recommended to use heart rate at a RER of 1.00 in order to determine 20 km time trial intensity.

The -145 km/S Absorption System of Eta Carinae

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Vieira, G.; Gull, T. R.; Danks, A.; Johansson, S.

2002-01-01

With the STIS E230H mode (R-118,000) , we have identified about twenty absorption components in line of sight from Eta Carinae. Two components, one at -513 km/s and another at -145 W s , are quite different in character from the others, mostly at intermediate velocities. The -145 km/s component is significantly wider in fwhm, is seen in many more species, and the lower level can be above 20,000/cm, well above the 2000/cm noted in the -513 km/s component. In the spectral region from 2400 to 3160A, approximately 500 absorption lines have been identified. In this poster, we will present line identifications and atomic parameters of the measured lines, hopefully providing insight as to what levels are being excited and by what processes.

K(m, n) equations with fifth order symmetries and their integrability

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tian, Kai

2018-03-01

For K(m, n) equation ut =Dx3(un) + αDx(um) , all non-degenerate (n ≠ 0) cases admitting fifth order symmetries are identified, including K(m1, 1), K(m2 , - 1 / 2) and K(m3 , - 2) , where m1 = 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , m2 = - 1 / 2 , 0 , 1 , 3 / 2 and m3 = - 2 , - 1 , 0 , 1 . For five less studied cases, namely K(0 , - 2) , K(- 1 , - 2) , K(- 2 , - 2) , K(- 1 / 2 , - 1 / 2) and K(3 / 2 , - 1 / 2) , bi-Hamiltonian structures are established through their invertible links with some famous integrable equations. Hence, all cases, having fifth order symmetries, of K(m, n) equation are integrable in the bi-Hamiltonian sense. As an interesting observation, their Hamiltonian operators are linearly combinations of Dx, Dx3 , uDx +Dx u and Dx u Dx-1uDx, basic ingredients in the bi-Hamiltonian theory of Korteweg-de Vries and modified Korteweg-de Vries equations.

Artificial Water Reservoir Triggered Earthquakes at Koyna, India: Completion of the 3 km deep Pilot Borehole

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gupta, H. K.; Tiwari, V. M.; Satyanarayana, H.; Roy, S.; Arora, K.; Patro, P. K.; Shashidhar, D.; Mallika, K.; Akkiraju, V.; Misra, S.; Goswami, D.; Podugu, N.; Mishra, S.

2017-12-01

Koyna, near the west coast of India is the most prominent site of artificial water reservoir triggered seismicity (RTS). Soon after the impoundment of the Koyna Dam in 1962, RTS was observed. It has continued till now. It includes the largest RTS earthquake M 6.3 on December 10, 1967; 22 M≥5.0, and thousands of smaller earthquakes. The entire earthquake activity is limited to an area of about 30 km x 20 km, with most focal depths being within 6 km. There is no other earthquake source within 50 km of the Koyna Dam. An ICDP Workshop held in March 2011 found Koyna to be the most suitable site to investigate reservoir- triggered seismicity (RTS) through deep drilling. Studies carried out in the preparatory phase since 2011 include airborne magnetic and gravity-gradient surveys, MT surveys, drilling of 9 boreholes going to depths of 1500 m and logging, heat flow measurements, seismological investigations including the deployment of six borehole seismometers, and LiDAR. The Second ICDP Workshop held during 16- 18 May 2014, reviewed the progress made and detailed planning of putting the borehole observatory was discussed. The site of a 3 km deep pilot borehole was debated and among the 5 possible location. Based on the seismic activity and logistics the location of the first Pilot Borehole has been finalized and the drilling started on the 21st December 2016. The 3000 m deep borehole was completed on 11th June 2017. The basement was touched at 1247 m depth and there were no sediments below basalt. Several zones with immense fluid losses were encountered. Geophysical Logging has been completed. Cores were recovered from 1269, 1892 and 2091 depths. The cores are 9 m long and with 4 inches diameter. The core recovery is almost 100%. In-situ stress measurements have been conducted at depths of 1600 m onwards.

Age and ultra-marathon performance - 50 to 1,000 km distances from 1969 - 2012.

PubMed

Romer, Tobias; Rüst, Christoph Alexander; Zingg, Matthias Alexander; Rosemann, Thomas; Knechtle, Beat

2014-01-01

We investigated age and performance in distance-limited ultra-marathons held from 50 km to 1,000 km. Age of peak running speed and running speed of the fastest competitors from 1969 to 2012 in 50 km, 100 km, 200 km and 1,000 km ultra-marathons were analyzed using analysis of variance and multi-level regression analyses. The ages of the ten fastest women ever were 40 ± 4 yrs (50 km), 34 ± 7 yrs (100 km), 42 ± 6 yrs (200 km), and 41 ± 5 yrs (1,000 km). The ages were significantly different between 100 km and 200 km and between 100 km and 1,000 km. For men, the ages of the ten fastest ever were 34 ± 6 yrs (50 km), 32 ± 4 yrs (100 km), 44 ± 4 yrs (200 km), and 47 ± 9 yrs (1,000 km). The ages were significantly younger in 50 km compared to 100 km and 200 km and also significantly younger in 100 km compared to 200 km and 1,000 km. The age of the annual ten fastest women decreased in 50 km from 39 ± 8 yrs (1988) to 32 ± 4 yrs (2012) and in men from 35 ± 5 yrs (1977) to 33 ± 5 yrs (2012). In 100 km events, the age of peak running speed of the annual ten fastest women and men remained stable at 34.9 ± 3.2 and 34.5 ± 2.5 yrs, respectively. Peak running speed of top ten runners increased in 50 km and 100 km in women (10.6 ± 1.0 to 15.3 ± 0.7 km/h and 7.3 ± 1.5 to 13.0 ± 0.2 km/h, respectively) and men (14.3 ± 1.2 to 17.5 ± 0.6 km/h and 10.2 ± 1.2 to 15.1 ± 0.2 km/h, respectively). In 200 km and 1,000 km, running speed remained unchanged. In summary, the best male 1,000 km ultra-marathoners were ~15 yrs older than the best male 100 km ultra-marathoners and the best female 1,000 km ultra-marathoners were ~7 yrs older than the best female 100 km ultra-marathoners. The age of the fastest 50 km ultra-marathoners decreased across years whereas it remained unchanged in 100 km ultra-marathoners. These findings may help

KM3NeT tower data acquisition and data transport electronics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nicolau, C. A.; Ameli, F.; Biagioni, A.; Capone, A.; Frezza, O.; Lonardo, A.; Masullo, R.; Mollo, C. M.; Orlando, A.; Simeone, F.; Vicini, P.

2016-04-01

In the framework of the KM3Net European project, the production stage of a large volume underwater neutrino telescope has started. The forthcoming installation includes 8 towers and 24 strings, that will be installed 100 km off-shore Capo Passero (Italy) at 3500 m depth. The KM3NeT tower, whose layout is strongly based on the NEMO Phase-2 prototype tower deployed in March 2013, has been re-engineered and partially re-designed in order to optimize production costs, power consumption, and usability. This contribution gives a description of the main electronics, including front-end, data transport and clock distribution system, of the KM3NeT tower detection unit.

Continuous measurements of water surface height and width along a 6.5km river reach for discharge algorithm development

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tuozzolo, S.; Durand, M. T.; Pavelsky, T.; Pentecost, J.

2015-12-01

The upcoming Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite will provide measurements of river width and water surface elevation and slope along continuous swaths of world rivers. Understanding water surface slope and width dynamics in river reaches is important for both developing and validating discharge algorithms to be used on future SWOT data. We collected water surface elevation and river width data along a 6.5km stretch of the Olentangy River in Columbus, Ohio from October to December 2014. Continuous measurements of water surface height were supplemented with periodical river width measurements at twenty sites along the study reach. The water surface slope of the entire reach ranged from during 41.58 cm/km at baseflow to 45.31 cm/km after a storm event. The study reach was also broken into sub-reaches roughly 1km in length to study smaller scale slope dynamics. The furthest upstream sub-reaches are characterized by free-flowing riffle-pool sequences, while the furthest downstream sub-reaches were directly affected by two low-head dams. In the sub-reaches immediately upstream of each dam, baseflow slope is as low as 2 cm/km, while the furthest upstream free-flowing sub-reach has a baseflow slope of 100 cm/km. During high flow events the backwater effect of the dams was observed to propagate upstream: sub-reaches impounded by the dams had increased water surface slopes, while free flowing sub-reaches had decreased water surface slopes. During the largest observed flow event, a stage change of 0.40 m affected sub-reach slopes by as much as 30 cm/km. Further analysis will examine height-width relationships within the study reach and relate cross-sectional flow area to river stage. These relationships can be used in conjunction with slope data to estimate discharge using a modified Manning's equation, and are a core component of discharge algorithms being developed for the SWOT mission.

A fully automated digitally controlled 30-inch telescope

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Colgate, S. A.; Moore, E. P.; Carlson, R.

1975-01-01

A fully automated 30-inch (75-cm) telescope has been successfully designed and constructed from a military surplus Nike-Ajax radar mount. Novel features include: closed-loop operation between mountain telescope and campus computer 30 km apart via microwave link, a TV-type sensor which is photon shot-noise limited, a special lightweight primary mirror, and a stepping motor drive capable of slewing and settling one degree in one second or a radian in fifteen seconds.

Strong Effects of Vs30 Heterogeneity on Physics-Based Scenario Ground-Shaking Computations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Louie, J. N.; Pullammanappallil, S. K.

2014-12-01

Hazard mapping and building codes worldwide use the vertically time-averaged shear-wave velocity between the surface and 30 meters depth, Vs30, as one predictor of earthquake ground shaking. Intensive field campaigns a decade ago in Reno, Los Angeles, and Las Vegas measured urban Vs30 transects with 0.3-km spacing. The Clark County, Nevada, Parcel Map includes urban Las Vegas and comprises over 10,000 site measurements over 1500 km2, completed in 2010. All of these data demonstrate fractal spatial statistics, with a fractal dimension of 1.5-1.8 at scale lengths from 0.5 km to 50 km. Vs measurements in boreholes up to 400 m deep show very similar statistics at 1 m to 200 m lengths. When included in physics-based earthquake-scenario ground-shaking computations, the highly heterogeneous Vs30 maps exhibit unexpectedly strong influence. In sensitivity tests (image below), low-frequency computations at 0.1 Hz display amplifications (as well as de-amplifications) of 20% due solely to Vs30. In 0.5-1.0 Hz computations, the amplifications are a factor of two or more. At 0.5 Hz and higher frequencies the amplifications can be larger than what the 1-d Building Code equations would predict from the Vs30 variations. Vs30 heterogeneities at one location have strong influence on amplifications at other locations, stretching out in the predominant direction of wave propagation for that scenario. The sensitivity tests show that shaking and amplifications are highly scenario-dependent. Animations of computed ground motions and how they evolve with time suggest that the fractal Vs30 variance acts to trap wave energy and increases the duration of shaking. Validations of the computations against recorded ground motions, possible in Las Vegas Valley due to the measurements of the Clark County Parcel Map, show that ground motion levels and amplifications match, while recorded shaking has longer duration than computed shaking. Several mechanisms may explain the amplification and increased

File Specification for the 7-km GEOS-5 Nature Run, Ganymed Release Non-Hydrostatic 7-km Global Mesoscale Simulation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

da Silva, Arlindo M.; Putman, William; Nattala, J.

2014-01-01

This document describes the gridded output files produced by a two-year global, non-hydrostatic mesoscale simulation for the period 2005-2006 produced with the non-hydrostatic version of GEOS-5 Atmospheric Global Climate Model (AGCM). In addition to standard meteorological parameters (wind, temperature, moisture, surface pressure), this simulation includes 15 aerosol tracers (dust, sea-salt, sulfate, black and organic carbon), O3, CO and CO2. This model simulation is driven by prescribed sea-surface temperature and sea-ice, daily volcanic and biomass burning emissions, as well as high-resolution inventories of anthropogenic sources. A description of the GEOS-5 model configuration used for this simulation can be found in Putman et al. (2014). The simulation is performed at a horizontal resolution of 7 km using a cubed-sphere horizontal grid with 72 vertical levels, extending up to to 0.01 hPa (approximately 80 km). For user convenience, all data products are generated on two logically rectangular longitude-latitude grids: a full-resolution 0.0625 deg grid that approximately matches the native cubed-sphere resolution, and another 0.5 deg reduced-resolution grid. The majority of the full-resolution data products are instantaneous with some fields being time-averaged. The reduced-resolution datasets are mostly time-averaged, with some fields being instantaneous. Hourly data intervals are used for the reduced-resolution datasets, while 30-minute intervals are used for the full-resolution products. All full-resolution output is on the model's native 72-layer hybrid sigma-pressure vertical grid, while the reduced-resolution output is given on native vertical levels and on 48 pressure surfaces extending up to 0.02 hPa. Section 4 presents additional details on horizontal and vertical grids. Information of the model surface representation can be found in Appendix B. The GEOS-5 product is organized into file collections that are described in detail in Appendix C. Additional

The 520 km Discontinuity: No Longer Just the Middle Child of the Transition Zone

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Houser, C.; Williams, Q.

2008-12-01

The 520 km discontinuity is more difficult to image and changes character laterally more relative to its siblings the 410 km and 660 km discontinuities. The 520 km discontinuity is thought to result from the phase change of β-spinel to γ-spinel, a transition which has a smaller impedance contrast than the olivine to β-spinel or the γ-spinel to perovskite and periclase transitions that are associated with the 410 km and 660 km discontinuities, respectively. In addition, there are gradual phase changes occurring in the pyroxene component of the mantle between the 410 km and 660 km discontinuity which complicate imaging and interpretation of the 520 km discontinuity. The best global coverage of discontinuity depth comes from the stacking of SS precursors, seismic phases that bounce off the discontinuities and arrive as precursors to the main SS phase. A recent study by Houser et al. (2008) contains the largest compilation of SS precursor measurements. However, since the 520 km discontinuity is not ubiquitously observed, its characteristics were not addressed. Here, we examine the geographic distribution (which is global, but not even) of high quality 520 km discontinuity measurements derived from precursors. The principal result is that the depth of the 520 km discontinuity has a higher correlation with tomographically-imaged high and low seismic velocities than either the 410 km or 660 km discontinuities. This stronger temperature sensitivity is in accord with determinations of the Clapeyron slopes of the differing transitions. Furthermore, this correlation is observed in a wide range of tectonic environments, and the prospect thus exists that the 520 km discontinuity will, where it is observed, provide a tighter bound on temperature within the transition zone than either of the other major discontinuities. Furthermore, improved constraints on the temperature distribution at depth may produce improved insight into the relative roles of thermal and compositional

KM3NeT/ARCA sensitivity to point-like neutrino sources

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Trovato, A.; KM3NeT Collaboration

2017-09-01

KM3NeT is network of deep-sea neutrino telescopes in the Mediterranean Sea aiming at the discovery of cosmic neutrino sources (ARCA) and the determination of the neutrino mass hierarchy (ORCA). The geographical location of KM3NeT in the Northern hemisphere allows to observe most of the Galactic Plane, including the Galactic Centre. Thanks to its good angular resolution, prime targets of KM3NeT/ARCA are point-like neutrino sources and in particular galactic sources.

MODIS 3 Km Aerosol Product: Applications over Land in an Urban/suburban Region

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Munchak, L. A.; Levy, R. C.; Mattoo, S.; Remer, L. A.; Holben, B. N.; Schafer, J. S.; Hostetler, C. A.; Ferrare, R. A.

2013-01-01

MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instruments aboard the Terra and Aqua satellites have provided a rich dataset of aerosol information at a 10 km spatial scale. Although originally intended for climate applications, the air quality community quickly became interested in using the MODIS aerosol data. However, 10 km resolution is not sufficient to resolve local scale aerosol features. With this in mind, MODIS Collection 6 is including a global aerosol product with a 3 km resolution. Here, we evaluate the 3 km product over the Baltimore/Washington D.C., USA, corridor during the summer of 2011, by comparing with spatially dense data collected as part of the DISCOVER-AQ campaign these data were measured by the NASA Langley Research Center airborne High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL) and a network of 44 sun photometers (SP) spaced approximately 10 km apart. The HSRL instrument shows that AOD can vary by up to 0.2 within a single 10 km MODIS pixel, meaning that higher resolution satellite retrievals may help to characterize aerosol spatial distributions in this region. Different techniques for validating a high-resolution aerosol product against SP measurements are considered. Although the 10 km product is more statistically reliable than the 3 km product, the 3 km product still performs acceptably, with more than two-thirds of MODIS/SP collocations falling within the expected error envelope with high correlation (R > 0.90). The 3 km product can better resolve aerosol gradients and retrieve closer to clouds and shorelines than the 10 km product, but tends to show more significant noise especially in urban areas. This urban degradation is quantified using ancillary land cover data. Overall, we show that the MODIS 3 km product adds new information to the existing set of satellite derived aerosol products and validates well over the region, but due to noise and problems in urban areas, should be treated with some degree of caution.

Investigation on Prototype Superconducting Linear Synchronous Motor (LSM) for 600-km/h Wheel-Type Railway

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Eom, Beomyong; Lee, Changhyeong; Kim, Seokho; Lee, Changyoung; Yun, Sangwon

The existing wheel-type high-speed railway with a rotatable motor has a limit of 600 km/h speed. The normal conducting electromagnet has several disadvantages to realize 600 km/h speed. Several disadvantages are the increased space and weight, and the decreased electric efficiency to generate the required high magnetic field. In order to reduce the volume and weight, superconducting electromagnets can be considered for LSM (Linear Synchronous Motor). Prior to the fabrication of the real system, a prototype demo-coil is designed and fabricated using 2G high temperature superconducting wire. The prototype HTS coil is cooled by the conduction using a GM cryocooler. To reduce the heat penetration, thermal design was performed for the current leads, supporting structure and radiation shield considering the thermal stress. The operating temperature and current are 30∼40 K and 100 A. The coil consists of two double pancake coils (N, S pole, respectively) and it is driven on a test rail, which is installed for the test car. This paper describes the design and test results of the prototype HTS LSM system. Thermal characteristics are investigated with additional dummy thermal mass on the coil after turning off the cryocooler.

1 km fog and low stratus detection using pan-sharpened MSG SEVIRI data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schulz, H. M.; Thies, B.; Cermak, J.; Bendix, J.

2012-06-01

In this paper a new technique for the detection of fog and low stratus in 1 km resolution from MSG SEVIRI data is presented. The method relies on the pan-sharpening of 3 km narrow-band channels using the 1 km high-resolution visible (HRV) channel. As solar and thermal channels had to be sharpened for the technique, a new approach based on an existing pan-sharpening method was developed using local regressions. A fog and low stratus detection scheme originally developed for 3 km SEVIRI data was used as the basis to derive 1 km resolution fog and low stratus masks from the sharpened channels. The sharpened channels and the fog and low stratus masks based on them were evaluated visually and by various statistical measures. The sharpened channels deviate only slightly from reference images regarding their pixel values as well as spatial features. The 1 km fog and low stratus masks are therefore deemed of high quality. They contain many details, especially where fog is restricted by complex terrain in its extent, that cannot be detected in the 3 km resolution.

1 km fog and low stratus detection using pan-sharpened MSG SEVIRI data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schulz, H. M.; Thies, B.; Cermak, J.; Bendix, J.

2012-10-01

In this paper a new technique for the detection of fog and low stratus in 1 km resolution from MSG SEVIRI data is presented. The method relies on the pan-sharpening of 3 km narrow-band channels using the 1 km high-resolution visible (HRV) channel. As solar and thermal channels had to be sharpened for the technique, a new approach based on an existing pan-sharpening method was developed using local regressions. A fog and low stratus detection scheme originally developed for 3 km SEVIRI data was used as the basis to derive 1 km resolution fog and low stratus masks from the sharpened channels. The sharpened channels and the fog and low stratus masks based on them were evaluated visually and by various statistical measures. The sharpened channels deviate only slightly from reference images regarding their pixel values as well as spatial features. The 1 km fog and low stratus masks are therefore deemed of high quality. They contain many details, especially where fog is restricted by complex terrain in its extent, that cannot be detected in the 3 km resolution.

[Effect of thalidomide combined with dexamethasone on multiple myeloma KM3 cells].

PubMed

He, Bin; Zhang, Yu; Zhou, Wei; Gao, Na; Gao, Bo; Gu, Jian; Li, Jian-Yong

2009-08-01

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of thalidomide (THD) combined with dexamethasone (Dx) on multiple myeloma KM3 cells and its mechanism. The effect of the different concentrations and treatment time of THD or THD + Dx on KM3 cells was assayed by cytotoxicity test (MTT method), the inhibitory ratio of THD or THD + Dx on the KM3 cell growth was detected for choosing the best intervention condition. The expression levels of IL-6, TNF-alpha, VEGF, ES, survivin in supernatant of cells treated with best intervention condition were measured by indirect ELISA. The results indicated that an enhancement of cell growth inhibition was observed in treated KM3 cells along with increasing of drug concentrations and prolonging of treatment times, at the same time the THD combined with Dx could significantly inhibit the KM3 cell growth. The combination of THD in concentration of 80 or 100 microg/ml with Dx in concentration of 4 microg/ml decreased the expression of IL-6, TNF-alpha and survivin, increased the expression of ES, while no influence on VEGF expression was found. It is concluded that THD combined with Dx shows the synergistic inhibitory effect on KM3 cells, they bring the effect resistant to multiple myeloma probably through down-regulating the expression of IL-6, TNF-alpha and survivin, and up-regulating the expression of ES in KM3 cell.

Effects of training and anthropometric factors on marathon and 100 km ultramarathon race performance

PubMed Central

Tanda, Giovanni; Knechtle, Beat

2015-01-01

Background Marathon (42 km) and 100 km ultramarathon races are increasing in popularity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential associations of anthropometric and training variables with performance in these long-distance running competitions. Methods Training and anthropometric data from a large cohort of marathoners and 100 km ultramarathoners provided the basis of this work. Correlations between training and anthropometric indices of subjects and race performance were assessed using bivariate and multiple regression analyses. Results A combination of volume and intensity in training was found to be suitable for prediction of marathon and 100 km ultramarathon race pace. The relative role played by these two variables was different, in that training volume was more important than training pace for the prediction of 100 km ultramarathon performance, while the opposite was found for marathon performance. Anthropometric characteristics in terms of body fat percentage negatively affected 42 km and 100 km race performance. However, when this factor was relatively low (ie, less than 15% body fat), the performance of 42 km and 100 km races could be predicted solely on the basis of training indices. Conclusion Mean weekly training distance run and mean training pace were key predictor variables for both marathon and 100 km ultramarathon race performance. Predictive correlations for race performance are provided for runners with a relatively low body fat percentage. PMID:25995653

Predicting km-scale shear zone formation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gerbi, Christopher; Culshaw, Nicholas; Shulman, Deborah; Foley, Maura; Marsh, Jeffrey

2015-04-01

Because km-scale shear zones play a first-order role in lithospheric kinematics, accurate conceptual and numerical models of orogenic development require predicting when and where they form. Although a strain-based algorithm in the upper crust for weakening due to faulting appears to succeed (e.g., Koons et al., 2010, doi:10.1029/2009TC002463), a comparable general rule for the viscous crust remains unestablished. Here we consider two aspects of the geological argument for a similar algorithm in the viscous regime, namely (1) whether predicting km-scale shear zone development based on a single parameter (such as strain or shear heating) is reasonable; and (2) whether lithologic variability inherent in most orogenic systems precludes a simple predictive rule. A review of tectonically significant shear zones worldwide and more detailed investigations in the Central Gneiss belt of the Ontario segment of the Grenville Province reveals that most km-scale shear zones occur at lithological boundaries and involve mass transfer, but have fairly little else in common. As examples, the relatively flat-lying Twelve Mile Bay shear zone in the western Central Gneiss belt bounds the Parry Sound domain and is likely the product of both localized anatexis and later retrograde hydration with attendant metamorphism. Moderately dipping shear zones in granitoids of the Grenville Front Tectonic Zone apparently resulted from cooperation among several complementary microstructural processes, such as grain size reduction, enhanced diffusion, and a small degree of metamorphic reaction. Localization into shear zones requires the operation of some spatially restricted processes such as stress concentration, metamorphism/fluid access, textural evolution, and thermal perturbation. All of these could be due in part to strain, but not necessarily linearly related to strain. Stress concentrations, such as those that form at rheological boundaries, may be sufficient to nucleate high strain

Attenuation of the S+Lg+Surface Wave Group out to 600 km in Northeastern North America: A Baseline Study?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Boatwright, J.; Seekins, L. C.

2009-12-01

We analyze the S+Lg+surface wave groups radiated out to 600 km by four moderate (4 ≤ M ≤ 5) earthquakes in Quebec, New York, and Maine: the 1997 Cap Rouge, 2002 Ausable Forks, 2005 Rivière du Loup, and 2006 Bar Harbor earthquakes. The raypaths predominately sample the Appalacian Province, and the crustal velocity structure is roughly homogeneous across the study area. We compute spectra using 20-60 s windows of the horizontal broadband components. We restrict our analysis to hard-rock (Vs > 1500 m/s) and soft-rock (Vs > 700 m/s) sites, avoiding resonant sedimentary sites; we model site amplification using average 1D impedance functions (Boore and Joyner, 1997). We use ro = 50 km instead of ro = 100 km for the crossover distance in the Street et al. (1975) function for geometrical spreading: this distance adjusts the corrected spectra at 10 s to the moment tensor estimates. This simple correction scheme allows us to regress for Q directly as a function of frequency: the source spectral shape is entirely unconstrained. Fitting a Qo f q function to the Q estimates from 0.2 to 25 Hz yields Q = 410 f 0.5 for a group velocity of 3.5 km/s. This attenuation is stronger than the Lg attenuation of 650 f 0.36 obtained by Erickson et al. (2004). The Q estimates are consistent for individual events. For f > 20 Hz, the Q estimates increase more rapidly than f 0.5: this deviation from the Qo f q form appears characteristic. To gauge how these Q estimates depend on the distance limit, we will rerun the analysis using broadband data out to 1000 km, adding 30% more recordings to the dataset.

100 km CEPC parameters and lattice design

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, D.; Gao, J.; Yu, C. H.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, Y. W.; Su, F.; Y Zhai, J.; Bai, S.; Geng, H. P.; Bian, T. J.; Wang, N.; Cui, X. H.; Zhang, C.; Qin, Q.

2017-07-01

The 100km double ring configuration with shared superconducting RF system has been defined as baseline by the circular electron positron collider (CEPC) steering committee. Based on this new scheme, we will get higher luminosity for Higgs (+170%) keeping the beam power in preliminary conceptual design report (Pre-CDR) or to reduce the beam power (19 MW) while keeping same luminosity. CEPC will be compatible with W and Z experiment. The luminosity for Z is designed at the level of 1035 cm-2s-1. The requirement for the energy acceptance of Higgs has been reduced to 1.5% by enlarging the ring to 100 km. The optics of arc and final focus system (FFS) with crab sextupoles has been designed, and also some primary dynamic aperture (DA) results were introduced. Work supported by the National Key Programme for S&T Research and Development (Grant NO. 2016YFA0400400) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11505198, 11575218, 11605210 and 11605211).

Protective effect of kombucha mushroom (KM) tea on phenol-induced cytotoxicity in albino mice.

PubMed

Yapar, Kursad; Cavusoglu, Kultigin; Oruc, Ertan; Yalcin, Emine

2010-09-01

The present study was carried out to evaluate the protective role of kombucha mushroom (KM) tea on cytotoxicity induced by phenol (PHE) in mice. We used weight gain and micronucleus (MN) frequency as indicators of cytotoxicity and supported these parameters with pathological findings. The animals were randomly divided into seven groups: (Group I) only tap water (Group II) 1000 microl kg(-1) b. wt KM-tea, (Group III) 35 mg kg(-1) body wt. PHE (Group IV) 35 mg kg(-1) body wt. PHE + 250 microl kg(-1) b. wt KM-tea (Group V) 35 mg kg(-1) b. wt PHE + 500 microl kg(-1) b. wt KM-tea (Group VI) 35 mg kg(-1) b. wt PHE + 750 microl kg(-1) b. wt KM-tea, (Group VII) 35 mg kg(-1) b. wt PHE + 1000 microl kg(-1) b. wt KM-tea, for 20 consecutive days by oral gavage. The results indicated that all KM-tea supplemented mice showed a lower MN frequency than erythrocytes in only PHE-treated group. There was an observable regression on account of lesions in tissues of mice supplemented with different doses of KM-tea in histopathological observations. In conclusion, the KM-tea supplementation decreases cytotoxicity induced by PHE and its protective role is dose-dependent.

Global Investigation of the Mg Atom and ion Layers using SCIAMACHY/Envisat Observations between 70 km and 150 km Altitude and WACCM-MG Model Results

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Langowski, M.; vonSavigny, C.; Burrows, J. P.; Feng, W.; Plane, J. M. C.; Marsh, D. R.; Janches, Diego; Sinnhuber, M.; Aikin, A. C.

2014-01-01

Mg and Mg+ concentration fields in the upper mesosphere/lower thermosphere (UMLT) region are retrieved from SCIAMACHY/Envisat limb measurements of Mg and Mg+ dayglow emissions using a 2-D tomographic retrieval approach. The time series of monthly means of Mg and Mg+ for number density as well as vertical column density in different latitudinal regions are shown. Data from the limb mesosphere-thermosphere mode of SCIAMACHY/Envisat are used, which covers the 50 km to 150 km altitude region with a vertical sampling of 3.3 km and a highest latitude of 82 deg. The high latitudes are not covered in the winter months, because there is no dayglow emission during polar night. The measurements were performed every 14 days from mid-2008 until April 2012. Mg profiles show a peak at around 90 km altitude with a density between 750 cm(exp-3) and 2000 cm(exp-3). Mg does not show strong seasonal variation at mid-latitudes. The Mg+ peak occurs 5-15 km above the neutral Mg peak at 95-105 km. Furthermore, the ions show a significant seasonal cycle with a summer maximum in both hemispheres at mid- and high-latitudes. The strongest seasonal variations of the ions are observed at mid-latitudes between 20-40 deg and densities at the peak altitude range from 500 cm(exp-3) to 6000 cm(exp-3). The peak altitude of the ions shows a latitudinal dependence with a maximum at mid-latitudes that is up to 10 km higher than the peak altitude at the equator. The SCIAMACHY measurements are compared to other measurements and WACCM model results. In contrast to the SCIAMACHY results, the WACCM results show a strong seasonal variability for Mg with a winter maximum, which is not observable by SCIAMACHY, and globally higher peak densities. Although the peak densities do not agree the vertical column densities agree, since SCIAMACHY results show a wider vertical profile. The agreement of SCIAMACHY and WACCM results is much better for Mg+, showing the same seasonality and similar peak densities. However

Underwater acoustic positioning system for the SMO and KM3NeT - Italia projects

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Viola, S.; Barbagallo, G.; Cacopardo, G.

In the underwater neutrino telescopes, the positions of the Cherenkov light sensors and their movements must be known with an accuracy of few tens of centimetres. In this work, the activities of the SMO and KM3NeT-Italia teams for the development of an acoustic positioning system for KM3NeT-Italia project are presented. The KM3NeT-Italia project foresees the construction, within two years, of 8 towers in the view of the several km{sup 3}-scale neutrino telescope KM3NeT.

A Co-Creation Blended KM Model for Cultivating Critical-Thinking Skills

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Yeh, Yu-chu

2012-01-01

Both critical thinking (CT) and knowledge management (KM) skills are necessary elements for a university student's success. Therefore, this study developed a co-creation blended KM model to cultivate university students' CT skills and to explore the underlying mechanisms for achieving success. Thirty-one university students participated in this…

Twisted light transmission over 143 km

PubMed Central

Krenn, Mario; Handsteiner, Johannes; Fink, Matthias; Fickler, Robert; Ursin, Rupert; Zeilinger, Anton

2016-01-01

Spatial modes of light can potentially carry a vast amount of information, making them promising candidates for both classical and quantum communication. However, the distribution of such modes over large distances remains difficult. Intermodal coupling complicates their use with common fibers, whereas free-space transmission is thought to be strongly influenced by atmospheric turbulence. Here, we show the transmission of orbital angular momentum modes of light over a distance of 143 km between two Canary Islands, which is 50× greater than the maximum distance achieved previously. As a demonstration of the transmission quality, we use superpositions of these modes to encode a short message. At the receiver, an artificial neural network is used for distinguishing between the different twisted light superpositions. The algorithm is able to identify different mode superpositions with an accuracy of more than 80% up to the third mode order and decode the transmitted message with an error rate of 8.33%. Using our data, we estimate that the distribution of orbital angular momentum entanglement over more than 100 km of free space is feasible. Moreover, the quality of our free-space link can be further improved by the use of state-of-the-art adaptive optics systems. PMID:27856744

Twisted light transmission over 143 km

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Krenn, Mario; Handsteiner, Johannes; Fink, Matthias; Fickler, Robert; Ursin, Rupert; Malik, Mehul; Zeilinger, Anton

2016-11-01

Spatial modes of light can potentially carry a vast amount of information, making them promising candidates for both classical and quantum communication. However, the distribution of such modes over large distances remains difficult. Intermodal coupling complicates their use with common fibers, whereas free-space transmission is thought to be strongly influenced by atmospheric turbulence. Here, we show the transmission of orbital angular momentum modes of light over a distance of 143 km between two Canary Islands, which is 50× greater than the maximum distance achieved previously. As a demonstration of the transmission quality, we use superpositions of these modes to encode a short message. At the receiver, an artificial neural network is used for distinguishing between the different twisted light superpositions. The algorithm is able to identify different mode superpositions with an accuracy of more than 80% up to the third mode order and decode the transmitted message with an error rate of 8.33%. Using our data, we estimate that the distribution of orbital angular momentum entanglement over more than 100 km of free space is feasible. Moreover, the quality of our free-space link can be further improved by the use of state-of-the-art adaptive optics systems.

Twisted light transmission over 143 km.

PubMed

Krenn, Mario; Handsteiner, Johannes; Fink, Matthias; Fickler, Robert; Ursin, Rupert; Malik, Mehul; Zeilinger, Anton

2016-11-29

Spatial modes of light can potentially carry a vast amount of information, making them promising candidates for both classical and quantum communication. However, the distribution of such modes over large distances remains difficult. Intermodal coupling complicates their use with common fibers, whereas free-space transmission is thought to be strongly influenced by atmospheric turbulence. Here, we show the transmission of orbital angular momentum modes of light over a distance of 143 km between two Canary Islands, which is 50× greater than the maximum distance achieved previously. As a demonstration of the transmission quality, we use superpositions of these modes to encode a short message. At the receiver, an artificial neural network is used for distinguishing between the different twisted light superpositions. The algorithm is able to identify different mode superpositions with an accuracy of more than 80% up to the third mode order and decode the transmitted message with an error rate of 8.33%. Using our data, we estimate that the distribution of orbital angular momentum entanglement over more than 100 km of free space is feasible. Moreover, the quality of our free-space link can be further improved by the use of state-of-the-art adaptive optics systems.

Coherence transfer of subhertz-linewidth laser light via an 82-km fiber link

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ma, Chaoqun; Wu, Lifei; Jiang, Yanyi; Yu, Hongfu; Bi, Zhiyi; Ma, Longsheng

2015-12-01

We demonstrate optical coherence transfer of subhertz-linewidth laser light through fiber links by actively compensating random fiber phase noise induced by environmental perturbations. The relative linewidth of laser light after transferring through a 32-km urban fiber link is suppressed within 1 mHz (resolution bandwidth limited), and the absolute linewidth of the transferred laser light is less than 0.36 Hz. For an 82-km fiber link, a repeater station is constructed between a 32-km urban fiber and a 50-km spooled fiber to recover the spectral purity. A relative linewidth of 1 mHz is also demonstrated for light transferring through the 82-km cascaded fiber. Such an optical signal distribution network based on repeater stations allows optical coherence and synchronization available over spatially separated places.

The expanding photosphere method applied to SN 1992am AT cz = 14 600 km/s

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schmidt, Brian P.; Kirshner, Robert P.; Eastman, Ronald G.; Hamuy, Mario; Phillips, Mark M.; Suntzeff, Nicholas B.; Maza, Jose; Filippenko, Alexei V.; Ho, Luis C.; Matheson, Thomas

1994-01-01

We present photometry and spectroscopy of Supernova (SN) 1992am for five months following its discovery by the Calan Cerro-Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO) SN search. These data show SN 1992am to be type II-P, displaying hydrogen in its spectrum and the typical shoulder in its light curve. The photometric data and the distance from our own analysis are used to construct the supernova's bolometric light curve. Using the bolometric light curve, we estimate SN 1992am ejected approximately 0.30 solar mass of Ni-56, an amount four times larger than that of other well studied SNe II. SN 1992am's; host galaxy lies at a redshift of cz = 14 600 km s(exp -1), making it one of the most distant SNe II discovered, and an important application of the Expanding Photsphere Method. Since z = 0.05 is large enough for redshift-dependent effects to matter, we develop the technique to derive luminosity distances with the Expanding Photosphere Method at any redshift, and apply this method to SN 1992am. The derived distance, D = 180(sub -25) (sup +30) Mpc, is independent of all other rungs in the extragalactic distance ladder. The redshift of SN 1992am's host galaxy is sufficiently large that uncertainties due to perturbations in the smooth Hubble flow should be smaller than 10%. The Hubble ratio derived from the distance and redshift of this single object is H(sub 0) = 81(sub -15) (sup +17) km s(exp -1) Mpc(exp -1). In the future, with more of these distant objects, we hope to establish an independent and statistically robust estimate of H(sub 0) based solely on type II supernovae.

No Influence of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation on Exercise-Induced Pain and 5-Km Cycling Time-Trial Performance

PubMed Central

Hibbert, Andrew W.; Billaut, François; Varley, Matthew C.; Polman, Remco C. J.

2017-01-01

Introduction: Afferent information from exercising muscle contributes to the sensation of exercise-induced muscle pain. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) delivers low–voltage electrical currents to the skin, inhibiting nociceptive afferent information. The use of TENS in reducing perceptions of exercise-induced pain has not yet been fully explored. This study aimed to investigate the effect of TENS on exercise-induced muscle pain, pacing strategy, and performance during a 5-km cycling time trial (TT). Methods: On three separate occasions, in a single-blind, randomized, and cross-over design, 13 recreationally active participants underwent a 30-min TENS protocol, before performing a 5-km cycling TT. TENS was applied to the quadriceps prior to exercise under the following conditions; control (CONT), placebo with sham TENS application (PLAC), and an experimental condition with TENS application (TENS). Quadriceps fatigue was assessed with magnetic femoral nerve stimulation assessing changes in potentiated quadriceps twitch force at baseline, pre and post exercise. Subjective scores of exertion, affect and pain were taken every 1-km. Results: During TTs, application of TENS did not influence pain perceptions (P = 0.68, ηp2 = 0.03). There was no significant change in mean power (P = 0.16, ηp2 = 0.16) or TT duration (P = 0.17, ηp2 = 0.14), although effect sizes were large for these two variables. Changes in power output were not significant but showed moderate effect sizes at 500-m (ηp2 = 0.10) and 750-m (ηp2 = 0.10). Muscle recruitment as inferred by electromyography data was not significant, but showed large effect sizes at 250-m (ηp2 = 0.16), 500-m (ηp2 = 0.15), and 750-m (ηp2 = 0.14). This indicates a possible effect for TENS influencing performance up to 1-km. Discussion: These findings do not support the use of TENS to improve 5-km TT performance. PMID:28223939

Observation of electrons with energy above 40 MeV at the altitudes 300-350 KM

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Galper, A. M.; Grachev, V. M.; Dmitrenko, V. V.; Kirillov-Ugriumov, V. G.; Liakhov, V. A.; Rossomakhina, N. G.; Riumin, V. V.; Ulin, S. E.

The paper presents observations of electrons by the small, scintillator-gas Cerenkov gamma-telescope Elena-F at energies above 40 MeV and at altitudes of 300-350 km. Dependences of the electron fluxes at the 45-250 MeV and 60-460 MeV energy ranges from the vertical cutoff rigidity were measured, and for the equatorial region, the electron fluxes were found to be 193 plus or minus 32 and 160 plus or minus 30 e/sq m-s-sr, respectively, for the two energy ranges. The measured power law index of the differential energy spectrum 2.1 plus or minus 0.3. Results of observations in the region of the Brazil magnetic anomaly are discussed.

Characteristics of convective structures of sodium layer in lower thermosphere (105-120 km) at Haikou (19.99°N, 110.34°E), China

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jiao, Jing; Yang, Guotao; Wang, Jihong; Zhang, Tiemin; Peng, Hongyan; Xun, Yuchang; Liu, Zhengkuan; Wang, Chi

2017-11-01

The atmospheric sodium layer normally occurs in the mesopause (80-105 km) region, but rarely in the lower thermosphere region (>105 km) at low latitude. We observed a kind of peculiar sodium layer in lower thermosphere at Haikou (19.99°N, 110.34°E)-the thermospheric convective sodium layer (TCSL) in a lidargram. The TCSL's sodium density unstably developed over time and appeared as several discontinuous convective shapes vertically. It is the first time convective sodium layer observed in the lower thermosphere region (105-120 km). Based on Haikou lidar data, we obtained 14 TCSL events during 180 nights from March 2010 to August 2012. Most of the apogees of the TCSL events are higher than 108 km. A TCSL event lasts several hours and is composed of several convective structures, with each veitical shape lasting ∼5-30 min. All TCSL events occurred during spring and summer, and generally appear near midnight (22:00-00:00 LT). The TCSL has potential regional feature and appears to be related to the thermospheric sporadic E (Es) layers, winds, and field-aligned ionospheric irregularities (FAI).

An overview of knowledge management (KM) issues for implementation in consultant firms in Malaysian construction industry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Othman, Azlan; Ismail, Syuhaida; Yahya, Khairulzan

2017-12-01

In the past few years, there has been a growing interest in treating knowledge as a significant organisational resource. Thus, effective development and implementation of KM requires a foundation in several rich literatures. As a preparation for the competitive industrial nation, KM is an important countenance that should be the point of convergence for the industry players. This paper wishes to draw the attention on the current situation of KM practice, focusing on consultant firms in Malaysian construction industry. Questionnaires were distributed to about 200 respondents working in the industry, with the objective of appraising the KM implementation amongst consultant firms working in construction industry in Malaysia. This paper also gives the overview on KM definition, process, understanding and challenges in construction industry, besides the critical success factor of KM implementation. The literature is restricted on the recent KM study of 17 years research from 2000 to 2017. Finally, this paper proposes the conceptual ideas of relationship between KM process, KM understanding and KM challenges with critical success factor of KM implementation.

Cumulative River Dynamic Assessment using Topo-Hydrographical High Definition Surveying in the Danube River area - Km 347-Km344

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nichersu, Iulian; Mierla, Marian; Trifanov, Cristian

2013-04-01

Cumulative River Dynamic Assessment using Topo-Hydrographical High Definition Surveying in the Danube River area - Km 347-Km344 Iulian NICHERSU, Cristian TRIFANOV, Marian MIERLA The purpose of this paper is to depict and illustrate the benefits of Topo-Hydrographical High Definition Surveying (THHDS), also known as 3D multi-beam scanning, on a topo-hydrological survey application in Danube Valley. This research investigates the evolution of Danube river dynamics. We start with cross-sections made in 2002, 2007 and 2010 in this area and we coupled with 2012 THHDS. 3D multi-beam scanning method of data acquisition improve the spatial hydrological model and offers better dynamics assessment for future studies, considering that this area is carried out dredging works to improve navigation conditions - THHDS technique true modeling capabilities have applications in hydrotechnical works. Dynamics stands out on all 3 axes and cartographic documents have used both the 1930, 1950, and orthophoto images taken during flight to obtain the 3D model of the floodplain through LIDAR method, in 2007.

AmeriFlux BR-Sa1 Santarem-Km67-Primary Forest

DOE Data Explorer

Saleska, Scott [University of Arizona

2016-01-01

This is the AmeriFlux version of the carbon flux data for the site BR-Sa1 Santarem-Km67-Primary Forest. Site Description - The LBA Tapajos KM67 Mature Forest site is located in the Tapajos National Forest, a 450,000 ha closed-canopy upland forest in Amazonian Brazil. Bounded by the Tapajos River in the west and highway BR-163 to the east, the tower is located on a flat plateau (or planalto) that extends up to 150 km to the north, south, and east. Within the confines of the National Forest, anthropogenic disturbances are limited to a few small hunting trails. The surrounding stand is classified as primary or "old-growth"" predominantly by its uneven age distribution, emergent trees, numerous epiphytes and abundant large logs. In 2007 falling trees hit the tower guy wires rendering all instrumentation in-operational. After a complete restoration tower measurements resumed in August of 2008.

Body Composition Measurements of 161-km Ultramarathon Participants

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

This study compares body composition characteristics with performance among participants in a 161-km trail ultramarathon. Height, mass, and percent body fat from bioimpedence spectroscopy were measured on 72 starters. Correlation analyses were used to compare body characteristics with finish time, ...

Radial velocities of K-M dwarfs and local stellar kinematics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sperauskas, J.; Bartašiūtė, S.; Boyle, R. P.; Deveikis, V.; Raudeliūnas, S.; Upgren, A. R.

2016-12-01

Aims: The goal of this paper is to present complete radial-velocity data for the spectroscopically selected McCormick sample of nearby K-M dwarfs and, based on these and supplementary data, to determine the space-velocity distributions of late-type stars in the solar neighborhood. Methods: We analyzed nearly 3300 measurements of radial velocities for 1049 K-M dwarfs, that we obtained during the past decade with a CORAVEL-type instrument, with a primary emphasis on detecting and eliminating from kinematic calculations the spectroscopic binaries and binary candidates. Combining radial-velocity data with Hipparcos/Tycho-2 astrometry we calculated the space-velocity components and parameters of the galactic orbits in a three-component model potential for the stars in the sample, that we use for kinematical analysis and for the identification of possible candidate members of nearby stellar kinematic groups. Results: We present the catalog of our observations of radial velocities for 959 stars which are not suspected of velocity variability, along with the catalog of U,V,W velocities and Galactic orbital parameters for a total of 1088 K-M stars which are used in the present kinematic analysis. Of these, 146 stars were identified as possible candidate members of the known nearby kinematic groups and suspected subgroups. The distributions of space-velocity components, orbital eccentricities, and maximum distances from the Galactic plane are consistent with the presence of young, intermediate-age and old populations of the thin disk and a small fraction ( 3%) of stars with the thick disk kinematics. The kinematic structure gives evidence that the bulk of K-M type stars in the immediate solar vicinity represents a dynamically relaxed stellar population. The star MCC 869 is found to be on a retrograde Galactic orbit (V = -262 km s-1) of low inclination (4°) and can be a member of stellar stream of some dissolved structure. The Sun's velocity with respect to the Local

Temperature characteristics at altitudes of 5-80 km with a self-calibrated Rayleigh-rotational Raman lidar: A summer case study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Yajuan; Lin, Xin; Yang, Yong; Xia, Yuan; Xiong, Jun; Song, Shalei; Liu, Linmei; Chen, Zhenwei; Cheng, Xuewu; Li, Faquan

2017-02-01

Temperature profiles at altitudes of 5-80 km are obtained with a self-calibrated Rayleigh-rotational Raman lidar over Wuhan, China (30.5°N, 114.5°E). By using the synchronous Rayleigh lidar temperature, rotational Raman temperature in the lower atmosphere could be calibrated and retrieved, which is free of other instruments (like local radiosondes). The results are comparable to the radiosonde calibration method. Based on the self-calibration approach, one-night (August 4-5, 2014) lidar temperature profiles are presented with radiosondes, NRLMSISE-00 model and TIMED/SABER data. Some interesting temperature characteristics have been present for studies of waves propagating from near ground level into the mesosphere. Temperature perturbations are found to increase exponentially with a scale height of 10 km. The wavy structure shows minimal perturbations ('nodes') at some altitudes of 39, 52, 64 and 73 km. Dominant wavelengths and temperature variations are also analyzed at different time and altitudes. By comparison of the temperature and associate perturbations from the tropopause up to the stratopause, different amplitudes, phase fronts and vertical wavelengths are discovered as well. These discoveries indicate that some waves may originate in the lower atmosphere and propagate upward with decreasing static stability.

2 GHz clock quantum key distribution over 260 km of standard telecom fiber.

PubMed

Wang, Shuang; Chen, Wei; Guo, Jun-Fu; Yin, Zhen-Qiang; Li, Hong-Wei; Zhou, Zheng; Guo, Guang-Can; Han, Zheng-Fu

2012-03-15

We report a demonstration of quantum key distribution (QKD) over a standard telecom fiber exceeding 50 dB in loss and 250 km in length. The differential phase shift QKD protocol was chosen and implemented with a 2 GHz system clock rate. By careful optimization of the 1 bit delayed Faraday-Michelson interferometer and the use of the superconducting single photon detector (SSPD), we achieved a quantum bit error rate below 2% when the fiber length was no more than 205 km, and of 3.45% for a 260 km fiber with 52.9 dB loss. We also improved the quantum efficiency of SSPD to obtain a high key rate for 50 km length.

Immunoglobulin GM and KM genes and measles vaccine-induced humoral immunity.

PubMed

Ovsyannikova, Inna G; Larrabee, Beth R; Schaid, Daniel J; Poland, Gregory A

2017-10-04

Identifying genetic polymorphisms that explain variations in humoral immunity to live measles virus vaccine is of great interest. Immunoglobulin GM (heavy chain) and KM (light chain) allotypes are genetic markers known to be associated with susceptibility to several infectious diseases. We assessed associations between GM and KM genotypes and measles vaccine humoral immunity (neutralizing antibody titers) in a combined cohort (n=1796) of racially diverse healthy individuals (age 18-41years). We did not discover any significant associations between GM and/or KM genotypes and measles vaccine-induced neutralizing antibody titers. African-American subjects had higher neutralizing antibody titers than Caucasians (1260mIU/mL vs. 740mIU/mL, p=7.10×10 -13 ), and those titers remained statistically significant (p=1.68×10 -09 ) after adjusting for age at enrollment and time since last vaccination. There were no statistically significant sex-specific differences in measles-induced neutralizing antibody titers in our study (p=0.375). Our data indicate a surprising lack of evidence for an association between GM and KM genotypes and measles-specific neutralizing antibody titers, despite the importance of these immune response genes. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Compression of the Global Land 1-km AVHRR dataset

USGS Publications Warehouse

Kess, B. L.; Steinwand, D.R.; Reichenbach, S.E.

1996-01-01

Large datasets, such as the Global Land 1-km Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Data Set (Eidenshink and Faundeen 1994), require compression methods that provide efficient storage and quick access to portions of the data. A method of lossless compression is described that provides multiresolution decompression within geographic subwindows of multi-spectral, global, 1-km, AVHRR images. The compression algorithm segments each image into blocks and compresses each block in a hierarchical format. Users can access the data by specifying either a geographic subwindow or the whole image and a resolution (1,2,4, 8, or 16 km). The Global Land 1-km AVHRR data are presented in the Interrupted Goode's Homolosine map projection. These images contain masked regions for non-land areas which comprise 80 per cent of the image. A quadtree algorithm is used to compress the masked regions. The compressed region data are stored separately from the compressed land data. Results show that the masked regions compress to 0·143 per cent of the bytes they occupy in the test image and the land areas are compressed to 33·2 per cent of their original size. The entire image is compressed hierarchically to 6·72 per cent of the original image size, reducing the data from 9·05 gigabytes to 623 megabytes. These results are compared to the first order entropy of the residual image produced with lossless Joint Photographic Experts Group predictors. Compression results are also given for Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) and LZ77, the algorithms used by UNIX compress and GZIP respectively. In addition to providing multiresolution decompression of geographic subwindows of the data, the hierarchical approach and the use of quadtrees for storing the masked regions gives a marked improvement over these popular methods.

OBSERVATION OF THE RADIATION ANOMALIES AT THE ALTITUDES OF 200-300 KM

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ginzburg, V.L.; Kurnosova, L.V.; Logachev, V.I.

1962-01-01

Radiation measurements from Sputnik V (310 to 330 km) and Sputnik VI (190 to 260 km) in the latitude range -65 deg to 65 deg are shown. The South Atlantic and South anomalies are discussed, and counting rate changes are shown. (W.D.M.)

The upper atmosphere layer height changes as a precursor of the Padang earthquake on 30 September 2009

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ednofri, Ednofri; Wu, Falin; Ahmed, Wasiu Akande; Zhao, Yan

2017-09-01

This research investigated the potential of the upper atmosphere layer height changes as precursor of the Padang Earthquake on 30 September 2009. We analyzed the occurrence of atmospheric gravity wave (AGW) in all-sky imager (ASI) images and h'F in ionosonde mounted on Kototabang (0.2°S, 100.3°E, -10.4° magnetic latitude) Indonesia from seven days before and after the earthquake and found that there was an unusual evening in h'F variation on 24 and 29 September 2009. A positive h'F deviation on 24 and 29 September 2009 are with a maximum value of 42 and 31.5. For both these dates, the maximum h'F value reached 234 km and 261 km at 00:30 LT and 20:30 LT with the median value of 192 km and 229.5 km, respectively. The increase in h'F on 24 September 2009 before the midnight was caused by encouragement from AGW observed at a wavelength of OH bands ( 86 km) that happened a few minutes earlier. While the increase in h'F on 29 September 2009, suspected to be caused by the emergence of the AGW, though it cannot be proven because ASI does not operate due to rainy weather over Kototabang. For Dst index during the month of September 2009, there is nothing worth under -50 nT, this means a change of altitude h'F six and one days before the earthquake is not caused by the influence of magnetic storm but caused by AGW resulting from the epicenter.

Remote (250 km) fiber Bragg grating multiplexing system.

PubMed

Fernandez-Vallejo, Montserrat; Rota-Rodrigo, Sergio; Lopez-Amo, Manuel

2011-01-01

We propose and demonstrate two ultra-long range fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor interrogation systems. In the first approach four FBGs are located 200 km from the monitoring station and a signal to noise ratio of 20 dB is obtained. The second improved version is able to detect the four multiplexed FBGs placed 250 km away, offering a signal to noise ratio of 6-8 dB. Consequently, this last system represents the longest range FBG sensor system reported so far that includes fiber sensor multiplexing capability. Both simple systems are based on a wavelength swept laser to scan the reflection spectra of the FBGs, and they are composed by two identical-lengths optical paths: the first one intended to launch the amplified laser signal by means of Raman amplification and the other one is employed to guide the reflection signal to the reception system.

Mapping NEHRP VS30 site classes

USGS Publications Warehouse

Holzer, T.L.; Padovani, A.C.; Bennett, M.J.; Noce, T.E.; Tinsley, J. C.

2005-01-01

Site-amplification potential in a 140-km2 area on the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay, California, was mapped with data from 210 seismic cone penetration test (SCPT) soundings. NEHRP VS30 values were computed on a 50-m grid by both taking into account the thickness and using mean values of locally measured shear-wave velocities of shallow geologic units. The resulting map of NEHRP VS30 site classes differs from other published maps that (1) do not include unit thickness and (2) are based on regional compilations of velocity. Although much of the area in the new map is now classified as NEHRP Site Class D, the velocities of the geologic deposits within this area are either near the upper or lower VS30 boundary of Class D. If maps of NEHRP site classes are to be based on geologic maps, velocity distributions of geologic units may need to be considered in the definition of VS30 boundaries of NEHRP site classes. ?? 2005, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.

Full 40 km crustal reflection seismic datasets in several Indonesian basins

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dinkelman, M. G.; Granath, J. W.; Christ, J. M.; Emmet, P. A.; Bird, D. E.

2010-12-01

Long offset, deep penetration regional 2D seismic data sets have been acquired since 2002 by GX Technology in a number of regions worldwide (www.iongeo.com/Data_Libraries/Spans/). Typical surveys consist of 10+ lines located to image specific critical aspects of basin structure. Early surveys were processed to 20 km, but more recent ones have extended to 40-45 km from 16 sec records. Pre-stack time migration is followed by pre-stack depth migration using gravity and in some cases magnetic modeling to constrain the velocity structure. We illustrate several cases in the SE Asian and Australasian area. In NatunaSPAN™ two generations of inversion can be distinguished, one involving Paleogene faults with Neogene inversion and one involving strike slip-related uplift in the West Natuna Basin. Crustal structure in the very deep Neogene East Natuna Basin has also been imaged. The JavaSPAN™ program traced Paleogene sediments onto oceanic crust of the Flores Sea, thus equating back arc spreading there to the widespread Eocene extension. It also imaged basement in the Makassar Strait beneath as much as 6 km of Cenozoic sedimentary rocks that accumulated Eocene rift basins (the North and South Makassar basins) on the edge of Sundaland, the core of SE Asia. The basement is seismically layered: a noisy upper crust overlies a prominent 10 km thick transparent zone, the base of which marks another change to slightly noisier reflectivity. Eocene normal faults responsible for the opening of extensional basins root in the top of the transparent layer which may be Moho or a brittle-ductile transition within the extended continental crust. Of particular significance is the first image of thick Precambrian basins comprising the bulk of continental crust under the Arafura Sea in the ArafuraSPAN™ program. Four lines some 1200 km long located between Australia and New Guinea on the Arafura platform image a thin Phanerozoic section overlying a striking Precambrian basement composed of

Resting sympatho-vagal balance is related to 10 km running performance in master endurance athletes.

PubMed

Cataldo, Angelo; Bianco, Antonino; Paoli, Antonio; Cerasola, Dario; Alagna, Saverio; Messina, Giuseppe; Zangla, Daniele; Traina, Marcello

2018-01-12

Relationships between heart rate recovery after exercise (HRR, baseline heart rate variability measures (HRV), and time to perform a 10Km running trial (t10Km) were evaluated in "master" athletes of endurance to assess whether the measured indexes may be useful for monitoring the training status of the athletes. Ten "master" athletes of endurance, aged 40-60 years, were recruited. After baseline measures of HRV, the athletes performed a graded maximal test on treadmill and HRR was measured at 1 and 2 minutes from recovery. Subsequently they performed a 10Km running trial and t10Km was related to HRV and HRR indexes. The time to perform a 10Km running trial was significantly correlated with baseline HRV indexes. No correlation was found between t10Km and HRR. Baseline HRV measures, but not HRR, were significantly correlated with the time of performance on 10km running in "master" athletes. The enhanced parasympathetic function at rest appears to be a condition to a better performance on 10km running. HRV can be simple and useful measurements for monitoring the training stratus of athletes and their physical condition in proximity of a competition.

Towards Monitoring Biodiversity in Amazonian Forests: How Regular Samples Capture Meso-Scale Altitudinal Variation in 25 km2 Plots

PubMed Central

Norris, Darren; Fortin, Marie-Josée; Magnusson, William E.

2014-01-01

Background Ecological monitoring and sampling optima are context and location specific. Novel applications (e.g. biodiversity monitoring for environmental service payments) call for renewed efforts to establish reliable and robust monitoring in biodiversity rich areas. As there is little information on the distribution of biodiversity across the Amazon basin, we used altitude as a proxy for biological variables to test whether meso-scale variation can be adequately represented by different sample sizes in a standardized, regular-coverage sampling arrangement. Methodology/Principal Findings We used Shuttle-Radar-Topography-Mission digital elevation values to evaluate if the regular sampling arrangement in standard RAPELD (rapid assessments (“RAP”) over the long-term (LTER [“PELD” in Portuguese])) grids captured patters in meso-scale spatial variation. The adequacy of different sample sizes (n = 4 to 120) were examined within 32,325 km2/3,232,500 ha (1293×25 km2 sample areas) distributed across the legal Brazilian Amazon. Kolmogorov-Smirnov-tests, correlation and root-mean-square-error were used to measure sample representativeness, similarity and accuracy respectively. Trends and thresholds of these responses in relation to sample size and standard-deviation were modeled using Generalized-Additive-Models and conditional-inference-trees respectively. We found that a regular arrangement of 30 samples captured the distribution of altitude values within these areas. Sample size was more important than sample standard deviation for representativeness and similarity. In contrast, accuracy was more strongly influenced by sample standard deviation. Additionally, analysis of spatially interpolated data showed that spatial patterns in altitude were also recovered within areas using a regular arrangement of 30 samples. Conclusions/Significance Our findings show that the logistically feasible sample used in the RAPELD system successfully recovers meso

Space-time variability of raindrop size distributions along a 2.2 km microwave link path

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

van Leth, Tommy; Uijlenhoet, Remko; Overeem, Aart; Leijnse, Hidde; Berne, Alexis

2017-04-01

The Wageningen Urban Rainfall Experiment (WURex14-15) was dedicated to address several errors and uncertainties associated with quantitative precipitation estimates from microwave links. The core of the experiment consisted of three co-located microwave links installed between two major buildings on the Wageningen University campus, approximately 2.2 km apart: a 38 GHz commercial microwave link, provided by T-Mobile NL, and 26 GHz and 38 GHz (dual-polarization) research microwave links from RAL. Transmitting and receiving antennas were attached to masts installed on the roofs of the two buildings, about 30 m above the ground. This setup was complemented with a Scintec infrared Large-Aperture Scintillometer, installed over the same path, an automatic rain gauge, as well as 5 Parsivel optical disdrometers positioned at several locations along the path. Temporal sampling of the received signals was performed at a rate of 20 Hz. The setup was being monitored by time-lapse cameras to assess the state of the antennas as well as the atmosphere. Finally, data were available from the KNMI weather radars and an automated weather station situated just outside Wageningen. The experiment has been active between August 2014 and December 2015. We present preliminary results regarding the space-time variability of raindrop size distributions from the Parsivel disdrometers along the 2.2 km microwave link path.

Survival of the Tardigrade Hypsibius Dujardini during Hypervelocity Impact Events up to 5.49 km s-1

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pasini, D.

2014-04-01

Studies have previously been conducted to verify the survivability of living cells during hypervelocity impact events to test the panspermia and lithopanspermia hypotheses [1, 2]. It has been demonstrated that bacteria survive impacts up to 5.4 km s-1 (approx. shock pressure 30 GPa) - albeit with a low probability of survival [1], whilst larger, more complex, objects (such as seeds) break up at ~1 km s-1 [2]. The survivability of yeast spores in impacts up to 7.4 km s-1 has also recently been shown [3]. Previous work by the authors demonstrated the survivability of Nannochloropsis Oculata Phytoplankton, a eukaryotic photosynthesizing autotroph found in the 'euphotic zone' (sunlit surface layers of oceans [4]), at impact velocities up to 6.07 km s-1 [5]. Other groups have also reported that lichens are able to survive shocks in similar pressure ranges [6]. However, whilst many simple single celled organisms have now been shown to survive such impacts (and the associated pressures) as those encountered during the migration of material from one planet to another [1, 3, 5], complex multicellular organisms have either largely not been tested or, those that have been, have not survived the process [2]. Hypsibius dujardini, like most species of tardigrade, are complex organisms composed of approximately 40,000 cells [7]. When humidity decreases they enter a highly dehydrated state known as a 'tun' and can survive extreme temperatures (as low as - 253°C or as high as 151°C), as well as exposure to Xrays and the vacuum of space [7]. Here we test the shock survivability of Hypsibius dujardini by firing a nylon projectile onto a frozen sample of water containing frozen tardigrades using a light gas gun (LGG) [8]. The recovered ice and water were then analysed under an optical microscope to check the viability of any remnant organisms that may have survived impact, and the pressures generated.

Hypervelocity impact testing above 10 km/s of advanced orbital debris shields

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Christiansen, Eric L.; Crews, Jeanne Lee; Kerr, Justin H.; Chhabildas, Lalit C.

1996-05-01

NASA has developed enhanced performance shields to improve the protection of spacecraft from orbital debris and meteoroid impacts. One of these enhanced shields includes a blanket of Nextel™ ceramic fabric and Kevlar™ high strength fabric that is positioned midway between an aluminum bumper and the spacecraft pressure wall. As part of the evaluation of this new shielding technology, impact data above 10 km/sec has been obtained by NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) from the Sandia National Laboratories HVL ("hypervelocity launcher") and the Southwest Research Institute inhibited shaped charge launcher (ISCL). The HVL launches flyer-plates in the velocity range of 10 to 15 km/s while the ISCL launches hollow cylinders at ˜11.5 km/s. The >10 km/s experiments are complemented by hydrocode analysis and light-gas gun testing at the JSC Hypervelocity Impact Test Facility (HIT-F) to assess the effects of projectile shape on shield performance. Results from the testing and analysis indicate that the Nextel™/Kevlar™ shield provides superior protection performance compared to an all-aluminum shield alternative.

The Reliability of a 5km Run Test on a Motorized Treadmill

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Driller, Matthew; Brophy-Williams, Ned; Walker, Anthony

2017-01-01

The purpose of the present study was to determine the reliability of a 5km run test on a motorized treadmill. Over three consecutive weeks, 12 well-trained runners completed three 5km time trials on a treadmill following a standardized warm-up. Runners were partially-blinded to their running speed and distance covered. Total time to complete the…

Gravity Spectra from the Density Distribution of Earth's Uppermost 435 km

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sebera, Josef; Haagmans, Roger; Floberghagen, Rune; Ebbing, Jörg

2018-03-01

The Earth masses reside in a near-hydrostatic equilibrium, while the deviations are, for example, manifested in the geoid, which is nowadays well determined by satellite gravimetry. Recent progress in estimating the density distribution of the Earth allows us to examine individual Earth layers and to directly see how the sum approaches the observed anomalous gravitational field. This study evaluates contributions from the crust and the upper mantle taken from the LITHO1.0 model and quantifies the gravitational spectra of the density structure to the depth of 435 km. This is done without isostatic adjustments to see what can be revealed with models like LITHO1.0 alone. At the resolution of 290 km (spherical harmonic degree 70), the crustal contribution starts to dominate over the upper mantle and at about 150 km (degree 130) the upper mantle contribution is nearly negligible. At the spatial resolution <150 km, the spectra behavior is driven by the crust, the mantle lid and the asthenosphere. The LITHO1.0 model was furthermore referenced by adding deeper Earth layers from ak135, and the gravity signal of the merged model was then compared with the observed satellite-only model GOCO05s. The largest differences are found over the tectonothermal cold and old (such as cratonic), and over warm and young areas (such as oceanic ridges). The misfit encountered comes from the mantle lid where a velocity-density relation helped to reduce the RMS error by 40%. Global residuals are also provided in terms of the gravitational gradients as they provide better spatial localization than gravity, and there is strong observational support from ESA's satellite gradiometry mission GOCE down to the spatial resolution of 80-90 km.

Extending MGS-TES Temperature Retrievals in the Martian Atmosphere up to 90 Km: Retrieval Approach and Results

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Feofilov, A. G.; Kutepov, A. A.; Rezac, L.; Smith, M. D.

2015-01-01

This paper describes a methodology for performing a temperature retrieval in the Martian atmosphere in the 50-90 km altitude range using spectrally integrated 15 micrometers C02 limb emissions measured by the Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES), the thermal infrared spectrometer on board the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS). We demonstrate that temperature retrievals from limb observations in the 75-90 km altitude range require accounting for the non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (non-LTE) populations of the C02(v2) vibrational levels. Using the methodology described in the paper, we have retrieved approximately 1200 individual temperature profiles from MGS TES limb observations in the altitude range between 60 and 90 km. 0ur dataset of retrieved temperature profiles is available for download in supplemental materials of this paper. The temperature retrieval uncertainties are mainly caused by radiance noise, and are estimated to be about 2 K at 60 km and below, 4 K at 70 km, 7 K at 80 km, 10 K at 85 km, and 20 K at 90 km. We compare the retrieved profiles to Mars Climate Database temperature profiles and find good qualitative agreement. Quantitatively, our retrieved profiles are in general warmer and demonstrate strong variability with the following values for bias and standard deviations (in brackets) compared to the Martian Year 24 dataset of the Mars Climate Database: 6 (+/-20) K at 60 km, 7.5 (+/-25) K at 65 km, 9 (+/-27) K at 70 km, 9.5 (+/-27) K at 75 km, 10 (+/-28) K at 80 km, 11 (+/-29) K at 85 km, and 11.5 (+/-31) K at 90 km. Possible reasons for the positive temperature bias are discussed. carbon dioxide molecular vibrations

Mapping the influence of the deep Nazca slab on the geometry of the 660-km discontinuity beneath stable South America

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bianchi, M. B. D.; Assumpcao, M.; Julià, J.

2017-12-01

The fate of the deep Nazca subducted plate is poorly mapped under stable South America. Transition zone thickness and position is greatly dependent on mantle temperature and so is influenced by the colder Nazca plate position. We use a database of 35,000 LQT deconvolved receiver function traces to image the mantle transition zone and other upper mantle discontinuities under different terranes of stable South American continent. Data from the entire Brazilian Seismographic Network database, consisting of more than 80 broadband stations supplemented by 35 temporary stations deployed in west Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia and Uruguay were processed. Our results indicates that upper mantle velocities are faster than average under stable cratons and that most of the discontinuities are positioned with small variations in respect to nominal depths, except in places were the Nazca plate interacts with the transition zone. Under the Chaco-Pantanal basin the Nazca plate appears to be trapped in the transition zone for more than 1000 km with variations of up to 30 km in 660 km discontinuity topography under this region consistent with global tomographic models. Additional results obtained from SS precursor analysis of South Sandwich Islands teleseismic events recorded at USArray stations indicates that variations of transition zones thickness occur where the Nazca plate interacts with the upper mantle discontinuities in the northern part of Stable South American continent.

Explicitly Accounting for Protected Lands within the GCAM 3.0

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dooley, James J.; Zhou, Yuyu

2012-05-01

The Global Change Assessment Model Version 3.0 defines three different levels of “Protected Lands” within the agricultural and landuse component. These three different scenarios effectively cordon off 3.5% (5.0 million km2) of the Earth’s terrestrial lands in the de minimus Protected Land Scenario, 5.0% (7.20 million km2) in the Core Protected Land Scenario, and 8.2% (11.8 million km2) in the Expanded Protected Land Scenario. None of these scenarios represents the “right” level of Protected Lands for the planet today or tomorrow. Rather, the goal is to create a range of scenarios that can be used in modeling human responses tomore » climate change and the impact those would have on managed and unmanaged terrestrial lands. These scenarios harness the wealth of information in the United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre’s World Database on Protected Areas and its categories of explicit degrees of protection.« less

Mapping Land Cover Types in Amazon Basin Using 1km JERS-1 Mosaic

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Saatchi, Sassan S.; Nelson, Bruce; Podest, Erika; Holt, John

2000-01-01

In this paper, the 100 meter JERS-1 Amazon mosaic image was used in a new classifier to generate a I km resolution land cover map. The inputs to the classifier were 1 km resolution mean backscatter and seven first order texture measures derived from the 100 m data by using a 10 x 10 independent sampling window. The classification approach included two interdependent stages: 1) a supervised maximum a posteriori Bayesian approach to classify the mean backscatter image into 5 general land cover categories of forest, savannah, inundated, white sand, and anthropogenic vegetation classes, and 2) a texture measure decision rule approach to further discriminate subcategory classes based on taxonomic information and biomass levels. Fourteen classes were successfully separated at 1 km scale. The results were verified by examining the accuracy of the approach by comparison with the IBGE and the AVHRR 1 km resolution land cover maps.

KM3NeT/ORCA status and plans

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Samtleben, Dorothea F. E.

2016-04-01

Neutrinos created in interactions of cosmic rays with the atmosphere can serve as a powerful tool to unveil the neutrino mass hierarchy (NMH). At low energies, around a few GeV, matter effects from the transition through the Earth are expected to imprint a distinct but also subtle signature on the oscillation pattern, specific to the ordering of the neutrino masses. KM3NeT/ORCA (Oscillations Research with Cosmics in the Abyss), a densely instrumented building block of the upcoming KM3NeT neutrino telescope, will be designated to measuring this signature in the Mediterranean Sea. Using detailed simulations the sensitivity towards this signature has been evaluated. The multi-PMT detectors allow in the water for an accurate reconstruction of GeV neutrino event signatures and distinction of neutrino flavours. For the determination of the mass hierarchy a median significance of 2-6σ has been estimated for three years of data taking, depending on the actual hierarchy and the oscillation parameters. At the same time the values of several oscillation parameters like θ23 will be determined to unprecedented precision.

Global-scale high-resolution ( 1 km) modelling of mean, maximum and minimum annual streamflow

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barbarossa, Valerio; Huijbregts, Mark; Hendriks, Jan; Beusen, Arthur; Clavreul, Julie; King, Henry; Schipper, Aafke

2017-04-01

Quantifying mean, maximum and minimum annual flow (AF) of rivers at ungauged sites is essential for a number of applications, including assessments of global water supply, ecosystem integrity and water footprints. AF metrics can be quantified with spatially explicit process-based models, which might be overly time-consuming and data-intensive for this purpose, or with empirical regression models that predict AF metrics based on climate and catchment characteristics. Yet, so far, regression models have mostly been developed at a regional scale and the extent to which they can be extrapolated to other regions is not known. We developed global-scale regression models that quantify mean, maximum and minimum AF as function of catchment area and catchment-averaged slope, elevation, and mean, maximum and minimum annual precipitation and air temperature. We then used these models to obtain global 30 arc-seconds (˜ 1 km) maps of mean, maximum and minimum AF for each year from 1960 through 2015, based on a newly developed hydrologically conditioned digital elevation model. We calibrated our regression models based on observations of discharge and catchment characteristics from about 4,000 catchments worldwide, ranging from 100 to 106 km2 in size, and validated them against independent measurements as well as the output of a number of process-based global hydrological models (GHMs). The variance explained by our regression models ranged up to 90% and the performance of the models compared well with the performance of existing GHMs. Yet, our AF maps provide a level of spatial detail that cannot yet be achieved by current GHMs.

Thermal Dependence of the Apparent Km of Glutathione Reductases from Three Plant Species

PubMed Central

Mahan, James R.; Burke, John J.; Orzech, Karen A.

1990-01-01

The thermal dependencies of the apparent Km of the glutathione reductases from spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) corn (Zea mays L.), and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) were determined. The apparent Km of the enzymes were found to vary up to 9-fold between 12.5 and 45°C. Values of the apparent Km in excess of 200% of the observed minimum are suggested to be detrimental to the normal function of the enzyme. We propose the term “thermal kinetic window” to describe to the range of temperatures over which the apparent Km of the glutathione reductase is within 200% of its minimum and suggest that it may be a useful indicator of the limits of thermal stress for a given species. The thermal kinetic windows determined in this study are: <16°C for spinach, 23 to 32°C for corn, and 35 to 41°C for cucumber. PMID:16667543

On the Complicated 410 km Discontinuity beneath Eastern China with the Seismic Triplications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhou, Y.; Li, G.; Sui, Y.

2013-12-01

The seismic triplications from the seismograms of mid-deep earthquakes at the Ryuku subduction zone recorded by the Chinese Digital Seismic Network (CDSN) between the epicentral distance between 10°-23° are used to study the upper mantle structure beneath Eastern China. Comparing the observed seismograms with the synthetic ones from different models based on IASP91 earth model and using the ray-tracing method, we found that the 410 km discontinuity is a gradient zone with the thickness of 20 km and there is low velocity layer atop the discontinuity which becomes thin from north to south beneath Eastern China. The complicated 410 km discontinuity with an atop low velocity layer may be caused by the dehydration of the Philippine sea subducting materials which are observed by the seismic tomopgraphy (Qu, et al., 2007; Li and van der Hilst, 2010). The low velocity gradient zone between the depths of 80-200 km is also been observed and may be related to the lithospheric-asthenosphere boundary.

MISR 17.6 KM Gridded Cloud Motion Vectors: Overview and Assessment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mueller, Kevin; Garay, Michael; Moroney, Catherine; Jovanovic, Veljko

2012-01-01

The MISR (Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer) instrument on the Terra satellite has been retrieving cloud motion vectors (CMVs) globally and almost continuously since early in 2000. In February 2012 the new MISR Level 2 Cloud product was publicly released, providing cloud motion vectors at 17.6 km resolution with improved accuracy and roughly threefold increased coverage relative to the 70.4 km resolution vectors of the current MISR Level 2 Stereo product (which remains available). MISR retrieves both horizontal cloud motion and height from the apparent displacement due to parallax and movement of cloud features across three visible channel (670nm) camera views over a span of 200 seconds. The retrieval has comparable accuracy to operational atmospheric motion vectors from other current sensors, but holds the additional advantage of global coverage and finer precision height retrieval that is insensitive to radiometric calibration. The MISR mission is expected to continue operation for many more years, possibly until 2019, and Level 2 Cloud has the possibility of being produced with a sensing-to-availability lag of 5 hours. This report compares MISR CMV with collocated motion vectors from arctic rawinsonde sites, and from the GOES and MODISTerra instruments. CMV at heights below 3 km exhibit the smallest differences, as small as 3.3 m/s for MISR and GOES. Clouds above 3 km exhibit larger differences, as large as 8.9 m/s for MISR and MODIS. Typical differences are on the order of 6 m/s.

Bilateral pedaling asymmetry during a simulated 40-km cycling time-trial.

PubMed

Carpes, F P; Rossato, M; Faria, I E; Bolli Mota, C

2007-03-01

This study investigated the pedaling asymmetry during a 40-km cycling time-trial (TT). Six sub-elite competitive male cyclists pedaled a SRM Training Systems cycle ergometer throughout a simulated 40-km TT. A SRM scientific crank dynamometer was used to measure the bilateral crank torque (N.m) and pedaling cadence (rpm). All data were analyzed into 4 stages with equal length obtained according to total time. Comparisons between each stage of the 40-km TT were made by an analysis of variance (ANOVA). Dominant (DO) and non-dominant (ND) crank peak torque asymmetry was determined by the equation: asymmetry index (AI%)=[(DO-ND)/DO] 100. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to verify the relationship between exercise intensity, mean and crank peak torque. The crank peak torque was significantly (P<0.05) greater in the 4th stage compared with other stages. During the stages 2 and 3, was observed the AI% of 13.51% and 17.28%, respectively. Exercise intensity (%VO(2max)) was greater for stage 4 (P<0.05) and was highly correlated with mean and crank peak torque (r=0.97 and r=0.92, respectively) for each stage. The DO limb was always responsible for the larger crank peak torque. It was concluded that pedaling asymmetry is present during a simulated 40-km TT and an increase on crank torque output and exercise intensity elicits a reduction in pedaling asymmetry.

The Control Unit of KM3NeT data acquisition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bozza, Cristiano

2016-04-01

The KM3NeT Collaboration is building a new generation of neutrino telescopes in the Mediterranean Sea. With the telescopes, scientists will search for cosmic neutrinos to study highly energetic objects in the Universe, while one neutrino detector will be dedicated to measure the properties of the high-energy neutrino particles themselves. Control of the KM3NeT data acquisition processes is handled by the KM3NeT Control Unit, which has been designed to maximise the detector live time. The Control Unit features software programs with different roles, following the philosophy of having no single point of failure. While all programs are interconnected, each one can also work alone for most of the time in case other services are unavailable. All services run on the Common Language Runtime, which ensures portability, flexibility and automatic memory management. Each service has an embedded Web server, providing a user interface as well as programmatic access to data and functions. Data to and from detector components for monitoring and management purposes are transmitted using a custom designed protocol. The Control Unit is interfaced to one or more Message Dispatchers to control the data acquisition chain. A Data Base Interface provides fast and fault-tolerant connection to a remote Data Base.

Changes in Body Mass, Hydration and Electrolytes Following a 161-km Endurance Race

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Purpose: To examine electrolyte concentrations and changes in body mass and total body water (TBW) during a 161-km ultra-marathon, and relate these to finish time and incidence of hyponatremia. Methods: Subjects were recruited from the 161-km 2008 Rio Del Lago Endurance Race. Body mass, TBW, and s...

KM-34, a Novel Antioxidant Compound, Protects against 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Mitochondrial Damage and Neurotoxicity.

PubMed

Fonseca-Fonseca, Luis Arturo; Nuñez-Figueredo, Yanier; Sánchez, Jeney Ramírez; Guerra, Maylin Wong; Ochoa-Rodríguez, Estael; Verdecia-Reyes, Yamila; Hernádez, René Delgado; Menezes-Filho, Noelio J; Costa, Teresa Cristina Silva; de Santana, Wagno Alcântara; Oliveira, Joana L; Segura-Aguilar, Juan; da Silva, Victor Diogenes Amaral; Costa, Silva Lima

2018-01-02

The etiology of Parkinson's disease is not completely understood and is believed to be multifactorial. Neuronal disorders associated to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are widely considered major consequences. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the synthetic arylidenmalonate derivative 5-(3,4-dihydroxybenzylidene)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione (KM-34), in oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Pretreatment (2 h) with KM-34 (1 and 10 μM) markedly attenuated 6-OHDA-induced PC12 cell death in a concentration-dependent manner. KM-34 also inhibited H 2 O 2 generation, mitochondrial swelling, and membrane potential dissipation after 6-OHDA-induced mitochondrial damage. In vivo, KM-34 treatment (1 and 2 mg/Kg) reduced percentage of asymmetry (cylinder test) and increased the vertical exploration (open field) with respect to untreated injured animals; KM-34 also reduced glial fibrillary acidic protein overexpression and increased tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cell number, both in substantia nigra pars compacta. These results demonstrate that KM-34 present biological effects associated to mitoprotection and neuroprotection in vitro, moreover, glial response and neuroprotection in SNpc in vivo. We suggest that KM-34 could be a putative neuroprotective agent for inhibiting the progressive neurodegenerative disease associated to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction.

Impact Craters of Venus with D Greater Than 5 km Classified Based on Degree of Preservation of the Associated Radar-Dark Deposits

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Basilevsky, A. T.; Head, J. W.; Setyaeva, I. V.

2003-01-01

This is a further continuation of work, which studied craters greater than or equal to 30 km in diameter. That work subdivided craters based on character of the associated radar dark deposits. It was suggested and then confirmed that the most pristine deposits of that sort are radar-dark parabolas. Non-parabolic radar-dark halos represent the next stage of the deposit evolution and then with time they disappear. So presence and character of crater-associated dark deposit can be used for estimates of the crater age and then for dating other features. Previous work classified craters into: 1) craters with dark parabola (DP), 2) with clear dark halo (CH), 3) with faint halo (FH) and 4) with no dark halo (NH). It was found that abundances of craters superposed on regional plains (whose mean age is close to the planet mean surface age T) and belonging to DP, CH, FH and NH classes were correspondingly 15, 30, 30 and 25%. From that it was concluded that DP craters are not older than 0.1-0.15T; CH craters formed during the time interval from approx. 0.5T until 0.1-0.15T ago, and the FH and NH craters formed prior to approx. 0.5T ago. It was shown that the DP, CH, FH and NH percentages show only slight apparent dependence on the crater geographic latitudes and no noticeable dependence on the crater size. The present study analyzes a much larger population (all D greater than or equal to 5 km craters) to investigate better the latitude effect and to study if within this larger crater population the size effect exists.

The Fossil Nuclear Outflow in the Central 30 pc of the Galactic Center

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hsieh, Pei-Ying; Ho, Paul T. P.; Hwang, Chorng-Yuan; Shimajiri, Yoshito; Matsushita, Satoki; Koch, Patrick M.; Iono, Daisuke

2016-11-01

We report a new 1 pc (30″) resolution CS(J=2-1) line map of the central 30 pc of the Galactic center (GC), made with the Nobeyama 45 m telescope. We revisit our previous study of an extraplanar feature called the polar arc (PA), which is a molecular cloud located above SgrA*, with a velocity gradient perpendicular to the galactic plane. We find that the PA can be traced back to the galactic disk. This provides clues to the launching point of the PA, roughly 6 × 106 years ago. Implications of the dynamical timescale of the PA might be related to the Galactic center lobe at parsec scale. Our results suggest that, in the central 30 pc of the GC, the feedback from past explosions could alter the orbital path of molecular gas down to the central tenth of a parsec. In the follow-up work of our new CS(J=2-1) map, we also find that, near systemic velocity, the molecular gas shows an extraplanar hourglass-shaped feature (HG-feature) with a size of ˜13 pc. The latitude-velocity diagrams show that the eastern edge of the HG-feature is associated with an expanding bubble B1, ˜7 pc away from SgrA*. The dynamical timescale of this bubble is ˜3 × 105 years. This bubble is interacting with the 50 km s-1 cloud. Part of the molecular gas from the 50 km s-1 cloud was swept away by the bubble to b=-0\\buildrel{\\circ}\\over{.} 2. The western edge of the HG-feature seems to be molecular gas entrained from the 20 km s-1 cloud toward the north of the galactic disk. Our results suggest a fossil explosion in the central 30 pc of the GC, a few 105 years ago.

Hurricane Joaquin 9/30/15

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-12-08

NOAA's GOES-East satellite captured this visible image of Hurricane Joaquin east of the Bahamas on Sept. 30 at 1745 UTC (1:45 p.m. EDT). Credit: NASA/NOAA GOES Project At 11 a.m. EDT (1500 UTC) on Wednesday, September 30, 2015 the center of Hurricane Joaquin was located near latitude 24.7 North, longitude 72.6 West. That puts the center of Joaquin about 215 miles (345 km) east-northeast of the Central Bahamas. Joaquin became a tropical storm Monday evening (EDT), September 29 when it was midway between the Bahamas and Bermuda. By 8 a.m. EDT on September 30, it strengthened into a hurricane and has become the third hurricane of the Atlantic Hurricane season. On September 30, the National Hurricane Center issued a Hurricane Warning for the central Bahamas including Cat Island, the Exumas, Long Island, Rum Cay, and San Salvador. A Hurricane Watch is in effect for the northwestern Bahamas including the Abacos, Berry Islands, Bimini, Eleuthera, Grand Bahama Island, and New Providence, but excluding Andros Island. NASA image use policy. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center enables NASA’s mission through four scientific endeavors: Earth Science, Heliophysics, Solar System Exploration, and Astrophysics. Goddard plays a leading role in NASA’s accomplishments by contributing compelling scientific knowledge to advance the Agency’s mission. Follow us on Twitter Like us on Facebook Find us on Instagram

Seismic and petrological properties of the upper mantle between 300 and 400 km depth

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Perchuc, E.; Malinowski, M.; Nita, B.

2008-12-01

We compare the traveltime data from the long range seismic profiles and from the earthquakes recorded to the offset of 3000 km with theoretical traveltimes predicted by standard seismological models: PREM, IASP- 91, AK-135 and especially from seismo-petrological model PREF (Cammarano and Romanowicz - 2007). We try to compare our models to earlier studies by Thybo and Perchuc (1997a). Our data suggests that for several events in the distance range 2000-2800 km, the first-arrivals are characterized by a relatively high velocity of 8.7-8.9 km/s. It is about 2.5% higher than P-wave velocity of the Lehmann phases, observed in the nearest offset and about 3% smaller than velocity below 410 km discontinuity. We suggest that this is a new first-order seismological boundary which can be interpreted as a top of the mantle transition zone. Seismological arguments for the existence of such a boundary are as follows: refracted waves with velocity 8.7-8.9 km/s and reflected waves find by Warren at al. (1967) and by Thybo and Perchuc (1997b). Also the interpretation of the SS precursor phases (Deuss and Woodhouse 2002) suggested a reflection boundary around 300 km (our interpretation). Depth of this boundary strongly depends on the thermal state of the mantle in particular regions. In conclusion we can say that the mantle transition zone starts much earlier and the lower part of the upper mantle is much faster than predicted by purely pyrolitic mantle model. Several petrological studies suggest influences of fluids (especialy H2O) on the character of the 410 km discontinuity and of the transition zone. All the differences in experimental data can be explained by the effect of temperature on the phase transformations within the olivine-wadsleyite system.

Internal γ Decay and the Superallowed Branching Ratio for the β+ Emitter Km38

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Leach, K. G.; Svensson, C. E.; Ball, G. C.; Leslie, J. R.; Austin, R. A. E.; Bandyopadhyay, D.; Barton, C.; Bassiachvilli, E.; Ettenauer, S.; Finlay, P.; Garrett, P. E.; Grinyer, G. F.; Hackman, G.; Melconian, D.; Morton, A. C.; Mythili, S.; Newman, O.; Pearson, C. J.; Pearson, M. R.; Phillips, A. A.; Savajols, H.; Schumaker, M. A.; Wong, J.

2008-05-01

The branching ratio for the superallowed β+ decay of Km38 was measured at TRIUMF’s ISAC radioactive ion beam facility. The M3 internal transition between the isomer and the ground state of Km38 was observed with a branching ratio of 330(43) ppm. A search for the nonanalogue β-decay branch to the first excited 0+ state in Ar38 was also performed and yielded an upper limit of ≤12ppm at 90% C.L. These measurements lead to a revised superallowed branching ratio for Km38 of 99.967(4)%, and increase the Km38 ft value by its entire quoted uncertainty to ft=3052.1(10)s. Implications for tests of the nuclear-structure dependent corrections in superallowed β decays and the extraction of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix element Vud are discussed.

One kilometer (1 km) electric solar wind sail tether produced automatically.

PubMed

Seppänen, Henri; Rauhala, Timo; Kiprich, Sergiy; Ukkonen, Jukka; Simonsson, Martin; Kurppa, Risto; Janhunen, Pekka; Hæggström, Edward

2013-09-01

We produced a 1 km continuous piece of multifilament electric solar wind sail tether of μm-diameter aluminum wires using a custom made automatic tether factory. The tether comprising 90,704 bonds between 25 and 50 μm diameter wires is reeled onto a metal reel. The total mass of 1 km tether is 10 g. We reached a production rate of 70 m/24 h and a quality level of 1‰ loose bonds and 2‰ rebonded ones. We thus demonstrated that production of long electric solar wind sail tethers is possible and practical.

The HyperV 8000 μg, 50 km/s Plasma Railgun for PLX

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brockington, Samuel; Case, Andrew; Messer, Sarah; Wu, Linchun; Witherspoon, F. Douglas

2012-10-01

HyperV has developed a gas fed, pulsed, plasma railgun which accelerates 8000 μg of argon to 50 km/s meeting the performance requirements originally specified for the Plasma Liner Experiment (PLX). The present 2.5 cm square-bore plasma railgun forms plasma armatures from high density neutral gas, pre-ionizes it electro-thermally, and accelerates the armature with 30 cm long parallel-plate railgun electrodes driven by a pulse forming network (PFN). A high voltage, high current linear array spark-gap switch and flexible, low-inductance transmission line were designed and constructed to handle the increased current load. We will describe these systems and present initial performance data from high current operation of the plasma rail gun from spectroscopy, interferometry, and imaging systems. Measurements of momentum, pressure, magnetic field, and other optical diagnostics will also be discussed as well as plans for upcoming experimentation to increase performance even further. Work supported by USDOE under DE-FG02-05ER54810 and DE-FG02-08ER85114.

Enabling Grid Computing resources within the KM3NeT computing model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Filippidis, Christos

2016-04-01

KM3NeT is a future European deep-sea research infrastructure hosting a new generation neutrino detectors that - located at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea - will open a new window on the universe and answer fundamental questions both in particle physics and astrophysics. International collaborative scientific experiments, like KM3NeT, are generating datasets which are increasing exponentially in both complexity and volume, making their analysis, archival, and sharing one of the grand challenges of the 21st century. These experiments, in their majority, adopt computing models consisting of different Tiers with several computing centres and providing a specific set of services for the different steps of data processing such as detector calibration, simulation and data filtering, reconstruction and analysis. The computing requirements are extremely demanding and, usually, span from serial to multi-parallel or GPU-optimized jobs. The collaborative nature of these experiments demands very frequent WAN data transfers and data sharing among individuals and groups. In order to support the aforementioned demanding computing requirements we enabled Grid Computing resources, operated by EGI, within the KM3NeT computing model. In this study we describe our first advances in this field and the method for the KM3NeT users to utilize the EGI computing resources in a simulation-driven use-case.

Saqqar: A 34 km diameter impact structure in Saudi Arabia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kenkmann, Thomas; Afifi, Abdulkader M.; Stewart, Simon A.; Poelchau, Michael H.; Cook, Douglas J.; Neville, Allen S.

2015-11-01

Here we present the first proof of an impact origin for the Saqqar circular structure in northwestern Saudi Arabia (Neville et al. ), with an apparent diameter of 34 km, centered at 29°35'N, 38°42'E. The structure is formed in Cambrian-Devonian siliciclastics and is unconformably overlain by undeformed Cretaceous and Paleogene sediments. The age of impact is not well constrained and lies somewhere between 410 and 70 Ma. The subsurface structure is constrained by 2-D reflection seismic profiles and six drilled wells. First-order structural features are a central uplift that rises approximately 2 km above regional datums, surrounded by a ring syncline. The crater rim is defined by circumferential normal faults. The central uplift and ring syncline correspond to a Bouguer gravity high and an annular ring-like low, respectively. The wells were drilled within the central uplift, the deepest among them exceed 2 km depth. Sandstone core samples from these wells show abundant indicators of a shock metamorphic overprint. Planar deformation features (PDFs) were measured with orientations along (0001), {101¯3}, and less frequently along {101¯1} and {101¯4}. Planar fractures (PFs) predominantly occur along (0001) and {101¯1}, and are locally associated with feather features (FFs). In addition, some shocked feldspar grains and strongly deformed mica flakes were found. The recorded shock pressure ranges between 5 and 15 GPa. The preserved level of shock and the absence of an allochthonous crater fill suggest that Saqqar was eroded by 1-2 km between the Devonian and Maastrichtian. The documentation of unequivocal shock features proves the formation of the Saqqar structure by a hypervelocity impact event.

The Development of a Stochastic Model of the Atmosphere Between 30 and 90 Km to Be Used in Determining the Effect of Atmospheric Variability on Space Shuttle Entry Parameters. Ph.D. Thesis - Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Campbell, J. W.

1973-01-01

A stochasitc model of the atmosphere between 30 and 90 km was developed for use in Monte Carlo space shuttle entry studies. The model is actually a family of models, one for each latitude-season category as defined in the 1966 U.S. Standard Atmosphere Supplements. Each latitude-season model generates a pseudo-random temperature profile whose mean is the appropriate temperature profile from the Standard Atmosphere Supplements. The standard deviation of temperature at each altitude for a given latitude-season model was estimated from sounding-rocket data. Departures from the mean temperature at each altitude were produced by assuming a linear regression of temperature on the solar heating rate of ozone. A profile of random ozone concentrations was first generated using an auxiliary stochastic ozone model, also developed as part of this study, and then solar heating rates were computed for the random ozone concentrations.

Foot-strike haemolysis after a 60-km ultramarathon.

PubMed

Lippi, Giuseppe; Schena, Federico; Salvagno, Gian Luca; Aloe, Rosalia; Banfi, Giuseppe; Guidi, Gian Cesare

2012-07-01

The various contributors to sport-related anaemia include increased plasma volume, exercise-induced oxidative stress, increased body temperature, acidosis, gastrointestinal bleeding, acute and chronic inflammation as well as compression and damage of red blood cells (RBC) in the capillaries within the contracting muscles. The effective contribution of foot-strike haemolysis is unclear. We studied 18 Caucasian male athletes (mean age, 42 years; range, 34-52 years) before and immediately after a 60-km ultramarathon. Laboratory investigations included the haematological profile along with haptoglobin, potassium, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and albumin concentrations and a haemolysis index (HI). No significant variations were found in post-exercise values of haemoglobin, RBC count and haematocrit. Mean corpuscular volume and haptoglobin were significantly decreased, whereas RBC distribution width was increased. The concentration of haptoglobin was reduced by approximately 50%, whereas enzyme concentrations were all remarkably increased. The HI remained below 0.5 g/L. After adjusting for plasma volume change, the increases were 1.7% for potassium (P=0.17), 30% for AST (P<0.01), 49% for LDH (P<0.01) and 2.39-fold for CK (P<0.01). A statistically significant association was found between haemoconcentration-adjusted variations of CK and those of AST (r=0.803; P<0.01) and LDH (r=0.551; P=0.02). This is the first study demonstrating that long-distance running does not induce clinically significant changes in haemoglobin, haematocrit, RBC count or potassium concentration. The significant post-exercise decrease of haptoglobin reflects a certain degree of haemolysis, but the concentration of cell-free haemoglobin remaining below 0.5 g/L and the non-significant variation in RBC count both indicate that the foot-strike haemolysis is very modest or even clinically negligible.

The prototype detection unit of the KM3NeT detector

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Adrián-Martínez, S.; Ageron, M.; Aharonian, F.; Aiello, S.; Albert, A.; Ameli, F.; Anassontzis, E. G.; Androulakis, G. C.; Anghinolfi, M.; Anton, G.; Anvar, S.; Ardid, M.; Avgitas, T.; Balasi, K.; Band, H.; Barbarino, G.; Barbarito, E.; Barbato, F.; Baret, B.; Baron, S.; Barrios, J.; Belias, A.; Berbee, E.; van den Berg, A. M.; Berkien, A.; Bertin, V.; Beurthey, S.; van Beveren, V.; Beverini, N.; Biagi, S.; Biagioni, A.; Bianucci, S.; Billault, M.; Birbas, A.; Boer Rookhuizen, H.; Bormuth, R.; Bouché, V.; Bouhadef, B.; Bourlis, G.; Boutonnet, C.; Bouwhuis, M.; Bozza, C.; Bruijn, R.; Brunner, J.; Cacopardo, G.; Caillat, L.; Calamai, M.; Calvo, D.; Capone, A.; Caramete, L.; Caruso, F.; Cecchini, S.; Ceres, A.; Cereseto, R.; Champion, C.; Château, F.; Chiarusi, T.; Christopoulou, B.; Circella, M.; Classen, L.; Cocimano, R.; Coleiro, A.; Colonges, S.; Coniglione, R.; Cosquer, A.; Costa, M.; Coyle, P.; Creusot, A.; Cuttone, G.; D'Amato, C.; D'Amico, A.; De Bonis, G.; De Rosa, G.; Deniskina, N.; Destelle, J.-J.; Distefano, C.; Di Capua, F.; Donzaud, C.; Dornic, D.; Dorosti-Hasankiadeh, Q.; Drakopoulou, E.; Drouhin, D.; Drury, L.; Durand, D.; Eberl, T.; Elsaesser, D.; Enzenhöfer, A.; Fermani, P.; Fusco, L. A.; Gajanana, D.; Gal, T.; Galatà, S.; Garufi, F.; Gebyehu, M.; Giordano, V.; Gizani, N.; Gracia Ruiz, R.; Graf, K.; Grasso, R.; Grella, G.; Grmek, A.; Habel, R.; van Haren, H.; Heid, T.; Heijboer, A.; Heine, E.; Henry, S.; Hernández-Rey, J. J.; Herold, B.; Hevinga, M. A.; van der Hoek, M.; Hofestädt, J.; Hogenbirk, J.; Hugon, C.; Hößl, J.; Imbesi, M.; James, C. W.; Jansweijer, P.; Jochum, J.; de Jong, M.; Jongen, M.; Kadler, M.; Kalekin, O.; Kappes, A.; Kappos, E.; Katz, U.; Kavatsyuk, O.; Keller, P.; Kieft, G.; Koffeman, E.; Kok, H.; Kooijman, P.; Koopstra, J.; Korporaal, A.; Kouchner, A.; Kreykenbohm, I.; Kulikovskiy, V.; Lahmann, R.; Lamare, P.; Larosa, G.; Lattuada, D.; Le Provost, H.; Leismüller, K. P.; Leisos, A.; Lenis, D.; Leonora, E.; Lindsey Clark, M.; Llorens Alvarez, C. D.; Löhner, H.; Lonardo, A.; Loucatos, S.; Louis, F.; Maccioni, E.; Mannheim, K.; Manolopoulos, K.; Margiotta, A.; Mariş, O.; Markou, C.; Martínez-Mora, J. A.; Martini, A.; Masullo, R.; Melis, K. W.; Michael, T.; Migliozzi, P.; Migneco, E.; Miraglia, A.; Mollo, C. M.; Mongelli, M.; Morganti, M.; Mos, S.; Moudden, Y.; Musico, P.; Musumeci, M.; Nicolaou, C.; Nicolau, C. A.; Orlando, A.; Orzelli, A.; Papaikonomou, A.; Papaleo, R.; Păvălaş, G. E.; Peek, H.; Pellegrino, C.; Pellegriti, M. G.; Perrina, C.; Piattelli, P.; Pikounis, K.; Popa, V.; Pradier, Th.; Priede, M.; Pühlhofer, G.; Pulvirenti, S.; Racca, C.; Raffaelli, F.; Randazzo, N.; Rapidis, P. A.; Razis, P.; Real, D.; Resvanis, L.; Reubelt, J.; Riccobene, G.; Rovelli, A.; Saldaña, M.; Samtleben, D. F. E.; Sanguineti, M.; Santangelo, A.; Sapienza, P.; Schmelling, J.; Schnabel, J.; Sciacca, V.; Sedita, M.; Seitz, T.; Sgura, I.; Simeone, F.; Sipala, V.; Spitaleri, A.; Spurio, M.; Stavropoulos, G.; Steijger, J.; Stolarczyk, T.; Stransky, D.; Taiuti, M.; Terreni, G.; Tézier, D.; Théraube, S.; Thompson, L. F.; Timmer, P.; Trasatti, L.; Trovato, A.; Tselengidou, M.; Tsirigotis, A.; Tzamarias, S.; Tzamariudaki, E.; Vallage, B.; Van Elewyck, V.; Vermeulen, J.; Vernin, P.; Vicini, P.; Viola, S.; Vivolo, D.; Werneke, P.; Wiggers, L.; Wilms, J.; de Wolf, E.; van Wooning, R. H. L.; Zonca, E.; Zornoza, J. D.; Zúñiga, J.; Zwart, A.

2016-02-01

A prototype detection unit of the KM3NeT deep-sea neutrino telescope has been installed at 3500m depth 80 km offshore the Italian coast. KM3NeT in its final configuration will contain several hundreds of detection units. Each detection unit is a mechanical structure anchored to the sea floor, held vertical by a submerged buoy and supporting optical modules for the detection of Cherenkov light emitted by charged secondary particles emerging from neutrino interactions. This prototype string implements three optical modules with 31 photomultiplier tubes each. These optical modules were developed by the KM3NeT Collaboration to enhance the detection capability of neutrino interactions. The prototype detection unit was operated since its deployment in May 2014 until its decommissioning in July 2015. Reconstruction of the particle trajectories from the data requires a nanosecond accuracy in the time calibration. A procedure for relative time calibration of the photomultiplier tubes contained in each optical module is described. This procedure is based on the measured coincidences produced in the sea by the ^{40}K background light and can easily be expanded to a detector with several thousands of optical modules. The time offsets between the different optical modules are obtained using LED nanobeacons mounted inside them. A set of data corresponding to 600 h of livetime was analysed. The results show good agreement with Monte Carlo simulations of the expected optical background and the signal from atmospheric muons. An almost background-free sample of muons was selected by filtering the time correlated signals on all the three optical modules. The zenith angle of the selected muons was reconstructed with a precision of about 3°.

Uranus' (3-0) H2 quadrupole line profiles

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Trafton, L.

1987-01-01

Spectra of Uranus' S3(0) and S3(1) H2 quadrupole lines, obtained during the 1978-1980 apparitions, are analyzed, and are found to require the presence of a deep cloud. Modifications of the Baines and Bergstralh (1986) standard model, including an additional haze layer above the 16-km-am H2 level which contains strongly absorbing particles, are needed to fit the observations. For a Rayleigh phase function, such a haze (uniformly mixed with the gas above this level) would have an absorption optical depth of 0.16 and a single scattering particle albedo of 0.30. This modification would imply a fraction of normal H2 equal to 0.25 + or - 0.10, in agreement with the Baines and Bergstralh standard model.

Short and long periodic atmospheric variations between 25 and 200 km

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Justus, C. G.; Woodrum, A.

1973-01-01

Previously collected data on atmospheric pressure, density, temperature and winds between 25 and 200 km from sources including Meteorological Rocket Network data, ROBIN falling sphere data, grenade release and pitot tube data, meteor winds, chemical release winds, satellite data, and others were analyzed by a daily difference method and results on the distribution statistics, magnitude, and spatial structure of gravity wave and planetary wave atmospheric variations are presented. Time structure of the gravity wave variations were determined by the analysis of residuals from harmonic analysis of time series data. Planetary wave contributions in the 25-85 km range were discovered and found to have significant height and latitudinal variation. Long period planetary waves, and seasonal variations were also computed by harmonic analysis. Revised height variations of the gravity wave contributions in the 25 to 85 km height range were computed. An engineering method and design values for gravity wave magnitudes and wave lengths are given to be used for such tasks as evaluating the effects on the dynamical heating, stability and control of spacecraft such as the space shuttle vehicle in launch or reentry trajectories.

Equatorial ion composition, 140-200 km, based on Atmosphere Explorer E data

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Miller, N. J.; Grebowsky, J. M.; Hedin, A. E.; Spencer, N. W.

1993-01-01

We have used in situ measurements of ion composition and horizontal winds, taken from equatorial orbiting Atmosphere Explorer E in eccentric orbit during 1975-1976 to investigate the bottomside ionosphere at altitudes 140-200 km. Representative daytime altitude profiles of ionization were stable against wide variations in horizontal wind patterns. Special features that sometimes appeared in the structured nightside ionization were apparent ion composition waves, intermediate layers of enhanced ionization, and ionization depletions similar to equatorial ionization bubbles. Apparent ion composition waves displayed a horizontal wave length of about 650 km. Enhanced layers of ionization appeared to be newly separated from the bottomside midnight F layer; its ions were primarily NO(+) and O2(+) without significant densities of metallic ions, an indication that metallic ions are not required to produce the layers at altitudes above 140 km. Equatorial ionization depletions were observed at lower altitudes than previously reported and displayed molecular ion depletions as well as O(+) depletions.

New AIM/CIPS global observations of gravity waves near 50-55 km

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Randall, C. E.; Carstens, J.; France, J. A.; Harvey, V. L.; Hoffmann, L.; Bailey, S. M.; Alexander, M. J.; Lumpe, J. D.; Yue, J.; Thurairajah, B.; Siskind, D. E.; Zhao, Y.; Taylor, M. J.; Russell, J. M.

2017-07-01

This paper describes a new data set from the Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM) Cloud Imaging and Particle Size (CIPS) instrument, from which gravity waves (GWs) at an altitude of 50-55 km can be inferred. CIPS is sensitive to GWs with horizontal wavelengths from 15 to 600 km and vertical wavelengths longer than 15 km. Several examples of GWs in CIPS observations are shown, including waves associated with the Andes Mountains, island topography, convection, the polar night jet, and the tropospheric jet stream. GW signatures in the CIPS data are shown to agree well with near-coincident but lower altitude measurements from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) in June of 2016. Results suggest the power of combining CIPS measurements with those from other instruments to investigate GW filtering and propagation. The CIPS data set opens new areas of inquiry, enabling comprehensive investigations of GWs in the middle atmosphere on a near-global scale.

The Trigger and Data Acquisition System for the KM3NeT neutrino telescope

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pellegrino, Carmelo; Chiarusi, Tommaso

2016-04-01

KM3NeT is a large research infrastructure in the Mediterranean Sea that includes a network of deep-sea neutrino telescopes. The telescopes consist of vertical detection units carrying optical modules, whose separation is optimised according to the different ranges of neutrino energy that shall be explored. Two building blocks, each one made of 115 detection units, will be deployed at the KM3NeT-IT site, about 80 km from Capo Passero, Italy, to search for high-energy neutrino sources (ARCA); another building block will be installed at the KM3NeT-Fr site, about 40 km from Toulon, France, to study the hierarchy of neutrino masses (ORCA). The modular design of the KM3NeT allows for a progressive implementation and data taking even with an incomplete detector. The same scalable design is used for the Trigger and Data Acquisition Systems (TriDAS). In order to reduce the complexity of the hardware inside the optical modules, the "all data to shore" concept is adopted. This implies that the throughput is dominated by the optical background due to the decay of 40K dissolved in the sea water and to the bursts of bioluminescence, about 3 orders of magnitude larger than the physics signal, ranging from 20 Gbps to several hundreds Gbps, according to the number of detection units. In addition, information from the acoustic positioning system of the detection units must be transmitted. As a consequence of the detector construction, the on-shore DAQ infrastructure must be expanded to handle an increasing data-rate and implement an efficient fast data filtering for both the optical and acoustic channels. In this contribution, the Trigger and Data Acquisition System designed for the Phase 1 of KM3NeT and its future expansion are presented. The network infrastructure, the shore computing resources and the developed applications for handling, filtering and monitoring the optical and acoustic data-streams are described.

Gravity-gradient measurements down to approximately 100-km height by means of long-tethered satellites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Colombo, G.; Gaposchkin, E. M.; Grossi, M. D.; Weiffenbach, G. C.

1976-01-01

Long-tethered satellite systems for Shuttle flights would make measurements of the earth's gravitational field possible to a spatial resolution approaching 100 km. For instance, a subsatellite carrying a gravity gradiometer could be made to orbit at a height of 110 km by means of a 110-km tether tied to the Shuttle in a 220-km orbit. Even with an overall instrument sensitivity as poor as 1 Eotvos unit (e.u.), it would be possible to measure spatial wavelengths of approximately 600 to 700 km (i.e., harmonics of 80th to 70th degree). Also, a system of two satellites (one of which could be the Shuttle orbiter or one of its payloads) connected by a tether a few tens of kilometers long could provide a simple and sensitive means of detecting gravity anomalies characterized by wavelengths of a few hundred kilometers. In this system, the observable would be the mechanical tension on the tether, and a sensitivity up to 0.01 e.u. could be attained, provided the two satellites are tracked from the ground with sufficient accuracy.

Densities inferred from ESA's Venus Express aerobraking campaign at 130 km altitude

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bruinsma, Sean; Marty, Jean-Charles; Svedhem, Håkan; Williams, Adam; Mueller-Wodarg, Ingo

2015-04-01

In June-July 2014, ESA performed a planned aerobraking campaign with Venus Express to measure neutral densities above 130 km in Venus' atmosphere by means of the engineering accelerometers. To that purpose, the orbit perigee was lowered to approximately 130 km in order to enhance the atmospheric drag effect to the highest tolerable levels for the spacecraft; the accelerometer resolution and precision were not sufficient at higher altitudes. This campaign was requested as part of the Venus Express Atmospheric Drag Experiment (VExADE). A total of 18 orbits (i.e. days) were processed using the attitude quaternions to correctly orient the spacecraft bus and solar arrays in inertial space, which is necessary to accurately compute the exposed surface in the ram direction. The accelerometer data provide good measurements approximately from 130-140 km altitude; the length of the profiles is about 85 seconds, and they are on the early morning side (LST=4.5) at high northern latitude (70°N-82°N). The densities are a factor 2-3 larger than Hedin's VTS-3 thermosphere model, which is consistent with earlier results obtained via classical precise orbit determination at higher altitudes. Wavelike structures with amplitudes of 20% and more are detected, with wavelengths of about 100-500 km. We cannot entirely rule out that these waves are caused by the spacecraft or due to some unknown instrumental effect, but we estimate this probability to be very low.

A hypervelocity launcher for simulated large fragment space debris impacts at 10 km/s

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tullos, R. J.; Gray, W. M.; Mullin, S. A.; Cour-Palais, B. G.

1989-01-01

The background, design, and testing of two explosive launchers for simulating large fragment space debris impacts are presented. The objective was to develop a launcher capable of launching one gram aluminum fragments at velocities of 10 km/s. The two launchers developed are based on modified versions of an explosive shaped charge, common in many military weapons. One launcher design has yielded a stable fragment launch of approximately one gram of aluminum at 8.93 km/s velocity. The other design yielded velocities in excess of 10 km/s, but failed to produce a cohesive fragment launch. This work is ongoing, and future plans are given.

Small subsidence of the 660-km discontinuity beneath Japan probed by ScS reverberations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kato, Mamoru; Misawa, Mika; Kawakatsu, Hitoshi

We investigate layering structure in the mantle beneath Japan using ScS reverberation waveforms of two recent large deep events in the northwest Pacific. We estimate regional variation of the elastic and anelastic structure of the mantle as well as properties of the major velocity discontinuities by modeling broadband seismograms recorded at two dense networks, J-Array and FREESIA. The 660-km discontinuity is the deepest in the region where the stagnant subducting slab in the transition zone is tomographically imaged, but the subsidence is of ∼10 km, much smaller than previous estimates with SS precursors. No significant elevation is detected for the 410-km discontinuity.

Hurricane Joaquin 9/30/15

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-12-08

The MODIS instrument on NASA's Terra satellite captured Hurricane Joaquin off the Bahamas at 15:45 UTC (11:45 a.m. EDT) on September 30, 2015. Credit: NASA/GSFC/Jeff Schmaltz/MODIS Land Rapid Response Team At 11 a.m. EDT (1500 UTC) on Wednesday, September 30, 2015 the center of Hurricane Joaquin was located near latitude 24.7 North, longitude 72.6 West. That puts the center of Joaquin about 215 miles (345 km) east-northeast of the Central Bahamas. Joaquin became a tropical storm Monday evening (EDT), September 29 when it was midway between the Bahamas and Bermuda. By 8 a.m. EDT on September 30, it strengthened into a hurricane and has become the third hurricane of the Atlantic Hurricane season. On September 30, the National Hurricane Center issued a Hurricane Warning for the central Bahamas including Cat Island, the Exumas, Long Island, Rum Cay, and San Salvador. A Hurricane Watch is in effect for the northwestern Bahamas including the Abacos, Berry Islands, Bimini, Eleuthera, Grand Bahama Island, and New Providence, but excluding Andros Island. NASA image use policy. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center enables NASA’s mission through four scientific endeavors: Earth Science, Heliophysics, Solar System Exploration, and Astrophysics. Goddard plays a leading role in NASA’s accomplishments by contributing compelling scientific knowledge to advance the Agency’s mission. Follow us on Twitter Like us on Facebook Find us on Instagram

Seasonal variations of NO and O3 at altitudes of 18.3 and 21.3 km

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Loewenstein, M.; Savage, H. F.; Whitten, R. C.

1975-01-01

Nitric oxide and ozone concentrations have been measured in situ from a high-altitude research aircraft. Data which show the variations of NO and O3 with the time of year are presented for altitudes of 18.3 and 21.3 km. The extreme values of the observed NO concentrations at 21.3 km are 1.2 billion per cu cm in summer and 0.2 billion per cu cm in winter. At 18.3 km the extreme values are 1.6 billion per cu cm in summer and 0.1 billion per cu cm in winter. The smoothed NO seasonal data show a variation of about a factor of 2.5 at 21.3 km and a factor of 4 at 18.3 km. The ozone data show the generally expected magnitude and seasonal variation. We have used a photochemical model employing the measured ozone concentrations, the mean solar zenith angle, and seasonal HNO3 data reported by others to predict the seasonal NO variation at 20 km. The result is a summer-to-winter NO ratio of 2.5 which is in fair agreement with the observed ratios.

Estimating Uncertainties of Ship Course and Speed in Early Navigations using ICOADS3.0

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chan, D.; Huybers, P. J.

2017-12-01

Information on ship position and its uncertainty is potentially important for mapping out climatologists and changes in SSTs. Using the 2-hourly ship reports from the International Comprehensive Ocean Atmosphere Dataset 3.0 (ICOADS 3.0), we estimate the uncertainties of ship course, ship speed, and latitude/longitude corrections during 1870-1900. After reviewing the techniques used in early navigations, we build forward navigation model that uses dead reckoning technique, celestial latitude corrections, and chronometer longitude corrections. The modeled ship tracks exhibit jumps in longitude and latitude, when a position correction is applied. These jumps are also seen in ICOADS3.0 observations. In this model, position error at the end of each day increases following a 2D random walk; the latitudinal/longitude errors are reset when a latitude/longitude correction is applied.We fit the variance of the magnitude of latitude/longitude corrections in the observation against model outputs, and estimate that the standard deviation of uncertainty is 5.5 degree for ship course, 32% for ship speed, 22km for latitude correction, and 27km for longitude correction. The estimates here are informative priors for Bayesian methods that quantify position errors of individual tracks.

VizieR Online Data Catalog: Radial velocities of K-M dwarfs (Sperauskas+, 2016)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sperauskas, J.; Bartasiute, S.; Boyle, R. P.; Deveikis, V.; Raudeliunas, S.; Upgren, A. R.

2016-09-01

We analyzed nearly 3300 measurements of radial velocities for 1049 K-M dwarfs, that we obtained during the past decade with a CORAVEL-type instrument, with a primary emphasis on detecting and eliminating from kinematic calculations the spectroscopic binaries and binary candidates. We present the catalog of our observations of radial velocities for 959 stars which are not suspected of velocity variability. Of these, 776 stars are from the MCC sample and 173 stars are K-M dwarfs from the CNS4. The catalog consists of two parts: Table 2 lists the mean radial velocities, and Table 2a contains individual measurements. Our radial velocities agree with the best published standard stars to within 0.7km/s in precision. Combining these and supplementary radial-velocity data with Hipparcos/Tycho-2 astrometry (Table 4 summarizes input observational data) we calculated the space velocity components and parameters of the galactic orbits in a three-component model potential by Johnston K.V. et al. (1995ApJ...451..598J) for a total of 1088 K-M dwarfs (Table 5), that we use for kinematical analysis and for the identification of possible candidate members of nearby stellar kinematic groups. We identified 146 stars as possible candidate members of the classical moving groups and known or suspected subgroups (Table 7). We show that the distributions of space-velocity components, orbital eccentricities, and maximum distances from the Galactic plane for nearby K-M dwarfs are consistent with the presence of young, intermediate-age and old populations of the thin disk and a small fraction (3%) of stars with the thick disk kinematics. (7 data files).

Kinematics of nearby K-M dwarfs: first results .

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Upgren, A. R.; Boyle, R. P.; Sperauskas, J.; Bartašiūtė, S.

The lists of stars selected spectroscopically by Vyssotsky at the McCormick Observatory and the 4th version of the Catalogue of Nearby Stars (CNS4) are two major sources of nearby K-M dwarfs, which complement each other and provide a kinematically unbiased sample of about 1400 such stars. With the addition of Hipparcos and Tycho astrometry, this stellar sample offers perhaps best insight on the kinematical properties of the lower main sequence stars in the immediate solar neighborhood. Until recently, however, the main limitation in observational data for this sample was the lack of well determined radial velocities, especially for fainter magnitude stars. Therefore our first goal was to perform radial velocity observations for one-third of the sample stars which had no accurate or any radial velocity data. Using the CORAVEL spectrometer of Vilnius University Observatory, attached to the 1.5-m NASA and 1.6-m Kuiper telescopes at Steward Observatory, US, and the 1.6-m telescope at Molėtai Observatory, Lithuania, radial velocities have been recently measured for 475 K-M dwarfs. These observations, together with previous radial-velocity data and available astrometry, are used to derive complete kinematical information on the sample stars. Preliminary analysis shows the presence of different age populations which dominate in different regions of the asymmetric drift: from the young disk component, showing no lag behind the rotational motion of the Sun, to the thick disk stars which make up an extended asymmetric tail. Assuming that the U and W velocity components have zero motion relative to the LSR, and that the asymmetric drift is proportional to sigma 2_U, we find the peculiar motion of the Sun relative to the LSR (U_⊙, V_⊙, W_⊙)= (9.3± 1.3, 5.9± 0.8, 6.9±0.7) km s-1. No attempt was made at this stage of work to determine V_⊙ directly from the mean V-motion of the young disk stars. After completion of the radial-velocity program, the next step will be to

USSR Report, Life Sciences, Biomedical and Behavioral Sciences, No. 39

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-08-02

professional " handwriting ." Commanders of advance units [chasti] and subunits [podrazdeleniya], when analyzing high-altitude flights and pilot actions...in morbidity levels from 1966 to 1980 were much greater in children than in adults , This has been particularly true for older schoolchildren in...recent times. Children contacted viral hepatitis 3,4 to 6,5 times more frequently than adults . Half of all cases occur from September to December

Seismic evidence for silicate melt atop the 410-km mantle discontinuity

USGS Publications Warehouse

Revenaugh, Justin; Sipkin, S.A.

1994-01-01

LABORATORY results demonstrating that basic to ultrabasic melts become denser than olivine-rich mantle at pressures above 6 GPa (refs 1-3) have important implications for basalt petrogenesis, mantle differentiation and the storage of volatiles deep in the Earth. A density cross-over between melt and solid in the extensively molten Archaean mantle has been inferred from komatiitic volcanism and major-element mass balances, but present-day evidence of dense melt below the seismic low-velocity zone is lacking. Here we present mantle shear-wave impedance profiles obtained from multiple-ScS reverberation mapping for corridors connecting western Pacific subduction zone earthquakes with digital seismograph stations in eastern China, imaging a ~5.8% impedance decrease roughly 330 km beneath the Sea of Japan, Yellow Sea and easternmost Asia. We propose that this represents the upper surface of a layer of negatively buoyant melt lying on top of the olivine ??? ??- phase transition (the 410-km seismic discontinuity). Volatile-rich fluids expelled from the partial melt zone as it freezes may migrate upwards, acting as metasomatic agents and perhaps as the deep 'proto-source' of kimberlites. The remaining, dense, crystalline fraction would then concentrate above 410 km, producing a garnet-rich layer that may flush into the transition zone.

The RF spectra of first and subsequent lightning return strokes in the 1- to 200-km range

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Serhan, G. I.; Uman, M. A.; Childers, D. G.; Lin, Y. T.

1980-01-01

An experimental characterization of the frequency spectra of first and subsequent stroke electric fields are presented over a distance range from about 1 km, where the fields are primarily electrostatic, to 200 km, where they are primarily radiation. Spectra are presented to about 700 kHz for lightning within 12 km and to about 300 kHz for lightning at 50 and 200 km. It is shown that the return stroke ground wave spectrum beyond 50 km has a peak near 4 kHz but that within 10 km the spectrum shows a steady increase with decreasing frequency to 1 kHz. Frequency spectra at all ranges fall off roughly as 1/f for frequencies between 5 and 100 kHz, while the falloff above 100 kHz is faster as the distance to the stroke increases. From this high-frequency attenuation an RF conductivity for central Florida of between 0.002 and 0.005/ohm/m was determined.

Perfluorocarbon Tracer Experiments on a 2 km Scale in Manchester Showing Ingress of Pollutants into a Building

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Matthews, James; Wright, Matthew; Bacak, Asan; Silva, Hugo; Priestley, Michael; Martin, Damien; Percival, Carl; Shallcross, Dudley

2016-04-01

Cyclic perfluorocarbons (PFCs) have been used to measure the passage of air in urban and rural settings as they are chemically inert, non-toxic and have low background concentrations. The use of pre-concentrators and chemical ionisation gas chromatography enables concentrations of a few parts per quadrillion (ppq) to be measured in bag samples. Three PFC tracers were used in Manchester, UK in the summer of 2015 to map airflow in the city and ingress into buildings: perfluomethylcyclohexane (PMCH), perfluoro-2-4-dimethylcyclohexane (mPDMCH) and perfluoro-2-methyl-3-ethylpentene (PMEP). A known quantity of each PFC was released for 15 minutes from steel canisters using pre-prepared PFC mixtures. Release points were chosen to be upwind of the central sampling location (Simon Building, University of Manchester) and varied in distance up to 2.2 km. Six releases using one or three tracers in different configurations and under different conditions were undertaken in the summer. Three further experiments were conducted in the Autumn, to more closely investigate the rate of ingress and decay of tracer indoors. In each experiment, 10 litre samples were made over 30 minutes into Tedlar bags, starting at the same time the as PFC release. Samples were taken in 11 locations chosen from 15 identified areas including three in public parks, three outside within the University of Manchester area, seven inside and five outside of the Simon building and two outside a building nearby. For building measurements, receptors were placed inside the buildings on different floors; outside measurements were achieved through a sample line out of the window. Three of the sample positions inside the Simon building were paired with samplers outside to allow indoor-outdoor comparisons. PFC concentrations varied depending on location and height. The highest measured concentrations occurred when the tracer was released at sunrise; up to 330 ppq above background (11 ppq) of PMCH was measured at the 6

Instability induced by orthopyroxene phase transformation and implications for deep earthquakes below 300 km depth

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shi, F.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, J.; Yu, T.; Zhu, L.

2017-12-01

Global earthquake occurrence rate falls exponentially from the surface to 300 km depth, and then peaks again near 500 km depth. Unassisted frictional sliding will not function at depth below the brittle-ductile transition depth (10-15 km) because increasing pressure trends to inhibit frictional sliding and increasing temperature promotes ductile flow. Two main hypotheses have been proposed and demonstrated in the laboratory for the generation of earthquakes at depth, including dehydration embrittlement (e.g., Rayleigh and Paterson, 1965) for intermediate-depth (70-300 km) earthquakes, metastable olivine phase transformation induced anticrack faulting (e.g., Green and Burnley, 1989) for deep-focus (410-660 km) earthquakes. However, the possibility of earthquake generation by pyroxene phase transformation, another important constituent mineral in the upper mantle and transition zone has never been explored in the laboratory. Here we report axial deformation experiments on hypersthene [(Mg,Fe)SiO3], which has the same structure as enstatite, with the phase transformation to high-pressure monoclinic phase (same structure as the high-pressure clinoenstatite) occurring at lower pressures, in a deformation-DIA (D-DIA) apparatus interfaced with an acoustic emission (AE) monitoring system. Our results show that hypersthene deformed within its stability field (<2GPa and 1000 oC) behaves in a ductile manner without any AE activity. In contrast, numerous AE events were observed during the deformation of metastable hyposthene in its high pressure monoclinic phase field (>5GPa, 1000-1300 oC). This finding provides an additional viable mechanism for earthquakes at depths >300km and moonquakes at 700 - 1200 km depths. Reference: Barcheck, C. Grace, et al. EPSL,349 (2012): 153-160;van Keken, Peter E., et al.JGR,116.B1 (2011);Green II, H. W., and P. C. Burnley. Nature 341.6244 (1989): 733-737.

Emissions from an international airport increase particle number concentrations 4-fold at 10 km downwind.

PubMed

Hudda, Neelakshi; Gould, Tim; Hartin, Kris; Larson, Timothy V; Fruin, Scott A

2014-06-17

We measured the spatial pattern of particle number (PN) concentrations downwind from the Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) with an instrumented vehicle that enabled us to cover larger areas than allowed by traditional stationary measurements. LAX emissions adversely impacted air quality much farther than reported in previous airport studies. We measured at least a 2-fold increase in PN concentrations over unimpacted baseline PN concentrations during most hours of the day in an area of about 60 km(2) that extended to 16 km (10 miles) downwind and a 4- to 5-fold increase to 8-10 km (5-6 miles) downwind. Locations of maximum PN concentrations were aligned to eastern, downwind jet trajectories during prevailing westerly winds and to 8 km downwind concentrations exceeded 75 000 particles/cm(3), more than the average freeway PN concentration in Los Angeles. During infrequent northerly winds, the impact area remained large but shifted to south of the airport. The freeway length that would cause an impact equivalent to that measured in this study (i.e., PN concentration increases weighted by the area impacted) was estimated to be 280-790 km. The total freeway length in Los Angeles is 1500 km. These results suggest that airport emissions are a major source of PN in Los Angeles that are of the same general magnitude as the entire urban freeway network. They also indicate that the air quality impact areas of major airports may have been seriously underestimated.

New version of 1 km global river flood hazard maps for the next generation of Aqueduct Global Flood Analyzer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sutanudjaja, Edwin; van Beek, Rens; Winsemius, Hessel; Ward, Philip; Bierkens, Marc

2017-04-01

The Aqueduct Global Flood Analyzer, launched in 2015, is an open-access and free-of-charge web-based interactive platform which assesses and visualises current and future projections of river flood impacts across the globe. One of the key components in the Analyzer is a set of river flood inundation hazard maps derived from the global hydrological model simulation of PCR-GLOBWB. For the current version of the Analyzer, accessible on http://floods.wri.org/#/, the early generation of PCR-GLOBWB 1.0 was used and simulated at 30 arc-minute ( 50 km at the equator) resolution. In this presentation, we will show the new version of these hazard maps. This new version is based on the latest version of PCR-GLOBWB 2.0 (https://github.com/UU-Hydro/PCR-GLOBWB_model, Sutanudjaja et al., 2016, doi:10.5281/zenodo.60764) simulated at 5 arc-minute ( 10 km at the equator) resolution. The model simulates daily hydrological and water resource fluxes and storages, including the simulation of overbank volume that ends up on the floodplain (if flooding occurs). The simulation was performed for the present day situation (from 1960) and future climate projections (until 2099) using the climate forcing created in the ISI-MIP project. From the simulated flood inundation volume time series, we then extract annual maxima for each cell, and fit these maxima to a Gumbel extreme value distribution. This allows us to derive flood volume maps of any hazard magnitude (ranging from 2-year to 1000-year flood events) and for any time period (e.g. 1960-1999, 2010-2049, 2030-2069, and 2060-2099). The derived flood volumes (at 5 arc-minute resolution) are then spread over the high resolution terrain model using an updated GLOFRIS downscaling module (Winsemius et al., 2013, doi:10.5194/hess-17-1871-2013). The updated version performs a volume spreading sequentially from more upstream basins to downstream basins, hence enabling a better inclusion of smaller streams, and takes into account spreading of water

Comparative in situ X-ray Diffraction Study of San Carlos Olivine: Influence of Water on the 410 km Seismic Velocity Jump in Earth’s Mantle

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

J Chen; H Liu; J Girard

2011-12-31

A comparative study of the equation of states of hydrous (0.4 wt% H{sub 2}O) and anhydrous San Carlos olivine (<30 ppm H2O) was conducted using synchrotron X-rays up to 11 GPa in a diamond anvil cell (DAC) at ambient temperature. Both samples were loaded in the same high-pressure chamber of the DAC to eliminate the possible pressure difference in different experiments. The obtained compression data were fitted to the third-order Birch-Murnaghan equation of state, yielding a bulk modulus K{sub 0} = 123(3) GPa for hydrous olivine and K{sub 0} = 130(4) GPa for anhydrous olivine as K{sub 0}' is fixedmore » at 4.6. Therefore, 0.4 wt% H{sub 2}2O in olivine results in a 5% reduction in bulk modulus. Previous studies reported bulk modulus reduction by water in olivine's high-pressure polymorph (wadsleyite), to which the transformation from olivine gives rise to the seismic discontinuity at 410 km depth. The new data results in a reduction in the magnitude of the discontinuity by 50% in v{sub P} and 30% in v{sub S} (for 1:5 water partitioning between olivine and wadsleyite) with respect to anhydrous mantle. Previous knowledge of the influence of water on this phase transition has been in opposition to a large amount of water [e.g., 200 ppm by Wood (1995)] existing at 410 km depth. Calculation of the seismic velocities based on newly available elasticity data of the hydrous phases indicates that the presence of water is favorable for the mineral composition model (pyrolite) and seismic observations in terms of the magnitude of the 410 km discontinuity.« less

The Solar Flux Dependence of Ionospheric 150 km Radar Echoes and Implications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Patra, A. K.; Pavan Chaitanya, P.; St.-Maurice, J.-P.; Otsuka, Y.; Yokoyama, T.; Yamamoto, M.

2017-11-01

Radar echoes from the daytime equatorial ionospheric F1 region, popularly known as "150 km echoes," have challenged ionospheric plasma physicists for several decades. Recent theoretical simulations showed that enhanced photoelectron fluxes can amplify the amplitude of plasma waves, generating spectra similar to those of the radar echoes, implying that larger solar fluxes should produce more frequent and stronger 150 km echoes. Inspired by this proposal, we studied the occurrence and intensity dependence of the echoes on the EUV flux observed by SOHO over several years. The occurrence and intensity of the echoes were found to have an inverse relationship with this EUV flux measurement. The multiyear trend is independent of the variability often observed over successive days with nearly identical EUV fluxes. These results imply that the relationship between the echoes and EUV flux is more complex. We propose that gravity waves modulate the amplitude of 150 km echoes through changes in the variations in plasma density and photoelectron fluxes associated with the gravity wave-induced neutral density modulations.

Velocity structure around the 410 km discontinuity beneath the East China Sea based on the waveform modeling method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, W.; Cui, Q.; Gao, Y.; Wei, R.; Zhou, Y.; Yu, J.

2017-12-01

The 410 km discontinuity is the upper boundary of the mantle transition zone. Seismic detections on the structure and morphology of the 410 km discontinuity are helpful to understand the compositions of the Earth's interior and the relevant geodynamics. In this paper, we select the broadband P waveforms of an intermediate earthquake that occurred in the Ryukyu subduction zone and retrieved from the China Digital Seismograph Network, and study the fine velocity structure around the 410 km discontinuity by matching the observed triplicated waveforms with the theoretical ones. Our results reveal that (1) the 410 km discontinuity beneath the East China Sea is mostly a sharp boundary with a small-scale uplift of 8-15 km and a gradient boundary up to 20 km in the most southern part, and (2) there exist a low velocity layer atop the 410 km discontinuity with the thickness of 50-62 km and P-wave velocity decrease of 0.5%-1.5%, and (3) a high velocity anomaly with P-wave decrease of 1.0%-3.0% below 440 km. Combining with the previous topographic results in this area, we speculate that the high velocity anomaly is relevant to the stagnancy of the western Pacific slab in the mantle transition zone, the decomposition of phase E in the slab results in the increase of water content, which would cause the uplift of the 410 km discontinuity, and the low velocity layer atop the discontinuity should be related to the partial melting of the mantle peridotite induced by the dehydration of the hydrous minerals.

Complete Genome Sequence of Leuconostoc citreum KM20▿

PubMed Central

Kim, Jihyun F.; Jeong, Haeyoung; Lee, Jung-Sook; Choi, Sang-Haeng; Ha, Misook; Hur, Cheol-Goo; Kim, Ji-Sun; Lee, Soohyun; Park, Hong-Seog; Park, Yong-Ha; Oh, Tae Kwang

2008-01-01

Leuconostoc citreum is one of the most prevalent lactic acid bacteria during the manufacturing process of kimchi, the best-known Korean traditional dish. We have determined the complete genome sequence of L. citreum KM20. It consists of a 1.80-Mb chromosome and four circular plasmids and reveals genes likely involved in kimchi fermentation and its probiotic effects. PMID:18281406

The Calibration Units of the KM3NeT neutrino telescope

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Baret, B.; Keller, P.; Clark, M. Lindsey

2016-04-01

KM3NeT is a network of deep-sea neutrino telescopes to be deployed in the Mediterranean Sea that will perform neutrino astronomy and oscillation studies. It consists of three-dimensional arrays of thousands of optical modules that detect the Cherenkov light induced by charged particles resulting from the interaction of a neutrino with the surrounding medium. The performance of the neutrino telescope relies on the precise timing and positioning calibration of the detector elements. Other environmental conditions which may affect light and sound transmission, such as water temperature and salinity, must also be continuously monitored. This contribution describes the technical design of the first Calibration Unit, to be deployed on the French site as part of KM3NeT Phase 1.

Range Reference Atmosphere 0-70 Km Altitude. Kwajalein Missile Range, Kwajalein, Marshall Islands

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-01-01

DOCUMENT 360-82 KWAJALEIN MISSILE RANGE KWAJALEIN, MARSHALL ISLANDS RANGE REFERENCE ATMOSPHERE 0-70 KM ALTITUDE, C00 L’’I METEOROLOGY GROUP .RANGE...34Reference Atmosphere (Part 1), Kwajale 4n Missile Range, Kwajalein, Marshall Islands ," ADA002664. * 19. KEY WORDS (Continue on revorsae d. If necoeewy...CLASSIFICATION OF TIlS PAGE (Whe~n Data EnterecD -v DOCUMENT 360-82 Vo- KWAJALEIN MISSILE RANGE KWAJALEIN, MARSHALL ISLANDS RANGE REFERENCE ATMOSPHERE 0-70 km

Development of km23-Based Diagnostics and Therapeutics

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-05-01

Publishers, Cancer Treatment and Research Book Series. Chap . 15, 315-327, 2004. Abstracts: Jin Q, MD, Ding W, MD, PhD, Staub CM, Gao G, MD, Mulder KM, PhD...Kluwer Academic Publishers, Cancer Treatment and Research Book Series. Chap . 15, 315-327, 2004. Ilangovan U, Ding W, Zuniga J, Wilson, CL, Hinck AP...Academic Publishers, Cancer Treatment and Research Book Series. Chap . 15, 315-327, 2004. 2. Manuscript Submitted: Jin Q. Ding W, Staub CM, Gao G, Tang Q

Effects of oral electrolyte supplementation on endurance horses competing in 80 km rides.

PubMed

Sampieri, F; Schott, H C; Hinchcliff, K W; Geor, R J; Jose-Cunilleras, E

2006-08-01

There is no evidence that use of oral electrolyte pastes enhances performance in competing endurance horses. To ascertain whether oral administration of a high dose (HD) of sodium chloride (NaCl) and potassium chloride (KCl) to endurance horses would differentially increase water intake, attenuate bodyweight (bwt) loss and improve performance when compared to a low dose (LD). A randomised, blinded, crossover study was conducted on 8 horses participating in two 80 km rides (same course, 28 days apart). Thirty minutes before and at 40 km of the first ride 4, horses received orally 02 g NaCl/kg bwt and 0.07 g KCl/kg bwt. The other 4 received 0.07 g NaCl/kg bwt and 0.02 g KCl/kg bwt. Horses received the alternate treatment in the second ride. Data were analysed with 2-way ANOVA for repeated measures (P<0.05). Estimated water intake was significantly greater with HD both at the 40 km mark and as total water intake; however, differences in bwt loss and speed between HD and LD were not found. Treatment significantly affected serum Na+, Cl-, HCO3, pH and water intake, but not serum K+ or bwt. Serum Na+ and Cl- were significantly higher at 80 km when horses received HD, but no differences were found in early recovery. Venous HCO3- and pH were significantly lower throughout the ride and in early recovery when horses received HD. Other than enhancing water intake, supplementing endurance horses with high doses of NaCI and KCl did not provide any detectable competitive advantage in 80 km rides. Further, the elevated serum electrolyte concentrations induced with HD might not be appropriate for endurance horses.

Dietary Nitrate Fails to Improve 1 and 4 km Cycling Performance in Highly Trained Cyclists.

PubMed

McQuillan, Joseph A; Dulson, Deborah K; Laursen, Paul B; Kilding, Andrew E

2017-06-01

We aimed to compare the effects of two different dosing durations of dietary nitrate (NO 3 - ) supplementation on 1 and 4 km cycling time-trial performance in highly trained cyclists. In a double-blind crossover-design, nine highly trained cyclists ingested 140ml of NO 3 - -rich beetroot juice containing ~8.0mmol [NO 3 - ], or placebo, for seven days. Participants completed a range of laboratory-based trials to quantify physiological and perceptual responses and cycling performance: time-trials on day 3 and 6 (4km) and on day 4 and 7 (1km) of the supplementation period. Relative to placebo, effects following 3- and 4-days of NO 3 - supplementation were unclear for 4 (-0.8; 95% CL, ± 2.8%, p = .54) and likely harmful for 1km (-1.9; ± 2.5% CL, p = .17) time-trial mean power. Effects following 6- and 7-days of NO 3 - supplementation resulted in unclear effects for 4 (0.1; ± 2.2% CL, p = .93) and 1km (-0.9; ± 2.6%CL, p = .51) time-trial mean power. Relative to placebo, effects for 40, 50, and 60% peak power output were unclear for economy at days 3 and 6 of NO 3 - supplementation (p > .05). Dietary NO 3 - supplementation appears to be detrimental to 1km time-trial performance in highly trained cyclists after 4-days. While, extending NO 3 - dosing to ≥ 6-days reduced the magnitude of harm in both distances, overall performance in short duration cycling time-trials did not improve relative to placebo.

Effects of radiant heat exposure on pacing pattern during a 15-km cycling time trial.

PubMed

Levels, Koen; de Koning, Jos; Broekhuijzen, Iris; Zwaan, Tamara; Foster, Carl; Daanen, Hein

2014-01-01

The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of different durations of skin temperature manipulation on pacing patterns and performance during a 15-km cycling time trial. Nineteen well-trained men completed three 15-km cycling time trials in 18 °C and 50% relative humidity with 4.5-km (short-heat), 9.0-km (long-heat) or without (control) radiant heat exposure applied by infrared heaters after 1.5 km in the time trial. During the time trials, power output, mean skin temperature, rectal temperature, heart rate and rating of perceived exertion were assessed. The radiant heat exposure resulted in higher mean skin temperature during the time trial for short-heat (35.0 ± 0.6 °C) and long-heat (35.3 ± 0.5 °C) than for control (32.5 ± 1.0 °C; P < 0.001), whereas rectal temperature was similar (P = 0.55). The mean power output was less for short-heat (273 ± 8 W; P = 0.001) and long-heat (271 ± 9 W; P = 0.02) than for control (287 ± 7 W), but pacing patterns did not differ (P = 0.55). Heart rate was greatest in control (177 ± 9 beats · min(-1); P < 0.001), whereas the rating of perceived exertion remained similar. We concluded that a radiant heat exposure and associated higher skin temperature reduced overall performance, but did not modify pacing pattern during a 15-km cycling time trial, regardless of the duration of the exposure.

Emissions from an International Airport Increase Particle Number Concentrations 4-fold at 10 km Downwind

PubMed Central

2014-01-01

We measured the spatial pattern of particle number (PN) concentrations downwind from the Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) with an instrumented vehicle that enabled us to cover larger areas than allowed by traditional stationary measurements. LAX emissions adversely impacted air quality much farther than reported in previous airport studies. We measured at least a 2-fold increase in PN concentrations over unimpacted baseline PN concentrations during most hours of the day in an area of about 60 km2 that extended to 16 km (10 miles) downwind and a 4- to 5-fold increase to 8–10 km (5–6 miles) downwind. Locations of maximum PN concentrations were aligned to eastern, downwind jet trajectories during prevailing westerly winds and to 8 km downwind concentrations exceeded 75 000 particles/cm3, more than the average freeway PN concentration in Los Angeles. During infrequent northerly winds, the impact area remained large but shifted to south of the airport. The freeway length that would cause an impact equivalent to that measured in this study (i.e., PN concentration increases weighted by the area impacted) was estimated to be 280–790 km. The total freeway length in Los Angeles is 1500 km. These results suggest that airport emissions are a major source of PN in Los Angeles that are of the same general magnitude as the entire urban freeway network. They also indicate that the air quality impact areas of major airports may have been seriously underestimated. PMID:24871496

Introducing the Met Office 2.2-km Europe-wide convection-permitting regional climate simulations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kendon, Elizabeth J.; Chan, Steven C.; Berthou, Segolene; Fosser, Giorgia; Roberts, Malcolm J.; Fowler, Hayley J.

2017-04-01

The Met Office is currently conducting Europe-wide 2.2-km convection-permitting model (CPM) simulations driven by ERA-Interim reanalysis and present/future-climate GCM simulations. Here, we present the preliminary results of these new European simulations examining daily and sub-daily precipitation outputs in comparison with observations across Europe, 12-km European and 1.5-km UK climate model simulations. As the simulations are not yet complete, we focus on diagnostics that are relatively robust with a limited amount of data; for instance, the diurnal cycle and the probability distribution of daily and sub-daily precipitation intensities. We will also present specific case studies that showcase the benefits of using continental-scale CPM simulations over previously-available small-domain CPM simulations.

Effects of a minimalist shoe on running economy and 5-km running performance.

PubMed

Fuller, Joel T; Thewlis, Dominic; Tsiros, Margarita D; Brown, Nicholas A T; Buckley, Jonathan D

2016-09-01

The purpose of this study was to determine if minimalist shoes improve time trial performance of trained distance runners and if changes in running economy, shoe mass, stride length, stride rate and footfall pattern were related to any difference in performance. Twenty-six trained runners performed three 6-min sub-maximal treadmill runs at 11, 13 and 15 km·h(-1) in minimalist and conventional shoes while running economy, stride length, stride rate and footfall pattern were assessed. They then performed a 5-km time trial. In the minimalist shoe, runners completed the trial in less time (effect size 0.20 ± 0.12), were more economical during sub-maximal running (effect size 0.33 ± 0.14) and decreased stride length (effect size 0.22 ± 0.10) and increased stride rate (effect size 0.22 ± 0.11). All but one runner ran with a rearfoot footfall in the minimalist shoe. Improvements in time trial performance were associated with improvements in running economy at 15 km·h(-1) (r = 0.58), with 79% of the improved economy accounted for by reduced shoe mass (P < 0.05). The results suggest that running in minimalist shoes improves running economy and 5-km running performance.

Evidence of Former Stishovite in Metamorphosed Sediments: Exhumation from >300 km

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, L.; Zhang, J.; Green, H. W.; Jin, Z.

2005-12-01

Deep subduction of continental rocks or sediments is difficult because they are buoyant relative to mantle compositions. Nevertheless, it has been shown that during continental collision, such rocks can be subducted to ~200km and returned to the surface. At pressures equivalent to ~300 km, experimental studies indicate that continental rocks will become more dense than ambient mantle and therefore presumably lose their ability to return to the surface buoyantly. We have discovered distinctive aluminum- and iron-bearing oxide inclusions (oriented kyanite and hercynite) in quartz of high-pressure pelitic rocks from the Altyn Tagh, western China that may represent rocks subducted to approximately this point of no return. The inclusions exhibit all of the characteristics of phases exsolved from solid solution except that they have no topotaxy with their host quartz; in many cases, the oriented inclusions cross high-angle quartz grain boundaries with no deviation in their orientations. The abundance of these phases (~1 vol%) is also incompatible with the known solubility of Fe and Al in either quartz or coesite. We have performed laboratory experiments at high pressure and found that these observations are consistent with the possibility that the oxides precipitated from stishovite, which is stable only above ~10GPa. These observations strongly suggest that these pelitic (clay-rich) sediments have been subducted to at least 300 km and returned to the surface.

Aircraft measurements of NO and NOy at 12 km over the Pacific Ocean

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Koike, M.; Kondo, Y.; Makino, Y.; Sugimura, Y.

1994-01-01

Measurements of nitric oxide (NO) and total reactive nitrogen (NOy) at altitudes about 12 km were made from two aircraft missions over the central and western Pacific Ocean at latitudes between 65 deg N and 65 deg S during the International Strato-Tropospheric Air Chemistry (INSTAC) program. NO measurements were performed during the first mission in late February and early march 1990, while NOy measurements were performed during the second mission in October 1990. Lowest NO and NOy mixing ratios in the upper troposphere were observed near the equator to be about 30 to approximately 70pptv and 150 to approximately 220pptv, respectively. NOy mixing ratios in the upper troposphere were higher in the northern middle latitude than in the southern middle latitude; 300 to approximately 900pptv in 30 deg N to approximately 50 deg N and 250 to approximately 400pptv around 25 deg S and 50 deg S possibly due to the transport of the polluted air from the boundary layer and the emissions from the commercial aircraft in the northern middle latitudes. Near the equator up to 40 deg S, the NO values showed very high variability and reached between 200 and 2000 pptv. NOy(pptv)/ozone(ppbv) ratios in the upper troposphere were between about 3 and 20 and these values seem to be higher in the lower latitude except for the polluted air in the northern middle latitude. These NOy/ozone ratios in the equatorial upper troposphere are higher than those in the lower stratosphere observed by others. These features of NO and NOy in the equatorial upper troposphere suggest that NOx is produced possibly by the lightning.

Characterization of the ETEL and HZC 3-inch PMTs for the KM3NeT project

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bormuth, R.; Samtleben, D.; Classen, L., E-mail: kalekin@physik.uni-erlangen.de

2014-11-18

The KM3NeT collaboration constructs a multi-cubic-kilometer scale neutrino telescope in the Mediterranean Sea. The telescope’s detection units, deployed in the deep sea, will be instrumented with facet like Digital Optical Modules (DOMs), each housing 31 three-inch photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) and readout electronics inside of 17-inch pressure resistant glass sphere. Two companies, ET Enterprises Ltd (ETEL) from UK and HZC from China developed new 3-inch PMTs to meet KM3NeT requirements. 126 PMTs of types D783KFLA, D792KFLA, and D793KFLA from ETEL and 7 PMTs of type XP53 from HZC have been delivered to KM3NeT and tested by the KM3NeT groups of NIKHEF-Amsterdammore » and ECAP-Erlangen. Tests have been performed to measure the main PMT parameters listed in the KM3NeT specifications, such as gain, transit time spread, dark rate, fraction of spurious pulses, and quantum efficiency. Methods and results are presented in this report.« less

SoilGrids1km — Global Soil Information Based on Automated Mapping

PubMed Central

Hengl, Tomislav; de Jesus, Jorge Mendes; MacMillan, Robert A.; Batjes, Niels H.; Heuvelink, Gerard B. M.; Ribeiro, Eloi; Samuel-Rosa, Alessandro; Kempen, Bas; Leenaars, Johan G. B.; Walsh, Markus G.; Gonzalez, Maria Ruiperez

2014-01-01

Background Soils are widely recognized as a non-renewable natural resource and as biophysical carbon sinks. As such, there is a growing requirement for global soil information. Although several global soil information systems already exist, these tend to suffer from inconsistencies and limited spatial detail. Methodology/Principal Findings We present SoilGrids1km — a global 3D soil information system at 1 km resolution — containing spatial predictions for a selection of soil properties (at six standard depths): soil organic carbon (g kg−1), soil pH, sand, silt and clay fractions (%), bulk density (kg m−3), cation-exchange capacity (cmol+/kg), coarse fragments (%), soil organic carbon stock (t ha−1), depth to bedrock (cm), World Reference Base soil groups, and USDA Soil Taxonomy suborders. Our predictions are based on global spatial prediction models which we fitted, per soil variable, using a compilation of major international soil profile databases (ca. 110,000 soil profiles), and a selection of ca. 75 global environmental covariates representing soil forming factors. Results of regression modeling indicate that the most useful covariates for modeling soils at the global scale are climatic and biomass indices (based on MODIS images), lithology, and taxonomic mapping units derived from conventional soil survey (Harmonized World Soil Database). Prediction accuracies assessed using 5–fold cross-validation were between 23–51%. Conclusions/Significance SoilGrids1km provide an initial set of examples of soil spatial data for input into global models at a resolution and consistency not previously available. Some of the main limitations of the current version of SoilGrids1km are: (1) weak relationships between soil properties/classes and explanatory variables due to scale mismatches, (2) difficulty to obtain covariates that capture soil forming factors, (3) low sampling density and spatial clustering of soil profile locations. However, as the Soil

Mantle structure and composition to 800-km depth beneath southern Africa and surrounding oceans from broadband body waves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Simon, R. E.; Wright, C.; Kwadiba, M. T. O.; Kgaswane, E. M.

2003-12-01

Average one-dimensional P and S wavespeed models from the surface to depths of 800 km were derived for the southern African region using travel times and waveforms from earthquakes recorded at stations of the Kaapvaal and South African seismic networks. The Herglotz-Wiechert method combined with ray tracing was used to derive a preliminary P wavespeed model, followed by refinements using phase-weighted stacking and synthetic seismograms to yield the final model. Travel times combined with ray tracing were used to derive the S wavespeed model, which was also refined using phase-weighted stacking and synthetic seismograms. The presence of a high wavespeed upper mantle lid in the S model overlying a low wavespeed zone (LWZ) around 210- to ˜345-km depth that is not observed in the P wavespeed model was inferred. The 410-km discontinuity shows similar characteristics to that in other continental regions, but occurs slightly deeper at 420 km. Depletion of iron and/or enrichment in aluminium relative to other regions are the preferred explanation, since the P wavespeeds throughout the transition zone are slightly higher than average. The average S wavespeed structure beneath southern Africa within and below the transition zone is similar to that of the IASP91 model. There is no evidence for discontinuity at 520-km depth. The 660-km discontinuity also appears to be slightly deeper than average (668 km), although the estimated thickness of the transition zone is 248 km, similar to the global average of 241 km. The small size of the 660-km discontinuity for P waves, compared with many other regions, suggests that interpretation of the discontinuity as the transformation of spinel to perovskite and magnesiowüstite may require modification. Alternative explanations include the presence of garnetite-rich material or ilmenite-forming phase transformations above the 660-km discontinuity, and the garnet-perovskite transformation as the discontinuity.

Nemo:. a Project for a KM3 Underwater Detector for Astrophysical Neutrinos in the Mediterranean Sea

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Amore, I.; Aiello, S.; Ambriola, M.; Ameli, F.; Anghinolfi, M.; Anzalone, A.; Barbarino, G.; Barbarito, E.; Battaglieri, M.; Bellotti, R.; Beverini, N.; Bonori, M.; Bouhadef, B.; Brescia, M.; Cacopardo, G.; Cafagna, F.; Capone, A.; Caponetto, L.; Castorina, E.; Ceres, A.; Chiarusi, T.; Circella, M.; Cocimano, R.; Coniglione, R.; Cordelli, M.; Costa, M.; Cuneo, S.; D'Amico, A.; de Bonis, G.; de Marzo, C.; de Rosa, G.; de Vita, R.; Distefano, C.; Falchini, E.; Fiorello, C.; Flaminio, V.; Fratini, K.; Gabrielli, A.; Galeotti, S.; Gandolfi, E.; Giacomelli, G.; Giorgi, F.; Grimaldi, A.; Habel, R.; Leonora, E.; Lonardo, A.; Longo, G.; Lo Presti, D.; Lucarelli, F.; Maccioni, E.; Margiotta, A.; Martini, A.; Masullo, R.; Megna, R.; Migneco, E.; Mongelli, M.; Montaruli, T.; Morganti, M.; Musumeci, M. S.; Nicolau, C. A.; Orlando, A.; Osipenko, M.; Osteria, G.; Papaleo, R.; Pappalardo, V.; Petta, C.; Piattelli, P.; Raia, G.; Randazzo, N.; Reito, S.; Ricco, G.; Riccobene, G.; Ripani, M.; Rovelli, A.; Ruppi, M.; Russo, G. V.; Russo, S.; Sapienza, P.; Sedita, M.; Shirokov, E.; Simeone, F.; Sipala, V.; Spurio, M.; Taiuti, M.; Terreni, G.; Trasatti, L.; Urso, S.; Valente, V.; Vicini, P.

The status of the project is described: the activity on long term characterization of water optical and oceanographic parameters at the Capo Passero site candidate for the Mediterranean km3 neutrino telescope; the feasibility study; the physics performances and underwater technology for the km3; the activity on NEMO Phase 1, a technological demonstrator that has been deployed at 2000 m depth 25 km offshore Catania; the realization of an underwater infrastructure at 3500 m depth at the candidate site (NEMO Phase 2).

R&D for an innovative acoustic positioning system for the KM3NeT neutrino telescope

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ameli, F.; Ardid, M.; Bertin, V.; Bonori, M.; Bou-Cabo, M.; Calì, C.; D'Amico, A.; Giovanetti, G.; Imbesi, M.; Keller, P.; Larosa, G.; Llorens, C. D.; Masullo, R.; Randazzo, N.; Riccobene, G.; Speziale, F.; Viola, S.; KM3NeT Consortium

2011-01-01

An innovative Acoustic Positioning System for the km3-scale neutrino telescope has been designed and is under realization within the KM3NeT Consortium. Compared to the Acoustic Positioning Systems used for the km3 demonstrators, ANTARES and NEMO Phase 1, this new system is based on the “all data to shore” concept and it will permit the enhancement of detector positioning performances, reduction of costs and its use as real-time monitor of environmental acoustic noise.

Mapping the global land surface using 1 km AVHRR data

USGS Publications Warehouse

Lauer, D.T.; Eidenshink, J.C.

1998-01-01

The scientific requirements for mapping the global land surface using 1 km advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) data have been set forth by the U.S. Global Change Research Program; the International Geosphere Biosphere Programme (IGBP); The United Nations; the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); the Committee on Earth Observations Satellites; and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) mission to planet Earth (MTPE) program. Mapping the global land surface using 1 km AVHRR data is an international effort to acquire, archive, process, and distribute 1 km AVHRR data to meet the needs of the international science community. A network of AVHRR receiving stations, along with data recorded by NOAA, has been acquiring daily global land coverage since April 1, 1992. A data set of over 70,000 AVHRR images is archived and distributed by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center, and the European Space Agency. Under the guidance of the IGBP, processing standards have been developed for calibration, atmospheric correction, geometric registration, and the production of global 10-day maximum normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) composites. The major uses of the composites are for the study of surface vegetation condition, mapping land cover, and deriving biophysical characteristics of terrestrial ecosystems. A time-series of 54 10-day global vegetation index composites for the period of April 1, 1992 through September 1993 has been produced. The production of a time-series of 33 10-day global vegetation index composites using NOAA-14 data for the period of February 1, 1995 through December 31, 1995 is underway. The data products are available from the USGS, in cooperation with NASA's MTPE program and other international organizations.

Fabrication and metrology of km-scale radii on surfaces of master tooling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Leistner, Achim J.; Oreb, Bozenko F.; Seckold, Jeffrey A.; Walsh, Christopher J.

1999-08-01

The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) core optical components have been manufactured by CSIRO. These optical substrates are optically polished on a lap surface that is made of Teflon coated onto a thick rigid faceted Zerodur base. To produce the km-scale radii (> 10 km) on these substrates the lap surface is shaped by abrading it with a fine ground silica plate whose radius of curvature corresponds to the one specified for the LIGO component. The plates are measured by a commercial phase stepping interferometer which is used in a grazing incidence arrangement. We describe the process of shaping and measuring the conditioning plates and laps.

Castro ring zone: a 4,500-km2 fossil hydrothermal system in the Challis volcanic field, central Idaho.

USGS Publications Warehouse

Criss, R.E.; Ekren, E.B.; Hardyman, R.F.

1984-01-01

The largest fossil hydrothermal system occupying a 4500 km2 area in central Idaho is revealed by delta 18O studies. The remains of this meteoric-hydrothermal system are preserved within a sharply bounded, 15 km wide, 70-km-diameter annulus of low delta 18O rock (+2.0 to -8.8per mille) termed the Castro ring zone. The zone is centred on a less depleted (+4.5) core zone consisting of granitic rocks of the Castro pluton. This 700-km2 Eocene subvolcanic batholith has intruded, domed, and hydrothermally metamorphosed a thick sequence of Challis Volcanics, the stratigraphically low rocks in the 2000-km2 Van Horn Peak and the 1000-km2 Thunder Mountain cauldron complexes being most strongly altered. Less extreme 18O depletions occur in the youngest major ash-flow sheets of these complexes, indicating a vertical 18O gradient. Water/rock ratios of geothermal systems are surprisingly insensitive to the circulation scale.-L.-di H.

Balloon-Borne Measurements of CLO, NO and O3 in a Volcanic Cloud: An Analysis of Heterogeneous Chemistry between 20 and 30 KM

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dessler, A. E.; Stimpfle, R. M.; Daube, B. C.; Salawitch, R. J.; Weinstock, E. M.; Judah, D. M.; Burley, J. D.; Munger, J. W.; Wofsy, S. C.; Anderson, J. G.;

Organizations, Paradigms, and People: The Challenge of KM Interventions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bailey, Teresa; Burton, Yvette

1999-01-01

This paper presents viewgraphs on Knowledge Management (KM) and how these interventions are put into practice by organizations and society. The topics include: 1) The Multiple Paradigm Tool; 2) Four Paradigms: tool for the Analyzing Organizations; 3) Assumptions About the Nature of Social Science; 4) Assumptions About the Nature of Society; 5) Schools of Sociological and Organizational Theory; 6) Meaning and Metaphors in the Four Paradigms; and 7) Possibilities and Conclusions.

A new MesosphEO dataset of temperature profiles from 35 to 85 km using Rayleigh scattering at limb from GOMOS/ENVISAT daytime observations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hauchecorne, A.; Blanot, L.; Wing, R., Jr.; Keckhut, P.; Khaykin, S. M.

2017-12-01

The scattering of sunlight by the Earth atmosphere above the top of the stratospheric layer, about 30-35 km altitude, is only due to Rayleigh scattering by atmospheric molecules. Its intensity is then directly proportional to the atmospheric density. It is then possible to retrieve a temperature profile in absolute value using the hydrostatic equation and the perfect gas law, assuming that the temperature is known from a climatological model at the top of the density profile. This technique is applied to Rayleigh lidar observations since more than 35 years (Hauchecorne and Chanin, 1980). The GOMOS star occultation spectrometer observed the sunlight scattering at limb during daytime to remove it from the star spectrum. In the frame of the ESA funded MesosphEO project, GOMOS Rayleigh scattering profiles in the spectral range 400-460 nm have been used to retrieve temperature profiles from 35 to 85 km with a 2-km vertical resolution. A dataset of more than 310 thousands profiles from 2002 to 2012 is available for climatology and atmospheric dynamics studies. The validation of this dataset using NDACC Rayleigh lidars and MLS-AURA and SABER-TIMED will be presented. Preliminary results on the variability of the upper stratosphere and the mesosphere will be shown. We propose to apply this technique in the future to ALTIUS observations. The Rayleigh scattering technique can be applied to any sounder observing the day-time limb on the near-UV and visible spectrum.

Probability density functions for radial anisotropy: implications for the upper 1200 km of the mantle

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Beghein, Caroline; Trampert, Jeannot

2004-01-01

The presence of radial anisotropy in the upper mantle, transition zone and top of the lower mantle is investigated by applying a model space search technique to Rayleigh and Love wave phase velocity models. Probability density functions are obtained independently for S-wave anisotropy, P-wave anisotropy, intermediate parameter η, Vp, Vs and density anomalies. The likelihoods for P-wave and S-wave anisotropy beneath continents cannot be explained by a dry olivine-rich upper mantle at depths larger than 220 km. Indeed, while shear-wave anisotropy tends to disappear below 220 km depth in continental areas, P-wave anisotropy is still present but its sign changes compared to the uppermost mantle. This could be due to an increase with depth of the amount of pyroxene relative to olivine in these regions, although the presence of water, partial melt or a change in the deformation mechanism cannot be ruled out as yet. A similar observation is made for old oceans, but not for young ones where VSH> VSV appears likely down to 670 km depth and VPH> VPV down to 400 km depth. The change of sign in P-wave anisotropy seems to be qualitatively correlated with the presence of the Lehmann discontinuity, generally observed beneath continents and some oceans but not beneath ridges. Parameter η shows a similar age-related depth pattern as shear-wave anisotropy in the uppermost mantle and it undergoes the same change of sign as P-wave anisotropy at 220 km depth. The ratio between dln Vs and dln Vp suggests that a chemical component is needed to explain the anomalies in most places at depths greater than 220 km. More tests are needed to infer the robustness of the results for density, but they do not affect the results for anisotropy.

Four-dimensional world-wide atmospheric models (surface to 25 km altitude)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Spiegler, D. B.; Fowler, M. G.

1972-01-01

Four-dimensional atmospheric models previously developed for use as input to atmospheric attenuation models are evaluated to determine where refinements are warranted. The models are refined where appropriate. A computerized technique is developed that has the unique capability of extracting mean monthly and daily variance profiles of moisture, temperature, density and pressure at 1 km intervals to the height of 25 km for any location on the globe. This capability could be very useful to planners of remote sensing of earth resources missions in that the profiles may be used as input to the attenuation models that predict the expected degradation of the sensor data. Recommendations are given for procedures to use the four-dimensional models in computer mission simulations and for the approach to combining the information provided by the 4-D models with that given by the global models.

Vertical profile of H 2SO 4 vapor at 70-110 km on Venus and some related problems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Krasnopolsky, Vladimir A.

2011-09-01

The vertical profile of H 2SO 4 vapor is calculated using current atmospheric and thermodynamic data. The atmospheric data include the H 2O profiles observed at 70-112 km by the SOIR solar occultations, the SPICAV-UV profiles of the haze extinction at 220 nm, the VeRa temperature profiles, and a typical profile of eddy diffusion. The thermodynamic data are the saturated vapor pressures of H 2O and H 2SO 4 and chemical potentials of these species in sulfuric acid solutions. The calculated concentration of sulfuric acid in the cloud droplets varies from 85% at 70 km to a minimum of 70% at 90 km and then gradually increasing to 90-100% at 110 km. The H 2SO 4 vapor mixing ratio is ˜10 -12 at 70 and 110 km with a deep minimum of 3 × 10 -18 at 88 km. The H 2O-H 2SO 4 system matches the local thermodynamic equilibrium conditions up to 87 km. The column photolysis rate of H 2SO 4 is 1.6 × 10 5 cm -2 s -1 at 70 km and 23 cm -2 s -1 at 90 km. The calculated abundance of H 2SO 4 vapor at 90-110 km and its photolysis rate are smaller than those presented in the recent model by Zhang et al. (Zhang, X., Liang, M.C., Montmessin, F., Bertaux, J.L., Parkinson, C., Yung, Y.L. [2010]. Nat. Geosci. 3, 834-837) by factors of 10 6 and 10 9, respectively. Assumptions of 100% sulfuric acid, local thermodynamic equilibrium, too warm atmosphere, supersaturation of H 2SO 4 (impossible for a source of SO X), and cross sections for H 2SO 4·H 2O (impossible above the pure H 2SO 4) are the main reasons of this huge difference. Significant differences and contradictions between the SPICAV-UV, SOIR, and ground-based submillimeter observations of SO X at 70-110 km are briefly discussed and some weaknesses are outlined. The possible source of high altitude SO X on Venus remains unclear and probably does not exist.

Do we understand what creates 150-km echoes and gives them their distinct structure?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Oppenheim, M. M.; Kudeki, E.; Salas Reyes, P.; Dimant, Y. S.

2017-12-01

Researchers first discovered 150-km echoes over 50 years ago using the first large VHF radars near the geomagnetic equator. However, the underlying mechanism that creates and modulates them remains largely a mystery. Despite this lack of understanding the aeronomy community uses them to monitor daytime vertical plasma drifts between 130 and 160 km altitude. In a 2016 paper, Oppenheim and Dimant used simulations to show that photoelectrons can generate the type of echoes seen by the radars but this theory doesn't explain any of the detailed structures. This paper will show the modern observations of 150 km echoes using simultaneous radar and ionosonde measurements. It will then describe the latest analysis to attempt to explain these features using large-scale kinetic simulations of photoelectrons interacting with the ambient ionospheric plasma under a range of conditions.

Sentiment of Search: KM and IT for User Expectations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Berndt, Sarah Ann; Meza, David

2014-01-01

User perceived value is the number one indicator of a successful implementation of KM and IT collaborations. The system known as "Search" requires more strategy and workflow that a mere data dump or ungoverned infrastructure can provide. Monitoring of user sentiment can be a driver for providing objective measures of success and justifying changes to the user interface. The dynamic nature of information technology makes traditional usability metrics difficult to identify, yet easy to argue against. There is little disagreement, however, on the criticality of adapting to user needs and expectations. The Systems Usability Scale (SUS), developed by John Brook in 1986 has become an industry standard for usability engineering. The first phase of a modified SUS, polls the sentiment of representative users of the JSC Search system. This information can be used to correlate user determined value with types of information sought and how the system is (or is not) meeting expectations. Sentiment analysis by way of the SUS assists an organization in identification and prioritization of the KM and IT variables impacting user perceived value. A secondary, user group focused analysis is the topic of additional work that demonstrates the impact of specific changes dictated by user sentiment.

100 km differential phase shift quantum key distribution experiment with low jitter up-conversion detectors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Diamanti, Eleni; Takesue, Hiroki; Langrock, Carsten; Fejer, M. M.; Yamamoto, Yoshihisa

2006-12-01

We present a quantum key distribution experiment in which keys that were secure against all individual eavesdropping attacks allowed by quantum mechanics were distributed over 100 km of optical fiber. We implemented the differential phase shift quantum key distribution protocol and used low timing jitter 1.55 µm single-photon detectors based on frequency up-conversion in periodically poled lithium niobate waveguides and silicon avalanche photodiodes. Based on the security analysis of the protocol against general individual attacks, we generated secure keys at a practical rate of 166 bit/s over 100 km of fiber. The use of the low jitter detectors also increased the sifted key generation rate to 2 Mbit/s over 10 km of fiber.

Variations of plasmaspheric field-aligned electron and ion densities (90-4000 km) during quiet to moderately active (Kp < 4) geomagnetic conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sonwalkar, V. S.; Reddy, A.

2017-12-01

Variation in field-aligned electron and ion densities as a function of geomagnetic activity are important parameters in the physics of the thermosphere-ionosphere-magnetosphere coupling. Using whistler mode sounding from IMAGE, we report variations in field-aligned electron density and O+/H+ transition height (HT) during two periods (16-23 Aug 2005; 24 Sep-06 Oct 2005) when geomagnetic conditions were quiet (maximum Kp in the past 24 hours, Kpmax,24 ≤ 2) to moderately active (2 < Kpmax,24 <4). The measurements were obtained in the L=1.7 to 3.3 range (90- 4000 km, 13 or 15 MLT). Our results show that, under similar geomagnetic activity, at similar L-shells but with different geographic longitudes and MLTs, the O+/H+ transition height varied within ±12% of 1100 km at L 2 and within ±8% of 1350 km at L 3. The electron densities along flux tubes varied within 30% and 20%, respectively, below (including F2 peak) and above HT. With increasing L shell: (a) O+/H+ transition height increased; (b) electron density variations below HT including F2 peak showed no trend; (c) electron density above HT decreased. For flux tubes at similar longitudes, L-shells, and MLT's, relative to quiet time, during moderate geomagnetic activity: (1) O+/H+ transition height was roughly same; (2) electron density variations below HT showed no trend; (3) electron density above HT increased ( 10-40 %). The measured electron density is in agreement with in situ measurements from CHAMP (350 km) and DMSP (850 km) and past space borne (e. g., ISIS) measurements but the F2 peak density is a factor of 2 lower relative to that measured by ground ionosondes and that predicted by IRI-2012 empirical model. The measured transition height is consistent with OGO 4, Explorer 31, and C/NOFS measurements but is lower than that from IRI-2012. The observed variations in electron density at F2 peak are consistent with past work and are attributed to solar, geomagnetic, and meteorological causes [e. g. Risibeth

Atmospheric pressure, density, temperature and wind variations between 50 and 200 km

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Justus, C. G.; Woodrum, A.

1972-01-01

Data on atmospheric pressure, density, temperature and winds between 50 and 200 km were collected from sources including Meteorological Rocket Network data, ROBIN falling sphere data, grenade release and pitot tube data, meteor winds, chemical release winds, satellite data, and others. These data were analyzed by a daily difference method and results on the distribution statistics, magnitude, and spatial structure of the irregular atmospheric variations are presented. Time structures of the irregular variations were determined by the analysis of residuals from harmonic analysis of time series data. The observed height variations of irregular winds and densities are found to be in accord with a theoretical relation between these two quantities. The latitude variations (at 50 - 60 km height) show an increasing trend with latitude. A possible explanation of the unusually large irregular wind magnitudes of the White Sands MRN data is given in terms of mountain wave generation by the Sierra Nevada range about 1000 km west of White Sands. An analytical method is developed which, based on an analogy of the irregular motion field with axisymmetric turbulence, allows measured or model correlation or structure functions to be used to evaluate the effective frequency spectra of scalar and vector quantities of a spacecraft moving at any speed and at any trajectory elevation angle.

Vertical profiles of H2O, H2SO4, and sulfuric acid concentration at 45-75 km on Venus

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Krasnopolsky, Vladimir A.

2015-05-01

A method developed by Krasnopolsky and Pollack (Krasnopolsky, V.A., Pollack, J.B. [1994]. Icarus 109, 58-78) to model vertical profiles of H2O and H2SO4 vapors and sulfuric acid concentration in the Venus cloud layer has been updated with improved thermodynamic parameters for H2O and H2SO4 and reduced photochemical production of sulfuric acid. The model is applied to the global-mean conditions and those at the low latitudes and at 60°. Variations in eddy diffusion near the lower cloud boundary are used to simulate variability in the cloud properties and abundances of H2O and H2SO4. The best version of the model for the global-mean condition results in a lower cloud boundary (LCB) at 47.5 km, H2SO4 peak abundance of 7.5 ppm at the LCB, and H2O mixing ratios of 7 ppm at 62 km and 3.5 ppm above 67 km. The model for low latitudes gives LCB at 48.5 km, the H2SO4 peak of 5 ppm, H2O of 8.5 ppm at 62 km and 3 ppm above 67 km. The model for 60° shows LCB at 46 km, the H2SO4 peak of 8.5 ppm, H2O of 9 ppm at 62 km and 4.5 ppm above 67 km. The calculated variability is induced by the proper changes in the production of sulfuric acid (by factors of 1.2 and 0.7 for the low latitudes and 60°, respectively) and reduction of eddy diffusion near 45 km relative to the value at 54 km by factors of 1.1, 3, and 4.5 for the low and middle (global-mean) latitudes and 60°, respectively. Concentration of sulfuric acid at the low and middle latitudes varies from ∼98% near 50 km to ∼80% at 60 km and then is almost constant at 79% at 70 km. Concentration at 60° is 98% at 50 km, 73% at 63 km, and 81% at 70 km. There is a reasonable agreement between the model results and observations except for the sulfuric acid concentration in the lower clouds. Variations of eddy diffusion in the lower cloud layer simulate variations in atmospheric dynamics and may induce strong variations in water vapor near the cloud tops. Variations in temperature may affect abundances of the H2O and H2SO4 vapors

The P wavespeed structure in the mantle to 800 km depth below the Philippines region: geodynamic implications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wright, C.

2009-03-01

P waves from earthquakes south of Taiwan, recorded by the BATS seismic array and CWB seismic network, were used define the P wavespeed structure between depths of 100 and 800 km below the Philippines region. The presence of a low wavespeed zone in the upper mantle is inferred, although the details are unclear. Wavespeeds in the uppermost mantle are low, as expected for seismic energy propagating within an oceanic plate. The estimated depths of the 410- and 660-km discontinuities are 325 and 676 km respectively. The unusually shallow depth of the upper discontinuity below and to the east of Luzon is inferred by clearly resolving the travel-time branch produced by refraction through the transition zone. A possible explanation for the northern part of the region covered is that seismic energy reaches its maximum depth within or close to the cool, subducted oceanic South China Sea slab where subduction has been slow and relatively recent. Further south, however, the presence of a broken remnant of the South China Sea slab, formed during a period of shallower subduction, is suggested at depths below 300 km to explain the broad extent of the elevated 410-km discontinuity. The 660-km discontinuity is slightly deeper than usual, implying that low temperatures persist to lower mantle depths. The wavespeed gradients within the transition zone between depths of 450 and 610 km are higher than those predicted by both the pyrolite and piclogite models of the mantle, possibly due to the presence of water in the transition zone.

The Effect of Boron on the Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of Disk Alloy KM4

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gabb, Timothy; Gayda, John; Sweeney, Joseph

2000-01-01

The durability of powder metallurgy nickel base superalloys employed as compressor and turbine disks is often limited by low cycle fatigue (LCF) crack initiation and crack growth from highly stressed surface locations (corners, holes, etc.). Crack growth induced by dwells at high stresses during aerospace engine operation can be particularly severe. Supersolvus solution heat treatments can be used to produce coarse grain sizes approaching ASTM 6 for improved resistance to dwell fatigue crack growth. However, the coarse grain sizes reduce yield strength, which can lower LCF initiation life. These high temperature heat treatments also can encourage pores to form. In the advanced General Electric disk superalloy KM4, such pores can initiate fatigue cracks that limit LCF initiation life. Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) during the supersolvus solution heat treatment has been shown to improve LCF initiation life in KM4, as the HIP pressure minimizes formation of the pores. Reduction of boron levels in KM4 has also been shown to increase LCF initiation life after a conventional supersolvus heat treatment, again possibly due to effects on the formation tendencies of these pores. However, the effects of reduced boron levels on microstructure, pore characteristics, and LCF failure modes in KM4 still need to be fully quantified. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of boron level on the microstructure, porosity, LCF behavior, and failure modes of supersolvus heat treated KM4.

Broadband Seismic Array Observation along a ~2000-km-long Linear Profile in South China

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ai, Y.; Zhao, L.; Chen, L.; Zheng, T.; He, Y.; Jiang, M.

2010-12-01

In order to study the interior structure and geodynamic evolution of South China, we have started implementation of a linear seismic array observation in this region since December 2009. The linear array extends for ~2000 km from the northwestern continental interior all the way to the southeastern coastal area, across major tectonic units of South China including the Songpan-Ganze Orogenic Belt (SGOB) in the northwest, the Yangtze Craton (YzC) in the middle, and the Huanan Orogenic Belt (HOB) in the southeast. We plan to deploy a total of 200 broadband stations in the time period from December 2009 to June 2012. All the stations will be equipped with Guralp CMG-3ESP sensors and Ref-tek 130-1 or Ref-tek 72-A digitizers. The entire array observation includes three stages. In the time period from December 2009 to March 2011, 64 stations were deployed with a spatial interval of ~25 km from Chengdu city in Sichuan province in the west to Quanzhou city in Fujian province in the southeast of China. In the second stage, about 70 stations with a spatial interval of ~10 km will be deployed from Gonghe city in Qinghai province in the northwest to Chengdu city in the southeast in the time period from October 2010 to November 2011. In the last stage from April 2011 to June 2012, 66 stations with a spatial interval of ~25 km will be deployed to densify the station coverage along the Chengdu - Quanzhou segment of the profile. We have already analyzed the seismic data collected at the 64 stations using receiver function methods. Our preliminary results show an obvious W-E variation in the crustal thickness of the region. In particular, from inland to offshore of the Fujian Province the crustal thickness decreases, whereas the Poisson's ratio increases. These may indicate decreasing SiO2 and increasing calc-alkaline contents in the crust. The receiver function data also reveal a coherent structure of the 410-km and 660-km discontinuities along the observation profile

Global 7 km mesh nonhydrostatic Model Intercomparison Project for improving TYphoon forecast (TYMIP-G7): experimental design and preliminary results

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nakano, Masuo; Wada, Akiyoshi; Sawada, Masahiro; Yoshimura, Hiromasa; Onishi, Ryo; Kawahara, Shintaro; Sasaki, Wataru; Nasuno, Tomoe; Yamaguchi, Munehiko; Iriguchi, Takeshi; Sugi, Masato; Takeuchi, Yoshiaki

2017-03-01

Recent advances in high-performance computers facilitate operational numerical weather prediction by global hydrostatic atmospheric models with horizontal resolutions of ˜ 10 km. Given further advances in such computers and the fact that the hydrostatic balance approximation becomes invalid for spatial scales < 10 km, the development of global nonhydrostatic models with high accuracy is urgently required. The Global 7 km mesh nonhydrostatic Model Intercomparison Project for improving TYphoon forecast (TYMIP-G7) is designed to understand and statistically quantify the advantages of high-resolution nonhydrostatic global atmospheric models to improve tropical cyclone (TC) prediction. A total of 137 sets of 5-day simulations using three next-generation nonhydrostatic global models with horizontal resolutions of 7 km and a conventional hydrostatic global model with a horizontal resolution of 20 km were run on the Earth Simulator. The three 7 km mesh nonhydrostatic models are the nonhydrostatic global spectral atmospheric Double Fourier Series Model (DFSM), the Multi-Scale Simulator for the Geoenvironment (MSSG) and the Nonhydrostatic ICosahedral Atmospheric Model (NICAM). The 20 km mesh hydrostatic model is the operational Global Spectral Model (GSM) of the Japan Meteorological Agency. Compared with the 20 km mesh GSM, the 7 km mesh models reduce systematic errors in the TC track, intensity and wind radii predictions. The benefits of the multi-model ensemble method were confirmed for the 7 km mesh nonhydrostatic global models. While the three 7 km mesh models reproduce the typical axisymmetric mean inner-core structure, including the primary and secondary circulations, the simulated TC structures and their intensities in each case are very different for each model. In addition, the simulated track is not consistently better than that of the 20 km mesh GSM. These results suggest that the development of more sophisticated initialization techniques and model physics is

Jungle mountains challenge Brazil oil line construction. [84-km line from Sao Sebastiano to Guararema

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Deason, D.

1976-06-01

Construction crews had their ups and downs while building an 84-km (52-mi.) crude oil trunkline for Petroleo Brasiliero in the Serra do Mar region of Brazil's State of Sao Paulo. The system begins at a tanker terminal and storage facility on the South Atlantic coast at Sao Sebastiano and extends inland to a storage plant at Guararema. The right of way is through a mountainous area with steep slopes and knife-edged ridges in a tropical jungle. Near the coast the climate is damp and rainy during most of the year. Inland it is wetter. On an average of 252 daysmore » per year and 150 to 250 cm (59 to 98 in.) of rain falls on this zone. Construction got under way in January 1975 and was completed in March 1976. Numerous grades of 50 percent were encountered and frequently, where the line was built along a ridgecrest, sections of the ROW were bordered by nearly vertical drops from 15 to 30 m (50 to 100 ft.) or more.« less

The Effect of Weaving on the Strength of Kevlar KM2 Single Fibers at Different Loading Rates

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-12-01

The Effect of Weaving on the Strength of Kevlar KM2 Single Fibers at Different Loading Rates by Brett Sanborn, Nicole Racine, and Tusit...Ground, MD 21005-5069 ARL-TR-6280 December 2012 The Effect of Weaving on the Strength of Kevlar KM2 Single Fibers at Different Loading Rates...Effect of Weaving on the Strength of Kevlar KM2 Single Fibers at Different Loading Rates 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 1120-1120-99 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c

KM3NeT - ORCA: measuring the neutrino mass ordering in the Mediterranean

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kouchner, Antoine

2016-05-01

ORCA (Oscillations Research with Cosmics in the Abyss) is the low-energy branch of KM3NeT, the underwater Cherenkov neutrino detector in the Mediterranean. Its primary goal is to resolve the long-standing unsolved question of the neutrino mass ordering by measuring matter oscillation effects in atmospheric neutrinos. To be deployed at the French KM3NeT site, ORCA’s multi-PMT optical modules will exploit the excellent optical properties of deep seawater to reconstruct cascade and track events with a few GeV of energy. This contribution reviews the methods and technology, and discusses the current expected performances.

Configuration Management (CM) Support for KM Processes at NASA/Johnson Space Center (JSC)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cioletti, Louis

2010-01-01

Collection and processing of information are critical aspects of every business activity from raw data to information to an executable decision. Configuration Management (CM) supports KM practices through its automated business practices and its integrated operations within the organization. This presentation delivers an overview of JSC/Space Life Sciences Directorate (SLSD) and its methods to encourage innovation through collaboration and participation. Specifically, this presentation will illustrate how SLSD CM creates an embedded KM activity with an established IT platform to control and update baselines, requirements, documents, schedules, budgets, while tracking changes essentially managing critical knowledge elements.

Relative Density Anomalies Below 200 km as Observed by Aerodynamic Drag on Orbiting Rocket Bodies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pilinski, M.; Argrow, B.; Palo, S. E.

2011-12-01

We examine the geomagnetic latitude and local solar time dependence of density anomalies as observed by rocket bodies in highly eccentric orbits. Density anomalies are estimated by analyzing the fitted ballistic coefficients produced by the Air Force Space Command's High Accuracy Satellite Drag Model. Particularly, observations of rocket bodies with very low perigee altitudes allow for the examination of density anomalies between 105 km and 200 km altitudes. We evaluate the ability to extract coherent geophysical signals from this data set. Finally, a statistical comparison is made between the low altitude density anomalies and those observed by the CHAMP and GRACE satellites above 300 km. In particular, we search for density enhancements which may be associated with the dayside cusp region.

Balloon borne in-situ detection of OH in the stratosphere from 37 to 23 km

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stimpfle, R. M.; Lapson, L. B.; Wennberg, P. O.; Anderson, J. G.

1989-01-01

The OH number density in the stratosphere has been measured over the altitude interval of 37 to 23 km at midday via a balloon-borne gondola launched from Palestine, Texas on July 6, 1988. OH radicals are detected with a laser-induced fluorescence instrument employing a 17-kHz-repetition-rate copper vapor laser-pumped dye laser optically coupled to an enclosed flow, in-situ sampling chamber. OH abundances ranged from 88 + or - 3l pptv in the 36 to 35 km interval to 0.9 + or - 0.8 pptv in the 24 to 23 km interval. The stated uncertainty includes that from both measurement precision and accuracy. Simultaneous detection of ozone and water vapor densities was carried out with separate on-board instruments.

Heat-transfer and pressure measurements on a simulated elevon deflected 30 deg near flight conditions at Mach 7

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Johnson, C. B.; Taylor, A. H.; Weinstein, I.

1977-01-01

Heat transfer rates and pressures were obtained on an elevon plate (deflected 30 deg) and a flat plate upstream of the elevon in an 8 foot high-temperature structures tunnel. The flight Reynolds number and flight total enthalpy for altitudes of 26.8 km and 28.7 km at Mach seven were duplicated. The heat transfer and pressure data were used to establish heating and pressure loads. The measured heating was compared with several theoretical predictions, and the closest agreement obtained with a Schultz-Grunow reference enthalpy method of calculation.

Effects of a 4-week high-intensity interval training on pacing during 5-km running trial

PubMed Central

Silva, R.; Damasceno, M.; Cruz, R.; Silva-Cavalcante, M.D.; Lima-Silva, A.E.; Bishop, D.J.; Bertuzzi, R.

2017-01-01

This study analyzed the influence of a 4-week high-intensity interval training on the pacing strategy adopted by runners during a 5-km running trial. Sixteen male recreational long-distance runners were randomly assigned to a control group (CON, n=8) or a high-intensity interval training group (HIIT, n=8). The HIIT group performed high-intensity interval-training twice per week, while the CON group maintained their regular training program. Before and after the training period, the runners performed an incremental exercise test to exhaustion to measure the onset of blood lactate accumulation, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), and peak treadmill speed (PTS). A submaximal constant-speed test to measure the running economy (RE) and a 5-km running trial on an outdoor track to establish pacing strategy and performance were also done. During the 5-km running trial, the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and time to cover the 5-km trial (T5) were registered. After the training period, there were significant improvements in the HIIT group of ∼7 and 5% for RE (P=0.012) and PTS (P=0.019), respectively. There was no significant difference between the groups for VO2max (P=0.495) or onset of blood lactate accumulation (P=0.101). No difference was found in the parameters measured during the 5-km trial before the training period between HIIT and CON (P>0.05). These findings suggest that 4 weeks of HIIT can improve some traditional physiological variables related to endurance performance (RE and PTS), but it does not alter the perception of effort, pacing strategy, or overall performance during a 5-km running trial. PMID:29069224

Effects of a 4-week high-intensity interval training on pacing during 5-km running trial.

PubMed

Silva, R; Damasceno, M; Cruz, R; Silva-Cavalcante, M D; Lima-Silva, A E; Bishop, D J; Bertuzzi, R

2017-10-19

This study analyzed the influence of a 4-week high-intensity interval training on the pacing strategy adopted by runners during a 5-km running trial. Sixteen male recreational long-distance runners were randomly assigned to a control group (CON, n=8) or a high-intensity interval training group (HIIT, n=8). The HIIT group performed high-intensity interval-training twice per week, while the CON group maintained their regular training program. Before and after the training period, the runners performed an incremental exercise test to exhaustion to measure the onset of blood lactate accumulation, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), and peak treadmill speed (PTS). A submaximal constant-speed test to measure the running economy (RE) and a 5-km running trial on an outdoor track to establish pacing strategy and performance were also done. During the 5-km running trial, the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and time to cover the 5-km trial (T5) were registered. After the training period, there were significant improvements in the HIIT group of ∼7 and 5% for RE (P=0.012) and PTS (P=0.019), respectively. There was no significant difference between the groups for VO2max (P=0.495) or onset of blood lactate accumulation (P=0.101). No difference was found in the parameters measured during the 5-km trial before the training period between HIIT and CON (P>0.05). These findings suggest that 4 weeks of HIIT can improve some traditional physiological variables related to endurance performance (RE and PTS), but it does not alter the perception of effort, pacing strategy, or overall performance during a 5-km running trial.

Association between Immunoglobulin GM and KM Genotypes and Placental Malaria in HIV-1 Negative and Positive Women in Western Kenya

PubMed Central

Iriemenam, Nnaemeka C.; Pandey, Janardan P.; Williamson, John; Blackstock, Anna J.; Yesupriya, Ajay; Namboodiri, Aryan M.; Rocca, Keith M.; van Eijk, Anna Maria; Ayisi, John; Oteino, Juliana; Lal, Renu B.; ter Kuile, Feiko O.; Steketee, Richard; Nahlen, Bernard; Slutsker, Laurence; Shi, Ya Ping

2013-01-01

Immunoglobulin (Ig) GM and KM allotypes, genetic markers of γ and κ chains, are associated with humoral immune responsiveness. Previous studies have shown the relationships between GM6-carrying haplotypes and susceptibility to malaria infection in children and adults; however, the role of the genetic markers in placental malaria (PM) infection and PM with HIV co-infection during pregnancy has not been investigated. We examined the relationship between the gene polymorphisms of Ig GM6 and KM allotypes and the risk of PM infection in pregnant women with known HIV status. DNA samples from 728 pregnant women were genotyped for GM6 and KM alleles using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Individual GM6 and KM genotypes and the combined GM6 and KM genotypes were assessed in relation to PM in HIV-1 negative and positive women, respectively. There was no significant effect of individual GM6 and KM genotypes on the risk of PM infection in HIV-1 negative and positive women. However, the combination of homozygosity for GM6(+) and KM3 was associated with decreased risk of PM (adjusted OR, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.08–0.8; P = 0.019) in HIV-1 negative women while in HIV-1 positive women the combination of GM6(+/−) with either KM1-3 or KM1 was associated with increased risk of PM infection (adjusted OR, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.18–3.73; P = 0.011). Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) tests further showed an overall significant positive F(is) (indication of deficit in heterozygotes) for GM6 while there was no deviation for KM genotype frequency from HWE in the same population. These findings suggest that the combination of homozygous GM6(+) and KM3 may protect against PM in HIV-1 negative women while the HIV-1 positive women with heterozygous GM6(+/−) combined with KM1-3 or KM1 may be more susceptible to PM infection. The deficit in heterozygotes for GM6 further suggests that GM6 could be under selection likely by malaria infection. PMID

Characterization of LDPC-coded orbital angular momentum modes transmission and multiplexing over a 50-km fiber.

PubMed

Wang, Andong; Zhu, Long; Chen, Shi; Du, Cheng; Mo, Qi; Wang, Jian

2016-05-30

Mode-division multiplexing over fibers has attracted increasing attention over the last few years as a potential solution to further increase fiber transmission capacity. In this paper, we demonstrate the viability of orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes transmission over a 50-km few-mode fiber (FMF). By analyzing mode properties of eigen modes in an FMF, we study the inner mode group differential modal delay (DMD) in FMF, which may influence the transmission capacity in long-distance OAM modes transmission and multiplexing. To mitigate the impact of large inner mode group DMD in long-distance fiber-based OAM modes transmission, we use low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes to increase the system reliability. By evaluating the performance of LDPC-coded single OAM mode transmission over 50-km fiber, significant coding gains of >4 dB, 8 dB and 14 dB are demonstrated for 1-Gbaud, 2-Gbaud and 5-Gbaud quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) signals, respectively. Furthermore, in order to verify and compare the influence of DMD in long-distance fiber transmission, single OAM mode transmission over 10-km FMF is also demonstrated in the experiment. Finally, we experimentally demonstrate OAM multiplexing and transmission over a 50-km FMF using LDPC-coded 1-Gbaud QPSK signals to compensate the influence of mode crosstalk and DMD in the 50 km FMF.

The cytotoxic mechanism of karlotoxin 2 (KmTx 2) from Karlodinium veneficum (Dinophyceae)

PubMed Central

Deeds, Jonathan R.; Hoesch, Robert E.; Place, Allen R.; Kao, Joseph P.Y.

2015-01-01

This study demonstrates that the polyketide toxin karlotoxin 2 (KmTx 2) produced by Karlodinium veneficum, a dinoflagellate associated with fish kills in temperate estuaries worldwide, alters vertebrate cell membrane permeability. Microfluorimetric and electrophysiological measurements were used to determine that vertebrate cellular toxicity occurs through non-selective permeabilization of plasma membranes, leading to osmotic cell lysis. Previous studies showed that KmTx 2 is lethal to fish at naturally-occurring concentrations measured during fish kills, while sub-lethal doses severely damage gill epithelia. This study provides a mechanistic explanation for the association between K. veneficum blooms and fish kills that has long been observed in temperate estuaries worldwide. PMID:25546005

Transient deformation following the 30 January 1997 dike intrusion at Kīlauea volcano, Hawai'i

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Desmarais, Emily K.; Segall, Paul

2007-02-01

On 30 January 1997 an intrusion on Kīlauea volcano opened a new fissure within the East Rift Zone (ERZ) at Nāpau Crater, 3 km uprift from the ongoing eruptions at Pu’u ’Ō’ō. The fissure eruption lasted 22 h and opened a 5.1 km long, nearly vertical dike 1.9 m, extending from the surface to a depth of 2.4 km (Owen et al. 2000b). During the eruption, the lava pond at Pu’u ’Ō’ō drained, and eruptions ceased there. Pu’u ’Ō’ō eventually refilled in late February and eruptions resumed there on 28 March 1997. Continuous GPS data show a large transient following the 30 January 1997 dike intrusion. After lengthening 40 cm during the initial eruption, the baseline between two stations spanning the ERZ lengthened an additional 10 cm over the following 6 months. A coastal station KAEP also exhibited transient deformation, as it continued to move southward (5 cm) over the same 6-month period. The baseline between two stations spanning Kīlauea’s summit caldera contracted sharply during the eruption, but gradually recovered to slightly longer than its previous length 2 months after the intrusion. We use the extended network inversion filter (McGuire and Segall 2003) to invert continuous GPS data for volume change of a spherical pressure source under Kīlauea’s summit, opening distribution on a nearly vertical dike in the ERZ and potential slip on a decollement 9 km beneath the south flank. Following the 30 January intrusion, rift extension continued below the initial dike intrusion for the duration of the transient. Decollement slip, regardless of its assumed depth, is not required to fit the data. The modeled transient summit reinflation and rift opening patterns under Nāpau crater coincide with changes in observed behavior of Pu’u ’Ō’ō’s lava pond. Rift opening accelerated while Pu’u ’Ō’ō eruptions paused and began to decelerate after the lava pond reappeared nearly a month after the Nāpau eruption. The transient deformation is

Modeling the Lowest 1 Km of the Atmosphere,

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-11-01

DU TRAITE DE L’ATLANTIQUE NORD) AGARDograph No.267 MODELING THE LOWEST 1 KM OF THE ATMOSPHERE by W.S.Lewelien Aeronautical Research Associates of... elS Energy: + Uj + (k "x1)ax3 a axj k Xj Species: ka C + + Qc (2.1.9) - Uj *xj ~ axj aj aj 4 The dependent variables in Eqs. (2.1.6 - 2.1.9) have been...0.75 uiu (3.4.10) azdz K 0~ az 8z / do-a 0.3 a 1- 2\\ 0.5 __"(34.10 - - 2uju -- 0.3 + - ~~az 6 + - Aula - - 0.45 (3.4.11) The only difficulty lies with

Parallel Fault Strands at 9-km Depth Resolved on the Imperial Fault, Southern California

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shearer, P. M.

2001-12-01

The Imperial Fault is one of the most active faults in California with several M>6 events during the 20th century and geodetic results suggesting that it currently carries almost 80% of the total plate motion between the Pacific and North American plates. We apply waveform cross-correlation to a group of ~1500 microearthquakes along the Imperial Fault and find that about 25% of the events form similar event clusters. Event relocation based on precise differential times among events in these clusters reveals multiple streaks of seismicity up to 5 km in length that are at a nearly constant depth of ~9 km but are spaced about 0.5 km apart in map view. These multiples are unlikely to be a location artifact because they are spaced more widely than the computed location errors and different streaks can be resolved within individual similar event clusters. The streaks are parallel to the mapped surface rupture of the 1979 Mw=6.5 Imperial Valley earthquake. No obvious temporal migration of the event locations is observed. Limited focal mechanism data for the events within the streaks are consistent with right-lateral slip on vertical fault planes. The seismicity not contained in similar event clusters cannot be located as precisely; our locations for these events scatter between 7 and 11 km depth, but it is possible that their true locations could be much more tightly clustered. The observed streaks have some similarities to those previously observed in northern California along the San Andreas and Hayward faults (e.g., Rubin et al., 1999; Waldhauser et al., 1999); however those streaks were imaged within a single fault plane rather than the multiple faults resolved on the Imperial Fault. The apparent constant depth of the Imperial streaks is similar to that seen in Hawaii at much shallower depth by Gillard et al. (1996). Geodetic results (e.g., Lyons et al., 2001) suggest that the Imperial Fault is currently slipping at 45 mm/yr below a locked portion that extends to ~10

Scaling of water vapor in the meso-gamma (2-20km) and lower meso-beta (20-50km) scales from tall tower time series

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pressel, K. G.; Collins, W.; Desai, A. R.

2011-12-01

Deficiencies in the parameterization of boundary layer clouds in global climate models (GCMs) remains one of the greatest sources of uncertainty in climate change predictions. Many GCM cloud parameterizations, which seek to include some representation of subgrid-scale cloud variability, do so by making assumptions regarding the subgrid-scale spatial probability density function (PDF) of total water content. Properly specifying the form and parameters of the total water PDF is an essential step in the formulation of PDF based cloud parameterizations. In the cloud free boundary layer, the PDF of total water mixing ratio is equivalent to the PDF of water vapor mixing ratio. Understanding the PDF of water vapor mixing ratio in the cloud free atmosphere is a necessary step towards understanding the PDF of water vapor in the cloudy atmosphere. A primary challenge in empirically constraining the PDF of water vapor mixing ratio is a distinct lack of a spatially distributed observational dataset at or near cloud scale. However, at meso-beta (20-50km) and larger scales, there is a wealth of information on the spatial distribution of water vapor contained in the physically retrieved water vapor profiles from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder onboard NASA`s Aqua satellite. The scaling (scale-invariance) of the observed water vapor field has been suggested as means of using observations at satellite observed (meso-beta) scales to derive information about cloud scale PDFs. However, doing so requires the derivation of a robust climatology of water vapor scaling from in-situ observations across the meso- gamma (2-20km) and meso-beta scales. In this work, we present the results of the scaling of high frequency (10Hz) time series of water vapor mixing ratio as observed from the 447m WLEF tower located near Park Falls, Wisconsin. Observations from a tall tower offer an ideal set of observations with which to investigate scaling at meso-gamma and meso-beta scales requiring only the

Sildenafil has little influence on cardiovascular hemodynamics or 6-km time trial performance in trained men and women at simulated high altitude.

PubMed

Jacobs, Kevin A; Kressler, Jochen; Stoutenberg, Mark; Roos, Bernard A; Friedlander, Anne L

2011-01-01

Sildenafil improves maximal exercise capacity at high altitudes (∼4350-5800 m) by reducing pulmonary arterial pressure and enhancing oxygen delivery, but the effects on exercise performance at less severe altitudes are less clear. To determine the effects of sildenafil on cardiovascular hemodynamics (heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output), arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2), and 6-km time-trial performance of endurance-trained men and women at a simulated altitude of ∼3900 m. Twenty men and 15 women, endurance-trained, completed one experimental exercise trial (30 min at 55% of altitude-specific capacity +6-km time trial) at sea level (SL) and two trials at simulated high altitude (HA) while breathing hypoxic gas (12.8% FIo2) after ingestion of either placebo or 50 mg sildenafil in double-blind, randomized, and counterbalanced fashion. Maximal exercise capacity and SaO2 were significantly reduced at HA compared to SL (18%-23%), but sildenafil did not significantly improve cardiovascular hemodynamics or time-trial performance in either men or women compared to placebo and only improved SaO2 in women (4%). One male subject (5% of male subjects, 2.8% of all subjects) exhibited a meaningful 36-s improvement in time-trial performance with sildenafil compared to placebo. In this group of endurance trained men and women, sildenafil had very little influence on cardiovascular hemodynamics, SaO2, and 6-km time-trial performance at a simulated altitude of ∼3900 m. It appears that a very small percentage of endurance-trained men and women derive meaningful improvements in aerobic performance from sildenafil at a simulated altitude of ∼3900 m.

The 1 km resolution global data set: needs of the International Geosphere Biosphere Programme

USGS Publications Warehouse

Townshend, J.R.G.; Justice, C.O.; Skole, D.; Malingreau, J.-P.; Cihlar, J.; Teillet, P.; Sadowski, F.; Ruttenberg, S.

1994-01-01

Examination of the scientific priorities for the International Geosphere Biosphere Programme (IGBP) reveals a requirement for global land data sets in several of its Core Projects. These data sets need to be at several space and time scales. Requirements are demonstrated for the regular acquisition of data at spatial resolutions of 1 km and finer and at high temporal frequencies. Global daily data at a resolution of approximately 1 km are sensed by the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), but they have not been available in a single archive. It is proposed, that a global data set of the land surface is created from remotely sensed data from the AVHRR to support a number of IGBP's projects. This data set should have a spatial resolution of 1 km and should be generated at least once every 10 days for the entire globe. The minimum length of record should be a year, and ideally a system should be put in place which leads to the continuous acquisition of 1 km data to provide a base line data set prior to the Earth Observing System (EOS) towards the end of the decade. Because of the high cloud cover in many parts of the world, it is necessary to plan for the collection of data from every orbit. Substantial effort will be required in the preprocessing of the data set involving radiometric calibration, atmospheric correction, geometric correction and temporal compositing, to make it suitable for the extraction of information.

Validation of MODIS 3 km land aerosol optical depth from NASA's EOS Terra and Aqua missions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gupta, Pawan; Remer, Lorraine A.; Levy, Robert C.; Mattoo, Shana

2018-05-01

In addition to the standard resolution product (10 km), the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Collection 6 (C006) data release included a higher resolution (3 km). Other than accommodations for the two different resolutions, the 10 and 3 km Dark Target (DT) algorithms are basically the same. In this study, we perform global validation of the higher-resolution aerosol optical depth (AOD) over global land by comparing against AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) measurements. The MODIS-AERONET collocated data sets consist of 161 410 high-confidence AOD pairs from 2000 to 2015 for Terra MODIS and 2003 to 2015 for Aqua MODIS. We find that 62.5 and 68.4 % of AODs retrieved from Terra MODIS and Aqua MODIS, respectively, fall within previously published expected error bounds of ±(0.05 + 0.2 × AOD), with a high correlation (R = 0.87). The scatter is not random, but exhibits a mean positive bias of ˜ 0.06 for Terra and ˜ 0.03 for Aqua. These biases for the 3 km product are approximately 0.03 larger than the biases found in similar validations of the 10 km product. The validation results for the 3 km product did not have a relationship to aerosol loading (i.e., true AOD), but did exhibit dependence on quality flags, region, viewing geometry, and aerosol spatial variability. Time series of global MODIS-AERONET differences show that validation is not static, but has changed over the course of both sensors' lifetimes, with Terra MODIS showing more change over time. The likely cause of the change of validation over time is sensor degradation, but changes in the distribution of AERONET stations and differences in the global aerosol system itself could be contributing to the temporal variability of validation.

The thermal structure and dynamics of the atmosphere of Venus between 70 and 90 km from the Galileo-NIMS spectra

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Roos-Serote, M.; Drossart, P.; Encrenaz, TH.; Lellouch, E.; Carlson, R. W.; Baines, K. H.; Taylor, F. W.; Calcutt, S. B.

1995-01-01

An analysis of thermal profiles and dynamics over a wide range of latitudes for the venusian atmosphere between 70 and 90 km is presented based on high spatial resolution infrared spectra of the night side obtained by the near infrared mapping spectrometer (NIMS) experiment during the Galileo-Venus encounter in February 1990. Using the 4.3-micrometer CO2 absorption band, the temperature profile is retrieved in the 75- to 91-km altitude region over a latitudinal range of -59 deg to +64 deg. Compared to earlier observations from the Pioneer Venus mission, the temperature at 91 km is about 10 K higher and between 74 and 83 km about 3.6 K colder. An equator to pole warming at constant pressure levels is found and implications for the zonal wind profiles are drawn under the assumption that the atmosphere is in cyclostrophic balance in the region of 70 to 90 km. The results are in correspondence with direct wind measurements from ground-based observations at 95 km and 105 km altitude.

Atomic oxygen between 80 and 120 km: Evidence for a rapid spatial variation in vertical transport near the ionosphere

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Donahue, T. M.; Wasser, B.

1977-01-01

Analysis of OGO-6 OI green line photometer results was carried out for 8 cases when the alignment of the spacecraft was such that local emission rates could be determined below the altitude of maximum emission and down to about 80 km. Results show a variation on a scale of 6 deg to 8 deg in latitude between regions where the emission rate increases rapidly between 90 and 95 km and regions where it increases slowly from 80 km to 95 km. Latitude-altitude maps of iso-emissivity contours and iso-density contours for oxygen concentration are presented. The latter are computed under 3 assumptions concerning excitation mechanisms. Comparisons of the spatial variations of oxygen density with the results of a time dependent theory suggest the regions of strong downward transport alternate on a scale of about 1000 km with regions of weak transport near 90 km. In the first case conversion of O to O3 at night appears to be overwhelmed by downward transport of O.

Ensemble flood simulation for a small dam catchment in Japan using 10 and 2 km resolution nonhydrostatic model rainfalls

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kobayashi, Kenichiro; Otsuka, Shigenori; Apip; Saito, Kazuo

2016-08-01

This paper presents a study on short-term ensemble flood forecasting specifically for small dam catchments in Japan. Numerical ensemble simulations of rainfall from the Japan Meteorological Agency nonhydrostatic model (JMA-NHM) are used as the input data to a rainfall-runoff model for predicting river discharge into a dam. The ensemble weather simulations use a conventional 10 km and a high-resolution 2 km spatial resolutions. A distributed rainfall-runoff model is constructed for the Kasahori dam catchment (approx. 70 km2) and applied with the ensemble rainfalls. The results show that the hourly maximum and cumulative catchment-average rainfalls of the 2 km resolution JMA-NHM ensemble simulation are more appropriate than the 10 km resolution rainfalls. All the simulated inflows based on the 2 and 10 km rainfalls become larger than the flood discharge of 140 m3 s-1, a threshold value for flood control. The inflows with the 10 km resolution ensemble rainfall are all considerably smaller than the observations, while at least one simulated discharge out of 11 ensemble members with the 2 km resolution rainfalls reproduces the first peak of the inflow at the Kasahori dam with similar amplitude to observations, although there are spatiotemporal lags between simulation and observation. To take positional lags into account of the ensemble discharge simulation, the rainfall distribution in each ensemble member is shifted so that the catchment-averaged cumulative rainfall of the Kasahori dam maximizes. The runoff simulation with the position-shifted rainfalls shows much better results than the original ensemble discharge simulations.

A downscaled 1 km dataset of daily Greenland ice sheet surface mass balance components (1958-2014)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Noel, B.; Van De Berg, W. J.; Fettweis, X.; Machguth, H.; Howat, I. M.; van den Broeke, M. R.

2015-12-01

The current spatial resolution in regional climate models (RCMs), typically around 5 to 20 km, remains too coarse to accurately reproduce the spatial variability in surface mass balance (SMB) components over the narrow ablation zones, marginal outlet glaciers and neighbouring ice caps of the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS). In these topographically rough terrains, the SMB components are highly dependent on local variations in topography. However, the relatively low-resolution elevation and ice mask prescribed in RCMs contribute to significantly underestimate melt and runoff in these regions due to unresolved valley glaciers and fjords. Therefore, near-km resolution topography is essential to better capture SMB variability in these spatially restricted regions. We present a 1 km resolution dataset of daily GrIS SMB covering the period 1958-2014, which is statistically downscaled from data of the polar regional climate model RACMO2.3 at 11 km, using an elevation dependence. The dataset includes all individual SMB components projected on the elevation and ice mask from the GIMP DEM, down-sampled to 1 km. Daily runoff and sublimation are interpolated to the 1 km topography using a local regression to elevation valid for each day specifically; daily precipitation is bi-linearly downscaled without elevation corrections. The daily SMB dataset is then reconstructed by summing downscaled precipitation, sublimation and runoff. High-resolution elevation and ice mask allow for properly resolving the narrow ablation zones and valley glaciers at the GrIS margins, leading to significant increase in runoff estimate. In these regions, and especially over narrow glaciers tongues, the downscaled products improve on the original RACMO2.3 outputs by better representing local SMB patterns through a gradual ablation increase towards the GrIS margins. We discuss the impact of downscaling on the SMB components in a case study for a spatially restricted region, where large elevation

Carrier phase ambiguity resolution for the Global Positioning System applied to geodetic baselines up to 2000 km

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Blewitt, Geoffrey

1989-01-01

A technique for resolving the ambiguities in the GPS carrier phase data (which are biased by an integer number of cycles) is described which can be applied to geodetic baselines up to 2000 km in length and can be used with dual-frequency P code receivers. The results of such application demonstrated that a factor of 3 improvement in baseline accuracy could be obtained, giving centimeter-level agreement with coordinates inferred by very-long-baseline interferometry in the western United States. It was found that a method using pseudorange data is more reliable than one using ionospheric constraints for baselines longer than 200 km. It is recommended that future GPS networks have a wide spectrum of baseline lengths (ranging from baselines shorter than 100 km to those longer than 1000 km) and that GPS receivers be used which can acquire dual-frequency P code data.

Anti-lipase and antioxidant properties of 30 medicinal plants used in Oaxaca, México.

PubMed

Villa-Ruano, Nemesio; Zurita-Vásquez, Guilibaldo G; Pacheco-Hernández, Yesenia; Betancourt-Jiménez, Martha G; Cruz-Durán, Ramiro; Duque-Bautista, Horacio

2013-01-01

We report the results of in vitro anti-lipase and antioxidant assays using crude ethanolic extracts from 30 plants grown in Oaxaca, México. Anti-lipase tests were performed by using porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL) [EC 3.1.1.3] from Affymetrix/USB. The extracts of Solanum erianthum, Salvia microphylla, Brungmansia suaveolens and Cuphea aequipetala showed up to 60% PPL inhibition. The effect of these extracts on the kinetic parameters of PPL (Km= 0.36 mM, and Vmax=0.085 mM min -1) revealed that the alcoholic preparations of S. erianthum and C. aequipetala engendered a non-competitive inhibition (Vmax=0.055 mM min -1; Vmax= 0.053 mM min -1), whereas those of S. microphylla and B. suaveolens produced a mixed inhibition (Km= 0.567 mM, Vmax=0.051 mM min _1; Km=0.643 mM, Vmax= 0.042 mM min ¹). In addition to these findings, seven extracts from different plants were able to inhibit PPL in the range of 30-50%. Antioxidant tests against 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) confirmed that Arctostaphylos pungens, Gnaphalium roseum, Crotalaria pumila, Cuphea aequipetala, Rhus chondroloma, and Satureja laevigata possess relevant antioxidant activity (IC(5)0=50-80 μg mL¹). The general composition of the most effective ethanolic extracts was obtained in order to confirm their known chemistry reported by previous works. Comprehensive chemical analysis of the ethanolic extracts and their poisoning effects suggests that S. microphylla, C. aequipetala and A. pungens could be considered as the best sources with both desired properties.

Towards Mapping the Ocean Surface Topography at 1 km Resolution

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fu, Lee-Lueng; Rodriquez, Ernesto

2006-01-01

We propose to apply the technique of synthetic aperture radar interferometry to the measurement of ocean surface topography at spatial resolution approaching 1 km. The measurement will have wide ranging applications in oceanography, hydrology, and marine geophysics. The oceanographic and related societal applications are briefly discussed in the paper. To meet the requirements for oceanographic applications, the instrument must be flown in an orbit with proper sampling of ocean tides.

A global catalogue of Ceres impact craters ≥ 1 km and preliminary analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gou, Sheng; Yue, Zongyu; Di, Kaichang; Liu, Zhaoqin

2018-03-01

The orbital data products of Ceres, including global LAMO image mosaic and global HAMO DTM with a resolution of 35 m/pixel and 135 m/pixel respectively, are utilized in this research to create a global catalogue of impact craters with diameter ≥ 1 km, and their morphometric parameters are calculated. Statistics shows: (1) There are 29,219 craters in the catalogue, and the craters have a various morphologies, e.g., polygonal crater, floor fractured crater, complex crater with central peak, etc.; (2) The identifiable smallest crater size is extended to 1 km and the crater numbers have been updated when compared with the crater catalogue (D ≥ 20 km) released by the Dawn Science Team; (3) The d/D ratios for fresh simple craters, obviously degraded simple crater and polygonal simple crater are 0.11 ± 0.04, 0.05 ± 0.04 and 0.14 ± 0.02 respectively. (4) The d/D ratios for non-polygonal complex crater and polygonal complex crater are 0.08 ± 0.04 and 0.09 ± 0.03. The global crater catalogue created in this work can be further applied to many other scientific researches, such as comparing d/D with other bodies, inferring subsurface properties, determining surface age, and estimating average erosion rate.

Injuries and risk factors in a 100-mile (161-km) infantry road march.

PubMed

Reynolds, K L; White, J S; Knapik, J J; Witt, C E; Amoroso, P J

1999-02-01

Light infantry soldiers (N = 218) completed a 161-km cross-country march over 5 days carrying an average +/- SD load mass (i.e., the weight of all equipment and clothing) of 47 +/- 5 kg. Prior to the march, height, weight, body fat, and physical fitness (3.2-km run, sit-ups, push-ups) were measured. Soldiers completed a demographic questionnaire which included questions on age and tobacco use history. Thirty-six percent (78/218) of the soldiers suffered one or more injuries. Of the total injuries, 48% presented were blisters and 18% were foot pain (not otherwise specified). Eight percent (17/218) of the soldiers were unable to complete the march because of injuries. Thirty-five percent (27/78) of the injured soldiers had 1 or more limited duty days for a total of 69 days. Risk of injury was higher among smokers (risk ratio = 1.8, P = 0.03 compared to nonsmokers) and lower among older soldiers (risk ratio = 3.2, P = 0.02, < 20 years compared to > 24 years). Carrying heavy loads over long distances can result in a high injury incidence to the lower body, since 36% of soldiers were injured during the 161-km march. Smoking and younger age (< 20 years) were independent risk factors for injuries.

1 Tb/s x km multimode fiber link combining WDM transmission and low-linewidth lasers.

PubMed

Gasulla, I; Capmany, J

2008-05-26

We have successfully demonstrated an error-free transmission of 10 x 20 Gb/s 200 GHz-spaced ITU channels through a 5 km link of 62.5-microm core-diameter graded-index multimode silica fiber. The overall figure corresponds to an aggregate bit rate per length product of 1 Tb/s x km, the highest value ever reported to our knowledge. Successful transmission is achieved by a combination of low-linewidth DFB lasers and the central launch technique.

Photographer : JPL Range : 5 million km. ( 3 million miles ) This photograph, shot from Voyager I,

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1979-01-01

Photographer : JPL Range : 5 million km. ( 3 million miles ) This photograph, shot from Voyager I, shows Jupiter's Great Red Spot, turbulent regions immediattely to the west, and, middle right, one of the several white ovals seen on Jupiter from Earth. This photograph represents much better resolution than ever seen by telescopic means to date. The Red Spot and Ovals both reveal intricate, involved structures, the smallest details of which, are estimated at 95 km. ( 55 miles ) across.

Changes in Cartilage Biomarker Levels During a Transcontinental Multistage Footrace Over 4486 km.

PubMed

Mündermann, Annegret; Klenk, Christopher; Billich, Christian; Nüesch, Corina; Pagenstert, Geert; Schmidt-Trucksäss, Arno; Schütz, Uwe

2017-09-01

Cartilage turnover and load-induced tissue changes are frequently assessed by quantifying concentrations of cartilage biomarkers in serum. To date, information on the effects of ultramarathon running on articular cartilage is scarce. Serum concentrations of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-3, MMP-9, COL2-3/4C long mono (C2C), procollagen type II C-terminal propeptide (CPII), and C2C:CPII will increase throughout a multistage ultramarathon. Descriptive laboratory study. Blood samples were collected from 36 runners (4 female; mean age, 49.0 ± 10.7 years; mean body mass index, 23.1 ± 2.3 kg/m 2 [start] and 21.4 ± 1.9 kg/m 2 [finish]) before (t 0 ) and during (t 1 : 1002 km; t 2 : 2132 km; t 3 : 3234 km; t 4 : 4039 km) a 4486-km multistage ultramarathon. Serum COMP, MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-9, C2C, and CPII levels were assessed using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Linear mixed models were used to detect significant changes in serum biomarker levels over time with the time-varying covariates of body weight, running speed, and daily running time. Serum concentrations of COMP, MMP-9, and MMP-3 changed significantly throughout the multistage ultramarathon. On average, concentrations increased during the first measurement interval (MI1: t 1 -t 0 ) by 22.5% for COMP (95% CI, 0.29-0.71 ng/mL), 22.3% for MMP-3 (95% CI, 0.24-15.37 ng/mL), and 95.6% for MMP-9 (95% CI, 81.7-414.5 ng/mL) and remained stable throughout MI2, MI3, and MI4. Serum concentrations of MMP-1, C2C, CPII, and C2C:CPII did not change significantly throughout the multistage ultramarathon. Changes in MMP-3 were statistically associated with changes in COMP throughout the ultramarathon race (MMP-3: Wald Z = 3.476, P = .001). Elevated COMP levels indicate increased COMP turnover in response to extreme running, and the association between load-induced changes in MMP-3 and changes in COMP suggests the possibility that MMP-3 may be involved in the

Gravity wave and tidal structures between 60 and 140 km inferred from space shuttle reentry data

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fritts, David C.; Wang, Ding-Yi; Blanchard, Robert C.

1993-01-01

This study presents an analysis of density measurements made using high-resolution accelerometers aboard several space shuttles at altitudes from 60 to 140 km during reentry into the earth's atmosphere. The observed density fluctuations are interpreted in terms of gravity waves and tides and provide evidence of the importance of such motions well into the thermosphere. Height profiles of fractional density variance reveal that wave amplitudes increase at a rate consistent with observations at lower levels up to about 90 km. The rate of amplitude growth decreases at greater heights, however, and appears to cease above about 110 km. Wave amplitudes are nevertheless large at these heights and suggest that gravity waves may play an important role in forcing of the lower thermosphere.

Depth variations of the 410 and 520 km-discontinuities beneath Asia and the Pacific from PP precursors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schäfer, J.; Wölbern, I.; Rümpker, G.

2009-06-01

We investigate depth variations of the 410 and 520 km-discontinuities beneath Asia and the Pacific which serve as examples for a continental and an oceanic region, respectively. The depths are derived from travel-time differences between the PP-phase and its precursors that are reflected at the discontinuities. After accounting for differences in average crustal thickness, we find that the depth of the ‘410’ is rather uniform but larger than expected beneath both regions with a value of approximately 418 km. Signals from the ‘520’ are slightly less pronounced. However, while the average depth of the ‘520’ beneath Asia is about 519 km, we obtain a value of about 531.5 km for the Pacific. Here, the depression of the discontinuities can be explained in view of thermal anomalies in relation to mantle plumes. For Asia, however, the observations seem to require a more complex pattern of thermal anomalies possibly complemented by variations in chemical composition.

Predicted sensitivity of the KM3NeT/ARCA detector to a diffuse flux of cosmic neutrinos

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Coniglione, R.; Fusco, L. A.; Stransky, D.

2016-04-01

The KM3NeT Collaboration has started the construction of a research infrastructure hosting a network of underwater neutrino detectors in the Mediterranean Sea. Two instruments based on the same technology are being built: KM3NeT/ORCA to measure the neutrino mass hierarchy and to study atmospheric neutrino oscillations and KM3NeT/ARCA to detect high-energy cosmic neutrinos both in diffuse and point source mode. The excellent angular resolution of the ARCA detector, with an instrumented volume of about one Gton, will allow for an unprecedented exploration of the neutrino sky searching for neutrinos coming from defined sources of sky regions, like the Galactic Plane and the Fermi Bubbles. It will also look for diffuse high energy neutrino fluxes following the indication provided by the IceCube signal. This contribution will report on the sensitivity of the KM3NeT/ARCA telescope with particular attention to the region of the Galactic Plane. Comparisons with theoretical expectations are also discussed.

A daily, 1 km resolution data set of downscaled Greenland ice sheet surface mass balance (1958-2015)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Noël, Brice; van de Berg, Willem Jan; Machguth, Horst; Lhermitte, Stef; Howat, Ian; Fettweis, Xavier; van den Broeke, Michiel R.

2016-10-01

This study presents a data set of daily, 1 km resolution Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) surface mass balance (SMB) covering the period 1958-2015. Applying corrections for elevation, bare ice albedo and accumulation bias, the high-resolution product is statistically downscaled from the native daily output of the polar regional climate model RACMO2.3 at 11 km. The data set includes all individual SMB components projected to a down-sampled version of the Greenland Ice Mapping Project (GIMP) digital elevation model and ice mask. The 1 km mask better resolves narrow ablation zones, valley glaciers, fjords and disconnected ice caps. Relative to the 11 km product, the more detailed representation of isolated glaciated areas leads to increased precipitation over the southeastern GrIS. In addition, the downscaled product shows a significant increase in runoff owing to better resolved low-lying marginal glaciated regions. The combined corrections for elevation and bare ice albedo markedly improve model agreement with a newly compiled data set of ablation measurements.

Compositional mantle layering revealed by slab stagnation at ~1000-km depth

PubMed Central

Ballmer, Maxim D.; Schmerr, Nicholas C.; Nakagawa, Takashi; Ritsema, Jeroen

2015-01-01

Improved constraints on lower-mantle composition are fundamental to understand the accretion, differentiation, and thermochemical evolution of our planet. Cosmochemical arguments indicate that lower-mantle rocks may be enriched in Si relative to upper-mantle pyrolite, whereas seismic tomography images suggest whole-mantle convection and hence appear to imply efficient mantle mixing. This study reconciles cosmochemical and geophysical constraints using the stagnation of some slab segments at ~1000-km depth as the key observation. Through numerical modeling of subduction, we show that lower-mantle enrichment in intrinsically dense basaltic lithologies can render slabs neutrally buoyant in the uppermost lower mantle. Slab stagnation (at depths of ~660 and ~1000 km) and unimpeded slab sinking to great depths can coexist if the basalt fraction is ~8% higher in the lower mantle than in the upper mantle, equivalent to a lower-mantle Mg/Si of ~1.18. Global-scale geodynamic models demonstrate that such a moderate compositional gradient across the mantle can persist can in the presence of whole-mantle convection. PMID:26824060

45 Km Horizontal Path Optical Link Experiment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Biswas, A.; Ceniceros, J.; Novak, M.; Jeganathan, M.; Portillo, A.; Erickson, D.; Depew, J.; Sanii, B.; Lesh, J. R.

2000-01-01

Mountain-top to mountain-top optical link experiments have been initiated at JPL, in order to perform a systems level evaluation of optical communications. Progress made so far is reported. ne NASA, JPL developed optical communications demonstrator (OCD) is used to transmit a laser signal from Strawberry Peak (SP), located in the San Bernadino mountains of California. This laser beam is received by a 0.6 m aperture telescope at JPL's Table Mountain Facility (TMF), located in Wrightwood, California. The optical link is bi-directional with the TMF telescope transmitting a continuous 4-wave (cw) 780 run beacon and the OCD sending back a 840 nm, 100 - 500 Mbps pseudo noise (PN) modulated, laser beam. The optical link path is at an average altitude of 2 km above sea level, covers a range of 46.8 km and provides an atmospheric channel equivalent to approx. 4 air masses. Average received power measured at either end fall well within the uncertainties predicted by link analysis. The reduction in normalized intensity variance (sigma(sup 2, sub I)) for the 4-beam beacon, compared to each individual beam, at SP, was from approx. 0.68 to 0.22. With some allowance for intra-beam mis-alignment, this is consistent with incoherent averaging. The sigma(sup2, sub I) measured at TMF approx. 0.43 +/- 0.22 exceeded the expected aperture averaged value of less than 0.1, probably because of beam wander. The focused spot sizes of approx. 162 +/- 6 microns at the TMF Coude and approx. 64 +/- 3 microns on the OCD compare to the predicted size range of 52 - 172 microns and 57 - 93 microns, respectively. This is consistent with 4 - 5 arcsec of atmospheric "seeing". The preliminary evaluation of OCD's fine tracking indicates that the uncompensated tracking error is approx. 3.3 micro rad compared to approx. 1.7 micro rad observed in the laboratory. Fine tracking performance was intermittent, primarily due to beacon fades on the OCD tracking sensor. The best bit error rates observed while

Confirmation of a change in the global shear velocity pattern at around 1000 km depth

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Durand, S.; Debayle, E.; Ricard, Y.; Zaroli, C.; Lambotte, S.

2017-12-01

In this study, we confirm the existence of a change in the shear velocity spectrum around 1000 km depth based on a new shear velocity tomographic model of the Earth's mantle, SEISGLOB2. This model is based on Rayleigh surface wave phase velocities, self- and cross-coupling structure coefficients of spheroidal normal modes and body wave traveltimes which are, for the first time, combined in a tomographic inversion. SEISGLOB2 is developed up to spherical harmonic degree 40 and in 21 radial spline functions. The spectrum of SEISGLOB2 is the flattest (i.e. richest in 'short' wavelengths corresponding to spherical harmonic degrees greater than 10) around 1000 km depth and this flattening occurs between 670 and 1500 km depth. We also confirm various changes in the continuity of slabs and mantle plumes all around 1000 km depth where we also observed the upper boundary of Large Low Shear Velocity Provinces. The existence of a flatter spectrum, richer in short-wavelength heterogeneities, in a region of the mid-mantle can have great impacts on our understanding of the mantle dynamics and should thus be better understood in the future. Although a viscosity increase, a phase change or a compositional change can all concur to induce this change of pattern, its precise origin is still very uncertain.

Pre-exercise carbohydrate and fluid ingestion: influence of glycemic response on 10-km treadmill running performance in the heat.

PubMed

Mitchell, J B; Braun, W A; Pizza, F X; Forrest, M

2000-03-01

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of ingesting solutions containing mixtures of carbohydrate (CHO) types on pre-exercise glycemic response, exercise-induced hypoglycemia, metabolic responses, and 10-km treadmill running performance in a warm environment. Ten trained runners completed 6, self-paced 10-km treadmill runs one hour after ingesting 900 ml of one of the following test solutions: a water placebo (WP), an 8 g 100 ml-1 high fructose corn syrup solution (HFG; 72 g CHO), a 6 g 100 ml-1 glucose solution (GLU; 54 g CHO), a 6 g.100 ml-1 sucrose/glucose mixture (SUG; 54 g CHO), or banana with water to equal 900 ml (BAN; approx. 54 g CHO). The sixth condition was 675 ml of an 8 g.100 ml-1 HFCS solution (LFG; 54 g CHO). Blood samples were taken prior to ingestion and every 15 min during rest and at 15 and 30 min, and at the end of the 10-km run. Blood was analyzed for glucose (BG) insulin (IN), glycerol, lactate, and percent change in plasma volume. Urine volume during the 1 hour of rest and change in body mass during exercise were also determined. A significant (p < 0.05) correlation (r = -0.684) was seen between the pre-exercise glycemic response (PEGR = area under the resting BG curve) and the change in BG from pre-EX to 15 min of exercise. BG at 15 min of exercise was significantly higher in the WP (5.22 mM) versus the other conditions (HFG = 3.32, LFG = 3.91, GLU = 3.38, BAN = 3.74 & SUG = 3.63 mM). Pre-exercise IN was lower in the WP (6.54 U ml-1) condition versus the other conditions (HFG = 22.1, LFG = 16.2, GLU = 23.3, BAN = 18.8 & SUG = 12.8 U.ml-1). Ten km performance times were not different (WP = 41.87, HFG = 41.66, LFG = 41.79, GLU = 41.65, BAN = 41.53, and SUG = 41.75 min). A significantly greater body mass loss occurred due to urine production during the 60 min of rest in the WP compared to the other conditions. The degree of exercise-induced decline in blood glucose was related to the PEGR; however, the decline in BG did not

Anion exchange of organic carboxylate by soils responsible for positive Km-fc relationship from methanol mixture.

PubMed

Kim, Minhee; Han, Junho; Hyun, Seunghun

2013-09-01

The cosolvency model was not applicable for predicting the sorption of organic carboxylic acids. The reason of inapplicability was investigated by analyzing the solubility (Sm) and sorption (Km) of benzoic acid, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP). The Sm and Km by two iron-rich soils was measured as a function of methanol volume fraction (fc), electrolyte compositions, and pH(app). For 2,4,6-TCP, the Km of both neutral and anion species was well-explainable by the cosolvency model, exemplifying the knowledge of cosolvency power (σ) being sufficient to describe its sorption. However, for benzoic acid and 2,4-D, the Km of organic anions increased with fc, illustrating the organic carboxylate to be responsible for the deviation. The Sm of organic anions was not affected by the ionic valence (Ca(2+) vs. K(+)) of liquid phase. Among hydrophilic quantities of the 2,4-D sorption, the fraction of anion exchange increased with fc while the fraction of Ca-bridge decreased in the same range. Adding solvent in soil-water system is likely to render soil surface charge more positive, fortifying the anion exchange, but opposing the formation of Ca-bridging. Therefore, it can be concluded that the positive Km-fc relationship is due to the anion exchange of organic carboxylate with positively charged soil surface, whose contribution is >50% of overall sorption at solvent-free system and becomes greater with fc up to 82%. Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

T-Shirt fabric and color affect the physiological strain but not 10 km outdoor running performance.

PubMed

DE Alcantara Borba, Diego; Ferreira, João B; Coelho, Leonardo G; Martini, Angelo R; Lgonçalves Madeira, Luciana; Coelho, Daniel B; Prado, Luciano S; Bemben, Michael G; Rodrigues, Luiz O

2016-04-01

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of T-Shirt fabric and color on the 10 km outdoor running performance. Six men and six women (mean±SD: age: 27±5 years; height: 1.70±0.13 m; weight: 64.0±12.7 kg; body surface area: 1.73±0.29 m2; Σskinfolds: 107±24 mm; VO2max: 40.2±8.4 mL.kg-1.min-1) took part in five experimental trials, during each of which they wore: 1) no T-shirt (CON); 2) white polyester T-shirt (WP); 3) black polyester T-shirt (BP); 4) white cotton T-shirt (WC); and 5) black cotton T-shirt (BC). Average running velocity (pace) was calculated from each 2 km running time. Rectal, skin and T-shirt temperatures, heart rates and Physiological Strain Index (PSI) were measured before and after the 10 km runs and at the end of each 2 km. There were no differences in pace, heart rate, rectal and skin temperatures among conditions (P>0.05). PSI was higher in BC and WC conditions when compared to BP and WP conditions. T-shirt temperature was higher for the BC when compared to WP, BP and WC conditions. Rectal temperature and heart rate increased simultaneously with reduced pace throughout self-paced running (P<0.05). Despite fabric type T-shirt altered PSI, running performance in the 10 km run was not affected by T-shirt type or color.

Normalization of elevated cardiac, kidney, and hemolysis plasma markers within 48 h in Mexican Tarahumara runners following a 78 km race at moderate altitude.

PubMed

Christensen, Dirk L; Espino, Diana; Infante-Ramírez, Rocío; Brage, Soren; Terzic, Dijana; Goetze, Jens P; Kjaergaard, Jesper

2014-01-01

The aim of this study was to examine to what extent extreme endurance exercise results in changes of plasma markers associated with cardiac and renal damage, as well as hemolysis in male, Mexican Tarahumara runners. Ten Tarahumara runners (mean (sd) age of 38 (12) years) participated in a 78 km race in Chihuahua, Mexico at 2,400 m above sea level. Cardiac, kidney, and hematology plasma markers were measured pre-race and <5 min, 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, 24 h, and 48 h post-race. Anthropometry, blood pressure, pulse rate, electrocardiography, HbA1c, hemoglobin and VO2max (estimated from heart rate following step test) were assessed pre-race, while physical activity energy expenditure and intensity were estimated during the race, and oxygen partial pressure saturation (SpO2 ) <30 min post-race. Estimated mean VO2max was 48 (9) mLO2 min(-1) kg(-1) and relative intensity during the race was 68 (11)%VO2 max. Mean SpO2 was 92 (3)% <30 min post-race. Plasma concentrations of especially total creatine kinase, creatine kinase-MB isoform, and haptoglobin changed significantly from pre-race values (P < 0.001) up to 24 h post-race, but had returned to pre-race values after 48 h. The plasma concentrations of mid-regional proatrial natiuretic peptide and copeptin returned to pre-race concentrations after 1 and 6 h, respectively. Altered cardiac, renal, and hemolysis plasma markers were normalized after 48 h following 78 km of running, suggesting that the impact of exercise-induced cardiac and kidney damage as well as hemolysis in the Mexican Tarahumara is low. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Balloon borne in-situ detection of OH in the stratosphere from 37 to 23 km

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Stimpfle, R.M.; Lapson, L.B., Wennberg, P.O.; Anderson, J.G.

1989-12-01

The OH number density in the stratosphere has been measured over the altitude interval of 37 to 23 km at midday via balloon-borne gondola launched from Palestine, Texas on July 6, 1988. OH radicals are detected with a laser induced fluorescence instrument employing a 17 kHz repetition rate copper vapor laser pumped dye laser optically coupled to an enclosed flow, in-situ sampling chamber. OH abundances ranged from 88 {plus minus} 31 pptv (1.1 {plus minus} 0.4 {times} 10{sup 7} molec cm{sup {minus}3}) in the 36 to 35 km interval to 0.9 {plus minus} 0.8 pptv (8.7 {plus minus} 7.7 {times}10{supmore » 5} molec cm{sup {minus}3}) in the 24 to 23 km interval. The stated uncertainty ({plus minus} 1{sigma}) includes that from both measurement precision and accuracy. Simultaneous detection of ozone and water vapor densities was carried out with separate on-board instruments.« less

ANTARES and KM3NeT programs for the supernova neutrino detection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kulikovskiy, Vladimir

2017-02-01

The currently working ANTARES neutrino telescope has capabilities to detect neutrinos produced in astrophysical transient sources. Neutrino alerts are regularly generated to trigger multi-wavelength observatories. Potential sources include gamma-ray bursts, core-collapse supernovae, and flaring active galactic nuclei. In particular, the neutrino detection together with the multi-wavelength observations may reveal hidden jets in the supernova explosions. Supernovae remnants are currently the most promising acceleration sites of the cosmic rays in our Galaxy. The neutrino emission is expected during the cosmic ray interaction with the surrounding matter. The neutrino telescopes in the Northern hemisphere have excellent visibility to the most of the galactic supernovae remnants. Recent results on the search for point-sources with the ANTARES detector and the prospects for the future KM3NeT detector are presented. Although ANTARES and KM3NeT detectors are mainly designed for high energy neutrino detection, the MeV neutrino signal from the supernova can be identified as a simultaneous increase of the counting rate of the optical modules in the detector. The noise from the optical background due to 40K decay in the sea water and the bioluminescence can be significantly reduced by using nanosecond coincidences between the nearby placed photomultipliers. This technique has been tested with the ANTARES storeys, each one consisting of three 10-inch photomultipliers, and it is further optimized for the KM3NeT telescope where the directional optical modules containing 31 3-inch photomultipliers provide very promising expectations.

Seismicity Induced by Water Injection for Geothermal Reservoir Stimulation 5 km Below the City of Basel, Switzerland

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Deichmann, N.; Mai, M.; Bethmann, F.; Ernst, J.; Evans, K.; Fäh, D.; Giardini, D.; Häring, M.; Husen, S.; Kästli, P.; Bachmann, C.; Ripperger, J.; Schanz, U.; Wiemer, S.

2007-12-01

To stimulate the reservoir for a proposed "hot dry rock" geothermal project in the city of Basel, approximately 11500 m3 of water were injected between December 2nd and 8th, 2006, at high pressures into a 5 km deep well. A six-sensor borehole array, installed at depths between 300 and 2700 meters around the well to monitor the induced seismicity, recorded more than 10500 events during the injection phase. Events with magnitudes as low as ML 0.7 were also recorded by regional networks in Switzerland, Germany and France, as well as by up to 30 strong-motion stations installed in the epicentral area. Due to excessive seismic activity, that included an ML 2.7 event, injection had already been stopped when a few hours later an ML 3.4 event jolted the city of Basel. A large amount of (non-structural) damage, corresponding to an intensity of V (EMS98), has been claimed by home owners. The unusual number of damage claims compared to past events in this magnitude range observed in Switzerland is partly due to the shallow hypocenter (5 km) beneath a densely populated city. In addition, ground-motion modelling shows that the radiation pattern of the earthquake source was oriented unfavourably for the city of Basel and that in numerous locations shaking was amplified significantly by local site conditions. After bleed-off, about one third of the injected water volume flowed back out of the well. Although seismic activity declined rapidly thereafter, three additional ML>3 events occurred over the following two months. From a statistical analysis it is expected that it may take on the order of a decade for the activity to decrease to the regional background level scaled to the size of the source region. The hypocenters of the located events (about 3500 to date) are restricted to a NW-SE oriented lens-shaped cloud, about 1 km in diameter and 200 m wide, with a single offsetting branch to the ESE. The orientation of the cloud and the focal mechanisms determined so far match the

Single and Combined Effects of Beetroot Crystals and Sodium Bicarbonate on 4-km Cycling Time Trial Performance.

PubMed

Callahan, Marcus J; Parr, Evelyn B; Hawley, John A; Burke, Louise M

2017-06-01

When ingested alone, beetroot juice and sodium bicarbonate are ergogenic for high-intensity exercise performance. This study sought to determine the independent and combined effects of these supplements. Eight endurance trained (VO 2 max 65 mL·kg·min -1 ) male cyclists completed four × 4-km time trials (TT) in a doubleblind Latin square design supplementing with beetroot crystals (BC) for 3 days (15 g·day -1 + 15 g 1 h before TT, containing 300 mg nitrate per 15 g), bicarbonate (Bi 0.3 g·kg -1 body mass [BM] in 5 doses every 15 min from 2.5 h before TT); BC+Bi or placebo (PLA). Subjects completed TTs on a Velotron cycle ergometer under standardized laboratory conditions. Plasma nitrite concentrations were significantly elevated only in the BC+Bi trial before the TT (1520 ± 786 nmol·L -1 ) compared with baseline (665 ± 535 nmol·L -1 , p = .02) and the Bi and PLA conditions (Bi: 593 ± 203 nmol·L -1 , p < .01; PLA: 543 ± 369 nmol·L -1 , p < .01). Plasma nitrite concentrations were not elevated in the BC trial before the TT (1102 ± 218 nmol·L -1 ) compared with baseline (975 ± 607 nmol·L -1 , p > .05). Blood bicarbonate concentrations were increased in the BC+Bi and Bi trials before the TT (BC+Bi: 30.9 ± 2.8 mmol·L -1 ; Bi: 31.7 ± 1.1 mmol·L -1 ). There were no differences in mean power output (386-394 W) or the time taken to complete the TT (335.8-338.1 s) between any conditions. Under the conditions of this study, supplementation was not ergogenic for 4-km TT performance.

2540 km: Bimagic Baseline for Neutrino Oscillation Parameters

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dighe, Amol; Goswami, Srubabati; Ray, Shamayita

2010-12-31

We show that a source-to-detector distance of 2540 km, motivated recently [S. K. Raut, R. S. Singh, and S. U. Sankar, arXiv:0908.3741] for a narrow band superbeam, offers multiple advantages for a low energy neutrino factory with a detector that can identify muon charge. At this baseline, for any neutrino hierarchy, the wrong-sign muon signal is almost independent of CP violation and {theta}{sub 13} in certain energy ranges. This allows the identification of the hierarchy in a clean way. In addition, part of the muon spectrum is also sensitive to the CP violating phase and {theta}{sub 13}, so that themore » same setup can be used to probe these parameters as well.« less

2012 DR30, The Most Distant Solar System Object

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kiss, Csaba; Szabó, G.; Pál, A.; Kiss, L.; Sárneczky, K.; Müller, T.; Vilenius, E.; Santos-Sanz, P.; Lellouch, E.; Conn, B.; Ortiz, J.; Duffard, R.; Morales, N.; Horner, J.; Bannister, M.; Stansberry, J.

2012-10-01

2012 DR30, the most distant TNO in the Solar System (a=1103 AU) has recently been observed with the Herschel Space Observatory. Radiometric model results using the far-infrared fluxes and visual range data show a dark and cratered surface (p_V = 6%) and provide a diameter of 200km. If considered as a Centaur, this is the fifth largest object known in this dynamical class. Recent visual range measurements indicate the presence of methane ice on the surface, a feature that has been seen previously for objects with diameters of >=1000km only (like Eris, Makemake and Pluto). The presence of methane ice can be explained assuming that the object spent most of its lifetime in a very cold environment and has been recently placed to its present orbit. This scenario is in agreement with the results of a dynamical study of the object's orbit, also suggesting an Oort-cloud origin. This research has been supported by the following grants: (1) The PECS program of the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Hungarian Space Office, PECS-98073; (2) C.K. and A.P. acknowledges the support of the Bolyai Research Fellowship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.

Four-dimensional variational Ocean ReAnalysis for the Western North Pacific over 30 years (FORA-WNP30)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hirose, N.; Takatsuki, Y.; Usui, N.; Wakamatsu, T.; Tanaka, Y.; Toyoda, T.; Nishikawa, S.; Fujii, Y.; Igarashi, H.; Nishikawa, H.; Ishikawa, Y.; Kuragano, T.; Kamachi, M.

2016-12-01

An ocean reanalysis, FORA-WNP30, was produced by the collaborative work of Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA/MRI) and Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC). A state-of-the-art 4-dimensional variational ocean data assimilation system, MOVE-4DVAR (Usui et al., 2015) was used. The calculation for the reanalysis, with the horizontal resolution of 0.1 degree (about 10 km) and the period between 1 January 1982 and 31 December 2014, was carried out on the Earth Simulator with the support of JAMSTEC. The model forcing is derived from the JRA-55 atmospheric reanalysis product. In-situ temperature and salinity profiles above 1500m-depth, satellite-based sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH) data are assimilated in FORA-WNP30.Using the current observations obtained by the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) installed in two JMA research vessels, we validate the current (velocity) field in FORA-WNP30 and MOVE-3DVAR system, the latter of which is an operational ocean data assimilation system in JMA. The ADCP current data are independent because they are not assimilated in both systems. The current fields at 100-m depth during 2001-2012, in both of FORA-WNP30 and MOVE-3DVAR show high correlation with ADCP observation in the south of Japan, the East China Sea and the Kuroshio extension region, and relatively low correlation in the Japan Sea and the Oyashio region. The correlation coefficients of current speed for FORA-WNP30 are higher than those for MOVE-3DVAR in all regions.FORA-WNP30 successfully reproduces not only the major ocean current such as the Kuroshio and Oyashio, but also the associated meso-scale phenomena such as eddies, fronts, and meanders. In addition, it replicates the Kuroshio large meander events and the strong intrusion event of the Oyashio in 1980s, in spite of no satellite altimeter data for this period. Therefore, FORA-WNP30 is a valuable dataset for use in a variety of

Measuring Mars' Atmospheric Neutral Density from 160 to 220km with the MGS Electron Reflectometer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lillis, R.; Engel, J.; Mitchell, D.; Brain, D.; Lin, R.; Bougher, S.; Acuna, M.

2005-08-01

The Magnetometer/Electron Reflectometer (MAG/ER) experiment aboard Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) samples the local electron population's distribution in energy and pitch angle (angle between electron velocity and local magnetic field direction) at the mapping orbit altitude of ˜400km. We develop a single-particle model of the electrons' interaction with the neutral atmosphere and motion along open field-lines connecting the solar wind to remnant crustal magnetization. Electron reflection from magnetic gradients and absorption due to inelastic collisons with atmospheric neutrals results in characteristic pitch angle (PA) distributions for open field lines. By assuming the validity of spherical harmonic expansions (Cain et al, 2003) in the strongest field regions of Mars (such as Terra Sirenum), we trace the electron paths and fit these PA distributions to our model to constrain the scale height and density of the neutral atmosphere in the region of greatest absorption, 160-220km. We analyse almost 3 martian years of MGS mapping Orbit Data and present the first measurements of Mars' neutral density above 180km. Although the uncertainties in single measurements are quite large, averaging over many measurements over a period of weeks allows us to see long-term trends. Major results are: 1) a mean density of 0.03 kg/km3 at 160km with a month-averaged variation of ˜40%, 2) a very strong annual seasonal variation, confirmed by periodogram and least-squares fit and 3) increasing seasonal density variability with distance from the equator. We see broad general agreement with predictions from Mars Thermosphere Global Circulation Model (MTGCM) simulations [Bougher et al, 2004] and with inferred densities from MGS Doppler tracking data [Tracadas et al, 2001]. Our results will help to constrain the upper boundaries of GCMs and assist orbital decay calculations for low-orbiting spacecraft, such as the 2005 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. We thank the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Circulation of Venusian Atmosphere at 90-110 km Based on Apparent Motions of the O2 1.27 μm Nightglow From VIRTIS-M (Venus Express) Data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gorinov, D. A.; Khatuntsev, I. V.; Zasova, L. V.; Turin, A. V.; Piccioni, G.

2018-03-01

The paper is devoted to the investigation of Venus mesosphere circulation at 90-110 km altitudes, where tracking of the O2(a1Δg) 1.27 μm nightglow is practically the only method of studying the circulation. The images of the nightglow were obtained by VIRTIS-M on Venus Express over the course of more than 2 years. The resulting global mean velocity vector field covers the nightside between latitudes 75°S-20°N and local time 19-5 h. The main observed mode of circulation is two opposite flows from terminators to midnight; however, the wind speed in the eastward direction from the morning side exceeds the westward (evening) by 20-30 m/s, and the streams "meet" at 22.5 ± 0.5 h. The influence of underlying topography was suggested in some cases: Above mountain regions, flows behave as if they encounter an "obstacle" and "wrap around" highlands. Instances of circular motion were discovered, encompassing areas of 1,500-4,000 km.

Optical frequency transfer via a 660 km underground fiber link using a remote Brillouin amplifier.

PubMed

Raupach, S M F; Koczwara, A; Grosche, G

2014-11-03

In long-distance, optical continuous-wave frequency transfer via fiber, remote bidirectional Er³ ⁺ -doped fiber amplifiers are commonly used to mitigate signal attenuation. We demonstrate for the first time the ultrastable transfer of an optical frequency using a remote fiber Brillouin amplifier, placed in a server room along the link. Using it as the only means of remote amplification, on a 660 km loop of installed underground fiber we bridge distances of 250 km and 160 km between amplifications. Over several days of uninterrupted measurement, we find an instability of the frequency transfer (Allan deviation of Λ-weighted data with 1 s gate time) of around 1 × 10(-19) and less for averaging times longer than 3000 s. The modified Allan deviation reaches 3 × 10(-19) at an averaging time of 100 s. Beyond 100 s it follows the interferometer noise floor, and for averaging times longer than 1000 s the modified Allan deviation is in the 10(-20) range. A conservative value of the overall accuracy is 1 × 10(-19)

Design and performance simulation of 532 nm Rayleigh-Mie Doppler lidar system for 5-50 km wind measurement

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shen, Fahua; Wang, Bangxin; Shi, Wenjuan; Zhuang, Peng; Zhu, Chengyun; Xie, Chenbo

2018-04-01

A novel design of the 532 nm Rayleigh-Mie Doppler lidar receiving system is carried out. The use of polarization isolation technology to effectively improve the receiving system optical reception efficiency, suppress the background noise, not only improves the system wind field detection accuracy, while achieving a high-accuracy temperature measurement. The wind speed and temperature measurement principle of the system are discussed in detail, and the triple Fabry-Perot etalon parameters are optimized. Utilizing the overall design parameters of the system, the system detection performance is simulated. The simulation results show that from 5 to 50 km altitude with vertical resolution of 0.1 km@5 ∼20 km, 0.5 km@20 ∼40 km, 1 km@40 ∼50 km, by using the laser with single pulse energy of 600 mJ, repetition frequency of 50 Hz and the receiving telescope with aperture of 0.8 m, with 2min integration time and in ±50 m/s radial wind speed range, the radial wind speed measurement accuracies of our designed lidar in the day and night are better than 2.6 m/s and 0.9 m/s respectively, and its performance is obviously superior to that of traditional system 5.6 m/s and 1.4 m/s wind speed accuracies; with 10min integration time and in 210 ∼280 K temperature range, the temperature measurement accuracies of the system in the day and night are better than 3.4 K and 1.2 K respectively; since the wind speed sensitivities of the Mie and Rayleigh scattering signals are not exactly the same, in ±50 m/s radial wind speed range, the wind speed bias induced by Mie signal is less than 1 m/s in the temperature range of 210-290 K and in the backscatter ratio range of 1-1.5 for pair measurement.

Is 30-second update fast enough for convection-resolving data assimilation?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Miyoshi, Takemasa; Ruiz, Juan; Lien, Guo-Yuan; Teramura, Toshiki; Kondo, Keiichi; Maejima, Yasumitsu; Honda, Takumi; Otsuka, Shigenori

2017-04-01

For local severe weather forecasting at 100-m resolution with 30-minute lead time, we have been working on the "Big Data Assimilation" (BDA) effort for super-rapid 30-second cycle of an ensemble Kalman filter. We have presented two papers with the concept and case studies (Miyoshi et al. 2016, BAMS; Proceedings of the IEEE). We focus on the non-Gaussian PDF in this study. We were hoping that we could assume the Gaussian error distribution in 30-second forecasts before strong nonlinear dynamics distort the error distribution for rapidly-changing convective storms. However, using 1000 ensemble members, the reduced-resolution version of the BDA system at 1-km grid spacing with 30-second updates showed ubiquity of highly non-Gaussian PDF. Although our results so far with multiple case studies were quite successful, this gives us a doubt about our Gaussian assumption even if the data assimilation interval is short enough compared with the system's chaotic time scale. We therefore pose a question if the 30-second update is fast enough for convection-resolving data assimilation under the Gaussian assumption. To answer this question, we aim to gain combined knowledge from BDA case studies, 1000-member experiments, 30-second breeding experiments, and toy-model experiments with dense and frequent observations. In this presentation, we will show the most up-to-date results of the BDA research, and will discuss about the question if the 30-second update is fast enough for convective-scale data assimilation.

LES Modeling of Lateral Dispersion in the Ocean on Scales of 10 m to 10 km

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-10-20

ocean on scales of 0.1-10 km that can be implemented in larger-scale ocean models. These parameterizations will incorporate the effects of local...ocean on scales of 0.1-10 km that can be implemented in larger-scale ocean models. These parameterizations will incorporate the effects of local...www.fields.utoronto.ca/video-archive/static/2013/06/166-1766/mergedvideo.ogv) and at the Nonlinear Effects in Internal Waves Conference held at Cornell University

Measuring the frequency of a Sr optical lattice clock using a 120 km coherent optical transfer.

PubMed

Hong, F-L; Musha, M; Takamoto, M; Inaba, H; Yanagimachi, S; Takamizawa, A; Watabe, K; Ikegami, T; Imae, M; Fujii, Y; Amemiya, M; Nakagawa, K; Ueda, K; Katori, H

2009-03-01

We demonstrate a precision frequency measurement using a phase-stabilized 120 km optical fiber link over a physical distance of 50 km. The transition frequency of the (87)Sr optical lattice clock at the University of Tokyo is measured to be 429228004229874.1(2.4) Hz referenced to international atomic time. The results demonstrate the excellent functions of the intercity optical fiber link and the great potential of optical lattice clocks for use in the redefinition of the second.

Real-Time Observations of Food and Fluid Timing During a 120 km Ultramarathon.

PubMed

Wardenaar, Floris C; Hoogervorst, Daan; Versteegen, Joline J; van der Burg, Nancy; Lambrechtse, Karin J; Bongers, Coen C W G

2018-01-01

The aim of the present case study was to use real-time observations to investigate ultramarathon runners' timing of food and fluid intake per 15 km and per hour, and total bodyweight loss due to dehydration. The study included 5 male ultramarathon runners observed during a 120 km race. The research team members followed on a bicycle and continuously observed their dietary intake using action cameras. Hourly carbohydrate intake ranged between 22.1 and 62.6 g/h, and fluid intake varied between 260 and 603 mL/h. These numbers remained relatively stable over the course of the ultra-endurance marathon. Runners consumed food and fluid on average 3-6 times per 15 km. Runners achieved a higher total carbohydrate consumption in the second half of the race ( p = 0.043), but no higher fluid intake ( p = 0.08). Energy gels contributed the most to the total average carbohydrate intake (40.2 ± 25.7%). Post-race weight was 3.6 ± 2.3% (range 0.3-5.7%) lower than pre-race weight, revealing a non-significant ( p = 0.08) but practical relevant difference. In conclusion, runners were able to maintain a constant timing of food and fluid intake during competition but adjusted their food choices in the second half of the race. The large variation in fluid and carbohydrate intake indicate that recommendations need to be individualized to further optimize personal intakes.

Efficient production and secretion of oxaloacetate from Halomonas sp. KM-1 under aerobic conditions.

PubMed

Hannya, Asuka; Nishimura, Taku; Matsushita, Isao; Tsubota, Jun; Kawata, Yoshikazu

2017-11-21

The alkaliphilic, halophilic bacterium Halomonas sp. KM-1 can utilize glucose for the intracellular storage of the bioplastic poly-(R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB) and extracellular secretion of pyruvate under aerobic conditions. In this study, we investigated the effects of sodium chloride concentration on PHB accumulation and pyruvate secretion in the KM-1 strain and, unexpectedly, observed that oxaloacetate, an important intermediate chemical in the TCA cycle, glycogenesis, and aspartic acid biosynthesis, was secreted. We then further analyzed oxaloacetate productivity after changing the sodium chloride additive concentration, additive time-shift, and culture temperature. In 42-h batch-cultivation experiments, we found that wild-type Halomonas sp. KM-1 secreted 39.0 g/L oxaloacetate at a rate of 0.93 g/(L h). The halophilic bacteria Halomonas has already gained attention for industrial chemical-production processes owing to its unique properties, such as contamination-free culture conditions and a tolerance for high substrate concentrations. Moreover, no commercial scale oxaloacetate production was previously reported to result from bacterial fermentation. Oxaloacetate is an important intermediate chemical in biosynthesis and is used as a health food based on its role in energy synthesis. Thus, these data provided important insights into the production of oxaloacetate and other derivative chemicals using this strain.

The Resolution Sensitivity of Northern Hemisphere Blocking in Four 25-km Atmospheric Global Circulation Models

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Schiemann, Reinhard; Demory, Marie-Estelle; Shaffrey, Len C.

The aim of this study is to investigate if the representation of Northern Hemisphere blocking is sensitive to resolution in current-generation atmospheric global circulation models (AGCMs). An evaluation is thus conducted of how well atmospheric blocking is represented in four AGCMs whose horizontal resolution is increased from a grid spacing of more than 100 km to about 25 km. It is shown that Euro-Atlantic blocking is simulated overall more credibly at higher resolution (i.e., in better agreement with a 50-yr reference blocking climatology created from the reanalyses ERA-40 and ERA-Interim). The improvement seen with resolution depends on the season andmore » to some extent on the model considered. Euro-Atlantic blocking is simulated more realistically at higher resolution in winter, spring, and autumn, and robustly so across the model ensemble. The improvement in spring is larger than that in winter and autumn. Summer blocking is found to be better simulated at higher resolution by one model only, with little change seen in the other three models. The representation of Pacific blocking is not found to systematically depend on resolution. Despite the improvements seen with resolution, the 25-km models still exhibit large biases in Euro-Atlantic blocking. For example, three of the four 25-km models underestimate winter northern European blocking frequency by about one-third. The resolution sensitivity and biases in the simulated blocking are shown to be in part associated with the mean-state biases in the models' midlatitude circulation.« less

The Resolution Sensitivity of Northern Hemisphere Blocking in Four 25-km Atmospheric Global Circulation Models

DOE PAGES

Schiemann, Reinhard; Demory, Marie-Estelle; Shaffrey, Len C.; ...

2016-12-19

The aim of this study is to investigate if the representation of Northern Hemisphere blocking is sensitive to resolution in current-generation atmospheric global circulation models (AGCMs). An evaluation is thus conducted of how well atmospheric blocking is represented in four AGCMs whose horizontal resolution is increased from a grid spacing of more than 100 km to about 25 km. It is shown that Euro-Atlantic blocking is simulated overall more credibly at higher resolution (i.e., in better agreement with a 50-yr reference blocking climatology created from the reanalyses ERA-40 and ERA-Interim). The improvement seen with resolution depends on the season andmore » to some extent on the model considered. Euro-Atlantic blocking is simulated more realistically at higher resolution in winter, spring, and autumn, and robustly so across the model ensemble. The improvement in spring is larger than that in winter and autumn. Summer blocking is found to be better simulated at higher resolution by one model only, with little change seen in the other three models. The representation of Pacific blocking is not found to systematically depend on resolution. Despite the improvements seen with resolution, the 25-km models still exhibit large biases in Euro-Atlantic blocking. For example, three of the four 25-km models underestimate winter northern European blocking frequency by about one-third. The resolution sensitivity and biases in the simulated blocking are shown to be in part associated with the mean-state biases in the models' midlatitude circulation.« less

Uplink transmission of a 60-km-reach WDM/OCDM-PON using a spectrum-sliced pulse source

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Choi, Yong-Kyu; Hanawa, Masanori; Park, Chang-Soo

2014-02-01

We propose and experimentally demonstrate the uplink transmission of a 60-km-reach wavelength division multiplexing/optical code division multiplexing (WDM/OCDM) passive optical network (PON) using a spectrum-sliced pulse source. As a single light source, a broadband pulse source with a bandwidth of 6.5 nm and a repetition rate of 1.25 GHz is generated at a central office and supplied to a remote node (RN) through a 50-km fiber link. At the RN, narrow-band pulses (as a source for uplink transmission) are obtained by spectrum slicing the broadband pulse source with a cyclic arrayed waveguide grating and are then supplied to all optical network units (ONUs) via 1×4 power splitters and 10-km drop fibers. Eight wavelengths are obtained with a 6.5-nm bandwidth of the broadband pulse source, and the qualities of the pulses with a repetition rate of 1.25 GHz and a pulse width of 45 ps for the eight wavelengths are sufficient for four-chip OCDM encoding at the ONUs. In our experiments, four signals are multiplexed by OCDM at one wavelength, and another encoded signal is also multiplexed by WDM. The bit error rates (BERs) of the signals exhibit error-free transmission (BER<10-9) over a 60-km single-mode fiber at 1.25 Gb/s.

Confirmation of a change in the global shear velocity pattern at around 1,000 km depth

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Debayle, E.; Durand, S.; Ricard, Y. R.; Zaroli, C.; Lambotte, S.

2017-12-01

In this study, we confirm the existence of a change in the shear velocity spectrum around 1,000 km depth based on a new shear velocity tomographic model of the Earth's mantle, SEISGLOB2. This model is based on Rayleigh surface wave phase velocities, self- and cross- coupling structure coefficients of spheroidal normal modes and body wave travel times which are, for the first time, combined in a tomographic inversion. SEISGLOB2 is developed up to spherical harmonic degree 40 and in 21 radial spline functions. The spectrum of SEISGLOB2 is the flattest (i.e., richest in "short" wavelengths corresponding to spherical harmonic degrees greater than 10) around 1,000 km depth and this flattening occurs between 670 and 1,500 km depth. We also confirm various changes in the continuity of slabs and mantle plumes all around 1,000 km depth where we also observed the upper boundary of LLSVPs. The existence of a flatter spectrum, richer in short wavelength heterogeneities, in a region of the mid-mantle can have great impacts on our understanding of the mantle dynamics and should thus be better understood in the future. Although a viscosity increase, a phase change or a compositional change can all concur to induce this change of pattern, its precise origin is still very uncertain.

Kinematics of the New Zealand plate boundary: Relative motion by GPS across networks of 1000 km and 50 km spacing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Meertens, Charles M.; Rocken, Christian; Perin, Barbara; Walcott, Richard

1993-01-01

The NASA/DOSE 'Kinematics of the New Zealand Plate Boundary' experiment is a four-year cooperative Global Positioning System (GPS) experiment involving 6 universities and institutions in New Zealand and the United States. The investigation covers two scales, the first on the scale of plates (approximately 1000 km) and the second is on the scale of the plate boundary zone (approximately 50 km). In the first portion of the experiment, phase A, the objective is to make direct measurements of tectonic plate motion between the Australian and Pacific plates using GPS in order to determine the Euler vector of this plate pair. The phase A portion of this experiment was initiated in December 1992 with the first-epoch baseline measurements on the large scale network. The network will be resurveyed two years later to obtain velocities. The stations which were observed for phase A are shown and listed. Additional regional stations which will be used for this study are listed and are part of either CIGNET or other global tracking networks. The phase A portion of the experiment is primarily the responsibility of the UNAVCO investigators. Therefore, this report concentrates on phase A. The first year of NASA funding for phase A included only support for the field work. Processing and analysis will take place with the second year of funding. The second part of the experiemnt measured relative motion between the Australian and Pacific plates across the pate boundary zone between Hokitika and Christchurch on the South Island of New Zealand. The extent and rate of deformation will be determined by comparisons with historical, conventional surveys and by repeated GPS measurements to be made in two years. This activity was the emphasis of the LDGO portion of the study. An ancillary experiment, phase C, concentrated on plate boundary deformation in the vicinity of Wellington and was done as part of training during the early portion of the field campaign. Details of the objectives of the

Ion-Ion Equilibration and Particle Distributions in a 3000 km s-1 Shock in SN 1006

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Raymond, J. C.; Winkler, P. F.; Blair, W. P.; Laming, J. M.

2017-12-01

SN 1006 is the most attractive target for investigating the physics of collisionless shock waves faster than 2000 {km} {{{s}}}-1. We obtained UV and optical spectra and an Hα image of a 3000 {km} {{{s}}}-1 shock driven by a clump of ejecta that has overtaken the blast wave. It is 500 km s-1 faster than the filament studied earlier. We find kinetic temperatures of H, He, C, and N that are consistent with being mass proportional, suggesting little or no energy transfer among species. We also find evidence that the electron temperature is less than 10% of the proton temperature and that the velocity distribution of H atoms is non-Maxwellian. We measure a proper motion of 0.″34 ± 0.″01 yr-1 for the bow shock, which implies a distance to SN 1006 of 1.85 ± 0.25 kpc, and we discuss the role of plasma turbulence in determining the shape of the velocity distribution.

Route Recapitulation and Route Loyalty in Homing Pigeons: Pilotage From 25 km?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Biro, Dora; Meade, Jessica; Guilford, Tim

2006-01-01

We utilised precision Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking to examine the homing paths of pigeons (Columba livia) released 20 times consecutively 25 km from the loft. By the end of the training phase, birds had developed highly stereotyped yet individually distinct routes home, with detailed recapitulation evident at each stage of the journey. Following training, birds also participated in a series of releases from novel sites at perpendicular distances of up to 3 km from their established routes. Results showed that subjects were attracted back to their established routes and recapitulated them from the point of contact. Naïve conspecifics (yoked controls) released from the same off-route sites confirmed that the experienced birds' route choices were not influenced by constraints exerted by terrain features, but that increased experience with the general area conferred a homing advantage in the form of more efficient flight tracks, even from these novel sites. Patterns in the paths taken by experienced birds to rejoin their established routes are discussed with reference to navigational mechanisms employed by homing pigeons in their familiar area.

A New Technique for Achieving Impact Velocities Greater Than 10 km/sec

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Piekutowski, A. J.

2001-05-01

This Contractor Report describes and presents the results of work that was done in an attempt to develop an augmented acceleration technique that would launch small projectiles of known shape, mass, and state to velocities of 10 km/sec and higher. The higher velocities were to be achieved by adding a third stage to a conventional two-stage, light-gas gun and using a modified firing cycle for the third stage. The technique did not achieve the desired results and was modified for use during the development program. Since the design of the components used for the augmented-acceleration, three-stage launcher could be readily adapted for use as a three-stage launcher that used a single-stage acceleration cycle; the remainder of the contract period was spent performing test firings using the modified three-stage launcher. Work with the modified three-stage launcher, although not complete, did produce test firings in which an 0.11-g cylindrical nylon projectile was launched to a velocity of 8.65 km/sec.

Equatorial waves in temperature in the altitude range 4 to 70 km

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Krishna Murthy, B. V.; Satheesan, K.; Parameswaran, K.; Sasi, M. N.; Ramkumar, Geetha; Bhavanikumar, Y.; Raghunath, K.; Krishniah, M.

2002-04-01

Using altitude profiles of temperature in the range 4 to 70 km derived from Mesosphere-Stratosphere- Troposphere radar and lidar observations at Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E) from 18 January 1999 to 5 March 1999, characteristics of equatorial waves are studied. Two-dimensional Fourier-transform analysis of the temperature profiles is carried out to identify the periodicities and their vertical wave numbers. From the characteristics obtained, equatorial slow Kelvin waves with periodicities 15.7 d, 9.4 d, 7.8 d and 6.7 d are identified in the troposphere and stratosphere regions and among these 7.8 d and 6.7 d periodicities are found to penetrate into the mesosphere. Equatorial waves with smaller periodicities in the range 5.2 d to 3.6 d are also observed. The vertical flux of horizontal momentum (zonal) of the identified slow Kelvin-wave periodicities in the altitude region 4-25 km is estimated. It is found that equatorial waves modulate tropical tropopause temperature and altitude.

A New Technique for Achieving Impact Velocities Greater Than 10 km/sec

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Piekutowski, A. J.; Nolen, Angie (Technical Monitor)

2001-01-01

This Contractor Report describes and presents the results of work that was done in an attempt to develop an augmented acceleration technique that would launch small projectiles of known shape, mass, and state to velocities of 10 km/sec and higher. The higher velocities were to be achieved by adding a third stage to a conventional two-stage, light-gas gun and using a modified firing cycle for the third stage. The technique did not achieve the desired results and was modified for use during the development program. Since the design of the components used for the augmented-acceleration, three-stage launcher could be readily adapted for use as a three-stage launcher that used a single-stage acceleration cycle; the remainder of the contract period was spent performing test firings using the modified three-stage launcher. Work with the modified three-stage launcher, although not complete, did produce test firings in which an 0.11-g cylindrical nylon projectile was launched to a velocity of 8.65 km/sec.

Deriving flow directions for coarse-resolution (1-4 km) gridded hydrologic modeling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Reed, Seann M.

2003-09-01

The National Weather Service Hydrology Laboratory (NWS-HL) is currently testing a grid-based distributed hydrologic model at a resolution (4 km) commensurate with operational, radar-based precipitation products. To implement distributed routing algorithms in this framework, a flow direction must be assigned to each model cell. A new algorithm, referred to as cell outlet tracing with an area threshold (COTAT) has been developed to automatically, accurately, and efficiently assign flow directions to any coarse-resolution grid cells using information from any higher-resolution digital elevation model. Although similar to previously published algorithms, this approach offers some advantages. Use of an area threshold allows more control over the tendency for producing diagonal flow directions. Analyses of results at different output resolutions ranging from 300 m to 4000 m indicate that it is possible to choose an area threshold that will produce minimal differences in average network flow lengths across this range of scales. Flow direction grids at a 4 km resolution have been produced for the conterminous United States.

Acoustic Velocities Across the Olivine - Wadsleyite - Ringwoodite Transitions and the Seismic Signature of the 410 km Mantle Discontinuity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Perrillat, J. P.; Chantel, J.; Tauzin, B.; Jonfal, J.; Daniel, I.; Jing, Z.; Wang, Y.

2017-12-01

The phase changes of olivine (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 to its high pressure polymorphs, wadsleyite and ringwoodite, have long been associated with the seismic discontinuities observed at 410 and 520 km depth in the Earth's mantle. The position and thickness of these discontinuities potentially provide basic constraints on the temperature, chemical composition and water content of the mantle. A common practice is to infer these properties by comparing seismic observations with modeled velocities from equilibrium phase relations and elastic moduli of the individual phases. Here, we propose to directly measure the evolution of velocities across the olivine phase changes in order to investigate the transient, i.e. time-dependent, processes of the transformation. We developed an experimental method that combines in situ X-ray diffraction and ultrasonic interferometry to follow the elastic wave velocities as a function of reaction progress, with a time resolution of 30 s. The experiments were carried out on the 1000 t multi-anvil press of the ID-13D beamline of the APS synchrotron (Chicago, USA). Samples were sintered polycrystalline powders of olivine with XFe=0.10 and XFe=0.52 composition, that have been reacted in the stability field of wadsleyite or ringwoodite at 7-12 GPa and 1000-1200 K. Measurements show an unexpected decrease in shear waves velocity at the onset of reaction, followed by a steady increase that correlates with the percentage of transformation. This velocity anomaly is coupled with an increase in attenuation as observed from amplitudes of S-waves echoes. We interpret this softening at the early stage of transformation as the result of the presence of an intermediate spinelloid phase, as observed in the pseudo-martensitic reaction mechanism, and discuss the implication on the structure and sharpness of 410km discontinuity.

Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution Over a 404 km Optical Fiber.

PubMed

Yin, Hua-Lei; Chen, Teng-Yun; Yu, Zong-Wen; Liu, Hui; You, Li-Xing; Zhou, Yi-Heng; Chen, Si-Jing; Mao, Yingqiu; Huang, Ming-Qi; Zhang, Wei-Jun; Chen, Hao; Li, Ming Jun; Nolan, Daniel; Zhou, Fei; Jiang, Xiao; Wang, Zhen; Zhang, Qiang; Wang, Xiang-Bin; Pan, Jian-Wei

2016-11-04

Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDIQKD) with the decoy-state method negates security threats of both the imperfect single-photon source and detection losses. Lengthening the distance and improving the key rate of quantum key distribution (QKD) are vital issues in practical applications of QKD. Herein, we report the results of MDIQKD over 404 km of ultralow-loss optical fiber and 311 km of a standard optical fiber while employing an optimized four-intensity decoy-state method. This record-breaking implementation of the MDIQKD method not only provides a new distance record for both MDIQKD and all types of QKD systems but also, more significantly, achieves a distance that the traditional Bennett-Brassard 1984 QKD would not be able to achieve with the same detection devices even with ideal single-photon sources. This work represents a significant step toward proving and developing feasible long-distance QKD.

WegenerNet 1km-scale sub-daily rainfall data and their application: a hydrological modeling study on the sensitivity of small-catchment runoff to spatial rainfall variability

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Oh, Sungmin; Hohmann, Clara; Foelsche, Ulrich; Fuchsberger, Jürgen; Rieger, Wolfgang; Kirchengast, Gottfried

2017-04-01

WegenerNet Feldbach region (WEGN), a pioneering experiment for weather and climate observations, has recently completed its first 10-year precipitation measurement cycle. The WEGN has measured precipitation, temperature, humidity, and other parameters since the beginning of 2007, supporting local-level monitoring and modeling studies, over an area of about 20 km x 15 km centered near the City of Feldbach (46.93 ˚ N, 15.90 ˚ E) in the Alpine forelands of southeast Austria. All the 151 stations in the network are now equipped with high-quality Meteoservis sensors as of August 2016, following an equipment with Friedrichs sensors at most stations before, and continue to provide high-resolution (2 km2/5-min) gauge based precipitation measurements for interested users in hydro-meteorological communities. Here we will present overall characteristics of the WEGN, with a focus on sub-daily precipitation measurements, from the data processing (data quality control, gridded data products generation, etc.) to data applications (e.g., ground validation of satellite estimates). The latter includes our recent study on the propagation of uncertainty from rainfall to runoff. The study assesses responses of small-catchment runoff to spatial rainfall variability in the WEGN region over the Raab valley, using a physics-based distributed hydrological model; Water Flow and Balance Simulation Model (WaSiM), developed at ETH Zurich (Schulla, ETH Zurich, 1997). Given that uncertainty due to resolution of rainfall measurements is believed to be a significant source of error in hydrologic modeling especially for convective rainfall that dominates in the region during summer, the high-resolution of WEGN data furnishes a great opportunity to analyze effects of rainfall events on the runoff at different spatial resolutions. Furthermore, the assessment can be conducted not only for the lower Raab catchment (area of about 500 km2) but also for its sub-catchments (areas of about 30-70 km2

Assimilating every-30-second 100-m-mesh radar observations for convective weather: implications to non-Gaussian PDF

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Miyoshi, T.; Teramura, T.; Ruiz, J.; Kondo, K.; Lien, G. Y.

2016-12-01

Convective weather is known to be highly nonlinear and chaotic, and it is hard to predict their location and timing precisely. Our Big Data Assimilation (BDA) effort has been exploring to use dense and frequent observations to avoid non-Gaussian probability density function (PDF) and to apply an ensemble Kalman filter under the Gaussian error assumption. The phased array weather radar (PAWR) can observe a dense three-dimensional volume scan with 100-m range resolution and 100 elevation angles in only 30 seconds. The BDA system assimilates the PAWR reflectivity and Doppler velocity observations every 30 seconds into 100 ensemble members of storm-scale numerical weather prediction (NWP) model at 100-m grid spacing. The 30-second-update, 100-m-mesh BDA system has been quite successful in multiple case studies of local severe rainfall events. However, with 1000 ensemble members, the reduced-resolution BDA system at 1-km grid spacing showed significant non-Gaussian PDF with every-30-second updates. With a 10240-member ensemble Kalman filter with a global NWP model at 112-km grid spacing, we found roughly 1000 members satisfactory to capture the non-Gaussian error structures. With these in mind, we explore how the density of observations in space and time affects the non-Gaussianity in an ensemble Kalman filter with a simple toy model. In this presentation, we will present the most up-to-date results of the BDA research, as well as the investigation with the toy model on the non-Gaussianity with dense and frequent observations.

Maintenance-free operation of WDM quantum key distribution system through a field fiber over 30 days

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yoshino, Ken-ichiro; Ochi, Takao; Fujiwara, Mikio; Sasaki, Masahide; Tajima, Akio

2013-12-01

Maintenance-free wavelength-division-multiplexing quantum key distribution for 30 days was achieved through a 22-km field fiber. Using polarization-independent interferometers and stabilization techniques, we attained a quantum bit error rate as low as 1.70% and a key rate as high as 229.8 kbps, making the record of total secure key of 595.6 Gbits accumulated over an uninterrupted operation period.

Elasticity of superhydrous phase B at the mantle temperature and pressure: Implications for 800-km discontinuity and water flow into lower mantle

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, D.; Wang, W.; Wu, Z.

2017-12-01

Plate subduction can transport the water to the Earth's interior by forming hydrous phases and water can exert important effects on global dynamics and many processes within the deep Earth. Superhydrous phase B (ShyB), as an important candidate for transporting water into the mantle transition zone and lower mantle, is stable up to 31 GPa and will decompose into bridgmanite, periclase and water at a depth of 800 km [Komabayashi and Omori, 2006]. The decomposition of ShyB may be related to the seismic discontinuity at the depth of 800 km in Western-Pacific Subduction Zones [Liu et al., 2016; Porritt and Yoshioka, 2016]. The detail discussions on this topic require the elasticity of ShyB at the P-T conditions of the transition zone and lower mantle. In this contribution, we obtained the thermal elasticity of ShyB using first-principles calculations. ShyB shows a very low velocity and density compared to the bridgmanite and periclase, the major minerals in the lower mantle. The accumulation of ShyB will generate the low-velocity anomaly in the uppermost lower mantle. The dehydration of ShyB will cause the Vp, Vs, and density increase by 7.5%, 15.0% and 12%, respectively. It means that a slab with 10% ShyB could cause an impedance contrast of 2.7% at a depth of 800 km for shear wave. Furthermore, the released waters by the dehydration of ShyB probably migrate upward and promote the partial melt to reduce the sound velocity at shallower depth, which can further explain the low-velocity zones just above 800-km discontinuity in Western-Pacific Subduction Zones [Liu et al., 2016]. Komabayashi, T., and S. Omori (2006), Internally consistent thermodynamic data set for dense hydrous magnesium silicates up to 35GPa, 1600°C: Implications for water circulation in the Earth's deep mantle, Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 156(1-2), 89-107. Liu, Z., J. Park, and S. I. Karato (2016), Seismological detection of low-velocity anomalies surrounding the mantle transition

Witnessing effective entanglement over a 2 km fiber channel.

PubMed

Wittmann, Christoffer; Fürst, Josef; Wiechers, Carlos; Elser, Dominique; Häseler, Hauke; Lütkenhaus, Norbert; Leuchs, Gerd

2010-03-01

We present a fiber-based continuous-variable quantum key distribution system. In the scheme, a quantum signal of two non-orthogonal weak optical coherent states is sent through a fiber-based quantum channel. The receiver simultaneously measures conjugate quadratures of the light using two homodyne detectors. From the measured Q-function of the transmitted signal, we estimate the attenuation and the excess noise caused by the channel. The estimated excess noise originating from the channel and the channel attenuation including the quantum efficiency of the detection setup is investigated with respect to the detection of effective entanglement. The local oscillator is considered in the verification. We witness effective entanglement with a channel length of up to 2 km.

A portrait of the extreme solar system object 2012 DR30

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kiss, Cs.; Szabó, Gy.; Horner, J.; Conn, B. C.; Müller, T. G.; Vilenius, E.; Sárneczky, K.; Kiss, L. L.; Bannister, M.; Bayliss, D.; Pál, A.; Góbi, S.; Verebélyi, E.; Lellouch, E.; Santos-Sanz, P.; Ortiz, J. L.; Duffard, R.; Morales, N.

2013-07-01

2012 DR30 is a recently discovered solar system object on a unique orbit, with a high eccentricity of 0.9867, a perihelion distance of 14.54 AU, and a semi-major axis of 1109 AU, in this respect outscoring the vast majority of trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs). We performed Herschel/PACS and optical photometry to uncover the sizeand albedo of 2012 DR30, together with its thermal and surface properties. The body is 185 km in diameter and has a relatively low V-band geometric albedo of ~8%. Although the colours of the object indicate that 2012 DR30 is an RI taxonomy class TNO or Centaur, we detected an absorption feature in the Z-band that is uncommon among these bodies. A dynamical analysis of the target's orbit shows that 2012 DR30 moves on a relatively unstable orbit and was most likely only recently placed on its current orbit from the most distant and still highly unexplored regions of the solar system. If categorised on dynamical grounds 2012 DR30 is the largest Damocloid and/or high inclination Centaur observed so far. Herschel is an ESA space observatory with science instruments provided by European-led Principal Investigator consortia and with important participation from NASA.Appendices are available in electronic form at http://www.aanda.org

High-fidelity transmission of polarization encoded qubits from an entangled source over 100 km of fiber.

PubMed

Hübel, Hannes; Vanner, Michael R; Lederer, Thomas; Blauensteiner, Bibiane; Lorünser, Thomas; Poppe, Andreas; Zeilinger, Anton

2007-06-11

We demonstrate non-degenerate down-conversion at 810 and 1550 nm for long-distance fiber based quantum communication using polarization entangled photon pairs. Measurements of the two-photon visibility, without dark count subtraction, have shown that the quantum correlations (raw visibility 89%) allow secure quantum cryptography after 100 km of non-zero dispersion shifted fiber using commercially available single photon detectors. In addition, quantum state tomography has revealed little degradation of state negativity, decreasing from 0.99 at the source to 0.93 after 100 km, indicating minimal loss in fidelity during the transmission.

Rain rate and modeled fade distributions at 20 GHz and 30 GHz derived from five years of network rain gauge measurements

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Goldhirsh, Julius; Krichevsky, Vladimir; Gebo, Norman

1992-01-01

Five years of rain rate and modeled slant path attenuation distributions at 20 GHz and 30 GHz derived from a network of 10 tipping bucket rain gages was examined. The rain gage network is located within a grid 70 km north-south and 47 km east-west in the Mid-Atlantic coast of the United States in the vicinity of Wallops Island, Virginia. Distributions were derived from the variable integration time data and from one minute averages. It was demonstrated that for realistic fade margins, the variable integration time results are adequate to estimate slant path attenuations at frequencies above 20 GHz using models which require one minute averages. An accurate empirical formula was developed to convert the variable integration time rain rates to one minute averages. Fade distributions at 20 GHz and 30 GHz were derived employing Crane's Global model because it was demonstrated to exhibit excellent accuracy with measured COMSTAR fades at 28.56 GHz.

Comparison of a new digital KM screen test with conventional Hess and Lees screen tests in the mapping of ocular deviations.

PubMed

Thorisdottir, Rannveig Linda; Sundgren, Johanna; Sheikh, Rafi; Blohmé, Jonas; Hammar, Björn; Kjellström, Sten; Malmsjö, Malin

2018-05-28

To evaluate the digital KM screen computerized ocular motility test and to compare it with conventional nondigital techniques using the Hess and Lees screens. Patients with known ocular deviations and a visual acuity of at least 20/100 underwent testing using the digital KM screen and the Hess and Lees screen tests. The examination duration, the subjectively perceived difficulty, and the patient's method of choice were compared for the three tests. The accuracy of test results was compared using Bland-Altman plots between testing methods. A total of 19 patients were included. Examination with the digital KM screen test was less time-consuming than tests with the Hess and Lees screens (P < 0.001 and P = 0.003, resp., compared with the digital KM screen). Patients found the test with the digital KM screen easier to perform than the Lees screen test (P = 0.009) but of similar difficulty to the Hess screen test (P = 0.203). The majority of the patients (83%) preferred the digital KM screen test to both of the other screen methods (P = 0.008). Bland-Altman plots showed that the results obtained with all three tests were similar. The digital KM screen is accurate and time saving and provides similar results to Lees and Hess screen testing. It also has the advantage of a digital data analysis and registration. Copyright © 2018 American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Wave Activity (Planetary, Tidal) throughout the Middle Atmoshere (25-100 km) over the CUJO Network: Satellite and Medium Frequency (MF) Radar Observations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Manson, A.; Meek, C.; Chshyolkova, T.; Avery, S.; Thorsen, D.; MacDougall, J.; Hocking, W.; Murayama, Y.; Igarashi, K.

Planetary and tidal wave activity in the mesosphere-lower thermosphere (MLT), and assessment of wave activity sources in the lower atmosphere, are studied using combinations of ground based (GB) and satellite instruments (2000-2002). CUJO (Canada U.S. Japan Opportunity) comprises MF radar (MFR) systems at London (43°N, 81°W), Platteville (40°N, 105°W), Saskatoon (52°N, 107°W), Wakkanai (45°N, 142°E) and Yamagawa (31°N, 131°E). It offers a significant mid-latitude 7,000 km longitudinal sector in the North American-Pacific region, and a useful range of latitudes (12-14°) at two longitudes. CUJO provides winds and tides 70-100km. Satellite data include the daily values of the total ozone column measured by the Earth Probe (EP) TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) and provides a measure of tropopause-lower stratospheric planetary wave activity as well as ozone variability. The so-called UKMO data (an assimilation system) are used for correlative purposes with the TOMS data. Climatologies of ozone and winds/tides involving frequency versus time (wavelet) contour plots for periods from 2-d to 30-d and the interval from mid 2000 to 2002, show that the changes with altitude, longitude and latitude are very significant and distinctive. Geometric-mean wavelets for the region of the 40°N MFRs demonstrate occasions during the autumn, winter and spring months when there are similarities in the spectral features of the lower atmosphere and at mesopause (85km) heights. Both direct planetary wave (PW) propagation into the MLT, non-linear PW-tide interactions, and disturbances in MLT tides associated with fluctuations in the ozone forcing are considered to be possible coupling processes. The complex horizontal wave numbers of the longer period oscillations are provided in frequency contour plots for the TOMS and UKMO data to demonstrate the differences between lower atmospheric and MLT wave motions and their directions of propagation.

Letter of intent for KM3NeT 2.0

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Adrián-Martínez, S.; Ageron, M.; Aharonian, F.; Aiello, S.; Albert, A.; Ameli, F.; Anassontzis, E.; Andre, M.; Androulakis, G.; Anghinolfi, M.; Anton, G.; Ardid, M.; Avgitas, T.; Barbarino, G.; Barbarito, E.; Baret, B.; Barrios-Martí, J.; Belhorma, B.; Belias, A.; Berbee, E.; van den Berg, A.; Bertin, V.; Beurthey, S.; van Beveren, V.; Beverini, N.; Biagi, S.; Biagioni, A.; Billault, M.; Bondì, M.; Bormuth, R.; Bouhadef, B.; Bourlis, G.; Bourret, S.; Boutonnet, C.; Bouwhuis, M.; Bozza, C.; Bruijn, R.; Brunner, J.; Buis, E.; Busto, J.; Cacopardo, G.; Caillat, L.; Calamai, M.; Calvo, D.; Capone, A.; Caramete, L.; Cecchini, S.; Celli, S.; Champion, C.; Cherkaoui El Moursli, R.; Cherubini, S.; Chiarusi, T.; Circella, M.; Classen, L.; Cocimano, R.; Coelho, J. A. B.; Coleiro, A.; Colonges, S.; Coniglione, R.; Cordelli, M.; Cosquer, A.; Coyle, P.; Creusot, A.; Cuttone, G.; D'Amico, A.; De Bonis, G.; De Rosa, G.; De Sio, C.; Di Capua, F.; Di Palma, I.; Díaz García, A. F.; Distefano, C.; Donzaud, C.; Dornic, D.; Dorosti-Hasankiadeh, Q.; Drakopoulou, E.; Drouhin, D.; Drury, L.; Durocher, M.; Eberl, T.; Eichie, S.; van Eijk, D.; El Bojaddaini, I.; El Khayati, N.; Elsaesser, D.; Enzenhöfer, A.; Fassi, F.; Favali, P.; Fermani, P.; Ferrara, G.; Filippidis, C.; Frascadore, G.; Fusco, L. A.; Gal, T.; Galatà, S.; Garufi, F.; Gay, P.; Gebyehu, M.; Giordano, V.; Gizani, N.; Gracia, R.; Graf, K.; Grégoire, T.; Grella, G.; Habel, R.; Hallmann, S.; van Haren, H.; Harissopulos, S.; Heid, T.; Heijboer, A.; Heine, E.; Henry, S.; Hernández-Rey, J. J.; Hevinga, M.; Hofestädt, J.; Hugon, C. M. F.; Illuminati, G.; James, C. W.; Jansweijer, P.; Jongen, M.; de Jong, M.; Kadler, M.; Kalekin, O.; Kappes, A.; Katz, U. F.; Keller, P.; Kieft, G.; Kießling, D.; Koffeman, E. N.; Kooijman, P.; Kouchner, A.; Kulikovskiy, V.; Lahmann, R.; Lamare, P.; Leisos, A.; Leonora, E.; Clark, M. Lindsey; Liolios, A.; Llorens Alvarez, C. D.; Lo Presti, D.; Löhner, H.; Lonardo, A.; Lotze, M.; Loucatos, S.; Maccioni, E.; Mannheim, K.; Margiotta, A.; Marinelli, A.; Mariş, O.; Markou, C.; Martínez-Mora, J. A.; Martini, A.; Mele, R.; Melis, K. W.; Michael, T.; Migliozzi, P.; Migneco, E.; Mijakowski, P.; Miraglia, A.; Mollo, C. M.; Mongelli, M.; Morganti, M.; Moussa, A.; Musico, P.; Musumeci, M.; Navas, S.; Nicolau, C. A.; Olcina, I.; Olivetto, C.; Orlando, A.; Papaikonomou, A.; Papaleo, R.; Păvălaş, G. E.; Peek, H.; Pellegrino, C.; Perrina, C.; Pfutzner, M.; Piattelli, P.; Pikounis, K.; Poma, G. E.; Popa, V.; Pradier, T.; Pratolongo, F.; Pühlhofer, G.; Pulvirenti, S.; Quinn, L.; Racca, C.; Raffaelli, F.; Randazzo, N.; Rapidis, P.; Razis, P.; Real, D.; Resvanis, L.; Reubelt, J.; Riccobene, G.; Rossi, C.; Rovelli, A.; Saldaña, M.; Salvadori, I.; Samtleben, D. F. E.; Sánchez García, A.; Sánchez Losa, A.; Sanguineti, M.; Santangelo, A.; Santonocito, D.; Sapienza, P.; Schimmel, F.; Schmelling, J.; Sciacca, V.; Sedita, M.; Seitz, T.; Sgura, I.; Simeone, F.; Siotis, I.; Sipala, V.; Spisso, B.; Spurio, M.; Stavropoulos, G.; Steijger, J.; Stellacci, S. M.; Stransky, D.; Taiuti, M.; Tayalati, Y.; Tézier, D.; Theraube, S.; Thompson, L.; Timmer, P.; Tönnis, C.; Trasatti, L.; Trovato, A.; Tsirigotis, A.; Tzamarias, S.; Tzamariudaki, E.; Vallage, B.; Van Elewyck, V.; Vermeulen, J.; Vicini, P.; Viola, S.; Vivolo, D.; Volkert, M.; Voulgaris, G.; Wiggers, L.; Wilms, J.; de Wolf, E.; Zachariadou, K.; Zornoza, J. D.; Zúñiga, J.

2016-08-01

The main objectives of the KM3NeT Collaboration are (i) the discovery and subsequent observation of high-energy neutrino sources in the Universe and (ii) the determination of the mass hierarchy of neutrinos. These objectives are strongly motivated by two recent important discoveries, namely: (1) the high-energy astrophysical neutrino signal reported by IceCube and (2) the sizable contribution of electron neutrinos to the third neutrino mass eigenstate as reported by Daya Bay, Reno and others. To meet these objectives, the KM3NeT Collaboration plans to build a new Research Infrastructure consisting of a network of deep-sea neutrino telescopes in the Mediterranean Sea. A phased and distributed implementation is pursued which maximises the access to regional funds, the availability of human resources and the synergistic opportunities for the Earth and sea sciences community. Three suitable deep-sea sites are selected, namely off-shore Toulon (France), Capo Passero (Sicily, Italy) and Pylos (Peloponnese, Greece). The infrastructure will consist of three so-called building blocks. A building block comprises 115 strings, each string comprises 18 optical modules and each optical module comprises 31 photo-multiplier tubes. Each building block thus constitutes a three-dimensional array of photo sensors that can be used to detect the Cherenkov light produced by relativistic particles emerging from neutrino interactions. Two building blocks will be sparsely configured to fully explore the IceCube signal with similar instrumented volume, different methodology, improved resolution and complementary field of view, including the galactic plane. One building block will be densely configured to precisely measure atmospheric neutrino oscillations.

Rainforest metropolis casts 1,000-km defaunation shadow.

PubMed

Tregidgo, Daniel J; Barlow, Jos; Pompeu, Paulo S; de Almeida Rocha, Mayana; Parry, Luke

2017-08-08

Tropical rainforest regions are urbanizing rapidly, yet the role of emerging metropolises in driving wildlife overharvesting in forests and inland waters is unknown. We present evidence of a large defaunation shadow around a rainforest metropolis. Using interviews with 392 rural fishers, we show that fishing has severely depleted a large-bodied keystone fish species, tambaqui ( Colossoma macropomum ), with an impact extending over 1,000 km from the rainforest city of Manaus (population 2.1 million). There was strong evidence of defaunation within this area, including a 50% reduction in body size and catch rate (catch per unit effort). Our findings link these declines to city-based boats that provide rural fishers with reliable access to fish buyers and ice and likely impact rural fisher livelihoods and flooded forest biodiversity. This empirical evidence that urban markets can defaunate deep into rainforest wilderness has implications for other urbanizing socioecological systems.

Transmission of 2 × 56 Gb/s PAM-4 signal over 100 km SSMF using 18 GHz DMLs.

PubMed

Zhou, Shiwei; Li, Xiang; Yi, Lilin; Yang, Qi; Fu, Songnian

2016-04-15

We experimentally demonstrate C-band 2 × 56 Gb/s pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM)-4 signal transmission over 100 km standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) using 18 GHz direct-modulated lasers (DMLs) and direct detection, without inline optical amplifier. A delay interferometer (DI) at the transmitter side is used to extend the transmission reach from 40 to 100 km. A digital Volterra filter at the receiver side is used to mitigate the nonlinear distortions. We obtain an average bit error ratio (BER) of 1.5 × 10(-3) for 2 × 56 Gb/s PAM-4 signal after 100 km SSMF transmission at the optimal input power, which is below the 7% forward error correction (FEC) threshold (3.8 × 10(-3)).

Source Mechanism of May 30, 2015 Bonin Islands, Japan Deep Earthquake (Mw7.8) Estimated by Broadband Waveform Modeling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tsuboi, S.; Nakamura, T.; Miyoshi, T.

2015-12-01

May 30, 2015 Bonin Islands, Japan earthquake (Mw 7.8, depth 679.9km GCMT) was one of the deepest earthquakes ever recorded. We apply the waveform inversion technique (Kikuchi & Kanamori, 1991) to obtain slip distribution in the source fault of this earthquake in the same manner as our previous work (Nakamura et al., 2010). We use 60 broadband seismograms of IRIS GSN seismic stations with epicentral distance between 30 and 90 degrees. The broadband original data are integrated into ground displacement and band-pass filtered in the frequency band 0.002-1 Hz. We use the velocity structure model IASP91 to calculate the wavefield near source and stations. We assume that the fault is squared with the length 50 km. We obtain source rupture model for both nodal planes with high dip angle (74 degree) and low dip angle (26 degree) and compare the synthetic seismograms with the observations to determine which source rupture model would explain the observations better. We calculate broadband synthetic seismograms with these source propagation models using the spectral-element method (Komatitsch & Tromp, 2001). We use new Earth Simulator system in JAMSTEC to compute synthetic seismograms using the spectral-element method. The simulations are performed on 7,776 processors, which require 1,944 nodes of the Earth Simulator. On this number of nodes, a simulation of 50 minutes of wave propagation accurate at periods of 3.8 seconds and longer requires about 5 hours of CPU time. Comparisons of the synthetic waveforms with the observation at teleseismic stations show that the arrival time of pP wave calculated for depth 679km matches well with the observation, which demonstrates that the earthquake really happened below the 660 km discontinuity. In our present forward simulations, the source rupture model with the low-angle fault dipping is likely to better explain the observations.

Evaluating the Sensitivity of Glacial Isostatic Adjustment to a Hydrous Melt at 410 km Depth

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hill, A. M.; Milne, G. A.; Ranalli, G.

2017-12-01

We present a sensitivity analysis aimed at testing whether observables related to GIA can support or refute the existence of a low viscosity partial melt layer located above the mantle transition zone, as required by the so-called "Transition Zone Water Filter" model (Bercovici and Karato 2003). In total, 400 model runs were performed sampling a range of melt layer thicknesses (1, 10 & 20 km) and viscosities (1015 - 1019 Pas) as well as plausible viscosity values in the upper and lower mantle. Comparing model output of postglacial decay times and j2, 18 of the considered viscosity models were found to be compatible with all of the observational constraints. Amongst these, only three `background' upper and lower mantle viscosities are permitted regardless of the properties of the melt layer: an upper mantle value of 3×1020 Pas and lower mantle values of 1022, 3×1022 and 5×1022 Pas. Concerning the properties of the melt layer itself, a thin (1 km) layer may have any of the investigated viscosities (1015 to 1019 Pas). For thicker melt layers, the viscosity must be ≥1018 Pas (20 km) or ≥1017 Pas (10 km). Our results indicate clear parameter trade-offs between the properties of the melt layer and the background viscosity structure. Given that the observations permit several values of lower mantle viscosity, we conclude that tightening constraints on this parameter would be valuable for future investigation of the type presented here. Furthermore, while decay times from both locations considered in this investigation (Ångerman River, Sweden; Richmond Gulf, Canada) offer meaningful constraints on viscosity structure, the value for Richmond Gulf is significantly more uncertain and so increasing its precision would likely result in improved viscosity constraints.

Astroparticle and neutrino oscillation research with KM3NeT

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kulikovskiy, V.

2017-05-01

Two next generation underwater neutrino telescopes are under construction in the Mediterranean sea by the KM3NeT Collaboration. The first, ORCA, optimised for atmospheric neutrinos detection will be capable to determine the neutrino mass hierarchy with >3{σ} after three years of operation, i.e. as early as 2023. The second, ARCA, is optimised for high energy neutrino astronomy. Its location allows for surveying most of the Galactic Plane, including the Galactic Centre and the most promising source candidates. The neutrino diffuse emission flux measured by the IceCube Collaboration can be observed with 5{σ} in less than one year.

Nightside temperature measurements at 95 km from OH nightglow in the Venus atmosphere

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Migliorini, A.; Snels, M.; Gérard, J.-C.; Soret, L.; Piccioni, G.; Drossart, P.

2017-09-01

Temperature estimations at an altitude of about 95 km on the night side of Venus are provided. They are derived from hydroxyl nightglow emissions, observed in the infrared spectral range at 2.7-3.5 micron, using the Visible and Infrared Thermal Imaging Spectrometer on board Venus Express.

Subaqueous tectonic geomorphology along a 400 km stretch of the Queen Charlotte-Fairweather Fault System, southeastern Alaska

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brothers, D. S.; Ten Brink, U. S.; Andrews, B. D.; Kluesner, J.; Haeussler, P. J.; Watt, J. T.; Dartnell, P.; Miller, N. C.; Conrad, J. E.; East, A. E.; Maier, K. L.; Balster-Gee, A.; Ebuna, D. R.

2016-12-01

Seismic and geodetic monitoring of active fault systems does not typically extend beyond one seismic cycle, hence it is challenging to link the characteristics of individual earthquakes with long-term fault behavior. A compelling place to examine such linkages is the right-lateral Queen Charlotte-Fairweather Fault (QCFF), a 1200 km dextral strike-slip fault offshore southeastern Alaska and western British Columbia. The QCFF defines the North America-Pacific transform plate boundary and has experienced at least eight M>7 earthquakes in the last 130 years. During 2015-2016, the USGS conducted four high-resolution marine geophysical surveys (multibeam bathymetry, sparker multichannel seismic and Chirp) along a 400-km-long section of the QCFF from Icy Point to Noyes Canyon. The QCFF displays a nearly linear and continuous fault trace from Icy Point to the southern tip of Baranof Island, a distance of 315 km. Subtle changes in fault strike, particularly the 200 km section fault south of Sitka Sound, are associated with pull-apart basins and compressional pop-up structures. Bathymetric imagery provides stunning views of strike-slip fault morphology along the continental shelf-edge and slope, including linear fault valleys and knife-edge lateral offset of submarine canyons, gullies, and ridges. We also observe pervasive evidence for small-scale (<1 km^2) submarine landslides along the margin and propose that they were seismically triggered. The glacially scoured southern wall of the Yakobi Sea Valley, formed 17 ka, is offset 925±25 m by the QCFF, providing a late Pleistocene-present slip-rate estimate of approximately 54 mm/yr. This suggests nearly the entire plate boundary motion is localized to a single, relatively narrow fault zone. We also constructed and analyzed a catalog of lateral piercing points along the fault to better understand long-term fault behavior, particularly along segments that have generated large historical earthquakes.

Measurement of the vertical gradient of the semidiurnal tidal wind phase in winter at the 95 km level

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schminder, R.; Kurschner, D.

1984-05-01

When supplemented by absolute reflection height measurements, low frequency wind measurements in the 90-100 km height range become truly competitive in comparison with the more widely used radar meteor wind observations. For example, height profiles of the wind parameters in the so-called meteor zone can be obtained due to the considerable interdiurnal variability of the average nighttime reflection heights controlled by geomagnetic activity. The phase of the semidiurnal tidal wind is particularly height-dependent. The measured vertical gradient of 1/4 h/km in winter corresponds to a vertical wavelength of about 50 km. Wind measurements in the upper atmosphere, at heights between 90 and 100 km, were carried out at the Collm Geophysical Observatory of Karl Marx University Leipzig for a number of years. These measurements use the closely-spaced receiver method and three measuring paths, on 179, 227, and 272 kHz. They take place every day between sunset and sunrise, i.e., nightly. A night in this sense may last as long as 18 hours in winter. Both the measurements and their evaluation are completely automatic, and the prevailing winds and tides are separated.

Measurement of the Vertical Gradient of the Semidiurnal Tidal Wind Phase in Winter at the 95 Km Level

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schminder, R.; Kurschner, D.

1984-01-01

When supplemented by absolute reflection height measurements, low frequency wind measurements in the 90-100 km height range become truly competitive in comparison with the more widely used radar meteor wind observations. For example, height profiles of the wind parameters in the so-called meteor zone can be obtained due to the considerable interdiurnal variability of the average nighttime reflection heights controlled by geomagnetic activity. The phase of the semidiurnal tidal wind is particularly height-dependent. The measured vertical gradient of 1/4 h/km in winter corresponds to a vertical wavelength of about 50 km. Wind measurements in the upper atmosphere, at heights between 90 and 100 km, were carried out at the Collm Geophysical Observatory of Karl Marx University Leipzig for a number of years. These measurements use the closely-spaced receiver method and three measuring paths, on 179, 227, and 272 kHz. They take place every day between sunset and sunrise, i.e., nightly. A night in this sense may last as long as 18 hours in winter. Both the measurements and their evaluation are completely automatic, and the prevailing winds and tides are separated.

Measuring the seismic velocity in the top 15 km of Earth's inner core

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Godwin, Harriet; Waszek, Lauren; Deuss, Arwen

2018-01-01

We present seismic observations of the uppermost layer of the inner core. This was formed most recently, thus its seismic features are related to current solidification processes. Previous studies have only constrained the east-west hemispherical seismic velocity structure in the Earth's inner core at depths greater than 15 km below the inner core boundary. The properties of shallower structure have not yet been determined, because the seismic waves PKIKP and PKiKP used for differential travel time analysis arrive close together and start to interfere. Here, we present a method to make differential travel time measurements for waves that turn in the top 15 km of the inner core, and measure the corresponding seismic velocity anomalies. We achieve this by generating synthetic seismograms to model the overlapping signals of the inner core phase PKIKP and the inner core boundary phase PKiKP. We then use a waveform comparison to attribute different parts of the signal to each phase. By measuring the same parts of the signal in both observed and synthetic data, we are able to calculate differential travel time residuals. We apply our method to data with ray paths which traverse the Pacific hemisphere boundary. We generate a velocity model for this region, finding lower velocity for deeper, more easterly ray paths. Forward modelling suggests that this region contains either a high velocity upper layer, or variation in the location of the hemisphere boundary with depth and/or latitude. Our study presents the first direct seismic observation of the uppermost 15 km of the inner core, opening new possibilities for further investigating the inner core boundary region.

Nonequilibrium Radiation Aerothermodynamics of the Command Modulus of Apollo 4 at Altitudes above 75 km

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Surzhikov, S. T.

2018-02-01

The problem of the radiation gas dynamics of super-orbital entry into dense layers of the Earth's atmosphere of the command module of Apollo 4 is solved numerically in the two-dimensional formulation of the flow around an aerodynamic frontal shield at the velocity V∞= 10.7 km/s in the altitude range H = 91.5‒76.2 km. The density distributions of the spectral and integral radiation heat fluxes on the surface flowed around are obtained. The considerable role of atomic spectral lines in the radiation heating of the surface is shown. The results of calculations are compared with the flight experimental data and the calculated data of other authors.

KM3NeT-ORCA: Oscillation Research with Cosmics in the Abyss

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Coyle, Paschal; KM3NeT Collaboration

2017-09-01

KM3NeT, currently under construction in the abysses of the Mediterranean Sea, is a distributed research infrastructure that will host a km3-scale neutrino telescope (ARCA) for high-energy neutrino astronomy, and a megaton scale detector (ORCA) for neutrino oscillation studies of atmospheric neutrinos. ORCA is optimised for a measurement of the mass hierarchy, providing a sensitivity of 3σ after 3-4 years. It will also measure the atmospheric mixing parameters Δm2 atm and θ23 with a precision comparable to the NOvA and T2K experiments using both the muon neutrino disappearance and tau neutrino appearance channels. It will provide a measurement of the tau neutrino appearance rate with better than 10% precision, a crucial ingredient for tests of unitarity. It will probe the octant of the mixing angle θ23 via matter resonance effects on neutrinos and antineutrinos crossing the core and mantle, which are largely independent on the CP phase. The observation of neutrino oscillations over a wide range of baselines and energies will provide broad sensitivity to new physics such as non-standard neutrino interactions (NSI) and sterile neutrinos.

Monitoring massive fracture growth at 2-km depths using surface tiltmeter arrays

USGS Publications Warehouse

Wood, M.D.

1979-01-01

Tilt due to massive hydraulic fractures induced in sedimentary rocks at depths of up to 2.2 km have been recorded by surface tiltmeters. Injection of fluid volumes up to 4 ?? 105 liters and masses of propping agent up to 5 ?? 105 kg is designed to produce fractures approximately 1 km long, 50-100 m high and about 1 cm wide. The surface tilt data adequately fit a dislocation model of a tensional fault in a half-space. Theoretical and observational results indicate that maximum tilt occurs at a distance off the strike of the fracture equivalent to 0.4 of the depth to the fracture. Azimuth and extent of the fracture deduced from the geometry of the tilt field agree with other kinds of geophysical measurements. Detailed correlation of the tilt signatures with pumping parameters (pressure, rate, volume, mass) have provided details on asymmetry in geometry and growth rate. Whereas amplitude variations in tilt vary inversely with the square of the depth, changes in flow rate or pressure gradient can produce a cubic change in width. These studies offer a large-scale experimental approach to the study of problems involving fracturing, mass transport, and dilatancy processes. ?? 1979.

>2500-km-Long Contemporaneous Deep Continental Subduction in the West Gondwana Orogen

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rubatto, D.; Ganade de Araujo, C. E.; Hermann, J.; Cordani, U. G.; Caby, R.; Basei, M. A. S.

2014-12-01

The 5000-km-long, deeply eroded West Gondwana Orogen (WGO) is a major continental collision zone that exposes numerous occurrences of deeply subducted rocks (i.e. eclogites) along its strike. The position of these eclogites marks the suture zone between colliding cratons and the age of metamorphism constrains the transition from subduction-dominated tectonics to continental collision and mountain building. We investigated the metamorphic conditions and age of high-pressure (HP) and ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) eclogites from Mali, Togo and NE-Brazil . P-T estimates confirm UHP to HP conditions for all these localities. The U-Pb age and trace element composition of metamorphic zircon domains demonstrate that continental subduction in the WGO occurred within 20 m.y. over at least 2500 km during the Ediacaran period (620-610 Ma). We consider this to be the first record of modern, large-scale deep-continental subduction and the consequent appearance of Himalayan-scale mountains in the geological record. The rise of such mountains in the Late Ediacaran is perfectly timed to deliver by erosion the sediments (nutrients) that have been deemed necessary for life sustainability in the following Earth evolution.

KmL3D: a non-parametric algorithm for clustering joint trajectories.

PubMed

Genolini, C; Pingault, J B; Driss, T; Côté, S; Tremblay, R E; Vitaro, F; Arnaud, C; Falissard, B

2013-01-01

In cohort studies, variables are measured repeatedly and can be considered as trajectories. A classic way to work with trajectories is to cluster them in order to detect the existence of homogeneous patterns of evolution. Since cohort studies usually measure a large number of variables, it might be interesting to study the joint evolution of several variables (also called joint-variable trajectories). To date, the only way to cluster joint-trajectories is to cluster each trajectory independently, then to cross the partitions obtained. This approach is unsatisfactory because it does not take into account a possible co-evolution of variable-trajectories. KmL3D is an R package that implements a version of k-means dedicated to clustering joint-trajectories. It provides facilities for the management of missing values, offers several quality criteria and its graphic interface helps the user to select the best partition. KmL3D can work with any number of joint-variable trajectories. In the restricted case of two joint trajectories, it proposes 3D tools to visualize the partitioning and then export 3D dynamic rotating-graphs to PDF format. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Transport System for Delivery Tourists At Altitude 140 km

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bolonkin, Alexander

2002-01-01

The author offers a new method and installation for flight in space. This method uses the centrifugal force of a rotating circular cable that provides a means for the launch of a payload into outer space, to keep the fixed space stations at high altitudes (up to 200 km). The method may also be useful for landing to space bodies, for launching of the space ships (crafts), and for moving and accelerating other artificial apparatuses. The offered installation may be used as a propulsion system for space ships and/or probes. This system uses the material of any space body (i.e. stones) for acceleration and change of the space vehicle trajectory. The suggested system may be also used as a high capacity energy accumulator.

Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution over 200 km

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tang, Yan-Lin; Yin, Hua-Lei; Chen, Si-Jing; Liu, Yang; Zhang, Wei-Jun; Jiang, Xiao; Zhang, Lu; Wang, Jian; You, Li-Xing; Guan, Jian-Yu; Yang, Dong-Xu; Wang, Zhen; Liang, Hao; Zhang, Zhen; Zhou, Nan; Ma, Xiongfeng; Chen, Teng-Yun; Zhang, Qiang; Pan, Jian-Wei

2014-11-01

Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDIQKD) protocol is immune to all attacks on detection and guarantees the information-theoretical security even with imperfect single-photon detectors. Recently, several proof-of-principle demonstrations of MDIQKD have been achieved. Those experiments, although novel, are implemented through limited distance with a key rate less than 0.1 bit /s . Here, by developing a 75 MHz clock rate fully automatic and highly stable system and superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors with detection efficiencies of more than 40%, we extend the secure transmission distance of MDIQKD to 200 km and achieve a secure key rate 3 orders of magnitude higher. These results pave the way towards a quantum network with measurement-device-independent security.

Increasing runoff and sediment load from the Greenland ice sheet at kangerlussuaq (Sonder Stromfjord) in a 30-year perspective, 1979-2008

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mernild, Sebastian Haugard; Liston, Glen; Hasholt, Bent

2009-01-01

This observation and modeling study provides insights into runoff and sediment load exiting the Watson River drainage basin, Kangerlussuaq, West Greenland during a 30 year period (1978/79-2007/08) when the climate experienced increasing temperatures and precipitation. The 30-year simulations quantify the terrestrial freshwater and sediment output from part of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) and the land between the GrIS and the ocean, in the context of global warming and increasing GrIS surface melt. We used a snow-evolution modeling system (SnowModel) to simulate the winter accumulation and summer ablation processes, including runoff and surface mass balance (SMB), of the Greenland icemore » sheet. Observed sediment concentrations were related to observed runoff, producing a sediment-load time series. To a large extent, the SMB fluctuations could be explained by changes in net precipitation (precipitation minus evaporation and sublimation), with 8 out of 30 years having negative SMB, mainly because of relatively low annual net precipitation. The overall trend in net precipitation and runoff increased significantly, while 5MB increased insignificantly throughout the simulation period, leading to enhanced precipitation of 0.59 km{sup 3} w.eq. (or 60%), runoff of 0.43 km{sup 3} w.eq (or 54%), and SMB of 0.16 km3 w.eq. (or 86%). Runoff rose on average from 0.80 km{sup 3} w.eq. in 1978/79 to 1.23 km{sup 3} w.eq. in 2007/08. The percentage of catchment oudet runoff explained by runoff from the GrIS decreased on average {approx} 10%, indicating that catchment runoff throughout the simulation period was influenced more by precipitation and snowmelt events, and less by runoff from the GrIS. Average variations in the increasing Kangerlussuaq runoff from 1978/79 through 2007/08 seem to follow the overall variations in satellite-derived GrIS surface melt, where 64% of the variations in simulated runoff were explained by regional melt conditions on the GrIS. Throughout the

Constraints on the anisotropic contributions to velocity discontinuities at ∼60 km depth beneath the Pacific

PubMed Central

Harmon, Nicholas

2017-01-01

Abstract Strong, sharp, negative seismic discontinuities, velocity decreases with depth, are observed beneath the Pacific seafloor at ∼60 km depth. It has been suggested that these are caused by an increase in radial anisotropy with depth, which occurs in global surface wave models. Here we test this hypothesis in two ways. We evaluate whether an increase in surface wave radial anisotropy with depth is robust with synthetic resolution tests. We do this by fitting an example surface wave data set near the East Pacific Rise. We also estimate the apparent isotropic seismic velocity discontinuities that could be caused by changes in radial anisotropy in S‐to‐P and P‐to‐S receiver functions and SS precursors using synthetic seismograms. We test one model where radial anisotropy is caused by olivine alignment and one model where it is caused by compositional layering. The result of our surface wave inversion suggests strong shallow azimuthal anisotropy beneath 0–10 Ma seafloor, which would also have a radial anisotropy signature. An increase in radial anisotropy with depth at 60 km depth is not well‐resolved in surface wave models, and could be artificially observed. Shallow isotropy underlain by strong radial anisotropy could explain moderate apparent velocity drops (<6%) in SS precursor imaging, but not receiver functions. The effect is diminished if strong anisotropy also exists at 0–60 km depth as suggested by surface waves. Overall, an increase in radial anisotropy with depth may not exist at 60 km beneath the oceans and does not explain the scattered wave observations. PMID:29097907

Constraints on the anisotropic contributions to velocity discontinuities at ∼60 km depth beneath the Pacific.

PubMed

Rychert, Catherine A; Harmon, Nicholas

2017-08-01

Strong, sharp, negative seismic discontinuities, velocity decreases with depth, are observed beneath the Pacific seafloor at ∼60 km depth. It has been suggested that these are caused by an increase in radial anisotropy with depth, which occurs in global surface wave models. Here we test this hypothesis in two ways. We evaluate whether an increase in surface wave radial anisotropy with depth is robust with synthetic resolution tests. We do this by fitting an example surface wave data set near the East Pacific Rise. We also estimate the apparent isotropic seismic velocity discontinuities that could be caused by changes in radial anisotropy in S-to-P and P-to-S receiver functions and SS precursors using synthetic seismograms. We test one model where radial anisotropy is caused by olivine alignment and one model where it is caused by compositional layering. The result of our surface wave inversion suggests strong shallow azimuthal anisotropy beneath 0-10 Ma seafloor, which would also have a radial anisotropy signature. An increase in radial anisotropy with depth at 60 km depth is not well-resolved in surface wave models, and could be artificially observed. Shallow isotropy underlain by strong radial anisotropy could explain moderate apparent velocity drops (<6%) in SS precursor imaging, but not receiver functions. The effect is diminished if strong anisotropy also exists at 0-60 km depth as suggested by surface waves. Overall, an increase in radial anisotropy with depth may not exist at 60 km beneath the oceans and does not explain the scattered wave observations.

Similarities and differences in anthropometry and training between recreational male 100-km ultra-marathoners and marathoners.

PubMed

Rüst, Christoph Alexander; Knechtle, Beat; Knechtle, Patrizia; Rosemann, Thomas

2012-01-01

Several recent investigations showed that the best marathon time of an individual athlete is also a strong predictor variable for the race time in a 100-km ultra-marathon. We investigated similarities and differences in anthropometry and training characteristics between 166 100-km ultra-marathoners and 126 marathoners in recreational male athletes. The association of anthropometric variables and training characteristics with race time was assessed by using bi- and multi-variate analysis. Regarding anthropometry, the marathoners had a significantly lower calf circumference (P < 0.05) and a significantly thicker skinfold at pectoral (P < 0.01), axilla (P < 0.05), and suprailiacal sites (P < 0.05) compared to the ultra-marathoners. Considering training characteristics, the marathoners completed significantly fewer hours (P < 0.001) and significantly fewer kilometres (P < 0.001) during the week, but they were running significantly faster during training (P < 0.001). The multi-variate analysis showed that age (P < 0.0001), body mass (P = 0.011), and percent body fat (P = 0.019) were positively and weekly running kilometres (P < 0.0001) were negatively related to 100-km race times in the ultra-marathoners. In the marathoners, percent body fat (P = 0.002) was positively and speed in running training (P < 0.0001) was negatively associated with marathon race times. In conclusion, these data suggest that performance in both marathoners and 100-km ultra-marathoners is inversely related to body fat. Moreover, marathoners rely more on speed in running during training whereas ultra-marathoners rely on volume in running training.

Sildenafil does not improve steady state cardiovascular hemodynamics, peak power, or 15-km time trial cycling performance at simulated moderate or high altitudes in men and women.

PubMed

Kressler, Jochen; Stoutenberg, Mark; Roos, Bernard A; Friedlander, Anne L; Perry, Arlette C; Signorile, Joseph F; Jacobs, Kevin A

2011-12-01

Sildenafil improves oxygen delivery and maximal exercise capacity at very high altitudes (≥ 4,350 m), but it is unknown whether sildenafil improves these variables and longer-duration exercise performance at moderate and high altitudes where competitions are more common. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of sildenafil on cardiovascular hemodynamics, arterial oxygen saturation (SaO(2)), peak exercise capacity (W (peak)), and 15-km time trial performance in endurance-trained subjects at simulated moderate (MA; ~2,100 m, 16.2% F(I)O(2)) and high (HA; ~3,900 m, 12.8% F(I)O(2)) altitudes. Eleven men and ten women completed two HA W (peak) trials after ingesting placebo or 50 mg sildenafil. Subjects then completed four exercise trials (30 min at 55% of altitude-specific W (peak) + 15-km time trial) at MA and HA after ingesting placebo or 50 mg sildenafil. All trials were performed in randomized, counterbalanced, and double-blind fashion. Sildenafil had little influence on cardiovascular hemodynamics at MA or HA, but did result in higher SaO(2) values (+3%, p < 0.05) compared to placebo during steady state and time trial exercise at HA. W (peak) at HA was 19% lower than SL (p < 0.001) and was not significantly affected by sildenafil. Similarly, the significantly slower time trial performance at MA (28.1 ± 0.5 min, p = 0.016) and HA (30.3 ± 0.6 min, p < 0.001) compared to SL (27.5 ± 0.6 min) was unaffected by sildenafil. We conclude that sildenafil is unlikely to exert beneficial effects at altitudes <4,000 m for a majority of the population.

Tropical Waves and the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation in a 7-km Global Climate Simulation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Holt, Laura A.; Alexander, M. Joan; Coy, Lawrence; Molod, Andrea; Putman, William; Pawson, Steven

2016-01-01

This study investigates tropical waves and their role in driving a quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO)-like signal in stratospheric winds in a global 7-km-horizontal-resolution atmospheric general circulation model. The Nature Run (NR) is a 2-year global mesoscale simulation of the Goddard Earth Observing System Model, version 5 (GEOS-5). In the tropics, there is evidence that the NR supports a broad range of convectively generated waves. The NR precipitation spectrum resembles the observed spectrum in many aspects, including the preference for westward-propagating waves. However, even with very high horizontal resolution and a healthy population of resolved waves, the zonal force provided by the resolved waves is still too low in the QBO region and parameterized gravity wave drag is the main driver of the NR QBO-like oscillation (NRQBO). The authors suggest that causes include coarse vertical resolution and excessive dissipation. Nevertheless, the very-high-resolution NR provides an opportunity to analyze the resolved wave forcing of the NR-QBO. In agreement with previous studies, large-scale Kelvin and small-scale waves contribute to the NRQBO driving in eastward shear zones and small-scale waves dominate the NR-QBO driving in westward shear zones. Waves with zonal wavelength,1000 km account for up to half of the small-scale (,3300 km) resolved wave forcing in eastward shear zones and up to 70% of the small-scale resolved wave forcing in westward shear zones of the NR-QBO.

Experimental demonstration of bidirectional up to 40 Gbit/s QPSK coherent free-space optical communication link over ∼1 km

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Feng, Xianglian; Wu, Zhihang; Wang, Tianshu; Zhang, Peng; Li, Xiaoyan; Jiang, Huilin; Su, Yuwei; He, Hongwei; Wang, Xiaoyan; Gao, Shiming

2018-03-01

Advanced multi-level modulation formats have shown their great potential in high-speed and high-spectral-efficiency optical communications. Using quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) modulation format for free-space optical (FSO) communication, a bidirectional high-speed FSO transmission link with the bit rates of up to 40 Gbit/s over ∼1 km, between two buildings in the campus of Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China, is experimentally demonstrated cooperating by capture and tracking systems. The eye-diagrams and constellation diagrams of the transmitted QPSK signals are clearly observed. By comparing the bit error rate (BER) curves before and after transmission, one can find that the receiving powers are both less than -16.5 dBm for the forward and backward transmissions of the bidirectional 20, 30, and 40 Gbit/s FSO links, and their power penalties due to the phase fluctuation of the atmospheric channel are both less than 2.6 dB, at the BER of 3.8 ×10-3.

Teleportation of entanglement over 143 km

PubMed Central

Herbst, Thomas; Scheidl, Thomas; Fink, Matthias; Handsteiner, Johannes; Wittmann, Bernhard; Ursin, Rupert; Zeilinger, Anton

2015-01-01

As a direct consequence of the no-cloning theorem, the deterministic amplification as in classical communication is impossible for unknown quantum states. This calls for more advanced techniques in a future global quantum network, e.g., for cloud quantum computing. A unique solution is the teleportation of an entangled state, i.e., entanglement swapping, representing the central resource to relay entanglement between distant nodes. Together with entanglement purification and a quantum memory it constitutes a so-called quantum repeater. Since the aforementioned building blocks have been individually demonstrated in laboratory setups only, the applicability of the required technology in real-world scenarios remained to be proven. Here we present a free-space entanglement-swapping experiment between the Canary Islands of La Palma and Tenerife, verifying the presence of quantum entanglement between two previously independent photons separated by 143 km. We obtained an expectation value for the entanglement-witness operator, more than 6 SDs beyond the classical limit. By consecutive generation of the two required photon pairs and space-like separation of the relevant measurement events, we also showed the feasibility of the swapping protocol in a long-distance scenario, where the independence of the nodes is highly demanded. Because our results already allow for efficient implementation of entanglement purification, we anticipate our research to lay the ground for a fully fledged quantum repeater over a realistic high-loss and even turbulent quantum channel. PMID:26578764

Teleportation of entanglement over 143 km.

PubMed

Herbst, Thomas; Scheidl, Thomas; Fink, Matthias; Handsteiner, Johannes; Wittmann, Bernhard; Ursin, Rupert; Zeilinger, Anton

2015-11-17

As a direct consequence of the no-cloning theorem, the deterministic amplification as in classical communication is impossible for unknown quantum states. This calls for more advanced techniques in a future global quantum network, e.g., for cloud quantum computing. A unique solution is the teleportation of an entangled state, i.e., entanglement swapping, representing the central resource to relay entanglement between distant nodes. Together with entanglement purification and a quantum memory it constitutes a so-called quantum repeater. Since the aforementioned building blocks have been individually demonstrated in laboratory setups only, the applicability of the required technology in real-world scenarios remained to be proven. Here we present a free-space entanglement-swapping experiment between the Canary Islands of La Palma and Tenerife, verifying the presence of quantum entanglement between two previously independent photons separated by 143 km. We obtained an expectation value for the entanglement-witness operator, more than 6 SDs beyond the classical limit. By consecutive generation of the two required photon pairs and space-like separation of the relevant measurement events, we also showed the feasibility of the swapping protocol in a long-distance scenario, where the independence of the nodes is highly demanded. Because our results already allow for efficient implementation of entanglement purification, we anticipate our research to lay the ground for a fully fledged quantum repeater over a realistic high-loss and even turbulent quantum channel.

Detection potential of the KM3NeT detector for high-energy neutrinos from the Fermi bubbles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

KM3NeT Collaboration; Adrián-Martínez, S.; Ageron, M.; Aguilar, J. A.; Aharonian, F.; Aiello, S.; Albert, A.; Alexandri, M.; Ameli, F.; Anassontzis, E. G.; Anghinolfi, M.; Anton, G.; Anvar, S.; Ardid, M.; Assis Jesus, A.; Aubert, J.-J.; Bakker, R.; Ball, A. E.; Barbarino, G.; Barbarito, E.; Barbato, F.; Baret, B.; de Bel, M.; Belias, A.; Bellou, N.; Berbee, E.; Berkien, A.; Bersani, A.; Bertin, V.; Beurthey, S.; Biagi, S.; Bigongiari, C.; Bigourdan, B.; Billault, M.; de Boer, R.; Boer Rookhuizen, H.; Bonori, M.; Borghini, M.; Bou-Cabo, M.; Bouhadef, B.; Bourlis, G.; Bouwhuis, M.; Bradbury, S.; Brown, A.; Bruni, F.; Brunner, J.; Brunoldi, M.; Busto, J.; Cacopardo, G.; Caillat, L.; Calvo Díaz-Aldagalán, D.; Calzas, A.; Canals, M.; Capone, A.; Carr, J.; Castorina, E.; Cecchini, S.; Ceres, A.; Cereseto, R.; Chaleil, Th.; Chateau, F.; Chiarusi, T.; Choqueuse, D.; Christopoulou, P. E.; Chronis, G.; Ciaffoni, O.; Circella, M.; Cocimano, R.; Cohen, F.; Colijn, F.; Coniglione, R.; Cordelli, M.; Cosquer, A.; Costa, M.; Coyle, P.; Craig, J.; Creusot, A.; Curtil, C.; D'Amico, A.; Damy, G.; De Asmundis, R.; De Bonis, G.; Decock, G.; Decowski, P.; Delagnes, E.; De Rosa, G.; Distefano, C.; Donzaud, C.; Dornic, D.; Dorosti-Hasankiadeh, Q.; Drogou, J.; Drouhin, D.; Druillole, F.; Drury, L.; Durand, D.; Durand, G. A.; Eberl, T.; Emanuele, U.; Enzenhöfer, A.; Ernenwein, J.-P.; Escoffier, S.; Espinosa, V.; Etiope, G.; Favali, P.; Felea, D.; Ferri, M.; Ferry, S.; Flaminio, V.; Folger, F.; Fotiou, A.; Fritsch, U.; Gajanana, D.; Garaguso, R.; Gasparini, G. P.; Gasparoni, F.; Gautard, V.; Gensolen, F.; Geyer, K.; Giacomelli, G.; Gialas, I.; Giordano, V.; Giraud, J.; Gizani, N.; Gleixner, A.; Gojak, C.; Gómez-González, J. P.; Graf, K.; Grasso, D.; Grimaldi, A.; Groenewegen, R.; Guédé, Z.; Guillard, G.; Guilloux, F.; Habel, R.; Hallewell, G.; van Haren, H.; van Heerwaarden, J.; Heijboer, A.; Heine, E.; Hernández-Rey, J. J.; Herold, B.; Hillebrand, T.; van de Hoek, M.; Hogenbirk, J.; Hößl, J.; Hsu, C. C.; Imbesi, M.; Jamieson, A.; Jansweijer, P.; de Jong, M.; Jouvenot, F.; Kadler, M.; Kalantar-Nayestanaki, N.; Kalekin, O.; Kappes, A.; Karolak, M.; Katz, U. F.; Kavatsyuk, O.; Keller, P.; Kiskiras, Y.; Klein, R.; Kok, H.; Kontoyiannis, H.; Kooijman, P.; Koopstra, J.; Kopper, C.; Korporaal, A.; Koske, P.; Kouchner, A.; Koutsoukos, S.; Kreykenbohm, I.; Kulikovskiy, V.; Laan, M.; La Fratta, C.; Lagier, P.; Lahmann, R.; Lamare, P.; Larosa, G.; Lattuada, D.; Leisos, A.; Lenis, D.; Leonora, E.; Le Provost, H.; Lim, G.; Llorens, C. D.; Lloret, J.; Löhner, H.; Lo Presti, D.; Lotrus, P.; Louis, F.; Lucarelli, F.; Lykousis, V.; Malyshev, D.; Mangano, S.; Marcoulaki, E. C.; Margiotta, A.; Marinaro, G.; Marinelli, A.; Mariş, O.; Markopoulos, E.; Markou, C.; Martínez-Mora, J. A.; Martini, A.; Marvaldi, J.; Masullo, R.; Maurin, G.; Migliozzi, P.; Migneco, E.; Minutoli, S.; Miraglia, A.; Mollo, C. M.; Mongelli, M.; Monmarthe, E.; Morganti, M.; Mos, S.; Motz, H.; Moudden, Y.; Mul, G.; Musico, P.; Musumeci, M.; Naumann, Ch.; Neff, M.; Nicolaou, C.; Orlando, A.; Palioselitis, D.; Papageorgiou, K.; Papaikonomou, A.; Papaleo, R.; Papazoglou, I. A.; Păvălaş, G. E.; Peek, H. Z.; Perkin, J.; Piattelli, P.; Popa, V.; Pradier, T.; Presani, E.; Priede, I. G.; Psallidas, A.; Rabouille, C.; Racca, C.; Radu, A.; Randazzo, N.; Rapidis, P. A.; Razis, P.; Real, D.; Reed, C.; Reito, S.; Resvanis, L. K.; Riccobene, G.; Richter, R.; Roensch, K.; Rolin, J.; Rose, J.; Roux, J.; Rovelli, A.; Russo, A.; Russo, G. V.; Salesa, F.; Samtleben, D.; Sapienza, P.; Schmelling, J.-W.; Schmid, J.; Schnabel, J.; Schroeder, K.; Schuller, J.-P.; Schussler, F.; Sciliberto, D.; Sedita, M.; Seitz, T.; Shanidze, R.; Simeone, F.; Siotis, I.; Sipala, V.; Sollima, C.; Sparnocchia, S.; Spies, A.; Spurio, M.; Staller, T.; Stavrakakis, S.; Stavropoulos, G.; Steijger, J.; Stolarczyk, Th.; Stransky, D.; Taiuti, M.; Taylor, A.; Thompson, L.; Timmer, P.; Tonoiu, D.; Toscano, S.; Touramanis, C.; Trasatti, L.; Traverso, P.; Trovato, A.; Tsirigotis, A.; Tzamarias, S.; Tzamariudaki, E.; Urbano, F.; Vallage, B.; Van Elewyck, V.; Vannoni, G.; Vecchi, M.; Vernin, P.; Viola, S.; Vivolo, D.; Wagner, S.; Werneke, P.; White, R. J.; Wijnker, G.; Wilms, J.; de Wolf, E.; Yepes, H.; Zhukov, V.; Zonca, E.; Zornoza, J. D.; Zúñiga, J.

2013-02-01

A recent analysis of the Fermi Large Area Telescope data provided evidence for a high-intensity emission of high-energy gamma rays with a E-2 spectrum from two large areas, spanning 50° above and below the Galactic centre (the "Fermi bubbles"). A hadronic mechanism was proposed for this gamma-ray emission making the Fermi bubbles promising source candidates of high-energy neutrino emission. In this work Monte Carlo simulations regarding the detectability of high-energy neutrinos from the Fermi bubbles with the future multi-km3 neutrino telescope KM3NeT in the Mediterranean Sea are presented. Under the hypothesis that the gamma-ray emission is completely due to hadronic processes, the results indicate that neutrinos from the bubbles could be discovered in about one year of operation, for a neutrino spectrum with a cutoff at 100 TeV and a detector with about 6 km3 of instrumented volume. The effect of a possible lower cutoff is also considered.

Quantum key distribution over 120 km using ultrahigh purity single-photon source and superconducting single-photon detectors.

PubMed

Takemoto, Kazuya; Nambu, Yoshihiro; Miyazawa, Toshiyuki; Sakuma, Yoshiki; Yamamoto, Tsuyoshi; Yorozu, Shinichi; Arakawa, Yasuhiko

2015-09-25

Advances in single-photon sources (SPSs) and single-photon detectors (SPDs) promise unique applications in the field of quantum information technology. In this paper, we report long-distance quantum key distribution (QKD) by using state-of-the-art devices: a quantum-dot SPS (QD SPS) emitting a photon in the telecom band of 1.5 μm and a superconducting nanowire SPD (SNSPD). At the distance of 100 km, we obtained the maximal secure key rate of 27.6 bps without using decoy states, which is at least threefold larger than the rate obtained in the previously reported 50-km-long QKD experiment. We also succeeded in transmitting secure keys at the rate of 0.307 bps over 120 km. This is the longest QKD distance yet reported by using known true SPSs. The ultralow multiphoton emissions of our SPS and ultralow dark count of the SNSPD contributed to this result. The experimental results demonstrate the potential applicability of QD SPSs to practical telecom QKD networks.

The Surface faulting produced by the 30 October 2016 Mw 6.5 Central Italy earthquake: the Open EMERGEO Working Group experience

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pantosti, Daniela

2017-04-01

The October 30, 2016 (06:40 UTC) Mw 6.5 earthquake occurred about 28 km NW of Amatrice village as the result of upper crust normal faulting on a nearly 30 km-long, NW-SE oriented, SW dipping fault system in the Central Apennines. This earthquake is the strongest Italian seismic event since the 1980 Mw 6.9 Irpinia earthquake. The Mw 6.5 event was the largest shock of a seismic sequence, which began on August 24 with a Mw 6.0 earthquake and also included a Mw 5.9 earthquake on October 26, about 9 and 35 km NW of Amatrice village, respectively. Field surveys of coseismic geological effects at the surface started within hours of the mainshock and were carried out by several national and international teams of earth scientists (about 120 people) from different research institutions and universities coordinated by the EMERGEO Working Group of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia. This collaborative effort was focused on the detailed recognition and mapping of: 1) the total extent of the October 30 coseismic surface ruptures, 2) their geometric and kinematic characteristics, 3) the coseismic displacement distribution along the activated fault system, including subsidiary and antithetic ruptures. The huge amount of collected data (more than 8000 observation points of several types of coseismic effects at the surface) were stored, managed and shared using a specifically designed spreadsheet to populate a georeferenced database. More comprehensive mapping of the details and extent of surface rupture was facilitated by Structure-from-Motion photogrammetry surveys by means of several helicopter flights. An almost continuous alignment of ruptures about 30 km long, N150/160 striking, mainly SW side down was observed along the already known active Mt. Vettore - Mt. Bove fault system. The mapped ruptures occasionally overlapped those of the August 24 Mw 6.0 and October 26 Mw 5.9 shocks. The coincidence between the observed surface ruptures and the trace of active

Coherently wavelength injection-locking a 600-μm long cavity colorless laser diode for 16-QAM OFDM at 12 Gbit/s over 25-km SMF.

PubMed

Li, Yi-Cheng; Chi, Yu-Chieh; Cheng, Min-Chi; Lu, I-Cheng; Chen, Jason; Lin, Gong-Ru

2013-07-15

The coherent injection-locking and directly modulation of a long-cavity colorless laser diode with 1% end-facet reflectance and weak-resonant longitudinal modes is employed as an universal optical transmitter to demonstrated for optical 16-QAM OFDM transmission at 12 Gbit/s over 25 km in a DWDM-PON system. The optimized bias current of 30 mA (~1.5Ith) with corresponding extinction ratio (ER) of 6 dB and the external injection power of -9 dBm is (are) required for such a wavelength-locked universal transmitter to carry the 16-QAM and 122-subcarrier formatted OFDM and data-stream. By increasing external injection-locking from -9 dBm to 0 dBm, the peak-to-peak chirp of the OFDM data stream reduces from 7.7 to 5.4 GHz. The side mode suppression ratio (SMSR) of up to 50 dB is achieved with wider detuning range between -0.5 nm to 2.0 nm under an injection power of 0 dBm. By modulating such a colorless laser diode with an OFDM data stream of 122 subcarriers at a central carrier frequency of 1.5625 GHz and a total bandwidth of 3 GHz, the transmission data rate of up to 12 Gbit/s in standard single-mode fiber over 25 km is demonstrated to achieve an error vector magnitude (EVM) of 5.435%. Such a universal colorless DWDM-PON transmitter can deliver the optical OFDM data-stream at 12 Gbit/s QAM-OFDM data after 25-km transmission with a receiving power sensitivity of -7 dBm at BER of 3.6 × 10(-7) when pre-amplifying the OFDM data by 5 dB.

Immunoglobulin GM and KM allotypes and prevalence of anti-LKM1 autoantibodies in patients with hepatitis C virus infection.

PubMed

Muratori, Paolo; Sutherland, Susan E; Muratori, Luigi; Granito, Alessandro; Guidi, Marcello; Pappas, Georges; Lenzi, Marco; Bianchi, Francesco B; Pandey, Janardan P

2006-05-01

GM and KM allotypes-genetic markers of immunoglobulin (Ig) gamma and kappa chains, respectively-are associated with humoral immunity to several infection- and autoimmunity-related epitopes. We hypothesized that GM and KM allotypes contribute to the generation of autoantibodies to liver/kidney microsomal antigen 1 (LKM1) in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected persons. To test this hypothesis, we characterized 129 persons with persistent HCV infection for several GM and KM markers and for anti-LKM1 antibodies. The heterozygous GM 1,3,17 23 5,13,21 phenotype was significantly associated with the prevalence of anti-LKM1 antibodies (odds ratio, 5.13; P=0.002), suggesting its involvement in this autoimmune phenomenon in HCV infection.

Immunoglobulin GM and KM Allotypes and Prevalence of Anti-LKM1 Autoantibodies in Patients with Hepatitis C Virus Infection

PubMed Central

Muratori, Paolo; Sutherland, Susan E.; Muratori, Luigi; Granito, Alessandro; Guidi, Marcello; Pappas, Georges; Lenzi, Marco; Bianchi, Francesco B.; Pandey, Janardan P.

2006-01-01

GM and KM allotypes—genetic markers of immunoglobulin (Ig) γ and κ chains, respectively—are associated with humoral immunity to several infection- and autoimmunity-related epitopes. We hypothesized that GM and KM allotypes contribute to the generation of autoantibodies to liver/kidney microsomal antigen 1 (LKM1) in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected persons. To test this hypothesis, we characterized 129 persons with persistent HCV infection for several GM and KM markers and for anti-LKM1 antibodies. The heterozygous GM 1,3,17 23 5,13,21 phenotype was significantly associated with the prevalence of anti-LKM1 antibodies (odds ratio, 5.13; P = 0.002), suggesting its involvement in this autoimmune phenomenon in HCV infection. PMID:16641304

Stable radio frequency transfer in 114 km urban optical fiber link.

PubMed

Kumagai, Motohiro; Fujieda, Miho; Nagano, Shigeo; Hosokawa, Mizuhiko

2009-10-01

An rf dissemination system using an optical fiber link has been developed. The phase noise induced during optical fiber transmission has been successfully cancelled using what we believe to be a novel fiber-noise compensation system with a combination of electrical and optical compensations. We have performed rf transfer in a 114 km urban telecom fiber link in Tokyo with a transfer stability of 10(-18) level at an averaging time of 1 day. Additionally, a high degree of continuous operation robustness has been confirmed.

The eruptive history of the Trous Blancs pit craters, La Réunion Island: The origin of a 24 km long lava flow

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Walther, Georg; Frese, Ingmar; Di Muro, Andrea; Kueppers, Ulrich; Michon, Laurent; Métrich, Nicole

2015-04-01

The assessment of volcanic hazards is strongly based on the past eruptive behaviour of volcanoes and its morphological parameters. Since past eruption characteristics and their frequency provide the best probabilities of such eruptions for the future, understanding the complete eruptive history of a volcano is one of the most powerful tools in assessing the potential hazards or eruptions. At Piton de la Fournaise (PdF) volcano (La Réunion, Indian Ocean), the most frequent style of activity is the effusion of lava flows, which pose the greatest hazard by invasion of inhabited areas and destruction of human property. Here we examined the eruptive history of a previously uninvestigated area, believed to be the origin of a 24 km long lava flow. The eruptions recurrence time of PdF is about one eruption every 9 months in the central caldera. Besides this central activity, eruptive vents have been built along three main rift zones cutting the edifice during the last 50 kyrs. In this study we focused on the largest rift zone of about 15 km width and 20 km length, which extends in a north westerly direction between PdF and the nearby Piton des Neiges volcanic complex. This rift zone is typified by deep seismicity (up to 30 km), emitting mostly primitive magmas, indicative of high fluid pressures (up to 5 kbar) and large volume eruptions. Our area of investigation focused on four consecutively aligned pit craters called the Trous Blancs. These have been identified [1] as the source area of one of the youngest (ca. 6 kyrs) and largest lava field, which extends for 24 km from a height of 1800m asl, passing Le Tampon and Saint Pierre city, until it reaches the coast. To gain insight into the development of this eruption and possible future similar activity, we collected new field data (including stratigraphic logs, a geological map of the area, C-14 dating and geochemical analyses of the eruptive products). Fieldwork revealed that the eruption initiated with intense

The km 3 Mediterranean neutrino observatory - the NEMO.RD project

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

De Marzo, C. N.

2001-05-01

The NEMO.RD Project is a feasibility study of a km 3 underwater telescope for high energy astrophysical neutrinos to be located in the Mediterranean Sea. Results on various issues of this project are presented on: i) Monte Carlo simulation study of the capabilities of various arrays of phototubes in order to determine the detector geometry that can optimize performance and cost; ii) oceanographic survey of various sites in search of the optimal one; iii) feasibility study of mechanics, deployment, connections and maintenance of such a detector. Parameters of a site near Capo Passero, Sicily, where depth, transparency and other water parameters seem optimal are shown.

Seismic velocity and attenuation structures at the top 400 km of the inner core

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yu, W.; Wen, L.; Niu, F.

2002-12-01

Recent seismic studies reveal an ``east-west" hemispherical difference in seismic velocity and attenuation in the top of the inner core [Niu and Wen, 2001, Wen and Niu, 2002]. The PKiKP-PKIKP observations they used only allowed them to constrain the seismic structure in the top 80 km of the inner core. The question now arises as such to what depth this hemispherical difference persists. To answer this question, we combine the PKiKP-PKIKP dataset and the PKPbc-PKIKP observations at the distance range of 147o-160o to study seismic velocity and attenuation structures in the top 400 km of the inner core along the ``equatorial paths" (the paths whose ray angles > 35o from the polar direction). We select PKPbc-PKIKP waveforms from recordings in the Global Seismic Network (GSN) and several dense regional seismic arrays. We choose recordings for events from 1990 to 2000 with simple source time functions, so only those of intermediate and deep earthquakes are used. The observed PKPbc-PKIKP differential travel times and PKIKP/PKPbc amplitude ratios exhibit an ``east-west" hemispherical difference. The PKPbc-PKIKP travel time residuals are about 0.7 second larger for those sampling the ``eastern" hemisphere than those sampling the ``western" hemisphere. The PKIKP/PKPbc amplitude ratios are generally smaller for those sampling the ``eastern" hemisphere. We construct two seismic velocity and attenuation models, with one for each ``hemisphere", by iteratively modeling the observed PKiKP-PKIKP waveforms, the PKPbc-PKIKP differential travel times and the PKIKP/PKPbc amplitude ratios. For the ``eastern" hemisphere, the observations indicate that the E1 velocity gradient and Q structure, inferred from the PKiKP-PKIKP observations sampling the top 80 km of the inner core, extend at least to 230 km inside the inner core. A change of velocity gradient and Q value is required in the deeper portion of the inner core. For the ``western" hemisphere, on the other hand, W2 velocity gradient

Calibration methods and tools for KM3NeT

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kulikovskiy, Vladimir

2016-04-01

The KM3NeT detectors, ARCA and ORCA, composed of several thousands digital optical modules, are in the process of their realization in the Mediterranean Sea. Each optical module contains 31 3-inch photomultipliers. Readout of the optical modules and other detector components is synchronized at the level of sub-nanoseconds. The position of the module is measured by acoustic piezo detectors inside the module and external acoustic emitters installed on the bottom of the sea. The orientation of the module is obtained with an internal attitude and heading reference system chip. Detector calibration, i.e. timing, positioning and sea-water properties, is overviewed in this talk and discussed in detail in this conference. Results of the procedure applied to the first detector unit ready for installation in the deep sea will be shown.

Wave activity (planetary, tidal) throughout the middle atmosphere (20-100km) over the CUJO network: Satellite (TOMS) and Medium Frequency (MF) radar observations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Manson, A. H.; Meek, C. E.; Chshyolkova, T.; Avery, S. K.; Thorsen, D.; MacDougall, J. W.; Hocking, W.; Murayama, Y.; Igarashi, K.

2005-02-01

Planetary and tidal wave activity in the tropopause-lower stratosphere and mesosphere-lower thermosphere (MLT) is studied using combinations of ground-based (GB) and satellite instruments (2000-2002). The relatively new MFR (medium frequency radar) at Platteville (40° N, 105° W) has provided the opportunity to create an operational network of middle-latitude MFRs, stretching from 81° W-142° E, which provides winds and tides 70-100km. CUJO (Canada U.S. Japan Opportunity) comprises systems at London (43° N, 81° W), Platteville (40° N, 105° W), Saskatoon (52° N, 107° W), Wakkanai (45° N, 142° E) and Yamagawa (31° N, 131° E). It offers a significant 7000-km longitudinal sector in the North American-Pacific region, and a useful range of latitudes (12-14°) at two longitudes. Satellite data mainly involve the daily values of the total ozone column measured by the Earth Probe (EP) TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) and provide a measure of tropopause-lower stratospheric planetary wave activity, as well as ozone variability. Climatologies of ozone and winds/tides involving frequency versus time (wavelet) contour plots for periods from 2-d to 30-d and the interval from mid 2000 to 2002, show that the changes with altitude, longitude and latitude are very significant and distinctive. Geometric-mean wavelets for the region of the 40° N MFRs demonstrate occasions during the autumn, winter and spring months when there are similarities in the spectral features of the lower atmosphere and at mesopause (85km) heights. Both direct planetary wave (PW) propagation into the MLT, nonlinear PW-tide interactions, and disturbances in MLT tides associated with fluctuations in the ozone forcing are considered to be possible coupling processes. The complex horizontal wave numbers of the longer period oscillations are provided in frequency contour plots for the TOMS satellite data to demonstrate the differences between lower atmospheric and MLT wave motions and their

Effective ion speeds at ˜200-250 km from comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko near perihelion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vigren, E.; André, M.; Edberg, N. J. T.; Engelhardt, I. A. D.; Eriksson, A. I.; Galand, M.; Goetz, C.; Henri, P.; Heritier, K.; Johansson, F. L.; Nilsson, H.; Odelstad, E.; Rubin, M.; Stenberg-Wieser, G.; Tzou, C.-Y.; Vallières, X.

2017-07-01

In 2015 August, comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, the target comet of the ESA Rosetta mission, reached its perihelion at ˜1.24 au. Here, we estimate for a three-day period near perihelion, effective ion speeds at distances ˜200-250 km from the nucleus. We utilize two different methods combining measurements from the Rosetta Plasma Consortium (RPC)/Mutual Impedance Probe with measurements either from the RPC/Langmuir Probe or from the Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis (ROSINA)/Comet Pressure Sensor (COPS) (the latter method can only be applied to estimate the effective ion drift speed). The obtained ion speeds, typically in the range 2-8 km s-1, are markedly higher than the expected neutral outflow velocity of ˜1 km s-1. This indicates that the ions were de-coupled from the neutrals before reaching the spacecraft location and that they had undergone acceleration along electric fields, not necessarily limited to acceleration along ambipolar electric fields in the radial direction. For the limited time period studied, we see indications that at increasing distances from the nucleus, the fraction of the ions' kinetic energy associated with radial drift motion is decreasing.

Performance of a scintillation detector array operated with LHAASO-KM2A electronics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Zhen; Guo, Yiqing; Cai, Hui; Chang, Jinfan; Chen, Tianlu; Danzengluobu; Feng, Youliang; Gao, Qi; Gou, Quanbu; Guo, Yingying; Hou, Chao; Hu, Hongbo; Labaciren; Liu, Cheng; Li, Haijin; Liu, Jia; Liu, Maoyuan; Qiao, Bingqiang; Qian, Xiangli; Sheng, Xiangdong; Tian, Zhen; Wang, Qun; Xue, Liang; Yao, Yuhua; Zhang, Shaoru; Zhang, Xueyao; Zhang, Yi

2018-04-01

A scintillation detector array composed of 115 detectors and covering an area of about 20000 m2 was installed at the end of 2016 at the Yangbajing international cosmic ray observatory and has been taking data since then. The array is equipped with electronics from Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory Square Kilometer Complex Array (LHAASO-KM2A) and, in turn, currently serves as the largest debugging and testing platform for the LHAASO-KM2A. Furthermore, the array was used to study the performance of a wide field-of-view air Cherenkov telescope by providing accurate information on the shower core, direction and energy, etc. This work is mainly dealing with the scintillation detector array. The experimental setup and the offline calibration are described in detail. Then, a thorough comparison between the data and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations is presented and a good agreement is obtained. With the even-odd method, the resolutions of the shower direction and core are measured. Finally, successful observations of the expected Moon's and Sun's shadows of cosmic rays (CRs) verify the measured angular resolution.

46 CFR 30.30-9 - Evaluation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Evaluation. 30.30-9 Section 30.30-9 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS GENERAL PROVISIONS Interim Procedures for Evaluating Vessel Personnel Licensing and Certification Programs of Foreign Countries § 30.30-9 Evaluation. Materials...

30 CFR 27.30 - Inspection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Inspection. 27.30 Section 27.30 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR TESTING, EVALUATION, AND APPROVAL OF MINING PRODUCTS METHANE-MONITORING SYSTEMS Test Requirements § 27.30 Inspection. A detailed inspection...

30 CFR 27.30 - Inspection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Inspection. 27.30 Section 27.30 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR TESTING, EVALUATION, AND APPROVAL OF MINING PRODUCTS METHANE-MONITORING SYSTEMS Test Requirements § 27.30 Inspection. A detailed inspection...

Chirp-aided power fading mitigation for upstream 100 km full-range long reach PON with DBR DML

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Kuo; He, Hao; Xin, Haiyun; Hu, Weisheng; Liang, Song; Lu, Dan; Zhao, Lingjuan

2018-01-01

The DML is a promising option for cost-sensitive ONUs in optical access networks, but suffers from severe power fading due to dispersion and chirp. In this work, we investigate to mitigate the power fading by optimizing the chirp. Theoretical analysis indicates, a see-saw effect, influenced by the bias, exists between the adiabatic notch-induced fading (A-fading) and the transient notch-induced fading (T-fading). High bias can mitigate T-fading, but causes large A-fading. Low bias can avoid A-fading, but cannot completely mitigate T-fading. For each transmission distance, balance should be achieved to favor transmission. The ∼20 km short distance requires high bias to obtain large adiabatic chirp to counteract the T-fading, while the ∼100 km long distance requires relatively low bias to avoid the A-fading. With this power fading mitigation technique, we conduct upstream transmission experiment of LR-PON. Experiments show that, although signal contamination is inevitable, clear ;1; and ;0; are obtained with this power fading mitigation scheme for any 0 ∼100 km distance with 10 Gb/s OOK signal and DBR DML. The optical power budget penalty induced by 0 ∼100 km fiber is limited within only 2.2 dB, with optimum bias for each distance. More than 10 and 15 dB improvement is achieved when BER is 10-3 and 10-6. A method is also proposed to automatically obtain optimum bias from the ranging procedure of PON protocol.

Integration of magnetic field and electron reflection data to improve Mars internal magnetic field model definition at 185 km altitude

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mozzoni, D. T.; Cain, J. C.; Lillis, R. J.

2012-12-01

Because no further projects are planned to better define the global magnetic field about Mars, it is important to utilize present the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Magnetometer/Electron Reflectometer (MAG/ER) data to its fullest. Challenges in deriving an accurate model include the fact that the mapping orbit of MGS was limited to two local times, and also had a narrow distribution of data ranging from only southern latitudes below 350 km to only northern latitudes over 400 km. The aerobraking and science phasing orbit data below 350 km down to near 100 km was nearly all on the sunlit side with its strong distortions from the solar wind and embedded ionospheric currents. The improvement reported herein is from the addition of the projected total field evaluated at 185 km above the areoid. These data are derived from extrapolation of the pitch angle distributions of ER data to the reflection altitudes and adjustment to a common data altitude. Crucial to this analysis is the angular distribution of the magnetic field itself below MGS. Thus it was an iterative process whereby the 185 km data sets were recalculated based on the last iterative solutions from the magnetic field models derived including these data. The statistical improvements at the ER mapped altitudes after 5 iterations was to reduce the initial 2.0 nT sigma differences with a Gaussian spread of 20 nT to 0.5 nT and a spread of 12 nT. Unfortunately, many areas of very high field especially provided no data as they were on closed field lines. However, the iterative solutions also improved the 185 km scalar maps significantly from the original based on linear field line estimates, up to several hundred nT. The next step planned is to utilize the concept suggested by Connerney to use along-track gradients, especially those at lowest altitudes on the dayside, to input to the model sets. Preliminary tests indicate the possibility of added improvements in the missing ER data areas once this technique is perfected.

The effect of breast support on upper body muscle activity during 5 km treadmill running.

PubMed

Milligan, Alexandra; Mills, Chris; Scurr, Joanna

2014-12-01

Breast support has previously been shown to influence surface EMG of the pectoralis major during running. Reductions in muscle activity have previously been associated with a reduction in energy cost, which may be advantageous for female runners. Ten female participants performed two self-paced (average pace 9 km h(-1)) 5 km treadmill runs under two breast support conditions (low and high); an additional bare-breasted 2 min run was also conducted. Surface EMG electrodes were positioned on the pectoralis major, anterior deltoid, medial deltoid, and upper trapezius, with data collected during the first 2 min of running and each kilometer interval thereafter. Reductions in peak EMG of the pectoralis major, anterior and medial deltoid were reported when participants ran in the high breast support during the initial intervals of the run (up to the second kilometer). The increased activation in the pectoralis major, anterior and medial deltoid in the low breast support may be due to increased tension within these muscles, induced by the greater breast pain experienced in the low breast support. This may be a strategy to reduce the independent breast movement causing the pain through increased muscular activation. This study further promotes the use of a high breast support during running with potential benefits for treadmill running associated with reductions in muscular demand during a 5 km run. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

THE OUTER RADIATION BELT OF THE EARTH AT THE ALTITUDE OF 320 KM

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Vernov, S.N.; Savenko, I.A.; Shavrin, P.I.

1962-11-01

Scintillation and gas-discharge counters on the second Soviet spaceship allowed a detailed investigation of the outer radiation belt near the earth and established its boundaries in relation to longitude. The spaceship orbit was almost circular at an altitude of 306 to 339 km. The energy threshold of the counter channel was 25 kev. (W,D.M.)

Photographer : JPL Range : 862,200 km. ( 500,000 miles ) This photograph shows subspacecraft

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1979-01-01

Photographer : JPL Range : 862,200 km. ( 500,000 miles ) This photograph shows subspacecraft longitude of approximately 146 degrees of Jupiter's moon Io. Circular features are seen that may be meteorite impact craters or features of internal origins. Irregular depressions are seen that indicate surface modifications. The bright irregular patches appear to be younger deposits masking the surface detail.

Surface to 90 km winds for Kennedy Space Center, Florida, and Vandenberg AFB, California

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Johnson, D. L.; Brown, S. C.

1979-01-01

Bivariate normal wind statistics for a 90 degree flight azimuth, from 0 through 90 km altitude, for Kennedy Space Center, Florida, and Vandenberg AFB, California are presented. Wind probability distributions and statistics for any rotation of axes can be computed from the five given parameters.

The modelled surface mass balance of the Antarctic Peninsula at 5.5 km horizontal resolution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

van Wessem, J. M.; Ligtenberg, S. R. M.; Reijmer, C. H.; van de Berg, W. J.; van den Broeke, M. R.; Barrand, N. E.; Thomas, E. R.; Turner, J.; Wuite, J.; Scambos, T. A.; van Meijgaard, E.

2016-02-01

This study presents a high-resolution (˜ 5.5 km) estimate of surface mass balance (SMB) over the period 1979-2014 for the Antarctic Peninsula (AP), generated by the regional atmospheric climate model RACMO2.3 and a firn densification model (FDM). RACMO2.3 is used to force the FDM, which calculates processes in the snowpack, such as meltwater percolation, refreezing and runoff. We evaluate model output with 132 in situ SMB observations and discharge rates from six glacier drainage basins, and find that the model realistically simulates the strong spatial variability in precipitation, but that significant biases remain as a result of the highly complex topography of the AP. It is also clear that the observations significantly underrepresent the high-accumulation regimes, complicating a full model evaluation. The SMB map reveals large accumulation gradients, with precipitation values above 3000 mm we yr-1 in the western AP (WAP) and below 500 mm we yr-1 in the eastern AP (EAP), not resolved by coarser data sets such as ERA-Interim. The average AP ice-sheet-integrated SMB, including ice shelves (an area of 4.1 × 105 km2), is estimated at 351 Gt yr-1 with an interannual variability of 58 Gt yr-1, which is dominated by precipitation (PR) (365 ± 57 Gt yr-1). The WAP (2.4 × 105 km2) SMB (276 ± 47 Gt yr-1), where PR is large (276 ± 47 Gt yr-1), dominates over the EAP (1.7 × 105 km2) SMB (75 ± 11 Gt yr-1) and PR (84 ± 11 Gt yr-1). Total sublimation is 11 ± 2 Gt yr-1 and meltwater runoff into the ocean is 4 ± 4 Gt yr-1. There are no significant trends in any of the modelled AP SMB components, except for snowmelt that shows a significant decrease over the last 36 years (-0.36 Gt yr-2).

Seismic imaging along a 600 km transect of the Alaska Subduction zone (Invited)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Calkins, J. A.; Abers, G. A.; Freymueller, J. T.; Rondenay, S.; Christensen, D. H.

2010-12-01

We present earthquake locations, scattered wavefield migration images, and phase velocity maps from preliminary analysis of combined seismic data from the Broadband Experiment Across the Alaska Range (BEAAR) and Multidisciplinary Observations of Onshore Subduction (MOOS) projects. Together, these PASSCAL broadband arrays sampled a 500+ km transect across a portion of the subduction zone characterized by the Yakutat terrane/Pacific plate boundary in the downgoing plate, and the Denali volcanic gap in the overriding plate. These are the first results from the MOOS experiment, a 34-station array that was deployed from 2006-2008 to fill in the gap between the TACT offshore refraction profile (south and east of the coastline of the Kenai Peninsula), and the BEAAR array (spanning the Alaska Range between Talkeetna and Fairbanks). 2-D images of the upper 150 km of the subduction zone were produced by migrating forward- and back-scattered arrivals in the coda of P waves from large teleseismic earthquakes, highlighting S-velocity perturbations from a smoothly-varying background model. The migration images reveal a shallowly north-dipping low velocity zone that is contiguous near 20 km depth on its updip end with previously obtained images of the subducting plate offshore. The low velocity zone steepens further to the north, and terminates near 120 km beneath the Alaska Range. We interpret this low velocity zone to be the crust of the downgoing plate, and the reduced seismic velocities to be indicative of hydrated gabbroic compositions. Earthquakes located using the temporary arrays and nearby stations of the Alaska Regional Seismic Network correlate spatially with the inferred subducting crust. Cross-sections taken along nearly orthogonal strike lines through the MOOS array reveal that both the dip angle and the thickness of the subducting low velocity zone change abruptly across a roughly NNW-SSE striking line drawn through the eastern Kenai Peninsula, coincident with a

Energy system contribution in a maximal incremental test: correlations with pacing and overall performance in a 10-km running trial.

PubMed

Damasceno, M V; Pasqua, L A; Lima-Silva, A E; Bertuzzi, R

2015-11-01

This study aimed to verify the association between the contribution of energy systems during an incremental exercise test (IET), pacing, and performance during a 10-km running time trial. Thirteen male recreational runners completed an incremental exercise test on a treadmill to determine the respiratory compensation point (RCP), maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max), peak treadmill speed (PTS), and energy systems contribution; and a 10-km running time trial (T10-km) to determine endurance performance. The fractions of the aerobic (WAER) and glycolytic (WGLYCOL) contributions were calculated for each stage based on the oxygen uptake and the oxygen energy equivalents derived by blood lactate accumulation, respectively. Total metabolic demand (WTOTAL) was the sum of these two energy systems. Endurance performance during the T10-km was moderately correlated with RCP, V˙O2max and PTS (P<@0.05), and moderate-to-highly correlated with WAER, WGLYCOL, and WTOTAL (P<0.05). In addition, WAER, WGLYCOL, and WTOTAL were also significantly correlated with running speed in the middle (P<0.01) and final (P<0.01) sections of the T10-km. These findings suggest that the assessment of energy contribution during IET is potentially useful as an alternative variable in the evaluation of endurance runners, especially because of its relationship with specific parts of a long-distance race.

Increase in activated Treg in TIL in lung cancer and in vitro depletion of Treg by ADCC using an antihuman CCR4 mAb (KM2760).

PubMed

Kurose, Koji; Ohue, Yoshihiro; Sato, Eiichi; Yamauchi, Akira; Eikawa, Shingo; Isobe, Midori; Nishio, Yumi; Uenaka, Akiko; Oka, Mikio; Nakayama, Eiichi

2015-01-01

Tregs infiltrate tumors and inhibit immune responses against them. We investigated subpopulations of Foxp3 CD4 T cells previously defined by Miyara et al. (Immunity 30, 899-911, 2009) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in lung cancer. We also showed that Tregs in healthy donors that express CCR4 could be efficiently eliminated in vitro by cotreatment with antihuman (h) CCR4 mAb (KM2760) and NK cells. In lung cancer, the number of activated/effector Tregs and non-Tregs, but not resting/naive Tregs, was increased in TILs compared with the number of those cells in PBMCs. The non-Treg population contained Th2 and Th17. CCR4 expression on activated/effector Tregs and non-Tregs in TILs was down-regulated compared with that on those cells in PBMCs. Chemokinetic migration of CD25 CD4 T cells containing the Treg population sorted from the PBMCs of healthy donors to CCL22/MDC was abrogated by pretreatment with anti-hCCR4 mAb (KM2760). The inhibitory activity of CD25 CD127 CD4 Tregs on the proliferative response of CD4 and CD8 T cells stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28 coated beads was abrogated by adding an anti-hCCR4 mAb (KM2760) and CD56 NK cells to the culture. The findings suggested the CCR4 on activated/effector Tregs and non-Tregs was functionally involved in the chemokinetic migration and accumulation of those cells to the tumor site. In vitro findings of efficient elimination of Tregs may give the basis for implementation of a clinical trial to investigate Treg depletion by administration of an anti-hCCR4 mAb to solid cancer patients.

On the potential of Cherenkov Telescope Arrays and KM3 Neutrino Telescopes for the detection of extended sources

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ambrogi, L.; Celli, S.; Aharonian, F.

2018-07-01

We discuss the discovery potential of extended Very-High-Energy (VHE) neutrino sources by the future KM3 Neutrino Telescope (KM3NeT) in the context of the constraining power of the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA), designed for deep surveys of the sky in VHE gamma rays. The study is based on a comparative analysis of sensitivities of KM3NeT and CTA. We show that a minimum gamma-ray energy flux of E2ϕγ(10TeV) > 1 ×10-12 TeV cm-2 s-1 is required to identify a possible neutrino counterpart with a 3σ significance and 10 years of KM3NeT observations with upgoing muons, if the source has an angular size of Rsrc = 0 .1∘ and emits gamma rays with an E-2 energy spectrum through a full hadronic mechanism. This minimum gamma-ray flux is increased to the level of E2ϕγ(10TeV) > 2 ×10-11 TeV cm-2 s-1 in case of sources with radial extension of Rsrc = 2 .0∘ . The analysis methods are applied to the supernova remnant RX J1713.7-3946 and the Galactic Center Ridge, as well as to the recent HAWC catalog of multi-TeV gamma-ray sources.

Pioneer Venus 12.5 km Anomaly Workshop Report, volume 1

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Seiff, A.; Sromovsky, L.; Borucki, W.; Craig, R.; Juergens, D.; Young, R. E.; Ragent, B.

1995-01-01

A workshop was convened at Ames Research Center on September 28 and 29, 1993, to address the unexplained electrical anomalies experienced in December 1978 by the four Pioneer Venus probes below a Venus altitude of 12.5 km. These anomalies caused the loss of valuable data in the deep atmosphere, and, if their cause were to remain unexplained, could reoccur on future Venus missions. The workshop participants reviewed the evidence and studied all identified mechanisms that could consistently account for all observed anomalies. Both hardware problems and atmospheric interactions were considered. Based on a workshop recommendation, subsequent testing identified the cause as being an insulation failure of the external harness. All anomalous events are now explained.

ERTS surveys a 500 km squared locust breeding site in Saudi Arabia. [Red Sea coastal plain

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pedgley, D. E.

1974-01-01

From September 1972 to January 1973, ERTS-1 precisely located a 500 sq km area on the Red Sea coastal plain of Saudi Arabia within which the Desert Locust (Schistocerca gregaria, Forsk.) bred successfully and produced many small swarms. Growth of vegetation shown by satellite imagery was confirmed from ground surveys and raingauge data. The experiment demonstrates the feasibility of detecting potential locust breeding sites by satellite, and shows that an operational satellite would be a powerful tool for routine survey of the 3 x 10 to the 7th power sq km invasion area of the Desert Locust in Africa and Asia, as well as of other locust species in the arid and semi-arid tropics.

Measured electric field in the vicinity of a thunderstorm system at an altitude of 37 km

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Benbrook, J. R.; Kern, J. W.; Sheldon, W. R.

1974-01-01

A balloon-borne experiment to measure the atmospheric electric field was flown from the National Scientific Balloon Facility at Palestine, Texas, on July 10, 1973. The electric field and atmospheric conductivity were measured during ascent and for a 4-hour float period at 37-km altitude. Termination of the flight occurred near a thunderstorm line in west Texas. The perturbing influence of the thunderstorms on the electric field was observed at least 100 km from the storm line. The measured electric field is in reasonable agreement with calculations based on simple models of cloud structure and atmospheric conductivity. Large pulses in the measured electric field are interpreted as being the result of intracloud lightning.

Comparison of Amplitudes and Frequencies of Explosive vs. Hammer Seismic Sources for a 1-km Seismic Line in West Texas

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kaip, G.; Harder, S. H.; Karplus, M. S.; Vennemann, A.

2016-12-01

In May 2016, the National Seismic Source Facility (NSSF) located at the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP) Department of Geological Sciences collected seismic data at the Indio Ranch located 30 km southwest of Van Horn, Texas. Both hammer on an aluminum plate and explosive sources were used. The project objective was to image subsurface structures at the ranch, owned by UTEP. Selecting the appropriate seismic source is important to reach project objectives. We compare seismic sources between explosions and hammer on plate, focusing on amplitude and frequency. The seismic line was 1 km long, trending WSW to ENE, with 200 4.5 Hz geophones at 5m spacing and shot locations at 10m spacing. Clay slurry was used in shot holes to increase shot coupling around booster. Trojan Spartan cast boosters (150g) were used in explosive sources in each shot hole (1 hole per station). The end of line shots had 5 shot holes instead of 1 (750g total). The hammer source utilized a 5.5 kg hammer and an aluminum plate. Five hammer blows were stacked at each location to improve signal-to-noise ratio. Explosive sources yield higher amplitude, but lower frequency content. The explosions exhibit a higher signal-to-noise ratio, allowing us to recognize seismic energy deeper and farther from the source. Hammer sources yield higher frequencies, allowing better resolution at shallower depths but have a lower signal-to-noise ratio and lower amplitudes, even with source stacking. We analyze the details of the shot spectra from the different types of sources. A combination of source types can improve data resolution and amplitude, thereby improving imaging potential. However, cost, logistics, and complexities also have a large influence on source selection.

KM3NeT Digital Optical Module electronics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Real, Diego

2016-04-01

The KM3NeT collaboration is currently building of a neutrino telescope with a volume of several cubic kilometres at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea. The telescope consists of a matrix of Digital Optical Modules that will detect the Cherenkov light originated by the interaction of the neutrinos in the proximity of the detector. This contribution describes the main components of the read-out electronics of the Digital Optical Module: the Power Board, which delivers all the power supply required by the Digital Optical Molule electronics; the Central Logic Board, the main core of the read-out system, hosting 31 Time to Digital Converters with 1 ns resolution and the White Rabbit protocol embedded in the Central Logic Board Field Programmable Gate Array; the Octopus boards, that transfer the Low Voltage Digital Signals from the PMT bases to the Central Logic Board and finally the PMT bases, in charge of converting the analogue signal produced in the 31 3" PMTs into a Low Voltage Digital Signal.

Temperature minima in the average thermal structure of the middle mesosphere (70 - 80 km) from analysis of 40- to 92-km SME global temperature profiles

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Clancy, R. Todd; Rusch, David W.; Callan, Michael T.

1994-01-01

Global temperatures have been derived for the upper stratosphere and mesosphere from analysis of Solar Mesosphere Explorer (SME) limb radiance profiles. The SME temperature represent fixed local time observations at 1400 - 1500 LT, with partial zonal coverage of 3 - 5 longitudes per day over the 1982-1986 period. These new SME temperatures are compared to the COSPAR International Ionosphere Reference Atmosphere 86 (CIRA 86) climatology (Fleming et al., 1990) as well as stratospheric and mesospheric sounder (SAMS); Barnett and Corney, 1984), National Meteorological Center (NMC); (Gelman et al., 1986), and individual lidar and rocket observations. Significant areas of disagreement between the SME and CIRA 86 mesospheric temperatures are 10 K warmer SME temperatures at altitudes above 80 km. The 1981-1982 SAMS temperatures are in much closer agreement with the SME temperatures between 40 and 75 km. Although much of the SME-CIRA 86 disagreement probably stems from the poor vertical resolution of the observations comprising the CIRA 86 modelm, some portion of the differences may reflect 5- to 10-year temporal variations in mesospheric temperatures. The CIRA 86 climatology is based on 1973-1978 measurements. Relatively large (1 K/yr) 5- to 10-year trends in temperatures as functions of longitude, latitude, and altitude have been observed for both the upper stratosphere (Clancy and Rusch, 1989a) and mesosphere (Clancy and Rusch, 1989b; Hauchecorne et al., 1991). The SME temperatures also exhibit enhanced amplitudes for the semiannual oscillation (SAO) of upper mesospheric temperatures at low latitudes, which are not evident in the CIRA 86 climatology. The so-called mesospheric `temperature inversions' at wintertime midlatitudes, which have been observed by ground-based lidar (Hauschecorne et al., 1987) and rocket in situ measurements (Schmidlin, 1976), are shown to be a climatological aspect of the mesosphere, based on the SME observations.

Evaluation of the 7-km GEOS-5 Nature Run

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gelaro, Ronald; Putman, William M.; Pawson, Steven; Draper, Clara; Molod, Andrea; Norris, Peter M.; Ott, Lesley; Prive, Nikki; Reale, Oreste; Achuthavarier, Deepthi;

A 16-year time series of 1 km AVHRR satellite data of the conterminous United States and Alaska

USGS Publications Warehouse

Eidenshink, Jeff

2006-01-01

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has developed a 16-year time series of vegetation condition information for the conterminous United States and Alaska using 1 km Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data. The AVHRR data have been processed using consistent methods that account for radiometric variability due to calibration uncertainty, the effects of the atmosphere on surface radiometric measurements obtained from wide field-of-view observations, and the geometric registration accuracy. The conterminous United States and Alaska data sets have an atmospheric correction for water vapor, ozone, and Rayleigh scattering and include a cloud mask derived using the Clouds from AVHRR (CLAVR) algorithm. In comparison with other AVHRR time series data sets, the conterminous United States and Alaska data are processed using similar techniques. The primary difference is that the conterminous United States and Alaska data are at 1 km resolution, while others are at 8 km resolution. The time series consists of weekly and biweekly maximum normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) composites.

Single-shot characterization of enzymatic reaction constants Km and kcat by an acoustic-driven, bubble-based fast micromixer.

PubMed

Xie, Yuliang; Ahmed, Daniel; Lapsley, Michael Ian; Lin, Sz-Chin Steven; Nawaz, Ahmad Ahsan; Wang, Lin; Huang, Tony Jun

2012-09-04

In this work we present an acoustofluidic approach for rapid, single-shot characterization of enzymatic reaction constants K(m) and k(cat). The acoustofluidic design involves a bubble anchored in a horseshoe structure which can be stimulated by a piezoelectric transducer to generate vortices in the fluid. The enzyme and substrate can thus be mixed rapidly, within 100 ms, by the vortices to yield the product. Enzymatic reaction constants K(m) and k(cat) can then be obtained from the reaction rate curves for different concentrations of substrate while holding the enzyme concentration constant. We studied the enzymatic reaction for β-galactosidase and its substrate (resorufin-β-D-galactopyranoside) and found K(m) and k(cat) to be 333 ± 130 μM and 64 ± 8 s(-1), respectively, which are in agreement with published data. Our approach is valuable for studying the kinetics of high-speed enzymatic reactions and other chemical reactions.

Atomic oxygen between 80 and 120 km - Evidence for a latitudinal variation in vertical transport near the mesopause

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wasser, B.; Donahue, T. M.

1979-01-01

Analysis of the OGO 6 OI green line nightglow photometer experiment has been carried out for eight cases when the alignment of the spacecraft was such that local emission rates could be determined below the altitude of maximum emission and down to about 80 km. The results obtained show that the vertical gradient of the emission rate between 95 and 80 km alternates between regions of very rapid variation and very slow variation spaced on a scale of 5-10 deg of latitude. Maps showing isoemissivity contours and isodensity contours for atomic oxygen concentration in vertical meridional planes are presented. The densities are computed under three assumptions concerning excitation mechanisms. Comparisons of the vertical variations of oxygen density with the results of a time dependent theory suggest the regions of strong downward transport alternate in latitude with regions of weak transport near 90 km. In the first case, conversion of O to O3 at night appears to be overwhelmed by downward transport of O.

Complete agreement of the post-spinel transition with the 660-km seismic discontinuity.

PubMed

Ishii, Takayuki; Huang, Rong; Fei, Hongzhan; Koemets, Iuliia; Liu, Zhaodong; Maeda, Fumiya; Yuan, Liang; Wang, Lin; Druzhbin, Dmitry; Yamamoto, Takafumi; Bhat, Shrikant; Farla, Robert; Kawazoe, Takaaki; Tsujino, Noriyoshi; Kulik, Eleonora; Higo, Yuji; Tange, Yoshinori; Katsura, Tomoo

2018-04-20

The 660-km seismic discontinuity, which is a significant structure in the Earth's mantle, is generally interpreted as the post-spinel transition, as indicated by the decomposition of ringwoodite to bridgmanite + ferropericlase. All precise high-pressure and high-temperature experiments nevertheless report 0.5-2 GPa lower transition pressures than those expected at the discontinuity depth (i.e. 23.4 GPa). These results are inconsistent with the post-spinel transition hypothesis and, therefore, do not support widely accepted models of mantle composition such as the pyrolite and CI chondrite models. Here, we present new experimental data showing post-spinel transition pressures in complete agreement with the 660-km discontinuity depth obtained by high-resolution in situ X-ray diffraction in a large-volume high-pressure apparatus with a tightly controlled sample pressure. These data affirm the applicability of the prevailing mantle models. We infer that the apparently lower pressures reported by previous studies are experimental artefacts due to the pressure drop upon heating. The present results indicate the necessity of reinvestigating the position of mantle mineral phase boundaries previously obtained by in situ X-ray diffraction in high-pressure-temperature apparatuses.

Projection of the change in future extremes over Japan using a cloud-resolving model: (2) Precipitation Extremes and the results of the NHM-1km experiments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kanada, S.; Nakano, M.; Nakamura, M.; Hayashi, S.; Kato, T.; Kurihara, K.; Sasaki, H.; Uchiyama, T.; Aranami, K.; Honda, Y.; Kitoh, A.

2008-12-01

In order to study changes in the regional climate in the vicinity of Japan during the summer rainy season due to global warming, experiments by a semi-cloud resolving non-hydrostatic model with a horizontal resolution of 5km (NHM-5km) have been conducted from June to October by nesting within the results of the 10-year time-integrated experiments using a hydrostatic atmospheric general circulation model with a horizontal grid of 20 km (AGCM-20km: TL959L60) for the present and future up to the year 2100. A non-hydrostatic model developed by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) (JMA-NHM; Saito et al. 2001, 2006) was adopted. Detailed descriptions of the NHM-5km are shown by the poster of Nakano et al. Our results show that rainy days over most of the Japanese Islands will decrease in June and July and increase in August and September in the future climate. Especially, remarkable increases in intense precipitations such as larger than 150 - 300 mm/day are projected from the present to future climate. The 90th percentiles of regional largest values among maximum daily precipitations (R-MDPs) grow 156 to 207 mm/day in the present and future climates, respectively. It is well-known that the horizontal distribution of precipitation, especially the heavy rainfall in the vicinity of Japan, much depends on the topography. Therefore, higher resolution experiments by a cloud-resolving model with a horizontal resolution of 1km (NHM-1km) are one-way nested within the results of NHM-5km. The basic frame and design of the NHM-1km is the same as those of the NHM-5km, but the topography is finer and no cumulus parameterization is used in the NHM-1km experiments. The NHM-1km, which treats the convection and cloud microphysics explicitly, can represent not only horizontal distributions of rainfall in detail but also the 3-dimensional structures of meso-beta-scale convective systems (MCSs). Because of the limitation of computation resources, only heavy rainfall events that rank in top

The response of lake area and vegetation cover variations to climate change over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau during the past 30years.

PubMed

Zhang, Zengxin; Chang, Juan; Xu, Chong-Yu; Zhou, Yang; Wu, Yanhong; Chen, Xi; Jiang, Shanshan; Duan, Zheng

2018-09-01

Lakes and vegetation are important factors of the Earth's hydrological cycle and can be called an "indicator" of climate change. In this study, long-term changes of lakes' area and vegetation coverage in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) and their relations to the climate change were analyzed by using Mann-Kendall method during the past 30years. Results showed that: 1) the lakes' area of the QTP increased significantly during the past 30years as a whole, and the increasing rates have been dramatically sped up since the year of 2000. Among them, the area of Ayakekumu Lake has the fastest growing rate of 51.35%, which increased from 618km 2 in the 1980s to 983km 2 in the 2010s; 2) overall, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) increased in the QTP during the past 30years. Above 79% of the area in the QTP showed increasing trend of NDVI before the year of 2000; 3) the air temperature increased significantly, the precipitation increased slightly, and the pan evaporation decreased significantly during the past 30years. The lake area and vegetation coverage changes might be related to the climate change. The shifts in the temporal climate trend occurred around the year 2000 had led the lake area and vegetation coverage increasing. This study is of importance in further understanding the environmental changes under global warming over the QTP. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1km Global Terrestrial Carbon Flux: Estimations and Evaluations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Murakami, K.; Sasai, T.; Kato, S.; Saito, M.; Matsunaga, T.; Hiraki, K.; Maksyutov, S. S.

2017-12-01

Estimating global scale of the terrestrial carbon flux change with high accuracy and high resolution is important to understand global environmental changes. Furthermore the estimations of the global spatiotemporal distribution may contribute to the political and social activities such as REDD+. In order to reveal the current state of terrestrial carbon fluxes covering all over the world and a decadal scale. The satellite-based diagnostic biosphere model is suitable for achieving this purpose owing to observing on the present global land surface condition uniformly at some time interval. In this study, we estimated the global terrestrial carbon fluxes with 1km grids by using the terrestrial biosphere model (BEAMS). And we evaluated our new carbon flux estimations on various spatial scales and showed the transition of forest carbon stocks in some regions. Because BEAMS required high resolution meteorological data and satellite data as input data, we made 1km interpolated data using a kriging method. The data used in this study were JRA-55, GPCP, GOSAT L4B atmospheric CO2 data as meteorological data, and MODIS land product as land surface satellite data. Interpolating process was performed on the meteorological data because of insufficient resolution, but not on MODIS data. We evaluated our new carbon flux estimations using the flux tower measurement (FLUXNET2015 Datasets) in a point scale. We used 166 sites data for evaluating our model results. These flux sites are classified following vegetation type (DBF, EBF, ENF, mixed forests, grass lands, croplands, shrub lands, Savannas, wetlands). In global scale, the BEAMS estimations was underestimated compared to the flux measurements in the case of carbon uptake and release. The monthly variations of NEP showed relatively high correlations in DBF and mixed forests, but the correlation coefficients of EBF, ENF, and grass lands were less than 0.5. In the meteorological factors, air temperature and solar radiation showed

Measurement of Radiative Non-Equilibrium for Air Shocks Between 7-9 Km/s

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cruden, Brett A.; Brandis, Aaron M.

2016-01-01

This paper describes a recent characterization of non-equilibrium radiation for shock speeds between 7 and 9 km/s in the NASA Ames Electric Arc Shock Tube (EAST) Facility. Data is spectrally resolved from 190- 1450 nm and spatially resolved behind the shock front. Comparisons are made to DPLR/NEQAIR simulations using different modeling options and recommendations for future study are made based on these comparisons.

SMOS disaggregated soil moisture product at 1 km resolution: processor overview and first validation results

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) mission provides surface soil moisture (SM) maps at a mean resolution of ~50 km. However, agricultural applications (irrigation, crop monitoring) and some hydrological applications (floods and modeling of small basins) require higher resolution SM...

Igneous Crystallization Beginning at 20 km Beneath the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 14 to 16 N

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kelemen, P.

2003-12-01

be plagioclase lherzolite saturated at 0.54 GPa (+/-0.14 GPa, 2σ ) and 1220° C (+/-16° C, 2σ ) [Kinzler & Grove, JGR 92]. Impregnated peridotites and olivine gabbronorites at other sites contain all or most of these minerals, have similar compositions, and record similar conditions. Melts entered the thermal boundary layer beneath the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at about 20 km depth [e.g., Sleep, JGR1975; Reid & Jackson, MGR 82; Grove et al JGR 92; Cannat JGR 96; Michael & Chase CMP 97; Braun et al., EPSL 00], and began to crystallize within impregnated peridotites and as discrete plutons intruding peridotite. 25% gabbro in the upper 20 km of an oceanic plate would correspond to 5 km of "normal" oceanic crust. 25% gabbro (7.2 km/s) + 75% peridotite (8.2 km/s) yields a "mantle" Vp (8 km/s). Residual mantle peridotites from Leg 209 Sites N and S of the 15° 20 Fracture Zone are among the most depleted from the mid-ocean ridges. No regional compositional gradient is evident. Most gabbroic rocks are evolved gabbronorites that are not complementary to MORB; instead, they result from complete, near-fractional crystallization of migrating melt at depth. Site 1268 gabbronorites, together with impregnated peridotites, may be primitive cumulates complementary to MORB. As reported elsewhere at this meeting, high temperature shear zones and faults accomodated nearly all of the subsolidus deformation associated with corner flow and exhumation of residual peridotites and high pressure igneous rocks.

One-Hundred-km-Scale Basins on Enceladus: Evidence for an Active Ice Shell

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schenk, Paul M.; McKinnon, William B.

2009-01-01

Stereo-derived topographic mapping of 50% of Enceladus reveals at least 6 large-scale, ovoid depressions (basins) 90-175 km across and 800-to-1500 m deep and uncorrelated with geologic boundaries. Their shape and scale are inconsistent with impact, geoid deflection, or with dynamically supported topography. Isostatic thinning of Enceladus ice shell associated with upwellings (and tidally-driven ice melting) can plausibly account for the basins. Thinning implies upwarping of the base of the shell of 10-20 km beneath the depressions, depending on total shell thickness; loss of near-surface porosity due to enhanced heat flow may also contribute to basin lows. Alternatively, the basins may overly cold, inactive, and hence denser ice, but thermal isostasy alone requires thermal expansion more consistent with clathrate hydrate than water ice. In contrast to the basins, the south polar depression (SPD) is larger (350 wide) and shallower (0.4-to-0.8 km deep) and correlates with the area of tectonic deformation and active resurfacing. The SPD also differs in that the floor is relatively flat (i.e., conforms roughly to the global triaxial shape, or geoid) with broad, gently sloping flanks. The relative flatness across the SPD suggests that it is in or near isostatic equilibrium, and underlain by denser material, supporting the polar sea hypothesis of Collins and Goodman. Near flatness is also predicted by a crustal spreading origin for the "tiger stripes (McKinnon and Barr 2007, Barr 2008); the extraordinary, high CIRS heat flows imply half-spreading rates in excess of 10 cm/yr, a very young surface age (250,000 yr), and a rather thin lithosphere (hence modest thermal topography). Topographic rises in places along the outer margin of the SPD correlate with parallel ridges and deformation along the edge of the resurfaced terrain, consistent with a compressional, imbricate thrust origin for these ridges, driven by the spreading.

Lessons learned from the 705-km fleet

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vincent, Mark A.

2012-10-01

The scientific benefits generated from the synergy of the satellites in the AM and PM (A-Train) Constellations are unprecedented. Constellation Flying in this context refers to each satellite flying independently in their own control box with acceptable minimum buffers ensuring that the control boxes do not intersect each other. Recently it is has been realized that rather than two separate constellations, they should be considered as one entity called the "705-km Fleet" named for their common nominal altitude over the equator. This realization partly comes from the recent events with the USGS satellite Landsat-5 which is in the AM Constellation, but for a period of time was overlapping with the A-Train. A fundamental concept is the Triad consisting of Alongtrack Phasing, Groundtrack and Mean Local Time of Ascending Node. Another related lesson learned is that to maintain the buffers, phasing at the two intersection points where each pair of orbits cross near the poles should be considered, as opposed to the relative phasing of the times they cross the equator. These types of geometric considerations are presented after presenting an introduction and history of the constellations. Other topics include: reference ground tracks, the process of handling the growing concern of conjunctions with other orbiting bodies, CloudSat and CALIPSO satellites performing Formation Flying, and the general ascent and exit methods for satellites entering/leaving a constellation.

FLO1K, global maps of mean, maximum and minimum annual streamflow at 1 km resolution from 1960 through 2015

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barbarossa, Valerio; Huijbregts, Mark A. J.; Beusen, Arthur H. W.; Beck, Hylke E.; King, Henry; Schipper, Aafke M.

2018-03-01

Streamflow data is highly relevant for a variety of socio-economic as well as ecological analyses or applications, but a high-resolution global streamflow dataset is yet lacking. We created FLO1K, a consistent streamflow dataset at a resolution of 30 arc seconds (~1 km) and global coverage. FLO1K comprises mean, maximum and minimum annual flow for each year in the period 1960-2015, provided as spatially continuous gridded layers. We mapped streamflow by means of artificial neural networks (ANNs) regression. An ensemble of ANNs were fitted on monthly streamflow observations from 6600 monitoring stations worldwide, i.e., minimum and maximum annual flows represent the lowest and highest mean monthly flows for a given year. As covariates we used the upstream-catchment physiography (area, surface slope, elevation) and year-specific climatic variables (precipitation, temperature, potential evapotranspiration, aridity index and seasonality indices). Confronting the maps with independent data indicated good agreement (R2 values up to 91%). FLO1K delivers essential data for freshwater ecology and water resources analyses at a global scale and yet high spatial resolution.

No Dose-Response Effect of Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Concentration on 5-km Running Performance in Recreational Athletes.

PubMed

Clarke, Neil D; Thomas, James R; Kagka, Marion; Ramsbottom, Roger; Delextrat, Anne

2017-03-01

Clarke, ND, Thomas, JR, Kagka, M, Ramsbottom, R, and Delextrat, A. No dose-response effect of carbohydrate mouth rinse concentration on 5-km running performance in recreational athletes. J Strength Cond Res 31(3): 715-720, 2017-Oral carbohydrate rinsing has been demonstrated to provide beneficial effects on exercise performance of durations of up to 1 hour, albeit predominately in a laboratory setting. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of different concentrations of carbohydrate solution mouth rinse on 5-km running performance. Fifteen healthy men (n = 9; mean ± SD age; 42 ± 10 years; height, 177.6 ± 6.1 cm; body mass, 73.9 ± 8.9 kg) and women (n = 6; mean ± SD age, 43 ± 9 years; height, 166.5 ± 4.1 cm; body mass, 65.7 ± 6.8 kg) performed a 5-km running time trial on a track on 4 separate occasions. Immediately before starting the time trial and then after each 1 km, subjects rinsed 25 ml of 0, 3, 6, or 12% maltodextrin for 10 seconds. Mouth rinsing with 0, 3, 6, or 12% maltodextrin did not have a significant effect on the time to complete the time trial (0%, 26:34 ± 4:07 minutes:seconds; 3%, 27:17 ± 4:33 minutes:seconds; 6%, 27:05 ± 3:52 minutes:seconds; 12%, 26:47 ± 4.31 minutes:seconds; p = 0.071; (Equation is included in full-text article.)= 0.15), heart rate (p = 0.095; (Equation is included in full-text article.)= 0.16), rating of perceived exertion (p = 0.195; (Equation is included in full-text article.)= 0.11), blood glucose (p = 0.920; (Equation is included in full-text article.)= 0.01), and blood lactate concentration (p = 0.831; (Equation is included in full-text article.)= 0.02), with only nonsignificant trivial to small differences between concentrations. Results of this study suggest that carbohydrate mouth rinsing provides no ergogenic advantage over an acaloric placebo (0%) and that there is no dose-response relationship between carbohydrate solution concentration and 5-km track running performance.

ICDP supported coring in IDDP-2 at Reykjanes - the DEEPEGS demonstrator in Iceland - Supercritical conditions reached below 4.6 km depth.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ómar Friðleifsson, Guðmundur; Elders, Wilfred A.; Zierenberg, Robert; Steafánsson, Ari; Sigurðsson, Ómar; Gíslason, Þór; Weisenberger, Tobias B.; Harðarson, Björn S.; Mesfin, Kiflom G.

2017-04-01

The Iceland Deep Drilling Project (IDDP) is exploring the technical and economic feasibility of producing supercritical geothermal resources. The IDDP-2 well is located in the Reykjanes saline geothermal system in SW Iceland, on the landward extension of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, where we are probing the analog of the root zone of a black smoker. In 2009, Phase 1 of the IDDP was unsuccessful in reaching supercritical conditions in the Krafla volcanic caldera in NE Iceland, when the IDDP-1 drill hole unexpectedly encountered 900°C rhyolite magma at only 2.1 km depth. The completed well produced superheated steam with a well head temperature of 453°C with an enthalpy and flow rate sufficient to generate 35 MWe. Drilling the IDDP-2 began by deepening an existing 2.5 km deep production well (RN-15) to 3 km depth, casing it to 2941m depth and drilling it to 4626m. Total circulation losses which were encountered below 3 km depth, could not be cured by LCM and multiple cement jobs. Accordingly, drilling continued "blind" to total depth, without return of drill cuttings. We attempted 12 core runs below 3 km depth, half of which recovered some core. The cores are basalts and dolerites with alteration ranging from upper greenschist facies to amphibolite facies, suggesting formation temperatures >450°C. After a final report from the on-site science team, expected mid-year 2017, detailed petrological, petrophysical, and geochemical analyses of cores will be undertaken by the IDDP science team and collaborators and published in a special issue of a main-stream scientific journal. The drilling of the IDDP-2 was funded by the field operator HS Orka, and by Statoil, and the IDDP industry consortium. The coring was funded by ICDP and the science program of the IDDP. Deepening the RN-15 began 11th August 2016, and was completed to 4626m, 17th December 2016. A perforated liner was inserted to 4,571m and the well subsequently logged for temperature, pressure and injectivity, after 6

30 CFR 36.30 - Rerailing device.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... MINING PRODUCTS APPROVAL REQUIREMENTS FOR PERMISSIBLE MOBILE DIESEL-POWERED TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT Construction and Design Requirements § 36.30 Rerailing device. All mobile diesel-powered transportation... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Rerailing device. 36.30 Section 36.30 Mineral...

Ion Heating and Thermalization in a 3000 km/s Shock

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Raymond, J. C.; Winkler, P. F.; Blair, W. P.; Laming, J. M.

2017-12-01

Collisionless shock waves can leave the plasma far from thermal equilibrium. Each particle species may have a different temperature, and the velocity distributions may be far from Maxwellian. We present HST/COS observations and MAGELLAN/IMACS of a 3000 km/s shock in the supernova remnant SN1006. The UV lines of He, C and N and the Hα profile show that the temperatures of H, He, C and N are mass-proportional to within the observational uncertainties. Thus there is no strong preferential heating and no strong transfer of energy among the ions. The electron temperature is about 0.05 as large as the proton temperature, and the H I distribution is non-Maxwellian. We briefly compare the results with theoretical expectations.

New 4.4 km-resolution aerosol product from NASA's Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer: A user's guide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nastan, A.; Garay, M. J.; Witek, M. L.; Seidel, F.; Bull, M. A.; Kahn, R. A.; Diner, D. J.

2017-12-01

The NASA Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) instrument on NASA's Terra satellite has provided an 18-year-and-growing aerosol data record. MISR's V22 aerosol product has been used extensively in studies of regional and global climate and the health effects of particulate air pollution. The MISR team recently released a new version of this product (V23), which increases the spatial resolution from 17.6 km to 4.4 km, improves performance versus AERONET, and provides better spatial coverage, more accurate cloud screening, and improved radiometric conditioning relative to V22. The product formatting was also completely revamped to improve clarity and usability. Established and prospective users of the MISR aerosol product are invited to learn about the features and performance of the new product and to participate in one-on-one demonstrations of how to obtain, visualize, and analyze the new product. Because the aerosol product is used in generating atmospherically-corrected surface bidirectional reflectance factors, improvements in MISR's 1.1 km resolution land surface product are a by-product of the updated aerosol retrievals. Illustrative comparisons of the V22 and V23 aerosol and surface products will be shown.

Highlights from the IRAM-30m Telescope

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mauersberger, R.

The world's largest astronomical antenna for the entire mm-range, the IRAM 30m telescope, is operated in the Spanish Sierra Nevada by the Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica (IRAM). IRAM is sponsored by the Spanish Instituto Geográfico Nacional, the German Max-Planck Gesellschaft and the French CNRS. The antenna is located at an altitude of almost 3000 m way above most of the atmospheric water vapor. Its high surface accuracy (˜ 50μ m) allows observations down to a wavelength of 1mm (corresponding to 280 Ghz). At this wavelength, the angular resolution of the IRAM 30m telescope is 10''. A technical summary can be found at http://www.iram.es/IRAMES/telescope/telescopeSummary/telescope_summary.html. The telescope is equipped with a 117 pixel bolometer camera for the 1.3 mm atmospheric window (MAMBO), which is mainly used to detect the thermal emission from interstellar dust, but also from solar system objects. There are several cooled heterodyne receiver systems which can be used for spectral line observations. First, there are eight single pixel heterodyne receivers for the principal spectral ranges used at the 30m telescope (3mm: 67-116 Ghz, 2mm: 130-183 Ghz, 1.3mm 194-266 Ghz and 1mm: 241-282 Ghz). These receivers can be combined flexibly in such a way that one can observe with 4 receiverrs simultaneously (either all four band in single polarization, or two bands respectively in dual polarization). A 2*9 pixel camera for the 1.3mm spectral range (210-276 Ghz) (HERA) can be used to map molecular line emission in the interstellar medium. The instantaneous bandwidth of each heterodyne receivers is up to 1 Ghz (500 Mhz in the 3mm range). Autocorrelation spectrometers and filterbanks with a large variety of spectral resolutions and bandwidths adopt to the needs for the investigation of different astronomical objects (in dark clouds the Doppler line width can be ll1 km/s, while in external galaxies typical linewidth are in the range of 200 km/s). The 30m

Using VS30 to Estimate Station ML Adjustments (dML)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yong, A.; Herrick, J.; Cochran, E. S.; Andrews, J. R.; Yu, E.

2017-12-01

Currently, new seismic stations added to a regional seismic network cannot be used to calculate local or Richter magnitude (ML) until a revised region-wide amplitude decay function is developed. The new station must record a minimum number of local and regional events that meet specific amplitude requirements prior to re-calibration of the amplitude decay function. Therefore, there can be significant delay between when a new station starts contributing real-time waveform packets and when the data can be included in magnitude estimation. The station component adjustments (dML; Uhrhammer et al., 2011) are calculated after first inverting for a new regional amplitude decay function, constrained by the sum of dML for long-running stations. Here, we propose a method to calculate an initial dML using known or proxy values of seismic site conditions. For site conditions, we use the time-averaged shear-wave velocity (VS) of the upper 30 m (VS30). We solve for dML as described in Equation (1) by Uhrhammer et al. (2011): ML = log (A) - log A0 (r) + dML, where A is the maximum Wood and Anderson (1925) trace amplitude (mm), r is the distance (km), and dML is the station adjustment. Measured VS30 and estimated dML data are comprised of records from 887 horizontal components (east-west and north-south orientations) from 93 seismic monitoring stations in the California Integrated Seismic Network. VS30 values range from 202 m/s to 1464 m/s and dML range from -1.10 to 0.39. VS30 and dML exhibit a positive correlation coefficient (R = 0.72), indicating that as VS30 increases, dML increases. This implies that greater site amplification (i.e., lower VS30) results in smaller ML. When we restrict VS30 < 760 m/s to focus on dML at soft soil to soft rock sites, R increases to 0.80. In locations where measured VS30 data are unavailable, we evaluate the use of proxy-based VS30 estimates based on geology, topographic slope and terrain classification, as well as other hybridized methods

Isolation of a Diatom Frustule Fragment from the Lower Stratosphere (22-27Km)-EVIDENCE for a Cosmic Origin

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wainwright, Milton; Rose, Christopher E.; Baker, Alexander J.; Briston, J. K.; Wickramasinghe, N. Chandra

2013-03-01

Sampling of the stratosphere at heights between 22 and 27 km was carried out in the UK on 31st July 2013 using balloon-borne equipment carrying aseptically clean electron microscope stubs onto which aerosols were directly captured. The experiment revealed the presence of a diatom frustule captured from a height of >25km. On account of the very short residence time of particles of diatom size and mass at these heights, we argue for its incidence from space, with a probable origin in the watery environment of a comet.

Acidosis, but Not Alkalosis, Affects Anaerobic Metabolism and Performance in a 4-km Time Trial.

PubMed

Correia-Oliveira, Carlos Rafaell; Lopes-Silva, João Paulo; Bertuzzi, Romulo; McConell, Glenn K; Bishop, David John; Lima-Silva, Adriano Eduardo; Kiss, Maria Augusta Peduti Dal'molin

2017-09-01

This study aimed to determine the effect of preexercise metabolic acidosis and alkalosis on power output (PO) and aerobic and anaerobic energy expenditure during a 4-km cycling time trial (TT). Eleven recreationally trained cyclists (V˙O2peak 54.1 ± 9.3 mL·kg·min) performed a 4-km TT 100 min after ingesting in a double-blind matter 0.15 g·kg of body mass of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl, acidosis), 0.3 g·kg of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3, alkalosis), or 0.15 g·kg of CaCO3 (placebo). A preliminary study (n = 7) was conducted to establish the optimal doses to promote the desirable preexercise blood pH alterations without gastrointestinal distress. Data for PO, aerobic and anaerobic energy expenditure, and blood and respiratory parameters were averaged for each 1 km and compared between conditions using two-way repeated-measures ANOVA (condition and distance factors). Gastrointestinal discomfort was analyzed qualitatively. Compared with placebo (pH 7.37 ± 0.02, [HCO3]: 27.5 ± 2.6 mmol·L), the NaHCO3 ingestion resulted in a preexercise blood alkalosis (pH +0.06 ± 0.04, [HCO3]: +4.4 ± 2.0 mmol·L, P < 0.05), whereas NH4Cl resulted in a blood acidosis (pH -0.05 ± 0.03, [HCO3]: -4.8 ± 2.1 mmol·L, P < 0.05). Anaerobic energy expenditure rate and PO were reduced throughout the trial in NH4Cl compared with placebo and NaHCO3, resulting in a lower total anaerobic work and impaired performance (P < 0.05). Plasma lactate, V˙CO2, and end-tidal CO2 partial pressure were lower and the V˙E/V˙CO2 higher throughout the trial in NH4Cl compared with placebo and NaHCO3 (P < 0.05). There was no difference between NaHCO3 and placebo for any of these variables (P > 0.05). Minimal gastrointestinal distress was noted in all conditions. Preexercise acidosis, but not alkalosis, affects anaerobic metabolism and PO during a 4-km cycling TT.

30 CFR 281.30 - Minimum royalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Minimum royalty. 281.30 Section 281.30 Mineral Resources MINERALS MANAGEMENT SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR OFFSHORE LEASING OF MINERALS OTHER THAN OIL, GAS, AND SULPHUR IN THE OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF Financial Considerations § 281.30 Minimum royalty...

46 CFR 42.30-30 - Enclosed seas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Enclosed seas. 42.30-30 Section 42.30-30 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) LOAD LINES DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN VOYAGES BY SEA Zones, Areas, and Seasonal Periods § 42.30-30 Enclosed seas. (a) Baltic Sea. This sea bounded by the parallel...

46 CFR 42.30-30 - Enclosed seas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Enclosed seas. 42.30-30 Section 42.30-30 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) LOAD LINES DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN VOYAGES BY SEA Zones, Areas, and Seasonal Periods § 42.30-30 Enclosed seas. (a) Baltic Sea. This sea bounded by the parallel...

46 CFR 42.30-30 - Enclosed seas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Enclosed seas. 42.30-30 Section 42.30-30 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) LOAD LINES DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN VOYAGES BY SEA Zones, Areas, and Seasonal Periods § 42.30-30 Enclosed seas. (a) Baltic Sea. This sea bounded by the parallel...

46 CFR 42.30-30 - Enclosed seas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Enclosed seas. 42.30-30 Section 42.30-30 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) LOAD LINES DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN VOYAGES BY SEA Zones, Areas, and Seasonal Periods § 42.30-30 Enclosed seas. (a) Baltic Sea. This sea bounded by the parallel...

46 CFR 42.30-30 - Enclosed seas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 2 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Enclosed seas. 42.30-30 Section 42.30-30 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) LOAD LINES DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN VOYAGES BY SEA Zones, Areas, and Seasonal Periods § 42.30-30 Enclosed seas. (a) Baltic Sea. This sea bounded by the parallel...

Static Stretching Alters Neuromuscular Function and Pacing Strategy, but Not Performance during a 3-Km Running Time-Trial

PubMed Central

Damasceno, Mayara V.; Duarte, Marcos; Pasqua, Leonardo A.; Lima-Silva, Adriano E.; MacIntosh, Brian R.; Bertuzzi, Rômulo

2014-01-01

Purpose Previous studies report that static stretching (SS) impairs running economy. Assuming that pacing strategy relies on rate of energy use, this study aimed to determine whether SS would modify pacing strategy and performance in a 3-km running time-trial. Methods Eleven recreational distance runners performed a) a constant-speed running test without previous SS and a maximal incremental treadmill test; b) an anthropometric assessment and a constant-speed running test with previous SS; c) a 3-km time-trial familiarization on an outdoor 400-m track; d and e) two 3-km time-trials, one with SS (experimental situation) and another without (control situation) previous static stretching. The order of the sessions d and e were randomized in a counterbalanced fashion. Sit-and-reach and drop jump tests were performed before the 3-km running time-trial in the control situation and before and after stretching exercises in the SS. Running economy, stride parameters, and electromyographic activity (EMG) of vastus medialis (VM), biceps femoris (BF) and gastrocnemius medialis (GA) were measured during the constant-speed tests. Results The overall running time did not change with condition (SS 11:35±00:31 s; control 11:28±00:41 s, p = 0.304), but the first 100 m was completed at a significantly lower velocity after SS. Surprisingly, SS did not modify the running economy, but the iEMG for the BF (+22.6%, p = 0.031), stride duration (+2.1%, p = 0.053) and range of motion (+11.1%, p = 0.0001) were significantly modified. Drop jump height decreased following SS (−9.2%, p = 0.001). Conclusion Static stretch impaired neuromuscular function, resulting in a slow start during a 3-km running time-trial, thus demonstrating the fundamental role of the neuromuscular system in the self-selected speed during the initial phase of the race. PMID:24905918

Characterization of 750 Large Area Photomultipliers for the KM3NeT-Italia towers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Leonora, Emanuele; Aiello, S.; Giordano, V.

2015-07-01

The KM3NeT European experiment aims to construct a large volume underwater neutrino telescope, in the depths of the Mediterranean Sea. Thanks to a dedicated funding by the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research, in its first phase named KM3NeT-Italia, an 8-towers detector is under construction, equipped with 672 optical sensors. The detection element of the telescope, the 'optical module', is composed by a 13-inch high-pressure glass-vessel that contains a single 10-inch photomultiplier. As the key sensor, all the characteristics of the photomultiplier have a severe impact on the performance of the whole detector. The selected photomultiplier was the 10-inchmore » R7081 PMT produced by Hamamatsu. In the frame of the optical modules mass production, performed in the INFN-LNS site of Catania, 750 photomultipliers have been tested by means of a dedicated test bench. The paper deals with the main results obtained from the massive photomultipliers measurements, which exhibited that such kind of devices comply with the general requirements imposed by the project. (authors)« less

Multi-scale Characterization and Modeling of Surface Slope Probability Distribution for ~20-km Diameter Lunar Craters

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mahanti, P.; Robinson, M. S.; Boyd, A. K.

2013-12-01

Craters ~20-km diameter and above significantly shaped the lunar landscape. The statistical nature of the slope distribution on their walls and floors dominate the overall slope distribution statistics for the lunar surface. Slope statistics are inherently useful for characterizing the current topography of the surface, determining accurate photometric and surface scattering properties, and in defining lunar surface trafficability [1-4]. Earlier experimental studies on the statistical nature of lunar surface slopes were restricted either by resolution limits (Apollo era photogrammetric studies) or by model error considerations (photoclinometric and radar scattering studies) where the true nature of slope probability distribution was not discernible at baselines smaller than a kilometer[2,3,5]. Accordingly, historical modeling of lunar surface slopes probability distributions for applications such as in scattering theory development or rover traversability assessment is more general in nature (use of simple statistical models such as the Gaussian distribution[1,2,5,6]). With the advent of high resolution, high precision topographic models of the Moon[7,8], slopes in lunar craters can now be obtained at baselines as low as 6-meters allowing unprecedented multi-scale (multiple baselines) modeling possibilities for slope probability distributions. Topographic analysis (Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC) Narrow Angle Camera (NAC) 2-m digital elevation models (DEM)) of ~20-km diameter Copernican lunar craters revealed generally steep slopes on interior walls (30° to 36°, locally exceeding 40°) over 15-meter baselines[9]. In this work, we extend the analysis from a probability distribution modeling point-of-view with NAC DEMs to characterize the slope statistics for the floors and walls for the same ~20-km Copernican lunar craters. The difference in slope standard deviations between the Gaussian approximation and the actual distribution (2-meter sampling) was

First experiment on retrieval of tropospheric NO2 over polluted areas with 2.4-km spatial resolution basing on satellite spectral measurements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Postylyakov, Oleg V.; Borovski, Alexander N.; Makarenkov, Aleksandr A.

2017-11-01

Three satellites of the Resurs-P series (№1, №2, №3) aimed for remote sensing of the Earth began to operate in Russia in 2013-2016. Hyperspectral instruments GSA onboard Resurs-P perform routine imaging of the Earth surface in the spectral range of 400-1000 nm with the spectral resolution better than 10 nm and the spatial resolution of 30 m. In a special regime the GSA/Resurs-P may reach higher spectral resolution with the spatial resolution of 120 m and be used for retrieval of the tropospheric NO2 spatial distribution. We developed the first GSA/Resurs-P algorithm for the tropospheric NO2 retrieval and shortly analyze the first results for the most polluted Hebei province of China. The developed GSA/Resurs-P algorithm shows the spatial resolution of about 2.4 km for tropospheric NO2 pollution what significantly exceed resolution of other available now satellite instruments and considered as a target for future geostationary (GEO) missions for monitoring of tropospheric NO2 pollution. Differ to the currently operated low-Earth orbit (LEO) instruments, which may provide global distribution of NO2 every one or two days, GSA performs NO2 measurement on request. The precision of the NO2 measurements with 2.4 km resolution is about 2.5x1015 mol/cm2 (for DSCD) therefore it is recommended to use it for investigation of the tropospheric NO2 in polluted areas. Thus GSA/Resurs-P is the interesting and unique tool for NO2 pollution investigations and testing methods of interpretation of future high-resolution satellite data on pollutions and their emissions.

30 CFR 33.30 - Test site.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Test site. 33.30 Section 33.30 Mineral... MINING PRODUCTS DUST COLLECTORS FOR USE IN CONNECTION WITH ROCK DRILLING IN COAL MINES Test Requirements § 33.30 Test site. Tests shall be conducted at an appropriate location determined by MSHA. [39 FR 24005...

30 CFR 33.30 - Test site.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Test site. 33.30 Section 33.30 Mineral... MINING PRODUCTS DUST COLLECTORS FOR USE IN CONNECTION WITH ROCK DRILLING IN COAL MINES Test Requirements § 33.30 Test site. Tests shall be conducted at an appropriate location determined by MSHA. [39 FR 24005...

30 CFR 33.30 - Test site.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Test site. 33.30 Section 33.30 Mineral... MINING PRODUCTS DUST COLLECTORS FOR USE IN CONNECTION WITH ROCK DRILLING IN COAL MINES Test Requirements § 33.30 Test site. Tests shall be conducted at an appropriate location determined by MSHA. [39 FR 24005...

Quantum key distribution over 120 km using ultrahigh purity single-photon source and superconducting single-photon detectors

PubMed Central

Takemoto, Kazuya; Nambu, Yoshihiro; Miyazawa, Toshiyuki; Sakuma, Yoshiki; Yamamoto, Tsuyoshi; Yorozu, Shinichi; Arakawa, Yasuhiko

2015-01-01

Advances in single-photon sources (SPSs) and single-photon detectors (SPDs) promise unique applications in the field of quantum information technology. In this paper, we report long-distance quantum key distribution (QKD) by using state-of-the-art devices: a quantum-dot SPS (QD SPS) emitting a photon in the telecom band of 1.5 μm and a superconducting nanowire SPD (SNSPD). At the distance of 100 km, we obtained the maximal secure key rate of 27.6 bps without using decoy states, which is at least threefold larger than the rate obtained in the previously reported 50-km-long QKD experiment. We also succeeded in transmitting secure keys at the rate of 0.307 bps over 120 km. This is the longest QKD distance yet reported by using known true SPSs. The ultralow multiphoton emissions of our SPS and ultralow dark count of the SNSPD contributed to this result. The experimental results demonstrate the potential applicability of QD SPSs to practical telecom QKD networks. PMID:26404010

10-20-30 training increases performance and lowers blood pressure and VEGF in runners.

PubMed

Gliemann, Lasse; Gunnarsson, Thomas P; Hellsten, Ylva; Bangsbo, Jens

2015-10-01

The present study examined the effect of training by the 10-20-30 concept on performance, blood pressure (BP), and skeletal muscle angiogenesis as well as the feasibility of completing high-intensity interval training in local running communities. One hundred sixty recreational runners were divided into either a control group (CON; n = 28), or a 10-20-30 training group (10-20-30; n = 132) replacing two of three weekly training sessions with 10-20-30 training for 8 weeks and performance of a 5-km run (5-K) and BP was measured. VO2max was measured and resting muscle biopsies were taken in a subgroup of runners (n = 18). 10-20-30 improved 5-K time (38 s) and lowered systolic BP (2 ± 1 mmHg). For hypertensive subjects in 10-20-30 (n = 30), systolic and diastolic BP was lowered by 5 ± 4 and 3 ± 2 mmHg, respectively, which was a greater reduction than in the non-hypertensive subjects (n = 102). 10-20-30 increased VO2max but did not influence muscle fiber area, distribution or capillarization, whereas the expression of the pro-angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was lowered by 22%. No changes were observed in CON. These results suggest that 10-20-30 training is an effective and easily implemented training intervention improving endurance performance, VO2max and lowering BP in recreational runners, but does not affect muscle morphology and reduces muscle VEGF. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Longitudinal and latitudinal variations in dynamic characteristics of the MLT (70-95km): a study involving the CUJO network

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Manson, A.; Meek, C.; Chshyolkova, T.; Avery, S.; Thorsen, D.; MacDougall, J.; Hocking, W.; Murayama, Y.; Igarashi, K.; Namboothiri, S.; Kishore, P.

2004-02-01

. The newly-installed MFR (medium frequency radar) at Platteville (40N, 105W) has provided the opportunity and impetus to create an operational network of middle- latitude MFRs stretching from W-E. CUJO (Canada U.S. Japan Opportunity) comprises systems at London (N, 81W), Platteville (40N, 105W), Saskatoon (52N, 107W), Wakkanai (45N, 142E) and Yamagawa (31N, 131E). It offers a significant 7000km longitudinal sector in the North American-Pacific region, and a useful range of latitudes (12-14) at two longitudes. Annual climatologies involving both height and frequency versus time contour plots for periods from 8h to 30 days, show that the changes with longitude are very significant and distinctive, often exceeding the local latitudinal variations. Comparisons with models and the recent UARS-HRDI global analysis of tides are discussed. The fits of the horizontal wave numbers of the longer period oscillations are provided in unique frequency versus time contour plots and shown to be consistent with the expected dominant modes. Annual climatologies of planetary waves (16 day, 2 day) and gravity waves reveal strong seasonal and longitudinal variations.

Ambient Seismic Imaging of Hydraulically Active Fractures at km Depths

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Malin, P. E.; Sicking, C.

2017-12-01

Streaming Depth Images of ambient seismic signals using numerous, densely-distributed, receivers have revealed their connection to hydraulically active fractures at 0.5 to 5 km depths. Key for this type of imaging is very high-fold stacking over both multiple receives and periods of a few hours. Also important is suppression of waveforms from fixed, repeating sources such as pumps, generators, and traffic. A typical surface-based ambient SDI survey would use a 3D seismic receiver grid. It would have 1,000 to 4,000 uniformly distributed receivers at a density of 50/km2over the target. If acquired by borehole receivers buried 100 m deep, the density can be dropped by an order of magnitude. We show examples of the acquisition and signal processing scenarios used to produce the ambient images. (Sicking et al., SEG Interpretation, Nov 2017.) While the fracture-fluid source connection of SDI has been verified by drilling and various types of hydraulic tests, the precise nature of the signal's origin is not clear. At the current level of observation, the signals do not have identifiable phases, but can be focused using P wave velocities. Suggested sources are resonances of pressures fluctuations in the fractures, or small, continuous, slips on fractures surfaces. In either case, it appears that the driving mechanism is tectonic strain in an inherently unstable crust. Solid earth tides may enhance these strains. We illustrate the value of the ambient SDI method in its industrial application by showing case histories from energy industry and carbon-capture-sequestration projects. These include ambient images taken before, during, and after hydraulic treatments in un-conventional reservoirs. The results show not only locations of active fractures, but also their time responses to stimulation and production. Time-lapse ambient imaging can forecast and track events such as well interferences and production changes that can result from nearby treatments.

Immunoglobulin (Gm and Km) allotypes in nine endogamous groups of West Bengal, India.

PubMed

Chakraborty, R; Walter, H; Sauber, P; Mukherjee, B N; Malhotra, K C; Banerjee, S; Roy, M

1987-01-01

Blood samples from 898 individuals of nine endogamous groups of West Bengal, India were typed for determining the haplotypic structure in the gamma-light chain (Gm) and kappa-light chain (Km) of immunoglobulin (IgG). The Gm haplotype frequencies detected by Glm (1), Glm (2) and G3m (5) markers suggest that in this eastern state of India there is considerable variation of frequencies of the typical Mongoloid haplotype Gm1,5, which shows a high incidence in Rajbanshi, Rabha, Garo and Lodha groups. On the contrary, this haplotype is probably absent in the high caste groups, Rarhi Brahmin and Vaidya, and is relatively infrequent in Jalia Kaibarta, a scheduled caste of the south-western part of the state. The Km1 allele is also high in frequency among Rajbanshi, Rabha, Garo and Munda in comparison with Rarhi Brahmin and Vaidya, suggesting the former four groups' strong Mongoloid affiliation. This survey signifies that there is considerable variation in the extent of Mongoloid admixture in Bengali populations. Such admixture is not restricted in specific social class either. It further demonstrates that heterogeneity of the genetic structure of Bengali populations do not correspond to the present social ranking on the basis of caste hierarchy.

Annual and interannual variations in global 6.5DWs from 20 to 110 km during 2002-2016 observed by TIMED/SABER

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huang, Y. Y.; Zhang, S. D.; Li, C. Y.; Li, H. J.; Huang, K. M.; Huang, C. M.

2017-08-01

Using version 2.0 of the TIMED/SABER kinetic temperature data, we have conducted a study on the annual and interannual variations of 6.5DWs at 20-110 km, from 52°S to 52°N for 2002-2016. First, we obtained global annual variations in the spectral power and amplitudes of 6.5DWs. We found that strong wave amplitudes emerged from 25°S/N to 52°S/N and peaked in the altitudes of the stratosphere, mesosphere, and the lower thermosphere. The annual variations in the 6.5DWs are similar in both hemispheres but different at various altitudes. At 40-50 km, the annual maxima emerge mostly in winters. In the MLT, annual peaks occurred twice every half year. At 80-90 km, 6.5DWs appeared mainly in equinoctial seasons and winters. At 100-110 km, 6.5DWs emerged mainly in equinoctial seasons. Second, we continued the study of the interannual variations in 6.5DW amplitudes from 2002 to 2016. Frequency spectra of the monthly mean amplitudes showed that main dynamics in the long-term variations of 6.5DWs were AO and SAO in both hemispheres. In addition, 4 month period signals were noticed in the MLT of the NH. The amplitudes of SAO and AO were obtained using a band-pass filter and were found to increase with altitude, as do the 6.5DW amplitudes. In both hemispheres, the relative importance of SAO and AO changes with altitude. At 40-50 and 100-110 km, AO play a dominant role, while at 80-90 km, they are weaker than SAO. Our results show that both the annual and interannual variations in 6.5DWs are mainly caused by the combined action of SAO and AO.

Dynamics of the upper middle atmosphere (80-110 km) at Tromsoe, June-December 1987, using the Tromsoe/Saskatoon M.F. radar

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Manson, A. H.; Meek, C. E.

1989-01-01

A real time winds (RTW) system from Saskatoon operated with the Tromsoe M.F. (partial reflection) radar on a continuous basis, June to December 1987. Profiles with 3 km resolution were obtained every 5 minutes with weak ionization, and few geomagnetic disturbances limited the observations normally to 80 to 110 km. However, daily mean winds, tidal characteristics (24, 12 h) such as amplitudes, phases and wavelengths, and gravity wave characteristics (intensities, mean directions) are available throughout this interval, which includes MAC-SINE and Epsilon. This is particularly valuable in defining the background state for some experiments, e.g., rockets, and for comparison with related parameters from the lidar and other radars (EISCAT, SOUSY-VHF). Comparisons with dynamical parameters from Saskatoon (52 N) are made: the zonal circulation was weaker at Tromsoe, tidal amplitudes smaller, and summer 12 h tidal wavelengths shorter (approx. 80 km vs approx. 100 km). The fall transition for this tide occurred in September, earlier than observed elsewhere. Initial comparisons with other experimental systems are also made.

Volatile organic compounds from Paenibacillus polymyxa KM2501-1 control Meloidogyne incognita by multiple strategies

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) cause serious crop losses worldwide. Treatment of the PPN Meloidogyne incognita with the biological control agent Paenibacillus polymyxa KM2501-1 resulted in a mortality of 88% in vitro and reduced symptoms on tomato by up to 83% under greenhouse conditions. In this ...

Characterisation of the Hamamatsu photomultipliers for the KM3NeT Neutrino Telescope

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aiello, S.; Akrame, S. E.; Ameli, F.; Anassontzis, E. G.; Andre, M.; Androulakis, G.; Anghinolfi, M.; Anton, G.; Ardid, M.; Aublin, J.; Avgitas, T.; Baars, M.; Bagatelas, C.; Barbarino, G.; Baret, B.; Barrios-Martí, J.; Belias, A.; Berbee, E.; van den Berg, A.; Bertin, V.; Biagi, S.; Biagioni, A.; Biernoth, C.; Bormuth, R.; Boumaaza, J.; Bourret, S.; Bouwhuis, M.; Bozza, C.; Brânzaş, H.; Briukhanova, N.; Bruijn, R.; Brunner, J.; Buis, E.; Buompane, R.; Busto, J.; Calvo, D.; Capone, A.; Caramete, L.; Celli, S.; Chabab, M.; Cherubini, S.; Chiarella, V.; Chiarusi, T.; Circella, M.; Cocimano, R.; Coelho, J. A. B.; Coleiro, A.; Colomer Molla, M.; Coniglione, R.; Coyle, P.; Creusot, A.; Cuttone, G.; D'Onofrio, A.; Dallier, R.; De Sio, C.; Di Palma, I.; Díaz, A. F.; Distefano, C.; Domi, A.; Donà, R.; Donzaud, C.; Dornic, D.; Dörr, M.; Durocher, M.; Eberl, T.; van Eijk, D.; El Bojaddaini, I.; Elsaesser, D.; Enzenhöfer, A.; Ferrara, G.; Fusco, L. A.; Gal, T.; Garufi, F.; Gauchery, S.; Geißelsöder, S.; Gialanella, L.; Giorgio, E.; Giuliante, A.; Gozzini, S. R.; Ruiz, R. Gracia; Graf, K.; Grasso, D.; Grégoire, T.; Grella, G.; Hallmann, S.; van Haren, H.; Heid, T.; Heijboer, A.; Hekalo, A.; Hernández-Rey, J. J.; Hofestädt, J.; Illuminati, G.; James, C. W.; Jongen, M.; Jongewaard, B.; de Jong, M.; de Jong, P.; Kadler, M.; Kalaczyński, P.; Kalekin, O.; Katz, U. F.; Chowdhury, N. R. Khan; Kieft, G.; Kießling, D.; Koffeman, E. N.; Kooijman, P.; Kouchner, A.; Kreter, M.; Kulikovskiy, V.; Lahmann, R.; Le Breton, R.; Leone, F.; Leonora, E.; Levi, G.; Lincetto, M.; Lonardo, A.; Longhitano, F.; Lotze, M.; Loucatos, S.; Maggi, G.; Mańczak, J.; Mannheim, K.; Margiotta, A.; Marinelli, A.; Markou, C.; Martin, L.; Martínez-Mora, J. A.; Martini, A.; Marzaioli, F.; Mele, R.; Melis, K. W.; Migliozzi, P.; Migneco, E.; Mijakowski, P.; Miranda, L. S.; Mollo, C. M.; Morganti, M.; Moser, M.; Moussa, A.; Muller, R.; Musumeci, M.; Nauta, L.; Navas, S.; Nicolau, C. A.; Nielsen, C.; Organokov, M.; Orlando, A.; Panagopoulos, V.; Papalashvili, G.; Papaleo, R.; Păvălaş, G. E.; Pellegrini, G.; Pellegrino, C.; Pérez Romero, J.; Perrin-Terrin, M.; Piattelli, P.; Pikounis, K.; Pisanti, O.; Poirè, C.; Polydefki, G.; Poma, G. E.; Popa, V.; Post, M.; Pradier, T.; Pühlhofer, G.; Pulvirenti, S.; Quinn, L.; Raffaelli, F.; Randazzo, N.; Razzaque, S.; Real, D.; Resvanis, L.; Reubelt, J.; Riccobene, G.; Richer, M.; Rovelli, A.; Salvadori, I.; Samtleben, D. F. E.; Sánchez Losa, A.; Sanguineti, M.; Santangelo, A.; Sapienza, P.; Schermer, B.; Sciacca, V.; Seneca, J.; Sgura, I.; Shanidze, R.; Sharma, A.; Simeone, F.; Sinopoulou, A.; Spisso, B.; Spurio, M.; Stavropoulos, D.; Steijger, J.; Stellacci, S. M.; Strandberg, B.; Stransky, D.; Stüven, T.; Taiuti, M.; Tatone, F.; Tayalati, Y.; Tenllado, E.; Thakore, T.; Timmer, P.; Trovato, A.; Tsagkli, S.; Tzamariudaki, E.; Tzanetatos, D.; Valieri, C.; Vallage, B.; Van Elewyck, V.; Versari, F.; Viola, S.; Vivolo, D.; Volkert, M.; de Waardt, L.; Wilms, J.; de Wolf, E.; Zaborov, D.; Zornoza, J. D.; Zúñiga, J.

2018-05-01

The Hamamatsu R12199-02 3-inch photomultiplier tube is the photodetector chosen for the first phase of the KM3NeT neutrino telescope. About 7000 photomultipliers have been characterised for dark count rate, timing spread and spurious pulses. The quantum efficiency, the gain and the peak-to-valley ratio have also been measured for a sub-sample in order to determine parameter values needed as input to numerical simulations of the detector.

Toward 10-km mesh global climate simulations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ohfuchi, W.; Enomoto, T.; Takaya, K.; Yoshioka, M. K.

2002-12-01

An atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) that runs very efficiently on the Earth Simulator (ES) was developed. The ES is a gigantic vector-parallel computer with the peak performance of 40 Tflops. The AGCM, named AFES (AGCM for ES), was based on the version 5.4.02 of an AGCM developed jointly by the Center for Climate System Research, the University of Tokyo and the Japanese National Institute for Environmental Sciences. The AFES was, however, totally rewritten in FORTRAN90 and MPI while the original AGCM was written in FORTRAN77 and not capable of parallel computing. The AFES achieved 26 Tflops (about 65 % of the peak performance of the ES) at resolution of T1279L96 (10-km horizontal resolution and 500-m vertical resolution in middle troposphere to lower stratosphere). Some results of 10- to 20-day global simulations will be presented. At this moment, only short-term simulations are possible due to data storage limitation. As ten tera flops computing is achieved, peta byte data storage are necessary to conduct climate-type simulations at this super-high resolution global simulations. Some possibilities for future research topics in global super-high resolution climate simulations will be discussed. Some target topics are mesoscale structures and self-organization of the Baiu-Meiyu front over Japan, cyclogenecsis over the North Pacific and typhoons around the Japan area. Also improvement in local precipitation with increasing horizontal resolution will be demonstrated.

Ultraviolet stellar occultation measurement of the H2 and O2 densities near 100 km in the earth's atmosphere

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Atreya, S. K.; Wasser, B.; Donahue, T. M.; Sharp, W. E.; Drake, J. F.; Riegler, G. R.

1976-01-01

Results are presented for an experimental study designed to measure the density of H2 near 100 km in the earth's atmosphere from occultation of a star, Gamma Vel, by the earth's atmosphere at several wavelengths near the H2 absorption line at 1108.128 A by a spectrometer on an orbiting astronomical observatory. Measurement of the O2 density between 95 and 123 km is also reported. Attention is focused on testing the predictions of a model of the distribution of hydrogen constituents, H, H2, H2O, CH4, OH, and H2O in the upper atmosphere related to a theory of hydrogen escape developed by Hunten and Strobel (1974) and by Liu and Donahue (1974). The measured H2 densities are found to be in good agreement with recent theoretical predictions, whereas the measured O2 density profile generally agrees with the models except for a wavelike structure in the range 104-114 km.

Changes in the acid-base balance and lactate concentration in the blood in amateur ultramarathon runners during a 100-km run

PubMed Central

Żychowska, M; Konieczna, A; Ratkowski, W; Radzimiński, Ł

2015-01-01

The aim of this study was to analyse the acid-base balance and partial pressure of blood gases of participants during a 100-km run. Fourteen experienced amateur ultramarathon runners (age: 43.36±11.83 years; height: 175.29±6.98 cm; weight: 72.12±7.36 kg) completed the 100-km run. Blood samples were taken before the run; after 25, 50, 75, and 100 km; and 12 and 24 hours after the run. There were significant differences (p<0.05) between the mean values registered for acid-alkaline balance, buffering alkalies, and current bicarbonate in each segment of the run, especially during the third, fourth, and fifth segments of the run (i.e., between 50 and 100 km), and there were only significant differences associated with buffering alkalies and current bicarbonate during the recovery. However, all the changes were within the physiological norm. A significant decrease in the compressibility of oxygen was observed after 100 km (from 92.80±15.67 to 88.36±13.71 mmHg) and continued during the recovery to 75.06±8.60 mmHg 12 h after the run. Also there was a decrease in saturation to a mean value of 93.78±3.10 at 12 h after the run. Generally the amateurs runners are able to adjust their running speed so as not to provoke a significant acid-base imbalance or lactate acid accumulation. PMID:26424931

Reconstruction of a Three Hourly 1-km Land Surface Air Temperature Dataset in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhou, J.; Ding, L.

2017-12-01

Land surface air temperature (SAT) is an important parameter in the modeling of radiation balance and energy budget of the earth surface. Generally, SAT is measured at ground meteorological stations; then SAT mapping is possible though a spatial interpolation process. The interpolated SAT map relies on the spatial distribution of ground stations, the terrain, and many other factors; thus, it has great uncertainties in regions with complicated terrain. Instead, SAT map can also be obtained through physical modeling of interactions between the land surface and the atmosphere. Such dataset generally has coarse spatial resolution (e.g. coarser than 0.1°) and cannot satisfy the applications at fine scales, e.g. 1 km. This presentation reports the reconstruction of a three hourly 1-km SAT dataset from 2001 to 2015 over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The terrain in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, especially in the eastern part, is extremely complicated. Two SAT datasets with good qualities are used in this study. The first one is from the 3h China Meteorological Forcing Dataset with a 0.1° resolution released by the Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Yang et al., 2010); the second one is from the ERA-Interim product with the same temporal resolution and a 0.125° resolution. A statistical approach is developed to downscale the spatial resolution of the derived SAT to 1-km. The elevation and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) are selected as two scaling factors in the downscaling approach. Results demonstrate there is significantly negative correlation between the SAT and elevation in all seasons; there is also significantly negative correlation between the SAT and NDVI in the vegetation growth seasons, while the correlation decreases in the other seasons. Therefore, a temporally dynamic downscaling approach is feasible to enhance the spatial resolution of the SAT. Compared with the SAT at the 0.1° or 0.125°, the reconstructed 1

Features of behavior of the plasma area formed by explosion spent in range of heights of 100-1000 km

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vasilev, Mikhail; Kholodov, Alexander; Stupitsky, Evgeny; Repin, Andrew

Explosive plasma experiments remain the important means of research of geophysical effects in the top ionosphere and magnetosphere. In particular their results can be useful for development of full model of powerful geomagnetic storms. Scientific and applied value of such experiments depends on our ability to simulate them numerically and to understand the physical processes. Complexity of mathematical modelling of such experiments is caused by two circumstances - complexity and variety of physical processes, and large-scale three-dimensional current of plasma. It's important to note that not all features of the processes under consideration are well known and well modelled. And plasma parameters in the indignant area can vary up to 5-7 orders. During last several years we have developed universal enough 3D algorithm for the simulation of large-scale movement of the plasma, based on MHD approach. Diffusion of a magnetic field and the ionization structure of plasma and air is considered. The full algorithm includes the most initial the radiation-gas dynamic stage, a stage of inertial scattering when the charging structure of plasma is formed, a stage of braking of plasma a geomagnetic field and the rarefied ionosphere and later (down to 100-500 s) the stage of convective movements of plasma in a geomagnetic field and the rarefied ionosphere. The algorithm is based on special updating of a monotonous conservative variant of grid-characteristic method 2-3 orders of the approximation, including splitting on spatial variables. Calculations of explosion of energy about 1015 J are executed for some heights from a range of 100-1000 km. Character of development of current essentially varies depending on height. For 100-120 km current is close to bi-dimensional, in an initial stage the shock wave is formed, and for the period of 40-60 seconds the plasma area rises up to 300 km. At heights more than 150 km current, for a while more than 5 seconds are got with character of a

SDO/AIA Observations of Quasi-periodic Fast (~1000 km/s) Propagating (QFP) Waves as Evidence of Fast-mode Magnetosonic Waves in the Low Corona: Statistics and Implications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, W.; Ofman, L.; Title, A. M.; Zhao, J.; Aschwanden, M. J.

2011-12-01

Recent EUV imaging observations from SDO/AIA led to the discovery of quasi-periodic fast (~2000 km/s) propagating (QFP) waves in active regions (Liu et al. 2011). They were interpreted as fast-mode magnetosonic waves and reproduced in 3D MHD simulations (Ofman et al. 2011). Since then, we have extended our study to a sample of more than a dozen such waves observed during the SDO mission (2010/04-now). We will present the statistical properties of these waves including: (1) Their projected speeds measured in the plane of the sky are about 400-2200 km/s, which, as the lower limits of their true speeds in 3D space, fall in the expected range of coronal Alfven or fast-mode speeds. (2) They usually originate near flare kernels, often in the wake of a coronal mass ejection, and propagate in narrow funnels of coronal loops that serve as waveguides. (3) These waves are launched repeatedly with quasi-periodicities in the 30-200 seconds range, often lasting for more than one hour; some frequencies coincide with those of the quasi-periodic pulsations (QPPs) in the accompanying flare, suggestive a common excitation mechanism. We obtained the k-omega diagrams and dispersion relations of these waves using Fourier analysis. We estimate their energy fluxes and discuss their contribution to coronal heating as well as their diagnostic potential for coronal seismology.

Seismic Shaking Removal of Craters 0.2-0.5 km in Diameter on Asteroid 433 Eros

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Thomas, P. C.; Robinson, M. S.

2005-01-01

Impact cratering acts in a variety of ways to create a surprising range of scenery on small satellites and asteroids. The visible crater population is a self-modifying characteristic of these airless objects, and determining the various ways younger craters can add or subtract from the population is an important aspect of small body "geology." Asteroid 433 Eros, the most closely studied of any small body, has two aspects of its crater population that have attracted attention: a fall-off of crater densities below approx.100 m diameter relative to an expected equilibrium population [1] and regions of substantially lower large crater densities [2, 3, 4]. In this work we examine the global variation of the density of craters on Eros larger than 0.177 km, a size range above that involved in small crater depletion hypotheses [1, 5]. We counted all craters on Eros to a size range somewhat below 0.177 km diameter (and different from data used in [3]). The primary metric for this study is the number of craters between 0.177 and 1.0 km within a set radius of each grid point on the 2deg x 2deg shape model of Eros. This number can be expressed as an R-value [6], provided that it is remembered that the large bin size makes individual R values slightly different from those obtained in the usual root-2 bins.

Competitor presence reduces internal attentional focus and improves 16.1km cycling time trial performance.

PubMed

Williams, Emily L; Jones, Hollie S; Andy Sparks, S; Marchant, David C; Midgley, Adrian W; Mc Naughton, Lars R

2015-07-01

Whilst the presence of a competitor has been found to improve performance, the mechanisms influencing the change in selected work rates during direct competition have been suggested but not specifically assessed. The aim was to investigate the physiological and psychological influences of a visual avatar competitor during a 16.1-km cycling time trial performance, using trained, competitive cyclists. Randomised cross-over design. Fifteen male cyclists completed four 16.1km cycling time trials on a cycle ergometer, performing two with a visual display of themselves as a simulated avatar (FAM and SELF), one with no visual display (DO), and one with themselves and an opponent as simulated avatars (COMP). Participants were informed the competitive avatar was a similar ability cyclist but it was actually a representation of their fastest previous performance. Increased performance times were evident during COMP (27.8±2.0min) compared to SELF (28.7±1.9min) and DO (28.4±2.3min). Greater power output, speed and heart rate were apparent during COMP trial than SELF (p<0.05) and DO (p≤0.06). There were no differences between SELF and DO. Ratings of perceived exertion were unchanged across all conditions. Internal attentional focus was significantly reduced during COMP trial (p<0.05), suggesting reduced focused on internal sensations during an increase in performance. Competitive cyclists performed significantly faster during a 16.1-km competitive trial than when performing maximally, without a competitor. The improvement in performance was elicited due to a greater external distraction, deterring perceived exertion. Copyright © 2014 Sports Medicine Australia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Modeling Relativistic Electron Precipitation Bremsstrahlung X-Ray Intensities at 10-100 km Manned Vehicle Altitudes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Habash Krause, L.; Gilchrist, B. E.; Nishikawa, K.; Williams, A.

2013-12-01

Relativistic electron precipitation (REP) events occur when beams or bunches of relativistic electrons of magnetospheric origin enter the Earth's atmosphere, typically at auroral latitudes. REP events are associated with a variety of space weather effects, including production of transitional and bremsstrahlung radiation, catalytic depletion of stratospheric ozone, and scintillation of transionospheric radio waves. This study examines the intensities of x-rays produced at airliner, manned balloon, and suborbital Reusable Launch Vehicle (sRLV) altitudes. The monoenergetic beam is modeled in cylindrical symmetry using the paraxial ray equation. Bremsstrahlung photon production is calculated using the traditional Sauter-Elwert cross-section, providing x-ray emission spectra differential in energy and angle. Attenuation is computed for a plane-stratified standard atmosphere, and the loss processes include photoionization, Rayleigh and Compton scattering, electron-positron pair production, and photonuclear interaction. Peak altitudes of electron energy deposition and bremsstrahlung x-ray production were calculated for beams of energies from 1 MeV through 100 MeV. The altitude peak of bremsstrahlung deposition was consistently and significantly lower that that of the electron deposition due to the longer mean free paths of x-rays compared to electrons within the atmosphere. For example, for a nadir-directed monoenergetic 5 MeV beam, the peak deposition altitude was calculated to be 42 km, but the resulting bremmstrahlung deposition peaked at 25 km. This has implications for crew and passenger safety, especially with the growth of the space tourism industry that relies on sRLVs with a nominal apogee of 100 km. A survey of results covering the 1-100 MeV spectrum for the three altitude ranges of interest will be presented.

Early changes of the anemia phenomenon in male 100-km ultramarathoners.

PubMed

Chiu, Yu-Hui; Lai, Jiun-I; Wang, Shih-Hao; How, Chorng-Kuang; Li, Li-Hua; Kao, Wei-Fong; Yang, Chen-Chang; Chen, Ray-Jade

2015-02-01

Sports anemia is a widely observed phenomenon after prolonged running. There are various factors that contribute to sports anemia, including hemodilution, exercise-induced oxidative stress, iron deficiency, gastrointestinal bleeding, hematuria, and hemolysis resulting from foot-strike and/or from compression of contracting muscles on capillaries. Until now, there has been no published report that describes the overall hematological, urinary, and fecal consequences in Asian male ultramarathoners after a 100-km (62.5-mile) ultramarathon event. A total of 25 male runners were recruited into our study. Blood was drawn 1 week before, immediately after, and then 24 hours subsequent to the race. Hematological samples were analyzed for the anemia phenomenon. Additionally, urinary and fecal samples were collected before and after the race for detection of occult blood. The blood hemoglobin and erythropoietin values of the recruited runners showed a statistically significant rise in the immediate post-race values and a rapid drop in values at 24 hours post-race. Blood concentrations of red blood cells and hematocrit were significantly lower at 24 hours post-race compared with pre-race. The white blood cell count, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and ferritin all showed significant increases both immediately after and 24 hours post-race compared with pre-race hematological values. There were immediate decreases of both haptoglobin and iron, as well as an increase of total iron-binding capacity levels in post-race blood tests. For both urinary and fecal samples, there was a statistically significant difference between the pre- and post-race results in occult blood. Running a 100-km ultramarathon will induce substantial sports anemia, and oxidative stress response, hemolysis, hematuria, and gastrointestinal bleeding are typical factors that contribute to its onset. Copyright © 2014. Published by Elsevier Taiwan.

Variability of the observed temperature, 20-60 km at 80 deg N to 40 deg S

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nastrom, G. D.; Belmont, A. D.; Dartt, D. G.

1974-01-01

Results are presented for a periodic analysis of atmospheric temperature variations at heights of from 20 to 60 km between 80 deg N and 40 deg S. The analysis is based on Meteorological Rocket Network temperatures not corrected for solar radiation or aliasing by the diurnal tide, and the frequencies examined include the long-term mean, the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), and the first six harmonics of the annual wave. Amplitudes are plotted for the long-term mean and QBO as well as for the annual, semiannual, and terannual components. The results show two distinct annual oscillations (the high-latitude one and another above the tropical stratopause) and a polar semiannual wave with two centers of large amplitude that are 90 deg out of phase and separated by a zone of minimum amplitude near 45 km.

The modelled surface mass balance of the Antarctic Peninsula at 5.5 km horizontal resolution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

van Wessem, J. M.; Ligtenberg, S. R. M.; Reijmer, C. H.; van de Berg, W. J.; van den Broeke, M. R.; Barrand, N. E.; Thomas, E. R.; Turner, J.; Wuite, J.; Scambos, T. A.; van Meijgaard, E.

2015-09-01

This study presents a high-resolution (~ 5.5 km) estimate of Surface Mass Balance (SMB) over the period 1979-2014 for the Antarctic Peninsula (AP), generated by the regional atmospheric climate model RACMO2.3 and a Firn Densification Model (FDM). RACMO2.3 is used to force the FDM, which calculates processes in the snowpack, such as meltwater percolation, refreezing and runoff. We evaluate model output with 132 in-situ SMB observations and discharge rates from 6 glacier drainage basins, and find that the model realistically simulates the strong spatial variability in precipitation, but that significant biases remain as a result of the highly complex topography of the AP. It is also clear that the observations significantly underrepresent the high-accumulation regimes. The SMB map reveals large accumulation gradients, with precipitation values above 3000 mm we yr-1 over the western AP (WAP) and below 500 mm we yr-1 on the eastern AP (EAP), not resolved by coarser data-sets such as ERA-Interim. The other SMB components are one order of magnitude smaller, with drifting snow sublimation the largest ablation term removing up to 100 mm we yr-1 of mass. Snowmelt is widespread over the AP, reaching 500 mm we yr-1 towards the northern ice shelves, but the meltwater mostly refreezes. As a result runoff fluxes are low, but still considerable (200 mm we yr-1) over the Larsen (B/C), Wilkins and George VI ice shelves. The average AP ice sheet integrated SMB, including ice shelves (an area of 4.1 × 105 km2), is estimated at 351 Gt yr-1 with an interannual variability of 58 Gt yr-1, which is dominated by precipitation (PR) (365 ± 57 Gt yr-1). The WAP (2.4 × 105 km2) SMB (276 ± 47 Gt yr-1), where PR is large (276 ± 47 Gt yr-1), dominates over the EAP (1.7 × 105 km2) SMB (75 ± 11 Gt yr-1) and PR (84 ± 11 Gt yr-1). Total sublimation is 11 ± 2 Gt yr-1 and meltwater runoff into the ocean is 4 ± 4 Gt yr-1. There are no significant trends in any of the AP SMB components, except

KM Critical Success Factors: A Comparison of Perceived Importance Versus Implementation in Malaysian ICT Companies

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Chong, Siong Choy

2006-01-01

Purpose: This research examines the level of perception and implementation of 11 identified knowledge management (KM) success factors and their differences among the information and communication technology (ICT) companies operating in Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach: The survey data was obtained from a study of 427 middle managers from 194…

Estimating PM2.5 speciation concentrations using prototype 4.4 km-resolution MISR aerosol properties over Southern California

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Meng, Xia; Garay, Michael J.; Diner, David J.; Kalashnikova, Olga V.; Xu, Jin; Liu, Yang

2018-05-01

Research efforts to better characterize the differential toxicity of PM2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameters less than or equal to 2.5 μm) speciation are often hindered by the sparse or non-existent coverage of ground monitors. The Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) aboard NASA's Terra satellite is one of few satellite aerosol sensors providing information of aerosol shape, size and extinction globally for a long and continuous period that can be used to estimate PM2.5 speciation concentrations since year 2000. Currently, MISR only provides a 17.6 km product for its entire mission with global coverage every 9 days, a bit too coarse for air pollution health effects research and to capture local spatial variability of PM2.5 speciation. In this study, generalized additive models (GAMs) were developed using MISR prototype 4.4 km-resolution aerosol data with meteorological variables and geographical indicators, to predict ground-level concentrations of PM2.5 sulfate, nitrate, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in Southern California between 2001 and 2015 at the daily level. The GAMs are able to explain 66%, 62%, 55% and 58% of the daily variability in PM2.5 sulfate, nitrate, OC and EC concentrations during the whole study period, respectively. Predicted concentrations capture large regional patterns as well as fine gradients of the four PM2.5 species in urban areas of Los Angeles and other counties, as well as in the Central Valley. This study is the first attempt to use MISR prototype 4.4 km-resolution AOD (aerosol optical depth) components data to predict PM2.5 sulfate, nitrate, OC and EC concentrations at the sub-regional scale. In spite of its low temporal sampling frequency, our analysis suggests that the MISR 4.4 km fractional AODs provide a promising way to capture the spatial hotspots and long-term temporal trends of PM2.5 speciation, understand the effectiveness of air quality controls, and allow our estimated PM2.5 speciation data to

151-km single-end phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometer assisted by optical repeater

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Song, Muping; Zhu, Weiji; Xia, Qiaolan; Yin, Cong; Lu, Yan; Wu, Ying; Zhuang, Shouwang

2018-02-01

A phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry (ϕOTDR) system that can detect intrusion over 150 km is presented. The ϕOTDR system uses nonbalanced optical repeaters to extend the sensing distance. The repeater consists of two erbium-doped optical fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) and one Raman amplifier (RA). One EDFA power amplifier amplifies the forward-transmitting pulse, and one EDFA preamplifier is used for the backscattering signal, respectively. The RA helps keeping the power along the fiber stable. The optical repeater is installed at the connection of two adjacent fibers to compensate the power decline due to fiber loss. It is easy to install the repeater midway among the fiber links in the system for longer-distance sensing since there is no need of modifying the original sensing system. The theoretical analysis of the repeater is given to describe its effect on the distributed sensing. In experiments, several ϕOTDR traces show a good agreement with theoretical results. Using the optical repeater, 35-Hz vibration at 151 km is successfully measured with signal-to-noise ratio of 8 dB without extra signal processing.

C/NOFS Satellite Electric Field and Plasma Density Observations of Plasma Instabilities Below the Equatorial F-Peak -- Evidence for Approximately 500 km-Scale Spread-F "Precursor" Waves Driven by Zonal Shear Flow and km-Scale, Narrow-Banded Irregularities

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pfaff, R.; Freudenreich, H.; Klenzing, J.; Liebrecht, C.; Valladares, C.

2011-01-01

As solar activity has increased, the ionosphere F-peak has been elevated on numerous occasions above the C/NOFS satellite perigee of 400km. In particular, during the month of April, 2011, the satellite consistently journeyed below the F-peak whenever the orbit was in the region of the South Atlantic anomaly after sunset. During these passes, data from the electric field and plasma density probes on the satellite have revealed two types of instabilities which had not previously been observed in the C/NOFS data set (to our knowledge): The first is evidence for 400-500km-scale bottomside "undulations" that appear in the density and electric field data. In one case, these large scale waves are associated with a strong shear in the zonal E x B flow, as evidenced by variations in the meridional (outward) electric fields observed above and below the F-peak. These undulations are devoid of smaller scale structures in the early evening, yet appear at later local times along the same orbit associated with fully-developed spread-F with smaller scale structures. This suggests that they may be precursor waves for spread-F, driven by a collisional shear instability, following ideas advanced previously by researchers using data from the Jicamarca radar. A second new result (for C/NOFS) is the appearance of km-scale irregularities that are a common feature in the electric field and plasma density data that also appear when the satellite is below the F -peak at night. The vector electric field instrument on C/NOFS clearly shows that the electric field component of these waves is strongest in the zonal direction. These waves are strongly correlated with simultaneous observations of plasma density oscillations and appear both with, and without, evidence of larger-scale spread-F depletions. These km-scale, quasi-coherent waves strongly resemble the bottomside, sinusoidal irregularities reported in the Atmosphere Explorer satellite data set by Valladares et al. [JGR, 88, 8025, 1983

VCSEL transmission at 10 Gb/s for 20 km single mode fiber WDM-PON without dispersion compensation or injection locking

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gibbon, T. B.; Prince, K.; Pham, T. T.; Tatarczak, A.; Neumeyr, C.; Rönneberg, E.; Ortsiefer, M.; Monroy, I. Tafur

2011-01-01

Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSELs) are extremely cost effective, energy efficient optical sources ideal for passive optical access networks. However, wavelength chirp and chromatic dispersion severely limit VCSEL performance at bit rates of 10 Gb/s and above. We experimentally show how off-center wavelength filtering of the VCSEL spectrum at an array waveguide grating can be used to mitigate the effect of chirp and the dispersion penalty. Transmission at 10 Gb/s VCSEL over 23.6 km of single mode fiber is experimentally demonstrated, with a dispersion penalty of only 2.9 dB. Simulated results are also presented which show that off-center wavelength filtering can extend the 10 Gb/s network reach from 11.7 km to 25.8 km for a 4 dB dispersion penalty. This allows for cheap and simple dispersion mitigation in next generation VCSEL-based optical access networks.

Enhancement of carotenoids and lipids production by oleaginous red yeast Sporidiobolus pararoseus KM281507.

PubMed

Chaiyaso, Thanongsak; Manowattana, Atchara

2018-01-02

Bioconversion of biodiesel-derived crude glycerol into carotenoids and lipids was investigated by a microbial conversion of an oleaginous red yeast Sporidiobolus pararoseus KM281507. The methanol content in crude glycerol (0.5%, w/v) did not show a significant effect on biomass production by strain KM281507. However, demethanolized crude glycerol significantly supported the production of biomass (8.64 ± 0.13 g/L), lipids (2.92 ± 0.03 g/L), β-carotene (15.76 ± 0.85 mg/L), and total carotenoids (33.67 ± 1.28 mg/L). The optimal conditions suggested by central composite design were crude glycerol concentration (55.04 g/L), initial pH of medium (pH 5.63) and cultivation temperature (24.01°C). Under these conditions, the production of biomass, lipids, β-carotene, and total carotenoids were elevated up to 8.83 ± 0.05, 4.00 ± 0.06 g/L, 27.41 ± 0.20, and 53.70 ± 0.48 mg/L, respectively. Moreover, an addition of olive oil (0.5 - 2.0%) dramatically increased the production of biomass (14.47 ± 0.15 g/L), lipids (6.40 ± 0.09 g/L), β-carotene (54.43 ± 0.95 mg/L), and total carotenoids (70.92 ± 0.51 mg/L). The oleic acid content in lipids was also increased to 75.1% (w/w) of total fatty acids, indicating a good potential to be an alternative biodiesel feedstock. Meanwhile, the β-carotene content in total carotenoids was increased to 76.7% (w/w). Hence, strain KM281507 could be a good potential source of renewable biodiesel feedstock and natural carotenoids.

30 CFR 33.30 - Test site.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Test site. 33.30 Section 33.30 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR TESTING, EVALUATION, AND APPROVAL OF MINING PRODUCTS DUST COLLECTORS FOR USE IN CONNECTION WITH ROCK DRILLING IN COAL MINES Test Requirements...

30 CFR 33.30 - Test site.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Test site. 33.30 Section 33.30 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR TESTING, EVALUATION, AND APPROVAL OF MINING PRODUCTS DUST COLLECTORS FOR USE IN CONNECTION WITH ROCK DRILLING IN COAL MINES Test Requirements...

15 CFR 30.41-30.44 - [Reserved

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false [Reserved] 30.41-30.44 Section 30.41-30.44 Commerce and Foreign Trade Regulations Relating to Commerce and Foreign Trade BUREAU OF THE CENSUS, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE FOREIGN TRADE REGULATIONS Exemptions From the Requirements for the Filing...

46 CFR 30.30-3 - Evaluation materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Evaluation materials. 30.30-3 Section 30.30-3 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS GENERAL PROVISIONS Interim Procedures for... materials. The materials to be submitted for evaluation must include the English text of the following: (a...

Mid-Latitude Temperatures at 87 km: Results From Multi-Instrument Fourier Analysis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Drob, Douglas P.; Picone, J. M.; Eckermann, Stephen D.; She, C . Y.; Kafkalidis, J. F.; Ortland, D. A.; Niciejewski, R. J.; Killeen, T. L.

2000-01-01

Using a novel Fourier fitting method we combine two years of mid-latitude temperature measurements at 87 km from the High Resolution Doppler Imager, the Colorado State University lidar, and the Peach Mountain Interferometer. After accounting for calibration bias, significant local-time variations on the order of 10 K were observed. Stationary planetary waves with amplitudes up to 10 K were observed during winter, with weaker wave amplitudes occurring during other seasons. Because of calibration biases among these instruments, we could estimate the annual mean temperature to no better than 193.5 plus or minus 8.5 K.

A 24 km fiber-based discretely signaled continuous variable quantum key distribution system.

PubMed

Dinh Xuan, Quyen; Zhang, Zheshen; Voss, Paul L

2009-12-21

We report a continuous variable key distribution system that achieves a final secure key rate of 3.45 kilobits/s over a distance of 24.2 km of optical fiber. The protocol uses discrete signaling and post-selection to improve reconciliation speed and quantifies security by means of quantum state tomography. Polarization multiplexing and a frequency translation scheme permit transmission of a continuous wave local oscillator and suppression of noise from guided acoustic wave Brillouin scattering by more than 27 dB.

Frequency comb-based time transfer over a 159 km long installed fiber network

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lessing, M.; Margolis, H. S.; Brown, C. T. A.; Marra, G.

2017-05-01

We demonstrate a frequency comb-based time transfer technique on a 159 km long installed fiber link. Timing information is superimposed onto the optical pulse train of an ITU-channel-filtered mode-locked laser using an intensity modulation scheme. The environmentally induced optical path length fluctuations are compensated using a round-trip phase noise cancellation technique. When the fiber link is stabilized, a time deviation of 300 fs at 5 s and an accuracy at the 100 ps level are achieved.

Climate change projections over three metropolitan regions in Southeast Brazil using the non-hydrostatic Eta regional climate model at 5-km resolution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lyra, Andre; Tavares, Priscila; Chou, Sin Chan; Sueiro, Gustavo; Dereczynski, Claudine; Sondermann, Marcely; Silva, Adan; Marengo, José; Giarolla, Angélica

2018-04-01

The objective of this work is to assess changes in three metropolitan regions of Southeast Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, and Santos) based on the projections produced by the Eta Regional Climate Model (RCM) at very high spatial resolution, 5 km. The region, which is densely populated and extremely active economically, is frequently affected by intense rainfall events that trigger floods and landslides during the austral summer. The analyses are carried out for the period between 1961 and 2100. The 5-km simulations are results from a second downscaling nesting in the HadGEM2-ES RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 simulations. Prior to the assessment of the projections, the higher resolution simulations were evaluated for the historical period (1961-1990). The comparison between the 5-km and the coarser driver model simulations shows that the spatial patterns of precipitation and temperature of the 5-km Eta simulations are in good agreement with the observations. The simulated frequency distribution of the precipitation and temperature extremes from the 5-km Eta RCM is consistent with the observed structure and extreme values. Projections of future climate change using the 5-km Eta runs show stronger warming in the region, primarily during the summer season, while precipitation is strongly reduced. Projected temperature extremes show widespread heating with maximum temperatures increasing by approximately 9 °C in the three metropolitan regions by the end of the century in the RCP8.5 scenario. A trend of drier climate is also projected using indices based on daily precipitation, which reaches annual rainfall reductions of more than 50 % in the state of Rio de Janeiro and between 40 and 45 % in São Paulo and Santos. The magnitude of these changes has negative implications to the population health conditions, energy security, and economy.

The electronics readout and data acquisition system of the KM3NeT neutrino telescope node

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Real, Diego; Collaboration: KM3NeT Collaboration

2014-11-18

The KM3NeT neutrino telescope will be composed by tens of thousands of glass spheres, called Digital Optical Module (DOM), each of them containing 31 PMTs of small photocathode area (3'). The readout and data acquisition system of KM3NeT have to collect, treat and send to shore, in an economic way, the enormous amount of data produced by the photomultipliers and at the same time to provide time synchronization between each DOM at the level of 1 ns. It is described in the present article the Central Logic Board, that integrates the Time to Digital Converters and the White Rabbit protocolmore » used for the DOM synchronization in a transparent way, the Power Board used in the DOM, the PMT base to readout the photomultipliers and the respective collecting boards, the so called Octopus Board.« less

Creating a seamless 1 km resolution daily land surface temperature dataset for urban and surrounding areas in the conterminous United States

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Li, Xiaoma; Zhou, Yuyu; Asrar, Ghassem R.

High spatiotemporal land surface temperature (LST) datasets are increasingly needed in a variety of fields such as ecology, hydrology, meteorology, epidemiology, and energy systems. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) LST is one of such high spatiotemporal datasets that are widely used. But, it has large amount of missing values primarily because of clouds. Gapfilling the missing values is an important approach to create high spatiotemporal LST datasets. However current gapfilling methods have limitations in terms of accuracy and time required to assemble the data over large areas (e.g., national and continental levels). In this study, we developed a 3-step hybridmore » method by integrating a combination of daily merging, spatiotemporal gapfilling, and temporal interpolation methods, to create a high spatiotemporal LST dataset using the four daily LST observations from the two MODIS instruments on Terra and Aqua satellites. We applied this method in urban and surrounding areas for the conterminous U.S. in 2010. The evaluation of the gapfilled LST product indicates that its root mean squared error (RMSE) to be 3.3K for mid-daytime (1:30 pm) and 2.7K for mid-13 nighttime (1:30 am) observations. The method can be easily extended to other years and regions and is also applicable to other satellite products. This seamless daily (mid-daytime and mid-nighttime) LST product with 1 km spatial resolution is of great value for studying effects of urbanization (e.g., urban heat island) and the related impacts on people, ecosystems, energy systems and other infrastructure for cities.« less

Heavy metal effects on the biodegradation of fluorene by Sphingobacterium sp. KM-02 isolated from PAHs-contaminated mine soil

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nam, I.; Chon, C.; Jung, K.; Kim, J.

2012-12-01

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds (PAHs) are widely distributed in the environment and occur ubiquitously in fossil fuels as well as in products of incomplete combustion and are known to be strongly toxic, often with carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. Fluorene is one of the 16 PAHs included in the list of priority pollutants of the Environmental Protection Agency. The fluorene-degrading bacterial strain Sphingobacterium sp. KM-02 was isolated from PAHs-contaminated soil near an abandoned mine impacted area by selective enrichment techniques. Fluorene added to the Sphingobacterium sp. KM-02 culture as sole carbon and energy source was 78.4% removed within 120 h. A fluorene degradation pathway is tentatively proposed based on mass spectrometric identification of the metabolic intermediates 9-fluorenone, 4-hydroxy-9-fluorenone, and 8-hydroxy-3,4-benzocoumarin. Further the ability of Sphingobacterium sp. KM-02 to bioremediate 100 mg/kg fluorene in mine soil was examined by composting under laboratory conditions. Treatment of microcosm soil with the strain KM-02 for 20 days resulted in a 65.6% reduction in total amounts. These results demonstrate that Sphingobacterium sp. KM-02 could potentially be used in the bioremediation of fluorene from contaminated soil. Mine impacted area comprises considerable amounts of heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic, and copper. Although some of these metals are necessary for biological life, excessive quantities often result in the inhibition of essential biological reactions via numerous pathways. A number of reports collectively show that various metals, such as Al, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, and Hg at a range of concentrations have adverse effects on the degradation of organic compounds. However, at present there is only limited information on the effect of individual heavy metals on the biological degradation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) including fluorene. Moreover, heavy metal effects were not

The P wavespeed structure below and around the Kaapvaal craton to depths of 800 km, from traveltimes and waveforms of local and regional earthquakes and mining-induced tremors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Simon, R. E.; Wright, C.; Kgaswane, E. M.; Kwadiba, M. T. O.

2002-10-01

An average P-wavespeed model from the surface to depths of 800 km was derived for southern Africa using traveltimes and waveforms from earthquakes recorded at stations of the Kaapvaal and South African National networks. In this first study of the transition zone for the central part of the African superswell, a damped least-squares inversion was used to minimize effects of origin time errors. Triplications were observed for both the 410 and 670 km discontinuities, with crossover points between first arrival branches at average distances of 19.61° and 23.92°, respectively. The Herglotz-Wiechert method combined with ray tracing was used to derive a preliminary model, followed by refinements using phase-weighted stacking and synthetic seismograms to yield the final model BPI1A. This model shows a prominent 410 km discontinuity, but a weakly-defined 670 km discontinuity, in agreement with the SATZ model for a region of southern Africa to the north of the region covered by the present study. The wavespeeds of BPI1A from the base of the crust to 270 km depth lie between those of the SATZ model and the IASP91 model, which have higher and lower wavespeeds respectively. Between depths of 270 km and the 410 km discontinuity, models BPI1A, IASP91 and SATZ have similar wavespeeds but the 410 km discontinuity for BPI1A is about 10 km deeper than in IASP91. Model GNEM for Eurasia has lower wavespeeds than the other three models above the 410 km discontinuity. Within the transition zone models BPI1A and SATZ converge as the depth increases, with wavespeeds that exceed those of IASP91 below 500 km depth. These models and model GNEM all have similar wavespeeds below 750 km depth. The seismic results indicate no regions of anomalous low wavespeeds within the uppermost 800 km of the mantle that could be associated with high temperatures and the uplift of the African superswell. However, higher seismic wavespeeds in the transition zone than elsewhere are suggested for the southern

30 CFR 18.30 - Windows and lenses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Windows and lenses. 18.30 Section 18.30 Mineral... § 18.30 Windows and lenses. (a) MSHA may waive testing of materials for windows or lenses except headlight lenses. When tested, material for windows or lenses shall meet the test requirements prescribed in...

Latent cytomegalovirus infection and innate immune function following a 75 km cycling time trial.

PubMed

LaVoy, Emily C P; Nieman, David C; Henson, Dru A; Shanely, R Andrew; Knab, Amy M; Cialdella-Kam, Lynn; Simpson, Richard J

2013-10-01

This study compared the acute immune response, inflammation, and lipid peroxidation to a 75 km cycling time trial in male athletes testing positive or negative for latent cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. Trained cyclists (N = 20) were tested for CMV serostatus, and cycled 75 km on a mountainous course using indoor trainers with continuous workload monitoring. Pre-, post-, and 1 h post-exercise blood samples were analyzed for total blood leukocyte counts, blood granulocyte (GR) and monocyte (MO) phagocytosis (PHAG) and oxidative burst activity (OBA), four plasma cytokines, and plasma F2-isoprostanes. Forty percent of the subjects tested positive for CMV. No differences in subject characteristics were found between CMVpos and CMVneg groups. Mean power (57.3 ± 1.6, 59.4 ± 1.8 % maximal Watts, p = 0.803), heart rate (87.0 ± 1.0, 86.5 ± 1.3 % maximal heart rate, p = 0.376), and total time (2.56 ± 0.08, 2.60 ± 0.08 h, p = 0.744) to complete the 75 km cycling time trial did not differ between CMVpos and CMVneg groups. Whereas exercise induced significant changes in total blood leukocyte counts, GR and MO-PHAG, four plasma cytokines, and plasma F2-isoprostanes (p < 0.05, ω(2) > 0.03), these exercise-induced changes did not differ between CMVpos and CMVneg groups (p > 0.05, ω(2) < 0.01). CMV serostatus does not appear to influence these innate immune responses or markers of inflammation and lipid peroxidation in response to a single bout of heavy exertion.

PHYSICAL CONTACT BETWEEN THE +20 km s{sup −1} CLOUD AND THE GALACTIC CIRCUMNUCLEAR DISK

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Takekawa, Shunya; Oka, Tomoharu; Tanaka, Kunihiko, E-mail: shunya@aysheaia.phys.keio.ac.jp

This paper reports the discovery of evidence for physical contact between the Galactic circumnuclear disk (CND) and an exterior giant molecular cloud. The central 10 pc of our Galaxy has been imaged in the HCN J  = 1–0, HCO{sup +} J  = 1–0, CS J  = 2–1, H{sup 13}CN J  = 1–0, SiO J  = 2–1, SO N{sub J}  = 2{sub 3}–1{sub 2}, and HC{sub 3}N J  = 11–10 lines using the Nobeyama Radio Observatory 45 m radio telescope. Based on our examination of the position–velocity maps of several high-density probe lines, we have found that an emission “bridge” may be connecting the +20 km s{sup −1} cloudmore » (M–0.13–0.08) and the negative-longitude extension of the CND. Analyses of line intensity ratios imply that the chemical property of the bridge is located between the +20 km s{sup −1} cloud and the CND. We introduce a new interpretation that a part of the CND may be colliding with the 20 km s{sup −1} cloud and the collision may be responsible for the formation of the bridge. Such collisional events could promote mass accretion onto the CND or into the inner ionized cavity, which may be further tested by proper motion studies.« less

Orbital angular momentum mode groups multiplexing transmission over 2.6-km conventional multi-mode fiber.

PubMed

Zhu, Long; Wang, Andong; Chen, Shi; Liu, Jun; Mo, Qi; Du, Cheng; Wang, Jian

2017-10-16

Twisted light carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) is a special kind of structured light that has a helical phase front, a phase singularity, and a doughnut intensity profile. Beyond widespread developments in manipulation, microscopy, metrology, astronomy, nonlinear and quantum optics, OAM-carrying twisted light has seen emerging application of optical communications in free space and specially designed fibers. Instead of specialty fibers, here we show the direct use of a conventional graded-index multi-mode fiber (MMF) for OAM communications. By exploiting fiber-compatible mode exciting and filtering elements, we excite the first four OAM mode groups in an MMF. We demonstrate 2.6-km MMF transmission using four data-carrying OAM mode groups (OAM 0,1 , OAM +1,1 /OAM -1,1 , OAM +2,1 , OAM +3,1 ). Moreover, we demonstrate two data-carrying OAM mode groups multiplexing transmission over the 2.6-km MMF with low-level crosstalk free of multiple-input multiple-output digital signal processing (MIMO-DSP). The demonstrations may open up new perspectives to fiber-based OAM communication/non-communication applications using already existing conventional fibers.

Characterization of bafilomycin biosynthesis in Kitasatospora setae KM-6054 and comparative analysis of gene clusters in Actinomycetales microorganisms.

PubMed

Nara, Ayako; Hashimoto, Takuya; Komatsu, Mamoru; Nishiyama, Makoto; Kuzuyama, Tomohisa; Ikeda, Haruo

2017-05-01

Bafilomycins A 1 , C 1 and B 1 (setamycin) produced by Kitasatospora setae KM-6054 belong to the plecomacrolide family, which exhibit antibacterial, antifungal, antineoplastic and immunosuppressive activities. An analysis of gene clusters from K. setae KM-6054 governing the biosynthesis of bafilomycins revealed that it contains five large open reading frames (ORFs) encoding the multifunctional polypeptides of bafilomycin polyketide synthases (PKSs). These clustered PKS genes, which are responsible for bafilomycin biosynthesis, together encode 11 homologous sets of enzyme activities, each catalyzing a specific round of polyketide chain elongation. The region contains an additional 13 ORFs spanning a distance of 73 287 bp, some of which encode polypeptides governing other key steps in bafilomycin biosynthesis. Five ORFs, BfmB, BfmC, BfmD, BfmE and BfmF, were involved in the formation of methoxymalonyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP). Two possible regulatory genes, bfmR and bfmH, were found downstream of the above genes. A gene-knockout analysis revealed that BfmR was only a transcriptional regulator for the transcription of bafilomycin biosynthetic genes. Two genes, bfmI and bfmJ, were found downstream of bfmH. An analysis of these gene-disruption mutants in addition to an enzymatic analysis of BfmI and BfmJ revealed that BfmJ activated fumarate and BfmI functioned as a catalyst to form a fumaryl ester at the C21 hydroxyl residue of bafilomycin A 1 . A comparative analysis of bafilomycin gene clusters in K. setae KM-6054, Streptomyces lohii JCM 14114 and Streptomyces griseus DSM 2608 revealed that each ORF of both gene clusters in two Streptomyces strains were quite similar to each other. However, each ORF of gene cluster in K. setae KM-6054 was of lower similarity to that of corresponding ORF in the two Streptomyces species.

Photographer : JPL Range : 76 million km. ( 47 million miles) P-22892C This, Voyager 1 image shows

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1980-01-01

Photographer : JPL Range : 76 million km. ( 47 million miles) P-22892C This, Voyager 1 image shows Saturn and five of its satellites. Saturn's largest moon, Titan, is clearly seen in the upper right corner. The smaller satellites, Dione & Tethys, are shown in the upper left corner, top and bottom respectively. Two of the innermost satellites, Mimas & Enceladus, appear to the lower right of the planet, with Mimas closest to Satun. The bright object to the left of the rings is not a moon, but an artifact of processing. Voyager 1 will make its closest approach November 12th, 1980, ata distance of 124,200 km. (77,176 mi.). this photo is just one of 17,000 images taken of Saturn, its rings, and its satellites by Voyager 1.

Feasibility study for rocket ozone measurements in the 50 to 80 km region using a chemiluminescent technique

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Goodman, P.

1973-01-01

A study has been conducted to determine the feasibility of increasing sensitivity for ozone detection. The detection technique employed is the chemiluminescent reaction of ozone with a rhodamine-B impregnated disk. Previously achieved sensitivities are required to be increased by a factor of about 20 to permit measurements at altitudes of 80 km. Sensitivity was increased by using a more sensitive photomultiplier tube, by increasing the gas velocity past the disk, by different disk preparation techniques, and by using reflective coatings in the disk chamber and on the uncoated side of the glass disk. Reflective coatings provided the largest sensitivity increase. The sum of all these changes was a sensitivity increased by an estimated factor of 70, more than sufficient to permit measurement of ambient ozone concentrations at altitudes of 80 km.

The impact of using area-averaged land surface properties —topography, vegetation condition, soil wetness—in calculations of intermediate scale (approximately 10 km 2) surface-atmosphere heat and moisture fluxes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sellers, Piers J.; Heiser, Mark D.; Hall, Forrest G.; Verma, Shashi B.; Desjardins, Raymond L.; Schuepp, Peter M.; Ian MacPherson, J.

1997-03-01

It is commonly assumed that biophysically based soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer (SVAT) models are scale-invariant with respect to the initial boundary conditions of topography, vegetation condition and soil moisture. In practice, SVAT models that have been developed and tested at the local scale (a few meters or a few tens of meters) are applied almost unmodified within general circulation models (GCMs) of the atmosphere, which have grid areas of 50-500 km 2. This study, which draws much of its substantive material from the papers of Sellers et al. (1992c, J. Geophys. Res., 97(D17): 19033-19060) and Sellers et al. (1995, J. Geophys. Res., 100(D12): 25607-25629), explores the validity of doing this. The work makes use of the FIFE-89 data set which was collected over a 2 km × 15 km grassland area in Kansas. The site was characterized by high variability in soil moisture and vegetation condition during the late growing season of 1989. The area also has moderate topography. The 2 km × 15 km 'testbed' area was divided into 68 × 501 pixels of 30 m × 30 m spatial resolution, each of which could be assigned topographic, vegetation condition and soil moisture parameters from satellite and in situ observations gathered in FIFE-89. One or more of these surface fields was area-averaged in a series of simulation runs to determine the impact of using large-area means of these initial or boundary conditions on the area-integrated (aggregated) surface fluxes. The results of the study can be summarized as follows: 1. analyses and some of the simulations indicated that the relationships describing the effects of moderate topography on the surface radiation budget are near-linear and thus largely scale-invariant. The relationships linking the simple ratio vegetation index ( SR), the canopy conductance parameter (▽ F) and the canopy transpiration flux are also near-linear and similarly scale-invariant to first order. Because of this, it appears that simple area

Structure of the San Bernardino Basin Along Two Seismic Transects: Rialto-Colton Fault to the San Andreas Fault and Along the I-215 Freeway (I-10 to SR30)

USGS Publications Warehouse

Catchings, R.D.; Rymer, M.J.; Goldman, M.R.; Gandhok, G.; Steedman, C.E.

2008-01-01

In this report, we present seismic data and acquisition parameters for two seismic profiles acquired in the San Bernardino, California area in May and October 2003. We refer to these seismic profiles as the San Bernardino Regional (SBR) and San Bernardino High-Resolution (SBHR) seismic profiles. We present both un-interpreted and interpreted seismic images so that the structure of the area can independently interpreted by others. We explain the rationale for our interpretations within the text of this report, and in addition, we provide a large body of supporting evidence. The SBR seismic profile extended across the San Bernardino Basin approximately N30?E from the town of Colton to the town of Highland. The data were acquired at night when the signal-to-noise ratios were reasonably good, and for the larger shots, seismic energy propagated across the ~20-km-long array. Tomographic velocity data are available to depths of about 4 km, and low-fold reflection data are available to depths in excess of 5 km. The SBR seismic data reveal an asymmetric, fault-bound basin to about 5 km depth. The SBHR seismic profile trended along the I-215 freeway from its intersection with the Santa Ana River to approximately State Road 30 in San Bernardino. Seismic data acquired along the I-215 freeway provide detailed images, with CDP spacing of approximately 2.5 m along an approximately 8.2-km-long profile; shot and geophone spacing was 5 m. For logistical reasons, the high-resolution (SBHR) seismic data were acquired during daylight hours on the shoulder of the I-215 freeway and within 5 to 10 m of high-traffic volumes, resulting in low signal-to-noise ratios. The limited offset at which refracted first-arrivals could be measured along the SBHR seismic profile limited our measurements of tomographic refraction velocities to relatively shallow (< 150 m) depths. The SBHR reflection data reveal a basin with complex structural details within the upper kilometer. The two seismic profiles

Estimation of Vs30 Soil Profile Structure of Singapore from Microtremor Records

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Walling, M. Y.; Megawati, K.; Zhu, C.

2012-04-01

Singapore lies at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, covering a land area of 600 km2 and with a population exceeding 5 million. Array microtremor recording were carried out in Singapore for 40 sites that encompasses the sites of all the major geological formations. The Spatial Autocorrelation (SPAC) method is employed to determine the phase velocity dispersion curves and subsequently inverted to determine the shallow shear-wave velocity (V s) and soil stratigraphy. The depth of penetration is generally about 30 m - 40 m for most of the sites. For the present study, the V s estimation is restricted to the upper 30 m of the soil (V s30), confirming with the IBC (2006). The Reclaimed Land and the young Quaternary soft soil deposit of Kallang Formation show low V s30 values ranging from 207 m/s - 247 m/s, belonging to site E and at the boundary of site E and D. The Old Alluvium formation shows higher V s30 values ranging from 362 m/s - 563 m/s and can be classified under site C. The estimated V s30 for the sedimentary sequence of Jurong Formation reveal site C classification, with the V s30 range from 317 m/s - 712 m/s. On the other hand, the Bukit Timah Granite body shows low V s30 ranging from 225 m/s - 387 m/s, with most of the sites concentrated under site D classification and few sites at the boundary of sites D and C, for the upper 30 m. This low V s30 value of the granitic body can be explained in the light of intense weathering that the granite body has undergone for the upper layer, which is also supported from borehole records. The SPAC results are compared with nearby borehole data and they show a good correlation for sites that have soft soil formation and for the weathered granite body. The correlation confirms the reliability of SPAC method that can be applied for highly populated urbanized places like Singapore. The present research finding will be useful for further studies of site response analysis, site characterization and ground motion

Measurement of optical intensity fluctuation over an 11.8 km turbulent path.

PubMed

Jiang, Yijun; Ma, Jing; Tan, Liying; Yu, Siyuan; Du, Wenhe

2008-05-12

An 11.8km optical link is established to examine the intensity fluctuation of the laser beam transmission through atmosphere turbulence. Probability density function, fade statistic, and high-frequency spectrum are researched based on the analysis of the experimental data collected in each season of a year, including both weak and strong fluctuation cases. Finally, the daily variation curve of scintillation index is given, compared with the variation of refractive-index structure parameter C(n) (2), which is calculated from the experimental data of angle of arrival. This work provides the experimental results that are helpful to the atmospheric propagation research and the free-space optical communication system design.

Ozone profile intercomparison based on simultaneous observations between 20 and 40 km

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Aimedieu, P.; Krueger, A. J.; Robbins, D. E.; Simon, P. C.

1983-01-01

The vertical distribution of stratospheric ozone has been simultaneously measured by means of five different instruments carried on the same balloon payload. The launches were performed from Gap during the intercomparison campaign conducted in June 1981 in southern France. Data obtained between altitudes of 20 and 40 km are compared and discussed. Vertical profiles deduced from Electrochemical Concentration Cell sondes launched from the same location by small balloons and from short Umkehr measurements made at Mt Chiran (France) are also included in this comparison. Systematic differences of the order of 20 percent between ozone profiles deduced from solar u.v. absorption and in situ techniques are found.

Survival of yeast spores in hypervelocity impact events up to velocities of 7.4 km s-1

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Price, M. C.; Solscheid, C.; Burchell, M. J.; Josse, L.; Adamek, N.; Cole, M. J.

2013-01-01

We report on the survivability in hypervelocity impacts of yeast in spore form, and as mature cultures, at impact velocities from 1 to 7.4 km s-1, corresponding to an estimated peak shock pressure of ˜43 GPa. Spores from a yeast strain (BY4743), deficient in an enzyme required for uracil production, were fired into water (to simulate oceanic impact from space) using a light gas gun. The water was then retrieved and filtered and the resulting retentate and filtrate cultured to determine viability and survival rates of remnant spores. Yeast growth (confirmed as coming from the original sample as it had the same enzyme deficiency) was found in recovered samples at all impact speeds, albeit in smaller quantities at the higher speeds. The survival probabilities were measured as ˜50% at 1 km s-1, falling to ˜10-3% at 7.4 km s-1. This follows the pattern observed in previous work on survival of microbial life and spores exposed to extreme shock loading, where there is reasonable survival at low peak shock pressures with more severe lethality above a critical shock pressure at the GPa scale (here between 2 and 10 GPa). These results are explained in the context of a general model for survival against extreme shock and are relevant to the hypotheses of panspermia and litho-panspermia, showing that extreme shocks during transfer across space are not necessarily sterilising.

Plutonism at Different Crustal Levels of an Arc: Insights From the 5 to 40 km (Paleodepth) North Cascades Crustal Section, Washington

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Miller, R. B.; Paterson, S. R.; Matzel, J. P.

2008-12-01

The crystalline core of the North Cascades preserves a Cretaceous crustal section that facilitates evaluation of pluton construction, emplacement, geometry, composition, and deformation at widely variable crustal levels (~5 to 40 km paleodepth) in a thick (> 55 km) continental magmatic arc. The oldest and largest pulse of plutonism was focused between 96-89 Ma when fluxes were a minimum of 3.9x10-6km3/yr/km of arc length, but the coincidence with regional crustal thickening and underthrusting of a cool outboard terrane resulted in relatively low mid- to deep-crustal temperatures for an arc. A second, smaller peak of magmatism at 78-71 Ma (minimum of 8.2x10-7km3/yr/km of arc length) occurred during regional transpression. Tonalite dominates at all levels of the section. Intrusions range from large plutons to thin (< 50 m) dispersed sheets encased in metamorphic rocks that record less focused magmatism. The percentage of igneous rocks increases systematically from shallow to middle to deep levels; from approximately 37% to 55% to 65% of the total rock volume. Unfocused magmas comprise much higher percentages (approximately 19%) of the total plutonic rock at deep- and mid-crustal depths, but only 1% at shallower levels, whereas the largest intrusions were emplaced into shallow crust. Plutons have a range of shapes, including: asymmetric wedges to funnels; subhorizontal tabular sheets; steep-sided, blade-shaped bodies with high aspect ratios in map view; and steep-sided, vertically extensive (> 8 km) bodies shaped like thick disks and/or hockey pucks. Sheeted intrusions and gently dipping tabular bodies are more common with depth. Some of these plutons fit the model that most intrusions are subhorizontal and tabular, but many do not, reflecting the complex changes in lithology and rheology in arc crust undergoing regional shortening. The steep sheeted plutons partly represent magma transfer zones that fed the large shallow plutons, which were sites of intermittent

Daymet: Daily Surface Weather Data on a 1-km Grid for North America, Version 2.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Thornton, Peter E; Thornton, Michele M; Mayer, Benjamin W

More information: http://daymet.ornl.gov Presenter: Ranjeet Devarakonda Environmental Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Daymet: Daily Surface Weather Data and Climatological Summaries provides gridded estimates of daily weather parameters for North America, including daily continuous surfaces of minimum and maximum temperature, precipitation occurrence and amount, humidity, shortwave radiation, snow water equivalent, and day length. The current data product (Version 2) covers the period January 1, 1980 to December 31, 2013 [1]. The prior product (Version 1) only covered from 1980-2008. Data are available on a daily time step at a 1-km x 1-km spatial resolution in Lambert Conformal Conic projectionmore » with a spatial extent that covers the conterminous United States, Mexico, and Southern Canada as meteorological station density allows. Daymet data can be downloaded from 1) the ORNL Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) search and order tools (http://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/cart/add2cart.pl?add=1219) or directly from the DAAC FTP site (http://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dsviewer.pl?ds_id=1219) and 2) the Single Pixel Tool [2] and THREDDS (Thematic Real-time Environmental Data Services) Data Server [3]. The Single Pixel Data Extraction Tool allows users to enter a single geographic point by latitude and longitude in decimal degrees. A routine is executed that translates the (lon, lat) coordinates into projected Daymet (x,y) coordinates. These coordinates are used to access the Daymet database of daily-interpolated surface weather variables. Daily data from the nearest 1 km x 1 km Daymet grid cell are extracted from the database and formatted as a table with one column for each Daymet variable and one row for each day. All daily data for selected years are returned as a single (long) table, formatted for display in the browser window. At the top of this table is a link to the same data in a simple comma-separated text format, suitable for import

Case Study: Dose Response of Caffeine on 20-km Handcycling Time Trial Performance in a Paratriathlete.

PubMed

Graham-Paulson, Terri; Perret, Claudio; Goosey-Tolfrey, Victoria

2018-05-03

Caffeine's (CAF) ability to influence upper-body exercise endurance performance may be related to an individual's training status. This case study therefore aimed to investigate the ergogenic effects of CAF dose on 20-km time trial (TT) performance of an elite male paratriathlete (wheelchair user; age = 46 years, body mass = 76.9 kg, body fat = 25.4%, and handcycling [Formula: see text]). The athlete completed four 20-km handcycling TTs on a Cyclus II ergometer under controlled laboratory conditions following the ingestion of 2, 4, and 6 mg/kg CAF or placebo (PLA). Blood lactate concentration, power output, arousal, and ratings of perceived exertion were recorded. Ingestion of 2, 4, and 6 mg/kg CAF resulted in a 2%, 1.5%, and 2.7% faster TT compared with PLA (37:40 min:s). The participant's blood lactate concentration increased throughout all trials and was greater during CAF compared with PLA. There were no obvious differences in ratings of perceived exertion between trials despite different performance times. Baseline arousal scores differed between PLA and 4 mg/kg CAF (1 = low), and 2 and 6 mg/kg CAF (3 = moderate). Arousal increased at each time point following the ingestion of 4 and 6 mg/kg CAF. The largest CAF dose resulted in a positive pacing strategy, which, when combined with an end spurt, resulted in the fastest TT. CAF improved 20-km TT performance of an elite male paratriathlete, which may be related to greater arousal and an increased power output for a given rating of perceived exertion.

How the 410-km Discontinuity Reflects Mantle Water Content: Constraints from High-Pressure Experiments on Wadsleyite Single-Crystal Elasticity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Buchen, J.; Marquardt, H.; Boffa Ballaran, T.; Kawazoe, T.; Speziale, S.; Kurnosov, A.

2017-12-01

The olivine-wadsleyite phase transition gives rise to a seismic discontinuity at 410 km depth. By incorporating hydroxyl groups in its crystal structure, wadsleyite can store large amounts of water in the shallow transition zone. The velocity contrast across the 410-km seismic discontinuity has been widely used to deduce mantle mineralogy including estimates of the water content at depth. To interpret seismic observations in terms of mantle mineralogy and deep water cycling, the elastic properties of wadsleyite need to be determined at relevant pressures and temperatures. We performed simultaneous sound wave velocity and density measurements on iron-bearing wadsleyite single crystals at high pressures and first experiments at combined high pressures and high temperatures. When compared with previous work on hydrous iron-bearing wadsleyite with identical Fe/(Mg+Fe) ratio of 0.11, our results show that hydration of iron-bearing wadsleyite reduces the sound wave velocities at low pressures. At high pressures, in contrast, P-wave and S-wave velocities of hydrous and anhydrous iron-bearing wadsleyite cross over and become seismically indistinguishable at conditions of the transition zone. As a consequence, hydrated regions in the shallow transition zone cannot be detected by seismic tomography. Motivated by our experimental results, we modeled velocity, density, and acoustic impedance contrasts across the 410-km seismic discontinuity and found velocity contrasts to vary only slightly with hydration. Instead, we show that the impedance contrast caused by the olivine-wadsleyite phase transition and hence the reflectivity of the 410-km seismic discontinuity are more sensitive to hydration. Our findings give important constraints on the interpretation of seismic observations aiming to trace Earth's deep water cycle.

Clumped Isotope Thermometry Reveals Variations in Soil Carbonate Seasonal Biases Over >4 km of Relief in the Semi-Arid Andes of Central Chile

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Burgener, L. K.; Huntington, K. W.; Hoke, G. D.; Schauer, A. J.; Ringham, M. C.; Latorre Hidalgo, C.; Díaz, F.

2015-12-01

The application of carbonate clumped isotope thermometry to soil carbonates has the potential to shed new light on questions regarding terrestrial paleoclimate. In order to better utilize this paleoclimate tool, outstanding questions regarding seasonal biases in soil carbonate formation and the relationship between soil carbonate formation temperatures (T(Δ47)) and surface temperatures must be resolved. We address these questions by comparing C, O, and clumped isotope data from Holocene/modern soil carbonates to modern meteorological data. The data were collected along a 170 km transect with >4 km of relief in central Chile (~30°S). Previous studies have suggested that soil carbonates should record a warm season bias and form in isotopic equilibrium with soil water and soil CO2. We identify two discrete climate zones separated by the local winter snow line (~3200 m). Below this boundary, precipitation falls as rain and soil carbonate T(Δ47) values at depths >40 cm resemble summer soil temperatures; at higher elevations, precipitation falls as snow and T(Δ47) values resemble mean annual soil temperatures. Soil carbonates from the highest sample site (4700 m), which is devoid of vegetation and located near perennial snow fields, yield anomalous δ18O, δ13C, and T(Δ47) values, indicative of kinetic isotope effects that we attribute to cryogenic carbonate formation. Our results suggest that soil carbonates from depths <40 cm are affected by large, high frequency variations in temperature and precipitation, and should not be used as paleotemperature proxies. These findings (1) highlight the role of soil moisture in modulating soil carbonate formation and the resulting T(Δ47) values, (2) underscore the importance of understanding past soil moisture conditions when attempting to reconstruct paleotemperatures using carbonate clumped isotope thermometry, and (3) suggest that soil carbonates from high elevation or high latitude sites may form under non

Status Update Report for the Peregrine 100km Sounding Rocket Project

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dyer, Jonny; Zilliac, Greg; Doran, Eric; Marzona, Mark Thadeus; Lohner, Kevin; Karlik, Evan; Cantwell, Brian; Karabeyoglu, Arif

2008-01-01

The Peregrine Sounding Rocket Program is a joint basic research program of NASA Ames Research Center, NASA Wallops, Stanford University and the Space Propulsion Group, Inc. (SPG). The goal is to determine the applicability of liquifying hybrid technology to a small launch system. The approach is to design, build, test and y a stable, efficient liquefying fuel hybrid rocket vehicle to an altitude of 100 km. The program was kicked o in October of 2006 and has seen considerable progress in the subsequent 18 months. Two virtually identical vehicles will be constructed and own out of the NASA Sounding Rocket Facility at Wallops Island. This paper presents the current status of the project as of June 2008. For background on the project, the reader is referred to last year's paper.

Optical-frequency transfer over a single-span 1840 km fiber link.

PubMed

Droste, S; Ozimek, F; Udem, Th; Predehl, K; Hänsch, T W; Schnatz, H; Grosche, G; Holzwarth, R

2013-09-13

To compare the increasing number of optical frequency standards, highly stable optical signals have to be transferred over continental distances. We demonstrate optical-frequency transfer over a 1840-km underground optical fiber link using a single-span stabilization. The low inherent noise introduced by the fiber allows us to reach short term instabilities expressed as the modified Allan deviation of 2×10(-15) for a gate time τ of 1 s reaching 4×10(-19) in just 100 s. We find no systematic offset between the sent and transferred frequencies within the statistical uncertainty of about 3×10(-19). The spectral noise distribution of our fiber link at low Fourier frequencies leads to a τ(-2) slope in the modified Allan deviation, which is also derived theoretically.

Structure of the Venusian atmosphere from surface up to 100 km

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zasova, L. V.; Moroz, V. I.; Linkin, V. M.; Khatuntsev, I. V.; Maiorov, B. S.

2006-07-01

The goal of this paper is to summarize the experimental data on the atmosphere of Venus obtained after 1985, when the VIRA (Venus International Reference Atmosphere) or COSPAR model was published. Among the most important results that have appeared since then are the following: measurements of the vertical temperature profile by the VEGA spacecraft with high precision and high altitude resolution; measurements made with balloons of the VEGA spacecraft; radio occultation measurements of Magellan, Venera-15, and Venera-16; and temperature profiles derived from the data of infrared spectrometry obtained by Venera-15. The new result as compared to VIRA is the creation of a model of the atmosphere in the altitude range 55 to 100 km dependent on local time. This model is presented in our paper in tabulated form.

Decoy-state quantum key distribution with polarized photons over 200 km.

PubMed

Liu, Yang; Chen, Teng-Yun; Wang, Jian; Cai, Wen-Qi; Wan, Xu; Chen, Luo-Kan; Wang, Jin-Hong; Liu, Shu-Bin; Liang, Hao; Yang, Lin; Peng, Cheng-Zhi; Chen, Kai; Chen, Zeng-Bing; Pan, Jian-Wei

2010-04-12

We report an implementation of decoy-state quantum key distribution (QKD) over 200 km optical fiber cable through photon polarization encoding. This is achieved by constructing the whole QKD system operating at 320 MHz repetition rate, and developing high-speed transmitter and receiver modules. A novel and economic way of synchronization method is designed and incorporated into the system, which allows to work at a low frequency of 40kHz and removes the use of highly precise clock. A final key rate of 15 Hz is distributed within the experimental time of 3089 seconds, by using super-conducting single photon detectors. This is longest decoy-state QKD yet demonstrated up to date. It helps to make a significant step towards practical secure communication in long-distance scope.

Stratospheric microbiology at 20 km over the Pacific Ocean

USGS Publications Warehouse

Smith, David J.; Griffin, Dale W.; Schuerger, Andrew C.

2010-01-01

An aerobiology sampling flight at 20 km was conducted on 28 April 2008 over the Pacific Ocean (36.5° N, 118–149° W), a period of time that coincided with the movement of Asian dust across the ocean. The aim of this study was to confirm the presence of viable bacteria and fungi within a transoceanic, atmospheric bridge and to improve the resolution of flight hardware processing techniques. Isolates of the microbial strains recovered were analyzed with ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) sequencing to identify bacterial species Bacillus sp., Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus endophyticus, and the fungal genus Penicillium. Satellite imagery and ground-based radiosonde observations were used to measure dust movement and characterize the high-altitude environment at the time of collection. Considering the atmospheric residency time (7–10 days), the extreme temperature regime of the environment (-75°C), and the absence of a mechanism that could sustain particulates at high altitude, it is unlikely that our samples indicate a permanent, stratospheric ecosystem. However, the presence of viable fungi and bacteria in transoceanic stratosphere remains relevant to understanding the distribution and extent of microbial life on Earth.

34 CFR 30.20 - To what do §§ 30.20-30.31 apply?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Department of Education Employees, if the conditions requiring application of those special procedures exists... 34 Education 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false To what do §§ 30.20-30.31 apply? 30.20 Section 30.20 Education Office of the Secretary, Department of Education DEBT COLLECTION What Provisions Apply to...

Damage to Liver and Skeletal Muscles in Marathon Runners During a 100 km Run With Regard to Age and Running Speed

PubMed Central

Jastrzębski, Zbigniew; Żychowska, Małgorzata; Radzimiński, Łukasz; Konieczna, Anna; Kortas, Jakub

2015-01-01

The purpose of this study was to determine: (1) whether damage to liver and skeletal muscles occurs during a 100 km run; (2) whether the metabolic response to extreme exertion is related to the age or running speed of the participant; (3) whether it is possible to determine the optimal running speed and distance for long-distance runners’ health by examining biochemical parameters in venous blood. Fourteen experienced male amateur ultra-marathon runners, divided into two age groups, took part in a 100 km run. Blood samples for liver and skeletal muscle damage indexes were collected from the ulnar vein just before the run, after 25, 50, 75 and 100 km, and 24 hours after termination of the run. A considerable increase in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was observed with the distance covered (p < 0.05), which continued during recovery. An increase in the mean values of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK) and C-reactive protein (CRP) (p < 0.05) was observed with each sequential course. The biggest differences between the age groups were found for the activity of liver enzymes and LDH after completing 75 km as well as after 24 hours of recovery. It can be concluded that the response to extreme exertion deteriorates with age in terms of the active movement apparatus. PMID:25964813

Heating rate measurements over 30 deg and 40 deg (half angle) blunt cones in air and helium in the Langley expansion tube facility

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Reddy, N. M.

1980-01-01

Convective heat transfer measurements, made on the conical portion of spherically blunted cones (30 deg and 40 deg half angle) in an expansion tube are discussed. The test gases used were helium and air; flow velocities were about 6.8 km/sec for helium and about 5.1 km/sec for air. The measured heating rates are compared with calculated results using a viscous shock layer computer code. For air, various techniques to determine flow velocity yielded identical results, but for helium, the flow velocity varied by as much as eight percent depending on which technique was used. The measured heating rates are in satisfactory agreement with calculation for helium, assuming the lower flow velocity, the measurements are significantly greater than theory and the discrepancy increased with increasing distance along the cone.

Development and assessment of a higher-spatial-resolution (4.4 km) MISR aerosol optical depth product using AERONET-DRAGON data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Garay, Michael J.; Kalashnikova, Olga V.; Bull, Michael A.

2017-04-01

Since early 2000, the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) instrument on NASA's Terra satellite has been acquiring data that have been used to produce aerosol optical depth (AOD) and particle property retrievals at 17.6 km spatial resolution. Capitalizing on the capabilities provided by multi-angle viewing, the current operational (Version 22) MISR algorithm performs well, with about 75 % of MISR AOD retrievals globally falling within 0.05 or 20 % × AOD of paired validation data from the ground-based Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET). This paper describes the development and assessment of a prototype version of a higher-spatial-resolution 4.4 km MISR aerosol optical depth product compared against multiple AERONET Distributed Regional Aerosol Gridded Observations Network (DRAGON) deployments around the globe. In comparisons with AERONET-DRAGON AODs, the 4.4 km resolution retrievals show improved correlation (r = 0. 9595), smaller RMSE (0.0768), reduced bias (-0.0208), and a larger fraction within the expected error envelope (80.92 %) relative to the Version 22 MISR retrievals.

Evaluation of the 29-km Eta Model. Part I: Objective Verification at Three Selected Stations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Manobianco, John; Nutter, Paul

1998-01-01

A subjective evaluation of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction 29-km (meso-) eta model during the 1996 warm (May-August) and cool (October-January) seasons is described. The overall evaluation assessed the utility of the model for operational weather forecasting by the U.S. Air Force 45th Weather Squadron, National Weather Service (NWS) Spaceflight Meteorology Group (SMG) and NWS Office in Melbourne, FL.

Inversion of Surface Wave Phase Velocities for Radial Anisotropy to an Depth of 1200 km

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xing, Z.; Beghein, C.; Yuan, K.

2012-12-01

This study aims to evaluate three dimensional radial anisotropy to an depth of 1200 km. Radial anisotropy describes the difference in velocity between horizontally polarized Rayleigh waves and vertically polarized Love waves. Its presence in the uppermost 200 km mantle has well been documented by different groups, and has been regarded as an indicator of mantle convection which aligns the intrinsically anisotropic minerals, largely olivine, to form large scale anisotropy. However, there is no global agreement on whether anisotropy exists in the region below 200 km. Recent models also associate a fast vertically polarized shear wave with vertical upwelling mantle flow. The data used in this study is the globally isotropic phase velocity models of fundamental and higher mode Love and Rayleigh waves (Visser, 2008). The inclusion of higher mode surface wave phase velocity provides sensitivities to structure at depth that extends to below the transition zone. While the data is the same as used by Visser (2008), a quite different parameterization is applied. All the six parameters - five elastic parameters A, C, F, L, N and density - are now regarded as independent, which rules out possible biased conclusions induced by scaling relation method used in several previous studies to reduce the number of parameters partly due to limited computing resources. The data need to be modified by crustal corrections (Crust2.0) as we want to look at the mantle structure only. We do this by eliminating the perturbation in surface wave phase velocity caused by the difference in crustal structure with respect to the referent model PREM. Sambridge's Neighborhood Algorithm is used to search the parameter space. The introduction of such a direct search technique pales the traditional inversion method, which requires regularization or some unnecessary priori restriction on the model space. On the contrary, the new method will search the full model space, providing probability density

Estimating urban ground-level PM10 using MODIS 3km AOD product and meteorological parameters from WRF model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ghotbi, Saba; Sotoudeheian, Saeed; Arhami, Mohammad

2016-09-01

Satellite remote sensing products of AOD from MODIS along with appropriate meteorological parameters were used to develop statistical models and estimate ground-level PM10. Most of previous studies obtained meteorological data from synoptic weather stations, with rather sparse spatial distribution, and used it along with 10 km AOD product to develop statistical models, applicable for PM variations in regional scale (resolution of ≥10 km). In the current study, meteorological parameters were simulated with 3 km resolution using WRF model and used along with the rather new 3 km AOD product (launched in 2014). The resulting PM statistical models were assessed for a polluted and largely variable urban area, Tehran, Iran. Despite the critical particulate pollution problem, very few PM studies were conducted in this area. The issue of rather poor direct PM-AOD associations existed, due to different factors such as variations in particles optical properties, in addition to bright background issue for satellite data, as the studied area located in the semi-arid areas of Middle East. Statistical approach of linear mixed effect (LME) was used, and three types of statistical models including single variable LME model (using AOD as independent variable) and multiple variables LME model by using meteorological data from two sources, WRF model and synoptic stations, were examined. Meteorological simulations were performed using a multiscale approach and creating an appropriate physic for the studied region, and the results showed rather good agreements with recordings of the synoptic stations. The single variable LME model was able to explain about 61%-73% of daily PM10 variations, reflecting a rather acceptable performance. Statistical models performance improved through using multivariable LME and incorporating meteorological data as auxiliary variables, particularly by using fine resolution outputs from WRF (R2 = 0.73-0.81). In addition, rather fine resolution for PM

Stability of hydrocarbon systems at thermobaric conditions corresponding to depth down to 50 km

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kutcherov, V.; Kolesnikov, A.; Mukhina, E.; Serovaiskii, A.

2017-12-01

Most of the theoretical models show that crude oil stability is limited by the depth of 6-8 km (`oil window'). Commercial discovery of crude oil deposits on the depth more than 10 km in the different petroleum basins worldwide casts doubt on the validity of the above-mentioned theoretical calculations. Therefore, the question at which depth complex hydrocarbon systems could be stable is important not only from fundamental research point of view but has a great practical application. To answer this question a hydrocarbon mixture was investigated under thermobaric conditions corresponding to the conditions of the Earth's lower crust. Experiments were conducted by means of Raman Mössbauer spectroscopy. The results obtained show that the complex hydrocarbon systems could be stable and remain their qualitative and quantitative composition at temperature 320-450 °C and pressure 0.7-1.4 GPa. The oxidizing resistance of hydrocarbon system was tested in the modelled the Earth's crust surrounding. The hydrocarbon system stability at the presence of Fe2O3 strongly confirms that the Earth's crust oxygen fugacity does not influence on petroleum composition. The data obtained broaden our knowledge about the possible range of depths for crude oil and natural gas deposits in the Earth's crust and give us the possibility to revise the depth of petroleum deposits occurrence.

Reliability, Validity and Usefulness of 30–15 Intermittent Fitness Test in Female Soccer Players

PubMed Central

Čović, Nedim; Jelešković, Eldin; Alić, Haris; Rađo, Izet; Kafedžić, Erduan; Sporiš, Goran; McMaster, Daniel T.; Milanović, Zoran

2016-01-01

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to examine the reliability, validity and usefulness of the 30–15IFT in competitive female soccer players. METHODS: Seventeen elite female soccer players participated in the study. A within subject test-retest study design was utilized to assess the reliability of the 30–15 intermittent fitness test (IFT). Seven days prior to 30–15IFT, subjects performed a continuous aerobic running test (CT) under laboratory conditions to assess the criterion validity of the 30–15IFT. End running velocity (VCT and VIFT), peak heart rate (HRpeak) and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) were collected and/or estimated for both tests. RESULTS: VIFT (ICC = 0.91; CV = 1.8%), HRpeak (ICC = 0.94; CV = 1.2%), and VO2max (ICC = 0.94; CV = 1.6%) obtained from the 30–15IFT were all deemed highly reliable (p > 0.05). Pearson product moment correlations between the CT and 30–15IFT for VO2max, HRpeak and end running velocity were large (r = 0.67, p = 0.013), very large (r = 0.77, p = 0.02) and large (r = 0.57, p = 0.042), respectively. CONCLUSION: Current findings suggest that the 30–15IFT is a valid and reliable intermittent aerobic fitness test of elite female soccer players. The findings have also provided practitioners with evidence to support the accurate detection of meaningful individual changes in VIFT of 0.5 km/h (1 stage) and HRpeak of 2 bpm. This information may assist coaches in monitoring “real” aerobic fitness changes to better inform training of female intermittent team sport athletes. Lastly, coaches could use the 30–15IFT as a practical alternative to laboratory based assessments to assess and monitor intermittent aerobic fitness changes in their athletes. PMID:27909408

Improvement of 10-km time-trial cycling with motivational self-talk compared with neutral self-talk.

PubMed

Barwood, Martin J; Corbett, Jo; Wagstaff, Christopher R D; McVeigh, Dan; Thelwell, Richard C

2015-03-01

Unpleasant physical sensations during maximal exercise may manifest themselves as negative cognitions that impair performance, alter pacing, and are linked to increased rating of perceived exertion (RPE). This study examined whether motivational self-talk (M-ST) could reduce RPE and change pacing strategy, thereby enhancing 10-km time-trial (TT) cycling performance in contrast to neutral self-talk (N-ST). Fourteen men undertook 4 TTs, TT1-TT4. After TT2, participants were matched into groups based on TT2 completion time and underwent M-ST (n=7) or N-ST (n=7) after TT3. Performance, power output, RPE, and oxygen uptake (VO2) were compared across 1-km segments using ANOVA. Confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated for performance data. After TT3 (ie, before intervention), completion times were not different between groups (M-ST, 1120±113 s; N-ST, 1150±110 s). After M-ST, TT4 completion time was faster (1078±96 s); the N-ST remained similar (1165±111 s). The M-ST group achieved this through a higher power output and VO2 in TT4 (6th-10th km). RPE was unchanged. CI data indicated the likely true performance effect lay between 13- and 71-s improvement (TT4 vs TT3). M-ST improved endurance performance and enabled a higher power output, whereas N-ST induced no change. The VO2 response matched the increase in power output, yet RPE was unchanged, thereby inferring a perceptual benefit through M-ST. The valence and content of self-talk are important determinants of the efficacy of this intervention. These findings are primarily discussed in the context of the psychobiological model of pacing.

Development of a global land cover characteristics database and IGBP DISCover from 1 km AVHRR data

USGS Publications Warehouse

Loveland, Thomas R.; Reed, B.C.; Brown, Jesslyn F.; Ohlen, D.O.; Zhu, Z.; Yang, L.; Merchant, J.W.

2000-01-01

Researchers from the U.S. Geological Survey, University of Nebraska-Lincoln and the European Commission's Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy produced a 1 km resolution global land cover characteristics database for use in a wide range of continental-to global-scale environmental studies. This database provides a unique view of the broad patterns of the biogeographical and ecoclimatic diversity of the global land surface, and presents a detailed interpretation of the extent of human development. The project was carried out as an International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme, Data and Information Systems (IGBP-DIS) initiative. The IGBP DISCover global land cover product is an integral component of the global land cover database. DISCover includes 17 general land cover classes defined to meet the needs of IGBP core science projects. A formal accuracy assessment of the DISCover data layer will be completed in 1998. The 1 km global land cover database was developed through a continent-by-continent unsupervised classification of 1 km monthly Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) composites covering 1992-1993. Extensive post-classification stratification was necessary to resolve spectral/temporal confusion between disparate land cover types. The complete global database consists of 961 seasonal land cover regions that capture patterns of land cover, seasonality and relative primary productivity. The seasonal land cover regions were aggregated to produce seven separate land cover data sets used for global environmental modelling and assessment. The data sets include IGBP DISCover, U.S. Geological Survey Anderson System, Simple Biosphere Model, Simple Biosphere Model 2, Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme, Olson Ecosystems and Running Global Remote Sensing Land Cover. The database also includes all digital sources that were used in the classification. The complete database can be sourced from the website: http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/landdaac/glcc/glcc.html.

A comparison of the IGBP DISCover and University of Maryland 1 km global land cover products

USGS Publications Warehouse

Hansen, M.C.; Reed, B.

2000-01-01

Two global 1 km land cover data sets derived from 1992-1993 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data are currently available, the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme Data and Information System (IGBP-DIS) DISCover and the University of Maryland (UMd) 1 km land cover maps. This paper makes a preliminary comparison of the methodologies and results of the two products. The DISCover methodology employed an unsupervised clustering classification scheme on a per-continent basis using 12 monthly maximum NDVI composites as inputs. The UMd approach employed a supervised classification tree method in which temporal metrics derived from all AVHRR bands and the NDVI were used to predict class membership across the entire globe. The DISCover map uses the IGBP classification scheme, while the UMd map employs a modified IGBP scheme minus the classes of permanent wetlands, cropland/natural vegetation mosaic and ice and snow. Global area totals of aggregated vegetation types are very similar and have a per-pixel agreement of 74%. For tall versus short/no vegetation, the per-pixel agreement is 84%. For broad vegetation types, core areas map similarly, while transition zones around core areas differ significantly. This results in high regional variability between the maps. Individual class agreement between the two 1 km maps is 49%. Comparison of the maps at a nominal 0.5 resolution with two global ground-based maps shows an improvement of thematic concurrency of 46% when viewing average class agreement. The absence of the cropland mosaic class creates a difficulty in comparing the maps, due to its significant extent in the DISCover map. The DISCover map, in general, has more forest, while the UMd map has considerably more area in the intermediate tree cover classes of woody savanna/ woodland and savanna/wooded grassland.