Review of Manganese Processing for Production of TRIP/TWIP Steels, Part 2: Reduction Studies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Elliott, R.; Coley, K.; Mostaghel, S.; Barati, M.

2018-02-01

Production of ultrahigh-manganese steels is expected to result in significant increase in demand for low-carbon (LC) ferromanganese (FeMn) and silicomanganese (SiMn). Current manganese processing techniques are energy intensive and typically yield a high-carbon product. The present work therefore reviews available literature regarding carbothermic reduction of Mn oxides and ores, with the objective of identifying opportunities for future process development to mitigate the cost of LC FeMn and SiMn. In general, there is consensus that carbothermic reduction of Mn oxides and ores is limited by gasification of carbon. Conditions which enhance or bypass this step (e.g., by application of CH4) show higher rates of reduction at lower temperatures. This phenomenon has potential application in solid-state reduction of Mn ore. Other avenues for process development include optimization of the prereduction step in conventional FeMn production and metallothermic reduction as a secondary reduction step.

Bond behavior of reinforcing steel in ultra-high performance concrete.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2014-10-01

Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) is a relatively new class of advanced cementitious composite : materials, which exhibits high compressive [above 21.7 ksi (150 MPa)] and tensile [above 0.72 ksi (5 MPa)] : strengths. The discrete steel fiber rei...

Effect of Nb on Delayed Fracture Resistance of Ultra-High Strength Martensitic Steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Song, Rongjie; Fonstein, Nina; Pottore, Narayan; Jun, Hyun Jo; Bhattacharya, Debanshu; Jansto, Steve

Ultra-high strength steels are materials of considerable interest for automotive and structural applications and are increasingly being used in those areas. Higher strength, however, makes steels more prone to hydrogen embrittlement (HE). The effects of Nb and other alloying elements on the hydrogen-induced delayed fracture resistance of cold rolled martensitic steels with ultra-high strength 2000 MPa were studied using an acid immersion test, thermal desorption analysis (TDA) and measuring of permeation. The microstructure was characterized by high resolution field emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Electron Backscattered Diffraction (EBSD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). It was shown that the combined addition of Nb significantly improved the delayed fracture resistance of investigated steel. The addition of Nb to alloyed martensitic steels resulted in very apparent grain refinement of the prior austenite grain size. The Nb microalloyed steel contained a lower diffusible hydrogen content during thermal desorption analysis as compared to the base steel and had a higher trapped hydrogen amount after charging. The reason that Nb improved the delayed fracture resistance of steels can be attributed mostly to both hydrogen trapping and grain refinement.

Ultra-high temperature tensile properties of ODS steel claddings under severe accident conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yano, Y.; Tanno, T.; Oka, H.; Ohtsuka, S.; Inoue, T.; Kato, S.; Furukawa, T.; Uwaba, T.; Kaito, T.; Ukai, S.; Oono, N.; Kimura, A.; Hayashi, S.; Torimaru, T.

2017-04-01

Ultra-high temperature ring tensile tests were performed to investigate the tensile behavior of oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steel claddings and wrapper materials under severe accident conditions with temperatures ranging from room temperature to 1400 °C which is close to the melting point of core materials. The experimental results showed that the tensile strength of 9Cr-ODS steel claddings was highest in the core materials at ultra-high temperatures of 900-1200 °C, but there was significant degradation in the tensile strength of 9Cr-ODS steel claddings above 1200 °C. This degradation was attributed to grain boundary sliding deformation with γ/δ transformation, which is associated with reduced ductility. By contrast, the tensile strength of recrystallized 12Cr-ODS and FeCrAl-ODS steel claddings retained its high value above 1200 °C, unlike the other tested materials.

Ultrahigh Charpy impact toughness (~450J) achieved in high strength ferrite/martensite laminated steels

PubMed Central

Cao, Wenquan; Zhang, Mingda; Huang, Chongxiang; Xiao, Shuyang; Dong, Han; Weng, Yuqing

2017-01-01

Strength and toughness are a couple of paradox as similar as strength-ductility trade-off in homogenous materials, body-centered-cubic steels in particular. Here we report a simple way to get ultrahigh toughness without sacrificing strength. By simple alloying design and hot rolling the 5Mn3Al steels in ferrite/austenite dual phase temperature region, we obtain a series of ferrite/martensite laminated steels that show up-to 400–450J Charpy V-notch impact energy combined with a tensile strength as high as 1.0–1.2 GPa at room temperature, which is nearly 3–5 times higher than that of conventional low alloy steels at similar strength level. This remarkably enhanced toughness is mainly attributed to the delamination between ferrite and martensite lamellae. The current finding gives us a promising way to produce high strength steel with ultrahigh impact toughness by simple alloying design and hot rolling in industry. PMID:28150692

Ultrahigh Charpy impact toughness (~450J) achieved in high strength ferrite/martensite laminated steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cao, Wenquan; Zhang, Mingda; Huang, Chongxiang; Xiao, Shuyang; Dong, Han; Weng, Yuqing

2017-02-01

Strength and toughness are a couple of paradox as similar as strength-ductility trade-off in homogenous materials, body-centered-cubic steels in particular. Here we report a simple way to get ultrahigh toughness without sacrificing strength. By simple alloying design and hot rolling the 5Mn3Al steels in ferrite/austenite dual phase temperature region, we obtain a series of ferrite/martensite laminated steels that show up-to 400-450J Charpy V-notch impact energy combined with a tensile strength as high as 1.0-1.2 GPa at room temperature, which is nearly 3-5 times higher than that of conventional low alloy steels at similar strength level. This remarkably enhanced toughness is mainly attributed to the delamination between ferrite and martensite lamellae. The current finding gives us a promising way to produce high strength steel with ultrahigh impact toughness by simple alloying design and hot rolling in industry.

Control of Hydrogen Environment Embrittlement of Ultra-High Strength Steel for Naval Application

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-07-01

load cracking behavior of maraging steels in hydrogen. Corrosion , 29, 1973, 299-304. D.A. Jones, A.F. Jankowski and G.A. Davidson, "Diffusion of...short crack case. This behavior is relevant to small surface cracks in coated UHSS components such as a landing gear. IV.B. Effect of Steel Composition ...PRESSURE (k N /m 2) Figure 26. The effect of H2 pressure on the HEAC growth rate for a ultra-high strength 18Ni Maraging steel stressed in a highly

Microstructures, Mechanical Properties, and Strain Hardening Behavior of an Ultrahigh Strength Dual Phase Steel Developed by Intercritical Annealing of Cold-Rolled Ferrite/Martensite

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mazaheri, Y.; Kermanpur, A.; Najafizadeh, A.

2015-07-01

A dual phase (DP) steel was produced by a new process utilizing an uncommon cold-rolling and subsequent intercritical annealing of a martensite-ferrite duplex starting structure. Ultrafine grained DP steels with an average grain size of about 2 μm and chain-networked martensite islands were achieved by short intercritical annealing of the 80 pct cold-rolled duplex microstructure. The strength of the low carbon steel with the new DP microstructure was reached about 1300 MPa (140 pct higher than that of the as-received state, e.g., 540 MPa), without loss of ductility. Tensile testing revealed good strength-elongation balance for the new DP steels (UTS × UE ≈ 11,000 to 15,000 MPa pct) in comparison with the previous works and commercially used high strength DP steels. Two strain hardening stages with comparable exponents were observed in the Holloman analysis of all DP steels. The variations of hardness, strength, elongation, and strain hardening behavior of the specimens with thermomechanical parameters were correlated to microstructural features.

The microstructural evolution, crystallography, and thermal processing of ultrahigh carbon Fe-1.85 pct C melt-spun ribbon

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Spanos, G.; Ayers, J. D.; Vold, C. L.; Locci, I. E.

1993-01-01

A study is presented to determine if fine microstructures could be achieved using rapid solidification to produce a fine-grained fully austenitic starting structure and then using thermal processing cycles to produce an even finer ferrite-cementite structure. The evolution, mechanisms of grain refinement, and crystallography of the resultant microstructures were examined by TEM. A thermal processing cycle consisted of quenching the ribbon in liquid nitrogen, tempering at 600 C for 10 sec, 'upquenching' to 750 C for 10 sec, and subsequently quenching again in liquid nitrogen. The heat-treatment resulted in martensite grains with sizes of about 1 micron or less in both length and thickness and cementite particles of 0.4 micron or less. It is concluded that these microstructures could be used for producing fine-grained ultrahigh carbon steels of very high strength without the brittleness associated with the formation of coarse carbide particles of the loss of strength due to graphite formation.

Sliding Wear and Fretting Wear of DLC-Based, Functionally Graded Nanocomposite Coatings

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Miyoshi, K.; Pohlchuck, B.; Street, Kenneth W.; Zabinski, J. S.; Sanders, J. H.; Voevodin, A. a.; Wu, R. L. C.

1999-01-01

Improving the tribological functionality of diamondlike carbon (DLC) films--developing, good wear resistance, low friction, and high load-carrying capacity-was the aim of this investigation. Nanocomposite coatings consisting of an amorphous DLC (a-DLC) top layer and a functionally graded titanium-titanium carbon-diamondlike carbon (Ti-Ti(sub x) C(sub y)-DLC) underlayer were produced on AISI 440C stainless steel substrates by the hybrid technique of magnetron sputtering and pulsed-laser deposition. The resultant DLC films were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and surface profilometry. Two types of wear experiment were conducted in this investioation: sliding friction experiments and fretting wear experiments. Unidirectional ball-on-disk sliding friction experiments were conducted to examine the wear behavior of an a-DLC/Ti-Ti(sub x) C(sub y)-DLC-coated AISI 440C stainless steel disk in sliding contact with a 6-mm-diameter AISI 440C stainless steel ball in ultrahigh vacuum, dry nitrogen, and humid air. Although the wear rates for both the coating and ball were low in all three environments, the humid air and dry nitrogen caused mild wear with burnishing, in the a-DLC top layer, and the ultrahigh vacuum caused relatively severe wear with brittle fracture in both the a-DLC top layer and the Ti-Ti(sub x) C(sub y)-DLC underlayer. For reference, amorphous hydrogenated carbon (H-DLC) films produced on a-DLC/Ti-Ti(sub x) C(sub y)-DLC nanocomposite coatings by using an ion beam were also examined in the same manner. The H-DLC films markedly reduced friction even in ultrahigh vacuum without sacrificing wear resistance. The H-DLC films behaved much like the a-DLC/Ti-Ti(sub x) C(sub y)-DLC nanocomposite coating in dry nitrogen and humid air, presenting low friction and low wear. Fretting wear experiments were conducted in humid air (approximately 50% relative humidity) at a frequency of 80 Hz and an amplitude of 75 micron on an a-DLC/Ti-Ti(sub x) C(sub y)-DLC-coated AISI 440C disk and on a titanium-6 wt % aluminum-4 wt% vanadium (Ti-6Al-4V) flat, both in contact with a 9.4-mm-diameter, hemispherical Ti-6Al-4V pin. The resistance to fretting wear and damage of the a-DLC/Ti-6Al-4V materials pair was superior to that of the Ti-6Al-4V/Ti-6AI-4V materials pair.

Novel 1.5 GPa-strength with 50%-ductility by transformation-induced plasticity of non-recrystallized austenite in duplex steels.

PubMed

Sohn, Seok Su; Song, Hyejin; Jo, Min Chul; Song, Taejin; Kim, Hyoung Seop; Lee, Sunghak

2017-04-28

Needs for steel designs of ultra-high strength and excellent ductility have been an important issue in worldwide automotive industries to achieve energy conservation, improvement of safety, and crashworthiness qualities. Because of various drawbacks in existing 1.5-GPa-grade steels, new development of formable cold-rolled ultra-high-strength steels is essentially needed. Here we show a plausible method to achieve ultra-high strengths of 1.0~1.5 GPa together with excellent ductility above 50% by actively utilizing non-recrystallization region and TRansformation-Induced Plasticity (TRIP) mechanism in a cold-rolled and annealed Fe-Mn-Al-C-based steel. We adopt a duplex microstructure composed of austenite and ultra-fine ferrite in order to overcome low-yield-strength characteristics of austenite. Persistent elongation up to 50% as well as ultra-high yield strength over 1.4 GPa are attributed to well-balanced mechanical stability of non-crystallized austenite with critical strain for TRIP. Our results demonstrate how the non-recrystallized austenite can be a metamorphosis in 1.5-GPa-grade steel sheet design.

Improvement of formability of high strength steel sheets in shrink flanging

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hamedon, Z.; Abe, Y.; Mori, K.

2016-02-01

In the shrinkage flanging, the wrinkling tends to occur due to compressive stress. The wrinkling will cause a difficulty in assembling parts, and severe wrinkling may leads to rupture of parts. The shrinkage flange of the ultra-high strength steel sheets not only defects the product by the occurrence of the wrinkling but also causes seizure and wear of the dies and shortens the life of dies. In the present study, a shape of a punch having gradual contact was optimized in order to prevent the wrinkling in shrinkage flanging of ultra-high strength steel sheets. The sheet was gradually bent from the corner of the sheet to reduce the compressive stress. The wrinkling in the shrink flanging of the ultra-high strength steel sheets was prevented by the punch having gradual contact. It was found that the punch having gradual contact is effective in preventing the occurrence of wrinkling in the shrinkage flanging.

Alternatives to steel grid decks - phase II.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2012-09-01

The primary objective of this research project was to investigate alternatives to open grid steel decks for movable bridges. Three alternative deck systems, including aluminum deck, ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC)-high-strength steel (HSS) dec...

Interface architecture for superthick carbon-based films toward low internal stress and ultrahigh load-bearing capacity.

PubMed

Wang, Junjun; Pu, Jibin; Zhang, Guangan; Wang, Liping

2013-06-12

Superthick diamond-like carbon (DLC) films [(Six-DLC/Siy-DLC)n/DLC] were deposited on 304 stainless steel substrates by using a plane hollow cathode plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition method. The structure was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Chemical bonding was examined by Raman, Auger electron, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques. Mechanical and tribological properties were evaluated using nanoindentation, scratch, interferometry, and reciprocating-sliding friction testing. The results showed that implantation of a silicon ion into the substrate and the architecture of the tensile stress/compressive stress structure decreased the residual stress to almost 0, resulting in deposition of (Six-DLC/Siy-DLC)n/DLC films with a thickness of more than 50 μm. The hardness of the film ranged from 9 to 23 GPa, and the adhesion strength ranged from 4.6 to 57 N depending on the thickness of the film. Friction coefficients were determined in three tested environments, namely, air, water, and oil. Friction coefficients were typically below 0.24 and as low as 0.02 in a water environment. The as-prepared superthick films also showed an ultrahigh load-bearing capacity, and no failure was detected in the reciprocating wear test with contact pressure higher than 3.2 GPa. Reasons for the ultrahigh load-bearing capacity are proposed in combination with the finite-element method.

The Influence of Second-Phase Dispersions on Shear Instability and Fracture Toughness of Ultrahigh Strength 4340 Steel

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-03-01

been a success. I am deeply grateful to Professor Ronald R. Biederman entrusting me with his TEM after business hours. Special thanks to both John V...During Shear Deformation of Ultrahigh Strength Steels, Proceedings of the Thirty-fourth Sagamore Army Materials Research Conference ( 1987 ), in press. 3...Materials Science and Engineering, V.95 ( 1987 ), pp. 93-99. 14. L. Anand, Some Experimental Observations on Localized Shear Bands in Plane- Strain

Cracking of Beams Strengthened with Externally Bonded SRP Tapes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Krzywoń, Rafał

2017-10-01

Paper discusses strengthening efficiency of relatively new kind of SRP composite based on high strength steel wires. They are made of ultra-high strength steel primarily used in cords of car tires. Through advanced treatment, the mechanical properties of SRP steel are similar to other high carbon cold drawn steels used in construction industry. Strength significantly exceed 2000 MPa, there is no perfect plasticity at yield stress level. Almost linear stress-strain relationship makes SRP steel mechanical properties similar to carbon fibers. Also flexibility and weight ratio of the composite overlay is slightly worse than CFRP strip. Despite these advantages SRP is not as popular as other composites reinforced with fibers of high strength. This is due to the small number of studies of SRP behavior and applicability. Paper shows selected results of the laboratory test of beams strengthened with use of SRP and CFRP externally bonded overlays. Attention has been focused primarily on the phenomenon of cracking. Comparison include the cracking moment, crack width and spacing, coverage of crack zone. Despite the somewhat lower rigidity of SRP tapes, they have a much better adhesion to concrete, so that the crack width is comparable in almost the whole load range. The paper also includes an assessment of the common methods of checking the condition of cracking in relation to the tested SRP strengthening. The paper presents actual calculation procedures to determine the crack spacing and crack width. The discussed formulas are verified with results of provided laboratory tests.

Bond Behavior of Reinforcing Steel in Ultra-High Performance Concrete

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2014-11-01

Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) has garnered interest from the highway infrastructure community for its greatly enhanced mechanical and durability properties. The objective of this research is to extensively evaluate the factors that affect bo...

An investigation of laser cutting quality of 22MnB5 ultra high strength steel using response surface methodology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tahir, Abdul Fattah Mohd; Aqida, Syarifah Nur

2017-07-01

In hot press forming, changes of mechanical properties in boron steel blanks have been a setback in trimming the final shape components. This paper presents investigation of kerf width and heat affected zone (HAZ) of ultra high strength 22MnB5 steel cutting. Sample cutting was conducted using a 4 kW Carbon Dioxide (CO2) laser machine with 10.6 μm wavelength with the laser spot size of 0.2 mm. A response surface methodology (RSM) using three level Box-Behnken design of experiment was developed with three factors of peak power, cutting speed and duty cycle. The parameters were optimised for minimum kerf width and HAZ formation. Optical evaluation using MITUTOYO TM 505 were conducted to measure the kerf width and HAZ region. From the findings, laser duty cycle was crucial to determine cutting quality of ultra-high strength steel; followed by cutting speed and laser power. Meanwhile, low power intensity with continuous wave contributes the narrowest kerf width formation and least HAZ region.

Tribological reactions of perfluoroalkyl polyether oils with stainless steel under ultrahigh vacuum conditions at room temperature

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mori, Shigeyuki; Morales, Wilfredo

1989-01-01

The reaction between three types of commercial perfluoroalkyl polyether (PFPE) oils and stainless steel 440C was investigated experimentally during sliding under ultrahigh vacuum conditions at room temperature. It is found that the tribological reaction of PFPE is mainly affected by the activity of the mechanically formed fresh surfaces of metals rather than the heat generated at the sliding contacts. The fluorides formed on the wear track act as a boundary layer, reducing the friction coefficient.

Reaction of perfluoroalkylpolyethers (PFPE) with 440C steel in vacuum under sliding conditions at room temperature

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mori, Shigeyuki; Morales, Wilfredo

1989-01-01

Reactions of perfluoroalkylpolyethers (PFPE: Fomblin, Demnum and Krytox) were studied during the sliding contact of stainless steel specimens under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. All three fluids reacted with the steel specimens during sliding. Fomblin, which has acetal linkages, decomposed under the sliding conditions generating gaseous products, (COF2 and fluorinated carbons) which were detected by a quadrupole mass spectrometer. Gaseous products were not detected for the Demnum and Krytox fluids. The amount of gaseous products from Fomblin increased with increasing sliding speed. At the end of the sliding experiments, the wear scar and deposits on the specimens were examined by small spot size XPS. The oxide layer on the specimen surface was removed during sliding, and metal fluorides were formed on the worn surface. The surface of the wear scar and deposits were covered with adsorbed PFPE. Based on these results, it was concluded that the decomposition reaction on Fomblin was initiated by contacting the fluid with a fresh metal surface which was formed during sliding.

Influence of Plastic Deformation on Martensitic Transformation During Hot Stamping of Complex Structure Auto Parts

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shen, Yuhan; Song, Yanli; Hua, Lin; Lu, Jue

2017-04-01

The ultra-high strength steel auto parts manufactured by hot stamping are widely applied for weight reduction and safety improvement. During the hot stamping process, hot forming and quenching are performed in one step wherein plastic deformation and phase transformation simultaneously take place and affect each other. Thereinto, the influence of deformation on martensitic transformation is of great importance. In the present paper, the influence of plastic deformation on martensitic transformation during hot stamping of complex structure auto parts was investigated. For this purpose, a B-pillar reinforced panel in B1500HS steel was manufactured by hot stamping, and the process was simulated by finite element software based on a thermo-mechanical-metallurgical coupled model. Considering various deformation degrees, the microstructures and mechanical properties at four typical locations of the hot stamped B-pillar reinforced panel were detected. The results show that the martensitic content and the microhardness increase with the increase in the deformation amount. There are two reasons causing this phenomenon: (1) the increase in mechanical driving force and (2) the increased probability of the martensitic nucleation at crystal defects. The x-ray diffraction analysis indicates the carbon enrichment in retained austenite which results from the carbon diffusion during the low-carbon martensite formation. Furthermore, the carbon content decreases with the increase in the deformation amount, because the deformation of austenite suppresses the carbon diffusion.

Effects of Retained Austenite Volume Fraction, Morphology, and Carbon Content on Strength and Ductility of Nanostructured TRIP-assisted Steels

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shen, Yongfeng; Qiu, LN; Sun, Xin

2015-06-01

With a suite of multi-modal and multi-scale characterization techniques, the present study unambiguously proves that a substantially-improved combination of ultrahigh strength and good ductility can be achieved by tailoring the volume fraction, morphology, and carbon content of the retained austenite (RA) in a transformation-induced-plasticity (TRIP) steel with the nominal chemical composition of 0.19C-0.30Si-1.76Mn-1.52Al (weight percent, wt.%). After intercritical annealing and bainitic holding, a combination ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 1,100 MPa and true strain of 50% has been obtained, as a result of the ultrafine RA lamellae, which are alternately arranged in the bainitic ferrite around junction regions of ferritemore » grains. For reference, specimens with a blocky RA, prepared without the bainitic holding, yield a low ductility (35%) and a low UTS (800 MPa). The volume fraction, morphology, and carbon content of RA have been characterized using various techniques, including magnetic probing, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron-backscatter-diffraction (EBSD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Interrupted tensile tests, mapped using EBSD in conjunction with the kernel average misorientation (KAM) analysis, reveal that the lamellar RA is the governingmicrostructure component responsible for the higher mechanical stability, compared to the blocky one. By coupling these various techniques, we quantitatively demonstrate that in addition to the RA volume fraction, its morphology and carbon content are equally important in optimizing the strength and ductility of TRIP-assisted steels.« less

Characterization of the punching shear capacity of thin ultra-high performance concrete slabs.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2005-01-01

Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) is a relatively new type of concrete that exhibits mechanical properties that are far superior to those of conventional concrete and in some cases rival those of steel. The main characteristics that distinguish ...

Improved rolling element bearings provide low torque and small temperature rise in ultrahigh vacuum environment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Glenn, D. C.

1966-01-01

Rolling element bearing with stainless steel races and rolling elements and a porous bronze cage successfully operates in ultrahigh vacuum environments at a low torque and with small temperature rise. All components are burnished in molybdenum disulfide.

Effect of Curing Period on Properties of Steel and Polypropylene Fibre Reinforced Ultra-High Performance Concrete

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Smarzewski, Piotr

2017-10-01

This study has investigated the effect of curing period on the mechanical properties of straight polypropylene and hooked-end steel fibre reinforced ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC). Various physical properties are evaluated, i.e. absorbability, apparent density and open porosity. Compressive strength, tensile splitting strength, flexural strength and modulus of elasticity were determined at 28, 56 and 730 days. Comparative strength development of fibre reinforced mixes at 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% by volume fractions in relation to the mix without fibres was observed. Good correlations between the compressive strength and the modulus of elasticity are established. Steel and polypropylene fibres significantly increased the compressive strength, tensile splitting strength, flexural strength and modulus of elasticity of UHPC after two years curing period when fibre content volume was at least 1%. It seems that steel fibre reinforced UHPC has better properties than the polypropylene fibre reinforced UHPC.

Ultra-High Surface Speed for Metal Removal, Artillery Shell

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-07-01

TECHNICAL LIBRARY "y/a^^cr^ AD-E400 660 CONTRACTOR REPORT ARLCD-CR- 81019 ULTRA-HIGH SURFACE SPEED FOR METAL REMOVAL, ARTILLERY SHELL RICHARD F...Report ARLCD-CR- 81019 2. GOVT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPIENT’S CATALOG NUMBER 4. TITLE (and Subtitle) ULTRA-HIGH SURFACE SPEED FOR METAL...UNIT* tuiPPtO 1 MIL -STD-43CA i, ASTM A-274-64 EF A1SI~1340 SEHI FIN FORGING STEEL 6 RC SQ ■ IP 120093* a LIFTS 38 PCS

Vanadium Microalloyed High Strength Martensitic Steel Sheet for Hot-Dip Coating

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hutchinson, Bevis; Komenda, Jacek; Martin, David

Cold rolled steels with various vanadium and nitrogen levels have been treated to simulate the application of galvanizing and galvannealing to hardened martensitic microstructures. Strength levels were raised 100-150MPa by alloying with vanadium, which mitigates the effect of tempering. This opens the way for new ultra-high strength steels with corrosion resistant coatings produced by hot dip galvanising.

One-Step Quenching and Partitioning Heat Treatment of Medium Carbon Low Alloy Steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tariq, Fawad; Baloch, Rasheed Ahmed

2014-05-01

This paper presents the results of novel one-step quenching and partitioning (Q&P) heat treatment conducted on medium carbon low alloy steel sheet. Samples were austenitised at 1193 K followed by interrupted quenching at 473 K for different partitioning times and finally they were quenched in water. Dilatometry was employed for selection of treatment temperatures. Optical and scanning electron microscopy was carried out to examine the microstructural changes. Volume fraction of retained austenite was measured by x-ray diffraction technique. Resulting microstructures were correlated with the mechanical properties such hardness, tensile strength, elongation, impact absorbed energy, etc. The notch tensile and fracture toughness properties of Q&P steels are still lacking therefore notch tensile strength and plain strain fracture toughness tests were conducted and results are reported here. Results of Q&P treatments were also compared with the properties obtained by conventional Quenching and Tempering (Q&T) and normalizing treatments. Optimum strength-ductility balance of about 2000 MPa tensile strength with 11% elongation was achieved in samples quenched at 473 K and isothermally partitioned for 100 s. Higher ductility of Q&P steel was attributed to the presence of 6.8% film-type interlath retained austenite. Fine-grained martensitic structure with high density of interphase boundaries imparted ultrahigh strength. It was further noted that the impact toughness, notch tensile strength and fracture toughness of 1000 s partitioned samples was higher than 100 s partitioned samples. Possible reasons for high toughness are synergetic effect of recovery of dislocations, partial loss of martensite tetragonality and precipitation of fine transition carbides.

Modified heat treatment for lower temperature improvement of the mechanical properties of two ultrahigh strength low alloy steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tomita, Yoshiyuki; Okabayashi, Kunio

1985-01-01

In the previous papers, a new heat treatment for improving the lower temperature mechanical propertise of the ultrahigh strength low alloy steels was suggested by the authors which produces a mixed structure of 25 vol pct lower bainite and 75 vol pct martensite through isothermal transformation at 593 K for a short time followed by water quenching (after austenitization at 1133 K). In this paper, two commercial Japanese ultrahigh strength steels, 0.40 pct C-Ni-Cr-Mo (AISI 4340 type) and 0.40 pct C-Cr-Mo (AISI 4140 type), have been studied to determine the effect of the modified heat treatment, coupled above new heat treatment with γ ⇆ α' repctitive heat treatment, on the mechanical properties from ambient temperature (287 K) to 123 K. The results obtained for various test temperatures have been compared with those for the new heat treatment reported previously and the conventional 1133 K direct water quenching treatment. The incorporation of intermediate four cyclic γ ⇆ α' repctitive heat treatment steps (after the initial austenitization at 1133 K and oil quenching) into the new heat treatment reported previously, as compared with the conventional 1133 K direct water quenching treatment, significantly improved 0.2 pct proof stress as well as notch toughness of the 0.40 pct C-Ni-Cr-Mo ultrahigh strength steel at similar fracture ductility levels from 287 to 123 K. Also, this heat treatment, as compared with the conventional 1133 K direct water quenching treatment, significantly improved both 0.2 pct proof stress and notch toughness of the 0.40 pct C-Cr-Mo ultrahigh strength steel with increased fracture ductility at 203 K and above. The microstructure consists of mixed areas of ultrafine grained martensite, within which is the refined blocky, highly dislocated structure, and the second phase lower bainite (about 15 vol pct), which appears in acicular form and partitions prior austenite grains. This newly developed heat treatment makes it possible to modify the new heat treatment reported previously so as to raise 0.2 pct proof stress to a higher level and keep notch toughness at the same level. The improvement in the mechanical properties is discussed in terms of metallographic observations and the modified law of mixtures and so forth.

Study to minimize hydrogen embrittlement of ultrahigh-strength steels

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Elsea, S. T.; Fletcher, E. E.; Groeneveld, T. P.

1967-01-01

Hydrogen-stress cracking in high-strength steels is influenced by hydrogen content of the material and its hydrogen absorption tendency. Non-embrittling cleaning, pickling, and electroplating processes are being studied. Protection from this hydrogen embrittlement is important to the aerospace and aircraft industries.

Effect of Q&P heat treatment on fine microstructure and mechanical properties of a low-alloy medium-carbon steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jafari, Rahim; Kheirandish, Shahram; Mirdamadi, Shamsoddin

2018-01-01

The current research investigates the effect of ultrafine microstructure resulted from Quench and Partitioning (Q&P) process on obtaining ultra-high strengths in a low-alloy steel with 4wt.% carbon. The purpose of Q&P heat treatment is to enrich the austenite with carbon by partitioning of carbon from supersaturated martensite to austenite, in order to stabilize it to the room temperature. The microstructure, consequently, is consists of martensite, retained austenite and in some conditions bainite. Two-step Q&P heat treatment with quench and partitioning temperatures equal to 120°C and 300°C respectively were applied to the samples at different times. Mechanical behavior was studied by tensile test. The microstructure of the samples was observed using SEM, and TEM and to quantify the amount of retained austenite X-ray diffraction was used. The retained austenite grain size was estimated to be about 0.5 µm and the highest amount of retained austenite obtained was 10 vol%. All samples showed a yield strength and a tensile strength of above 900MPa and 1500MP respectively. The yield strength increased with increase in partitioning time, whereas tensile strength showed an inverse behavior. The elongation in samples varied from 5% to 9% which seemed to not have a direct connection with the amount of retained austenite, but instead it was related to the ferritic structures formed during partitioning such as coalesced martensite, bainite and tempered martensite.

Effects of Residual Impurities on Hydrogen Assisted Cracking in High Strength Steels. Part II.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-06-01

source of hydrogen is the corrosion reaction of steel with aqueous hydrogen sulfide solutions encountered either in the production of crude oil and...autoradiography technique, it has been shown that in Armco iron and in maraging steel of hydrogen is trapped at prior austenite grain boundaries. Tritium...also play a deleterious role in hydrogen-induced cracking. In these ultra-high strength steels , the crack-tip stress level and the concomitant stress

Honeycomb-like Porous Carbon-Cobalt Oxide Nanocomposite for High-Performance Enzymeless Glucose Sensor and Supercapacitor Applications.

PubMed

Madhu, Rajesh; Veeramani, Vediyappan; Chen, Shen-Ming; Manikandan, Arumugam; Lo, An-Ya; Chueh, Yu-Lun

2015-07-29

Herein, we report the preparation of Pongam seed shells-derived activated carbon and cobalt oxide (∼2-10 nm) nanocomposite (PSAC/Co3O4) by using a general and facile synthesis strategy. The as-synthesized PSAC/Co3O4 samples were characterized by a variety of physicochemical techniques. The PSAC/Co3O4-modified electrode is employed in two different applications such as high performance nonenzymatic glucose sensor and supercapacitor. Remarkably, the fabricated glucose sensor is exhibited an ultrahigh sensitivity of 34.2 mA mM(-1) cm(-2) with a very low detection limit (21 nM) and long-term durability. The PSAC/Co3O4 modified stainless steel electrode possesses an appreciable specific capacitance and remarkable long-term cycling stability. The obtained results suggest the as-synthesized PSAC/Co3O4 is more suitable for the nonenzymatic glucose sensor and supercapacitor applications outperforming the related carbon based modified electrodes, rendering practical industrial applications.

Hydrogen Environment Assisted Cracking of Ultra-High Strength AetMet(Trademark) 100 Steel

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-01-01

landing gear. LV.B. Effect of Steel Composition on Intergranular HEAC Instances of intergranular HEAC and IiHAC in AerMetTm 100 were rarely observed in the...fit the H concentration effect with that of the other elements. While the Maraging and Custom 465TM steels are relatively pure, the H concentration...to -0.9 VsCE and increased cracking at more anodic and more cathodic potentials 471 . Similar effects were noted for HEAC of 18Ni Maraging steel , with

Effects of Heat Treatments and Compositional Modification on Carbide Network and Matrix Microstructure in Ultrahigh Carbon Steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hecht, Matthew David

This dissertation investigates microstructure/property relations in ultrahigh carbon steel (UHCS) with the aim of improving toughness while retaining high hardness. Due to high C contents (ranging from 1 to 2 wt%), UHCS exhibit high strength, hardness, and wear resistance. Despite this, applications for UHCS are currently limited because they typically contain a continuous network of proeutectoid cementite that greatly reduces ductility and toughness. In previous research, thermomechanic processing had seen considerable success in breaking up the network. However, the processing is difficult and has thus far seen very limited industrial application. Chemical modification of the steel composition has also seen some success in network break-up, but is still not well understood. There have been relatively few fundamental studies of microstructure evolution in UHCS; studies in the literature typically focused on lower C steels (up to 1 wt% C) or on cast irons (>2.1 wt% C). Thus, this work was undertaken to gain a better understanding of microstructural changes that occur during heat treatment and/or chemical modification of UHCS with a focus on the distribution of proeutectoid cementite within the microstructure. This dissertation is composed of eight chapters. The first chapter presents an introduction to phases found in UHCS, descriptions of research materials used in each chapter, and the hypotheses and objectives guiding the work. The second chapter describes a study of the microstructure found in a 2C-4Cr UHCS before and after an industrial-scale austenitizating heat treatment that increased hardness and toughness and also produced discrete carbide particles in the matrix. The third chapter establishes and demonstrates a metric for measuring connectivity in carbide networks. The fourth chapter describes a series of heat treatments designed to investigate kinetics of spheroidization and coarsening of carbide particles and denuded zones near cementite network branches in 2C-4Cr UHCS. The fifth chapter describes an additional series of heat treatments comparing coarsening kinetics in 2C-1Cr and 2C-4Cr UHCS. Lowering the Cr content caused clustering of cementite particles near grain boundaries, in contrast to the denuded zones observed in the higher Cr UHCS. The fifth chapter details four in situ confocal laser scanning microscopy heat treatments of 2C-4Cr UHCS. The seventh chapter investigates the effects of a 2wt% Nb addition on 2C-4Cr UHCS. The eighth and final chapter summarizes the findings of all the experiments of the previous chapters and revisits the objectives and conclusions.

Improving the toughness of ultrahigh strength steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sato, Koji

2002-01-01

The ideal structural steel combines high strength with high fracture toughness. This dissertation discusses the toughening mechanism of the Fe/Co/Ni/Cr/Mo/C steel, AerMet 100, which has the highest toughness/strength combination among all commercial ultrahigh strength steels. The possibility of improving the toughness of this steel was examined by considering several relevant factors. Chapter 1 reviews the mechanical properties of ultrahigh strength steels and the physical metallurgy of AerMet 100. It also describes the fracture mechanisms of steel, i.e. ductile microvoid coalescence, brittle transgranular cleavage, and intergranular separation. Chapter 2 examines the strength-toughness relationship for three heats of AerMet 100. A wide variation of toughness is obtained at the same strength level. The toughness varies despite the fact that all heat fracture in the ductile fracture mode. The difference originates from the inclusion content. Lower inclusion volume fraction and larger inclusion spacing gives rise to a greater void growth factor and subsequently a higher fracture toughness. The fracture toughness value, JIc, is proportional to the particle spacing of the large non-metallic inclusions. Chapter 3 examines the ductile-brittle transition of AerMet 100 and the effect of a higher austenitization temperature, using the Charpy V-notch test. The standard heat treatment condition of AerMet 100 shows a gradual ductile-brittle transition due to its fine effective grain size. Austenitization at higher temperature increases the prior austenite grain size and packet size, leading to a steeper transition at a higher temperature. Both transgranular cleavage and intergranular separation are observed in the brittle fracture mode. Chapter 4 examines the effect of inclusion content, prior austenite grain size, and the amount of austenite on the strength-toughness relationship. The highest toughness is achieved by low inclusion content, small prior austenite grain size, and a small content of stable austenite. The low inclusion content increases the strain at the fracture. The reduction in prior austenite grain size prevents the fast unstable crack propagation by cleavage. And the stable austenite decreases the strength of the intergranular separation at the prior austenite grain boundary, which provides the stress relief at the crack tip.

Degradation and crosslinking of perfluoroalkyl polyethers under X-ray irradiation in ultrahigh vacuum

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mori, Shigeyuki; Morales, Wilfredo

1989-01-01

Degradation of three types of commercially available perfluoroalkyl polyethers (PFPE)-Demnum S200, Fomblin Z25, and Krytox 16256-by X-ray irradiation was studied by using X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) and a mass spectrometer under ultra-high-vacuum conditions. The carbons in the polymers were characterized by chemical shifts of Cls binding energies. Gaseous products containing COF2 and low-molecular-weight fluorocarbons were formed. From Fomblin Z25, which has acetal linkages (-OCF2O-), a large quantity of COF2 gas was evolved. Liquid products became tacky after a long irradiation time, and some did not dissolve in Freon. High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed that molecular weight distribution became broader and that higher molecular weight polymers were formed from Demnum and Krytox. We concluded from these results that degradation and cross-linking took place simultaneously. Demnum crosslinked more easily than the other fluids. The time dependence of both XPS spectra of Cls and mass spectra showed that C-O-bonded carbons in PFPE'S were removed faster than other carbons. There was no substrate effect on the degradation reaction because the first-order rate constants calculated from the change of gaseous products were similar when stainless steel (440C) and gold-coated surfaces were used. Metal fluorides were formed on stainless steel during the reaction. A mechanism for the degradation of PFPE'S is discussed on the basis of their molecular structures.

Citrus pectin derived porous carbons as a superior adsorbent toward removal of methylene blue

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhang, Wenlin; Zhang, Lian Ying; Zhao, Xi Juan

An adsorbent, citrus pectin derived porous carbons with ultra-high adsorption capacity, rapid adsorption rate and good reusability toward removal of methylene blue, was synthesized by a facile zinc chloride activation approach in this study. The materials hold a great potential for treatment of dye wastewater. - Graphical abstract: Citrus pectin derived porous carbons with ultra-high adsorption capacity, rapid adsorption rate and good reusability toward methylene blue removal. - Highlights: • Citrus pectin derived porous carbons (CPPCs) were synthesized a facile zinc chloride activation approach. • CPPCs had abundant macro/meso/micropores for trapping MB molecules. • CPPCs exhibited ultrahigh adsorption capacity, rapidmore » adsorption rate and good reusability toward removal of MB.« less

Microstructural, mechanical and tribological investigation of 30CrMnSiNi2A ultra-high strength steel under various tempering temperatures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Arslan Hafeez, Muhammad; Farooq, Ameeq

2018-01-01

The aim of the research was to investigate the variation in microstructural, mechanical and tribological characteristics of 30CrMnSiNi2A ultra-high strength steel as a function of tempering temperatures. Steel was quenched at 880 °C and tempered at five different tempering temperatures ranging from 250 °C to 650 °C. Optical microscopy and pin on disc tribometer was used to evaluate the microstructural and wear properties. Results show that characteristics of 30CrMnSiNi2A are highly sensitive to tempering temperatures. Lathe and plate shaped martensite obtained by quenching transform first into ε-carbide, second cementite, third coarsened and spheroidized cementite and finally into recovered ferrite and austenite. Hardness, tensile and yield strengths decreased while elongation increased with tempering temperatures. On the other hand, wear rate first markedly decreased and then increased. Optimum amalgamation of characteristics was achieved at 350 °C.

Fatigue Properties of the Ultra-High Strength Steel TM210A

PubMed Central

Kang, Xia; Zhao, Gui-ping

2017-01-01

This paper presents the results of an experiment to investigate the high cycle fatigue properties of the ultra-high strength steel TM210A. A constant amplitude rotating bending fatigue experiment was performed at room temperature at stress ratio R = −1. In order to evaluate the notch effect, the fatigue experiment was carried out upon two sets of specimens, smooth and notched, respectively. In the experiment, the rotating bending fatigue life was tested using the group method, and the rotating bending fatigue limit was tested using the staircase method at 1 × 107 cycles. A double weighted least square method was then used to fit the stress-life (S–N) curve. The S–N curves of the two sets of specimens were obtained and the morphologies of the fractures of the two sets of specimens were observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the fatigue limit of the smooth specimen for rotating bending fatigue was 615 MPa; the ratio of the fatigue limit to tensile strength was 0.29, and the cracks initiated at the surface of the smooth specimen; while the fatigue limit of the notched specimen for rotating bending fatigue was 363 MPa, and the cracks initiated at the edge of the notch. The fatigue notch sensitivity index of the ultra-high strength maraging steel TM210A was 0.69. PMID:28891934

Toughening Mechanisms in Ultrahigh-Strength Steels

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-12-01

coherent M2C carbide pre- cipitate with a transformation strain with three unequal eigenstrains in an elastically anisotropic AF1410 steel. The...a coherent ellipsoidal M2C carbide precipitate which has different elastic con- stants from the matrix. The eigenstrain method was used to... eigenstrain method. Here, "inhomogeneous*’ means that the elastic constants inside the precipitate are different from those of the ma- trix, and

Ultra-high field magnets for whole-body MRI

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Warner, Rory

2016-09-01

For whole-body MRI, an ultra-high field (UHF) magnet is currently defined as a system operating at 7 T or above. Over 70 UHF magnets have been built, all with the same technical approach originally developed by Magnex Scientific Ltd. The preferred coil configuration is a compensated solenoid. In this case, the majority of the field is generated by a simple long solenoid that stretches the entire length of the magnet. Additional coils are wound on a separate former outside the main windings with the purpose of balancing the homogeneity. Most of the magnets currently in operation are passively shielded systems where the magnet is surrounded by a steel box of 200-870 tonnes of carbon steel. More recently actively shielded magnets have been built for operation at 7 T; in this case the stray field is controlled by with reverse turns wound on a separate former outside the primary coils. Protection against quench damage is much more complex with an actively shielded magnet design due to the requirement to prevent the stray field from increasing during a quench. In the case of the 7 T 900 magnet this controlled by combining some of the screening coils into each section of the protection circuit. Correction of the field variations caused by manufacturing tolerances and environmental effects are made with a combination of superconducting shims and passive shims. Modern UHF magnets operate in zero boil-off mode with the use of cryocoolers with cooling capacity at 4.2 K. Although there are no cryogen costs associated with normal operation UHF magnets require a significant volume (10 000-20 000 l) of liquid helium for the cool-down. Liquid helium is expensive therefore new methods of cool-down using high-power cryocoolers are being implemented to reduce the requirement.

Sulfur-doped nanoporous carbon spheres with ultrahigh specific surface area and high electrochemical activity for supercapacitor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Simin; Cai, Yijin; Zhao, Xiao; Liang, Yeru; Zheng, Mingtao; Hu, Hang; Dong, Hanwu; Jiang, Sanping; Liu, Yingliang; Xiao, Yong

2017-08-01

Development of facile and scalable synthesis process for the fabrication of nanoporous carbon materials with large specific surface areas, well-defined nanostructure, and high electrochemical activity is critical for the high performance energy storage applications. The key issue is the dedicated balance between the ultrahigh surface area and highly porous but interconnected nanostructure. Here, we demonstrate the fabrication of new sulfur doped nanoporous carbon sphere (S-NCS) with the ultrahigh surface area up to 3357 m2 g-1 via a high-temperature hydrothermal carbonization and subsequent KOH activation process. The as-prepared S-NCS which integrates the advantages of ultrahigh porous structure, well-defined nanospherical and modification of heteroatom displays excellent electrochemical performance. The best performance is obtained on S-NCS prepared by the hydrothermal carbonization of sublimed sulfur and glucose, S-NCS-4, reaching a high specific capacitance (405 F g-1 at a current density of 0.5 A g-1) and outstanding cycle stability. Moreover, the symmetric supercapacitor is assembled by S-NCS-4 displays a superior energy density of 53.5 Wh kg-1 at the power density of 74.2 W kg-1 in 1.0 M LiPF6 EC/DEC. The synthesis method is simple and scalable, providing a new route to prepare highly porous and heteroatom-doped nanoporous carbon spheres for high performance energy storage applications.

Ultra-high density aligned Carbon-nanotube with controled nano-morphology for supercapacitors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ghaffari, Mehdi; Zhao, Ran; Liu, Yang; Zhou, Yue; Cheng, Jiping; Guzman de Villoria, Roberto; Wardle, B. L.; Zhang, Q. M.

2012-02-01

Recent advances in fabricating controlled-morphology vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VA-CNTs) with ultrahigh volume fractioncreate unique opportunities for developing unconventional supercapacitors with ultra-high energy density, power density, and long charge/discharge cycle life.Continuous paths through inter-VA-CNT channels allow fast ion transport, and high electrical conduction of the aligned CNTs in the composite electrodes lead to fast discharge speed. We investigate the charge-discharge characteristics of VA-CNTs with >20 vol% of CNT and ionic liquids as electrolytes. By employing both the electric and electromechanical spectroscopes, as well as nanostructured materials characterization, the ion transport and storage behaviors in porous electrodes are studied. The results suggest pathways for optimizing the electrode morphology in supercapacitorsusing ultra-high volume fraction VA-CNTs to further enhance performance.

Hydrogen Environment Assisted Cracking of Modern Ultra-High Strength Martensitic Steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pioszak, Greger L.; Gangloff, Richard P.

2017-09-01

Martensitic steels (Aermet®100, Ferrium®M54™, Ferrium®S53®, and experimental CrNiMoWV at ultra-high yield strength of 1550 to 1725 MPa) similarly resist hydrogen environment assisted cracking (HEAC) in aqueous NaCl. Cracking is transgranular, ascribed to increased steel purity and rare earth addition compared to intergranular HEAC in highly susceptible 300M. Nano-scale precipitates ((Mo,Cr)2C and (W,V)C) reduce H diffusivity and the K-independent Stage II growth rate by 2 to 3 orders of magnitude compared to 300M. However, threshold K TH is similarly low (8 to 15 MPa√m) for each steel at highly cathodic and open circuit potentials. Transgranular HEAC likely occurs along martensite packet and {110}α'-block interfaces, speculatively governed by localized plasticity and H decohesion. Martensitic transformation produces coincident site lattice interfaces; however, a connected random boundary network persists in 3D to negate interface engineering. The modern steels are near-immune to HEAC when mildly cathodically polarized, attributed to minimal crack tip H production and uptake. Neither reduced Co and Ni in M54 and CrNiMoWV nor increased Cr in S53 broadly degrade HEAC resistance compared to baseline AM100. The latter suggests that crack passivity dominates acidification to widen the polarization window for HEAC resistance. Decohesion models predict the applied potential dependencies of K TH and d a/d t II with a single-adjustable parameter, affirming the importance of steel purity and trap sensitive H diffusivity.

46 CFR 59.20-1 - Carbon-steel or alloy-steel castings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... BOILERS, PRESSURE VESSELS AND APPURTENANCES Welding Repairs to Castings § 59.20-1 Carbon-steel or alloy-steel castings. Defects in carbon-steel or alloy-steel castings may be repaired by welding. The repairs...

46 CFR 59.20-1 - Carbon-steel or alloy-steel castings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... BOILERS, PRESSURE VESSELS AND APPURTENANCES Welding Repairs to Castings § 59.20-1 Carbon-steel or alloy-steel castings. Defects in carbon-steel or alloy-steel castings may be repaired by welding. The repairs...

46 CFR 59.20-1 - Carbon-steel or alloy-steel castings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... BOILERS, PRESSURE VESSELS AND APPURTENANCES Welding Repairs to Castings § 59.20-1 Carbon-steel or alloy-steel castings. Defects in carbon-steel or alloy-steel castings may be repaired by welding. The repairs...

46 CFR 59.20-1 - Carbon-steel or alloy-steel castings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... BOILERS, PRESSURE VESSELS AND APPURTENANCES Welding Repairs to Castings § 59.20-1 Carbon-steel or alloy-steel castings. Defects in carbon-steel or alloy-steel castings may be repaired by welding. The repairs...

46 CFR 59.20-1 - Carbon-steel or alloy-steel castings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... BOILERS, PRESSURE VESSELS AND APPURTENANCES Welding Repairs to Castings § 59.20-1 Carbon-steel or alloy-steel castings. Defects in carbon-steel or alloy-steel castings may be repaired by welding. The repairs...

Metallurgy: A compilation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1973-01-01

A technology utilization program is presented for the dissemination of information on technological developments which have potential utility outside the aerospace and nuclear communities. Discussion is restricted to the effects of hydrogen on a variety of metal alloys, and the mechanical properties of some recently developed alloys. Hydrogen at both low and high pressure is shown to have adverse effects on alloys such as ultrahigh-strength steels, irradiated steels, columbium, inconel alloys, titanium alloys, and certain stainless steels. The mechanical and physical properties of a wide range of alloys, their performance at elevated temperatures, and some of the processes involved in their development are also considered.

75 FR 69626 - Certain Welded Carbon Steel Standard Pipes and Tubes From India: Final Results of Antidumping...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-15

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-533-502] Certain Welded Carbon Steel... order on certain welded carbon steel standard pipes and tubes from India. The period of review is May 1... carbon steel standard pipes and tubes from India. See Certain Welded Carbon Steel Standard Pipes and...

Hierarchical porous carbon materials prepared using nano-ZnO as a template and activation agent for ultrahigh power supercapacitors.

PubMed

Wang, Haoran; Yu, Shukai; Xu, Bin

2016-09-20

Hierarchical porous carbon materials with high surface areas and a localized graphitic structure were simply prepared from sucrose using nano-ZnO as a hard template, activation agent and graphitization catalyst simultaneously, which exhibit an outstanding high-rate performance and can endure an ultrafast scan rate of 20 V s -1 and ultrahigh current density of 1000 A g -1 .

Carbon transfer from magnesia-graphite ladle refractories to ultra-low carbon steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Russo, Andrew Arthur

Ultra-low carbon steels are utilized in processes which require maximum ductility. Increases in interstitial carbon lower the ductility of steel; therefore, it is important to examine possible sources of carbon. The refractory ladle lining is one such source. Ladle refractories often contain graphite for its desirable thermal shock and slag corrosion resistance. This graphite is a possible source of carbon increase in ultra-low carbon steels. The goal of this research is to understand and evaluate the mechanisms by which carbon transfers to ultra-low carbon steel from magnesia-graphite ladle refractory. Laboratory dip tests were performed in a vacuum induction furnace under an argon atmosphere to investigate these mechanisms. Commercial ladle refractories with carbon contents between 4-12 wt% were used to investigate the effect of refractory carbon content. Slag-free dip tests and slag-containing dip tests with varying MgO concentrations were performed to investigate the influence of slag. Carbon transfer to the steel was controlled by steel penetrating into the refractory and dissolving carbon in dip tests where no slag was present. The rate limiting step for this mechanism is convective mass transport of carbon into the bulk steel. No detectable carbon transfer occurred in dip tests with 4 and 6 wt%C refractories without slag because no significant steel penetration occurred. Carbon transfer was controlled by the corrosion of refractory by slag in dip tests where slag was present.

Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Applying Tip-bottomed Tool for Bending Advanced Ultra-high Strength Steel Sheet

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mitsomwang, Pusit; Borrisutthekul, Rattana; Klaiw-awoot, Ken; Pattalung, Aran

2017-09-01

This research was carried out aiming to investigate the application of a tip-bottomed tool for bending an advanced ultra-high strength steel sheet. The V-die bending experiment of a dual phase steel (DP980) sheet which had a thickness of 1.6 mm was executed using a conventional bending and a tip-bottomed punches. Experimental results revealed that the springback of the bent worksheet in the case of the tip-bottomed punch was less than that of the conventional punch case. To further discuss bending characteristics, a finite element (FE) model was developed and used to simulate the bending of the worksheet. From the FE analysis, it was found that the application of the tip-bottomed punch contributed the plastic deformation to occur at the bending region. Consequently, the springback of the worksheet reduced. In addition, the width of the punch tip was found to affect the deformation at the bending region and determined the springback of the bent worksheet. Moreover, the use of the tip-bottomed punch resulted in the apparent increase of the surface hardness of the bent worksheet, compared to the bending with the conventional punch.

Critical Issues in Hydrogen Assisted Cracking of Structural Alloys

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-01-01

does not precipitate ? Does the HEAC mechanism explain environment-assisted (stress corrosion ) crack growth in high strength alloys stressed in moist...superalloys were cracked in high pressure (100-200 M~a) H2, while maraging and tempered-martensitic steels were cracked in low pressure (-100 kPa) H2...of IRAC in ultra-high strength AerMet®l00 steel demonstrates the role of crack tip stress in promoting H accumulation and embrittlement. The cracking

Porous carbon with a large surface area and an ultrahigh carbon purity via templating carbonization coupling with KOH activation as excellent supercapacitor electrode materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sun, Fei; Gao, Jihui; Liu, Xin; Pi, Xinxin; Yang, Yuqi; Wu, Shaohua

2016-11-01

Large surface area and good structural stability, for porous carbons, are two crucial requirements to enable the constructed supercapacitors with high capacitance and long cycling lifespan. Herein, we successfully prepare porous carbon with a large surface area (3175 m2 g-1) and an ultrahigh carbon purity (carbon atom ratio of 98.25%) via templating carbonization coupling with KOH activation. As-synthesized MTC-KOH exhibits excellent performances as supercapacitor electrode materials in terms of high specific capacitance and ultrahigh cycling stability. In a three electrode system, MTC-KOH delivers a high capacitance of 275 F g-1 at 0.5 A g-1 and still 120 F g-1 at a high rate of 30 A g-1. There is almost no capacitance decay even after 10,000 cycles, demonstrating outstanding cycling stability. In comparison, pre-activated MTC with a hierarchical pore structure shows a better rate capability than microporous MTC-KOH. Moreover, the constructed symmetric supercapacitor using MTC-KOH can achieve high energy densities of 8.68 Wh kg-1 and 4.03 Wh kg-1 with the corresponding power densities of 108 W kg-1 and 6.49 kW kg-1, respectively. Our work provides a simple design strategy to prepare highly porous carbons with high carbon purity for supercapacitors application.

78 FR 60316 - Carbon and Certain Alloy Steel Wire Rod From Brazil, Indonesia, Mexico, Moldova, Trinidad and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-10-01

... (Second Review)] Carbon and Certain Alloy Steel Wire Rod From Brazil, Indonesia, Mexico, Moldova, Trinidad... certain alloy steel wire rod from Brazil and antidumping duty orders on carbon and certain alloy steel... reviews of the antidumping duty order on carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod from Mexico. The...

Design of Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics for Improved Performance

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-02-28

e.g., grain boundary chemistry or change in impurity concentrations) or physical (e.g., residual stress) effects. 600 co 500 a. oi400 c CD i...SA037 Effects of oxygen content on the properties of supcr-high-teiiiperature resistant Si-AI- C fibers D.f. Zhao (National University of Defense...of Technology, China) 15:05 S A034 Oxyacetylene ablation behavior of carbon fibers reinforced carbon matrix and ultra-high temperature

77 FR 41374 - Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products From India: Notice of Court Decision Not in Harmony...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-13

... 14, 2011) (opinion on final results) (U.S. Steel Corp. I); Certain Hot- Rolled Carbon Steel Flat... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-533-820] Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon...-rolled carbon steel flat products from India. See U.S. Steel Corp. v. United States, No. 08-00216, 2012...

Duplex Heterogeneous Nucleation Behavior of Precipitates in C-Mn Steel Containing Sn

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sun, Guilin; Tao, Sufen

2018-04-01

The two successive heterogeneous nucleation behaviors of FeSn2-MnS-Al2O3 complex precipitates in ultrahigh Sn-bearing steel were investigated. First, Al2O3 was the nucleation site of the MnS at the end of solidification. Then, FeSn2 nucleated heterogeneously on the MnS particles that nucleated on the Al2O3 particles. The formation sequence of the precipitated phase caused the duplex heterogeneous nucleation to occur consecutively at most twice.

48 CFR 252.225-7030 - Restriction on Acquisition of Carbon, Alloy, and Armor Steel Plate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... of Carbon, Alloy, and Armor Steel Plate. 252.225-7030 Section 252.225-7030 Federal Acquisition... Acquisition of Carbon, Alloy, and Armor Steel Plate. As prescribed in 225.7011-3, use the following clause: Restriction on Acquisition of Carbon, Alloy, and Armor Steel Plate (DEC 2006) (a) Carbon, alloy, and armor...

48 CFR 252.225-7030 - Restriction on Acquisition of Carbon, Alloy, and Armor Steel Plate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... of Carbon, Alloy, and Armor Steel Plate. 252.225-7030 Section 252.225-7030 Federal Acquisition... Acquisition of Carbon, Alloy, and Armor Steel Plate. As prescribed in 225.7011-3, use the following clause: Restriction on Acquisition of Carbon, Alloy, and Armor Steel Plate (DEC 2006) (a) Carbon, alloy, and armor...

48 CFR 252.225-7030 - Restriction on Acquisition of Carbon, Alloy, and Armor Steel Plate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... of Carbon, Alloy, and Armor Steel Plate. 252.225-7030 Section 252.225-7030 Federal Acquisition... Acquisition of Carbon, Alloy, and Armor Steel Plate. As prescribed in 225.7011-3, use the following clause: Restriction on Acquisition of Carbon, Alloy, and Armor Steel Plate (DEC 2006) (a) Carbon, alloy, and armor...

48 CFR 252.225-7030 - Restriction on Acquisition of Carbon, Alloy, and Armor Steel Plate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... of Carbon, Alloy, and Armor Steel Plate. 252.225-7030 Section 252.225-7030 Federal Acquisition... Acquisition of Carbon, Alloy, and Armor Steel Plate. As prescribed in 225.7011-3, use the following clause: Restriction on Acquisition of Carbon, Alloy, and Armor Steel Plate (DEC 2006) (a) Carbon, alloy, and armor...

48 CFR 252.225-7030 - Restriction on Acquisition of Carbon, Alloy, and Armor Steel Plate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... of Carbon, Alloy, and Armor Steel Plate. 252.225-7030 Section 252.225-7030 Federal Acquisition... Acquisition of Carbon, Alloy, and Armor Steel Plate. As prescribed in 225.7011-3, use the following clause: Restriction on Acquisition of Carbon, Alloy, and Armor Steel Plate (DEC 2006) (a) Carbon, alloy, and armor...

Effect of sterilization irradiation on friction and wear of ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jones, W. R., Jr.; Hady, W. F.; Crugnola, A.

1979-01-01

The effect of sterilization gamma irradiation on the friction and wear properties of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) sliding against 316L stainless steel in dry air at 23 C was determined. A pin-on-disk apparatus was used. Experimental conditions included a 1-kilogram load, a 0.061- to 0.27-meter-per-second sliding velocity, and a 32000- to 578000-meter sliding distance. Although sterilization doses of 2.5 and 5.0 megarads greatly altered the average molecular weight and the molecular weight distribution, the friction and wear properties of the polymer were not significantly changed.

High-Strength Composite Fabric Tested at Structural Benchmark Test Facility

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Krause, David L.

2002-01-01

Large sheets of ultrahigh strength fabric were put to the test at NASA Glenn Research Center's Structural Benchmark Test Facility. The material was stretched like a snare drum head until the last ounce of strength was reached, when it burst with a cacophonous release of tension. Along the way, the 3-ft square samples were also pulled, warped, tweaked, pinched, and yanked to predict the material's physical reactions to the many loads that it will experience during its proposed use. The material tested was a unique multi-ply composite fabric, reinforced with fibers that had a tensile strength eight times that of common carbon steel. The fiber plies were oriented at 0 and 90 to provide great membrane stiffness, as well as oriented at 45 to provide an unusually high resistance to shear distortion. The fabric's heritage is in astronaut space suits and other NASA programs.

Tribological behaviors of UHMWPE composites with different counter surface morphologies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Yanzhen; Yin, Zhongwei; Li, Hulin; Gao, Gengyuan

2017-12-01

The influence of counter surface morphologies on hybrid glass fiber (GF) and carbon fiber (CF) filled ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) were studied under various contact pressure and sliding speed against GCr15 steel in dry condition. The goals were to investigate the tribological behavior of GF/CF/UHMWPE composite as a kind of water lubricated journal bearing material. The friction and wear behavior of composites were examined using a pin-on-disc tribometer. The morphologies of the worn surface were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and laser 3D micro-imaging and profile measurement. Generally, the wear rate and friction coefficient of composites increase as the increment of counter surface roughness. The friction coefficient increases firstly and then decrease with an increase in sliding speed and contact pressure for counterface with Ra=0.2 and 3.5 μm, while the friction coefficient decreased for counterface with Ra=0.6 μm.

75 FR 62366 - Circular Welded Carbon Steel Pipes and Tubes From Taiwan: Final Results of Antidumping Duty...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-10-08

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-583-008] Circular Welded Carbon Steel... antidumping duty order on circular welded carbon steel pipes and tubes from Taiwan. See Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review: Circular Welded Carbon Steel [[Page 62367

Degassing procedure for ultrahigh vacuum

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Moore, B. C.

1979-01-01

Calculations based on diffusion coefficients and degassing rates for stainless-steel vacuum chambers indicate that baking at lower temperatures for longer periods give lower ultimate pressures than rapid baking at high temperatures. Process could reduce pressures in chambers for particle accelerators, fusion reactors, material research, and other applications.

Microbial-Influenced Corrosion of Corten Steel Compared with Carbon Steel and Stainless Steel in Oily Wastewater by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mansouri, Hamidreza; Alavi, Seyed Abolhasan; Fotovat, Meysam

2015-07-01

The microbial corrosion behavior of three important steels (carbon steel, stainless steel, and Corten steel) was investigated in semi petroleum medium. This work was done in modified nutrient broth (2 g nutrient broth in 1 L oily wastewater) in the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and mixed culture (as a biotic media) and an abiotic medium for 2 weeks. The behavior of corrosion was analyzed by spectrophotometric and electrochemical methods and at the end was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the degree of corrosion of Corten steel in mixed culture, unlike carbon steel and stainless steel, is less than P. aeruginosa inoculated medium because some bacteria affect Corten steel less than other steels. According to the experiments, carbon steel had less resistance than Corten steel and stainless steel. Furthermore, biofilm inhibits separated particles of those steels to spread to the medium; in other words, particles get trapped between biofilm and steel.

75 FR 69052 - Certain Seamless Carbon and Alloy Steel Standard, Line, and Pressure Pipe From the People's...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-10

... seamless carbon and alloy steel standard, line, and pressure pipe (``seamless pipe'') from the People's... seamless pipe from the PRC. See Certain Seamless Carbon and Alloy Steel Standard, Line, and Pressure Pipe..., and its negative determination of critical circumstances. See Certain Seamless Carbon and Alloy Steel...

77 FR 24221 - Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products From Germany and Korea; Notice of Commission...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-23

...)] Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products From Germany and Korea; Notice of Commission Determinations... countervailing duty order on corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products from Korea and the antidumping duty orders on corrosion- resistant carbon steel flat products from Germany and Korea would be likely to lead...

78 FR 15376 - Determinations: Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products From Germany and Korea

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-11

...)] Determinations: Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products From Germany and Korea On the basis of the record... revocation of the countervailing duty order on corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products from Korea and the antidumping duty orders on corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products from Germany and Korea...

75 FR 19369 - Certain Hot-Rolled Flat-Rolled Carbon Quality Steel Products from Brazil: Preliminary Results of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-14

...-Rolled Carbon Quality Steel Products from Brazil: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative... duty order on certain hot-rolled flat-rolled carbon quality steel products (hot-rolled steel) from... 1, 2008, through February 28, 2009. We preliminarily determine that the sale of hot-rolled steel...

Influence of carbon steel grade on the initial attachment of bacteria and microbiologically influenced corrosion.

PubMed

Javed, M A; Neil, W C; Stoddart, P R; Wade, S A

2016-01-01

The influence of the composition and microstructure of different carbon steel grades on the initial attachment (≤ 60 min) of Escherichia coli and subsequent longer term (28 days) corrosion was investigated. The initial bacterial attachment increased with time on all grades of carbon steel. However, the rate and magnitude of bacterial attachment varied on the different steel grades and was significantly less on the steels with a higher pearlite phase content. The observed variations in the number of bacterial cells attached across different steel grades were significantly reduced by applying a fixed potential to the steel samples. Longer term immersion studies showed similar levels of biofilm formation on the surface of the different grades of carbon steel. The measured corrosion rates were significantly higher in biotic conditions compared to abiotic conditions and were found to be positively correlated with the pearlite phase content of the different grades of carbon steel coupons.

75 FR 13255 - Certain Seamless Carbon and Alloy Steel Standard, Line, and Pressure Pipe from the People's...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-19

... seamless carbon and alloy steel standard, line, and pressure pipe (``seamless pipe'') from the People's... countervailing duty investigations of seamless pipe from the PRC. See Certain Seamless Carbon and Alloy Steel... Investigation, 74 FR 52744 (October 14, 2009) and Certain Seamless Carbon and Alloy Steel Standard, Line, and...

76 FR 66893 - Certain Circular Welded Carbon Steel Pipes and Tubes From India, Thailand, and Turkey; Final...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-28

...] Certain Circular Welded Carbon Steel Pipes and Tubes From India, Thailand, and Turkey; Final Results of... circular welded carbon steel pipes and tubes from India, Thailand, and Turkey, pursuant to section 751(c..., Thailand, and Turkey. See Antidumping Duty Order; Certain Welded Carbon Steel Standard Pipes and Tubes from...

76 FR 8772 - Cut-to-Length Carbon Steel Plate From India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan and Korea

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-15

... Review)] Cut-to-Length Carbon Steel Plate From India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan and Korea AGENCY: United...-year reviews concerning the countervailing duty orders on cut-to-length carbon steel plate from India, Indonesia, Italy, and Korea and the antidumping duty orders on cut-to-length carbon steel plate from India...

75 FR 64246 - Certain Hot-Rolled Flat-Rolled Carbon-Quality Steel Products From Brazil: Correction to Notice of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-10-19

...-Rolled Carbon-Quality Steel Products From Brazil: Correction to Notice of Antidumping Duty Order AGENCY... certain hot-rolled flat-rolled carbon-quality steel products from Brazil. See Antidumping Duty Order: Certain Hot-Rolled Flat-Rolled Carbon-Quality Steel Products From Brazil, 67 FR 11093 (March 12, 2002...

77 FR 263 - Certain Cut-To-Length Carbon-Quality Steel Plate From Italy and Japan: Revocation of Antidumping...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-01-04

...] Certain Cut-To-Length Carbon-Quality Steel Plate From Italy and Japan: Revocation of Antidumping and...'') that revocation of the antidumping duty (``AD'') orders on certain cut-to-length carbon-quality steel... rates likely to prevail were the orders revoked. See Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon- Quality Steel Plate...

76 FR 12702 - Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon-Quality Steel Plate From India, Indonesia, Italy, and the Republic...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-08

...-837] Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon-Quality Steel Plate From India, Indonesia, Italy, and the Republic...-to-length carbon-quality steel plate from India, Indonesia, Italy, and the Republic of Korea (``Korea...-length carbon-quality steel plate from India, Indonesia, Italy, and Korea pursuant to section 751(c) of...

78 FR 76653 - Carbon and Certain Alloy Steel Wire Rod From Brazil, Indonesia, Mexico, Moldova, Trinidad and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-12-18

... 962 (Second Review)] Carbon and Certain Alloy Steel Wire Rod From Brazil, Indonesia, Mexico, Moldova... orders on carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod from Brazil, Indonesia, Mexico, Moldova, Trinidad and... carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod from Brazil, Indonesia, Mexico, Moldova, Trinidad and Tobago, and...

76 FR 76939 - Certain Welded Carbon Steel Pipe and Tube From Turkey: Notice of Final Results of Antidumping...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-09

... Pipe and Tube From Turkey: Notice of Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review AGENCY... antidumping duty administrative review of certain welded carbon steel pipe and tube from Turkey. The... carbon steel pipe and tube from Turkey. See Certain Welded Carbon Steel Pipe and Tube from Turkey; Notice...

Mechanical properties of Fe -10Ni -7Mn martensitic steel subjected to severe plastic deformation via cold rolling and wire drawing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ghasemi-Nanesa, H.; Nili-Ahmadabadi, M.; Shirazi, H.

2010-07-01

Fe-Ni-Mn martensitic steels are one of the major groups of ultra-high strength steels that have good mechanical properties and ductility in as annealed condition but they suffer from severe inter-granular embitterment after aging. In this paper, the effect of heavy shaped cold rolling and wire drawing on the mechanical properties of Fe-Ni-Mn steel was investigated. This process could provide a large strain deformation in this alloy. The total strain was epsilon ~7. Aging behavior and tensile properties of Fe-10Ni-7Mn were studied after aging at 753 K. The results showed that the ultimate tensile strength and ductility after cold rolling, wire drawing and aging increased up to 2540 MPa and 7.1 %, respectively, while the conventional steels show a premature fracture stress of 830 MPa with about zero ductility after aging.

Rolling contact fatigue of low hardness steel for slewing ring application

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Knuth, Jason A.

This thesis discusses the rolling contact fatigue of steel utilized in anti-friction bearings, also referred to as slewing bearings. These slewing bearings are utilized in cranes, excavators, wind turbines and other similar applications. Five materials composed of two different material types were tested. The two material types were high carbon steel and medium carbon alloy steel. The test specimens were processed from forged rolled rings. Two machines were evaluated a ZF-RCF and 3-Ball test machine. The evaluation was to determine which machine can best simulate the application in which the slewing bearing is utilized. Initially, each specimen will be pretested to determine the appropriate testing direction from within the forged rolled rings. Pretesting is needed in order to establish consistent failure modes between samples. The primary goal of the test is to understand the life differences and failure modes between high carbon steel and medium carbon alloy steel. The high carbon steel ring was cut into two sections, one of which was stress relieved and the other was quenched and tempered. The medium carbon alloy steel was cut into three sections, all of which were quenched and tempered to different hardness levels. The test program was dynamically adjusted based upon the previous sample's life and load. An S-N curve was then established from the 5 materials tested at two target loads. The samples were run until the first sign of a crack was detected by an eddy current. At the completion of the rolling contact test, select sample's microstructure was evaluated for crack initiation location. The selected samples were divided into four groups which represent different maximum shear stress levels. These samples displayed indications of material deformation in which the high carbon steel experienced an increased amount of cold work when compared to medium carbon alloy steel. The life of the high carbon steel was nearly equivalent to the expected life of the medium carbon alloy. The work hardening of the high carbon steel increased the surface hardness that exceeded the medium carbon alloy steel surface hardness.

A Fine Grain, High Mn Steel with Excellent Cryogenic Temperature Properties and Corresponding Constitutive Behaviour

PubMed Central

Wang, Yuhui; Shi, Baodong; He, Yanming; Zhang, Hongwang; Peng, Yan

2018-01-01

A Fe-34.5 wt % Mn-0.04 wt % C ultra-high Mn steel with a fully recrystallised fine-grained structure was produced by cold rolling and subsequent annealing. The steel exhibited excellent cryogenic temperature properties with enhanced work hardening rate, high tensile strength, and high uniform elongation. In order to capture the unique mechanical behaviour, a constitutive model within finite strain plasticity framework based on Hill-type yield function was established with standard Armstrong-Frederick type isotropic hardening. In particular, the evolution of isotropic hardening was determined by the content of martensite; thus, a relationship between model parameters and martensite content is built explicitly. PMID:29414840

Steel slag carbonation in a flow-through reactor system: the role of fluid-flux.

PubMed

Berryman, Eleanor J; Williams-Jones, Anthony E; Migdisov, Artashes A

2015-01-01

Steel production is currently the largest industrial source of atmospheric CO2. As annual steel production continues to grow, the need for effective methods of reducing its carbon footprint increases correspondingly. The carbonation of the calcium-bearing phases in steel slag generated during basic oxygen furnace (BOF) steel production, in particular its major constituent, larnite {Ca2SiO4}, which is a structural analogue of olivine {(MgFe)2SiO4}, the main mineral subjected to natural carbonation in peridotites, offers the potential to offset some of these emissions. However, the controls on the nature and efficiency of steel slag carbonation are yet to be completely understood. Experiments were conducted exposing steel slag grains to a CO2-H2O mixture in both batch and flow-through reactors to investigate the impact of temperature, fluid flux, and reaction gradient on the dissolution and carbonation of steel slag. The results of these experiments show that dissolution and carbonation of BOF steel slag are more efficient in a flow-through reactor than in the batch reactors used in most previous studies. Moreover, they show that fluid flux needs to be optimized in addition to grain size, pressure, and temperature, in order to maximize the efficiency of carbonation. Based on these results, a two-stage reactor consisting of a high and a low fluid-flux chamber is proposed for CO2 sequestration by steel slag carbonation, allowing dissolution of the slag and precipitation of calcium carbonate to occur within a single flow-through system. Copyright © 2014. Published by Elsevier B.V.

77 FR 48965 - Certain Carbon Steel Butt-Weld Pipe Fittings From the People's Republic of China: Notice of Court...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-08-15

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-570-814] Certain Carbon Steel Butt... scope of the Order \\1\\ as excluding carbon steel butt-weld pipe fittings from the People's Republic of... Carbon Steel Butt-Weld Pipe Fittings From the People's Republic of China, 57 FR 29702 (July 6, 1992...

77 FR 64468 - Circular Welded Carbon-Quality Steel Pipe From India: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-10-22

...-Quality Steel Pipe From India: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination AGENCY: Import... exporters of circular welded carbon-quality steel pipe (``circular welded pipe'') from India. For... determination.\\1\\ \\1\\ See Circular Welded Carbon-Quality Steel Pipe From India: Preliminary Affirmative...

76 FR 22868 - Certain Hot-Rolled Flat-Rolled Carbon-Quality Steel Products From Brazil: Final Results of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-25

...-Rolled Carbon-Quality Steel Products From Brazil: Final Results of Countervailing Duty Administrative... administrative review of the countervailing duty order on certain hot-rolled flat-rolled carbon- quality steel...-Quality Steel Products From Brazil: Preliminary Results of Countervailing Duty Administrative Review, 75...

Use of Carbon Steel for Construction of Post-combustion CO 2 Capture Facilities: A Pilot-Scale Corrosion Study

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Li, Wei; Landon, James; Irvin, Bradley

Corrosion studies were carried out on metal coated and noncoated carbon steel as well as stainless steel in a pilot-scale post-combustion CO 2 capture process. Aqueous 30 wt % monoethanolamine (MEA) solvent was used without any chemical additive for antioxidation to examine a worst-case scenario where corrosion is not mitigated. The corrosion rate of all carbon steels was almost zero in the absorber column and CO 2 lean amine piping except for Ni-coated carbon steel (<1.8 mm/yr). Ni 2Al 3/Al 2O 3 precoated carbon steels showed initial protection but lost their integrity in the stripping column and CO 2 richmore » amine piping, and severe corrosion was eventually observed for all carbon steels at these two locations. Stainless steel was found to be stable and corrosion resistant in all of the sampling locations throughout the experiment. This study provides an initial framework for the use of carbon steel as a potential construction material for process units with relatively mild operating conditions (temperature less than 80 °C), such as the absorber and CO 2 lean amine piping of a post-combustion CO 2 capture process. As a result, it also warrants further investigation of using carbon steel with more effective corrosion mitigation strategies for process units where harsh environments are expected (such as temperatures greater than 100 °C).« less

Use of Carbon Steel for Construction of Post-combustion CO 2 Capture Facilities: A Pilot-Scale Corrosion Study

DOE PAGES

Li, Wei; Landon, James; Irvin, Bradley; ...

2017-04-13

Corrosion studies were carried out on metal coated and noncoated carbon steel as well as stainless steel in a pilot-scale post-combustion CO 2 capture process. Aqueous 30 wt % monoethanolamine (MEA) solvent was used without any chemical additive for antioxidation to examine a worst-case scenario where corrosion is not mitigated. The corrosion rate of all carbon steels was almost zero in the absorber column and CO 2 lean amine piping except for Ni-coated carbon steel (<1.8 mm/yr). Ni 2Al 3/Al 2O 3 precoated carbon steels showed initial protection but lost their integrity in the stripping column and CO 2 richmore » amine piping, and severe corrosion was eventually observed for all carbon steels at these two locations. Stainless steel was found to be stable and corrosion resistant in all of the sampling locations throughout the experiment. This study provides an initial framework for the use of carbon steel as a potential construction material for process units with relatively mild operating conditions (temperature less than 80 °C), such as the absorber and CO 2 lean amine piping of a post-combustion CO 2 capture process. As a result, it also warrants further investigation of using carbon steel with more effective corrosion mitigation strategies for process units where harsh environments are expected (such as temperatures greater than 100 °C).« less

Facile synthesis of ultrahigh-surface-area hollow carbon nanospheres for enhanced adsorption and energy storage

PubMed Central

Xu, Fei; Tang, Zhiwei; Huang, Siqi; Chen, Luyi; Liang, Yeru; Mai, Weicong; Zhong, Hui; Fu, Ruowen; Wu, Dingcai

2015-01-01

Exceptionally large surface area and well-defined nanostructure are both critical in the field of nanoporous carbons for challenging energy and environmental issues. The pursuit of ultrahigh surface area while maintaining definite nanostructure remains a formidable challenge because extensive creation of pores will undoubtedly give rise to the damage of nanostructures, especially below 100 nm. Here we report that high surface area of up to 3,022 m2 g−1 can be achieved for hollow carbon nanospheres with an outer diameter of 69 nm by a simple carbonization procedure with carefully selected carbon precursors and carbonization conditions. The tailor-made pore structure of hollow carbon nanospheres enables target-oriented applications, as exemplified by their enhanced adsorption capability towards organic vapours, and electrochemical performances as electrodes for supercapacitors and sulphur host materials for lithium–sulphur batteries. The facile approach may open the doors for preparation of highly porous carbons with desired nanostructure for numerous applications. PMID:26072734

Extracellular Electron Transfer Is a Bottleneck in the Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion of C1018 Carbon Steel by the Biofilm of Sulfate-Reducing Bacterium Desulfovibrio vulgaris.

PubMed

Li, Huabing; Xu, Dake; Li, Yingchao; Feng, Hao; Liu, Zhiyong; Li, Xiaogang; Gu, Tingyue; Yang, Ke

2015-01-01

Carbon steels are widely used in the oil and gas industry from downhole tubing to transport trunk lines. Microbes form biofilms, some of which cause the so-called microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) of carbon steels. MIC by sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) is often a leading cause in MIC failures. Electrogenic SRB sessile cells harvest extracellular electrons from elemental iron oxidation for energy production in their metabolism. A previous study suggested that electron mediators riboflavin and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) both accelerated the MIC of 304 stainless steel by the Desulfovibrio vulgaris biofilm that is a corrosive SRB biofilm. Compared with stainless steels, carbon steels are usually far more prone to SRB attacks because SRB biofilms form much denser biofilms on carbon steel surfaces with a sessile cell density that is two orders of magnitude higher. In this work, C1018 carbon steel coupons were used in tests of MIC by D. vulgaris with and without an electron mediator. Experimental weight loss and pit depth data conclusively confirmed that both riboflavin and FAD were able to accelerate D. vulgaris attack against the carbon steel considerably. It has important implications in MIC failure analysis and MIC mitigation in the oil and gas industry.

Extracellular Electron Transfer Is a Bottleneck in the Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion of C1018 Carbon Steel by the Biofilm of Sulfate-Reducing Bacterium Desulfovibrio vulgaris

PubMed Central

Li, Yingchao; Feng, Hao; Liu, Zhiyong; Li, Xiaogang; Gu, Tingyue; Yang, Ke

2015-01-01

Carbon steels are widely used in the oil and gas industry from downhole tubing to transport trunk lines. Microbes form biofilms, some of which cause the so-called microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) of carbon steels. MIC by sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) is often a leading cause in MIC failures. Electrogenic SRB sessile cells harvest extracellular electrons from elemental iron oxidation for energy production in their metabolism. A previous study suggested that electron mediators riboflavin and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) both accelerated the MIC of 304 stainless steel by the Desulfovibrio vulgaris biofilm that is a corrosive SRB biofilm. Compared with stainless steels, carbon steels are usually far more prone to SRB attacks because SRB biofilms form much denser biofilms on carbon steel surfaces with a sessile cell density that is two orders of magnitude higher. In this work, C1018 carbon steel coupons were used in tests of MIC by D. vulgaris with and without an electron mediator. Experimental weight loss and pit depth data conclusively confirmed that both riboflavin and FAD were able to accelerate D. vulgaris attack against the carbon steel considerably. It has important implications in MIC failure analysis and MIC mitigation in the oil and gas industry. PMID:26308855

Evaluation of Vapor Pressure and Ultra-High Vacuum Tribological Properties of Ionic Liquids (2) Mixtures and Additives

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Morales, Wilfredo; Koch, Victor R.; Street, Kenneth W., Jr.; Richard, Ryan M.

2008-01-01

Ionic liquids are salts, many of which are typically viscous fluids at room temperature. The fluids are characterized by negligible vapor pressures under ambient conditions. These properties have led us to study the effectiveness of ionic liquids containing both organic cations and anions for use as space lubricants. In the previous paper we have measured the vapor pressure and some tribological properties of two distinct ionic liquids under simulated space conditions. In this paper we will present vapor pressure measurements for two new ionic liquids and friction coefficient data for boundary lubrication conditions in a spiral orbit tribometer using stainless steel tribocouples. In addition we present the first tribological data on mixed ionic liquids and an ionic liquid additive. Post mortem infrared and Raman analysis of the balls and races indicates the major degradation pathway for these two organic ionic liquids is similar to those of other carbon based lubricants, i.e. deterioration of the organic structure into amorphous graphitic carbon. The coefficients of friction and lifetimes of these lubricants are comparable to or exceed these properties for several commonly used space oils.

The composite capacitive behaviors of the N and S dual doped ordered mesoporous carbon with ultrahigh doping level

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Deyi; Lei, Longyan; Shang, Yonghua; Wang, Kunjie; Wang, Yi

2016-01-01

Heteroatoms doping provides a promising strategy for improving the energy density of supercapacitors based on the carbon electrodes. In this paper, we present a N and S dual doped ordered mesoporous carbon with ultrahigh doping level using dimethylglyoxime as pristine precursor. The N doping content of the reported materials varies from 6.6 to 15.6 at.% dependent on the carbonization temperature, and the S doping content varies from 0.46 to 1.01 at.%. Due to the ultrahigh heteroatoms doping content, the reported materials exhibit pronounced pseudo-capacitance. Meanwhile, the reported materials exhibit high surface areas (640⿿869 m2 g⿿1), large pore volume (0.71⿿1.08 cm2 g⿿1) and ordered pore structure. The outstanding textual properties endow the reported materials excellent electrical double-layer capacitance (EDLC). By effectively combining the pseudo-capacitance with EDLC, the reported materials exhibit a surprising energy storage/relax capacity with the highest specific capacitance of 565 F g⿿1, which value is 3.3 times higher than that of pristine CMK-3, and can compete against some conventional pseudo-capacitance materials.

Novel topotactically transformed carbon-CoO-NiO-NiCo₂O₄ nanosheet hybrid hetero-structured arrays as ultrahigh performance supercapacitors.

PubMed

Wang, Hai; Guo, Junling; Qing, Chen; Sun, Daming; Wang, Bixiao; Tang, Yiwen

2014-08-14

A novel carbon-CoO-NiO-NiCo2O4 integrated electrode has been designed by reducing the hetero-structured NiCo2O4 nanosheet array with C2H2 on the nickel foam at a low temperature of 350 °C. The topotactical transformation from NiCo2O4 to the integrated electrode has been first conceived and investigated. Such unique nanoarchitectures exhibit excellent electrochemical performance with ultrahigh capacitance and desirable cycle life at high rates.

76 FR 34101 - Hot-Rolled Flat-Rolled Carbon-Quality Steel Products From Brazil, Japan, and Russia

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-10

...] Hot-Rolled Flat-Rolled Carbon-Quality Steel Products From Brazil, Japan, and Russia Determinations On...-quality steel products from Russia would be likely to lead to continuation or recurrence of material...) entitled Hot-Rolled Flat-Rolled Carbon-Quality Steel Products from Brazil, Japan, and Russia: Investigation...

76 FR 62039 - Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products From India: Final Results of 2009-2010 Antidumping...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-06

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-533-820] Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon... administrative review of the antidumping duty order on certain hot-rolled carbon steel flat products from India (``hot-rolled steel'') manufactured by Ispat Industries Limited (``Ispat''), JSW Steel Limited (``JSW...

76 FR 31938 - Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products From India: Notice of Preliminary Results of 2009...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-02

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-533-820] Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon... conducting an administrative review of the antidumping duty order on certain hot-rolled carbon steel flat products from India (``hot-rolled steel'') manufactured by Ispat Industries Limited (``Ispat''), JSW Steel...

Enhanced Corrosion Resistance of Carbon Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solution by Eriobotrya Japonica Thunb. Leaf Extract: Electrochemical Study.

PubMed

Yang, Wenjing; Wang, Qihui; Xu, Ke; Yin, Yanjun; Bao, Hebin; Li, Xueming; Niu, Lidan; Chen, Shiqi

2017-08-16

The biodegradable inhibitors, which could effectively reduce the rate of corrosion of carbon steel, were investigated by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The mixed-type inhibitors extracted from Eriobotrya japonica Thunb. leaf exhibited excellent inhibition performance, and the inhibition efficiency for carbon steel reached 90.0% at 298 K in hydrochloric acid. Moreover, the adsorption mechanism of the inhibitors on a carbon steel surface is described by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Simultaneously, the corrosion morphology of the carbon steel and the inhibitor structure were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), respectively.

Study of benzotriazole as corrosion inhibitors of carbon steel in chloride solution containing hydrogen sulfide using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Solehudin, Agus; Nurdin, Isdiriayani

2014-03-01

Corrosion and inhibition studies on API 5LX65 carbon steel in chloride solution containing various concentrations of benzotriazole has been conducted at temperature of 70°C using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). Corroded carbon steel surface with and without inhibitor have been observed using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). The objectives of this research are to study the performance of benzotriazole as corrosion inhibitors. The experimental results of carbon steel corrosion in 3.5% NaCl solution containing 500 mg/l H2S at different BTAH concentrations showed that corrosion rate of carbon steel decreases with increasing of BTAH concentrations from 0 to 10 mmol/l. The inhibition efficiency of BTAH was found to be affected by its concentration. The optimum efficiency obtained of BTAH is 93% at concentration of 5 mmol/l. The result of XRD and EDS analysis reveal the iron sulfide (FeS) formation on corroded carbon steel surface without inhibitor. The EDS spectrum show the Nitrogen (N) bond on carbon steel surface inhibited by BTAH.

Low-carbon martensitic steels. Alloying and properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kleiner, L. M.; Shatsov, A. A.; Larinin, D. M.

2011-03-01

Requirements on the structure of a steel with structural strength and a set of characteristics higher than those of medium-carbon steels with a structure of tempered sorbite are formulated. Principles for choosing compositions for process-adaptable low-carbon martensitic steels are presented. The combination of carbon and alloying elements providing high stability of austenite in the ranges of normal and intermediate transformations is determined, which makes it possible to obtain lath martensite in slow cooling.

78 FR 5170 - Circular Welded Carbon Quality Steel Pipe From the People's Republic of China: Rescission of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-24

... Steel Tube Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Huludao City Steel Pipe Industrial, Jiangsu Changbao Steel Tube Co... Quality Steel Pipe From the People's Republic of China: Rescission of Antidumping Duty Administrative... of the antidumping duty order on circular welded carbon quality steel pipe from the People's Republic...

State of the Art Reinforcement for Concrete Bridge Decks

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-02-01

Microcomposite Martensitic Ferretic Steel (MMFX 2) • Initial proprietary technology developed at the University of California Berkeley by...Center US Army Corps of Engineers Microcomposite Steel Microcomposite Steels , Packet Lath Martensite Dislocated laths of martensite enveloped by... steel cladding with carbon steel core • Patented “green” process bonds stainless steel to carbon steel • Optimizes stainless steel’s very high

77 FR 43806 - Seamless Carbon and Alloy Steel Standard, Line, and Pressure Pipe From the People's Republic of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-26

... duty order on seamless carbon and alloy steel standard, line, and pressure pipe from the People's... the antidumping duty order on seamless carbon and alloy steel standard, line, and pressure pipe from... Making Co., Ltd.; Wuxi Seamless Special Pipe Co., Ltd.; Wuxi Sifang Steel Tube Co., Ltd.; Wuxi Zhenda...

75 FR 75455 - Certain Hot-Rolled Flat-Rolled Carbon-Quality Steel Products From Brazil: Final Results of Full...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-03

...-Rolled Carbon-Quality Steel Products From Brazil: Final Results of Full Sunset Review of Countervailing... of the countervailing duty (CVD) order on certain hot-rolled flat-rolled carbon-quality steel products (hot-rolled steel) from Brazil, pursuant to section 751(c) of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended...

75 FR 28557 - Circular Welded Carbon Steel Pipes and Tubes From Thailand: Extension of Time Limit for Final...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-05-21

... Steel Pipes and Tubes From Thailand: Extension of Time Limit for Final Results of Antidumping Duty... carbon steel pipes and tubes from Thailand. See Circular Welded Carbon Steel Pipes and Tubes from Thailand: Preliminary Results and Rescission, in Part, of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review, 75 FR...

78 FR 16252 - Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products From India, Indonesia, and Thailand: Final Results...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-14

...] Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products From India, Indonesia, and Thailand: Final Results of... second sunset reviews of the countervailing duty (``CVD'') orders on certain hot-rolled carbon steel flat...). Scope of the Orders The merchandise subject to these orders is hot-rolled steel of a rectangular shape...

77 FR 41967 - Certain Circular Welded Carbon Steel Pipes and Tubes From India, Thailand, and Turkey; Certain...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-17

... Pipes and Tubes From India, Thailand, and Turkey; Certain Circular Welded Non-Alloy Steel Pipe From... on (1) certain circular welded carbon steel pipes and tubes from India, Thailand, and Turkey; (2... circular welded carbon steel pipes and tubes from Turkey would likely lead to continuation or recurrence of...

Observation of the TWIP + TRIP Plasticity-Enhancement Mechanism in Al-Added 6 Wt Pct Medium Mn Steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Seawoong; Lee, Kyooyoung; De Cooman, Bruno C.

2015-06-01

The intercritically annealed Fe-0.15 pctC-6.0 pctMn-1.5 pctSi-3.0 pctAl and Fe-0.30 pctC-6.0 pctMn-1.5 pctSi-3.0 pctAl medium Mn steels were found to have improved mechanical properties due to the TWIP and TRIP plasticity-enhancing mechanisms being activated in succession during tensile deformation. The increase of the C content from 0.15 to 0.30 pct resulted in ultra-high strength properties and a strength-ductility balance of approximately 65,000 MPa-pct, i.e., equivalent to the strength-ductility balance of high Mn TWIP steel with a fully austenitic microstructure.

Preparation and characterization of 304 stainless steel/Q235 carbon steel composite material

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shen, Wenning; Feng, Lajun; Feng, Hui; Cao, Ying; Liu, Lei; Cao, Mo; Ge, Yanfeng

The composite material of 304 stainless steel reinforced Q235 carbon steel has been prepared by modified hot-rolling process. The resulted material was characterized by scanning electron microscope, three-electrode method, fault current impact method, electrochemical potentiodynamic polarization curve measurement and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results showed that metallurgical bond between the stainless steel layer and carbon steel substrate has been formed. The composite material exhibited good electrical conductivity and thermal stability. The average grounding resistance of the composite material was about 13/20 of dip galvanized steel. There has no surface crack and bubbling formed after fault current impact. The composite material led to a significant decrease in the corrosion current density in soil solution, compared with that of hot dip galvanized steel and bare carbon steel. On the basis polarization curve and EIS analyses, it can be concluded that the composite material showed improved anti-corrosion property than hot-dip galvanized steel.

75 FR 69050 - Certain Seamless Carbon and Alloy Steel Standard, Line, and Pressure Pipe From the People's...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-10

...''), the Department is issuing a countervailing duty order on certain seamless carbon and alloy steel... circumstances do not exist. See Certain Seamless Carbon and Alloy Steel Standard, Line, [[Page 69051

Carbon nanotube membranes with ultrahigh specific adsorption capacity for water desalination and purification.

PubMed

Yang, Hui Ying; Han, Zhao Jun; Yu, Siu Fung; Pey, Kin Leong; Ostrikov, Kostya; Karnik, Rohit

2013-01-01

Development of technologies for water desalination and purification is critical to meet the global challenges of insufficient water supply and inadequate sanitation, especially for point-of-use applications. Conventional desalination methods are energy and operationally intensive, whereas adsorption-based techniques are simple and easy to use for point-of-use water purification, yet their capacity to remove salts is limited. Here we report that plasma-modified ultralong carbon nanotubes exhibit ultrahigh specific adsorption capacity for salt (exceeding 400% by weight) that is two orders of magnitude higher than that found in the current state-of-the-art activated carbon-based water treatment systems. We exploit this adsorption capacity in ultralong carbon nanotube-based membranes that can remove salt, as well as organic and metal contaminants. These ultralong carbon nanotube-based membranes may lead to next-generation rechargeable, point-of-use potable water purification appliances with superior desalination, disinfection and filtration properties.

Enhanced Corrosion Resistance of Carbon Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solution by Eriobotrya Japonica Thunb. Leaf Extract: Electrochemical Study

PubMed Central

Yang, Wenjing; Wang, Qihui; Xu, Ke; Yin, Yanjun; Bao, Hebin; Li, Xueming; Niu, Lidan; Chen, Shiqi

2017-01-01

The biodegradable inhibitors, which could effectively reduce the rate of corrosion of carbon steel, were investigated by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The mixed-type inhibitors extracted from Eriobotrya japonica Thunb. leaf exhibited excellent inhibition performance, and the inhibition efficiency for carbon steel reached 90.0% at 298 K in hydrochloric acid. Moreover, the adsorption mechanism of the inhibitors on a carbon steel surface is described by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Simultaneously, the corrosion morphology of the carbon steel and the inhibitor structure were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), respectively. PMID:28812993

75 FR 6183 - Certain Seamless Carbon and Alloy Steel Standard, Line, and Pressure Pipe from the People's...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-02-08

... antidumping duty investigation on certain seamless carbon and alloy steel standard, line, and pressure pipe from the People's Republic of China. See Certain Seamless Carbon and Alloy Steel Standard, Line, and... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE INTERNATIONAL TRADE ADMINISTRATION (A-570-956) Certain Seamless Carbon and...

75 FR 18788 - Circular Welded Carbon Steel Pipes and Tubes from Thailand: Preliminary Results and Rescission...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-13

... Pipes and Tubes from Thailand: Preliminary Results and Rescission, in Part, of Antidumping Duty... review of the antidumping duty order on circular welded carbon steel pipes and tubes from Thailand, in... welded carbon steel pipes and tubes from Thailand. See Antidumping Duty Order: Circular Welded Carbon...

78 FR 61333 - Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon Steel Plate From the Russian Federation; 2012; Preliminary Results...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-10-03

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-821-808] Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon... Agreement Suspending the Antidumping Investigation of Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon Steel Plate from the... cut-to-length carbon steel plate from the Russian Federation. This merchandise is currently classified...

76 FR 65497 - Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products From India: Amended Final Results of Countervailing...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-21

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [C-533-821] Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon...-rolled carbon steel flat products (HRCS) from India covering the January 1, 2006, through December 31... Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products from India: Final Results of Countervailing Duty...

76 FR 3613 - Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products From the Republic of Korea: Final Results of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-20

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [C-580-818] Corrosion-Resistant Carbon... corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products (CORE) from the Republic of Korea (Korea) for the period of review (POR) January 1, 2008, through December 31, 2008. See Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat...

78 FR 19210 - Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products From the Republic of Korea: Final Results of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-29

.... Scope of the Order Products covered by this order are certain corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [C-580-818] Corrosion-Resistant Carbon... countervailing duty (CVD) order on corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products from the Republic of Korea for...

76 FR 15299 - Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products From India: Preliminary Rescission of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-21

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [C-533-821] Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon... on certain hot-rolled carbon steel flat products from India. See Antidumping or Countervailing Duty... products covered under this order are certain hot-rolled flat- rolled carbon steel flat products of a...

78 FR 42039 - Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products From the People's Republic of China: Preliminary...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-15

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-570-865] Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon... review of the antidumping duty order on certain hot- rolled carbon steel flat products (``hot-rolled...\\ See Notice of Antidumping Duty Order: Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products from the People's...

75 FR 27297 - Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products from India: Notice of Final Results of Antidumping...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-05-14

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-533-820] Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon...'') published the preliminary results of the antidumping duty administrative review for certain hot-rolled carbon steel flat products from India (``Indian Hot-Rolled''). See Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat...

76 FR 42679 - Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products From India: Final Results of Antidumping Duty...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-19

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-533-820] Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon... review of the antidumping duty order on certain hot- rolled carbon steel flat products from India... Preliminary Results \\2\\ of this review. \\2\\ See Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products From India...

A Study of the Microstructural Basis for the Strength and Toughness Properties of Overaged HSLA-100 Steel

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-06-01

series, though, HSLA steels possess excellent weld characteristics. These low carbon martensite /bainite alloys have lower carbon levels resulting in...Ref l:p. 31 [Ref 3:p. 64]. HSLA-100 is a solution treated, quenched and aged, low carbon, copper precipitation strengthened steel designed to meet the...and aged, highly weldable, low carbon, copper precipitation strengthened steel designed to achieve a yield strength of 690 MPa. The chemical composition

Research on MRV system of iron and steel industry and verification mechanism establishment in China

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guo, Huiting; Chen, Liang; Chen, Jianhua

2017-12-01

The national carbon emissions trading market will be launched in 2017 in China. The iron and steel industry will be covered as one of the first industries. Establishing its MRV system is critical to promote the development of the iron and steel industry in the carbon trading market. This paper studies the requirements and procedures of the accounting, monitoring, reporting and verification of the seven iron and steel industry carbon trading pilots. The construction and operating mechanism of the MRV systems are also analyzed. Combining with the emission feature of the iron and steel industry, we study the suitable national MRV system for the whole iron and steel industry to consummate the future national carbon trading framework of iron and steel industry.

Efficiency of inhibitor for biocorrosion influenced by consortium sulfate reducing bacteria on carbon steel

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mahat, Nur Akma; Othman, Norinsan Kamil; Sahrani, Fathul Karim

2015-09-25

The inhibition efficiency of benzalkonium chloride (BKC) in controlling biocorrosion on the carbon steel surfaces has been investigated. The carbon steel coupons were incubated in the presence of consortium SRB (C-SRB) with and without BKC for the difference medium concentration. The corrosion rate and inhibition efficiency have been evaluated by a weight loss method. The morphology of biofilm C-SRB on the steel surfaces were characterized with variable pressure scanning electron microscopy (VPSEM). The results revealed that BKC exhibits a low corrosion rate, minimizing the cell growth and biofilm development on the carbon steel surfaces.

Efficiency of inhibitor for biocorrosion influenced by consortium sulfate reducing bacteria on carbon steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mahat, Nur Akma; Othman, Norinsan Kamil; Sahrani, Fathul Karim

2015-09-01

The inhibition efficiency of benzalkonium chloride (BKC) in controlling biocorrosion on the carbon steel surfaces has been investigated. The carbon steel coupons were incubated in the presence of consortium SRB (C-SRB) with and without BKC for the difference medium concentration. The corrosion rate and inhibition efficiency have been evaluated by a weight loss method. The morphology of biofilm C-SRB on the steel surfaces were characterized with variable pressure scanning electron microscopy (VPSEM). The results revealed that BKC exhibits a low corrosion rate, minimizing the cell growth and biofilm development on the carbon steel surfaces.

Friction and Wear Properties of Selected Solid Lubricating Films

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Miyoshi, Kazuhisa; Iwaki, Masanori; Gotoh, Kenichi; Obara, Shingo; Imagawa, Kichiro

1999-01-01

To evaluate commercially developed solid film lubricants for aerospace bearing applications, we investigated the friction and wear behavior of bonded molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), magnetron-sputtered MoS2 and ion-plated silver films in sliding contact with 6-mm-diameter American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) 440 C stainless steel balls. Unidirectional sliding friction experiments were conducted with a load of 5.9 N (600 g), a mean Herizian contact pressure of 0.79 GPa maximum 1.19 GPa), and a sliding velocity of 0.2 m/s at room temperature in three environments: ultrahigh vacuum (7x10 (exp -7Pa)), humid air (approx. 20 percent humidity), and dry nitrogen (less than 1 percent humidity). The resultant films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, and surface profilometry. Marked differences in friction and wear resulted front the environmental conditions and the film materials. The main criteria for judging the performance were coefficient of friction and wear rate, which had to be less than 0.3 and on the order of 10 (exp -6mm exp 3/Nm or less), respectively. The bonded MoS2 and magnetron-sputtered MoS2 films met the criteria in all three environments. Also, the wear rates of the counterpart AISI 440 C stainless steel balls met that criterion in all three environments. The ion-plated silver films met the criteria only in ultrahigh vacuum. In ultrahigh vacuum the bonded MoS2 films were superior. In humid air the bonded MoS2 films had higher coefficient of friction and shorter wear life than did the magnetron-sputtered MoS2 films. The ion-plated silver films had a high coefficient of friction in humid air but relatively low coefficients of friction in the nonoxidative environments. Adhesion and plastic deformation played important roles in all three environments. All sliding involved adhesive transfer of materials.

Fracture Behavior of Ultra-Low-Carbon Steel Plate and Heat-Affected-Zone.

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-12-01

ferrite . This effect on the transformation kinetics of steel is shown in Fig. 2. This alloying addition, however, has experienced...V-notch ITT of -76’F (-600C). The design philo.ophy used for this alloy required that the steel be low carbon with a nearly 100% acicular ferrite ...line pipe fitting steel by International Nickel Company and was called IN 787. It is a low carbon-manganese steel strengthened with a fine precipitate

77 FR 21968 - Seamless Carbon and Alloy Steel Standard, Line, and Pressure Pipe From the People's Republic of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-12

... countervailing duty order on seamless carbon and alloy steel standard, line, and pressure pipe from the People's... administrative review of the countervailing duty order on seamless carbon and alloy steel standard, line, and... Making Co., Ltd., Wuxi Seamless Special Pipe Co., Ltd., Wuxi Sifang Steel Tube Co., Ltd., Wuxi Zhenda...

75 FR 45094 - Antidumping or Countervailing Duty Order, Finding, or Suspended Investigation; Opportunity To...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-02

... review Antidumping Duty Proceedings Germany: Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products, A- 8/1/09-7...-805.. South Korea: Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat 8/1/09-7/31/10 Products, A-580-816 Light... South Korea: Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products, C- 1/1/09-12/31/09 580-818 Stainless Steel...

Measurement of Outgassing Rates of Steels.

PubMed

Park, Chongdo; Kim, Se-Hyun; Ki, Sanghoon; Ha, Taekyun; Cho, Boklae

2016-12-13

Steels are commonly used materials in the fabrication of vacuum systems because of their good mechanical, corrosion, and vacuum properties. A variety of steels meet the criterion of low outgassing required for high or ultrahigh vacuum applications. However, a given material can present different outgassing rates depending on its manufacturing process or the various pretreatment processes involved during the fabrication. Thus, the measurement of outgassing rates is highly desirable for a specific vacuum application. For this reason, the rate-of-pressure rise (RoR) method is often used to measure the outgassing of hydrogen after bakeout. In this article, a detailed description of the design and execution of the experimental protocol involved in the RoR method is provided. The RoR method uses a spinning rotor gauge to minimize errors that stem from outgassing or the pumping action of a vacuum gauge. The outgassing rates of two ordinary steels (stainless steel and mild steel) were measured. The measurements were made before and after the heat pretreatment of the steels. The heat pretreatment of steels was performed to reduce the outgassing. Extremely low rates of outgassing (on the order of 10 - 11 Pa m 3 sec - 1 m - 2 ) can be routinely measured using relatively small samples.

Study of benzotriazole as corrosion inhibitors of carbon steel in chloride solution containing hydrogen sulfide using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Solehudin, Agus, E-mail: asolehudin@upi.edu; Nurdin, Isdiriayani

2014-03-24

Corrosion and inhibition studies on API 5LX65 carbon steel in chloride solution containing various concentrations of benzotriazole has been conducted at temperature of 70°C using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). Corroded carbon steel surface with and without inhibitor have been observed using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). The objectives of this research are to study the performance of benzotriazole as corrosion inhibitors. The experimental results of carbon steel corrosion in 3.5% NaCl solution containing 500 mg/l H{sub 2}S at different BTAH concentrations showed that corrosion rate of carbon steel decreases with increasing of BTAHmore » concentrations from 0 to 10 mmol/l. The inhibition efficiency of BTAH was found to be affected by its concentration. The optimum efficiency obtained of BTAH is 93% at concentration of 5 mmol/l. The result of XRD and EDS analysis reveal the iron sulfide (FeS) formation on corroded carbon steel surface without inhibitor. The EDS spectrum show the Nitrogen (N) bond on carbon steel surface inhibited by BTAH.« less

48 CFR 225.7011 - Restriction on carbon, alloy, and armor steel plate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Restriction on carbon, alloy, and armor steel plate. 225.7011 Section 225.7011 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE... on carbon, alloy, and armor steel plate. ...

48 CFR 225.7011 - Restriction on carbon, alloy, and armor steel plate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Restriction on carbon, alloy, and armor steel plate. 225.7011 Section 225.7011 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE... on carbon, alloy, and armor steel plate. ...

48 CFR 225.7011 - Restriction on carbon, alloy, and armor steel plate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Restriction on carbon, alloy, and armor steel plate. 225.7011 Section 225.7011 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE... on carbon, alloy, and armor steel plate. ...

48 CFR 225.7011 - Restriction on carbon, alloy, and armor steel plate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Restriction on carbon, alloy, and armor steel plate. 225.7011 Section 225.7011 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE... on carbon, alloy, and armor steel plate. ...

48 CFR 225.7011 - Restriction on carbon, alloy, and armor steel plate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Restriction on carbon, alloy, and armor steel plate. 225.7011 Section 225.7011 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE... on carbon, alloy, and armor steel plate. ...

78 FR 33809 - Seamless Carbon and Alloy Steel Standard, Line, and Pressure Pipe From the People's Republic of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-06-05

... review of the antidumping duty order on seamless carbon and alloy steel standard, line, and pressure pipe... seamless carbon and alloy steel standard, line, and pressure pipe from the People's Republic of China... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-570-956] Seamless Carbon and Alloy...

77 FR 14341 - Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products From Taiwan: Notice of Rescission of Antidumping...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-09

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-583-835] Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon... order on certain hot-rolled carbon steel flat products from Taiwan. The period of review is November 1... antidumping duty order on certain hot- rolled carbon steel flat products from Taiwan covering the period...

78 FR 76279 - Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon Steel Plate From the People's Republic of China: Final Results and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-12-17

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-570-849] Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon... review of the antidumping duty order on certain cut-to- length carbon steel plate (``CTL plate'') from... entity. \\1\\ See Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon Steel Plate from the People's Republic of China: Preliminary...

78 FR 29113 - Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon-Quality Steel Plate Products From the Republic of Korea: Final...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-05-17

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-580-836] Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon... administrative review of the antidumping duty order on certain cut-to-length carbon-quality steel plate products... duty order on certain cut-to-length carbon-quality steel plate products from the Republic of Korea...

75 FR 29976 - Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon-Quality Steel Plate Products From Italy: Extension of the Final...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-05-28

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-475-826] Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon... preliminary results of the administrative review of the antidumping duty order on certain cut-to-length carbon-quality steel plate products from Italy. See Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon-Quality Steel Plate Products...

77 FR 47593 - Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon Steel Plate From the People's Republic of China: Preliminary Results...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-08-09

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-570-849] Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon... cut-to- length carbon steel plate (``CTL plate'') from the People's Republic of China (``PRC'') for... the File, Re: Antidumping Duty Administrative Review of Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon Steel Plate from...

75 FR 8301 - Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon Steel Plate From the People's Republic of China: Final Results of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-02-24

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration A-570-849 Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon... Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon Steel Plate From the People's Republic of China: Preliminary Results and... Preliminary Results in the antidumping duty administrative review of certain cut- to-length carbon steel plate...

77 FR 73616 - Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon Steel Plate From the People's Republic of China: Final Results of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-11

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-570-849] Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon... results of the administrative review (``AR'') of certain cut-to-length carbon steel plate (``CTL plate... of 128.59 percent. \\1\\ See Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon Steel Plate From the People's Republic of...

75 FR 59689 - Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products From India: Notice of Court Decision Not in Harmony...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-28

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [C-533-821] Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon... certain hot-rolled carbon steel flat products (HRCS) from India covering the period of review (POR) of January 1, 2006, through December 31, 2006. See Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products from India...

77 FR 37711 - Circular Welded Carbon-Quality Steel Pipe From India, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, and Vietnam...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-06-22

...)] Circular Welded Carbon-Quality Steel Pipe From India, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, and Vietnam...-fair-value imports from India, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, and Vietnam of circular welded carbon... respect to circular welded carbon-quality steel pipe from Oman and the United Arab Emirates being sold in...

78 FR 64473 - Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products From the People's Republic of China: Final No...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-10-29

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-570-865] Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon... review of the antidumping duty order on certain hot- rolled carbon steel flat products (``hot-rolled... of subject merchandise to the United States during the POR. \\1\\ See Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel...

Effect of small addition of Cr on stability of retained austenite in high carbon steel

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hossain, Rumana; Pahlevani, Farshid, E-mail: f.pah

High carbon steels with dual phase structures of martensite and austenite have considerable potential for industrial application in high abrasion environments due to their hardness, strength and relatively low cost. To design cost effective high carbon steels with superior properties, it is crucial to identify the effect of Chromium (Cr) on the stability of retained austenite (RA) and to fully understand its effect on solid-state phase transition. This study addresses this important knowledge gap. Using standard compression tests on bulk material, quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis, nano-indentation on individual austenitic grains, transmission electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction–based orientation microscopy techniques,more » the authors investigated the effect of Cr on the microstructure, transformation behaviour and mechanical stability of retained austenite in high carbon steel, with varying Cr contents. The results revealed that increasing the Cr %, altered the morphology of the RA and increased its stability, consequently, increasing the critical pressure for martensitic transformation. This study has critically addressed the elastoplastic behaviour of retained austenite – and provides a deep understanding of the effect of small additions of Cr on the metastable austenite of high carbon steel from the macro- to nano-level. Consequently, it paves the way for new applications for high carbon low alloy steels. - Highlights: • Effect of small addition of Cr on metastable austenite of high carbon steel from the macro- to nano-level • A multi-scale study of elastoplastic behaviour of retained austenite in high carbon steel • The mechanical stability of retained austenite during plastic deformation increased with increasing Cr content • Effect of grain boundary misorientation angle on hardness of individual retained austenite grains in high carbon steel.« less

Microstructure and hardness of carbon and tool steel quenched with high-frequency currents

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fomin, Aleksandr A.; Fedoseev, Maksim E.; Palkanov, Pavel A.; Voyko, Aleksey V.; Fomina, Marina A.; Koshuro, Vladimir A.; Zakharevich, Andrey M.; Kalganova, Svetlana G.; Rodionov, Igor V.

2018-04-01

In the course of high-temperature treatment with high-frequency currents (HFC) in the range from 600 to 1300 °C, carbon and tool steels are strengthened. After the heat treatment the hardness reaches 64-70 HRC for carbon steel (carbon content 0.4-0.5%) and 68-71 HRC for tool steel 1.3343 (R6M5 steel analogue with 0.9-1.0% C content, W - 5-6 wt%, Mo - 3.5-5.3 wt%, V - 1.3-1.8 wt%, Cr - 3.8-4.3 wt%, Mn+Si - 0.5-1 wt%, Fe - balance). The resulting structure is a carbide network, and in the case of tool steel - complex carbides around a high-strength martensitic phase.

76 FR 45773 - Antidumping or Countervailing Duty Order, Finding, or Suspended Investigation; Opportunity To...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-01

... Proceedings Germany: Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products, A- 8/1/10-7/31/11 428-815 Certain Small... (Under 4\\1/2\\ Inches), A-485-805.. South Korea: Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products, A- 8/1/10... Korea: Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products, C- 1/1/10-12/31/10 580-818 Stainless Steel Sheet...

A Study of the Effect of Interrupted Quenches on a Thermomechanically Processed High Carbon Steel.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-10-01

Martensite And Austenite Phases In Steel Using Copper Radiation ---------------------------- 38 4° J !7...34A General Equa- tion Prescribing the Extent of the Austenite- Martensite Transformation in Pure Iron-Carbon Alloys and Plain Carbon Steels ," Acta Met...relatively low temperatures, resulting in incomplete disso- lution of alloy carbides, predominantly Fe-Cr complexes. In some instances 52100 steel is

Direct gas-solid carbonation kinetics of steel slag and the contribution to in situ sequestration of flue gas CO(2) in steel-making plants.

PubMed

Tian, Sicong; Jiang, Jianguo; Chen, Xuejing; Yan, Feng; Li, Kaimin

2013-12-01

Direct gas-solid carbonation of steel slag under various operational conditions was investigated to determine the sequestration of the flue gas CO2 . X-ray diffraction analysis of steel slag revealed the existence of portlandite, which provided a maximum theoretical CO2 sequestration potential of 159.4 kg CO 2 tslag (-1) as calculated by the reference intensity ratio method. The carbonation reaction occurred through a fast kinetically controlled stage with an activation energy of 21.29 kJ mol(-1) , followed by 10(3) orders of magnitude slower diffusion-controlled stage with an activation energy of 49.54 kJ mol(-1) , which could be represented by a first-order reaction kinetic equation and the Ginstling equation, respectively. Temperature, CO2 concentration, and the presence of SO2 impacted on the carbonation conversion of steel slag through their direct and definite influence on the rate constants. Temperature was the most important factor influencing the direct gas-solid carbonation of steel slag in terms of both the carbonation conversion and reaction rate. CO2 concentration had a definite influence on the carbonation rate during the kinetically controlled stage, and the presence of SO2 at typical flue gas concentrations enhanced the direct gas-solid carbonation of steel slag. Carbonation conversions between 49.5 % and 55.5 % were achieved in a typical flue gas at 600 °C, with the maximum CO2 sequestration amount generating 88.5 kg CO 2 tslag (-1) . Direct gas-solid carbonation of steel slag showed a rapid CO2 sequestration rate, high CO2 sequestration amounts, low raw-material costs, and a large potential for waste heat utilization, which is promising for in situ carbon capture and sequestration in the steel industry. Copyright © 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Effect of CO2 partial pressure and different CO2 phases on carbon steel corrosion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mahlobo, MGR; Premlall, K.; Olubambi, PA

2017-12-01

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is the recent promising technology aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emission. Like many other developed technologies, CCS is faced with great challenges such as pipeline transportation failure due to corrosion. There are many factors contributing to steel corrosion during the pipeline transportation of carbon dioxide (CO2). This study focuses on CO2 partial pressure and different phases of CO2 as some of the factors contributing to steel corrosion. Carbon steel was used as a testing specimen. High pressure reactor was used in this study to compress CO2 from low to high pressures ultimately changing the CO2 from gaseous phase to gas/liquid phase (subcritical) and to dense phase (supercritical). Weight loss method was employed to determine the corrosion rate while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD) were used to study the carbon steel morphology and phase analysis. Using low magnification digital camera, the type of corrosion that took place on the carbon steel surface was identified.

Raising the Corrosion Resistance of Low-Carbon Steels by Electrolytic-Plasma Saturation with Nitrogen and Carbon

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kusmanov, S. A.; Grishina, E. P.; Belkin, P. N.; Kusmanova, Yu. V.; Kudryakova, N. O.

2017-05-01

Structural features of the external oxide layer and internal nitrided, carbonitrided and carburized layers in steels 10, 20 and St3 produced by the method of electrolytic plasma treatment are studied. Specimens of the steels are tested for corrosion in a naturally aerated 1-N solution of sodium chloride. The condition of the metal/sodium chloride solution interface is studied by the method of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. It is shown that the corrosion resistance of low-carbon steels can be raised by anode electrolytic-plasma saturation with nitrogen and carbon. Recommendations are given on the choice of carbonitriding modes for structural steels.

Atmospheric corrosion performance of different steels in early exposure in the coastal area region West Java, Indonesia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nuraini, Lutviasari; Prifiharni, Siska; Priyotomo, Gadang; Sundjono, Gunawan, Hadi; Purawiardi, Ibrahim

2018-05-01

The performance of carbon steel, galvanized steel and aluminium after one month exposed in the atmospheric coastal area, which is in Limbangan and Karangsong Beach, West Java, Indonesia was evaluated. The corrosion rate was determined by weight loss method and the morphology of the steel after exposed was observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM)/Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis(EDX). The site was monitored to determine the chloride content in the marine atmosphere. Then, the corrosion products formed at carbon steel were characterized by X-Ray diffraction (XRD). The result showed the aggressively corrosion in Karangsong beach, indicated from the corrosion rate of carbon steel, galvanized steel and aluminium were 38.514 mpy; 4.7860 mpy and 0.5181 mpy, respectively. While in Limbangan Beach the corrosion rate of specimen carbon steel, galvanized steel and aluminium were 3.339; 0.219 and 0.166 mpy, respectively. The chloride content was found to be the main factor that influences in the atmospheric corrosion process in this area. Chloride content accumulated in Karangsong and Limbangan was 497 mg/m2.day and 117 mg/m2.day, respectively. The XRD Analysis on each carbon steel led to the characterization of a complex mixture of iron oxides phases.

76 FR 76944 - Circular Welded Carbon Quality Steel Pipe From the People's Republic of China: Rescission of the...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-09

... Zhongyuan Steel Pipe Manufacturer (``Hebei Zhongyuan''), Hefei Zijin Steel Tube Manufacturing Co., Ltd... Quality Steel Pipe From the People's Republic of China: Rescission of the 2010-2011 Antidumping Duty... antidumping duty order on circular welded carbon quality steel pipe (``CWP'') from the People's Republic of...

78 FR 9676 - Circular Welded Carbon Quality Steel Pipe From the People's Republic of China: Rescission of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-11

... Tube Manufacturing Co., Ltd.; Huludao City Steel Pipe Industrial; Jiangsu Changbao Steel Tube Co., Ltd... Quality Steel Pipe From the People's Republic of China: Rescission of Countervailing Duty Administrative... countervailing duty order on circular welded carbon quality steel pipe from the People's Republic of China (``PRC...

76 FR 7546 - Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products From Brazil: Rescission of Countervailing Duty...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-10

... Steel Flat Products From Brazil: Rescission of Countervailing Duty Administrative Review AGENCY: Import... hot- rolled carbon steel flat products (hot-rolled steel) from Brazil for the period January 1, 2009... countervailing duty order on hot-rolled steel from Brazil. See Agreement Suspending the Countervailing Duty...

76 FR 77480 - Certain Circular Welded Carbon Steel Pipes and Tubes From Taiwan: Notice of Rescission of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-13

... Kao Hsiung Chang Iron & Steel Corp.); and (6) Tension Steel Industries Co. Ltd. The Department... Carbon Steel Pipes and Tubes From Taiwan: Notice of Rescission of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review... response to a request from United States Steel Corporation, an interested party, the Department of Commerce...

Wear-resistant ball bearings for space applications. [coated with titanium carbide

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Boving, H.; Hintermann, H. E.; Haenni, W.; Bondivenne, E.; Boeto, M.; Conde, M.

1977-01-01

Ball bearings for hostile environments were developed. They consist of normal ball bearing steel parts of which the rings are coated with hard, wear-resistant, chemical vapor deposited (C.V.D) TiC. Experiments in ultrahigh vacuum, using cages of various materials with self-lubricating properties, have shown that such bearings are suitable for space applications.

Ultra-high surface speed for metal removal, artillery shell

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pugh, R. F.; Walsh, M. R.; Pohl, R. F.

1981-07-01

Four types of steel (AISI 1340, 4140, 4340, and HF-1) which are commonly used in large caliber projectile manufacture were machined with five types of tools at different hardness ranges representing the as-forged and the heat-treated condition. Results show that machining speeds can be increased significantly over current practice using the present available tooling.

77 FR 65712 - Circular Welded Carbon-Quality Steel Pipe From Vietnam; Termination of Investigation

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-10-30

... INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION [Investigation No. 701-TA-485 (Final)] Circular Welded Carbon-Quality Steel Pipe From Vietnam; Termination of Investigation AGENCY: United States International Trade... carbon-quality steel pipe from Vietnam (investigation No. 701-TA-485 (Final)) is terminated. DATES...

78 FR 44525 - Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon Steel Plate From the People's Republic of China: Preliminary Results...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-24

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-570-849] Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon... conducting an administrative review of the antidumping duty order on certain cut-to- length carbon steel... Order The product covered by the order is certain cut-to-length carbon steel plate from the PRC.\\2\\ This...

Hydrogenated borophene as a stable two-dimensional Dirac material with an ultrahigh Fermi velocity.

PubMed

Xu, Li-Chun; Du, Aijun; Kou, Liangzhi

2016-10-05

The recent synthesis of monolayer borophene (triangular boron monolayer) on a substrate has opened the era of boron nanosheets (Science, 2015, 350, 1513), but the structural instability and a need to explore the novel physical properties are still open issues. Here we demonstrated that borophene can be stabilized by full surface hydrogenation (borophane), from first-principles calculations. Most interestingly, our calculations show that borophane has direction-dependent Dirac cones, which are mainly caused by the in-plane p x and p y orbitals of boron atoms. The Dirac fermions possess an ultrahigh Fermi velocity of up to 3.5 × 10 6 m s -1 under the HSE06 level, which is 4 times higher than that of graphene. The Young's moduli are calculated to be 190 and 120 GPa nm along two different directions, which are comparable to those of steel. The ultrahigh Fermi velocity and good mechanical features render borophane ideal for nanoelectronic applications.

Processing and refinement of steel microstructure images for assisting in computerized heat treatment of plain carbon steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gupta, Shubhank; Panda, Aditi; Naskar, Ruchira; Mishra, Dinesh Kumar; Pal, Snehanshu

2017-11-01

Steels are alloys of iron and carbon, widely used in construction and other applications. The evolution of steel microstructure through various heat treatment processes is an important factor in controlling properties and performance of steel. Extensive experimentations have been performed to enhance the properties of steel by customizing heat treatment processes. However, experimental analyses are always associated with high resource requirements in terms of cost and time. As an alternative solution, we propose an image processing-based technique for refinement of raw plain carbon steel microstructure images, into a digital form, usable in experiments related to heat treatment processes of steel in diverse applications. The proposed work follows the conventional steps practiced by materials engineers in manual refinement of steel images; and it appropriately utilizes basic image processing techniques (including filtering, segmentation, opening, and clustering) to automate the whole process. The proposed refinement of steel microstructure images is aimed to enable computer-aided simulations of heat treatment of plain carbon steel, in a timely and cost-efficient manner; hence it is beneficial for the materials and metallurgy industry. Our experimental results prove the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed technique.

Investigation of Stainless Steel Corrosion in Ultrahigh-Purity Water and Steam Systems by Surface Analytical Techniques

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dong, Xia; Iacocca, Ronald G.; Bustard, Bethany L.; Kemp, Craig A. J.

2010-02-01

Stainless steel pipes with different degrees of rouging and a Teflon®-coated rupture disc with severe corrosion were thoroughly investigated by combining multiple surface analytical techniques. The surface roughness and iron oxide layer thickness increase with increasing rouge severity, and the chromium oxide layer coexists with the iron oxide layer in samples with various degrees of rouging. Unlike the rouging observed for stainless steel pipes, the fast degradation of the rupture disc was caused by a crevice corrosion environment created by perforations in the protective Teflon coating. This failure analysis clearly shows the highly corrosive nature of ultrapure water used in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products, and demonstrates some of the unexpected corrosion mechanisms that can be encountered in these environments.

75 FR 13490 - Certain Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products from the Republic of Korea: Notice of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-22

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration (A-580-816) Certain Corrosion-Resistant... results of the antidumping duty administrative review for certain corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products (CORE) from the Republic of Korea (Korea). See Certain Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat...

76 FR 15291 - Certain Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products From the Republic of Korea: Notice of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-21

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-580-816] Certain Corrosion-Resistant... results of the antidumping duty administrative review for certain corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products (CORE) from the Republic of Korea (Korea). See Certain Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat...

77 FR 69790 - Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products From the People's Republic of China: Final Results...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-11-21

... fully stabilized; high strength low alloy; and the substrate for motor lamination steel may also enter... Steel Flat Products From the People's Republic of China: Final Results and Final No Shipments... antidumping duty order on certain hot- rolled carbon steel flat products (``hot-rolled steel'') from the...

Corrosion Behavior and Durability of Low-Alloy Steel Rebars in Marine Environment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Ming; Cheng, Xuequn; Li, Xiaogang; Yue, Pan; Li, Jun

2016-11-01

The corrosion resistance of Cr-modified low-alloy steels and HRB400 carbon steel was estimated using the open-circuit potential, potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopic, and weight loss methods in simulated concrete pore solution. Results show that Cr-modified steels exhibit a higher corrosion resistance with a higher critical chloride level (CTL), lower corrosion current density, and higher impedance than carbon steel. The CTL of the steels significantly reduces with increasing temperature. Weight loss measurement shows that the Cr-modified steels exhibit low corrosion rates and small corrosion pitting. The primary constituents of the corrosion scales are Fe2O3, Fe3O4, β-FeOOH, γ-FeOOH, and α-FeOOH. A large amount of α-FeOOH could be detected in the Cr-modified steel corrosion products. Moreover, the Cr-modified steels demonstrate a higher durability than HRB400 carbon steel.

Effect of impurities on the corrosion behavior of CO2 transmission pipeline steel in supercritical CO2-water environments.

PubMed

Choi, Yoon-Seok; Nesic, Srdjan; Young, David

2010-12-01

The corrosion property of carbon steel was evaluated using an autoclave under CO(2)-saturated water phase and water-saturated CO(2) phase with impurities (O(2) and SO(2)) at 80 bar CO(2) and 50 °C to simulate the condition of CO(2) transmission pipeline in the carbon capture and storage (CCS) applications. The results showed that the corrosion rate of carbon steel in CO(2)-saturated water was very high and it increased with adding O(2) in the system due to the inhibition effect of O(2) on the formation of protective FeCO(3). It is noteworthy that corrosion took place in the water-saturated CO(2) phase under supercritical condition when no free water is present. The addition of O(2) increased the corrosion rates of carbon steel in water-saturated CO(2) phase. The addition of 0.8 bar SO(2) (1%) in the gas phase dramatically increased the corrosion rate of carbon steel from 0.38 to 5.6 mm/y. This then increased to more than 7 mm/y with addition of both O(2) and SO(2). SO(2) can promote the formation of iron sulfite hydrate (FeSO(3)·3H(2)O) on the steel surface which is less protective than iron carbonate (FeCO(3)), and it is further oxidized to become FeSO(4) and FeOOH when O(2) is present with SO(2) in the CO(2)-rich phase. The corrosion rates of 13Cr steel were very low compared with carbon steel in CO(2)-saturated water environments with O(2), whereas it was as high as carbon steel in a water-saturated CO(2) phase with O(2) and SO(2).

Surface Design and Engineering Toward Wear-Resistant, Self-Lubricating Diamond Films and Coatings

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Miyoshi, Kazuhisa

1999-01-01

The tribological properties of chemical-vapor-deposited (CVD) diamond films vary with the environment, possessing a Jekyll-and-Hyde character. CVD diamond has low coefficient of friction and high wear resistance in air but high coefficient of friction and low wear resistance in vacuum. Improving the tribological functionality of materials (such as achieving low friction and good wear resistance) was an aim of this investigation. Three studies on the surface design, surface engineering, and tribology of CVD diamond have shown that its friction and wear are significantly reduced in ultrahigh vacuum. The main criteria for judging whether diamond films are an effective wear-resistant, self-lubricating material were coefficient of friction and wear rate, which must be less than 0.1 and on the order of 10(exp 6) cu mm/N(dot)m, respectively. In the first study the presence of a thin film (less than 1 micron thick) of amorphous, nondiamond carbon (hydrogenated carbon, also called diamondlike carbon or DLC) on CVD diamond greatly decreased the coefficient of friction and the wear rate. Therefore, a thin DLC film on CVD diamond can be an effective wear-resistant, lubricating coating in ultrahigh vacuum. In the second study the presence of an amorphous, nondiamond carbon surface layer formed on CVD diamond by ion implantation significantly reduced the coefficient of friction and the wear rate in ultrahigh vacuum. Therefore, such surface layers are acceptable for effective self-lubricating, wear-resistant applications of CVD diamond. In the third study CVD diamond in contact with cubic boron nitride exhibited low coefficient of friction in ultra high vacuum. Therefore, this materials combination can provide an effective self-lubricating, wear-resistant couple in ultrahigh vacuum.

Friction and Wear Properties of Selected Solid Lubricating Films. Part 2; Ion-Plated Lead Films

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Miyoshi, Kazuhisa; Iwaki, Masanori; Gotoh, Kenichi; Obara, Shingo; Imagawa, Kichiro

2000-01-01

To evaluate commercially developed dry solid film lubricants for aerospace bearing applications, an investigation was conducted to examine the friction and wear behavior of ion-plated lead films in sliding contact with 6-mm-diameter American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) 440C stainless steel balls. Unidirectional sliding friction experiments were conducted with a load of 5.9 N (600 g), a mean Hertzian contact pressure of 0.79 GPa (maximum Hertzian contact pressure of 1.2 GPa), and a sliding velocity of 0.2 m/s. The experiments were conducted at room temperature in three environments: ultrahigh vacuum (vacuum pressure, 7 x 10(exp -7 Pa), humid air (relative humidity, approx. 20 percent), and dry nitrogen (relative humidity, less then 1 percent). The resultant films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and surface profilometry. Marked differences in the friction and wear of the ion-plated lead films investigated herein resulted from the environmental conditions. The main criteria for judging the performance of the ion-plated lead films were coefficient of friction and wear rate, which had to be less than 0.3 and on the order of 1(exp -6) cu mm/N.m or less, respectively. The ion-plated lead films met both criteria only in ultrahigh vacuum but failed in humid air and in dry nitrogen, where the coefficient of friction was higher than the criterion. Both the lead film wear rate and the ball wear rate met that criterion in all three environments. Adhesion and plastic deformation played important roles in the friction and wear of the ion-plated lead films in contact with 440C stainless steel balls in the three environments. All sliding involved adhesive transfer of materials: transfer of lead wear debris to the counterpart 440C stainless steel and transfer of 440C stainless steel wear debris to the counterpart lead.

The Influence of Calcium Carbonate Composition and Activated Carbon in Pack Carburizing Low Carbon Steel Process in The Review of Hardness and Micro Structure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hafni; Hadi, Syafrul; Edison

2017-12-01

Carburizing is a way of hardening the surface by heating the metal (steel) above the critical temperature in an environment containing carbon. Steel at a temperature of the critical temperature of affinity to carbon. Carbon is absorbed into the metal form a solid solution of carbon-iron and the outer layer has high carbon content. When the composition of the activator and the activated charcoal is right, it will perfect the carbon atoms to diffuse into the test material to low carbon steels. Thick layer of carbon Depending on the time and temperature are used. Pack carburizing process in this study, using 1 kg of solid carbon derived from coconut shell charcoal with a variation of 20%, 10% and 5% calcium carbonate activator, burner temperature of 950 0C, holding time 4 hours. The test material is low carbon steel has 9 pieces. Each composition has three specimens. Furnace used in this study is a pack carburizing furnace which has a designed burner box with a volume of 1000 x 600 x 400 (mm3) of coal-fired. Equipped with a circulation of oxygen from the blower 2 inches and has a wall of refractory bricks. From the variation of composition CaCO3, microstructure formed on the specimen with 20% CaCO3, better diffusion of carbon into the carbon steel, it is seen by the form marten site structure after quenching, and this indicates that there has been an increase of or adding carbon to in the specimen. This led to the formation of marten site specimen into hard surfaces, where the average value of hardness at one point side (side edge) 31.7 HRC

Influence of Si addition on the carbon partitioning process in martensitic-austenitic stainless steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huang, Q.; Volkova, O.; De Cooman, BC; Biermann, H.; Mola, J.

2018-06-01

The effect of Si on the efficiency of carbon partitioning during quenching and partitioning (Q&P) processing of stainless steels was studied. For this purpose, 2 mass-% Si was added to a Fe-13Cr-0.47C reference steel. The Si-free (reference) and Si-added steels were subjected to Q&P cycles in dilatometer. The carbon enrichment of austenite in both steels was evaluated by determining the temperature interval between the quench temperature and the martensite start temperature of secondary martensite formed during final cooling to room temperature. In Q&P cycles with comparable martensite fractions at the quench temperature, the carbon enrichment of austenite after partitioning was similar for both steels. To compare the mechanical stability of austenite, Q&P-processed specimens of both steels were tensile tested in the temperature range 20-200 °C. The quench and partitioning temperatures were room temperature and 450 °C, respectively. Si addition had no meaningful influence on mechanical stability of austenite. The results indicate that the suppression of cementite formation by Si addition to stainless steels, as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy examinations, has no noticeable influence on the carbon enrichment of austenite in the partitioning step.

Development of Fine-Grained, Low-Carbon Bainitic Steels with High Strength and Toughness Produced Through the Conventional Hot-Rolling and Air-Cooling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dhua, Sanjay Kumar; Sarkar, Partha Pratim; Saxena, Atul; Jha, Bimal Kumar

2016-12-01

Low-carbon bainitic steels have created enormous interest among scientists across the world in the past few decades because of their high strength, toughness, and weldability replacing the conventional quenched and tempered medium-carbon steels. Three experimental steels with varying alloy additions were made in a 100-kg laboratory induction furnace and cast into 100-mm-diameter cylindrical ingots. These ingots were hot-rolled and air-cooled to 6-mm plates in an experimental rolling mill with selected thermomechanical parameters. Steels processed through this process provided an ultrafine low-carbon bainitic microstructure with maximum yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) 575 and 705 MPa, respectively. The Charpy impact toughness of the experimental steels was excellent, and at 253 K (-20 °C), it varied from 114 to 170 Joules. Cu-B-added steel was found to give an optimum combination of strength, YS-575 MPa, and toughness, 114 J at 253 K (-20 °C). Thus, fine-grained, low-carbon bainitic steels could be developed with a proper combination of alloying elements and thermomechanical parameters even by air-cooling.

40 CFR 63.10692 - What definitions apply to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... blown into molten steel for further refining. Capture system means the equipment (including ducts, hoods... furnace that produces molten steel and heats the charge materials with electric arcs from carbon... furnace (EAF) steelmaking facility means a steel plant that produces carbon, alloy, or specialty steels...

40 CFR 63.10692 - What definitions apply to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... blown into molten steel for further refining. Capture system means the equipment (including ducts, hoods... furnace that produces molten steel and heats the charge materials with electric arcs from carbon... furnace (EAF) steelmaking facility means a steel plant that produces carbon, alloy, or specialty steels...

40 CFR 63.10692 - What definitions apply to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... blown into molten steel for further refining. Capture system means the equipment (including ducts, hoods... furnace that produces molten steel and heats the charge materials with electric arcs from carbon... furnace (EAF) steelmaking facility means a steel plant that produces carbon, alloy, or specialty steels...

78 FR 25253 - Seamless Carbon and Alloy Steel Standard, Line, and Pressure From the People's Republic of China...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-04-30

... administrative review of the countervailing duty order on certain seamless carbon and alloy steel standard, line... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [C-570-957] Seamless Carbon and Alloy Steel Standard, Line, and Pressure From the People's Republic of China: Rescission of Countervailing...

76 FR 9749 - Affirmative Preliminary Determination of Circumvention of the Antidumping Duty Order on Certain...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-22

... certain cut-to-length carbon steel plate products with 0.0008 percent or more boron, by weight, regardless... Determination of Circumvention of the Antidumping Duty Order on Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon Steel Plate From...-to-length carbon steel plate from the PRC. [[Page 9750

78 FR 21105 - Circular Welded Carbon Steel Pipes and Tubes From Thailand: Preliminary Results of Antidumping...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-04-09

... Pipes and Tubes From Thailand: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review; 2011- 2012... on circular welded carbon steel pipes and tubes from Thailand. This review covers two producers... welded carbon steel pipes and tubes from Thailand.\\1\\ The merchandise is classifiable under the...

77 FR 16810 - Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products From the Republic of Korea: Extension of Time...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-22

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [C-580-818] Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products From the Republic of Korea: Extension of Time Limit for Preliminary Results of... Register the countervailing duty order on corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products (CORE) from Korea...

77 FR 25141 - Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products From Germany and South Korea: Extension of Time...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-27

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-428-815, A-580-816] Corrosion...) orders on corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products (CORE) from Germany and South Korea (Korea..., regarding ``Sunset Reviews of the Antidumping Duty Orders on Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products...

75 FR 18153 - Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products from the Republic of Korea: Extension of Time...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-09

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [C-580-818] Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products from the Republic of Korea: Extension of Time Limit for Preliminary Results of... countervailing duty order on corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products (CORE) from Korea. See Countervailing...

76 FR 20954 - Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products From the Republic of Korea: Extension of Time...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-14

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [C-580-818] Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products From the Republic of Korea: Extension of Time Limit for Preliminary Results of... Register the countervailing duty order on corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products (CORE) from Korea...

78 FR 46570 - Suspension Agreement on Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon Steel Plate From Ukraine; Administrative Review

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-01

... Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon Steel Plate From Ukraine; Administrative Review AGENCY: Import Administration... (Ilyich), are in compliance with the agreement suspending the antidumping investigation of certain cut-to...: Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon Steel Plate From Ukraine, 73 FR 57602 (October 3, 2008) (Agreement), Appendix...

75 FR 63439 - Certain Welded Carbon Steel Standard Pipes and Tubes From India: Extension of the Final Results...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-10-15

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-533-502] Certain Welded Carbon Steel... or (202) 482-1690, respectively. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Background On June 14, 2010, the... antidumping duty order on certain welded carbon steel standard pipes and tubes from India. See Certain Welded...

76 FR 68208 - Circular Welded Carbon-Quality Steel Pipe From India, Oman, United Arab Emirates, and Vietnam...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-03

... (Preliminary)] Circular Welded Carbon-Quality Steel Pipe From India, Oman, United Arab Emirates, and Vietnam... carbon-quality steel pipe from India, Oman, United Arab Emirates, and Vietnam, provided for in... Governments of India, Oman, United Arab Emirates, and Vietnam. Unless the Department of Commerce extends the...

77 FR 25405 - Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products From the Republic of Korea: Extension of Time...

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2012-04-30

... antidumping duty order on corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products from the Republic of Korea, covering... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-580-816] Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products From the Republic of Korea: Extension of Time Limit for the Preliminary Results of...

75 FR 25841 - Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products From the Republic of Korea: Extension of Time...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-05-10

... antidumping duty order on corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products from the Republic of Korea, covering... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-580-816] Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products From the Republic of Korea: Extension of Time Limits for the Preliminary Results of...

76 FR 21332 - Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products From the Republic of Korea: Extension of Time...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-15

... antidumping duty order on corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products from the Republic of Korea, covering... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-580-816] Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products From the Republic of Korea: Extension of Time Limits for the Preliminary Results of...

76 FR 2344 - Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products From India: Notice of Preliminary Results of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-13

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-533-820] Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon... administrative review of the antidumping duty order on certain hot-rolled carbon steel flat products from India (``Indian Hot-Rolled'') manufactured by Essar Steel Limited (``Essar''), Ispat Industries Limited (``Ispat...

77 FR 45576 - Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products From the People's Republic of China: Preliminary...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-08-01

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-570-865] Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon...'') is conducting an administrative review of the antidumping duty order on certain hot- rolled carbon steel flat products (``hot-rolled steel'') from the People's Republic of China (``PRC''), covering the...

75 FR 68327 - Certain Welded Carbon Steel Standard Pipes and Tubes From India: Rescission of Antidumping Duty...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-05

... Lloyds Metals & Engineers Ltd. and Lloyds Steel Industries Ltd.) (collectively, Lloyds) and Ushdev... and all affiliates, Lloyds Metals & Engineers Ltd., and Lloyds Steel Industries Ltd. Because we... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-533-502] Certain Welded Carbon Steel...

The Use of Austenitic Stainless Steel versus Monel (Ni-Cu) Alloy in Pressurized Gaseous Oxygen (GOX) Life Support Systems.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-03-01

Carbon Steel AISI 1025 2. AISI 4140 3. Ductile Iron 4. 304 Stainless Steel 5. 17-4 PH Stainless Steel 6. 410 Stainless Steel 7. Lead Babbit 8. Tin Babbit...9. Inconel 718 i0. Aluminum 1100 30 6- AISI 4140 steel, all the results were negative (no ignitions). The single exception was with a sample of 4140 ...rates for austenitic stainless steel ( AISI 316), Monel (63% Ni - 34% Cu) and carbon steel (AMS 5050) tubing in this environment. 12 - 14-660 A 7

Impact of Steel Fiber Size and Shape on the Mechanical Properties of Ultra-High Performance Concrete

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-08-01

32 Appendix B: DTT Specimens Pretest / Posttest ..................................................................................... 36 Appendix C...type and then subsequently compared to that material’s UCS. Figure 6 shows the splitting tensile testing set-up, both pretest and posttest . Figure...9 show the actual test configuration, pretest and posttest , respectively. This configuration utilized a chucking mechanism suited to the shape of

Superplastic behavior of two ultrahigh boron steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jiménez, J. A.; González-Doncel, G.; Acosta, P.; Ruano, O. A.

1994-06-01

The high-temperature deformation behavior of two ultrahigh boron steels containing 2.2 pct and 4.9 pct B was investigated. Both alloys were processed via powder metallurgy involving gas atomization and hot isostatic pressing (hipping) at various temperatures. After hipping at 700 °C, the Fe-2.2 pct B alloy showed a fine microstructure consisting of l- µm grains and small elongated borides (less than 1 µm) . At 1100 °C, a coarser microstructure with rounded borides was formed. This alloy was superplastic at 850 °C with stress exponents of about two and tensile elongations as high as 435 pct. The microstructure of the Fe-4.9 pct B alloy was similar to that of the Fe-2.2 pct B alloy showing, in addition, coarse borides. This alloy also showed low stress exponent values but lacked high tensile elongation (less than 65 pct), which was attributed to the presence of stress accumulation at the interface between the matrix and the large borides. A change in the activation energy value at the α-γ transformation temperature was seen in the Fe-2.2 pct B alloy. The plastic flow data were in agreement with grain boundary sliding and slip creep models.

Combined Intercritical Annealing and Q&P Processing of Medium Mn Steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

De Cooman, Bruno C.; Lee, Seon Jong; Shin, Sunmi; Seo, Eun Jung; Speer, John G.

2017-01-01

The microstructure and mechanical properties of intercritically annealed medium Mn steel are dependent on the selection of the intercritical annealing (IA) temperature. While the yield strength (YS) decreases with increasing IA temperature, the ultimate tensile strength increases with increasing IA temperature. Strain aging phenomena, both static and dynamic, are also often observed. The present contribution shows that, by combining IA with the quench and partitioning processing of the intercritical austenite, it is possible to obtain non-aging mechanical properties which combine a high YS with an ultra-high tensile strength. These properties are particularly suitable for automotive parts related to passenger safety.

Friction and Wear Properties of As-Deposited and Carbon Ion-Implanted Diamond Films

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Miyoshi, Kazuhisa

1996-01-01

Recent work on the friction and wear properties of as-deposited and carbon ion-implanted diamond films was reviewed. Diamond films were produced by the microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique. Diamond films with various grain sizes and surface roughnesses were implanted with carbon ions at 60 keV ion energy, resulting in a dose of 1.2 x 10(exp 17) carbon ions per cm(exp 2). Various analytical techniques, including Raman spectroscopy, proton recoil analysis, Rutherford backscattering, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction, were utilized to characterize the diamond films. Sliding friction experiments were conducted with a polished natural diamond pin in contact with diamond films in the three environments: humid air (40% relative humidity), dry nitrogen (less than 1 percent relative humidity), and ultrahigh vacuum (10(exp -7) Pa). The CVD diamond films indeed have friction and wear properties similar to those of natural diamond in the three environments. The as-deposited, fine-grain diamond films can be effectively used as self-lubricating, wear-resistant coatings that have low coefficients of friction (0.02 to 0.04) and low wear rates (10(exp -7) to lO(exp -8) mm(exp 3) N(exp -1) m(exp -1)) in both humid air and dry nitrogen. However, they have high coefficients of friction (1.5 to 1.7) and a high wear rate (10(exp -4) mm(exp 7) N(exp -1) m(exp -1)) in ultrahigh vacuum. The carbon ion implantation produced a thin surficial layer (less than 0.1 micron thick) of amorphous, non-diamond carbon on the diamond films. In humid air and dry nitrogen, the ion-implanted, fine and coarse-grain diamond films have a low coefficient of friction (around 0.1) and a low wear rate (10(exp -7) mm(exp 3) N(exp -1) m(exp-1)). Even in ultrahigh vacuum, the presence of the non-diamond carbon layer reduced the coefficient of friction of fine-grain diamond films to 0.1 or lower and the wear rate to 10(exp -6) mm(exp 3) N(exp -1) m(exp -1). Thus, the carbon ion-implanted, fine-grain diamond films can be effectively used as wear-resistant, self-lubricating coatings not only in air and dry nitrogen, but also in ultrahigh vacuum.

75 FR 2487 - Circular Welded Carbon Steel Pipes and Tubes from Thailand: Court Decision Not in Harmony with...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-01-15

... Pipes and Tubes from Thailand: Court Decision Not in Harmony with Final Results of Administrative Review... welded carbon steel pipes and tubes from Thailand covering the period March 1, 2006 through February 28, 2007. Circular Welded Carbon Steel Pipes and Tubes from Thailand: Final Results of Antidumping Duty...

77 FR 73674 - Circular Welded Carbon-Quality Steel Pipe From India, Oman, The United Arab Emirates, and Vietnam

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-11

...)] Circular Welded Carbon-Quality Steel Pipe From India, Oman, The United Arab Emirates, and Vietnam... welded carbon-quality steel pipe from India, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, and Vietnam, provided for in... from India, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, and Vietnam were subsidized and/or dumped within the...

76 FR 78313 - Circular Welded Carbon-Quality Steel Pipe From India, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, and Vietnam

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-16

... (Preliminary)] Circular Welded Carbon-Quality Steel Pipe From India, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, and... India, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, and Vietnam of circular welded carbon- quality steel pipe... the Governments of India, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, and Vietnam.\\2\\ \\1\\ The record is defined in...

77 FR 31877 - Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products From Germany and Korea; Scheduling of Full Five...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-30

... INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION [Investigation Nos. 701-TA-350 and 731-TA-616 and 618 (Third Review)] Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products From Germany and Korea; Scheduling of Full Five-Year Reviews... corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products from Korea and the antidumping duty orders on corrosion...

76 FR 34044 - Carbon and Certain Alloy Steel Wire Rod From Mexico: Extension of Time Limits for the Preliminary...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-10

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-201-830] Carbon and Certain Alloy Steel Wire Rod From Mexico: Extension of Time Limits for the Preliminary Results of Fifth Antidumping... carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod from Mexico, covering the period October 1, 2009, through...

78 FR 67334 - Suspension Agreement on Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon Steel Plate From Ukraine; Final Results of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-12

... Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon Steel Plate From Ukraine; Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative...) published the preliminary results of an administrative review of the suspension agreement on certain cut-to... Agreement on Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon Steel Plate From Ukraine; Administrative Review, 78 FR 46570...

78 FR 73827 - Suspension Agreement on Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon Steel Plate From the Russian Federation...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-12-09

... Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon Steel Plate From the Russian Federation; Final Results of Antidumping Duty...) published the preliminary results of an administrative review of the suspension agreement on certain cut-to...). See Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon Steel Plate From the Russian Federation; 2012; Preliminary Results of...

75 FR 22555 - Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon-Quality Steel Plate from the Republic of Korea: Rescission of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-29

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-580-836] Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon-Quality Steel Plate from the Republic of Korea: Rescission of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review... certain cut-to-length carbon-quality steel plate (CTL plate) from the Republic of Korea. The period of...

76 FR 64896 - Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon-Quality Steel Plate From the Republic of Korea: Extension of Time...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-19

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-580-836] Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon-Quality Steel Plate From the Republic of Korea: Extension of Time Limit for Preliminary Results of... on certain cut-to-length carbon-quality steel plate from the Republic of Korea. The period of review...

75 FR 1335 - Circular Welded Carbon Steel Pipes and Tubes from Taiwan; Extension of Time Limit for Preliminary...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-01-11

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-583-008] Circular Welded Carbon Steel... review of the antidumping duty order on circular welded carbon steel pipes and tubes from Taiwan.\\1\\ On... review within the original time frame because we require additional time to obtain information from the...

77 FR 15718 - Circular Welded Carbon-Quality Steel Pipe From India, the Sultanate of Oman, the United Arab...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-16

...-811] Circular Welded Carbon-Quality Steel Pipe From India, the Sultanate of Oman, the United Arab... Oman (Oman), the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Vietnam). See Circular Welded Carbon-Quality Steel Pipe From India, the Sultanate of Oman, the United Arab Emirates, and...

76 FR 22725 - Cut-to-Length Carbon Steel Plate From India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, and Korea; Scheduling of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-22

... Review)] Cut-to-Length Carbon Steel Plate From India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, and Korea; Scheduling of...-Length Carbon Steel Plate From India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, and Korea AGENCY: United States... from India, Indonesia, Italy, and Korea and/or therevocation of the antidumping duty orders on cut-to...

77 FR 2511 - Certain Welded Carbon Steel Pipe and Tube From Turkey: Extension of Time Limit for Preliminary...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-01-18

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-489-501] Certain Welded Carbon Steel Pipe and Tube From Turkey: Extension of Time Limit for Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty... certain welded carbon steel pipe and tube from Turkey covering the period May 1, 2010, through April 30...

76 FR 3083 - Certain Welded Carbon Steel Pipe and Tube From Turkey: Extension of Time Limit for Preliminary...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-19

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-489-501] Certain Welded Carbon Steel Pipe and Tube From Turkey: Extension of Time Limit for Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty... welded carbon steel pipe and tube from Turkey covering the period May 1, 2009, through April 30, 2010...

78 FR 286 - Circular Welded Carbon Steel Pipes and Tubes From Turkey; Amended Final Results of Antidumping...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-03

... Pipes and Tubes From Turkey; Amended Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review; 2010 to... administrative review of the antidumping duty order on circular welded carbon steel pipes and tubes from Turkey... Act). \\1\\ See Circular Welded Carbon Steel Pipes and Tubes from Turkey; Final Results of Antidumping...

76 FR 78886 - Certain Welded Carbon Steel Standard Pipe and Tube From Turkey: Intent To Rescind Countervailing...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-20

... Standard Pipe and Tube From Turkey: Intent To Rescind Countervailing Duty Administrative Review, in Part... certain welded carbon steel pipe and tube from Turkey. See Antidumping or Countervailing Duty Order... Certain Welded Carbon Steel Standard Pipe from Turkey,'' (October 27, 2011). A Type 3 entry is an entry of...

75 FR 3896 - Certain Welded Carbon Steel Pipe and Tube from Turkey: Extension of Time Limit for Preliminary...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-01-25

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-489-501] Certain Welded Carbon Steel Pipe and Tube from Turkey: Extension of Time Limit for Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty... antidumping duty order on certain welded carbon steel pipe and tube from Turkey covering the period May 1...

77 FR 6542 - Certain Welded Carbon Steel Standard Pipe and Tube From Turkey: Notice of Final Rescission of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-08

... Standard Pipe and Tube From Turkey: Notice of Final Rescission of Countervailing Duty Administrative Review...) order on certain welded carbon steel pipe and tube from Turkey for the period of review (POR) of January... of Certain Welded Carbon Steel Standard Pipe from Turkey,'' (October 27, 2011). We reviewed the...

75 FR 64250 - Certain Welded Carbon Steel Pipe and Tube From Turkey: Notice of Final Antidumping Duty...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-10-19

... Pipe and Tube From Turkey: Notice of Final Antidumping Duty Administrative Review AGENCY: Import... administrative review of certain welded carbon steel pipe and tube from Turkey. This review covers four producers... Administrative Review of Certain Welded Carbon Steel Pipe and Tube from Turkey: Selection of Respondents for...

78 FR 77421 - Certain Oil Country Tubular Goods From India: Preliminary Affirmative Countervailing Duty...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-12-23

... tubing, of iron (other than cast iron) or steel (both carbon and alloy), whether seamless or welded... and tubing, of iron (other than cast iron) or steel (both carbon and alloy), whether seamless or..., United States Steel Corporation, Boomerang Tube, Energex Tube, a division of JMC Steel Group, Northwest...

77 FR 36256 - Circular Welded Carbon-Quality Steel Pipe From India: Postponement of Final Determination of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-06-18

...-Quality Steel Pipe From India: Postponement of Final Determination of Antidumping Duty Investigation...- quality steel pipe from India.\\1\\ On June 1, 2012, the Department published its preliminary determination... is currently due on August 6, 2012. \\1\\ See Circular Welded Carbon-Quality Steel Pipe from India, the...

75 FR 62566 - Hot-Rolled Flat-Rolled Carbon-Quality Steel Products From Brazil, Japan, and Russia

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-10-12

...)] Hot-Rolled Flat-Rolled Carbon-Quality Steel Products From Brazil, Japan, and Russia AGENCY: United... antidumping duty investigation on hot-rolled steel from Russia. SUMMARY: The Commission hereby gives notice of... suspended investigation on hot-rolled steel from Russia would be likely to lead to continuation or...

75 FR 16504 - Hot-Rolled Flat-Rolled Carbon-Quality Steel Products From Brazil, Japan, and Russia

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-01

...)] Hot-Rolled Flat-Rolled Carbon-Quality Steel Products From Brazil, Japan, and Russia AGENCY: United... investigation on hot-rolled steel from Russia. SUMMARY: The Commission hereby gives notice that it has...-rolled steel from Russia would be likely to lead to continuation or recurrence of material injury...

75 FR 42782 - Hot-Rolled Flat-Rolled Carbon-Quality Steel Products From Brazil, Japan, and Russia

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-07-22

...)] Hot-Rolled Flat-Rolled Carbon-Quality Steel Products From Brazil, Japan, and Russia AGENCY: United... Brazil and Japan, and the suspended investigation on hot-rolled steel from Russia. SUMMARY: The... Japan, and the suspended investigation on hot-rolled steel from Russia would be likely to lead to...

78 FR 49255 - Certain Circular Welded Carbon Steel Pipes and Tubes From Taiwan: Partial Rescission of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-13

... Co., Ltd., Tension Steel Industries Co., Ltd., and Yieh Phui Enterprise Co., Ltd. Petitioner... Steel Industries Co., Ltd.; and (5) Yieh Phui Enterprise Co., Ltd. This review will continue with... Carbon Steel Pipes and Tubes From Taiwan: Partial Rescission of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review...

76 FR 57020 - Circular Welded Carbon Steel Pipes and Tubes From Taiwan: Notice of Partial Rescission of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-15

...) Tension Steel Industries Co. Ltd. Partial Rescission The applicable regulation, 19 CFR 351.213(d)(1....); and (6) Tension Steel Industries Co. Ltd. This review will continue with respect to Yieh Phui... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-583-008] Circular Welded Carbon Steel...

Super-Hydrophobic Green Corrosion Inhibitor On Carbon Steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hassan, H.; Ismail, A.; Ahmad, S.; Soon, C. F.

2017-06-01

There are many examples of organic coatings used for corrosion protection. In particular, hydrophobic and super-hydrophobic coatings are shown to give good protection because of their enhanced ability to slow down transport of water and ions through the coating. The purpose of this research is to develop water repellent coating to avoid direct contact between metal and environment corrosive and mitigate corrosion attack at pipeline system. This water repellent characteristic on super-hydrophobic coating was coated by electrodeposition method. Wettability of carbon steel with super-hydrophobic coating (cerium chloride and myristic acid) and oxidized surface was investigated through contact angle and inhibitor performance test. The inhibitor performance was studied in 25% tannin acid corrosion test at 30°C and 3.5% sodium chloride (NaCl). The water contact angle test was determined by placing a 4-μL water droplet of distilled water. It shows that the wettability of contact angle super-hydrophobic with an angle of 151.60° at zero minute can be classified as super-hydrophobic characteristic. By added tannin acid as inhibitor the corrosion protection on carbon steel becomes more consistent. This reveals that the ability of the coating to withstand with the corrosion attack in the seawater at different period of immersions. The results elucidate that the weight loss increased as the time of exposure increased. However, the corrosion rates for uncoated carbon steel is high compared to coated carbon steel. As a conclusion, from both samples it can be seen that the coated carbon steel has less corrosion rated compared to uncoated carbon steel and addition of inhibitor to the seawater provides more protection to resist corrosion attack on carbon steel.

One-step synthesis of 2D-layered carbon wrapped transition metal nitrides from transition metal carbides (MXenes) for supercapacitors with ultrahigh cycling stability.

PubMed

Yuan, Wenyu; Cheng, Laifei; Wu, Heng; Zhang, Yani; Lv, Shilin; Guo, Xiaohui

2018-03-13

A novel one-step method to synthesize 2D carbon wrapped TiN (C@TiN) was proposed via using 2D metal carbides (MXenes) as precursors. This study provides a novel approach to synthesize carbon wrapped metal nitrides.

Cubic martensite in high carbon steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Yulin; Xiao, Wenlong; Jiao, Kun; Ping, Dehai; Xu, Huibin; Zhao, Xinqing; Wang, Yunzhi

2018-05-01

A distinguished structural characteristic of martensite in Fe-C steels is its tetragonality originating from carbon atoms occupying only one set of the three available octahedral interstitial sites in the body-centered-cubic (bcc) Fe lattice. Such a body-centered-tetragonal (bct) structure is believed to be thermodynamically stable because of elastic interactions between the interstitial carbon atoms. For such phase stability, however, there has been a lack of direct experimental evidence despite extensive studies of phase transformations in steels over one century. In this Rapid Communication, we report that the martensite formed in a high carbon Fe-8Ni-1.26C (wt%) steel at room temperature induced by applied stress/strain has actually a bcc rather than a bct crystal structure. This finding not only challenges the existing theories on the stability of bcc vs bct martensite in high carbon steels, but also provides insights into the mechanism for martensitic transformation in ferrous alloys.

Ultrathin Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Layer Uniformly Supported on Graphene Frameworks as Ultrahigh-Capacity Anode for Lithium-Ion Full Battery.

PubMed

Huang, Yanshan; Li, Ke; Yang, Guanhui; Aboud, Mohamed F Aly; Shakir, Imran; Xu, Yuxi

2018-03-01

The designable structure with 3D structure, ultrathin 2D nanosheets, and heteroatom doping are considered as highly promising routes to improve the electrochemical performance of carbon materials as anodes for lithium-ion batteries. However, it remains a significant challenge to efficiently integrate 3D interconnected porous frameworks with 2D tunable heteroatom-doped ultrathin carbon layers to further boost the performance. Herein, a novel nanostructure consisting of a uniform ultrathin N-doped carbon layer in situ coated on a 3D graphene framework (NC@GF) through solvothermal self-assembly/polymerization and pyrolysis is reported. The NC@GF with the nanosheets thickness of 4.0 nm and N content of 4.13 at% exhibits an ultrahigh reversible capacity of 2018 mA h g -1 at 0.5 A g -1 and an ultrafast charge-discharge feature with a remarkable capacity of 340 mA h g -1 at an ultrahigh current density of 40 A g -1 and a superlong cycle life with a capacity retention of 93% after 10 000 cycles at 40 A g -1 . More importantly, when coupled with LiFePO 4 cathode, the fabricated lithium-ion full cells also exhibit high capacity and excellent rate and cycling performances, highlighting the practicability of this NC@GF. © 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Price, L.K.; Phylipsen, G.J.M.; Worrell, E.

Iron and steel production consumes enormous quantities of energy, especially in developing countries where outdated, inefficient technologies are still used to produce iron and steel. Carbon dioxide emissions from steel production, which range between 5 and 15% of total country emissions in key developing countries (Brazil, China, India, Mexico, and South Africa), will continue to grow as these countries develop and as demand for steel products such as materials, automobiles, and appliances increases. In this report, we describe the key steel processes, discuss typical energy-intensity values for these processes, review historical trends in iron and steel production by process inmore » five key developing countries, describe the steel industry in each of the five key developing countries, present international comparisons of energy use and carbon dioxide emissions among these countries, and provide our assessment of the technical potential to reduce these emissions based on best-practice benchmarking. Using a best practice benchmark, we find that significant savings, in the range of 33% to 49% of total primary energy used to produce steel, are technically possible in these countries. Similarly, we find that the technical potential for reducing intensities of carbon dioxide emissions ranges between 26% and 49% of total carbon dioxide emissions from steel production in these countries.« less

Ultrahigh density alignment of carbon nanotube arrays by dielectrophoresis.

PubMed

Shekhar, Shashank; Stokes, Paul; Khondaker, Saiful I

2011-03-22

We report ultrahigh density assembly of aligned single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) two-dimensional arrays via AC dielectrophoresis using high-quality surfactant-free and stable SWNT solutions. After optimization of frequency and trapping time, we can reproducibly control the linear density of the SWNT between prefabricated electrodes from 0.5 SWNT/μm to more than 30 SWNT/μm by tuning the concentration of the nanotubes in the solution. Our maximum density of 30 SWNT/μm is the highest for aligned arrays via any solution processing technique reported so far. Further increase of SWNT concentration results in a dense array with multiple layers. We discuss how the orientation and density of the nanotubes vary with concentrations and channel lengths. Electrical measurement data show that the densely packed aligned arrays have low sheet resistances. Selective removal of metallic SWNTs via controlled electrical breakdown produced field-effect transistors with high current on-off ratio. Ultrahigh density alignment reported here will have important implications in fabricating high-quality devices for digital and analog electronics.

The effect of 17-4PH stainless steel on the lifetime of a Pennzane lubricated Microwave Limb Sounder Antenna Actuator Assembly ball screw for the AURA spacecraft

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jones, William R., Jr.; Jansen, Mark J.; Chen, Gun-Shing; Lam, Jonathan; Balzer, Mark; Lo, John; Anderson, Mark; Schepis, Joseph P.

2005-07-01

During ground based life testing of a Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) Antenna Actuator Assembly (AAA) ball-screw assembly, lubricant darkening and loss were noted when approximately 10% of required lifetime was completed. The MLS-AAA ball screw and nut are made from 17-4 PH steel, the nut has 440C stainless steel balls, and the assembly is lubricated with a Pennzane formulation containing a three weight percent lead naphthenate additive. Life tests were done in dry nitrogen at 50°C. To investigate the MLS-AAA life test anomaly, Spiral Orbit Tribometer (SOT) accelerated tests were performed. SOT results indicated greatly reduced relative lifetimes of Pennzane formulations in contact with 17-4 PH steel compared to 440C stainless steel. Also, dry nitrogen tests yielded longer relative lifetimes than comparable ultrahigh vacuum tests. Generally, oxidized Pennzane formulations yielded shorter lifetimes than non-oxidized lubricant. This study emphasizes surface chemistry effects on the lubricated lifetime of moving mechanical assemblies.

Spreading of lithium on a stainless steel surface at room temperature

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Skinner, C. H.; Capece, A. M.; Roszell, J. P.

Lithium conditioned plasma facing surfaces have lowered recycling and enhanced plasma performance on many fusion devices and liquid lithium plasma facing components are under consideration for future machines. A key factor in the performance of liquid lithium components is the wetting by lithium of its container. We have observed the surface spreading of lithium from a mm-scale particle to adjacent stainless steel surfaces using a scanning Auger microprobe that has elemental discrimination. Here, the spreading of lithium occurred at room temperature (when lithium is a solid) from one location at a speed of 0.62 μm/day under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. Separatemore » experiments using temperature programmed desorption (TPD) investigated bonding energetics between monolayer-scale films of lithium and stainless steel. While multilayer lithium desorption from stainless steel begins to occur just above 500 K (E des = 1.54 eV), sub-monolayer Li desorption occurred in a TPD peak at 942 K (E des = 2.52 eV) indicating more energetically favorable lithium-stainless steel bonding (in the absence of an oxidation layer) than lithium lithium bonding.« less

Spreading of lithium on a stainless steel surface at room temperature

DOE PAGES

Skinner, C. H.; Capece, A. M.; Roszell, J. P.; ...

2015-11-10

Lithium conditioned plasma facing surfaces have lowered recycling and enhanced plasma performance on many fusion devices and liquid lithium plasma facing components are under consideration for future machines. A key factor in the performance of liquid lithium components is the wetting by lithium of its container. We have observed the surface spreading of lithium from a mm-scale particle to adjacent stainless steel surfaces using a scanning Auger microprobe that has elemental discrimination. Here, the spreading of lithium occurred at room temperature (when lithium is a solid) from one location at a speed of 0.62 μm/day under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. Separatemore » experiments using temperature programmed desorption (TPD) investigated bonding energetics between monolayer-scale films of lithium and stainless steel. While multilayer lithium desorption from stainless steel begins to occur just above 500 K (E des = 1.54 eV), sub-monolayer Li desorption occurred in a TPD peak at 942 K (E des = 2.52 eV) indicating more energetically favorable lithium-stainless steel bonding (in the absence of an oxidation layer) than lithium lithium bonding.« less

Spreading of lithium on a stainless steel surface at room temperature

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Skinner, C. H.; Capece, A. M.; Roszell, J. P.; Koel, B. E.

2016-01-01

Lithium conditioned plasma facing surfaces have lowered recycling and enhanced plasma performance on many fusion devices and liquid lithium plasma facing components are under consideration for future machines. A key factor in the performance of liquid lithium components is the wetting by lithium of its container. We have observed the surface spreading of lithium from a mm-scale particle to adjacent stainless steel surfaces using a scanning Auger microprobe that has elemental discrimination. The spreading of lithium occurred at room temperature (when lithium is a solid) from one location at a speed of 0.62 μm/day under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. Separate experiments using temperature programmed desorption (TPD) investigated bonding energetics between monolayer-scale films of lithium and stainless steel. While multilayer lithium desorption from stainless steel begins to occur just above 500 K (Edes = 1.54 eV), sub-monolayer Li desorption occurred in a TPD peak at 942 K (Edes = 2.52 eV) indicating more energetically favorable lithium-stainless steel bonding (in the absence of an oxidation layer) than lithium-lithium bonding.

The Effect of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel on the Lifetime of a Pennzane(Trademark) Lubricated Microwave Limb Sounder Antenna Actuator Assembly Ball Screw for the AURA Spacecraft

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jones, William R., Jr.; Jansen, Mark J.; Chen, Gun-Shing; Lam, Jonathan; Balzer, Mark; Anderson, Mark; Lo, John; Schepis, Joseph P.

2005-01-01

During ground based life testing of a Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) Antenna Actuator Assembly (AAA) ball-screw assembly, lubricant darkening and loss were noted when approximately 10 percent of required lifetime was completed. The MLS-AAA ball screw and nut are made from 17-4 PH steel, the nut has 440C stainless steel balls, and the assembly is lubricated with a Pennzane formulation containing a three weight percent lead naphthenate additive. Life tests were done in dry nitrogen at 50 C. To investigate the MLS-AAA life test anomaly, Spiral Orbit Tribometer (SOT) accelerated tests were performed. SOT results indicated greatly reduced relative lifetimes of Pennzane formulations in contact with 17-4 PH steel compared to 440C stainless steel. Also, dry nitrogen tests yielded longer relative lifetimes than comparable ultrahigh vacuum tests. Generally, oxidized Pennzane formulations yielded shorter lifetimes than non-oxidized lubricant. This study emphasizes surface chemistry effects on the lubricated lifetime of moving mechanical assemblies.

Precise carbon control of fabricated stainless steel

DOEpatents

Nilsen, R.J.

1975-12-01

A process is described for controlling the carbon content of fabricated stainless steel components including the steps of heat treating the component in hydrogen atmospheres of varying dewpoints and carbon potentials.

Additive manufacturing of complex-shaped graded TiC/steel composites

DOE PAGES

Levy, Asaf; Miriyev, Aslan; Elliott, Amy; ...

2017-01-12

Complex-shaped TiCx ceramic preforms with a gradient of carbon content in the titanium carbide phase (x changes from 0.7 to 0.98) were fabricated for the first time by Binder jet 3D printing technology. The complex-shaped preforms were infiltrated with molten carbon steel (0.7 wt.%C). Thermodynamic considerations showed that carbon could be transferred from titanium carbide to steel and vice versa according to the initial concentration of carbon (activity) in both phases. After infiltration, solidification and slow cooling, a microstructural gradient was obtained throughout the steel matrix from ferrite, in the region where the steel was in contact with titanium carbidemore » of low carbon content (x=0.7), to pearlite, in the region where the steel underwent interactions with stoichiometric titanium carbide (x=0.98). After annealing at 900°C and quenching in oil, a structural gradient in the steel matrix from ferrite to martensite was obtained, resulting in a hardness gradient of 700-1600 HV. The suggested processing approach allows for fabrication of complex-shaped graded composites with the desired property gradient suitable for a wide range of practical applications.« less

Additive manufacturing of complex-shaped graded TiC/steel composites

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Levy, Asaf; Miriyev, Aslan; Elliott, Amy

Complex-shaped TiCx ceramic preforms with a gradient of carbon content in the titanium carbide phase (x changes from 0.7 to 0.98) were fabricated for the first time by Binder jet 3D printing technology. The complex-shaped preforms were infiltrated with molten carbon steel (0.7 wt.%C). Thermodynamic considerations showed that carbon could be transferred from titanium carbide to steel and vice versa according to the initial concentration of carbon (activity) in both phases. After infiltration, solidification and slow cooling, a microstructural gradient was obtained throughout the steel matrix from ferrite, in the region where the steel was in contact with titanium carbidemore » of low carbon content (x=0.7), to pearlite, in the region where the steel underwent interactions with stoichiometric titanium carbide (x=0.98). After annealing at 900°C and quenching in oil, a structural gradient in the steel matrix from ferrite to martensite was obtained, resulting in a hardness gradient of 700-1600 HV. The suggested processing approach allows for fabrication of complex-shaped graded composites with the desired property gradient suitable for a wide range of practical applications.« less

76 FR 7151 - Certain Carbon Steel Butt-Weld Pipe Fittings From Brazil, Japan, Taiwan, Thailand, and the People...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-09

...-807, A-570-814] Certain Carbon Steel Butt-Weld Pipe Fittings From Brazil, Japan, Taiwan, Thailand, and..., Thailand, and the People's Republic of China (PRC), pursuant to section 751(c) of the Tariff Act of 1930... antidumping duty orders \\1\\ on carbon steel butt-weld pipe fittings from Brazil, Japan, Taiwan, Thailand, and...

76 FR 21331 - Certain Carbon Steel Butt-Weld Pipe Fittings From Brazil, Japan, Taiwan, Thailand, and the People...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-15

...-807, A-570-814] Certain Carbon Steel Butt-Weld Pipe Fittings From Brazil, Japan, Taiwan, Thailand, and... butt-weld pipe fittings from Brazil, Japan, Taiwan, Thailand, and the People's Republic of China (PRC... duty orders on carbon steel butt-weld pipe fittings from Brazil, Japan, Taiwan, Thailand, and the PRC...

78 FR 63450 - Carbon and Certain Alloy Steel Wire Rod From Brazil, Indonesia, Mexico, Moldova, Trinidad and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-10-24

...-805, A-274-804, A-823-812] Carbon and Certain Alloy Steel Wire Rod From Brazil, Indonesia, Mexico... on carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod (``wire rod'') from Brazil, Indonesia, Mexico, Moldova... published the notice of initiation of the sunset reviews of the antidumping duty orders on wire rod from...

76 FR 80963 - Cut-To-Length Carbon-Quality Steel Plate From India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, and Korea

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-27

... Review)] Cut-To-Length Carbon-Quality Steel Plate From India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, and Korea... cut-to-length carbon-quality steel plate from India, Indonesia, and Korea would be likely to lead to... Plate from India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, and Korea: Investigation Nos. 701-TA-388-391 and 731-TA-817...

76 FR 64900 - Welded Carbon Steel Pipe and Tube From Turkey: Final Results of Expedited Sunset Review of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-19

... Tube From Turkey: Final Results of Expedited Sunset Review of Countervailing Duty Order AGENCY: Import... welded carbon steel pipe and tube from Turkey pursuant to section 751(c) of the Tariff Act of 1930, as... INFORMATION: Background The CVD order on welded carbon steel pipe and tube from Turkey was published in the...

Hybrid Effect Evaluation of Steel Fiber and Carbon Fiber on the Performance of the Fiber Reinforced Concrete

PubMed Central

Song, Weimin; Yin, Jian

2016-01-01

Fiber reinforcement is an important method to enhance the performance of concrete. In this study, the compressive test and impact test were conducted, and then the hybrid effect between steel fiber (SF) and carbon fiber (CF) was evaluated by employing the hybrid effect index. Compressive toughness and impact toughness of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC), carbon fiber reinforced concrete (CFRC) and hybrid fiber reinforced concrete (HFRC) were explored at steel fiber volume fraction 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and carbon fiber 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%. Results showed that the addition of steel fiber and carbon fiber can increase the compressive strength. SF, CF and the hybridization between them could increase the compressive toughness significantly. The impact test results showed that as the volume of fiber increased, the impact number of the first visible crack and the ultimate failure also increased. The improvement of toughness mainly lay in improving the crack resistance after the first crack. Based on the test results, the positive hybrid effect of steel fiber and carbon fiber existed in hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. The relationship between the compressive toughness and impact toughness was also explored. PMID:28773824

Hybrid Effect Evaluation of Steel Fiber and Carbon Fiber on the Performance of the Fiber Reinforced Concrete.

PubMed

Song, Weimin; Yin, Jian

2016-08-18

Fiber reinforcement is an important method to enhance the performance of concrete. In this study, the compressive test and impact test were conducted, and then the hybrid effect between steel fiber (SF) and carbon fiber (CF) was evaluated by employing the hybrid effect index. Compressive toughness and impact toughness of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC), carbon fiber reinforced concrete (CFRC) and hybrid fiber reinforced concrete (HFRC) were explored at steel fiber volume fraction 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and carbon fiber 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%. Results showed that the addition of steel fiber and carbon fiber can increase the compressive strength. SF, CF and the hybridization between them could increase the compressive toughness significantly. The impact test results showed that as the volume of fiber increased, the impact number of the first visible crack and the ultimate failure also increased. The improvement of toughness mainly lay in improving the crack resistance after the first crack. Based on the test results, the positive hybrid effect of steel fiber and carbon fiber existed in hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. The relationship between the compressive toughness and impact toughness was also explored.

Characterization of corrosion resistant on NiCoCr coating layer exposed to 5%NaCl

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sugiarti, E.; Sundawa, R.; Desiati, R. D.; Zaini, K. A.

2018-03-01

Highly corrosion resistant of carbon steel coated NiCoCr was applied in corrosive of marine environtment. Carbon steel coated NiCoCr was prepared by a two step technique of NiCo electro-deposition and Cr pack cementation. The samples were exposed to 5 wt.% NaCl for 48 and 168 hours. The microstructure and corrosion product were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The corrosion resistance of carbon steel coated NiCoCr was found to be better than that of carbon steel substrate without coating. The results showed the microstructure of 48 h corroded sample has duplex layer composed of inner α-(Ni,Co), α-Cr and outer Cr2O3, while a quite thin and continues protective oxide of Cr2O3 was observed in outer layer of 168 h corroded sample. The formation of oxide scale rich in Cr2O3 has contributed for the better corrosion resistance of carbon steel coated NiCoCr, whereas the formation of non protective oxide of iron might caused low corrosion resistance of carbon steel substrate.

78 FR 15703 - Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products From India, Indonesia, the People's Republic of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-12

...-835, A-549-817, A-823-811] Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products From India, Indonesia, the... steel flat products from India, Indonesia, the People's Republic of China (PRC), Taiwan, Thailand, and... steel flat products from India, Indonesia, the PRC, Taiwan, Thailand, and Ukraine, pursuant to section...

Microbial Methane Production Associated with Carbon Steel Corrosion in a Nigerian Oil Field

PubMed Central

Mand, Jaspreet; Park, Hyung S.; Okoro, Chuma; Lomans, Bart P.; Smith, Seun; Chiejina, Leo; Voordouw, Gerrit

2016-01-01

Microbially influenced corrosion (MIC) in oil field pipeline systems can be attributed to many different types of hydrogenotrophic microorganisms including sulfate reducers, methanogens and acetogens. Samples from a low temperature oil reservoir in Nigeria were analyzed using DNA pyrotag sequencing. The microbial community compositions of these samples revealed an abundance of anaerobic methanogenic archaea. Activity of methanogens was demonstrated by incubating samples anaerobically in a basal salts medium, in the presence of carbon steel and carbon dioxide. Methane formation was measured in all enrichments and correlated with metal weight loss. Methanogens were prominently represented in pipeline solids samples, scraped from the inside of a pipeline, comprising over 85% of all pyrosequencing reads. Methane production was only witnessed when carbon steel beads were added to these pipeline solids samples, indicating that no methane was formed as a result of degradation of the oil organics present in these samples. These results were compared to those obtained for samples taken from a low temperature oil field in Canada, which had been incubated with oil, either in the presence or in the absence of carbon steel. Again, methanogens present in these samples catalyzed methane production only when carbon steel was present. Moreover, acetate production was also found in these enrichments only in the presence of carbon steel. From these studies it appears that carbon steel, not oil organics, was the predominant electron donor for acetate production and methane formation in these low temperature oil fields, indicating that the methanogens and acetogens found may contribute significantly to MIC. PMID:26793176

Structures of dolomite at ultrahigh pressure and their influence on the deep carbon cycle

PubMed Central

Merlini, Marco; Crichton, Wilson A.; Hanfland, Michael; Gemmi, Mauro; Müller, Harald; Kupenko, Ilya; Dubrovinsky, Leonid

2012-01-01

Carbon-bearing solids, fluids, and melts in the Earth's deep interior may play an important role in the long-term carbon cycle. Here we apply synchrotron X-ray single crystal micro-diffraction techniques to identify and characterize the high-pressure polymorphs of dolomite. Dolomite-II, observed above 17 GPa, is triclinic, and its structure is topologically related to CaCO3-II. It transforms above 35 GPa to dolomite-III, also triclinic, which features carbon in [3 + 1] coordination at the highest pressures investigated (60 GPa). The structure is therefore representative of an intermediate between the low-pressure carbonates and the predicted ultra-high pressure carbonates, with carbon in tetrahedral coordination. Dolomite-III does not decompose up to the melting point (2,600 K at 43 GPa) and its thermodynamic stability demonstrates that this complex phase can transport carbon to depths of at least up to 1,700 km. Dolomite-III, therefore, is a likely occurring phase in areas containing recycled crustal slabs, which are more oxidized and Ca-enriched than the primitive lower mantle. Indeed, these phases may play an important role as carbon carriers in the whole mantle carbon cycling. As such, they are expected to participate in the fundamental petrological processes which, through carbon-bearing fluids and carbonate melts, will return carbon back to the Earth’s surface. PMID:22869705

Wear-resistant ball bearings for space applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Boving, H.; Hintermann, H. E.; Hanni, W.; Bondivenne, E.; Boeto, M.; Conde, E.

1977-01-01

Ball bearings consisting of steel parts of which the rings are coated with hard, wear resistant, chemical vapor deposited TiC are described. Experiments conducted in ultrahigh vacuum, using cages of various materials with self-lubricating properties, show that such bearings are suitable for space applications. The results of laboratory tests on the ESA Meteosat Radiometer Focalizing mechanism, which contains six coated bearings, are summarized.

Controlling Hydrogen Embrittlement in Ultra-High Strength Steels

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-06-01

this tempering temperature, (5) finely distributed, partly coherent M2C (where M = 75 at.% Cr, 13 Fe and 12 Mo) in martensite , averaging 2 nm...states in a complex precipitation hardened martensitic microstructure and is susceptible to severe hydrogen embrittlement (HE) at threshold stress...repartitions to interstitial sites proximate to the highly stressed crack tip and, subsequently, may retrap at martensitic lath interfaces to produce substantial

Ultra-High Efficiency / Low Hydrogen Embrittlement Nanostructured Zn-Based Electrodeposits as Environmentally Benign Cd-Replacement Coatings for High Strength Steel Fasteners

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-04-01

forma The prese corrosion coating) w conversio converted not develo before and a : Example un ted Zn-Ni ac : Example s Zn-Ni alkalin nt of scribing...Protection Agency, 1998. Retrieved from web July 30th 2009. Available online at www.epa.gov/ iris /subst/0141.htm. 3 M. Bielawski, Surface and

Paint Removal Using Cryogenic Processes

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-01-01

perature. Low-carbon 3 percent nickel steel has impact strength to -100 0 F, low-carbon 9 percent nickel steel and maraging (high nickel) steel to -3201F...by cryogenic meth- ods. Cryogenic methods aie not rccommended for use on ships because of the danger of steel embrittlement by low temperatures. It...not recommended for use on ships because of the danger of steel embrittlement by low temperalures. It was demonstrated that a jet of liquid nitrogen

Characterization and prediction of carbon steel corrosion in diluted seawater containing pentaborate

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fukaya, Yuichi; Watanabe, Yutaka

2018-01-01

This study addresses the influence of Na2B10O16, which may be used for criticality control of fuel debris in the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station, on the corrosion behavior of carbon steel in diluted artificial seawater. The corrosion forms of carbon steel were categorized as uniform corrosion, localized corrosion, and passivity based on the balance between the dilution ratio of artificial seawater and the concentration of Na2B10O16. The changes in corrosion forms were arranged on a water quality region map. Passivity was maintained by adding 3.7 × 10-2 M or more of Na2B10O16 to artificial seawater with a dilution ratio of 100-fold or more. The criticality control of the fuel debris and corrosion mitigation of the carbon steel components may be achieved simultaneously in the water quality. The prediction of the corrosion form of carbon steel was attempted by the extended Larson-Skold Index (LSI) = ([Cl-] + 2[SO42-])/([HCO3-] + 2[B10O162-]). However, because the passivating action of B10O162- was remarkably stronger than that of HCO3-, the prediction was difficult under the simple addition of equivalent concentrations. The localized corrosion of carbon steel under the addition of Na2B10O16 preferentially occurred from the crevices of the test specimens, as was the case in stainless steel.

A new family of carbon materials with exceptional mechanical properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ran, Jiajia; Lin, Kunpeng; Yang, Haotian; Li, Jianlin; Wang, Lianjun; Jiang, Wan

2018-03-01

A new family of carbon materials with ultrahigh-strength and nano-onion grains has been successfully produced from nano-diamond particles by spark plasma sintering. It is believed that the spark plasma and applied pressure help overcome the difficulties in densification. Also diamond has a much greater density than that of graphite, leading to the volume expansion when nano-diamond particles transform to graphite onions during heating, facilitating the consolidation. The as-prepared bulk graphite with a density of 1.84 g/cm3 has ultrahigh bending strength, modulus and microhardness, 150 MPa, 31.3 GPa and 2.6 GPa, respectively, due to the unique microstructure of nano-graphite onions.

High strength, high ductility low carbon steel

DOEpatents

Koo, Jayoung; Thomas, Gareth

1978-01-01

A high strength, high ductility low carbon steel consisting essentially of iron, 0.05-0.15 wt% carbon, and 1-3 wt% silicon. Minor amounts of other constituents may be present. The steel is characterized by a duplex ferrite-martensite microstructure in a fibrous morphology. The microstructure is developed by heat treatment consisting of initial austenitizing treatment followed by annealing in the (.alpha. + .gamma.) range with intermediate quenching.

76 FR 56395 - Certain Welded Carbon Steel Pipe and Tube From Turkey: Notice of Extension of Time Limit for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-13

... Pipe and Tube From Turkey: Notice of Extension of Time Limit for Final Results of Antidumping Duty... antidumping order on certain welded carbon steel pipe and tube from Turkey for the period May 1, 2009, through April 30, 2010. See Certain Welded Carbon Steel Pipe and Tube From Turkey; Notice of Preliminary Results...

Carbon Equivalence and Weldability of Microalloyed Steels

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-10-25

phase particles [191. The particles have been identified as retained austcnite or retained austenite- martensite . The copper precipitates ...the strengthening mc’hani;m;,, utilized in three of the four mechanisms described above do not utilize a low tcn perature phase transformation ... low carbon alloy st,-el and derives its strength from a tempered martensite structure. The set of low carbon steels include five Navy HSLA steels

Distribution of Stress in Deformation Zone of Niobium Microalloyed Steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jandrlić, Ivan; Rešković, Stoja; Brlić, Tin

2018-03-01

Microalloyed steels today represent a significant part of total world production and processing of steel. Although widely used, there are scarce data on the stress distribution in the deformation zone of these steels. Research was carried out on two steel grades, both low-carbon structural steels with the same basic chemical composition, with one of them additionally microalloyed with niobium. Differences in the stress distribution in the deformation zone between two tested steels were continuously observed and measured using the methods of digital image correlation and thermography. It has been found out that niobium microalloyed steel has significantly more complex material flow and stress distribution in the deformation zone when compared to the plain low carbon steel.

Distribution of Stress in Deformation Zone of Niobium Microalloyed Steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jandrlić, Ivan; Rešković, Stoja; Brlić, Tin

2018-07-01

Microalloyed steels today represent a significant part of total world production and processing of steel. Although widely used, there are scarce data on the stress distribution in the deformation zone of these steels. Research was carried out on two steel grades, both low-carbon structural steels with the same basic chemical composition, with one of them additionally microalloyed with niobium. Differences in the stress distribution in the deformation zone between two tested steels were continuously observed and measured using the methods of digital image correlation and thermography. It has been found out that niobium microalloyed steel has significantly more complex material flow and stress distribution in the deformation zone when compared to the plain low carbon steel.

76 FR 38613 - Initiation of Five-Year (“Sunset”) Review

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-01

.... Alloy Steel Pipe (3rd Review). A-580-809 731-TA-533 South Korea Circular Welded Non- David Goldberger, (202) 482-4136. Alloy Steel Pipe (3rd Review). A-489-501 731-TA-273 Turkey Welded Carbon Steel David Goldberger, (202) 482-4136. Pipe & Tube (3rd Review). C-489-502 701-TA-253 Turkey Welded Carbon Steel David...

The development of ultrahigh strength low alloy cast steels with increased toughness

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lynch, Paul C.

This work describes the initial work on the development of the next generation of ultrahigh strength low alloy (UHSLA) cast steels. These UHSLA cast steels have both ultrahigh strength levels and good impact toughness. The influence of heat treatment, secondary processing using hot isostatic processing (HIP), and chemical composition on the microstructure and properties of UHSLA cast steels have been evaluated. The extent of microsegregation reduction expected during the heat treatment of UHSLA cast steels has also been estimated by diffusion modeling. This new family of UHSLA cast steels is similar in composition and properties to UHSLA wrought steels. However, the heat treatment and secondary processing of the UHSLA cast steels is used to develop microstructures and properties typically developed through thermomechanical processing and heat treatment for wrought UHSLA steels. Two martensitic UHSLA steels, 4340+ (silicon modified 4340) and ES-1 were investigated for this study. For the 4340+ alloy, heat treatment variables evaluated include homogenization temperature and time, tempering temperature, and austempering temperature and time. For the ES-1 alloy, heat treatment variables evaluated include homogenization temperature and time, austenization temperature, cryogenic treatment, and tempering temperature. The effect of high temperature hot isostatic processing (HIP) on the 4340+ and ES- 1 alloys was also investigated. Tensile properties, charpy v-notch impact toughness (CVN), microstructures, and fractographs have all been characterized after heat treatment. The effects of HIP on microporosity reduction in the ES-1 alloy were also investigated. The experiments carried out on the investment cast 4340+ alloy have shown that increasing the homogenization temperature can increase CVN without changing the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) or yield strength (YS) of the cast material. By replacing the homogenization step in the conventional heat treatment process with a high temperature HIP treatment, both the CVN and ductility of the alloy was found to increase while maintaining comparable ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and yield strength (YS) levels as compared to the original homogenization treatment. Austempering the (IC) 4340+ material led to a significant increase in CVN and ductility at the expense of UTS and yield strength as the primarily martensitic microstructure was converted to a mixed martensitic-bainitic structure. An initial heat of induction melted, aluminum deoxidized investment cast ES-1 with 0.06 wt % of aluminum showed that the average -40°F and +72°F impact toughness, % elongation, and UTS and YS of the fully heat treated investment cast + HIP ES-1 material lagged significantly behind that of the vacuum degassed cast + HIP ES-1 ingot material. Even though the % elongation and impact toughness of the investment cast ES-1 material changed between heat treatment conditions, the average UTS and YS values remained relatively unchanged throughout the heat treatments for the investment cast study. Etched micrographs of the investment cast ES-1 material showed evidence of significant differences in microsegregation reduction between the samples homogenized at 2125°F for 4 hours and those not homogenized at 2125°F for 4 hours. SEM fracture surface work performed on the investment cast material clearly showed that the induction melted investment and aluminum killed cast material contained significant amounts of MnS and Al2O3 inclusions that were not discovered in the vacuum degassed cast ingot material. Lastly, the results of a third heat of induction melted, aluminum deoxidized investment cast ES-1 material possessing just 0.01wt% of aluminum showed that the decrease in aluminum content from the first experimental heat did not improve the mechanical properties of the investment cast material. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Use of Niobium High Strength Steels with 450 MPA Yield Strength for Construction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Silvestre, Leonardo; Langenberg, Peter; Amaral, Thiago; Carboni, Marcelo; Meira, Marcos; Jordão, Alexandre

This paper presents an actual case of a new industrial building at CBMM's plant in Araxá, Brazil as an example of lean design using microalloyed steels. The structure consists mostly of microalloyed ASTM A572 steel grades 65 and 50 instead of the conventional carbon manganese ASTM A36 steel. The application of grade 65 with more than 450 MPa of yield strength is an innovative solution for this type of construction in South America. A complete welding evaluation performed on the low carbon, niobium microalloyed grade 65 steel showed the welding properties and benefits. Niobium's effect of increasing strength and toughness simultaneously resulted in relevant savings in total steel consumption for the project. The paper also quantifies the expected savings in costs, energy and carbon dioxide emissions.

49 CFR 179.220-7 - Materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...) High alloy steel plate: High alloy steel plate must comply with one of the following specifications... and with the indicated minimum tensile strength and elongation in the welded condition. (b) Carbon steel plate: The maximum allowable carbon content must be 0.31 percent when the individual specification...

Paraequilibrium Carburization of Duplex and Ferritic Stainless Steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Michal, G. M.; Gu, X.; Jennings, W. D.; Kahn, H.; Ernst, F.; Heuer, A. H.

2009-08-01

AISI 301 and E-BRITE stainless steels were subjected to low-temperature (743 K) carburization experiments using a commercial technology developed for carburization of 316 austenitic stainless steels. The AISI 301 steel contained ~40 vol pct ferrite before carburization but had a fully austenitic hardened case, ~20- μm thick, and a surface carbon concentration of ~8 at. pct after treatment; this “colossal” paraequilibrium carbon supersaturation caused an increase in lattice parameter of ~3 pct. The E-BRITE also developed a hardened case, 12- to 18- μm thick, but underwent a more modest (~0.3 pct) increase in lattice parameter; the surface carbon concentration was ~10 at. pct. While the hardened case on the AISI 301 stainless steel appeared to be single-phase austenite, evidence for carbide formation was apparent in X-ray diffractometer (XRD) scans of the E-BRITE. Paraequilibrium phase diagrams were calculated for both AISI 301 and E-BRITE stainless steels using a CALPHAD compound energy-based interstitial solid solution model. In the low-temperature regime of interest, and based upon measured paraequilibrium carbon solubilities, more negative Cr-carbon interaction parameters for austenite than those in the current CALPHAD data base may be appropriate. A sensitivity analysis involving Cr-carbon interaction parameters for ferrite found a strong dependence of carbon solubility on relatively small changes in the magnitude of these parameters.

Synergistic Effect of Molecular-Type Electrocatalysts with Ultrahigh Pore Volume Carbon Microspheres for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.

PubMed

Lim, Won-Gwang; Mun, Yeongdong; Cho, Ara; Jo, Changshin; Lee, Seonggyu; Han, Jeong Woo; Lee, Jinwoo

2018-05-14

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are regarded as potential high-energy storage devices due to their outstanding energy density. However, the low electrical conductivity of sulfur, dissolution of the active material, and sluggish reaction kinetics cause poor cycle stability and rate performance. A variety of approaches have been attempted to resolve the above issues and achieve enhanced electrochemical performance. However, inexpensive multifunctional host materials which can accommodate large quantities of sulfur and exhibit high electrode density are not widely available, which hinders the commercialization of Li-S batteries. Herein, mesoporous carbon microspheres with ultrahigh pore volume are synthesized, followed by the incorporation of Fe-N-C molecular catalysts into the mesopores, which can act as sulfur hosts. The ultrahigh pore volume of the prepared host material can accommodate up to ∼87 wt % sulfur, while the uniformly controlled spherical morphology and particle size of the carbon microspheres enable high areal/volumetric capacity with high electrode density. Furthermore, the uniform distribution of Fe-N-C (only 0.33 wt %) enhances the redox kinetics of the conversion reaction of sulfur and efficiently captures the soluble intermediates. The resulting electrode with 5.2 mg sulfur per cm 2 shows excellent cycle stability and 84% retention of the initial capacity even after 500 cycles at a 3 C rate.

Stability of retained austenite in high carbon steel under compressive stress: an investigation from macro to nano scale

PubMed Central

Hossain, R.; Pahlevani, F.; Quadir, M. Z.; Sahajwalla, V.

2016-01-01

Although high carbon martensitic steels are well known for their industrial utility in high abrasion and extreme operating environments, due to their hardness and strength, the compressive stability of their retained austenite, and the implications for the steels’ performance and potential uses, is not well understood. This article describes the first investigation at both the macro and nano scale of the compressive stability of retained austenite in high carbon martensitic steel. Using a combination of standard compression testing, X-ray diffraction, optical microstructure, electron backscattering diffraction imaging, electron probe micro-analysis, nano-indentation and micro-indentation measurements, we determined the mechanical stability of retained austenite and martensite in high carbon steel under compressive stress and identified the phase transformation mechanism, from the macro to the nano level. We found at the early stage of plastic deformation hexagonal close-packed (HCP) martensite formation dominates, while higher compression loads trigger body-centred tetragonal (BCT) martensite formation. The combination of this phase transformation and strain hardening led to an increase in the hardness of high carbon steel of around 30%. This comprehensive characterisation of stress induced phase transformation could enable the precise control of the microstructures of high carbon martensitic steels, and hence their properties. PMID:27725722

Processing and Characterization of High Strength, High Ductility Hadfield Steel

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-04-01

precipitation in high carbon content Hadfield steel resulting in the introduction of a grain boundary void nucleation softening mechanism leading to plastic...hardening, in comparison to the thin twin spacing of Fe-Ni martensite and inferred that carbon may have an important role in contributing to Hadfield steel ...approaches to strengthening from alloying or precipitation mechanisms are introduced, the deformation mechanisms responsible for Hadfield steel

Spray Deposition: A Fundamental Study of Droplet Impingement, Spreading and Consolidation

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-12-01

low alloy (HSLA) steel. Preforms of HSLA-100, a low carbon bainitic, copper precipitation strengthened HSLA steel...manufacturing process. Specifically, HSLA-100, a copper precipitation strengthened high-strength, low - alloy steel was spray cast via the Osprey’ m process...by spray casting. Preforms of HSLA-100, a low carbon bainitic, copper precipitation strengthened steel, were spray cast under differing conditions

3D modelling of the flow of self-compacting concrete with or without steel fibres. Part I: slump flow test

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Deeb, R.; Kulasegaram, S.; Karihaloo, B. L.

2014-12-01

In part I of this two-part paper, a three-dimensional Lagrangian smooth particle hydrodynamics method has been used to model the flow of self-compacting concrete (SCC) with or without short steel fibres in the slump cone test. The constitutive behaviour of this non-Newtonian viscous fluid is described by a Bingham-type model. The 3D simulation of SCC without fibres is focused on the distribution of large aggregates (larger than or equal to 8 mm) during the flow. The simulation of self-compacting high- and ultra-high- performance concrete containing short steel fibres is focused on the distribution of fibres and their orientation during the flow. The simulation results show that the fibres and/or heavier aggregates do not precipitate but remain homogeneously distributed in the mix throughout the flow.

Laser Beam Welding of Ultra-high Strength Chromium Steel with Martensitic Microstructure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dahmen, Martin; Janzen, Vitalij; Lindner, Stefan; Wagener, Rainer

A new class of steels is going to be introduced into sheet manufacturing. Stainless ferritic and martensitic steels open up opportunities for sheet metal fabrication including hot stamping. Strengths of up to 2 GPa at fracture elongations of 15% can be attained through this. Welding of these materials, as a result, became a challenge. Energy-reduced welding methods with in-situ heat treatment are required in order to ensure the delicate and complex heat control. Laser beam welding is the joining technique of choice to supply minimum heat input to the fusion process and to apply efficient heat control. For two application cases, tailored blank production in as-rolled condition and welding during assembly in hot stamped condition, welding processes have been developed. The welding suitability is shown through metallurgical investigations of the welds. Crash tests based on the KS-II concept as well as fatigue tests prove the applicability of the joining method.

78 FR 40428 - Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products from India: Rescission of Antidumping Duty...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-05

...The Department of Commerce (the Department) is rescinding the administrative review of the antidumping duty order on certain hot- rolled carbon steel flat products (hot rolled steel) from India for the period December 1, 2011, through November 30, 2012.

Ultrahigh volumetric capacitance and cyclic stability of fluorine and nitrogen co-doped carbon microspheres

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhou, Junshuang; Lian, Jie; Hou, Li; Zhang, Junchuan; Gou, Huiyang; Xia, Meirong; Zhao, Yufeng; Strobel, Timothy A.; Tao, Lu; Gao, Faming

2015-09-01

Highly porous nanostructures with large surface areas are typically employed for electrical double-layer capacitors to improve gravimetric energy storage capacity; however, high surface area carbon-based electrodes result in poor volumetric capacitance because of the low packing density of porous materials. Here, we demonstrate ultrahigh volumetric capacitance of 521 F cm-3 in aqueous electrolytes for non-porous carbon microsphere electrodes co-doped with fluorine and nitrogen synthesized by low-temperature solvothermal route, rivaling expensive RuO2 or MnO2 pseudo-capacitors. The new electrodes also exhibit excellent cyclic stability without capacitance loss after 10,000 cycles in both acidic and basic electrolytes at a high charge current of 5 A g-1. This work provides a new approach for designing high-performance electrodes with exceptional volumetric capacitance with high mass loadings and charge rates for long-lived electrochemical energy storage systems.

Friction and Wear Properties of As-deposited and Carbon Ion-implanted Diamond Films

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Miyoshi, Kazuhisa

1994-01-01

Recent work on the friction and wear properties of as-deposited and carbon ion-implanted diamond films was reviewed. Diamond films were produced by the microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique. Diamond films with various grain sizes and surface roughnesses were implanted with carbon ions at 60 ke V ion energy, resulting in a dose of 1.2310(exp 17) carbon ions/cm(exp 2). Various analytical techniques, including Raman spectroscopy, proton recoil analysis, Rutherford backscattering, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction, were utilized to characterize the diamond films. Sliding friction experiments were conducted with a polished natural diamond pin in contact with diamond films in the three environments: humid air (40 percent relative humidity), dry nitrogen (less than 1 percent relative humidity), and ultrahigh vacuum (10(exp -7) Pa). The CVD diamond films indeed have friction and were properties similar to those of natural diamond in the three environments. The as-deposited, fine-grain diamond films can be effectively used as self-lubricating, wear-resistant coatings that have low coefficients of friction (0.02 to 0.04) and low wear rates (10(exp -7) to 10(exp -8)mm(exp 3)/N-m) in both humid air and dry nitrogen. However, they have high coefficients of friction (1.5 to 1.7) and a high wear rate (10(exp -4)mm(exp 3/N-m) in ultrahigh vacuum. The carbon ion implanation produced a thin surficial layer (less than 0.1 micron thick) of amorphous, nondiamond carbon on the diamond films. In humid air and dry nitrogen, the ion-implanted, fine- and coarse-grain diamond films have a low coefficient of friction (around 0.1) and a low wear rate (10(exp -7)mm(exp 3/N-m). Even in ultrahigh vacuum, the presence of the nondiamond carbon layer reduced the coefficient of friction of fine-grain diamond films to 0.1 or lower and the wear rate to 10(exp -6)mm(exp 3)/N-m. Thus, the carbon ion-implanted, fine-grain diamond films can be effectively used as wear-resistant, self-lubricating coatings not only in air and dry nitrogen, but also in ultrahigh vacuum. The wear mechanism of diamond films is that of small fragments chipping off the surface. The size of wear particles is related to the extent of wear rates.

Structure, phase transformations, mechanical characteristics, and cold resistance of low-carbon martensitic steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kozvonin, V. A.; Shatsov, A. A.; Ryaposov, I. V.; Zakirova, M. G.; Generalova, K. N.

2016-08-01

Temper-resistant low-carbon Cr-Mn-Ni-Mo-V-Nb steels with concentrations of carbon of 0.15 and 0.27 wt % have been studied. It has been shown that, upon quenching, various morphological types of the α phase can be formed. The structure of the steels is stable in the course of heating below critical temperatures and remains a lath-type structure in the intercritical temperature range. Specific features of structural and phase transformations, as well as the dependence of the mechanical characteristics of the steels, on the tempering temperature have been determined.

Synthesis of porous carbon/silica nanostructured microfiber with ultrahigh surface area

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhou, Dan; Dong, Yan; Cui, Liru; Lin, Huiming; Qu, Fengyu

2014-12-01

Carbon/silica-nanostructured microfibers were synthesized via electrospinning method using phenol-formaldehyde resin and tetraethyl orthosilicate as carbon and silica precursor with triblock copolymer Pluronic P123 as soft template. The prepared samples show uniform microfiber structure with 1 μm in diameter and dozens of microns in length. Additionally, the mesopores in the material is about 2-6 nm. When the silica component was removed by HF, the porous carbon microfibers (PCMFs) were obtained. In addition, after the carbon/silica composites were calcined in air, the porous silica microfibers (PSiMFs) were obtained, revealing the converse porous nanostructure as PCMFs. It is a simple way to prepare PCMFs and PSiMFs with silica and carbon as the template to each other. Additionally, PCMFs possess an ultrahigh specific surface area (2,092 m2 g-1) and large pore volume. The electrochemical performance of the prepared PCMF material was investigated in 6.0 M KOH electrolyte. The PCMF electrode exhibits a high specific capacitance (252 F g-1 at 0.5 A g-1). Then, superior cycling stability (97 % retention after 4,000 cycles) mainly is due to its unique nanostructure.

76 FR 26694 - Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products From India: Final Rescission of Countervailing Duty...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-09

... Steel Flat Products From India: Final Rescission of Countervailing Duty Administrative Review AGENCY... hot-rolled carbon steel flat products from India. See Antidumping or Countervailing Duty Order... Flat Products from India: Preliminary Rescission of Countervailing Duty Administrative Review, 76 FR...

Carbon Quantum Dots and Their Derivative 3D Porous Carbon Frameworks for Sodium-Ion Batteries with Ultralong Cycle Life.

PubMed

Hou, Hongshuai; Banks, Craig E; Jing, Mingjun; Zhang, Yan; Ji, Xiaobo

2015-12-16

A new methodology for the synthesis of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) for large production is proposed. The as-obtained CQDs can be transformed into 3D porous carbon frameworks exhibiting superb sodium storage properties with ultralong cycle life and ultrahigh rate capability, comparable to state-of-the-art carbon anode materials for sodium-ion batteries. © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Options in ISEEM Global Energy Model: 2010-2050 Scenario Analysis for Least-Cost Carbon Reduction in Iron and Steel Sector

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Karali, Nihan; Xu, Tengfang; Sathaye, Jayant

The goal of the modeling work carried out in this project was to quantify long-term scenarios for the future emission reduction potentials in the iron and steel sector. The main focus of the project is to examine the impacts of carbon reduction options in the U.S. iron and steel sector under a set of selected scenarios. In order to advance the understanding of carbon emission reduction potential on the national and global scales, and to evaluate the regional impacts of potential U.S. mitigation strategies (e.g., commodity and carbon trading), we also included and examined the carbon reduction scenarios in China’smore » and India’s iron and steel sectors in this project. For this purpose, a new bottom-up energy modeling framework, the Industrial Sector Energy Efficiency Modeling (ISEEM), (Karali et al. 2012) was used to provide detailed annual projections starting from 2010 through 2050. We used the ISEEM modeling framework to carry out detailed analysis, on a country-by-country basis, for the U.S., China’s, and India’s iron and steel sectors. The ISEEM model applicable to iron and steel section, called ISEEM-IS, is developed to estimate and evaluate carbon emissions scenarios under several alternative mitigation options - including policies (e.g., carbon caps), commodity trading, and carbon trading. The projections will help us to better understand emission reduction potentials with technological and economic implications. The database for input of ISEEM-IS model consists of data and information compiled from various resources such as World Steel Association (WSA), the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), China Steel Year Books, India Bureau of Mines (IBM), Energy Information Administration (EIA), and recent LBNL studies on bottom-up techno-economic analysis of energy efficiency measures in the iron and steel sector of the U.S., China, and India, including long-term steel production in China. In the ISEEM-IS model, production technology and manufacturing details are represented, in addition to the extensive data compiled from recent studies on bottom-up representation of efficiency measures for the sector. We also defined various mitigation scenarios including long-term production trends to project country-specific production, energy use, trading, carbon emissions, and costs of mitigation. Such analyses can provide useful information to assist policy-makers when considering and shaping future emissions mitigation strategies and policies. The technical objective is to analyze the costs of production and CO 2 emission reduction in the U.S, China, and India’s iron and steel sectors under different emission reduction scenarios, using the ISEEM-IS as a cost optimization model. The scenarios included in this project correspond to various CO 2 emission reduction targets for the iron and steel sector under different strategies such as simple CO 2 emission caps (e.g., specific reduction goals), emission reduction via commodity trading, and emission reduction via carbon trading.« less

The effect of metal microstructure on the initial attachment of Escherichia coli to 1010 carbon steel.

PubMed

Javed, M A; Stoddart, P R; McArthur, S L; Wade, S A

2013-09-01

Metallurgical features have been shown to play an important role in the attachment of microorganisms to metal surfaces. In the present study, the influence of the microstructure of as-received (AR) and heat-treated (HT) 1010 carbon steel on the initial attachment of bacteria was investigated. Heat treatment was carried out with the aim of increasing the grain size of the carbon steel coupons. Mirror-polished carbon steel coupons were immersed in a minimal medium inoculated with Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) to investigate the early (15, 30 and 60 min) and relatively longer-term (4 h) stages of bacterial attachment. The results showed preferential colonisation of bacteria on the grain boundaries of the steel coupons. The bacterial attachment to AR steel coupons was relatively uniform compared to the HT steel coupons where an increased number of localised aggregates of bacteria were found. Quantitative analysis showed that the ratio of the total number of isolated (i.e., single) bacteria to the number of bacteria in aggregates was significantly higher on the AR coupons than the HT coupons. Longer-term immersion studies showed production of extracellular polymeric substances by the bacteria and corrosion at the grain boundaries on both types of steel coupon tested.

Effect of alloying elements and coiling temperature on the recrystallization behavior and the bainitic transformation in TRIP steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Han, Seongho; Seong, Hwangoo; Ahn, Yeonsang; Garcia, C. I.; DeArdo, A. J.; Kim, Inbae

2009-08-01

The effects of alloying elements and coiling temperature on recrystallization behavior and bainitic transformation were investigated based on 0.07C-Mn-Cr-Nb steel with a low carbon equivalent. Based on the ferrite recrystallization behavior, the proper intercritical annealing temperature of all studied steels was suggested to produce TRIP steel with good strength and elongation balance. All steels coiled at 550 °C showed much faster ferrite recrystallization behavior than steels coiled at 700 °C. In addition to the coiling temperature, the effect of increasing carbon content on the ferrite recrystallization was minor at a coiling temperature of 550 °C, but much more prominent at a coiling temperature of 700 °C. The highest Mo added steel showed the best strength and elongation balance, and the highest carbon and Mo added steel showed the highest tensile strength at a coiling temperature of 550 °C. The steel containing a higher amount of elemental Al (0.7 wt.% Al) exhibited much better elongation than the lower Al added steel (0.04 wt.% Al) in TS 780 MPa grade, about 24 % and 19 %, respectively.

Laser cutting of steel plates up to 100 mm in thickness with a 6-kW fiber laser for application to dismantling of nuclear facilities

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shin, Jae Sung; Oh, Seong Yong; Park, Hyunmin; Chung, Chin-Man; Seon, Sangwoo; Kim, Taek-Soo; Lee, Lim; Lee, Jonghwan

2018-01-01

A cutting study with a high-power ytterbium-doped fiber laser was conducted for the dismantling of nuclear facilities. Stainless steel and carbon steel plates of various thicknesses were cut at a laser power of 6-kW. Despite the use of a low output of 6-kW, the cutting was successful for both stainless steel and carbon steel plates of up to 100 mm in thickness. In addition, the maximum cutting speeds against the thicknesses were obtained to evaluate the cutting performance. As representative results, the maximum cutting speeds for a 60-mm thickness were 72 mm/min for the stainless steel plates and 35 mm/min for the carbon steel plates, and those for a 100-mm thickness were 7 mm/min for stainless steel and 5 mm/min for carbon steel plates. These results show an efficient cutting capability of about 16.7 mm by kW, whereas other groups have shown cutting capabilities of ∼10 mm by kW. Moreover, the maximum cutting speeds were faster for the same thicknesses than those from other groups. In addition, the kerf widths of 60-mm and 100-mm thick steels were also obtained as another important parameter determining the amount of secondary waste. The front kerf widths were ∼1.0 mm and the rear kerf widths were larger than the front kerf widths but as small as a few millimeters.

Pyrolysis-catalysis of waste plastic using a nickel-stainless-steel mesh catalyst for high-value carbon products.

PubMed

Zhang, Yeshui; Nahil, Mohamad A; Wu, Chunfei; Williams, Paul T

2017-11-01

A stainless-steel mesh loaded with nickel catalyst was produced and used for the pyrolysis-catalysis of waste high-density polyethylene with the aim of producing high-value carbon products, including carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The catalysis temperature and plastic-to-catalyst ratio were investigated to determine the influence on the formation of different types of carbon deposited on the nickel-stainless-steel mesh catalyst. Increasing temperature from 700 to 900°C resulted in an increase in the carbon deposited on the nickel-loaded stainless-steel mesh catalyst from 32.5 to 38.0 wt%. The increase in sample-to-catalyst ratio reduced the amount of carbon deposited on the mesh catalyst in terms of g carbon g -1 plastic. The carbons were found to be largely composed of filamentous carbons, with negligible disordered (amorphous) carbons. Transmission electron microscopy analysis of the filamentous carbons revealed them to be composed of a large proportion (estimated at ∼40%) multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The optimum process conditions for CNT production, in terms of yield and graphitic nature, determined by Raman spectroscopy, was catalysis temperature of 800°C and plastic-to-catalyst ratio of 1:2, where a mass of 334 mg of filamentous/MWCNTs g -1 plastic was produced.

Low temperature growth of ultra-high mass density carbon nanotube forests on conductive supports

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sugime, Hisashi; Esconjauregui, Santiago; Yang, Junwei

2013-08-12

We grow ultra-high mass density carbon nanotube forests at 450 °C on Ti-coated Cu supports using Co-Mo co-catalyst. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy shows Mo strongly interacts with Ti and Co, suppressing both aggregation and lifting off of Co particles and, thus, promoting the root growth mechanism. The forests average a height of 0.38 μm and a mass density of 1.6 g cm{sup −3}. This mass density is the highest reported so far, even at higher temperatures or on insulators. The forests and Cu supports show ohmic conductivity (lowest resistance ∼22 kΩ), suggesting Co-Mo is useful for applications requiring forest growth onmore » conductors.« less

The Mechanism of High Ductility for Novel High-Carbon Quenching-Partitioning-Tempering Martensitic Steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Qin, Shengwei; Liu, Yu; Hao, Qingguo; Wang, Ying; Chen, Nailu; Zuo, Xunwei; Rong, Yonghua

2015-09-01

In this article, a novel quenching-partitioning-tempering (Q-P-T) process was applied to treat Fe-0.6C-1.5Mn-1.5Si-0.6Cr-0.05Nb hot-rolled high-carbon steel and the microstructures including retained austenite fraction and the average dislocation densities in both martensite and retained austenite were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. The Q-P-T steel exhibits high strength (1950 MPa) and elongation (12.4 pct). Comparing with the steel treated by traditional quenching and tempering (Q&T) process, the mechanism of high ductility for high-carbon Q-P-T steel is revealed as follows. Much more retained austenite existing in Q-P-T steel than in Q&T one remarkably enhances the ductility by the following two effects: the dislocation absorption by retained austenite effect and the transformation-induced plasticity effect. Besides, lower dislocation density in martensite matrix produced by Q-P-T process plays an important role in the improvement of ductility. However, some thin plates of twin-type martensite embedded in dislocation-type martensite matrix in high-carbon Q-P-T steel affect the further improvement of ductility.

Measuring the Influence of Pearlite Dissolution on the Transient Dynamic Strength of Rapidly Heated Plain Carbon Steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mates, Steven; Stoudt, Mark; Gangireddy, Sindhura

2016-07-01

Carbon steels containing ferrite-pearlite microstructures weaken dramatically when pearlite dissolves into austenite on heating. The kinetics of this phase transformation, while fast, can play a role during dynamic, high-temperature manufacturing processes, including high-speed machining, when the time scale of this transformation is on the order of the manufacturing process itself. In such a regime, the mechanical strength of carbon steel can become time dependent. The present work uses a rapidly heated, high-strain-rate mechanical test to study the effect of temperature and time on the amount of pearlite dissolved and on the resulting transient effect on dynamic strength of a low and a high carbon (eutectoid) steel. Measurements indicate that the transient effect occurs for heating times less than about 3 s. The 1075 steel loses about twice the strength compared to the 1018 steel (85 MPa to 45 MPa) owing to its higher initial pearlite volume fraction. Pearlite dissolution is confirmed by metallographic examination of tested samples. Despite the different starting pearlite fractions, the kinetics of dissolution are comparable for the two steels, owing to the similarity in their initial pearlite morphology.

Metallurgy and mechanical properties variation with heat input,during dissimilar metal welding between stainless and carbon steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ramdan, RD; Koswara, AL; Surasno; Wirawan, R.; Faturohman, F.; Widyanto, B.; Suratman, R.

2018-02-01

The present research focus on the metallurgy and mechanical aspect of dissimilar metal welding.One of the common parameters that significantly contribute to the metallurgical aspect on the metal during welding is heat input. Regarding this point, in the present research, voltage, current and the welding speed has been varied in order to observe the effect of heat input on the metallurgical and mechanical aspect of both welded metals. Welding was conducted by Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) on stainless and carbon steel with filler metal of ER 309. After welding, hardness test (micro-Vickers), tensile test, macro and micro-structure characterization and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) characterization were performed. It was observed no brittle martensite observed at HAZ of carbon steel, whereas sensitization was observed at the HAZ of stainless steel for all heat input variation at the present research. Generally, both HAZ at carbon steel and stainless steel did not affect tensile test result, however the formation of chromium carbide at the grain boundary of HAZ structure (sensitization) of stainless steel, indicate that better process and control of welding is required for dissimilar metal welding, especially to overcome this issue.

Successful Cleaning and Study of Contamination of Si(001) in Ultrahigh Vacuum

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gheorghe, N. G.; Lungu, G. A.; Husanu, M. A.

2011-10-03

This paper presents the very first surface physics experiment performed in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) in Romania, using a new molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) installation. Cleaning of a Si(001) wafer was achieved by using a very simple technique: sequences of annealing at 900-1000 deg. C in ultrahigh vacuum: low 10{sup -8} mbar, with a base pressure of 1.5x10{sup -10} mbar. The preparation procedure is quite reproducible and allows repeated cleaning of the Si(001) after contamination in ultrahigh vacuum. The Si(001) single crystal surface is characterized by low energy electron diffraction (LEED), reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED), and Auger electron spectroscopymore » (AES). The latter technique is utilized in order to investigate the sample contamination by the residual gas in the UHV chamber, as determined by a residual gas analyzer (RGA). Unambiguous assignment of oxidized and unoxidized silicon is provided; also, an important feature is that the LVV Auger peak at 90-92 eV cannot be solely attributed to clean Si (i.e. Si surrounded only by Si), but also to silicon atoms bounded with carbon. Even with a sum of partial pressures of oxygen and carbon containing molecules in the range of 5x10{sup -10} mbar, the sample is contaminated very quickly, having a (1/e) lifetime of about 76 minutes.« less

Structure and high temperature oxidation of mechanical alloyed Fe-Al coating

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Aryanto, Didik, E-mail: Didik-phys@yahoo.co.id, E-mail: didi027@lipi.go.id; Sudiro, Toto; Wismogroho, Agus S.

2016-04-19

The structure and high temperature oxidation resistance of Fe-Al coating on low carbon steel were investigated. The Fe-Al coating was deposited on the surface of low carbon steel using a mechanical alloying method. The coating was then annealed at 600°C for 2 hour in a vacuum of 5 Pa. The cyclic-oxidation tests of low carbon steel, Fe-Al coatings with and without annealing were performed at 600°C for up to 60h in air. The structure of oxidized samples was studied by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results show that the Fe-Al coatingsmore » exhibit high oxidation resistance compared to the uncoated steel. After 60 h exposure, the uncoated steel formed mainly Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} and Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} layers with the total thickness of around 75.93 µm. Fe-Al coating without annealing formed a thin oxide layer, probably (Fe,Al){sub 2}O{sub 3}. Meanwhile, for annealed sample, EDX analysis observed the formation of two Fe-Al layers with difference in elements concentration. The obtained results suggest that the deposition of Fe-Al coating on low carbon steel can improve the oxidation resistance of low carbon steel.« less

Influence of Secondary Cooling Mode on Solidification Structure and Macro-segregation Behavior for High-carbon Continuous Casting Bloom

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dou, Kun; Yang, Zhenguo; Liu, Qing; Huang, Yunhua; Dong, Hongbiao

2017-07-01

A cellular automaton-finite element coupling model for high-carbon continuously cast bloom of GCr15 steel is established to simulate the solidification structure and to investigate the influence of different secondary cooling modes on characteristic parameters such as equiaxed crystal ratio, grain size and secondary dendrite arm spacing, in which the effect of phase transformation and electromagnetic stirring is taken into consideration. On this basis, evolution of carbon macro-segregation for GCr15 steel bloom is researched correspondingly via industrial tests. Based on above analysis, the relationship among secondary cooling modes, characteristic parameters for solidification structure as well as carbon macro-segregation is illustrated to obtain optimum secondary cooling strategy and alleviate carbon macro-segregation degree for GCr15 steel bloom in continuous casting process. The evaluating method for element macro-segregation is applicable in various steel types.

77 FR 42763 - Scheduling of an Expedited Five-Year Review Concerning the Antidumping Duty Order on Certain...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-20

... Expedited Five-Year Review Concerning the Antidumping Duty Order on Certain Seamless Carbon and Alloy Steel... whether revocation of the antidumping duty order on certain seamless carbon and alloy steel, standard... has found the response submitted by United States Steel Corp. to be individually adequate. Comments...

77 FR 25404 - Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products From India: Rescission of Antidumping Duty...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-30

... Steel Flat Products From India: Rescission of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review AGENCY: Import... certain hot- rolled carbon steel flat products from India for the period December 1, 2010, through... Products from India: Customs and Border Protection Data for Selection of Respondents for Individual Review...

75 FR 9163 - Certain Seamless Carbon and Alloy Steel Standard, Line, and Pressure Pipe From the People's...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-01

... Alloy Steel Standard, Line, and Pressure Pipe From the People's Republic of China: Preliminary... the People's Republic of China. For information on the estimated subsidy rates, see the ``Suspension... Carbon and Alloy Steel Standard, Line, and Pressure Pipe from the People's Republic of China: Initiation...

76 FR 3612 - Circular Welded Carbon Steel Pipes and Tubes From Taiwan; Extension of Time Limit for Preliminary...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-20

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-583-008] Circular Welded Carbon Steel... Steel Pipes and Tubes From Taiwan: Notice of Partial Rescission of Antidumping Duty Administrative... complete the preliminary results of this review within the original time frame because we require...

A Comparative Study of the Corrosion Behavior of Three Stainless Steels in an Eutectic (Li,Na,K)2CO3 Melt with and without (Na,K)Cl Additives at 973K in Air

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zeng, C. L.; Liu, Y.

2011-04-01

The ternary carbonate eutectic mixture of Li2CO3, K2CO3 and Na2CO3 as a heat transfer and storage medium has excellent thermophysical properties, but with high viscidity as compared with some other inorganic salts such as chlorides and nitrates. The addition of chlorides or fluorides to molten carbonates may improve their fluidity, but possibly making the melt become more corrosive. In this study, the corrosion behavior of type 304, 310 and 316 stainless steels in an eutectic (Li,Na,K)2CO3 melt with and without an eutectic mixture of NaCl and KCl at 973K in air have been examined. The experimental results indicated that 310 steel shows a much better corrosion resistance in molten carbonates than both 304 and 316 steels, due to the formation of a continuous LiCrO2 scale. The addition of chlorides to carbonates melt accelerated the corrosion of the steels, especially 310 steel, producing scales with more porosity.

Ultrahigh surface area carbon from carbonated beverages: Combining self-templating process and in situ activation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhang, Pengfei; Zhang, Zhiyong; Chen, Jihua

Ultrahigh surface area carbons (USACs, e.g., >2000 m2/g) are attracting tremendous attention due to their outstanding performance in energy-related applications. The state-of-art approaches to USACs involve templating or activation methods and all these techniques show certain drawbacks. In this work, a series of USACs with specific surface areas up to 3633 m2/g were prepared in two steps: hydrothermal carbonization (200 °C) of carbonated beverages (CBs) and further thermal treatment in nitrogen (600–1000 °C). The rich inner porosity is formed by a self-templated process during which acids and polyelectrolyte sodium salts in the beverage formulas make some contribution. This strategy coversmore » various CBs such as Coca Cola®, Pepsi Cola®, Dr. Pepper®, and Fanta® and it enables an acceptable product yield (based on sugars), for example: 21 wt% for carbon (2940 m2/g) from Coca Cola®. Being potential electrode materials for supercapacitors, those carbon materials possessed a good specific capacitance (57.2–185.7 F g-1) even at a scan rate of 1000 mV s-1. Thus, a simple and efficient strategy to USACs has been presented.« less

Ultrahigh surface area carbon from carbonated beverages. Combining self-templaing process and in situ activation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhang, Pengfei; Zhang, Zhiyong; Chen, Jihua

Ultrahigh surface area carbons (USACs, e.g., >2000 m 2/g) are attracting tremendous attention due to their outstanding performance in energy-related applications. The state-of-art approaches to USACs involve templating or activation methods and all these techniques show certain drawbacks. In this work, a series of USACs with specific surface areas up to 3633 m 2/g were prepared in two steps: hydrothermal carbonization (200 °C) of carbonated beverages (CBs) and further thermal treatment in nitrogen (600–1000 °C). The rich inner porosity is formed by a self-templated process during which acids and polyelectrolyte sodium salts in the beverage formulas make some contribution. Thismore » strategy covers various CBs such as Coca Cola®, Pepsi Cola®, Dr. Pepper®, andFanta® and it enables an acceptable product yield (based on sugars), for example: 21 wt% for carbon (2940 m 2/g) from Coca Cola®. Being potential electrode materials for supercapacitors, those carbon materials possessed a good specific capacitance (57.2–185.7 F g -1) even at a scan rate of 1000 mV s -1. Thus, a simple and efficient strategy to USACs has been presented.« less

Ferroelectric triggering of carbon monoxide adsorption on lead zirco-titanate (001) surfaces

PubMed Central

Tănase, Liviu Cristian; Apostol, Nicoleta Georgiana; Abramiuc, Laura Elena; Tache, Cristian Alexandru; Hrib, Luminița; Trupină, Lucian; Pintilie, Lucian; Teodorescu, Cristian Mihail

2016-01-01

Atomically clean lead zirco-titanate PbZr0.2Ti0.8O3 (001) layers exhibit a polarization oriented inwards P(−), visible by a band bending of all core levels towards lower binding energies, whereas as introduced layers exhibit P(+) polarization under air or in ultrahigh vacuum. The magnitude of the inwards polarization decreases when the temperature is increased at 700 K. CO adsorption on P(−) polarized surfaces saturates at about one quarter of a monolayer of carbon, and occurs in both molecular (oxidized) and dissociated (reduced) states of carbon, with a large majority of reduced state. The sticking of CO on the surface in ultrahigh vacuum is found to be directly related to the P(−) polarization state of the surface. A simple electrostatic mechanism is proposed to explain these dissociation processes and the sticking of carbon on P(−) polarized areas. Carbon desorbs also when the surface is irradiated with soft X-rays. Carbon desorption when the polarization is lost proceeds most probably in form of CO2. Upon carbon desorption cycles, the ferroelectric surface is depleted in oxygen and at some point reverses its polarization, owing to electrons provided by oxygen vacancies which are able to screen the depolarization field produced by positive fixed charges at the surface. PMID:27739461

Ultrahigh surface area carbon from carbonated beverages. Combining self-templaing process and in situ activation

DOE PAGES

Zhang, Pengfei; Zhang, Zhiyong; Chen, Jihua; ...

2015-05-11

Ultrahigh surface area carbons (USACs, e.g., >2000 m 2/g) are attracting tremendous attention due to their outstanding performance in energy-related applications. The state-of-art approaches to USACs involve templating or activation methods and all these techniques show certain drawbacks. In this work, a series of USACs with specific surface areas up to 3633 m 2/g were prepared in two steps: hydrothermal carbonization (200 °C) of carbonated beverages (CBs) and further thermal treatment in nitrogen (600–1000 °C). The rich inner porosity is formed by a self-templated process during which acids and polyelectrolyte sodium salts in the beverage formulas make some contribution. Thismore » strategy covers various CBs such as Coca Cola®, Pepsi Cola®, Dr. Pepper®, andFanta® and it enables an acceptable product yield (based on sugars), for example: 21 wt% for carbon (2940 m 2/g) from Coca Cola®. Being potential electrode materials for supercapacitors, those carbon materials possessed a good specific capacitance (57.2–185.7 F g -1) even at a scan rate of 1000 mV s -1. Thus, a simple and efficient strategy to USACs has been presented.« less

Can Thermally Sprayed Aluminum (TSA) Mitigate Corrosion of Carbon Steel in Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Environments?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Paul, S.; Syrek-Gerstenkorn, B.

2017-01-01

Transport of CO2 for carbon capture and storage (CCS) uses low-cost carbon steel pipelines owing to their negligible corrosion rates in dry CO2. However, in the presence of liquid water, CO2 forms corrosive carbonic acid. In order to mitigate wet CO2 corrosion, use of expensive corrosion-resistant alloys is recommended; however, the increased cost makes such selection economically unfeasible; hence, new corrosion mitigation methods are sought. One such method is the use of thermally sprayed aluminum (TSA), which has been used to mitigate corrosion of carbon steel in seawater, but there are concerns regarding its suitability in CO2-containing solutions. A 30-day test was carried out during which carbon steel specimens arc-sprayed with aluminum were immersed in deionized water at ambient temperature bubbled with 0.1 MPa CO2. The acidity (pH) and potential were continuously monitored, and the amount of dissolved Al3+ ions was measured after completion of the test. Some dissolution of TSA occurred in the test solution leading to nominal loss in coating thickness. Potential measurements revealed that polarity reversal occurs during the initial stages of exposure which could lead to preferential dissolution of carbon steel in the case of coating damage. Thus, one needs to be careful while using TSA in CCS environments.

Effect of young’s modulus on springback for low, medium and high carbon steels during cold drawing of seamless tubes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Karanjule, D. B.; Bhamare, S. S.; Rao, T. H.

2018-04-01

Cold drawing is widely used deformation process for seamless tube manufacturing. Springback is one of the major problem faced in tube drawing. Springback is due to the elastic energy stored in the tubes during forming process. It is found that this springback depends upon Young’s modulus of the material. This paper reports mechanical testing of three grades of steels viz. low carbon steel, medium carbon steel and high carbon steel to measure their Young’s modulus and corresponding springback. The results shows that there is 10-20 % variation in the Young’s modulus and inverse proportion between the springback and Young’s modulus. More the percentage of carbon, more the strength, less the value of Young’s modulus and more will springback. The study further leads to identify optimum die semi angle of 15 degree, land width of 10 mm and drawing speed of 8, 6 and 4 m/min for least springback in all the three grades respectively and die semi angle as a most dominant factor causing springback.

Controlling the mechanical properties of carbon steel by thermomechanical treatment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Balavar, Mohsen; Mirzadeh, Hamed

2018-01-01

The effect of thermomechanical processing and heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of low carbon steel was studied. It was revealed that the dual phase ferritic-martensitic microstructure shows a good combination of tensile strength and ductility along with superior work hardening response. On the other hand, the bimodal-sized structure containing ultrafine grained (UFG) and micron-sized ferrite phase can be easily produced by cold rolling and annealing of the dual phase starting microstructure. This steel showed high yield stress, tensile strength, and ductility, but poor work hardening ability. The full annealed ferritic-pearlitic sheet with banded morphology exhibited low strength and high total elongation with the appearance of the yield point phenomenon. The martensitic steels, however, had high tensile strength and low ductility. By comparing the tensile properties of these steels, it was shown that it is possible to control the mechanical properties of low carbon steel by simple processing routes.

75 FR 4779 - Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon-Quality Steel Plate Products From Italy: Preliminary Results of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-01-29

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-475-826] Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon... administrative review of the antidumping duty order on certain cut-to-length carbon- quality steel plate products... Department published in the Federal Register an antidumping duty order on certain cut-to-length carbon...

75 FR 2107 - Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon-Quality Steel Plate from the Republic of Korea: Extension of the...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-01-14

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-580-836] Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon... preliminary results of the administrative review of the antidumping duty order on certain cut-to-length carbon.... See Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon-Quality Steel Plate From the Republic of Korea: Preliminary Results...

76 FR 24462 - Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon Steel Plate From the People's Republic of China: Rescission of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-02

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-570-849] Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon... (``Department'') published in the Federal Register the antidumping duty order on certain cut-to-length carbon... Certain Cut- to-Length Carbon Steel Plate From the People's Republic of China; Termination of Suspension...

High strength, low carbon, dual phase steel rods and wires and process for making same

DOEpatents

Thomas, Gareth; Nakagawa, Alvin H.

1986-01-01

A high strength, high ductility, low carbon, dual phase steel wire, bar or rod and process for making the same is provided. The steel wire, bar or rod is produced by cold drawing to the desired diameter in a single multipass operation a low carbon steel composition characterized by a duplex microstructure consisting essentially of a strong second phase dispersed in a soft ferrite matrix with a microstructure and morphology having sufficient cold formability to allow reductions in cross-sectional area of up to about 99.9%. Tensile strengths of at least 120 ksi to over 400 ksi may be obtained.

Influence of ultraviolet light irradiation on the corrosion behavior of carbon steel AISI 1015

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Riazi, H. R.; Danaee, I.; Peykari, M.

2013-03-01

Corrosion of carbon steel in sodium chloride solution was studied under ultraviolet illumination using weight loss, polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and current transient tests. The polarization test revealed an increase in the corrosion current density observed under UV illumination. The impedance spectroscopy indicated that the charge transfer resistance of the system was decreased by irradiation of UV light on a carbon steel electrode. The weight loss of carbon steel in solution increased under UV light, which confirms the results obtained from electrochemical measurements. We propose that the main effect of UV irradiation is on the oxide film, which forms on the surface. Thus, in presence of UV, the conductivity of oxide film might increase and lead to higher metal dissolution and corrosion rate.

Interface Analyses Between a Case-Hardened Ingot Casting Steel and Carbon-Containing and Carbon-Free Refractories

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fruhstorfer, Jens; Dudczig, Steffen; Rudolph, Martin; Schmidt, Gert; Brachhold, Nora; Schöttler, Leandro; Rafaja, David; Aneziris, Christos G.

2018-06-01

Corrosion tests of carbon-free and carbon-containing refractories were performed. The carbon-free crucibles corroded, whereas the carbon-containing crucibles were negligibly attacked. On them, inclusions were attached. This study investigates melt oxygen contents, interface properties, and steel compositions with their non-metallic inclusions in order to explore the inclusion formation and deposition mechanisms. The carbon-free crucibles were based on alumina, mullite, and zirconia- and titania-doped alumina (AZT). The carbon-containing (-C) ones were alumina-C and AZT-C. Furthermore, nanoscaled carbon and alumina additives (-n) were applied in an AZT-C-n material. In the crucibles, the case-hardened steel 17CrNiMo7-6 was remelted at 1580 °C. It was observed that the melt and steel oxygen contents were higher for the tests in the carbon-free crucibles. Into these crucibles, the deoxidizing alloying elements Mn and Si diffused. Reducing contents of deoxidizing elements resulted in higher steel oxygen levels and less inclusions, mainly of the inclusion group SiO2-core-MnS-shell (2.5 to 8 μ m). These developed from smaller SiO2 nuclei. The inclusion amount in the steel was highest after remelting in AZT-C-n for 30 minutes but decreased strongly with increasing remelting time (60 minutes) due to inclusions' deposition on the refractory surface. The Ti from the AZT and the nanoadditives supported inclusion growth and deposition. Other inclusion groups were alumina and calcium aluminate inclusions. Their contents were high after remelting in carbon- or AZT-containing crucibles but generally decreased during remelting. On the AZT-C-n crucible, a dense layer formed from vitreous compositions including Al, Ca, Mg, Si, and Ti. To summarize, for reducing forming inclusion amounts, mullite is recommended as refractory material. For capturing formed inclusions, AZT-C-n showed a high potential.

Evaluation of long-term corrosion durability and self-healing ability of scratched coating systems on carbon steel in a marine environment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, Xia; Chen, Changwei; Xu, Weichen; Zhu, Qingjun; Ge, Chengyue; Hou, Baorong

2017-09-01

Defects in protective-coating systems on steel surfaces are inevitable in practical engineering applications. A composite coating system, including a primer, middle coat and topcoat, were used to protect carbon steel from corrosion in a marine environment. Two environmental additives, glass fibers and thiourea, were applied in the middle coat to modify the coating system. The long-term corrosion durability and self-healing ability of the scratched coating system were evaluated by multiple methods. Results of the electrochemical technologies indicated that the coating system that contained 0.5 wt.% fibers and 0.5 wt.% thiourea presented good corrosion protection and self-healing for carbon steel when immersed in 3.5% NaCl for 120 d. Evolution of localized corrosion factors with time, as obtained from the current distribution showed that fibers combined with thiourea could inhibit the occurrence of local corrosion in scratched coating systems and retarded the corrosion development significantly. Surface characterization suggested that adequate thiourea could be absorbed uniformly on fibers for a long time to play an important role in protecting the carbon steel. Finally, schematic models were established to demonstrate the action of fibers and thiourea on the exposed surface of the carbon steel and the scratched coating system in the entire deterioration process.

46 CFR 56.60-5 - Steel (High temperature applications).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 2 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Steel (High temperature applications). 56.60-5 Section... SYSTEMS AND APPURTENANCES Materials § 56.60-5 Steel (High temperature applications). (a) (Reproduces 124.2... steel, plain nickel-alloy steel, carbon-manganese-alloy steel, manganese-vanadium-alloy steel, and...

46 CFR 56.60-5 - Steel (High temperature applications).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Steel (High temperature applications). 56.60-5 Section... SYSTEMS AND APPURTENANCES Materials § 56.60-5 Steel (High temperature applications). (a) (Reproduces 124.2... steel, plain nickel-alloy steel, carbon-manganese-alloy steel, manganese-vanadium-alloy steel, and...

46 CFR 56.60-5 - Steel (High temperature applications).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Steel (High temperature applications). 56.60-5 Section... SYSTEMS AND APPURTENANCES Materials § 56.60-5 Steel (High temperature applications). (a) (Reproduces 124.2... steel, plain nickel-alloy steel, carbon-manganese-alloy steel, manganese-vanadium-alloy steel, and...

46 CFR 56.60-5 - Steel (High temperature applications).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Steel (High temperature applications). 56.60-5 Section... SYSTEMS AND APPURTENANCES Materials § 56.60-5 Steel (High temperature applications). (a) (Reproduces 124.2... steel, plain nickel-alloy steel, carbon-manganese-alloy steel, manganese-vanadium-alloy steel, and...

46 CFR 56.60-5 - Steel (High temperature applications).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Steel (High temperature applications). 56.60-5 Section... SYSTEMS AND APPURTENANCES Materials § 56.60-5 Steel (High temperature applications). (a) (Reproduces 124.2... steel, plain nickel-alloy steel, carbon-manganese-alloy steel, manganese-vanadium-alloy steel, and...

Ultrahigh-power supercapacitors based on highly conductive graphene nanosheet/nanometer-sized carbide-derived carbon frameworks.

PubMed

Yan, Pengtao; Zhang, Xuesha; Hou, Meiling; Liu, Yanyan; Liu, Ting; Liu, Kang; Zhang, Ruijun

2018-06-22

In order to develop energy storage devices with high power performance, electrodes should hold well-defined pathways for efficient ionic and electronic transport. Herein, we demonstrate a highly conductive graphene nanosheet/nanometer-sized carbide-derived carbon framework (hcGNS/nCDC). In this architecture, nCDC possesses short transport paths for electrolyte ions, thus ensuring the rapid ions transportation. The excellent electrical conductivity of hcGNS can reduce the electrode internal resistance for the supercapacitor and thus endows the hcGNS/nCDC composite electrodes with excellent electronic transportation performance. Electrochemical measurements show that the cyclic voltammogram of hcGNS/nCDC can maintain a rectangular-like shape with the increase of the scan rate from 5 mV s -1 to 20 V s -1 , and the specific capacitance retention is up to 51% even at a high scan rate of 20 V s -1 , suggesting ultrahigh power performance, which, to the best of our knowledge, is among the best power performances reported so far for the carbon materials. Furthermore, the hcGNS/nCDC composite also shows an excellent cycling stability (no drop in its capacitance occurs even after 10000 cycles). This work demonstrates the advantage in the ultrahigh power performance for the framework having both short transport pathways for electrolyte ions and high electrical conductivity.

Ultrahigh-rate supercapacitors with large capacitance based on edge oriented graphene coated carbonized cellulous paper as flexible freestanding electrodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ren, Guofeng; Li, Shiqi; Fan, Zhao-Xia; Hoque, Md Nadim Ferdous; Fan, Zhaoyang

2016-09-01

Large-capacitance and ultrahigh-rate electrochemical supercapacitors (UECs) with frequency response up to kilohertz (kHz) range are reported using light, thin, and flexible freestanding electrodes. The electrode is formed by perpendicularly edge oriented multilayer graphene/thin-graphite (EOG) sheets grown radially around individual fibers in carbonized cellulous paper (CCP), with cellulous carbonization and EOG deposition implemented in one step. The resulted ∼10 μm thick EOG/CCP electrode is light and flexible. The oriented porous structure of EOG with large surface area, in conjunction with high conductivity of the electrode, ensures ultrahigh-rate performance of the fabricated cells, with large areal capacitance of 0.59 mF cm-2 and 0.53 mF cm-2 and large phase angle of -83° and -80° at 120 Hz and 1 kHz, respectively. Particularly, the hierarchical EOG/CCP sheet structure allows multiple sheets stacked together for thick electrodes with almost linearly increased areal capacitance while maintaining the volumetric capacitance nearly no degradation, a critical merit for developing practical faraday-scale UECs. 3-layers of EOG/CCP electrode achieved an areal capacitance of 1.5 mF cm-2 and 1.4 mF cm-2 at 120 Hz and 1 kHz, respectively. This demonstration moves a step closer to the goal of bridging the frequency/capacitance gap between supercapacitors and electrolytic capacitors.

Ultrahigh-power supercapacitors based on highly conductive graphene nanosheet/nanometer-sized carbide-derived carbon frameworks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yan, Pengtao; Zhang, Xuesha; Hou, Meiling; Liu, Yanyan; Liu, Ting; Liu, Kang; Zhang, Ruijun

2018-06-01

In order to develop energy storage devices with high power performance, electrodes should hold well-defined pathways for efficient ionic and electronic transport. Herein, we demonstrate a highly conductive graphene nanosheet/nanometer-sized carbide-derived carbon framework (hcGNS/nCDC). In this architecture, nCDC possesses short transport paths for electrolyte ions, thus ensuring the rapid ions transportation. The excellent electrical conductivity of hcGNS can reduce the electrode internal resistance for the supercapacitor and thus endows the hcGNS/nCDC composite electrodes with excellent electronic transportation performance. Electrochemical measurements show that the cyclic voltammogram of hcGNS/nCDC can maintain a rectangular-like shape with the increase of the scan rate from 5 mV s‑1 to 20 V s‑1, and the specific capacitance retention is up to 51% even at a high scan rate of 20 V s‑1, suggesting ultrahigh power performance, which, to the best of our knowledge, is among the best power performances reported so far for the carbon materials. Furthermore, the hcGNS/nCDC composite also shows an excellent cycling stability (no drop in its capacitance occurs even after 10000 cycles). This work demonstrates the advantage in the ultrahigh power performance for the framework having both short transport pathways for electrolyte ions and high electrical conductivity.

Growth kinetics and growth mechanism of ultrahigh mass density carbon nanotube forests on conductive Ti/Cu supports.

PubMed

Sugime, Hisashi; Esconjauregui, Santiago; D'Arsié, Lorenzo; Yang, Junwei; Makaryan, Taron; Robertson, John

2014-09-10

We evaluate the growth kinetics and growth mechanism of ultrahigh mass density carbon nanotube forests. They are synthesized by chemical vapor deposition at 450 °C using a conductive Ti/Cu support and Co-Mo catalyst system. We find that Mo stabilizes Co particles preventing lift off during the initial growth stage, thus promoting the growth of ultrahigh mass density nanotube forests by the base growth mechanism. The morphology of the forest gradually changes with growth time, mostly because of a structural change of the catalyst particles. After 100 min growth, toward the bottom of the forest, the area density decreases from ∼ 3-6 × 10(11) cm(-2) to ∼ 5 × 10(10) cm(-2) and the mass density decreases from 1.6 to 0.38 g cm(-3). We also observe part of catalyst particles detached and embedded within nanotubes. The progressive detachment of catalyst particles results in the depletion of the catalyst metals on the substrate surfaces. This is one of the crucial reasons for growth termination and may apply to other catalyst systems where the same features are observed. Using the packed forest morphology, we demonstrate patterned forest growth with a pitch of ∼ 300 nm and a line width of ∼ 150 nm. This is one of the smallest patterning of the carbon nanotube forests to date.

AIS/DOE Technology Roadmap Program: Strip Casting: Anticipating New Routes To Steel Sheet

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Prof. Alan W. Camb; Prof. Anthony Rollett

2001-08-31

To determine the potential for strip casting in the steel industry and to develop the fundamental knowledge necessary to allow the role of strip casting in the modern steel industry to be understood. Based upon a study of carbon steel strip castings that were either produced for the program at British Steel or were received from a pre-commercial production machine, the following conclusions were made. Strip casting of carbon steels is technically feasible for sheet material from slightly less than 1 mm thick to 3 mm thick, and, assuming that it is economically viable, it will be first applied inmore » carbon steel markets that do not require stringent surface quality or extensive forming. The potential of strip casting as a casting process to be developed for steel castings is very high as the cast strip has some very novel characteristics. Direct cast carbon strip has better surface quality, shape and profile than any other casting process currently available. The more rapidly solidified structure of direct cast strip tends to be strong with low ductility; however, with adequate thermal treatment, it is possible to develop a variety of properties from the same grade. The process is more amenable at this time to production tonnages per year of the order of 500,000 tons and as such will first find niche type applications. This technology is an additional technology for steel production and will be in addition to, rather than a replacement for, current casting machines.« less

Ultrahigh temperature vapor core reactor-MHD system for space nuclear electric power

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Maya, Isaac; Anghaie, Samim; Diaz, Nils J.; Dugan, Edward T.

1991-01-01

The conceptual design of a nuclear space power system based on the ultrahigh temperature vapor core reactor with MHD energy conversion is presented. This UF4 fueled gas core cavity reactor operates at 4000 K maximum core temperature and 40 atm. Materials experiments, conducted with UF4 up to 2200 K, demonstrate acceptable compatibility with tungsten-molybdenum-, and carbon-based materials. The supporting nuclear, heat transfer, fluid flow and MHD analysis, and fissioning plasma physics experiments are also discussed.

46 CFR 56.01-2 - Incorporation by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service (“ASTM A 106”), 56.60-1; (5) ASTM A 126-95, Standard... (1996), Standard Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Boiler Tubes for High-Pressure Service (“ASTM A...-Resistance-Welded Carbon Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes for High-Pressure Service (“ASTM A 226”), 56.60-1...

76 FR 27987 - Circular Welded Carbon Steel Pipes and Tubes From Thailand: Amended Final Results of Antidumping...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-13

... Pipes and Tubes From Thailand: Amended Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review Pursuant... tubes from Thailand, which covered Saha Thai Steel Pipe (Public) Co., Ltd. (Saha Thai) and the period March 1, 2006, through February 28, 2007. See Circular Welded Carbon Steel Pipes and Tubes from Thailand...

78 FR 28190 - Carbon and Certain Alloy Steel Wire Rod From Mexico: Final Results of Antidumping Duty...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-05-14

... Steel Wire Rod From Mexico: Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review; 2010-2011 AGENCY... results of the administrative review of the antidumping duty order on carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod (wire rod) from Mexico. The period of review (POR) is October 1, 2010, through September 30, 2011...

76 FR 78882 - Carbon and Certain Alloy Steel Wire Rod From Mexico: Affirmative Preliminary Determination of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-20

... Steel Wire Rod From Mexico: Affirmative Preliminary Determination of Circumvention of the Antidumping.... SUMMARY: We preliminarily determine that carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod (wire rod) with an actual.... de C.V. (Deacero) is circumventing the antidumping duty order on wire rod from Mexico (Wire Rod Order...

75 FR 21658 - Carbon and Certain Alloy Steel Wire Rod From Trinidad and Tobago

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-26

... Certain Alloy Steel Wire Rod From Trinidad and Tobago AGENCY: United States International Trade Commission... Investigation No. 731-TA-961 concerning carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod (``wire rod'') from Trinidad and... of imports of wire rod from Trinidad and Tobago that were sold in the United States at less than fair...

77 FR 66954 - Carbon and Certain Alloy Steel Wire Rod From Mexico: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-11-08

... Steel Wire Rod From Mexico: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review; 2010-2011... conducting an administrative review of the antidumping duty order on carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod (wire rod) from Mexico. The period of review is October 1, 2010, through September 30, 2011, and the...

78 FR 2658 - Carbon and Certain Alloy Steel Wire Rod From Mexico: Rescission of Antidumping Duty...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-14

... Steel Wire Rod From Mexico: Rescission of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review; 2011-2012 AGENCY... order on carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod (``wire rod'') from Mexico for the period October 1... order on wire rod from Mexico for the period of review, October 1, 2011, through September 30, 2012.\\1...

78 FR 72863 - Circular Welded Carbon-Quality Steel Pipe From the People's Republic of China: Continuation of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-12-04

...-Quality Steel Pipe From the People's Republic of China: Continuation of Antidumping Duty Order AGENCY... circular welded carbon-quality steel pipe (``circular welded pipe'') from the People's Republic of China...\\ See Initiation of Five-Year (``Sunset'') Review, 78 FR 33063 (June 3, 2013). \\2\\ See Circular Welded...

76 FR 72173 - Circular Welded Carbon-Quality Steel Pipe From India, the Sultanate of Oman, the United Arab...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-22

...-552-810] Circular Welded Carbon-Quality Steel Pipe From India, the Sultanate of Oman, the United Arab... Steel Pipe from India, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, and Vietnam, dated October 26, 2011 (hereinafter... pipe from India, the Sultanate of Oman (``Oman''), the United Arab Emirates (``the UAE''), and the...

Design for Fe-high Mn alloy with an improved combination of strength and ductility.

PubMed

Lee, Seung-Joon; Han, Jeongho; Lee, Sukjin; Kang, Seok-Hyeon; Lee, Sang-Min; Lee, Young-Kook

2017-06-15

Recently, Fe-Mn twinning-induced plasticity steels with an austenite phase have been the course of great interest due to their excellent combination of tensile strength and ductility, which carbon steels have never been able to attain. Nevertheless, twinning-induced plasticity steels also exhibit a trade-off between strength and ductility, a longstanding dilemma for physical metallurgists, when fabricated based on the two alloy design parameters of stacking fault energy and grain size. Therefore, we investigated the tensile properties of three Fe-Mn austenitic steels with similar stacking fault energy and grain size, but different carbon concentrations. Surprisingly, when carbon concentration increased, both strength and ductility significantly improved. This indicates that the addition of carbon resulted in a proportionality between strength and ductility, instead of a trade-off between those characteristics. This new design parameter, C concentration, should be considered as a design parameter to endow Fe-Mn twinning-induced plasticity steel with a better combination of strength and ductility.

Impulse Excitation Internal Friction Study of Dislocation and Point Defect Interactions in Ultra-Low Carbon Bake-Hardenable Steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jung, Il-Chan; Kang, Deok-Gu; De Cooman, Bruno C.

2014-04-01

The simultaneous presence of interstitial solutes and dislocations in an ultra-low carbon bake-hardenable steel gives rise to two characteristic peaks in the internal friction (IF) spectrum: the dislocation-enhanced Snoek peak and the Snoek-Kê-Köster peak. These IF peaks were used to study the dislocation structure developed by the pre-straining and the static strain aging effect of C during the bake-hardening process. A Ti-stabilized interstitial-free steel was used to ascertain the absence of a γ-peak in the IF spectrum of the deformed ultra-low carbon steel. The analysis of the IF data shows clearly that the bake-hardening effect in ultra-low carbon steel is entirely due to atmosphere formation, with the dislocation segment length being the main parameter affecting the IF peak amplitude. Recovery annealing experiments showed that the rearrangement of the dislocation structure lead to the elimination of the C atmosphere.

Effect of temper rolling on the bake-hardening behavior of low carbon steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kuang, Chun-fu; Zhang, Shen-gen; Li, Jun; Wang, Jian; Li, Pei

2015-01-01

In a typical process, low carbon steel was annealed at two different temperatures (660°C and 750°C), and then was temper rolled to improve the mechanical properties. Pre-straining and baking treatments were subsequently carried out to measure the bake-hardening (BH) values. The influences of annealing temperature and temper rolling on the BH behavior of the steel were investigated. The results indicated that the microstructure evolution during temper rolling was related to carbon atoms and dislocations. After an apparent increase, the BH value of the steel significantly decreased when the temper rolling reduction was increased from 0% to 5%. This was attributed to the increase in solute carbon concentration and dislocation density. The maximum BH values of the steel annealed at 660°C and 750°C were 80 MPa and 89 MPa at the reductions of 3% and 4%, respectively. Moreover, increasing the annealing temperature from 660 to 750°C resulted in an obvious increase in the BH value due to carbide dissolution.

Pitting corrosion resistance of a novel duplex alloy steel in alkali-activated slag extract in the presence of chloride ions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shi, Jin-jie; Ming, Jing; Liu, Xin

2017-10-01

In this study, two types of reinforcing steels (conventional low-carbon steel and a novel duplex alloy steel with Cr and Mo) were exposed to chloride-contaminated extract solutions (ordinary Portland cement (OPC) extract and alkali-activated slag (AAS) extract) to investigate their pitting corrosion resistance. The results confirm that the pitting corrosion resistance of the alloy steel is much higher than that of the low-carbon steel in both extract solutions with various NaCl concentrations. Moreover, for each type of steel, the AAS extract contributes to a higher pitting corrosion resistance compared with the OPC extract in the presence of chloride ions, likely because of the formation of flocculent precipitates on the steel surface.

75 FR 10207 - Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon-Quality Steel Plate From the Republic of Korea: Final Results of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-05

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-580-836] Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon... cut-to-length carbon-quality steel plate from the Republic of Korea and the intent to rescind the... results of the administrative review of the antidumping duty order on certain cut-to-length carbon-quality...

78 FR 55057 - Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products from the Republic of Korea: Preliminary Results of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-09-09

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-580-816] Corrosion-Resistant Carbon... Department) is conducting an administrative review of the antidumping duty order on corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products (CORE) from the Republic of Korea (Korea), covering the period [[Page 55058...

Citrus pectin derived porous carbons as a superior adsorbent toward removal of methylene blue

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Wenlin; Zhang, Lian Ying; Zhao, Xi Juan; Zhou, Zhiqin

2016-11-01

An adsorbent, citrus pectin derived porous carbons with ultra-high adsorption capacity, rapid adsorption rate and good reusability toward removal of methylene blue, was synthesized by a facile zinc chloride activation approach in this study. The materials hold a great potential for treatment of dye wastewater.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Xiao, Y.; Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Ship and Deep-Sea Exploration, Shanghai 200240; Li, W., E-mail: weilee@sjtu.edu.cn

Low temperature tempering is important in improving the mechanical properties of steels. In this study, the thermoelectric power method was employed to investigate carbon segregation during low temperature tempering ranging from 110 °C to 170 °C of a medium carbon alloyed steel, combined with micro-hardness, transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography. Evolution of carbon dissolution from martensite and segregation to grain boundaries/interfaces and dislocations were investigated for different tempering conditions. Carbon concentration variation was quantified from 0.33 wt.% in quenching sample to 0.15 wt.% after long time tempering. The kinetic of carbon diffusion during tempering process was discussed throughmore » Johnson-Mehl-Avrami equation. - Highlights: • The thermoelectric power (TEP) was employed to investigate the low temperature tempering of a medium carbon alloyed steel. • Evolution of carbon dissolution was investigated for different tempering conditions. • Carbon concentration variation was quantified from 0.33 wt.% in quenching sample to 0.15 wt.% after long time tempering.« less

Localized CO2 corrosion of carbon steel with different microstructures in brine solutions with an imidazoline-based inhibitor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Huan-huan; Pang, Xiaolu; Gao, Kewei

2018-06-01

CO2 corrosion behavior of carbon steel with different microstructures (H steel: coarse laminar pearlite; T steel: globular and shot rod shaped pearlite) was analyzed in 3 wt.% NaCl solution at 60 °C with imidazoline-based inhibitor by electrochemical and weight loss methods. Electrochemical measurements showed that, compared to H steel, the inhibitor film adsorbed on T steel had a higher pitting corrosion resistance and the inhibition efficiency for T steel was larger at each concentration of inhibitor. Weight loss results exhibited that both steels suffered general corrosion in absence of inhibitor; however, localized corrosion was observed on the samples with insufficient concentration of inhibitor. H steel suffered more severe localized corrosion than T steel, it was related to that H steel had a higher density of dislocations in the pearlite area and the larger driving force for galvanic corrosion. The localized corrosion on H steel mainly distributed on the laminar pearlite area.

Wet Chemistry Synthesis of Multidimensional Nanocarbon-Sulfur Hybrid Materials with Ultrahigh Sulfur Loading for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.

PubMed

Du, Wen-Cheng; Yin, Ya-Xia; Zeng, Xian-Xiang; Shi, Ji-Lei; Zhang, Shuai-Feng; Wan, Li-Jun; Guo, Yu-Guo

2016-02-17

An optimized nanocarbon-sulfur cathode material with ultrahigh sulfur loading of up to 90 wt % is realized in the form of sulfur nanolayer-coated three-dimensional (3D) conducting network. This 3D nanocarbon-sulfur network combines three different nanocarbons, as follows: zero-dimensional carbon nanoparticle, one-dimensional carbon nanotube, and two-dimensional graphene. This 3D nanocarbon-sulfur network is synthesized by using a method based on soluble chemistry of elemental sulfur and three types of nanocarbons in well-chosen solvents. The resultant sulfur-carbon material shows a high specific capacity of 1115 mA h g(-1) at 0.02C and good rate performance of 551 mA h g(-1) at 1C based on the mass of sulfur-carbon composite. Good battery performance can be attributed to the homogeneous compositing of sulfur with the 3D hierarchical hybrid nanocarbon networks at nanometer scale, which provides efficient multidimensional transport pathways for electrons and ions. Wet chemical method developed here provides an easy and cost-effective way to prepare sulfur-carbon cathode materials with high sulfur loading for application in high-energy Li-S batteries.

Effect of Cerium Doped on the Poly(3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate) Characteristic as Corrosion Protection Material of Carbon Steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rochmah, D. N.; Syakir, N.; Susilawati, T.; Suryaningsih, S.; Fitrilawati

2017-05-01

The hybrid polymer precursor was synthesized from monomer of 3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate (TMSPMA) using sol-gel method and doped with inhibitor of Cerium Nitrate Hexahydrate with a concentration of 0.2%. The synthesized material was coated on a carbon steel surface by solution casting technique and followed by a photopolymerisation process. Corrosion tests were performed by using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) in 3.5% NaCl at the critical temperature of 75°C. Result of EIS data and their fitting analysis using an equivalent circuit model shows that a coating of poly(TMSPMA)-Cerium on the surface of carbon steel form a layer of protection and caused increasing of impedance value significantly. The impedance is higher compared to the carbon steel that coated with poly(TMSPMA) only.

Does carbonation of steel slag particles reduce their toxicity? An in vitro approach.

PubMed

Ibouraadaten, Saloua; van den Brule, Sybille; Lison, Dominique

2015-06-01

Mineral carbonation can stabilize industrial residues and, in the steel industry, may contribute to simultaneously valorize CO2 emissions and slag. We hypothesized that, by restricting the leaching of metals of toxicological concern such as Cr and V, carbonation can suppress the toxicity of these materials. The cytotoxic activity (WST1 assay) of slag dusts collected from a stainless and a Linz-Donawitz (LD) steel plant, before and after carbonation, was examined in J774 macrophages. The release of Cr, V, Fe, Mn and Ni was measured after incubation in artificial lung fluids mimicking the extracellular and phagolysosomal milieu to which particles are confronted after inhalation. LD slag had the higher Fe, Mn and V content, and was more cytotoxic than stainless steel slag. The cytotoxic activity of LD but not of stainless dusts was reduced after carbonation. The cytotoxic activity of the dusts toward J774 macrophages necessitated a direct contact with the cells and was reduced in the presence of inhibitors of phagocytosis (cytochalasin D) or phagolysosome acidification (bafilomycin), pointing to a key role of metallic constituents released in phagolysosomes. This in vitro study supports a limited reduction of the cytotoxic activity of LD, but not of stainless, steel dusts upon carbonation. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Changes in mineralogical and leaching properties of converter steel slag resulting from accelerated carbonation at low CO{sub 2} pressure

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zomeren, Andre van; Laan, Sieger R. van der; Kobesen, Hans B.A.

2011-11-15

Highlights: > Accelerated carbonation studied to improve environmental properties of steel slag. > Carbonation found to occur predominantly at surface of the steel slag grains. > Combined geochemical modelling and mineral analysis revealed controlling processes. > Enhanced V-leaching with di-Ca silicate (C2S) dissolution identified as major source. > Identified mineral transformations provide guidance for further quality improvement. - Abstract: Steel slag can be applied as substitute for natural aggregates in construction applications. The material imposes a high pH (typically 12.5) and low redox potential (Eh), which may lead to environmental problems in specific application scenarios. The aim of this studymore » is to investigate the potential of accelerated steel slag carbonation, at relatively low pCO{sub 2} pressure (0.2 bar), to improve the environmental pH and the leaching properties of steel slag, with specific focus on the leaching of vanadium. Carbonation experiments are performed in laboratory columns with steel slag under water-saturated and -unsaturated conditions and temperatures between 5 and 90 {sup o}C. Two types of steel slag are tested; free lime containing (K3) slag and K1 slag with a very low free lime content. The fresh and carbonated slag samples are investigated using a combination of leaching experiments, geochemical modelling of leaching mechanisms and microscopic/mineralogical analysis, in order to identify the major processes that control the slag pH and resulting V leaching. The major changes in the amount of sequestered CO{sub 2} and the resulting pH reduction occurred within 24 h, the free lime containing slag (K3-slag) being more prone to carbonation than the slag with lower free lime content (K1-slag). While carbonation at these conditions was found to occur predominantly at the surface of the slag grains, the formation of cracks was observed in carbonated K3 slag, suggesting that free lime in the interior of slag grains had also reacted. The pH of the K3 slag (originally pH {+-} 12.5) was reduced by about 1.5 units, while the K1 slag showed a smaller decrease in pH from about 11.7 to 11.1. However, the pH reduction after carbonation of the K3 slag was observed to lead to an increased V-leaching. Vanadium leaching from the K1 slag resulted in levels above the limit values of the Dutch Soil Quality Decree, for both the untreated and carbonated slag. V-leaching from the carbonated K3 slag remained below these limit values at the relatively high pH that remained after carbonation. The V-bearing di-Ca silicate (C2S) phase has been identified as the major source of the V-leaching. It is shown that the dissolution of this mineral is limited in fresh steel slag, but strongly enhanced by carbonation, which causes the observed enhanced release of V from the K3 slag. The obtained insights in the mineral transformation reactions and their effect on pH and V-leaching provide guidance for further improvement of an accelerated carbonation technology.« less

75 FR 38781 - Certain Large Diameter Carbon and Alloy Seamless Standard, Line, and Pressure Pipe From Japan...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-07-06

.../exporters: JFE Steel Corporation (``JFE Steel''); Nippon Steel Corporation; NKK Tubes; and Sumitomo Metal..., United States Steel Corporation (``U.S. Steel''), a domestic producer of the subject merchandise, made a timely request that the Department conduct an administrative review of JFE Steel, Nippon Steel...

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of High Copper HSLA-100 Steel in 2-inch Plate Form

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-06-01

2. HSLA-100 Steel Continuous Cooling Transformation Diagram [Ref. 13:p. 262] One of the most desirable characteristics of the low -carbon, copper ...none V mild v.strong v. strong V. strong moderate The use of copper as an alloying element in low carbon HSLA steel has resulted in the following...HY-130 steel . In research presently being done, it has been determined that the high copper alloy has a highly dislocated martensitic /bainitic

46 CFR 56.01-2 - Incorporation by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

...”), 56.10-5; 56.60-1; (4) ASTM A 106-95, Standard Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High...), Standard Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Boiler Tubes for High-Pressure Service (“ASTM A 192”), 56... Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes for High-Pressure Service (“ASTM A 226”), 56.60-1; (19) ASTM A 234/A...

46 CFR 56.01-2 - Incorporation by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

...”), 56.10-5; 56.60-1; (4) ASTM A 106-95, Standard Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High...), Standard Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Boiler Tubes for High-Pressure Service (“ASTM A 192”), 56... Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes for High-Pressure Service (“ASTM A 226”), 56.60-1; (19) ASTM A 234/A...

76 FR 50996 - Affirmative Final Determination of Circumvention of the Antidumping Duty Order on Certain Cut-to...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-17

... Determination of Circumvention of the Antidumping Duty Order on Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon Steel Plate From... products were circumventing the antidumping duty order on certain cut-to-length carbon steel plate from the... produced by Wuyang Iron and Steel Co., Ltd. (Wuyang), but also noted the Department intended ``to address...

Office of Naval Research Overview of Corrosion S&T Program

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-12-02

a carbon induced passivity for LTCSS treated austenitic stainless steels - Low temp. allows interstitial C diffusion, but not substitutional...paraequilibrium carburization mechanism(s) that lead to the enhanced corrosion resistance seaw ater crevice corrosion on 316 Stainless Steel LTC...Treated 316 untreated LTC process TTT diagram LTCSS Surface Modification: • Carbon concentrations > 12 at. % in 316 stainless steel while maintaining

76 FR 45511 - Stainless Steel Plate in Coils From Belgium: Notice of Initiation of Antidumping Duty Changed...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-29

... Review, 57 FR 20460, 20462 (May 13, 1992) and Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon Steel Plate from Romania... 22847 (May 3, 2005) (Plate from Romania), unchanged in Notice of Final Results of Antidumping Duty Changed Circumstances Review: Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon Steel Plate from Romania 70 FR 35624 (June 21...

78 FR 60850 - Carbon and Certain Alloy Steel Wire Rod From Brazil: Final Results of the Expedited Second Sunset...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-10-02

... Steel Wire Rod From Brazil: Final Results of the Expedited Second Sunset Review of the Countervailing... of the countervailing duty (CVD) order on carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod (wire rod) from...: Background On June 3, 2013, the Department initiated the second sunset review of the CVD order \\1\\ on wire...

77 FR 13545 - Carbon and Certain Alloy Steel Wire Rod From Mexico: Notice of Final Results of Antidumping Duty...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-07

... Steel Wire Rod From Mexico: Notice of Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review AGENCY... results of the administrative review of the antidumping duty order on carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod (wire rod) from Mexico.\\1\\ This review covers imports of wire rod from ArcelorMittal Las Truchas...

77 FR 264 - Certain Cut-To-Length Carbon-Quality Steel Plate From India, Indonesia, and the Republic of Korea...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-01-04

...-806, A-580-836, C-580-837] Certain Cut-To-Length Carbon-Quality Steel Plate From India, Indonesia, and... steel plate (``CTL Plate'') from India, Indonesia, and the Republic of Korea (``Korea'') would likely...'') orders on CTL Plate from India, Indonesia, and Korea would likely lead to the continuation or recurrence...

49 CFR 195.8 - Transportation of hazardous liquid or carbon dioxide in pipelines constructed with other than...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... dioxide in pipelines constructed with other than steel pipe. 195.8 Section 195.8 Transportation Other... than steel pipe. No person may transport any hazardous liquid or carbon dioxide through a pipe that is... other than steel unless the person has notified the Administrator in writing at least 90 days before the...

49 CFR 195.8 - Transportation of hazardous liquid or carbon dioxide in pipelines constructed with other than...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... dioxide in pipelines constructed with other than steel pipe. 195.8 Section 195.8 Transportation Other... than steel pipe. No person may transport any hazardous liquid or carbon dioxide through a pipe that is... other than steel unless the person has notified the Administrator in writing at least 90 days before the...

49 CFR 195.8 - Transportation of hazardous liquid or carbon dioxide in pipelines constructed with other than...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... dioxide in pipelines constructed with other than steel pipe. 195.8 Section 195.8 Transportation Other... than steel pipe. No person may transport any hazardous liquid or carbon dioxide through a pipe that is... other than steel unless the person has notified the Administrator in writing at least 90 days before the...

49 CFR 195.8 - Transportation of hazardous liquid or carbon dioxide in pipelines constructed with other than...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... dioxide in pipelines constructed with other than steel pipe. 195.8 Section 195.8 Transportation Other... than steel pipe. No person may transport any hazardous liquid or carbon dioxide through a pipe that is... other than steel unless the person has notified the Administrator in writing at least 90 days before the...

49 CFR 195.8 - Transportation of hazardous liquid or carbon dioxide in pipelines constructed with other than...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... dioxide in pipelines constructed with other than steel pipe. 195.8 Section 195.8 Transportation Other... than steel pipe. No person may transport any hazardous liquid or carbon dioxide through a pipe that is... other than steel unless the person has notified the Administrator in writing at least 90 days before the...

76 FR 61343 - Certain Helical Spring Lock Washers From Taiwan and the People's Republic of China: Final Results...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-04

... bearing surface. The scope does not include internal or external tooth washers, nor does it include spring... are lock washers of carbon steel, of carbon alloy steel, or of stainless steel, heat-treated or non-heat-treated, plated or non-plated, with ends that are off-line. Lock washers are designed to: (1...

75 FR 29720 - Certain Helical Spring Lock Washers From the People's Republic of China: Final Results of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-05-27

...) provide a hardened bearing surface. The scope does not include internal or external tooth washers, nor... helical spring lock washers of carbon steel, of carbon alloy steel, or of stainless steel, heat- treated or non-heat-treated, plated or non-plated, with ends that are off-line. Helical spring lock washers...

78 FR 40429 - Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products From India: Rescission of Countervailing Duty...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-05

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [C-533-821] Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products From India: Rescission of Countervailing Duty Administrative Review; 2012 AGENCY...

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Resistance Spot Welding Joints of Carbonitrided Low-Carbon Steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Taweejun, Nipon; Poapongsakorn, Piyamon; Kanchanomai, Chaosuan

2017-04-01

Carbonitrided low-carbon steels are resistance welded in various engineering components. However, there are no reports on the microstructure and mechanical properties of their resistance spot welding (RSW) joints. Therefore, various carbonitridings were performed on the low-carbon steel sheets, and then various RSWs were applied to these carbonitrided sheets. The metallurgical and mechanical properties of the welding joint were investigated and discussed. The peak load and failure energy increased with the increases of welding current and fusion zone (FZ) size. At 11 kA welding current, the carbonitrided steel joint had the failure energy of 16 J, i.e., approximately 84 pct of untreated steel joint. FZ of carbonitrided steel joint consisted of ferrite, Widmanstatten ferrite, and untempered martensite, i.e., the solid-state transformation products, while the microstructure at the outer surfaces consisted of untempered martensite and retained austenite. The surface hardening of carbonitrided steel after RSW could be maintained, i.e., approximately 810 HV. The results can be applied to carbonitriding and RSW to achieve a good welding joint.

75 FR 11119 - Certain Large Diameter Carbon and Alloy Seamless Standard, Line, and Pressure Pipe From Japan...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-10

... Carbon and Alloy Seamless Standard, Line, and Pressure Pipe From Japan: Extension of Time Limit for... review of the antidumping duty order on certain large diameter carbon and alloy seamless standard, line... manufacturers/exporters: JFE Steel Corporation; Nippon Steel Corporation; NKK Tubes; and Sumitomo Metal...

48 CFR 225.7011-3 - Contract clause.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... granted, use the clause at 252.225-7030, Restriction on Acquisition of Carbon, Alloy, and Armor Steel Plate, in solicitations and contracts that' (a) Require the delivery to the Government of carbon, alloy... control of DoD to purchase carbon, alloy, or armor steel plate. [68 FR 15627, Mar. 31, 2003, as amended at...

48 CFR 225.7011-3 - Contract clause.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... granted, use the clause at 252.225-7030, Restriction on Acquisition of Carbon, Alloy, and Armor Steel Plate, in solicitations and contracts that' (a) Require the delivery to the Government of carbon, alloy... control of DoD to purchase carbon, alloy, or armor steel plate. [68 FR 15627, Mar. 31, 2003, as amended at...

75 FR 80455 - Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products From India: Amended Final Results of Countervailing...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-22

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [C-533-821] Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon...-rolled carbon steel flat products (HRCS) from India covering the 2006 POR, to reflect the CIT's order in... INFORMATION: Background On July 14, 2008, the Department published its final results in the countervailing...

76 FR 4291 - Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products From the Republic of Korea: Partial Rescission of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-25

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [C-580-818] Corrosion-Resistant Carbon... Commerce (the Department) initiated an administrative review of the countervailing duty order on corrosion- resistant carbon steel flat products from the Republic of Korea covering the period January 1, 2009, through...

76 FR 77775 - Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products from the Republic of Korea: Extension of Time...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-14

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [C-580-818] Corrosion-Resistant Carbon... results of the administrative review of the countervailing duty order on corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products from the Republic of Korea covering the period January 1, 2009, through December 31, 2009...

76 FR 69703 - Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products From the Republic of Korea: Notice of Extension of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-09

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-580-816] Corrosion-Resistant Carbon... administrative review of the antidumping duty order on corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products from Korea, covering the period August 1, 2009, to July 31, 2010. See Initiation of Antidumping and Countervailing Duty...

78 FR 16247 - Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products From the Republic of Korea; Final Results of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-14

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-580-816] Corrosion-Resistant Carbon... preliminary results of the administrative review of the antidumping duty order on corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products (CORE) from the Republic of Korea (Korea).\\1\\ This review covers seven manufacturers...

75 FR 77615 - Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products From the Republic of Korea: Notice of Extension of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-13

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-580-816] Corrosion-Resistant Carbon... administrative review of the antidumping duty order on corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products from Korea, covering the period August 1, 2008, to July 31, 2009. See Initiation of Antidumping and Countervailing Duty...

76 FR 48143 - Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products From the People's Republic of China: Preliminary...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-08

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-570-865] Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon... on certain hot- rolled carbon steel flat products (``hot-rolled'') from the People's Republic of... INFORMATION: Background On November 29, 2001, the Department published the antidumping duty order on hot...

76 FR 66901 - Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products From the People's Republic of China: Final...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-28

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-570-865] Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon... of the administrative review of the antidumping duty order on certain hot-rolled carbon steel flat products (``hot-rolled'') from the People's Republic of China (``PRC'').\\1\\ This administrative review...

A Study of Submicron Grain Boundary Precipitates in Ultralow Carbon 316LN Steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Downey, S.; Han, K.; Kalu, P. N.; Yang, K.; Du, Z. M.

2010-04-01

This article reports our efforts in characterization of an ultralow carbon 316LN-type stainless steel. The carbon content in the material is one-third that in a conventional 316LN, which further inhibits the formation of grain boundary carbides and therefore sensitizations. Our primary effort is focused on characterization of submicron size precipitates in the materials with the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique complemented by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). Thermodynamic calculations suggested that several precipitates, such as M23C6, Chi, Sigma, and Cr2N, can form in a low carbon 316LN. In the steels heat treated at 973 K (700 °C) for 100 hours, a combination of EBSD and AES conclusively identified the grain boundary precipitates (≥100 nm) as Cr2N, which has a hexagonal closed-packed crystallographic structure. Increases of the nitrogen content promote formation of large size Cr2N precipitates. Therefore, prolonged heat treatment at relatively high temperatures of ultralow carbon 316LN steels may result in a sensitization.

On the sensitivity of some common metallographic reagents to restoring obliterated marks on medium carbon (0.31% C) steel surfaces.

PubMed

Yin, Siaw Hui; Kuppuswamy, R

2009-01-10

Chemical etching, which is the most sensitive method to recover obliterated serial numbers on metal surfaces, has been practised quite successfully in forensic science laboratories all over the world. A large number of etchants suitable for particular metal surfaces based on empirical studies is available in the literature. This article reviews the sensitivity and efficacy of some popular etchants for recovering obliterated marks on medium carbon steel (0.31% C with ferrite-pearlite microstructure) used in automobile parts. The experiments involved engraving these carbon steel plates with some alphanumeric characters using a computer controlled machine "Gravograph" and erasing them to several depths below the bottom of their engraving depth. Seven metallographic reagents of which most of them were copper containing compounds were chosen for etching. The erased plates were etched with every one of these etchants using swabbing method. The results have revealed that Fry's reagent comprising cupric chloride 90 g, hydrochloric acid 120 mL and water 100mL provided the necessary contrast and was concluded to be the most sensitive. The same reagent was recommended by earlier workers for revealing strain lines in steel surfaces. Earlier, another reagent containing 5 g copper sulphate, 60 mL water, 30 mL (conc.) ammonium hydroxide, and 60 mL (conc.) hydrochloric acid was proved to be more sensitive to restore erased marks on low carbon steel (0.1% C with ferrite-pearlite structure) [M.A.M. Zaili, R. Kuppuswamy, H. Harun, Restoration of engraved marks on steel surfaces by etching technique, Forensic Sci. Int. 171 (2007) 27-32]. Thus the sensitivity of the etching reagent on steel surfaces appeared to be dependent on the content of carbon in the steel.

A SURVEY OF THE CORROSION OF MARTENSITIC AND FERRITIC STAINLESS STEELS IN PRESSURIZED WATER

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Beaver, R.J.; Leitten, C.F. Jr.

1963-07-16

>The corrosion resistance of mantensitic and ferritic austenitic stainless steels and carbon steels in pressurized water at 500 to 600 deg F is compared. Included are specific out-of-pile data for austenitic stainless steels, AISI types types 410, 420, 431, and 440C; the ferritic AISI types 430, 442, and 446; the precipitation-hardening type 17-4PH; and carbon steels, ASTM 212 A and B. Available corrosion results obtained under irradiation at exposures in the range of 7 x 10/sup 16/ to 3 x 10/sup 19/ nvt are also included for types 304, types of martensitic and ferritic stainless steels which were evaluated domore » not contain nickel. For application where it is desirable to minimize Co/sup 58/ activity produced from nickel, selection of a martensitic or ferritic stainless steel may be more appropriate than choosing the more popular nickel-bearing austenitic stainless steel or a fuel-element cladding material. Interpretation of the data indicates that, on the average, martensitic and ferritic stainless steels corrode more rapidly than austenitic alloys but more slowly than carbon and low-alloy steels. Under selected controlled water conditions or under irradiation, the corrosion of the nickel-free stainless steels appears to differ little from the austenitics. The corrosion of martensitic and ferritic stainless steels in pressurized-water systems therefore does not appear of such magnitude as to rule out development of these materials as the cladding fuel elements for specific applications. (auth)« less

Studies on dynamic behavior of rotating mirrors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Jingzhen; Sun, Fengshan; Gong, Xiangdong; Huang, Hongbin; Tian, Jie

2005-02-01

A rotating mirror is a kernel unit in a Miller-type high speed camera, which is both as an imaging element in optical path and as an element to implement ultrahigh speed photography. According to Schardin"s Principle, information capacity of an ultrahigh speed camera with rotating mirror depends on primary wavelength of lighting used by the camera and limit linear velocity on edge of the rotating-mirror: the latter is related to material (including specifications in technology), cross-section shape and lateral structure of rotating mirror. In this manuscript dynamic behavior of high strength aluminium alloy rotating mirrors is studied, from which it is preliminarily shown that an aluminium alloy rotating mirror can be absolutely used as replacement for a steel rotating-mirror or a titanium alloy rotating-mirror in framing photographic systems, and it could be also used as a substitute for a beryllium rotating-mirror in streak photographic systems.

A discussion for stabilization time of carbon steel in atmospheric corrosion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Zong-kai; Ma, Xiao-bing; Cai, Yi-kun

2017-09-01

Stabilization time is an important parameter in long-term prediction of carbon steel corrosion in atmosphere. The range of the stabilization time of carbon steel in atmospheric corrosion has been published in many scientific literatures. However, the results may not precise because engineering experiences is dominant. This paper deals with the recalculation of stabilization time based on ISO CORRAG program, and analyzes the results and makes a comparison to the data mentioned above. In addition, a new thinking to obtain stabilization time will be proposed.

Microstructure and properties of pure iron/copper composite cladding layers on carbon steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wan, Long; Huang, Yong-xian; Lü, Shi-xiong; Huang, Ti-fang; Lü, Zong-liang

2016-08-01

In the present study, pure iron/copper composite metal cladding was deposited onto carbon steel by tungsten inert gas welding. The study focused on interfacial morphological, microstructural, and mechanical analyses of the composite cladding layers. Iron liquid-solid-phase zones were formed at copper/steel and iron interfaces because of the melting of the steel substrate and iron. Iron concentrated in the copper cladding layer was observed to exhibit belt, globule, and dendrite morphologies. The appearance of iron-rich globules indicated the occurrence of liquid phase separation (LPS) prior to solidification, and iron-rich dendrites crystallized without the occurrence of LPS. The maximum microhardness of the iron/steel interface was lower than that of the copper/steel interface because of the diffusion of elemental carbon. All samples fractured in the cladding layers. Because of a relatively lower strength of the copper layer, a short plateau region appeared when shear movement was from copper to iron.

Hot Corrosion at Air-Ports in Kraft Recovery Boilers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Holcomb, Gordon R.; Covino, Bernard S., Jr.; Russell, James H.

2003-01-01

Hot corrosion can occur on the cold-side of airports in Kraft recovery boilers. The primary corrosion mechanism involves the migration of sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide vapors through leaks in the furnace wall at the airports and their subsequent condensation. It has been reported that stainless steel is attacked much faster than carbon steel in composite tubes, and that carbon steel tubing, when used with a low-chromium refractory, does not exhibit this type of corrosion. For hot corrosion fluxing of metal oxides, either acidic or basic fluxing takes place, with a solubility minimum at the basicity of transition between themore » two reactions. For stainless steel, if the basicity of the fused salt is between the iron and chromium oxide solubility minima, then a synergistic effect can occur that leads to rapid corrosion. The products of one reaction are the reactants of the other, which eliminates the need for rate-controlling diffusion. This effect can explain why stainless steel is attacked more readily than carbon steel.« less

Nanopatterning of steel by one-step anodization for anti-adhesion of bacteria.

PubMed

Chen, Shiqiang; Li, Yuan; Cheng, Y Frank

2017-07-13

Surface nanopatterning of metals has been an effective technique for improved performance and functionalization. However, it is of great challenge to fabricate nanostructure on carbon steels despite their extensive use and urgent needs to maintain the performance reliability and durability. Here, we report a one-step anodization technique to nanopattern a carbon steel in 50 wt.% NaOH solution for highly effective anti-adhesion by sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB), i.e., Desulfovibrio desulfuricans subsp. desulfuricans (Beijerinck) Kluyver and van Niel. We characterize the morphology, structure, composition, and surface roughness of the nanostructured film formed on the steel as a function of anodizing potential. We quantify the surface hydrophobicity by contact angle measurements, and the SRB adhesion by fluorescent analysis. The optimal anodization potential of 2.0 V is determined for the best performance of anti-adhesion of SRB to the steel, resulting in a 23.5 times of reduction of SRB adhesion compared to bare steel. We discuss the mechanisms for the film formation on the steel during anodization, and the high-performance anti-adhesion of bacteria to nanopatterned steels. Our technique is simple, cost-effective and environment-friendly, providing a promising alternative for industry-scale surface nanopatterning of carbon steels for effective controlling of bacterial adhesion.

Improvement of corrosion resistance of low-alloy steels by resurfacing using multifunction cavitation in water

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ijiri, Masataka; Yoshimura, Toshihiko

2018-02-01

Low-alloy steels are based on carbon steel in combination with several percent or less (in many cases, 1 mass%) alloying elements, and they offer improved resistance to corrosion at a cost slightly higher than that of carbon steel. However, these materials do not exhibit the same corrosion resistance as stainless steel. The authors have previously developed a novel multifunction cavitation (MFC) technique, which combines ultrasonic cavitation with water jet cavitation. In this study, MFC was used to modify the surface of Cr-Mo steel (SCM435) and Ni-Cr-Mo steel (SNCM630). MFC was found to improve the residual stress value of the material as the result of surface modification while also imparting high strength and superior corrosion resistance.

Materials selection for kraft batch digesters

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wensley, A.; Moskal, M.; Wilton, W.

1997-08-01

Several candidate materials were evaluated by corrosion testing in autoclaves containing white and black liquors for batch digesters. The relationship between corrosion rate and corrosion potential was determined for ASTM SA516-Grade 70 carbon steel, UNS S30403 (Type 304L) austenitic stainless steel, UNS S31803 (2205) and UNS S32550 (2605) duplex stainless steels, and two stainless steel weld overlays, applied by the GMAW (gas metal arc welding) and SAW (submerged arc welding) processes. The tests revealed that SA516-Grade 70 carbon steel and type 304L stainless steel can experience high rates of corrosion. For the duplex stainless steels and weld overlays, corrosion resistancemore » improved with chromium content. A chromium content of at least 25% was found to be necessary for good corrosion resistance.« less

76 FR 78612 - Certain Welded Carbon Steel Standard Pipes and Tubes From India: Rescission of Antidumping Duty...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-19

... Industries Ltd., Jindal Saw Ltd., Jindal Steel and Power Ltd., JSL Ltd., JSW Steel Ltd.\\1\\, Jotindra Steel... Industries Ltd., Welspun Group and all affiliates, Welspun Corp. Ltd., Welspun Trading Ltd., Welspun Steel..., Jindal Industries Ltd., Jindal Saw Ltd., Jindal Steel and Power Ltd., JSL Ltd., JSW Steel Ltd., Jotindra...

Anodic Oxidation of Carbon Steel at High Current Densities and Investigation of Its Corrosion Behavior

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fattah-Alhosseini, Arash; Khan, Hamid Yazdani

2017-06-01

This work aims at studying the influence of high current densities on the anodization of carbon steel. Anodic protective coatings were prepared on carbon steel at current densities of 100, 125, and 150 A/dm2 followed by a final heat treatment. Coatings microstructures and morphologies were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The corrosion resistance of the uncoated carbon steel substrate and the anodic coatings were evaluated in 3.5 wt pct NaCl solution through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization measurements. The results showed that the anodic oxide coatings which were prepared at higher current densities had thicker coatings as a result of a higher anodic forming voltage. Therefore, the anodized coatings showed better anti-corrosion properties compared to those obtained at lower current densities and the base metal.

Microbial fouling and corrosion of carbon steel in deep anoxic alkaline groundwater.

PubMed

Rajala, Pauliina; Bomberg, Malin; Vepsäläinen, Mikko; Carpén, Leena

2017-02-01

Understanding the corrosion of carbon steel materials of low and intermediate level radioactive waste under repository conditions is crucial to ensure the safe storage of radioactive contaminated materials. The waste will be in contact with the concrete of repository silos and storage containers, and eventually with groundwater. In this study, the corrosion of carbon steel under repository conditions as well as the microbial community forming biofilm on the carbon steel samples, consisting of bacteria, archaea, and fungi, was studied over a period of three years in a groundwater environment with and without inserted concrete. The number of biofilm forming bacteria and archaea was 1,000-fold lower, with corrosion rates 620-times lower in the presence of concrete compared to the natural groundwater environment. However, localized corrosion was detected in the concrete-groundwater environment indicating the presence of local microenvironments where the conditions for pitting corrosion were favorable.

76 FR 33218 - Carbon and Certain Alloy Steel Wire Rod From Mexico: Initiation of Anti-Circumvention Inquiry of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-08

... Steel Wire Rod From Mexico: Initiation of Anti-Circumvention Inquiry of Antidumping Duty Order AGENCY..., under 19 CFR 351.225(k)(2) to determine whether wire rod with an actual diameter between 4.75 and 5.00 millimeters (mm) is within the scope of the antidumping (AD) order on carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod...

Effects of Surface-Modified MgO Nanoparticles on Inclusion Characteristics and Microstructure in Carbon Structural Steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guo, Hao; Yang, Shufeng; Li, Jingshe; Zhao, Mengjing; Chen, Zhengyang; Zhang, Xueliang; Li, Jikang

2018-05-01

An innovative approach involving chemical modification of the surface of MgO nanoparticles (NPs) for steelmaking and application of NPs to carbon structural steel has been investigated. The results show that the inclusions in the test steels were completely converted to MgAl2O4 spinel or MnS complex inclusions. The mean inclusion size decreased with increasing NP content from 0.01% to 0.03%, but increased at 0.05% because of NP aggregation. Addition of NPs increased the amount of intragranular ferrite and prevented polygonal ferrite formation, thereby enhancing the impact toughness. Impact tests showed that the dimple fractures in steel with 0.05% NP content were deeper than those in the other samples because the MgAl2O4 inclusions were larger. The surface-modified MgO NPs had a major effect on the inclusion characteristics and microstructure of carbon structural steel.

Numerical simulation and experimental investigation of laser dissimilar welding of carbon steel and austenitic stainless steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nekouie Esfahani, M. R.; Coupland, J.; Marimuthu, S.

2015-07-01

This study reports an experimental and numerical investigation on controlling the microstructure and brittle phase formation during laser dissimilar welding of carbon steel to austenitic stainless steel. The significance of alloying composition and cooling rate were experimentally investigated. The investigation revealed that above a certain specific point energy the material within the melt pool is well mixed and the laser beam position can be used to control the mechanical properties of the joint. The heat-affected zone within the high-carbon steel has significantly higher hardness than the weld area, which severely undermines the weld quality. A sequentially coupled thermo-metallurgical model was developed to investigate various heat-treatment methodology and subsequently control the microstructure of the HAZ. Strategies to control the composition leading to dramatic changes in hardness, microstructure and service performance of the dissimilar laser welded fusion zone are discussed.

Carbon and metal-carbon implantations into tool steels for improved tribological performance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hirvonen, J.-P.; Harskamp, F.; Torri, P.; Willers, H.; Fusari, A.; Gibson, N.; Haupt, J.

1997-05-01

The high-fluence implantation of carbon and dual implantations of metal-metalloid pairs into steels with different microstructures are briefly reviewed. A previously unexamined system, the implantation of Si and C into two kinds of tool steels, M3 and D2, have been studied in terms of microstructure and tribological performance. In both cases ion implantation transfers a surface into an amorphous layer. However, the tribological behavior of these two materials differs remarkably: in the case of ion-implanted M3 a reduction of wear in a steel pin is observed even at high pin loads, whereas in the case of ion-implanted D2 the beneficial effects of ion implantation were limited to the lowest pin load. The importance of an initial phase at the onset of sliding is emphasized and a number of peculiarities observed in ion-implanted M3 steel are discussed.

Evolution of Initial Atmospheric Corrosion of Carbon Steel in an Industrial Atmosphere

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pan, Chen; Han, Wei; Wang, Zhenyao; Wang, Chuan; Yu, Guocai

2016-12-01

The evolution of initial corrosion of carbon steel exposed to an industrial atmosphere in Shenyang, China, has been investigated by gravimetric, XRD, SEM/EDS and electrochemical techniques. The kinetics of the corrosion process including the acceleration and deceleration processes followed the empirical equation D = At n . The rust formed on the steel surface was bi-layered, comprised of an inner and outer layer. The outer layer was formed within the first 245 days and had lower iron content compared to the inner layer. However, the outer layer disappeared after 307 days of exposure, which is considered to be associated with the depletion of Fe3O4. The evolution of the rust layer formed on the carbon steel has also been discussed.

Review of CO2 Reduction Technologies using Mineral Carbonation of Iron and Steel Making Slag in Malaysia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Norhana Selamat, Siti; Nor, Nik Hisyamudin Muhd; Rashid, Muhammad Hanif Abdul; Fauzi Ahmad, Mohd; Mohamad, Fariza; Ismail, Al Emran; Fahrul Hassan, Mohd; Turan, Faiz Mohd; Zain, Mohd Zamzuri Mohd; Abu Bakar, Elmi; Seiji, Yokoyama

2017-10-01

Climate change, greenhouse gas effect, and global warming is envisioning to turn more awful and more terrible by year. Since the leading cause of global warming is uncontrolled CO2 in atmosphere. The amount of unused steel slag is expected to increment later on, steel industries is one of the mechanical industries that contribute the CO2 emission. That because this businesses deliver carbon in light of powers reductant and substantial volume of steel. The changes of atmosphere these day is truly developing concern and that make steel creator are confronted with test of discovering methods for bringing down CO2 emission. Malaysia is working decidedly in the diminishment of CO2 gas. There are a few techniques in decreasing the amount of CO2 in the air as underlined by the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change (IPCC), an organization under the United Country however CCS is an extremely encouraging innovation to moderate CO2 emission in air. Mineral carbonation is another technique to store carbon dioxide permanently, long term stability and vast capacity.

Novel sintered ceramic materials incorporated with EAF carbon steel slag

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Karayannis, V.; Ntampegliotis, K.; Lamprakopoulos, S.; Papapolymerou, G.; Spiliotis, X.

2017-01-01

In the present research, novel sintered clay-based ceramic materials containing electric arc furnace carbon steel slag (EAFC) as a useful admixture were developed and characterized. The environmentally safe management of steel industry waste by-products and their valorization as secondary resources into value-added materials towards circular economy have attracted much attention in the last years. EAF Carbon steel slag in particular, is generated during the manufacture of carbon steel. It is a solid residue mainly composed of rich-in- Fe, Ca and Si compounds. The experimental results show that the beneficial incorporation of lower percentages of EAFC up to 6%wt. into ceramics sintered at 950 °C is attained without significant variations in sintering behavior and physico-mechanical properties. Further heating up to 1100 °C strongly enhances the densification of the ceramic microstructures, thus reducing the porosity and strengthening their mechanical performance. On the other side, in terms of thermal insulation behavior as well as energy consumption savings and production cost alleviation, the optimum sintering temperature appears to be 950 °C.

Corrosion of carbon steels, stainless steels, and titanium in aqueous lithium bromide solution

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Guinon, J.L.; Garcia-Anton, J.; Perez-Herranz, V.

1994-03-01

Effects of lithium bromide (LiBr) concentration, pH, temperature, exposure time, and the action of some inhibitors on corrosion of several carbon (C) steels, stainless steels (SS), and a titanium (Ti) alloy were studied. Corrosion rates were determined by the polarization resistance method and compared to rates determined by weight-loss measurements. Pitting potentials (E[sub p]) were evaluated in neutral LiBr solution and with different inhibitors. Pit density and average pit depth depended on the metal tested, with lowest values for Ti, the next lowest values for type 316 SS (UNS S31600), and the highest values for UNS G41350 tempered steel.

75 FR 29519 - Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon Steel Plate from the People's Republic of China: Rescission of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-05-26

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-570-849] Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon... Commerce (``Department'') published in the Federal Register the antidumping duty order on certain cut-to... Agreement on Certain Cut- to-Length Carbon Steel Plate From the People's Republic of China; Termination of...

78 FR 4385 - Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon-Quality Steel Plate Products From the Republic of Korea: Preliminary...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-22

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-580-836] Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon... the antidumping duty order on certain cut-to- length carbon-quality steel plate products (CTL plate... Decision Memorandum for the Administrative Review of the Antidumping Duty Order on Certain Cut-to- Length...

75 FR 47777 - Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon-Quality Steel Plate Products From Italy: Final Results of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-09

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-475-826] Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon... administrative review of the antidumping duty order on certain cut-to-length carbon-quality steel plate products... the preliminary results of the administrative review of the antidumping duty order on certain cut-to...

77 FR 74174 - North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), Article 1904 Binational Panel Reviews

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-13

... Department of Commerce's Final Determination of Carbon and Certain Alloy Steel Wire Rod from Canada... concerning Carbon and Certain Alloy Steel Wire Rod from Canada. The Secretariat was instructed to issue a...

Influence of nitrogen as grain refiner in low carbon and microalloyed steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hasan, B. M.; Sathyamurthy, P.

2018-02-01

Microalloyed steel is replacing using of low alloy steel in automotive industry. Microalloying elements like vanadium, niobium and titanium are used to enhance the steel property. The current work is focused on using nitrogen as a strengthening element in existing steel grade. Nitrogen in free form acts as solid solution strengthener and in combined form as precipitates acts as grain refiner for enhancing strength. The problem of grain coarsening at high temperature in case carburizing steel was avoided by increasing nitrogen level from 60ppm to 200ppm. Grain size of ASTM no 10 is obtained at carburizing temperature of 950 °C by increasing nitrogen content from grain size no 6 with lower nitrogen. Mostly crankshaft is made from Cr-Mo alloyed steel. At JSW, nitrogen in the level of 130-200ppm is added to medium carbon steel to meet property requirement for crankshaft application

Factors affecting stress assisted corrosion cracking of carbon steel under industrial boiler conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Dong

Failure of carbon steel boiler tubes from waterside has been reported in the utility boilers and industrial boilers for a long time. In industrial boilers, most waterside tube cracks are found near heavy attachment welds on the outer surface and are typically blunt, with multiple bulbous features indicating a discontinuous growth. These types of tube failures are typically referred to as stress assisted corrosion (SAC). For recovery boilers in the pulp and paper industry, these failures are particularly important as any water leak inside the furnace can potentially lead to smelt-water explosion. Metal properties, environmental variables, and stress conditions are the major factors influencing SAC crack initation and propagation in carbon steel boiler tubes. Slow strain rate tests (SSRT) were conducted under boiler water conditions to study the effect of temperature, oxygen level, and stress conditions on crack initation and propagation on SA-210 carbon steel samples machined out of boiler tubes. Heat treatments were also performed to develop various grain size and carbon content on carbon steel samples, and SSRTs were conducted on these samples to examine the effect of microstructure features on SAC cracking. Mechanisms of SAC crack initation and propagation were proposed and validated based on interrupted slow strain tests (ISSRT). Water chemistry guidelines are provided to prevent SAC and fracture mechanics model is developed to predict SAC failure on industrial boiler tubes.

A vacuum (10 exp -9 torr) friction apparatus for determining friction and endurance life of MoS(x) films

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Miyoshi, Kazuhisa; Honecy, Frank S.; Abel, Phillip B.; Pepper, Stephen V.; Spalvins, Talivaldis; Wheeler, Donald R.

1993-01-01

An ultrahigh-vacuum tribometer for use in a ball-on-disk configuration was specially designed for measuring the friction and endurance life of magnetron-sputtered solid lubricating MoS(x) films deposited on sputter-cleaned 400 C stainless-steel disks, when slid against a 6-mm-diameter 440 C stainless-steel ball. The results of tests showed that the tribometer performs satisfactorily in unidirectional rotation in vacuum at a pressure of 10 exp -7 Pa, 10 exp -9 torr. Similarities are observed in the life cycle friction behavior and the coefficient of friction as a function of the number of disk revolutions, for MoS(x) films at average Hertzian contact from 0.33 to 0.69 GPa.

The substitution of aluminum for cobalt in nanostructured bainitic steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Jing; Qiu, Hui; Xu, Pudong; Yu, Hui; Wang, Yuchen

2018-06-01

Two kinds of new steels are designed, in which the only difference is the use of the alloy element aluminum instead of cobalt. The effect of cobalt and aluminum addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of high-carbon nanostructured bainitic steels was studied. The microstructure and mechanical properties achieved by a low temperature au tempering treatment were investigated by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy and hardness, tension, impact tests. The experimental results show that better mechanical properties were achieved in the high-carbon Al-contained steel.

77 FR 55807 - Circular Welded Carbon Steel Pipes and Tubes From Taiwan: Notice of Partial Rescission of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-09-11

... Steel Co., Ltd., and Tension Steel Industries Co. Ltd. The Petitioner requested a review of all [[Page.... (also known as Kao Hsiung Chang Iron & Steel Corp.); and (3) Tension Steel Industries Co. Ltd. Partial... Iron & Steel Corp.; and (3) Tension Steel Industries Co. Ltd. This review will continue with respect to...

Design and test of a double-nuclear RF coil for 1H MRI and 13C MRSI at 7 T

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rutledge, Omar; Kwak, Tiffany; Cao, Peng; Zhang, Xiaoliang

2016-06-01

RF coil operation at the ultrahigh field of 7 T is fraught with technical challenges that limit the advancement of novel human in vivo applications at 7 T. In this work, a hybrid technique combining a microstrip transmission line and a lumped-element L-C loop coil to form a double-nuclear RF coil for proton magnetic resonance imaging and carbon magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 7 T was proposed and investigated. Network analysis revealed a high Q-factor and excellent decoupling between the coils. Proton images and localized carbon spectra were acquired with high sensitivity. The successful testing of this novel double-nuclear coil demonstrates the feasibility of this hybrid design for double-nuclear MR imaging and spectroscopy studies at the ultrahigh field of 7 T.

Characterization of an Ultra-High Temperature Ceramic Composite

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Levine, Stanley R.; Opila, Elizabeth J.; Robinson, Raymond C.; Lorincz, Jonathan A.

2004-01-01

Ultra-high temperature ceramics (UHTC) are of interest for hypersonic vehicle leading edge applications. Monolithic UHTCs are of concern because of their low fracture toughness and brittle behavior. UHTC composites (UHTCC) are being investigated as a possible approach to overcome these deficiencies. In this study a small sample of a UHTCC was evaluated by limited mechanical property tests, furnace oxidation exposures, and oxidation exposures in a flowing environment generated by an oxy-acetylene torch. The composite was prepared from a carbon fiber perform using ceramic particulates and a pre-cerns about microcracking due to thermal expansion mismatch between the matrix and the carbon fiber reinforcements, and about the oxidation resistance of the HfB2-SiC coating layer and the composite constituents. However, positive performance in the torch test warrants further study of this concept.

Nano-RuO2 -Decorated Holey Graphene Composite Fibers for Micro-Supercapacitors with Ultrahigh Energy Density.

PubMed

Zhai, Shengli; Wang, Chaojun; Karahan, Huseyin Enis; Wang, Yanqing; Chen, Xuncai; Sui, Xiao; Huang, Qianwei; Liao, Xiaozhou; Wang, Xin; Chen, Yuan

2018-06-07

Compactness and versatility of fiber-based micro-supercapacitors (FMSCs) make them promising for emerging wearable electronic devices as energy storage solutions. But, increasing the energy storage capacity of microscale fiber electrodes, while retaining their high power density, remains a significant challenge. Here, this issue is addressed by incorporating ultrahigh mass loading of ruthenium oxide (RuO 2 ) nanoparticles (up to 42.5 wt%) uniformly on nanocarbon-based microfibers composed largely of holey reduced graphene oxide (HrGO) with a lower amount of single-walled carbon nanotubes as nanospacers. This facile approach involes (1) space-confined hydrothermal assembly of highly porous but 3D interconnected carbon structure, (2) impregnating wet carbon structures with aqueous Ru 3+ ions, and (3) anchoring RuO 2 nanoparticles on HrGO surfaces. Solid-state FMSCs assembled using those fibers demonstrate a specific volumetric capacitance of 199 F cm -3 at 2 mV s -1 . Fabricated FMSCs also deliver an ultrahigh energy density of 27.3 mWh cm -3 , the highest among those reported for FMSCs to date. Furthermore, integrating 20 pieces of FMSCs with two commercial flexible solar cells as a self-powering energy system, a light-emitting diode panel can be lit up stably. The current work highlights the excellent potential of nano-RuO 2 -decorated HrGO composite fibers for constructing micro-supercapacitors with high energy density for wearable electronic devices. © 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Influence of TiN Inclusions on the Cleavage Fracture Behavior of Low-Carbon Microalloyed Steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yan, W.; Shan, Y. Y.; Yang, K.

2007-06-01

Toughness is a major concern for low-carbon microalloyed steels. In this work, the impact fracture behavior of two low-carbon Ti-V microalloyed steels was investigated in order to better understand the role of TiN inclusions in the toughness of the steels. The steels had similar chemical compositions and were manufactured by the same rolling process. However, there was an obvious difference in the ductile brittle transition temperature (DBTT) in the Charpy V-notch (CVN) impact tests of the two steels; one (steel 1) possessing a DBTT below -20 °C, while the DBTT of the other (steel 2) was above 15 °C. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) fractography revealed that there were TiN inclusions at the cleavage fracture initiation sites on the fracture surfaces of steel 2 at both low and room temperatures. It is shown that the TiN inclusions had nucleated on Al2O3 particles and that they had pre-existing interior flaws. A high density of TiN inclusions was found in steel 2, but there was a much lower density in steel 1. Analysis indicates that these inclusions were responsible for the shift of DBTT to a higher temperature in steel 2. A mechanism is proposed for understanding the effect of the size and density of TiN inclusions on the fracture behavior, and the cleavage fracture initiation process is analyzed in terms of the distribution and development of stresses ahead of the notch tip during fracture at both low and room temperatures.

76 FR 67413 - Antidumping or Countervailing Duty Order, Finding, or Suspended Investigation; Opportunity To...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-01

... Carbon And Alloy Steel A-570-956 11/10/10-10/31/11 Standard, Line, And Pressure Pipe Seamless Refined......... Lightweight Thermal Paper C-570-921 1/1/10-12/31/10 Seamless Carbon and Alloy Steel Standard, Line, 11/10/10.../31/11 Circular Welded Non-Alloy Steel Pipe A-351-809... 11/1/10-10/31/11 Germany: Lightweight Thermal...

46 CFR 56.60-1 - Acceptable materials and specifications (replaces 123 and Table 126.1 in ASME B31.1).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... standards ASME standards Notes Pipe, seamless: A 106 Carbon steel ASME B31.1 A 335 Ferritic alloys ASME B31.1 A 376 Austenitic alloys ASME B31.1 (1). Pipe, seamless and welded: A 53 Types S, F, and E steel... cast: (None applicable) (1 9) Tube, seamless: A 179 Carbon steel heat exchanger and condenser tubes...

77 FR 66437 - Antidumping or Countervailing Duty Order, Finding, or Suspended Investigation; Opportunity To...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-11-05

.../31/12 Refined Brown Aluminum Oxide, A-570-882 11/1/11-10/31/12 Seamless Carbon and Alloy Steel..., C-570-921 1/1/11 -12/31/11 Seamless Carbon and Alloy Steel Standard, Line, 1/1/11-12/31/11 and... Circular Welded Non-Alloy Steel Pipe, A- 11/1/11-10/31/12 351-809 Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet...

46 CFR 56.60-1 - Acceptable materials and specifications (replaces 123 and Table 126.1 in ASME B31.1).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... standards ASME standards Notes Pipe, seamless: A 106 Carbon steel ASME B31.1 A 335 Ferritic alloys ASME B31.1 A 376 Austenitic alloys ASME B31.1 (1). Pipe, seamless and welded: A 53 Types S, F, and E steel... cast: (None applicable) (1 9) Tube, seamless: A 179 Carbon steel heat exchanger and condenser tubes...

46 CFR 56.60-1 - Acceptable materials and specifications (replaces 123 and Table 126.1 in ASME B31.1).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... standards ASME standards Notes Pipe, seamless: A 106 Carbon steel ASME B31.1 A 335 Ferritic alloys ASME B31.1 A 376 Austenitic alloys ASME B31.1 (1). Pipe, seamless and welded: A 53 Types S, F, and E steel... cast: (None applicable) (1,9) Tube, seamless: A 179 Carbon steel heat exchanger and condenser tubes...

75 FR 23236 - Antidumping or Countervailing Duty Order, Finding, or Suspended Investigation; Opportunity To...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-05-03

.../10 India: Silicomanganese, A-533-823 5/1/09-4/30/10 Welded Carbon Steel Pipe and Tubes, A-533-502.../30/10 Republic of Korea: Polyester Staple Fiber, A-580-839 5/1/09-4/30/10 Stainless Steel Plate in.../10 805 Taiwan: Certain Circular Welded Carbon Steel Pipe and 5/1/09-4/30/10 Tubes, A-583-008...

Effect of coating mild steel with CNTs on its mechanical properties and corrosion behaviour in acidic medium

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Abdulmalik Abdulrahaman, Mahmud; Kamaldeeen Abubakre, Oladiran; Ambali Abdulkareem, Saka; Oladejo Tijani, Jimoh; Aliyu, Ahmed; Afolabi, Ayo Samuel

2017-03-01

The study investigated the mechanical properties and corrosion behaviour of mild steel coated with carbon nanotubes at different coating conditions. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were synthesized via the conventional chemical vapour deposition reaction using bimetallic Fe-Ni catalyst supported on kaolin, with acetylene gas as a carbon source. The HRSEM/HRTEM analysis of the purified carbon materials revealed significant reduction in the diameters of the purified MWCNT bundles from 50 nm to 2 nm and was attributed to the ultrasonication assisted dispersion with surfactant (gum arabic) employed in purification process. The network of the dispersed MWCNTs was coated onto the surfaces of mild steel samples, and as the coating temperature and holding time increased, the coating thickness reduced. The mechanical properties (tensile strength, yield strength, hardness value) of the coated steel samples increased with increase in coating temperature and holding time. Comparing the different coating conditions, coated mild steels at the temperature of 950 °C for 90 min holding time exhibited high hardness, yield strength and tensile strength values compared to others. The corrosion current and corrosion rate of the coated mild steel samples decreased with increase in holding time and coating temperature. The lowest corrosion rate was observed on sample coated at 950 °C for 90 min.

Microdomain Yield Behaviour in an Ultra-High Strength Low Alloy Steel for Marine Use with Low Sensitivity of SCC

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yin, Jiang; Tao, Anxiang; Xu, Pingguang; Ping, Dehai

The present paper involves a fundamental research on microdomain yield behavior of an ultrahigh strength low alloy steel with high temperature tempered bainite. The smooth cylinder specimen was took from deep water mooring chain links from the steel with the chemical composition of 0.23C-0.25Si -0.70Mn-3.55 (Cr+Ni+Mo) -0.13 (V+Nb+Ti) (mass %) ,which was quenched from 1253K and then tempered at 873K Its macroscopic yield strength is 1120MPa and the tensile strength is 1250MPa In-situ neutron diffraction measurements of loading tension have suggested that a good linear elastic deformation can be kept up to 500MPa stress, and then (200) priority non-linear elastic strain, that is the yield of crystal lattice occur at 700MPa and the (110) non-linear elastic strain was found at 800MPa. The (200) and (110) nonlinear elastic strain increases gradually when the stress was further increased, however, the (211) kept its linear elastic deformation stage as before. The sub-microstructural analysis carried out using TEM and additional determine the nature and quantitative analysis has revealed that there are three kinds of alloy carbides: (1) θ-M3C cementites with an average particle size of less than 50 nm which inside laths and lath boundaries; (2) ɛ-M2C formed uniformly within the ferrites with a length of less than 200 nm and width of less than 20 nm; (3) ultra-fine high density MC cohered with matrix α-Fe and its particle size is about 2 nm. The whole microdomain yield behaviour of the material was possibly influenced by the fcc-MC with high density. The results of CLT (constant load), SSRT (slow strain rate) and KIscc test of the present chain in seawater solution indicate, that threshold value of SCC (stress corrosion cracking) stress exceed 0.8 tensile strength and the chain's KIscc value is double of KIscc value of 4340 steel type parts. MC not only form strong hydrogen trap, but also slow down microdomain yield likely by means of increasing yield strength of crystal lattice, thus reduce SCC sensibility of the steel.

Effect of Carbon on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Low C-1.6 pct Mn-0.1 pct Cr-0.3 pct Mo-0.0005 pct B Dual-Phase Steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jeong, W. C.

2014-11-01

Effect of carbon on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 0.011 and 0.032 pct carbon dual-phase steels was investigated. r m value was increased to 1.52 at around 400 MPa tensile strength level through the optimal design in the steel chemistry and proper control of phase transformation during continuous galvanizing cycle. The isolated martensite particles are expected to increase the strength but are expected not to be desirable for the deep drawability.

Austenite grain growth kinetics in Al-killed plain carbon steels

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Militzer, M.; Giumelli, A.; Hawbolt, E.B.

1996-11-01

Austenite grain growth kinetics have been investigated in three Al-killed plain carbon steels. Experimental results have been validated using the statistical grain growth model by Abbruzzese and Luecke, which takes pinning by second-phase particles into account. It is shown that the pinning force is a function of the pre-heat-treatment schedule. Extrapolation to the conditions of a hot-strip mill indicates that grain growth occurs without pinning during conventional processing. Analytical relations are proposed to simulate austenite grain growth for Al-killed plain carbon steels for any thermal path in a hot-strip mill.

Experimental study of dissolution of minerals and CO2 sequestration in steel slag.

PubMed

Yadav, Shashikant; Mehra, Anurag

2017-06-01

This study strives to achieve a substantial amount of steel slag carbonation without using any harmful chemicals. For this purpose, experiments were performed in an aqueous medium, in a semi-batch reactor, to investigate the effect of varying reaction conditions during the steel slag CO 2 sequestration process. Further, studying the effect of dissolution on carbonation reactions and the mineralogical changes that subsequently occur within the slag helps provide insight into the parameters that ultimately have an impact on the carbonation rate as well the magnitude of the impact. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

49 CFR Appendix B to Part 192 - Qualification of Pipe

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

...—Steel pipe, “Standard Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High Temperature Service... pipe, “Standard Specification for Metal-Arc-Welded Steel Pipe for Use with High-Pressure Transmission...). ASTM A672—Steel pipe, “Standard Specification for Electric-Fusion-Welded Steel Pipe for High-Pressure...

49 CFR Appendix B to Part 192 - Qualification of Pipe

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

...—Steel pipe, “Standard Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High Temperature Service... pipe, “Standard Specification for Metal-Arc-Welded Steel Pipe for Use with High-Pressure Transmission...). ASTM A672—Steel pipe, “Standard Specification for Electric-Fusion-Welded Steel Pipe for High-Pressure...

49 CFR Appendix B to Part 192 - Qualification of Pipe

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

...—Steel pipe, “Standard Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High Temperature Service... pipe, “Standard Specification for Metal-Arc-Welded Steel Pipe for Use with High-Pressure Transmission...). ASTM A672—Steel pipe, “Standard Specification for Electric-Fusion-Welded Steel Pipe for High-Pressure...

ON MEASUREMENT OF CARBON CONTENT IN RETAINED AUSTENITE IN A NANOSTRUCTURED BAINITIC STEEL

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Garcia-Mateo, C.; Caballero, Francesca G.; Miller, Michael K

2012-01-01

In this study, the carbon content of retained austenite in a nanostructured bainitic steel was measured by atom probe tomography and compared with data derived from the austenite lattice parameter determined by X-ray diffraction. The results provide new evidence about the heterogeneous distribution of carbon in austenite, a fundamental issue controlling ductility in this type of microstructure.

76 FR 28419 - Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products From India: Notice of Extension of Time Limit for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-17

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-533-820] Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon...-rolled carbon steel flat products from India for the period December 1, 2008, through November 30, 2009... September 14, 2010, in accordance with section 751(a)(3)(A) of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended (the Act...

Popcorn-Derived Porous Carbon Flakes with an Ultrahigh Specific Surface Area for Superior Performance Supercapacitors.

PubMed

Hou, Jianhua; Jiang, Kun; Wei, Rui; Tahir, Muhammad; Wu, Xiaoge; Shen, Ming; Wang, Xiaozhi; Cao, Chuanbao

2017-09-13

Popcorn-derived porous carbon flakes have been successfully fabricated from the biomass of maize. Utilizing the "puffing effect", the nubby maize grain turned into materials with an interconnected honeycomb-like porous structure composed of carbon flakes. The following chemical activation method enabled the as-prepared products to possess optimized porous structures for electrochemical energy-storage devices, such as multilayer flake-like structures, ultrahigh specific surface area (S BET : 3301 m 2 g -1 ), and a high content of micropores (microporous surface area of 95%, especially the optimized sub-nanopores with the size of 0.69 nm) that can increase the specific capacitance. The as-obtained sample displayed excellent specific capacitance of 286 F g -1 at 90 A g -1 for supercapacitors. Moreover, the unique porous structure demonstrated an ideal way to improve the volumetric energy density performance. A high energy density of 103 Wh kg -1 or 53 Wh L -1 has been obtained in the case of ionic liquid electrolyte, which is the highest among reported biomass-derived carbon materials and will satisfy the urgent requirements of a primary power source for electric vehicles. This work may prove to be a fast, green, and large-scale synthesis route by using the large nubby granular materials to synthesize applicable porous carbons in energy-storage devices.

Biowaste-Derived Hierarchical Porous Carbon Nanosheets for Ultrahigh Power Density Supercapacitors.

PubMed

Yu, Dengfeng; Chen, Chong; Zhao, Gongyuan; Sun, Lei; Du, Baosheng; Zhang, Hong; Li, Zhuo; Sun, Ye; Besenbacher, Flemming; Yu, Miao

2018-03-05

Low-cost activated carbons with high capacitive properties remain desirable for supercapacitor applications. Herein, a three-dimensional scaffolding framework of porous carbon nanosheets (PCNSs) has been produced from a typical biowaste, namely, ground cherry calyces, the specific composition and natural structures of which have contributed to the PCNSs having a very large specific surface area of 1612 m 2  g -1 , a hierarchical pore size distribution, a turbostratic carbon structure with a high degree graphitization, and about 10 % oxygen and nitrogen heteroatoms. A high specific capacitance of 350 F g -1 at 0.1 A g -1 has been achieved in a two-electrode system with 6 m KOH; this value is among the highest specific capacitance of biomass-derived carbon materials. More inspiringly, a high energy density of 22.8 Wh kg -1 at a power density of 198.8 W kg -1 can be obtained with 1 m aqueous solution of Li 2 SO 4 , and an ultrahigh energy density of 81.4 Wh kg -1 at a power density of 446.3 W kg -1 is realized with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate electrolyte. © 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Mechanical Properties of Laser Beam Welded Ultra-high Strength Chromium Steel with Martensitic Microstructure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dahmen, Martin; Janzen, Vitalij; Lindner, Stefan; Wagener, Rainer

A new class of steels is going to be introduced into sheet manufacturing. Stainless ferritic and martensitic steels open up opportunities for sheet metal fabrication including hot stamping. A strength of up to 2 GPa at a fracture strain of 15% can be attained. Welding of these materials became apparently a challenge. Energy-reduced welding methods with in-situ heat treatment are required in order to ensure the delicate and complex heat control. Laser beam welding is the joining technique of choice to supply minimum heat input to the fusion process and to apply an efficient heat control. For two application cases, production of tailored blanks in as-rolled condition and welding in assembly in hot stamped conditions, welding processes have been developed. The welding suitability is shown in metallurgical investigations of the welds. Crash tests based on the KSII concept as well as fatigue tests prove the applicability of the joining method. For the case of assembly also joining with deep drawing and manganese boron steel was taken into consideration. The strength of the joint is determined by the weaker partner but can benefit from its ductility.

Control of the Structure of Diffusion Layer in Carbon Steels Under Nitriding with Preliminary Deposition of Copper Oxide Catalytic Films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Petrova, L. G.; Aleksandrov, V. A.; Malakhov, A. Yu.

2017-07-01

The effect of thin films of copper oxide deposited before nitriding on the phase composition and the kinetics of growth of diffusion layers in carbon steels is considered. The process of formation of an oxide film involves chemical reduction of pure copper on the surface of steel specimens from a salt solution and subsequent oxidation under air heating. The oxide film exerts a catalytic action in nitriding of low- and medium-carbon steels, which consists in accelerated growth of the diffusion layer, the nitride zone in the first turn. The kinetics of the nitriding process and the phase composition of the layer are controlled by the thickness of the copper oxide precursor, i.e., the deposited copper film.

An Industrial Perspective on Environmentally Assisted Cracking of Some Commercially Used Carbon Steels and Corrosion-Resistant Alloys

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ashida, Yugo; Daigo, Yuzo; Sugahara, Katsuo

2017-08-01

Commercial metals and alloys like carbon steels, stainless steels, and nickel-based super alloys frequently encounter the problem of environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) and resulting failure in engineering components. This article aims to provide a perspective on three critical industrial applications having EAC issues: (1) corrosion and cracking of carbon steels in automotive applications, (2) EAC of iron- and nickel-based alloys in salt production and processing, and (3) EAC of iron- and nickel-based alloys in supercritical water. The review focuses on current industrial-level understanding with respect to corrosion fatigue, hydrogen-assisted cracking, or stress corrosion cracking, as well as the dominant factors affecting crack initiation and propagation. Furthermore, some ongoing industrial studies and directions of future research are also discussed.

The effect of aluminum on the work hardening and wear resistance of hadfield manganese steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zuidema, B. K.; Subramanyam, D. K.; Leslie, W. C.

1987-09-01

A study has been made of the work-hardening and wear resistance of aluminum-modified Hadfield manganese steels ranging in composition from 1.00 to 1.75 Pct carbon and from 0.0 to 4.0 Pct aluminum. Aluminum additions reduced carbon activity and diffusivity in austenites of Hadfield’s composition, increasing the metastable solubility of carbon in Hadfield steel. Aluminum additions inhibited mechanical twinning and, by inference, increased the stacking fault energy of austenite. Increasing carbon in solution in austenite expanded the temperature range over which dynamic strain aging and rapid work hardening occurred. Simultaneous aluminum additions and increased carbon content increased the work-hardening rate and high-stress abrasion resistance of Hadfield steel, but there was an optimum aluminum content beyond which both declined. Maximum work-hardening rate was exhibited by an alloy containing nominally 1.75 Pct C, 13.5 Pct Mn, and 1.3 Pct Al. Improved high-stress abrasion resistance was also found in an alloy containing nominally 1.00 Pct C, 13.5 Pct Mn, and 4.0 Pct Al.

Static Strain Aging Behavior of a Manganese-Silicon Steel After Single and Multi-stage Straining

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Seraj, P.; Serajzadeh, S.

2016-03-01

In this work, static strain aging behavior of an alloy steel containing high amounts of silicon and manganese was examined while the influences of initial microstructure and pre-strain on the aging kinetics were evaluated as well. The rate of strain aging in a low carbon steel was also determined and compared with that occurred in the alloy steel. The rates of static strain aging in the steels were defined at room temperature and at 95 °C by means of double-hit tensile testing and hardness measurements. In addition, three-stage aging experiments at 80 °C were carried out to estimate aging behavior under multi-pass deformation processing. The results showed that in-solution manganese and silicon atoms could significantly affect the aging behavior of the steel and reduce the kinetics of static strain aging as compared to the low carbon steel. The initial microstructure also played an important role on the aging behavior. The rapidly cooled steel having mean ferrite grain size of 9.7 μm showed the least aging susceptibility index during the aging experiments. Accordingly, the activation energies for static strain aging were calculated as 93.2 and 85.7 kJ/mole for the alloy steel having fine and coarse ferrite-pearlite structures, respectively while it was computed as 79.1 kJ/mole for the low carbon steel with ferrite mean grain size of about 16.2 μm.

The influence of aluminum and carbon on the abrasion resistance of high manganese steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Buckholz, Samuel August

Abrasive wear testing of lightweight, austenitic Fe-Mn-Al-C cast steel has been performed in accordance with ASTM G65 using a dry sand, rubber wheel, abrasion testing apparatus. Testing was conducted on a series of Fe-30Mn-XAl-YC-1Si-0.5Mo chemistries containing aluminum levels from 2.9 to 9.5 wt.% and carbon levels from 0.9 to 1.83 wt.%. Solution treated materials having an austenitic microstructure produced the highest wear resistance. Wear resistance decreased with higher aluminum, lower carbon, and higher hardness after age hardening. In the solution treated condition the wear rate was a strong function of the aluminum to carbon ratio and the wear rate increased with a parabolic dependence on the Al/C ratio, which ranged from 1.8 to 10.2. Examination of the surface wear scar revealed a mechanism of plowing during abrasion testing and this method of material removal is sensitive to work hardening rate. Work hardening behavior was determined from tensile tests and also decreased with increasing Al/C ratio and after aging hardening. The loss of wear resistance is related to short range ordering of Al and C in the solution treated materials and kappa-carbide precipitation in age hardened materials and both contribute to planar slip and lower work hardening rates. A high carbon tool steel (W1) and a bainitic low alloy steel (SAE 8620) were also tested for comparison. A lightweight steel containing 6.5 wt.% Al and 1.2 wt.% C has wear resistance comparable to within 5% of the bainitic SAE 8620 steel forging currently used for the Bradley Fighting Vehicle track shoe and this cast Fe-Mn-Al-C steel, at equivalent tensile properties, would be 10% lighter.

Effect of Surface Modification on Corrosion Resistance of Uncoated and DLC Coated Stainless Steel Surface

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Scendo, Mieczyslaw; Staszewska-Samson, Katarzyna

2017-08-01

Corrosion resistance of 4H13 stainless steel (EN-X46Cr13) surface uncoated and coated with an amorphous hydrogenated carbon (a-C:H) film [diamond-like carbon (DLC)] in acidic chloride solution was investigated. The DLC films were deposited on steel surface by a plasma deposition, direct current discharge (PDCD) method. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) was used to determine the chemical groups existing on DLC films. The surface of the specimens was observed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The tribological properties of the both materials were examined using a ball-on disk tribometer. The microhardness (HV) of diamond-like carbon film increased over five times in relation to the 4H13 stainless steel without of DLC coating. Oxidation kinetic parameters were determined by gravimetric and electrochemical methods. The high value of polarization resistance indicates that the DLC film on substrate was characterized by low electrical conductivity. The corrosion rate of 4H13 stainless steel with of DLC film decreased about eight times in relation to uncoated surface of 4H13 stainless steel.

Effect of Rare Earth Cerium Addition on Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Low Carbon High Manganese Steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jiang, M. Z.; Yu, Y. C.; Li, H.; Ren, X.; Wang, S. B.

2017-02-01

Low carbon high manganese steels with different Ce contents were melted in medium frequency vacuum induction furnace. The microstructures and mechanical properties of steels were studied by OM, SEM, EDS and mechanical property testing. The results showed that the microstructures of experimental steels were refined remarkably, inclusions distributed more finely and uniformly, the tensile strength and impact toughness of tested steels both improved greatly after the addition of Ce. Thermodynamic calculation results demonstrated that Ce contained inclusions were Ce2O3 and Ce3S4, which agreed well with the results observed by SEM and EDS. By analysis of two-dimensional lattice disregistry, it was shown that the lattice misfit parameter between δ-Fe and Ce2O3, Ce3S4 are less than 6 %, which indicated that Ce2O3 and Ce3S4 could effectively act as the heterogeneous nuclei of initial δ-Fe. Therefore, the microstructures were refined significantly and the mechanical properties were improved correspondingly in Ce-added low carbon high manganese steels.

75 FR 26273 - Certain Seamless Carbon and Alloy Steel Standard, Line, and Pressure Pipe From China

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-05-11

... certain seamless carbon and alloy steel standard, line, and pressure pipe (``seamless SLP pipe... China of seamless SLP pipe, and that such products are being sold in the United States at less than fair...

Assembling of carbon nanotubes film responding to significant reduction wear and friction on steel surface

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Bin; Xue, Yong; Qiang, Li; Gao, Kaixong; Liu, Qiao; Yang, Baoping; Liang, Aiming; Zhang, Junyan

2017-11-01

Friction properties of carbon nanotubes have been widely studied and reported, however, the friction properties of carbon nanotubes related on state of itself. It is showing superlubricity under nanoscale, but indicates high shear adhesion as aligned carbon nanotube film. However, friction properties under high load (which is commonly in industry) of carbon nanotube films are seldom reported. In this paper, carbon nanotube films, via mechanical rubbing method, were obtained and its tribology properties were investigated at high load of 5 to 15 N. Though different couple pairs were employed, the friction coefficients of carbon nanotube films are nearly the same. Compared with bare stainless steel, friction coefficients and wear rates under carbon nanotube films lubrication reduced to, at least, 1/5 and 1/(4.3-14.5), respectively. Friction test as well as structure study were carried out to reveal the mechanism of the significant reduction wear and friction on steel surface. One can conclude that sliding and densifying of carbon nanotubes at sliding interface contribute to the sufficient decrease of friction coefficients and wear rates.

Study of the effects of E × B fields as mechanism to carbon-nitrogen plasma immersion ion implantation on stainless steel samples

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pillaca, E. J. D. M.; Ueda, M.; Oliveira, R. M.; Pichon, L.

2014-08-01

Effects of E × B fields as mechanism to carbon-nitrogen plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) have been investigated. This magnetic configuration when used in PIII allows obtaining high nitrogen plasma density close to the ion implantation region. Consequently, high ions dose on the target is possible to be achieved compared with standard PIII. In this scenario, nitrogen and carbon ions were implanted simultaneously on stainless steel, as measured by GDOES and detected by X-ray diffraction. Carbon-tape disposed on the sample-holder was sputtered by intense bombardment of nitrogen ions, being the source of carbon atoms in this experiment. The implantation of both N and C caused changes on sample morphology and improvement of the tribological properties of the stainless steel.

Development of high strength and high ductility nanostructured TWIP steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kou, Hong Ning

Strength and ductility are two exclusive mechanical properties of structural materials. One challenge for material research is to develop bulk nanostructured metals with simultaneous high strength and good ductility. To meet this objective, steels with twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) effect are selected for surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) in this study. Tensile tests reveal extremely high yield strength and simultaneously sufficient ductility in these SMATed TWIP steel samples. With the duration increase of SMAT, both yield strength and tensile strength firstly monotonically increase to a maximum value of 2.25GPa with 18% total elongation. However, further increase of SMAT duration results in decreases of both strength and elongation. The excellent ductility of coarse-grained TWIP steels is attributed to the instantaneous generation of deformation twins in tension. Based on this, an interesting hierarchically tertiary twinning system is revealed by TEM/HRTEM in SMATed samples, composed of multi-scale twins respectively produced by annealing treatment, SMAT and tensile deformation. On one hand, boundaries of hierarchical twins with different orientations form three-dimensional networks that restrict each other and act as strong barriers to dislocation motion, leading to ultrahigh strength. On the other hand, stress concentration is relieved due to deformation transfer caused by twinning from grain to grain, resulting in large plasticity. Therefore, the hierarchical twinning structure is regarded as the most effective element that induces both extraordinary ultrahigh strength and good elongation in SMATed TWIP. The stable austenite also contributes to the preservation of good ductility. Martensite is only observed in SMATed TWIP by longest SMAT duration. Another route of fabricating nanostructured TWIP is performed by combining SMAT and thermomechanical treatment. The interval heat treatment between double SMAT benefits the total elongation to over 50%, with 980 MPa yield strength. Nanograins are observed at 60mum depth, different from their usual emergence on top surface. Martensitic phase transformation is discovered. Most nanostructured SMATed TWIP samples demonstrate typical ductile fractures with large quantities of dimples in different sizes, following the same trend of gradient grains. Long SMAT duration produces slight brittle crack with tearing ribs. Microvoids coalescence with manganese carbides leads to final rupture.

Coupled gamma/alpha phase transformations in low-carbon steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mizutani, Yasushi

Since steels have been the most prevalently utilized materials for many years, the desire for steels with low alloying components with a well-balanced combination of high strength and toughness is increasing. Low carbon steels consisting of bainitic microstructures are ideally suited to meeting such technological and economic requirements. Thus it is extremely important to fully clarify the mechanism of bainite formation in order to produce this type of engineering steel by optimized alloy and process design. This research focuses on understanding the mechanism of coupled displacive/diffusional gamma/alpha transformation in low-carbon steels including bainitic and martensitic transformation, and establishing a more comprehensive and physically rational computational model for predictive control of coupled gamma/alpha transformation phenomena. Models for coupled gamma/alpha phase transformation proposed in this study are based on a mechanistic and unified theory and the following assumptions: (1) The energy dissipation due to interface motion can be linearly combined with the energy dissipation due to carbon diffusion. (2) The carbon concentrations at the interface in both gamma and alpha phases are constrained by an interface solute trapping law. (3) Interface motion during nucleation is also governed by the carbon diffusion field velocity. (4) The response function of glissile interface motion can be expressed in the form of thermally activated dislocation glide. In contrast to the conventional semi-empirical models of the previous literature, the computational model proposed in this study is demonstrated to successfully provide a comprehensive and quantitative prediction of the effects of temperature, composition, microstructure, and the interactions among them. This includes the effects of substitutional solutes, morphology of the parent gamma phase, density of nucleation sites, temperature dependent variation of flow stress of matrix, and dynamic recovery of forest dislocations on the kinetics of coupled gamma/alpha phase transformation.

77 FR 25679 - Antidumping or Countervailing Duty Order, Finding, or Suspended Investigation; Opportunity To...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-01

......... 5/1/11-9/14/11 India: Silicomanganese, A-533-823 5/1/11-4/30/12 Welded Carbon Steel Pipes and Tubes... of Korea: Polyester Staple Fiber, A-580-839 5/1/11-4/30/12 Stainless Steel Plate in Coils, A-580-831...: Circular Welded Carbon Steel Pipes and Tubes, A- 5/1/11-4/30/12 583-008 Polyethylene Retail Carrier Bags, A...

Development of Low Carbon Niobium Bearing High Strength F-B Dual Phase Steel with High Hole Expansion Property

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Lin; Xia, Ming-sheng; Xiong, Zi-liu; Du, Yan-bing; Qiao, Zhi-ming; Zhang, Hong-bo

In the study a low carbon niobium bearing high strength F-B dual phase automobile steel with high hole expansion property has been investigated. Steels of different chemical composition have been investigated by simulation experiments of controlled rolling and cooling process to study the influences of chemical elements, especially for C,Nb and Ti, and cooling pattern on the mechanical properties, flangeability and microstructure of strips. So-called 3-stages cooling pattern was adopted in simulation experiments, combining ultra fast cooling in first stage, air cooling in middle stage and fast cooling in the last stage, and at the end of run-out table the temperature of rolled pieces drop to below Bs point. Optical microstructure and SEM morphology have been observed. Results indicate that it is possible to obtain dual phase microstructure of polygonal ferrite plus bainite in adopting 3-stages cooling pattern. The low temperature coiling method using 3-step controlled cooling pattern after hot rolling is effective to produce low carbon Nb bearing steel with high balance of strength-ductility-flangeability, in addition, higher carbon content of steel tend to be detrimental to flangeability of steel, due to much carbide precipitation at ferrite boundary. Based on the results of simulation experiments mill trial has been carried out and hot rolled high strength steel with tensile strength higher as 600Mpa and hole expansion ratio higher as 100% has been developed successfully.

Statistical research using the multiple regression analysis in areas of the cast hipereutectoid steel rolls manufacturing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kiss, I.; Alexa, V.; Serban, S.; Rackov, M.; Čavić, M.

2018-01-01

The cast hipereutectoid steel (usually named Adamite) is a roll manufacturing destined material, having mechanical, chemical properties and Carbon [C] content of which stands between steelandiron, along-withitsalloyelements such as Nickel [Ni], Chrome [Cr], Molybdenum [Mo] and/or other alloy elements. Adamite Rolls are basically alloy steel rolls (a kind of high carbon steel) having hardness ranging from 40 to 55 degrees Shore C, with Carbon [C] percentage ranging from 1.35% until to 2% (usually between 1.2˜2.3%), the extra Carbon [C] and the special alloying element giving an extra wear resistance and strength. First of all the Adamite roll’s prominent feature is the small variation in hardness of the working surface, and has a good abrasion resistance and bite performance. This paper reviews key aspects of roll material properties and presents an analysis of the influences of chemical composition upon the mechanical properties (hardness) of the cast hipereutectoid steel rolls (Adamite). Using the multiple regression analysis (the double and triple regression equations), some mathematical correlations between the cast hipereutectoid steel rolls’ chemical composition and the obtained hardness are presented. In this work several results and evidence obtained by actual experiments are presented. Thus, several variation boundaries for the chemical composition of cast hipereutectoid steel rolls, in view the obtaining the proper values of the hardness, are revealed. For the multiple regression equations, correlation coefficients and graphical representations the software Matlab was used.

49 CFR 179.400-5 - Materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Liquid Tank Car Tanks and Seamless Steel Tanks (Classes DOT-113 and 107A) § 179.400-5 Materials. (a) Stainless steel of ASTM A 240/A 240M (IBR, see § 171.7 of this subchapter), Type 304 or 304L must be used... the lading. (b) Any steel casting, steel forging, steel structural shape or carbon steel plate used to...

49 CFR 179.400-5 - Materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... Liquid Tank Car Tanks and Seamless Steel Tanks (Classes DOT-113 and 107A) § 179.400-5 Materials. (a) Stainless steel of ASTM A 240/A 240M (IBR, see § 171.7 of this subchapter), Type 304 or 304L must be used... the lading. (b) Any steel casting, steel forging, steel structural shape or carbon steel plate used to...

49 CFR 179.400-5 - Materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... Liquid Tank Car Tanks and Seamless Steel Tanks (Classes DOT-113 and 107A) § 179.400-5 Materials. (a) Stainless steel of ASTM A 240/A 240M (IBR, see § 171.7 of this subchapter), Type 304 or 304L must be used... the lading. (b) Any steel casting, steel forging, steel structural shape or carbon steel plate used to...

49 CFR 179.400-5 - Materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Liquid Tank Car Tanks and Seamless Steel Tanks (Classes DOT-113 and 107A) § 179.400-5 Materials. (a) Stainless steel of ASTM A 240/A 240M (IBR, see § 171.7 of this subchapter), Type 304 or 304L must be used... the lading. (b) Any steel casting, steel forging, steel structural shape or carbon steel plate used to...

The steel scrap age.

PubMed

Pauliuk, Stefan; Milford, Rachel L; Müller, Daniel B; Allwood, Julian M

2013-04-02

Steel production accounts for 25% of industrial carbon emissions. Long-term forecasts of steel demand and scrap supply are needed to develop strategies for how the steel industry could respond to industrialization and urbanization in the developing world while simultaneously reducing its environmental impact, and in particular, its carbon footprint. We developed a dynamic stock model to estimate future final demand for steel and the available scrap for 10 world regions. Based on evidence from developed countries, we assumed that per capita in-use stocks will saturate eventually. We determined the response of the entire steel cycle to stock saturation, in particular the future split between primary and secondary steel production. During the 21st century, steel demand may peak in the developed world, China, the Middle East, Latin America, and India. As China completes its industrialization, global primary steel production may peak between 2020 and 2030 and decline thereafter. We developed a capacity model to show how extensive trade of finished steel could prolong the lifetime of the Chinese steelmaking assets. Secondary steel production will more than double by 2050, and it may surpass primary production between 2050 and 2060: the late 21st century can become the steel scrap age.

9 CFR 91.28 - Stanchions and rails.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

..., galvanized, extra strong, medium carbon steel. Steel pipes or other steel profiles shall consist of not less... work. Pins, plates, and parts other than pipe shall be made of galvanized steel. All areas where galvanizing of the steel has eroded or has been damaged shall be finished with a rust preventative. (5) Pipe...

9 CFR 91.28 - Stanchions and rails.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

..., galvanized, extra strong, medium carbon steel. Steel pipes or other steel profiles shall consist of not less... work. Pins, plates, and parts other than pipe shall be made of galvanized steel. All areas where galvanizing of the steel has eroded or has been damaged shall be finished with a rust preventative. (5) Pipe...

9 CFR 91.28 - Stanchions and rails.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

..., galvanized, extra strong, medium carbon steel. Steel pipes or other steel profiles shall consist of not less... work. Pins, plates, and parts other than pipe shall be made of galvanized steel. All areas where galvanizing of the steel has eroded or has been damaged shall be finished with a rust preventative. (5) Pipe...

9 CFR 91.28 - Stanchions and rails.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

..., galvanized, extra strong, medium carbon steel. Steel pipes or other steel profiles shall consist of not less... work. Pins, plates, and parts other than pipe shall be made of galvanized steel. All areas where galvanizing of the steel has eroded or has been damaged shall be finished with a rust preventative. (5) Pipe...

9 CFR 91.28 - Stanchions and rails.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

..., galvanized, extra strong, medium carbon steel. Steel pipes or other steel profiles shall consist of not less... work. Pins, plates, and parts other than pipe shall be made of galvanized steel. All areas where galvanizing of the steel has eroded or has been damaged shall be finished with a rust preventative. (5) Pipe...

46 CFR 54.25-3 - Steel plates (modifies UCS-6).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Steel plates (modifies UCS-6). 54.25-3 Section 54.25-3 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) MARINE ENGINEERING PRESSURE VESSELS Construction With Carbon, Alloy, and Heat Treated Steels § 54.25-3 Steel plates (modifies UCS-6). The steels...

46 CFR 54.25-3 - Steel plates (modifies UCS-6).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Steel plates (modifies UCS-6). 54.25-3 Section 54.25-3 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) MARINE ENGINEERING PRESSURE VESSELS Construction With Carbon, Alloy, and Heat Treated Steels § 54.25-3 Steel plates (modifies UCS-6). The steels...

46 CFR 54.25-3 - Steel plates (modifies UCS-6).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Steel plates (modifies UCS-6). 54.25-3 Section 54.25-3 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) MARINE ENGINEERING PRESSURE VESSELS Construction With Carbon, Alloy, and Heat Treated Steels § 54.25-3 Steel plates (modifies UCS-6). The steels...

46 CFR 54.25-3 - Steel plates (modifies UCS-6).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 2 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Steel plates (modifies UCS-6). 54.25-3 Section 54.25-3 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) MARINE ENGINEERING PRESSURE VESSELS Construction With Carbon, Alloy, and Heat Treated Steels § 54.25-3 Steel plates (modifies UCS-6). The steels...

46 CFR 54.25-3 - Steel plates (modifies UCS-6).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Steel plates (modifies UCS-6). 54.25-3 Section 54.25-3 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) MARINE ENGINEERING PRESSURE VESSELS Construction With Carbon, Alloy, and Heat Treated Steels § 54.25-3 Steel plates (modifies UCS-6). The steels...

Utilization of structural steel in buildings.

PubMed

Moynihan, Muiris C; Allwood, Julian M

2014-08-08

Over one-quarter of steel produced annually is used in the construction of buildings. Making this steel causes carbon dioxide emissions, which climate change experts recommend be reduced by half in the next 37 years. One option to achieve this is to design and build more efficiently, still delivering the same service from buildings but using less steel to do so. To estimate how much steel could be saved from this option, 23 steel-framed building designs are studied, sourced from leading UK engineering firms. The utilization of each beam is found and buildings are analysed to find patterns. The results for over 10 000 beams show that average utilization is below 50% of their capacity. The primary reason for this low value is 'rationalization'-providing extra material to reduce labour costs. By designing for minimum material rather than minimum cost, steel use in buildings could be drastically reduced, leading to an equivalent reduction in 'embodied' carbon emissions.

Caustic stress corrosion tests for the LLTR

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Indig, M.E.

1976-05-01

A series of tests have been performed in order to determine the effects of the caustic resulting from the Na/H/sub 2/O reaction on the materials used in the LLTR-MSG series of testing. Stainless steel, 2 /sup 1///sub 4/ Cr--1 Mo and carbon steel have been evaluated. Stress corrosion cracking susceptibility and general corrosion are reported. Over the range of temperature, caustic concentration and heating rate tested the stainless steel stressed to 90% of yield or above suffered cracking. Whereas, the 2-/sup 1///sub 4/ Cr--1 Mo and carbon steel were not cracked.

Calibration of mass spectrometric measurements of gas phase reactions on steel surfaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Falk, H.; Falk, M.; Wuttke, T.

2015-03-01

The sampling of the surface-near gas composition using a mass spectrometer (MS-Probe) is a valuable tool within a hot dip process simulator. Since reference samples with well characterized surface coverage are usually not available, steel samples can deliver quantifiable amounts of the process relevant species H2O, CO and H2 using the decarburization reaction with water vapor. Such "artificial calibration samples" (ACS) can be used for the calibration of the MS-Probe measurements. The carbon release rate, which is governed by the diffusion law, was determined by GDOES, since the diffusion coefficients of carbon in steel samples are usually not known. The measured carbon concentration profiles in the ACS after the thermal treatment confirmed the validity of the diffusion model described in this paper. The carbon bulk concentration > 100 ppm is sufficient for the use of a steel material as ACS. The experimental results reported in this paper reveal, that with the MS-Probe the LOQ of less than one monolayer of iron oxide can be achieved.

Gas phase hydrogen permeation in alpha titanium and carbon steels

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Johnson, D. L.; Shah, K. K.; Reeves, B. H.; Gadgeel, V. L.

1980-01-01

Commercially pure titanium and heats of Armco ingot iron and steels containing from 0.008-1.23 w/oC were annealed or normalized and machined into hollow cylinders. Coefficients of diffusion for alpha-Ti and alpha-Fe were determined by the lag-time technique. Steady state permeation experiments yield first power pressure dependence for alpha-Ti and Sievert's law square root dependence for Armco iron and carbon steels. As in the case of diffusion, permeation data confirm that alpha-titanium is subject to at least partial phase boundary reaction control while the steels are purely diffusion controlled. The permeation rate in steels also decreases as the carbon content increases. As a consequence of Sievert's law, the computed hydrogen solubility decreases as the carbon content increases. This decreases in explained in terms of hydrogen trapping at carbide interfaces. Oxidizing and nitriding the surfaces of alpha-titanium membranes result in a decrease in the permeation rate for such treatment on the gas inlet surfaces but resulted in a slight increase in the rate for such treatment on the gas outlet surfaces. This is explained in terms of a discontinuous TiH2 layer.

Molecular carbon nitride ion beams for enhanced corrosion resistance of stainless steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Markwitz, A.; Kennedy, J.

2017-10-01

A novel approach is presented for molecular carbon nitride beams to coat stainless surfaces steel using conventional safe feeder gases and electrically conductive sputter targets for surface engineering with ion implantation technology. GNS Science's Penning type ion sources take advantage of the breaking up of ion species in the plasma to assemble novel combinations of ion species. To test this phenomenon for carbon nitride, mixtures of gases and sputter targets were used to probe for CN+ ions for simultaneous implantation into stainless steel. Results from mass analysed ion beams show that CN+ and a variety of other ion species such as CNH+ can be produced successfully. Preliminary measurements show that the corrosion resistance of stainless steel surfaces increased sharply when implanting CN+ at 30 keV compared to reference samples, which is interesting from an application point of view in which improved corrosion resistance, surface engineering and short processing time of stainless steel is required. The results are also interesting for novel research in carbon-based mesoporous materials for energy storage applications and as electrode materials for electrochemical capacitors, because of their high surface area, electrical conductivity, chemical stability and low cost.

Anticorrosive Influence of Acetobacter aceti Biofilms on Carbon Steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

France, Danielle Cook

2016-09-01

Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) of carbon steel infrastructure is an emerging environmental and cost issue for the ethanol fuel industry, yet its examination lacks rigorous quantification of microbiological parameters that could reveal effective intervention strategies. To quantitatively characterize the effect of cell concentration on MIC of carbon steel, numbers of bacteria exposed to test coupons were systematically controlled to span four orders of magnitude throughout a seven-day test. The bacterium studied, Acetobacter aceti, has been found in ethanol fuel environments and can convert ethanol to the corrosive species acetic acid. A. aceti biofilms formed during the test were qualitatively evaluated with fluorescence microscopy, and steel surfaces were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. During exposure, biofilms developed more quickly, and test reactor pH decreased at a faster rate, when cell exposure was higher. Resulting corrosion rates, however, were inversely proportional to cell exposure, indicating that A. aceti biofilms are able to protect carbon steel surfaces from corrosion. This is a novel demonstration of corrosion inhibition by an acid-producing bacterium that occurs naturally in corrosive environments. Mitigation techniques for MIC that harness the power of microbial communities have the potential to be scalable, inexpensive, and green solutions to industrial problems.

Self-assembly of single-wall carbon nanotubes during the cooling process of hot carbon gas.

PubMed

Wen, Yushi; Zheng, Ke; Long, Xinping; Li, Ming; Xue, Xianggui; Dai, Xiaogan; Deng, Chuan

2018-04-25

In this work, self-assembly mechanism of single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) during the annealing process of hot gaseous carbon is presented using reactive force field (ReaxFF)-based reactive molecular simulations. A series of simulations were performed on the evolution of reactive carbon gas. The simulation results show that the reactive carbon gas can be assembled into regular SWCNT without a catalyst. Five distinct stages of SWCNT self-assembly are proposed. For some initial configurations, the CNT was found to spin at an ultra-high rate after the nucleation. Graphical abstract Self-assembly process of single-wall carbon nanotube from the annealing of hot gaseous carbon.

Characterization of carbon ion implantation induced graded microstructure and phase transformation in stainless steel

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Feng, Kai; Wang, Yibo; Li, Zhuguo, E-mail: lizg@sjtu.edu.cn

Austenitic stainless steel 316L is ion implanted by carbon with implantation fluences of 1.2 × 10{sup 17} ions-cm{sup −} {sup 2}, 2.4 × 10{sup 17} ions-cm{sup −} {sup 2}, and 4.8 × 10{sup 17} ions-cm{sup −} {sup 2}. The ion implantation induced graded microstructure and phase transformation in stainless steel is investigated by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and high resolution transmission electron microscopy. The corrosion resistance is evaluated by potentiodynamic test. It is found that the initial phase is austenite with a small amount of ferrite. After low fluence carbon ion implantation, an amorphous layer and ferrite phase enrichedmore » region underneath are formed. Nanophase particles precipitate from the amorphous layer due to energy minimization and irradiation at larger ion implantation fluence. The morphology of the precipitated nanophase particles changes from circular to dumbbell-like with increasing implantation fluence. The corrosion resistance of stainless steel is enhanced by the formation of amorphous layer and graphitic solid state carbon after carbon ion implantation. - Highlights: • Carbon implantation leads to phase transformation from austenite to ferrite. • The passive film on SS316L becomes thinner after carbon ion implantation. • An amorphous layer is formed by carbon ion implantation. • Nanophase precipitate from amorphous layer at higher ion implantation fluence. • Corrosion resistance of SS316L is improved by carbon implantation.« less

Investigation of the corrosion propagation characteristics of new metallic reinforcing bars.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2007-01-01

The threshold chloride concentrations for solid 316LN stainless steel, 316L stainless steel clad, 2101 LDX duplex stainless steel, MMFX-2 (Fe-9%Cr), and carbon steel (ASTM A615) rebars were investigated through laboratory tests in saturated Ca(OH)2 +...

High-energy supercapacitors based on hierarchical porous carbon with an ultrahigh ion-accessible surface area in ionic liquid electrolytes.

PubMed

Zhong, Hui; Xu, Fei; Li, Zenghui; Fu, Ruowen; Wu, Dingcai

2013-06-07

A very important yet really challenging issue to address is how to greatly increase the energy density of supercapacitors to approach or even exceed those of batteries without sacrificing the power density. Herein we report the fabrication of a new class of ultrahigh surface area hierarchical porous carbon (UHSA-HPC) based on the pore formation and widening of polystyrene-derived HPC by KOH activation, and highlight its superior ability for energy storage in supercapacitors with ionic liquid (IL) as electrolyte. The UHSA-HPC with a surface area of more than 3000 m(2) g(-1) shows an extremely high energy density, i.e., 118 W h kg(-1) at a power density of 100 W kg(-1). This is ascribed to its unique hierarchical nanonetwork structure with a large number of small-sized nanopores for IL storage and an ideal meso-/macroporous network for IL transfer.

High Electromechanical Response of Ionic Polymer Actuators with Controlled-Morphology Aligned Carbon Nanotube/Nafion Nanocomposite Electrodes

PubMed Central

Liu, Sheng; Liu, Yang; Cebeci, Hülya; de Villoria, Roberto Guzmán; Lin, Jun-Hong

2011-01-01

Recent advances in fabricating controlled-morphology vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VA-CNTs) with ultrahigh volume fraction create unique opportunities for markedly improving the electromechanical performance of ionic polymer conductor network composite (IPCNC) actuators. Continuous paths through inter-VA-CNT channels allow fast ion transport, and high electrical conduction of the aligned CNTs in the composite electrodes lead to fast device actuation speed (>10% strain/second). One critical issue in developing advanced actuator materials is how to suppress the strain that does not contribute to the actuation (unwanted strain) thereby reducing actuation efficiency. Here our experiments demonstrate that the VA-CNTs give an anisotropic elastic response in the composite electrodes, which suppresses the unwanted strain and markedly enhances the actuation strain (>8% strain under 4 volts). The results reported here suggest pathways for optimizing the electrode morphology in IPCNCs using ultra-high volume fraction VA-CNTs to further enhanced performance. PMID:21765822

Lubrication by Diamond and Diamondlike Carbon Coatings

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Miyoshi, Kazuhisa

1997-01-01

Regardless of environment (ultrahigh vacuum, humid air, dry nitrogen, or water), ion-beam-deposited diamondlike carbon (DLC) and nitrogen-ion-implanted, chemical-vapor-deposited (CVD) diamond films had low steady-state coefficients of friction (less than 0.1) and low wear rates (less than or equal to 10(exp -6)cu mm/N(dot)m). These films can be used as effective wear-resistant, self-lubricating coatings regardless of environment. On the other hand, as-deposited, fine-grain CVD diamond films; polished, coarse-grain CVD diamond films; and polished and then fluorinated, coarse-grain CVD diamond films can be used as effective wear-resistant, self-lubricating coatings in humid air, in dry nitrogen, and in water, but they had a high coefficient of friction and a high wear rate in ultrahigh vacuum. The polished, coarse-grain CVD diamond film revealed an extremely low wear rate, far less than 10(exp 10) cu mm/N(dot)m, in water.

New Equation of State Models for Hydrodynamic Applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Young, David A.; Barbee, Troy W., III; Rogers, Forrest J.

1997-07-01

Accurate models of the equation of state of matter at high pressures and temperatures are increasingly required for hydrodynamic simulations. We have developed two new approaches to accurate EOS modeling: 1) ab initio phonons from electron band structure theory for condensed matter and 2) the ACTEX dense plasma model for ultrahigh pressure shocks. We have studied the diamond and high pressure phases of carbon with the ab initio model and find good agreement between theory and experiment for shock Hugoniots, isotherms, and isobars. The theory also predicts a comprehensive phase diagram for carbon. For ultrahigh pressure shock states, we have studied the comparison of ACTEX theory with experiments for deuterium, beryllium, polystyrene, water, aluminum, and silicon dioxide. The agreement is good, showing that complex multispecies plasmas are treated adequately by the theory. These models will be useful in improving the numerical EOS tables used by hydrodynamic codes.

Conductive and corrosion behaviors of silver-doped carbon-coated stainless steel as PEMFC bipolar plates

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Ming; Xu, Hong-feng; Fu, Jie; Tian, Ying

2016-07-01

Ni-Cr enrichment on stainless steel SS316L resulting from chemical activation enabled the deposition of carbon by spraying a stable suspension of carbon nanoparticles; trace Ag was deposited in situ to prepare a thin continuous Ag-doped carbon film on a porous carbon-coated SS316L substrate. The corrosion resistance of this film in 0.5 mol·L-1 H2SO4 solution containing 5 ppm F- at 80°C was investigated using polarization tests. The results showed that the surface treatment of the SS316L strongly affected the adhesion of the carbon coating to the stainless steel. Compared to the bare SS316L, the Ag-doped carbon-coated SS316L bipolar plate was remarkably more stable in both the anode and cathode environments of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and the interface contact resistance between the specimen and Toray 060 carbon paper was reduced from 333.0 mΩ·cm2 to 21.6 mΩ·cm2 at a compaction pressure of 1.2 MPa.

Methods for the Identification of Aircraft Tubing of Plain Carbon Steel and Chromium-Molybdenum Steel

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mutchler, W H; Buzzard, R W

1930-01-01

The survey of the possibilities for distinguishing between plain carbon and chromium-molybdenum steel tubing included the Herbert pendulum hardness, magnetic, sparks, and chemical tests. The Herbert pendulum test has the disadvantages of all hardness tests in being limited to factory use and being applicable only to scale-free, normalized material. The small difference in the range of hardness values between plain carbon and chromium-molybdenum steels is likewise a disadvantage. The Rockwell hardness test, at present used in the industry for this purpose, is much more reliable. It may be concluded on the basis of the experiments performed that of all methods surveyed, spark testing appears to be, at present, the most suitable for factory use from the standpoint of speed, accuracy, nondestructiveness and reliability. It is also applicable for field use.

Special Features of Structure Formation in Pipes from Medium-Carbon Low-Alloy Steel 32G2F Under Heat Treatment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stepanov, A. I.; Belikov, S. V.; Musikhin, S. A.; Burmasov, S. P.; Popov, A. A.

2017-03-01

Special features of formation of structure and properties of seamless pipes from medium-carbon low-alloy steel for oil and gas applications are considered and associated with chemical inhomogeneity of the metal of the pipes.