Microcap pharmaceutical firms: linking drug pipelines to market value.

PubMed

Beach, Robert

2012-01-01

This article examines predictors of the future market value of microcap pharmaceutical companies. This is problematic since the large majority of these firms seldom report positive net income. Their value comes from the potential of a liquidity event such as occurs when a key drug is approved by the FDA. The typical scenario is one in which the company is either acquired by a larger pharmaceutical firm or enters into a joint venture with another pharmaceutical firm. Binary logistic regression is used to determine the impact of the firm's drug treatment pipeline and its investment in research and development on the firm's market cap. Using annual financial data from 2007 through 2010, this study finds that the status of the firm's drug treatment pipeline and its research and development expenses are significant predictors of the firm's future stock value relative to other microcap pharmaceutical firms.

Can Cross-Listing Mitigate the Impact of an Information Security Breach Announcement on a Firm's Values?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Yong; Dong, Feng; Chen, Hong; Xu, Li

2016-08-01

The increase in globalization in the markets has driven firms to adopt online technologies and to cross-list their stocks. Recent studies have consistently found that the announcements of information security breaches (ISBs) are negatively associated with the market values of the announcing firms during the days surrounding the breach announcements. Given the improvement in firms’ information environments and the better protection for investors generated by cross-listing, does cross-listing help firms to reduce the negative impacts caused by their announcements of ISBs? This paper conducts an event study of 120 publicly traded firms (among which 25 cross-list and 95 do not), in order to explore the answer. The results indicate that the impact of ISB announcements on a firm's stock prices shows no difference between cross-listing firms and non-cross-listing firms. Cross-listing does not mitigate the impact of ISBs announcement on a firm's market value.

Thermodynamics of firms' growth

PubMed Central

Zambrano, Eduardo; Hernando, Alberto; Hernando, Ricardo; Plastino, Angelo

2015-01-01

The distribution of firms' growth and firms' sizes is a topic under intense scrutiny. In this paper, we show that a thermodynamic model based on the maximum entropy principle, with dynamical prior information, can be constructed that adequately describes the dynamics and distribution of firms' growth. Our theoretical framework is tested against a comprehensive database of Spanish firms, which covers, to a very large extent, Spain's economic activity, with a total of 1 155 142 firms evolving along a full decade. We show that the empirical exponent of Pareto's law, a rule often observed in the rank distribution of large-size firms, is explained by the capacity of economic system for creating/destroying firms, and that can be used to measure the health of a capitalist-based economy. Indeed, our model predicts that when the exponent is larger than 1, creation of firms is favoured; when it is smaller than 1, destruction of firms is favoured instead; and when it equals 1 (matching Zipf's law), the system is in a full macroeconomic equilibrium, entailing ‘free’ creation and/or destruction of firms. For medium and smaller firm sizes, the dynamical regime changes, the whole distribution can no longer be fitted to a single simple analytical form and numerical prediction is required. Our model constitutes the basis for a full predictive framework regarding the economic evolution of an ensemble of firms. Such a structure can be potentially used to develop simulations and test hypothetical scenarios, such as economic crisis or the response to specific policy measures. PMID:26510828

Thermodynamics of firms' growth.

PubMed

Zambrano, Eduardo; Hernando, Alberto; Fernández Bariviera, Aurelio; Hernando, Ricardo; Plastino, Angelo

2015-11-06

The distribution of firms' growth and firms' sizes is a topic under intense scrutiny. In this paper, we show that a thermodynamic model based on the maximum entropy principle, with dynamical prior information, can be constructed that adequately describes the dynamics and distribution of firms' growth. Our theoretical framework is tested against a comprehensive database of Spanish firms, which covers, to a very large extent, Spain's economic activity, with a total of 1,155,142 firms evolving along a full decade. We show that the empirical exponent of Pareto's law, a rule often observed in the rank distribution of large-size firms, is explained by the capacity of economic system for creating/destroying firms, and that can be used to measure the health of a capitalist-based economy. Indeed, our model predicts that when the exponent is larger than 1, creation of firms is favoured; when it is smaller than 1, destruction of firms is favoured instead; and when it equals 1 (matching Zipf's law), the system is in a full macroeconomic equilibrium, entailing 'free' creation and/or destruction of firms. For medium and smaller firm sizes, the dynamical regime changes, the whole distribution can no longer be fitted to a single simple analytical form and numerical prediction is required. Our model constitutes the basis for a full predictive framework regarding the economic evolution of an ensemble of firms. Such a structure can be potentially used to develop simulations and test hypothetical scenarios, such as economic crisis or the response to specific policy measures. © 2015 The Authors.

13 CFR 315.6 - Firm eligibility for Adjustment Assistance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... least 50 percent of the total cash cost of the Adjustment Assistance, in addition to appropriate in-kind... certification. The TAAC will assist Firms in completing such petitions (at no cost to the Firms); (2) Firms... least 25 percent of the cost of preparing its Adjustment Proposal. Each Certified Firm requesting $30...

Shared vision promotes family firm performance.

PubMed

Neff, John E

2015-01-01

A clear picture of the influential drivers of private family firm performance has proven to be an elusive target. The unique characteristics of private family owned firms necessitate a broader, non-financial approach to reveal firm performance drivers. This research study sought to specify and evaluate the themes that distinguish successful family firms from less successful family firms. In addition, this study explored the possibility that these themes collectively form an effective organizational culture that improves longer-term firm performance. At an organizational level of analysis, research findings identified four significant variables: Shared Vision (PNS), Role Clarity (RCL), Confidence in Management (CON), and Professional Networking (OLN) that positively impacted family firm financial performance. Shared Vision exhibited the strongest positive influence among the significant factors. In addition, Family Functionality (APGAR), the functional integrity of the family itself, exhibited a significant supporting role. Taken together, the variables collectively represent an effective family business culture (EFBC) that positively impacted the long-term financial sustainability of family owned firms. The index of effective family business culture also exhibited potential as a predictive non-financial model of family firm performance.

Scaling Behavior of Firm Growth

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stanley, Michael H. R.; Nunes Amaral, Luis A.; Buldyrev, Sergey V.; Havlin, Shlomo; Leschhorn, Heiko; Maass, Philipp; Salinger, Michael A.; Stanley, H. Eugene

1996-03-01

The theory of the firm is of considerable interest in economics. The standard microeconomic theory of the firm is largely a static model and has thus proved unsatisfactory for addressing inherently dynamic issues such as the growth of economies. In recent years, many have attempted to develop richer models that provide a more accurate representation of firm dynamics due to learning, innovative effort, and the development of organizational infrastructure. The validity of these new, inherently dynamic theories depends on their consistency with the statistical properties of firm growth, e.g. the relationship between growth rates and firm size. Using the Compustat database over the time period 1975-1991, we find: (i) the distribution of annual growth rates for firms with approximately the same sales displays an exponential form with the logarithm of growth rate, and (ii) the fluctuations in the growth rates --- measured by the width of this distribution --- scale as a power law with the firm sales. We place these findings of scaling behavior in the context of conventional economics by considering firm growth dynamics with temporal correlations and also, by considering a hierarchical organization of the departments of a firm.

Shared vision promotes family firm performance

PubMed Central

Neff, John E.

2015-01-01

A clear picture of the influential drivers of private family firm performance has proven to be an elusive target. The unique characteristics of private family owned firms necessitate a broader, non-financial approach to reveal firm performance drivers. This research study sought to specify and evaluate the themes that distinguish successful family firms from less successful family firms. In addition, this study explored the possibility that these themes collectively form an effective organizational culture that improves longer-term firm performance. At an organizational level of analysis, research findings identified four significant variables: Shared Vision (PNS), Role Clarity (RCL), Confidence in Management (CON), and Professional Networking (OLN) that positively impacted family firm financial performance. Shared Vision exhibited the strongest positive influence among the significant factors. In addition, Family Functionality (APGAR), the functional integrity of the family itself, exhibited a significant supporting role. Taken together, the variables collectively represent an effective family business culture (EFBC) that positively impacted the long-term financial sustainability of family owned firms. The index of effective family business culture also exhibited potential as a predictive non-financial model of family firm performance. PMID:26042075

Causal Relationships among Technology Acquisition, Absorptive Capacity, and Innovation Performance: Evidence from the Pharmaceutical Industry.

PubMed

Jeon, Jieun; Hong, Suckchul; Ohm, Jay; Yang, Taeyong

2015-01-01

This paper discusses the importance of absorptive capacity in improving a firm's innovation performance. Specifically, we examine firm interaction with the knowledge and capabilities of outside organizations and the effect on the firm's bottom line. We use the impulse-response function of the vector auto-regressive model to gain insight into this relationship by estimating the time required for the effect of each activity level to reach outputs, the spillover effects. We apply this methodology to pharmaceutical firms, which we classify into two sub-groups--large firms and medium and small firms--based on sales. Our results show that the impact of an activity on any other activity is delayed by three years for large firms and by one to two years for small and medium firms.

Bankruptcy risk model and empirical tests

PubMed Central

Podobnik, Boris; Horvatic, Davor; Petersen, Alexander M.; Urošević, Branko; Stanley, H. Eugene

2010-01-01

We analyze the size dependence and temporal stability of firm bankruptcy risk in the US economy by applying Zipf scaling techniques. We focus on a single risk factor—the debt-to-asset ratio R—in order to study the stability of the Zipf distribution of R over time. We find that the Zipf exponent increases during market crashes, implying that firms go bankrupt with larger values of R. Based on the Zipf analysis, we employ Bayes’s theorem and relate the conditional probability that a bankrupt firm has a ratio R with the conditional probability of bankruptcy for a firm with a given R value. For 2,737 bankrupt firms, we demonstrate size dependence in assets change during the bankruptcy proceedings. Prepetition firm assets and petition firm assets follow Zipf distributions but with different exponents, meaning that firms with smaller assets adjust their assets more than firms with larger assets during the bankruptcy process. We compare bankrupt firms with nonbankrupt firms by analyzing the assets and liabilities of two large subsets of the US economy: 2,545 Nasdaq members and 1,680 New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) members. We find that both assets and liabilities follow a Pareto distribution. The finding is not a trivial consequence of the Zipf scaling relationship of firm size quantified by employees—although the market capitalization of Nasdaq stocks follows a Pareto distribution, the same distribution does not describe NYSE stocks. We propose a coupled Simon model that simultaneously evolves both assets and debt with the possibility of bankruptcy, and we also consider the possibility of firm mergers. PMID:20937903

48 CFR 1019.202-70-10 - Application process for mentor firms to participate in the program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... mentor firms to participate in the program. 1019.202-70-10 Section 1019.202-70-10 Federal Acquisition...-70-10 Application process for mentor firms to participate in the program. (a) Firm interested in becoming a mentor firm may apply in writing to Treasury's OSBD. The application will be evaluated based...

Risky business: when mom and pop buy health insurance for their employees.

PubMed

Gabel, Jon R; Pickreign, Jeremy D

2004-04-01

The economics of small group insurance makes offering health benefits to employees a risky business. Surveys of employers from 1989 to 2003 reveal that more rapid premium increases are forcing small firms to impose higher cost-sharing. In 2003, premiums for small firms (3-199 workers) increased 15.5 percent, outpacing the 13.2 percent increase for large firms (200+ workers). From 2000 to 2003, deductibles among small firms increased 100 percent in PPO plans when employees use in-network providers and 131 percent when they use out-of-network providers; among large firms, deductibles in PPO plans increased 33 percent and 44 percent, respectively. And in 2003, 40.3 percent of employees in the smallest firms contributed 41 percent or more of the total family premium, compared with only 11.2 percent of employees in large firms. Clearly, fundamental change in the small employer market is necessary, including new options for helping small firms gain access to the advantages large firms have in purchasing health benefits.

Where Gibrat meets Zipf: Scale and scope of French firms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bee, Marco; Riccaboni, Massimo; Schiavo, Stefano

2017-09-01

The proper characterization of the size distribution and growth of firms represents an important issue in economics and business. We use the Maximum Entropy approach to assess the plausibility of the assumption that firm size follows Lognormal or Pareto distributions, which underlies most recent works on the subject. A comprehensive dataset covering the universe of French firms allows us to draw two major conclusions. First, the Pareto hypothesis for the whole distribution should be rejected. Second, by discriminating across firms based on the number of products sold and markets served, we find that, within the class of multi-product companies active in multiple markets, the distribution converges to a Zipf's law. Conversely, Lognormal distribution is a good benchmark for small single-product firms. The size distribution of firms largely depends on firms' diversification patterns.

48 CFR 519.7008 - Selection of protégé firms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... SOCIOECONOMIC PROGRAMS SMALL BUSINESS PROGRAMS GSA Mentor-Protégé Program 519.7008 Selection of protégé firms. (a) Mentor firms will be solely responsible for selecting protégé firms. Mentors are encouraged to... subcontractor or a newly selected subcontractor for the prime contractor's GSA contract. (b) Mentor firms may...

Construction of a microscopic agent-based model for firms' dynamics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Iyetomi, Hiroshi; Aoyama, Hideaki; Fujiwara, Yoshi; Ikeda, Yuichi; Kaizoji, Taisei; Soma, Wataru

2005-07-01

A workable microscopic model for firms' dynamics has been constructed. The model consists of firm agents and a bank agent dynamics of which are described by balance sheets. The size distribution of firms and the temporal evolution of the bank show critical dependence on whether or not firms use perfect information on their financial conditions to draw up next production plans.

Core Knowledge Employee Creativity and Firm Performance: The Moderating Role of Riskiness Orientation, Firm Size, and Realized Absorptive Capacity

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gong, Yaping; Zhou, Jing; Chang, Song

2013-01-01

In this study, we examine when creativity is positively or negatively related to firm performance. Building on the creation-implementation tension theorized in the literature and the attention capacity perspective, we argue that the relationship between creativity and firm performance is contingent on riskiness orientation, firm size, and realized…

Health insurance, cost expectations, and adverse job turnover.

PubMed

Ellis, Randall P; Albert Ma, Ching-To

2011-01-01

Because less healthy employees value health insurance more than the healthy ones, when health insurance is newly offered job turnover rates for healthier employees decline less than turnover rates for the less healthy. We call this adverse job turnover, and it implies that a firm's expected health costs will increase when health insurance is first offered. Health insurance premiums may fail to adjust sufficiently fast because state regulations restrict annual premium changes, or insurers are reluctant to change premiums rapidly. Even with premiums set at the long run expected costs, some firms may be charged premiums higher than their current expected costs and choose not to offer insurance. High administrative costs at small firms exacerbate this dynamic selection problem. Using 1998-1999 MEDSTAT MarketScan and 1997 Employer Health Insurance Survey data, we find that expected employee health expenditures at firms that offer insurance have lower within-firm and higher between-firm variance than at firms that do not. Turnover rates are systematically higher in industries in which firms are less likely to offer insurance. Simulations of the offer decision capturing between-firm health-cost heterogeneity and expected turnover rates match the observed pattern across firm sizes well. 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Strategic Orientation in the Globalization of Software Firms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dedrick, Jason; Kraemer, Kenneth L.; Carmel, Erran; Dunkle, Debora

In the search for profits, software firms are globalizing their development activities. Some firms achieve greater profits by becoming more efficient, whereas others do so by reaching new markets; some do both. This paper creates an a priori typology of strategies based on the extent to which firms are focused on operational improvement or market access, have a dual focus or are unfocused. We find that firms with these strategies differ in degree of internationalization, organization of offshoring and performance outcomes related to offshoring. Market-oriented firms receive a greater proportion of their total revenue from sales outside the U.S., showing a greater international orientation. They keep more of their offshore development in-house via captive operations. They also are most likely to report increased non-U.S. sales as a result of offshoring. On the other hand, operations-oriented firms have lower levels of international sales, are more likely to go offshore via outsourced software development, and achieve greater costs savings and labor force flexibility as a result of offshoring. Operations-oriented firms also face more obstacles in offshoring, perhaps because of their reliance on outsourcing. Dual focus firms generally achieve some of the best of both strategies, whereas unfocused firms achieve lower cost benefits.

Potential role of pectate lyase and Ca(2+) in the increase in strawberry fruit firmness induced by short-term treatment with high-pressure CO2.

PubMed

Wang, Mao Hua; Kim, Jin Gook; Ahn, Sun Eun; Lee, Ah Youn; Bae, Tae Min; Kim, Deu Re; Hwang, Yong Soo

2014-04-01

Postharvest treatment with high-pressure CO2 helps to control decay and increase firmness in strawberries. Increases in firmness occurred through modification of calcium binding to cell wall. However, the mechanism(s) involved in Ca(2+) migration to pectic polymers and other physiological events associated with the maintenance of increased firmness are not clearly understood. The focus of this study was to find potential mechanism(s) that are associated with calcium movement, increases in firmness, or maintenance of firmness in strawberry fruit after high-pressure CO2 treatment. An increase in firmness was induced by high-pressure CO2 treatment, but not by high-pressure N2 treatment. This indicates that CO2 stimulates a change in firmness. The increase in firmness induced by high-pressure CO2 seems to involve calcium efflux. Using membrane Ca(2+) -dependent ATPase inhibitors sodium vanadate (250 μM) and erythrosin B (100 μM) delayed both the increase in firmness and calcium binding to wall polymers. Exogenous application of CaCl2 (10 mM) enhanced the firmness increase of fruit slices only when they were exposed to high-pressure CO2 . The activity of pectate lyase was downregulated by CO2 treatment, but β-galactosidase activity was not affected. The increase in strawberry firmness induced by high-pressure CO2 treatment primarily involves the efflux of calcium ions and their binding to wall polymers. These physiological changes are not induced by an anaerobic environment. The downregulation of wall-modifying enzymes, such as pectate lyase, appeared to contribute to the maintenance of firmness that was induced by high-pressure CO2 treatment. © 2014 Institute of Food Technologists®

A randomised controlled study to evaluate the effectiveness of targeted occupational health and safety consultation or inspection in Ontario manufacturing workplaces.

PubMed

Hogg-Johnson, Sheilah; Robson, Lynda; Cole, Donald C; Amick, Benjamin C; Tompa, Emile; Smith, Peter M; van Eerd, Dwayne; Mustard, Cameron

2012-12-01

From 2004 to 2008, the prevention system in Ontario, Canada ran the High Risk Firm Initiative, an injury-experience based targeted consultation or inspection programme. Our objective was to establish whether prevention system targeting of firms was effective in improving injury outcomes. Randomised controlled parallel groups. Population included all manufacturing firms registered with the Ontario Workplace Safety & Insurance Board in 2005. Firms ranked between the 2nd and 10th percentile on a composite measure of occupational health and safety performance were randomised to three study arms in 2006: targeted for Health & Safety Association (HSA) consultation, targeted for Ministry of Labour (MOL) inspection, or services as usual. Data included firm characteristics (sector, size, years in business, region, branches), work injury claims 2002-2008 and measures of consulting and inspecting activity. Negative binomial generalised estimating equations modelled claim and disability day rates by study arm and year, controlling for firm characteristics. Among 2153 firms, firm characteristics and 2002-2005 rates of work injury claims and disability days were similar across arms. Firm outcomes were significantly different from year to year, but study arm by year interactions were insignificant indicating similar trends for all three study arms. 83% of HSA targeted firms were contacted and 63% engaged while 75% of MOL targeted firms were inspected with orders written in 56%. Consultation and enforcement programmes as implemented were not sufficient to reduce work injury outcomes over 21 month follow-up. Lack of benefit could be due to non-specific firm selection methods, limited firm participation in interventions, low intervention intensity or insensitivity of available outcomes.

Correlation of fresh muscle firmness with sensory characteristics of pork loins destined for a quality focused market.

PubMed

Arkfeld, E K; Mancini, S; Fields, B; Dilger, A C; Boler, D D

2015-10-01

Production of pork for quality-driven export markets offers economic incentive. Pork processors use subjective firmness as a sorting tool for loins intended for high-quality export. The objectives of this study were to determine 1) durometer efficacy in muscle, 2) if firmness on one portion of the loin is indicative of other locations, 3) if 1 d firmness is related to export quality traits, and 4) if variation in firmness is explained by mechanistic measures. Subjective firmness scores (1 = extremely soft and 5 = extremely firm) were determined by a trained individual 1 d (initial time point) postmortem. Loins (North American Meat Processors number 414 Canadian back; = 154) were wet aged for 28 d at 1.7°C. On d 28, a panel of 4 individuals assigned firmness scores on the ventral side of the loin at the area of the 10th rib, the anterior half, and the posterior half of the loin. Durometer readings were collected at the area of the 10th rib on the dorsal and ventral side of the loin. Spearman correlation coefficients were computed in SAS (version 9.3) to account for nonnormality of categorical data. Subjective firmness measurements at d 28 at the 10th rib and on the anterior portion of the loin were not correlated ( ≥ 0.21) with whole loin durometer readings on the dorsal or ventral portion of the loin or the average of the whole loin values. Subjective firmness (d 28) at the 10th rib accounted for 38.44 ( = 0.620) and 48.30% ( = 0.695) of the variation in firmness at the anterior portion of the loin and the posterior portion of the loin, respectively ( ≤ 0.05). One-day subjective firmness measurements were correlated with 28-d Warner-Bratzler shear force measurements ( = 0.174, = 0.03) but were not significantly correlated with sensory characteristics ( ≥ 0.08). Purge tended to be correlated with 1 d firmness ( = 0.136, = 0.10); however, drip and cooking loss, 24-h and 28-d pH, and soluble and insoluble collagen content were not correlated ( ≥ 0.34). Firmness measurements collected in the production facility (1 d) were negatively correlated with iodine value (IV; = -0.199, = 0.02), yet no 28-d subjective firmness measurements were correlated with IV ( ≥ 0.33). When loins not achieving export standards are removed from the population, 1 d firmness was not correlated to export quality or sensory characteristics (d 28). Differences in firmness were not explained by mechanistic measures. Inconsistencies among subjective and objective firmness measurements suggest that the durometer may not be an appropriate way to determine firmness.

An Extended N-Player Network Game and Simulation of Four Investment Strategies on a Complex Innovation Network

PubMed Central

Zhou, Wen; Koptyug, Nikita; Ye, Shutao; Jia, Yifan; Lu, Xiaolong

2016-01-01

As computer science and complex network theory develop, non-cooperative games and their formation and application on complex networks have been important research topics. In the inter-firm innovation network, it is a typical game behavior for firms to invest in their alliance partners. Accounting for the possibility that firms can be resource constrained, this paper analyzes a coordination game using the Nash bargaining solution as allocation rules between firms in an inter-firm innovation network. We build an extended inter-firm n-player game based on nonidealized conditions, describe four investment strategies and simulate the strategies on an inter-firm innovation network in order to compare their performance. By analyzing the results of our experiments, we find that our proposed greedy strategy is the best-performing in most situations. We hope this study provides a theoretical insight into how firms make investment decisions. PMID:26745375

Financial Constrains for Innovative Firms: The Role of Size, Industry and ICT Uses as Determinants of Firms' Financial Structure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Castillo-Merino, David; Vilaseca-Requena, Jordi; Plana-Erta, Dolors

This paper uses a large and original data set of Catalan firms in all the economic branches to analyse the effects of size, industry and degree of ICT uses on financial constraints for innovative firms. We have conducted a micro econometric analysis following Henry et al. (1999) investment model to empirically contrast the relationship between firms' investment spread over time and their financial structure, and we have used von Kalckreuth (2004) methodology, based on an original survey with data on financial issues. Our results show that it exits a positive and significant relationship between investment shift and financial structure, emerging financial constraints for more innovative firms. Furthermore, these constraints are higher for micro companies and firms within the knowledge-advanced services' industry. Finally, we have also found that advanced ICT uses by more innovative firms allow them to reduce constraints of access to sources of finance.

An Extended N-Player Network Game and Simulation of Four Investment Strategies on a Complex Innovation Network.

PubMed

Zhou, Wen; Koptyug, Nikita; Ye, Shutao; Jia, Yifan; Lu, Xiaolong

2016-01-01

As computer science and complex network theory develop, non-cooperative games and their formation and application on complex networks have been important research topics. In the inter-firm innovation network, it is a typical game behavior for firms to invest in their alliance partners. Accounting for the possibility that firms can be resource constrained, this paper analyzes a coordination game using the Nash bargaining solution as allocation rules between firms in an inter-firm innovation network. We build an extended inter-firm n-player game based on nonidealized conditions, describe four investment strategies and simulate the strategies on an inter-firm innovation network in order to compare their performance. By analyzing the results of our experiments, we find that our proposed greedy strategy is the best-performing in most situations. We hope this study provides a theoretical insight into how firms make investment decisions.

Two-Production-Period in a Duopoly with Nonprofit and For-Profit Firms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ferreira, Fernanda A.

2010-09-01

We investigate endogenous roles in a competition between a nonprofit firm and a for-profit firm in a homogeneous goods market, by allowing two production periods. We find that the Cournot-type equilibrium and one Stackelberg-type equilibrium where the nonprofit firm becomes the follower exist; however, another tackelberg-type equilibrium where the nonprofit firm becomes the leader does not exist.

Taking aim at novel vaccines market.

PubMed

Awasthi, Sita

2009-10-01

The World Vaccine Congress Washington 2009 was held in Chantilly, VA USA April 2O -23rd. The Vaccine congress attracted over 400 participants from across the world, including leading vaccine manufacturers, biotechs, governmental agencies, NGOs, research and academic institutes, venture capital and legal firms, contract service and equipment manufacturers. The speakers covered a wide range of topics, including the role of government and regulatory agencies, funding availability, research and development, manufacturing, packaging and post vaccine evaluations. Past vaccine development efforts have historically focused on infectious diseases. With advancements in the field of immunology, molecular biology and vaccinology, the vaccine field has begun moving in new directions. "Taking aim at novel vaccines market" session chaired by Dr. Una Ryan, Chief Executive Officer of Waltham Technologies, was focused on traditional approaches to novel targets (nosocomial infections), novel approaches to traditional targets (flu and rabies), novel approaches to novel targets (Type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis and smoking) and vaccines for developing markets (TB, malaria, rabies). The importance of collaborations among academic institutions, industries, and philanthropic foundations for developing markets was also emphasized.

75 FR 49538 - Formtech Industries, LLC, Minerva Division, Minerva, OH; Notice of Revised Determination on...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-13

... had increased and that the subject firm supplied component parts (steel forgings) to several firms... steel forgings produced at the subject firm, the Department did confirm that the subject firm did supply...

Firm productivity, pollution, and output: theory and empirical evidence from China.

PubMed

Tang, Erzi; Zhang, Jingjing; Haider, Zulfiqar

2015-11-01

Using a theoretical model, this paper argues that as firm productivity increases, there is a decrease in firm-level pollution intensity. However, as productivity increases, firms tend to increase their aggregate output, which requires the use of additional resources that increase pollution. Hence, an increase in productivity results in two opposing effects where increased productivity may in fact increase pollution created by a firm. We describe the joint effect of these two mechanisms on pollution emissions as the "productivity dilemma" of pollution emission. Based on firm-level data from China, we also empirically test this productivity dilemma hypothesis. Our empirical results suggest that, in general, firm productivity has a positive and statistically significant impact on pollution emission in China. However, the impact of productivity on pollution becomes negative when we control for increases in firm output. The empirical evidence also confirms the positive influence of productivity on output, which suggests that the main determinant of pollution is the firm's output. The empirical results provide evidence of the existence of, what we describe as, the productivity dilemma of pollution emission.

49 CFR 26.83 - What procedures do recipients follow in making certification decisions?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... an on-site visit to the offices of the firm. You must interview the principal officers of the firm... information concerning the firm's eligibility. If you have grounds to question the firm's eligibility, you may...

48 CFR 619.202-70 - The Department of State Mentor-Protégé Program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... disadvantaged business (SDB), women-owned small business (WOSB), veteran-owned small business (VOSB), and... relationships. (h) Eligibility of protégé firms. (1) A protégé firm must be: (i) A SB, HUBZone, SDB, WOSB, VOSB... contracts. (2) Except for SDB and HUBZone firms, a protégé firm may self-certify to a mentor firm that it...

48 CFR 619.202-70 - The Department of State Mentor-Protégé Program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... disadvantaged business (SDB), women-owned small business (WOSB), veteran-owned small business (VOSB), and... relationships. (h) Eligibility of protégé firms. (1) A protégé firm must be: (i) A SB, HUBZone, SDB, WOSB, VOSB... contracts. (2) Except for SDB and HUBZone firms, a protégé firm may self-certify to a mentor firm that it...

48 CFR 619.202-70 - The Department of State Mentor-Protégé Program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... disadvantaged business (SDB), women-owned small business (WOSB), veteran-owned small business (VOSB), and... relationships. (h) Eligibility of protégé firms. (1) A protégé firm must be: (i) A SB, HUBZone, SDB, WOSB, VOSB... contracts. (2) Except for SDB and HUBZone firms, a protégé firm may self-certify to a mentor firm that it...

48 CFR 619.202-70 - The Department of State Mentor-Protégé Program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... disadvantaged business (SDB), women-owned small business (WOSB), veteran-owned small business (VOSB), and... relationships. (h) Eligibility of protégé firms. (1) A protégé firm must be: (i) A SB, HUBZone, SDB, WOSB, VOSB... contracts. (2) Except for SDB and HUBZone firms, a protégé firm may self-certify to a mentor firm that it...

The structure of a market containing boundedly rational firms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ibrahim, Adyda; Zura, Nerda; Saaban, Azizan

2017-11-01

The structure of a market is determined by the number of active firms in it. Over time, this number is affected by the exit of existing firms, called incumbents, and entries of new firms, called entrant. In this paper, we considered a market governed by the Cobb-Douglas utility function such that the demand function is isoelastic. Each firm is assumed to produce a single homogenous product under a constant unit cost. Furthermore, firms are assumed to be boundedly rational in adjusting their outputs at each period. A firm is considered to exit the market if its output is negative. In this paper, the market is assumed to have zero barrier-to-entry. Therefore, the exiting firm can reenter the market if its output is positive again, and new firms can enter the market easily. Based on these assumptions and rules, a mathematical model was developed and numerical simulations were run using Matlab. By setting certain values for the parameters in the model, initial numerical simulations showed that in the long run, the number of firms that manages to survive the market varies between zero to 30. This initial result is consistent with the idea that a zero barrier-to-entry may produce a perfectly competitive market.

Statistical properties of business firms structure and growth

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Matia, K.; Fu, Dongfeng; Buldyrev, S. V.; Pammolli, F.; Riccaboni, M.; Stanley, H. E.

2004-08-01

We analyze a database comprising quarterly sales of 55624 pharmaceutical products commercialized by 3939 pharmaceutical firms in the period 1992 2001. We study the probability density function (PDF) of growth in firms and product sales and find that the width of the PDF of growth decays with the sales as a power law with exponent β = 0.20 ± 0.01. We also find that the average sales of products scales with the firm sales as a power law with exponent α = 0.57 ± 0.02. And that the average number products of a firm scales with the firm sales as a power law with exponent γ = 0.42 ± 0.02. We compare these findings with the predictions of models proposed till date on growth of business firms.

32 CFR 37.1250 - Commercial firm.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... REGULATIONS TECHNOLOGY INVESTMENT AGREEMENTS Definitions of Terms Used in This Part § 37.1250 Commercial firm. A for-profit firm or segment of a for-profit firm (e.g., a division or other business unit) that does a substantial portion of its business in the commercial marketplace. ...

48 CFR 252.236-7011 - Overseas architect-engineer services-Restriction to United States firms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

..., resulting from this solicitation, to a United States firm or a joint venture of United States and host... firm or a joint venture of United States and host nation firms. (End of provision) [62 FR 2858, Jan. 17...

49 CFR 1522.113 - Withdrawal of approval.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY SECURITY RULES FOR ALL MODES OF TRANSPORTATION TSA-APPROVED VALIDATION FIRMS AND VALIDATORS TSA-Approved Validation Firms and Validators for the Certified Cargo Screening Program... TSA-approved validation firm if the validation firm ceases to meet the standards for approval, fails...

The effects of safety practice, technology adoption, and firm characteristics on motor carrier safety

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2004-01-01

The theory of the firm suggests that firms should maximize profit by investing in safety until : marginal cost is equal to the marginal benefit. This paper addresses motor carrier safety from the : perspective of the firm, developing the theoretical ...

Networks of Firms and the Ridge in the Production Space

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Souma, Wataru

We develop complex networks that represent activities in the economy. The network in this study is constructed from firms and the relationships between firms, i.e., shareholding, interlocking directors, transactions, and joint applications for patents. Thus, the network is regarded as a multigraph, and it is also regarded as a weighted network. By calculating various network indices, we clarify the characteristics of the network. We also consider the dynamics of firms in the production space that are characterized by capital stock, employment, and profit. Each firm moves within this space to maximize their profit by using controlling of capital stock and employment. We show that the dynamics of rational firms can be described using a ridge equation. We analytically solve this equation by assuming the extensive Cobb-Douglas production function, and thereby obtain a solution. By comparing the distribution of firms and this solution, we find that almost all of the 1,100 firms listed on the first section of the Tokyo stock exchange and belonging to the manufacturing sector are managed efficiently.

U.S. metric board 1979 survey of selected large U.S. firms and industries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

King, L. L.

1980-05-01

A mail survey of randomly chosen 202 of the 1000 largest manufacturing and mining firms, as listed by Fortune magazine, was conducted in late 1979 and early 1980. About 64 percent (112 firms) responded with useful data. Among the findings are: about 63 percent of the largest firms produce at least one metric product; about 48 percent of exported sales are of metric products; about three quarters of the firms selling metric products sell products labelled in customary and metric units (soft conversion); about half the firms selling metric products sell hard converted products (products manufactured in metric units); little corporate coordination and planning seems to accompany conversion to the metric system; about one-third of the firms see laws and reputation impeding conversion; over 50 percent see lack of customer demand as inhibiting conversion; and the most realistic time period for conversion is 10 years, the minimum time for conversion (under pressure) is three years, and the perferred time (at the firm's own pace) is eight years.

An empirical examination of the influence of industry and firm drivers on the rate of internationalization by firms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Elango, B.

A gradual shift in U.S. firms' 'center of gravity' toward international markets is taking place. This study seeks to explain which drivers are related to this push toward international markets by U.S. firms. In addressing internationalization, previous research has not focused on various drivers that influence the rate of internationalization. Drivers refer to forces, both within and outside the firm, that impact (both positively and negatively) a firm's extent of internationalization. The role of these drivers on the rate of internationalization, though acknowledged in the literature, is yet to be validated through empirical research. This research seeks to narrow the gap in the literature by testing the various relationships among industry drivers, firm drivers, and the rate of internationalization. The objectives of this study are: (A) To develop a conceptual framework that takes into account various forces that influence the internationalization strategy of a firm; (B) To examine empirically (a) the influence of industry drivers on the rate of internationalization pursued by firms; and, (b) the influence of firm drivers on the rate of internationalization by firms. The sample for this study consists of 158 large U.S.- based multinational firms drawn from seven different industries. Data for the study is gathered from a variety of sources including the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis; COMPUSTAT; and WORLDSCOPE databases. Set-wise regression models were used for data analysis. This study found that global market growth rate, domestic market growth rate, relative size of domestic market to international market, employee productivity, administrative investments, as well as new plant and equipment influences the international strategy of firms. This study explains about 24 percent of the variance of the rate of internationalization. This research finding is contributory to our existing understanding of internationalization in many ways. Unlike many previous studies on internationalization which attempted to explain the variance in the extent of internationalization, this study tested for the factors influencing the change in the extent of internationalization by firms.

Essays on price cap regulation and yardstick competition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Noronha, Vernon Andrew

This dissertation presents three papers on the regulation of monopoly firms in the same industry using yardstick competition to determine prices. In the first paper, "Yardstick Competition for Diversified Firms," we extend Shleifer's (1985) model to the case of diversified firms, and find that the social optimum, in which firms would need to produce at lower marginal cost than in Shleifer's model, is unlikely to be attained through profit maximization. In the second paper, "Cost Reduction under a Regression-Based Revenue Cap Regime," we identify certain hitherto unexplored and potentially undesirable properties for the form of yardstick competition that is widely applied. Allowed revenue totals for monopoly utility firms are determined by a regression of all firms' current costs on their cost drivers. It is shown that this mechanism induces firms to invest less in cost-reducing technology than if prices are determined purely exogenously, and that such cost-distorting behavior is not uniform across the industry. In particular, firms whose sizes are most different from the industry-mean elevate their costs proportionately much more than firms of similar size to the mean. However, this distortion vanishes as the number of firms grows large. In the third paper, "Predicted Cost-Distorting Conduct by UK Electricity Distribution Firms," by undertaking numerical examples using data on the UK electricity distribution industry, we discover that although the currently employed system of yardstick competition may have theoretical shortcomings, in practice, these are of slight consequence. There is found to be relatively little predicted distortion of costs for the majority of firms. In fact, this system is shown to generate greater social welfare than a similar system in which firms would not have any incentive to distort costs, unless consumer surplus enjoys a very high weight relative to industry profits. It is also shown that mergers within the industry could have an unexpected beneficial effect by reducing the extent of cost-distorting behavior by larger firms, although the industry-wide net effect has to be judged on a case-by-case basis.

Collective firm bankruptcies and phase transition in rating dynamics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sieczka, P.; Hołyst, J. A.

2009-10-01

We present a simple model of firm rating evolution. We consider two sources of defaults: individual dynamics of economic development and Potts-like interactions between firms. We show that such a defined model leads to phase transition, which results in collective defaults. The existence of the collective phase depends on the mean interaction strength. For small interaction strength parameters, there are many independent bankruptcies of individual companies. For large parameters, there are giant collective defaults of firm clusters. In the case when the individual firm dynamics favors dumping of rating changes, there is an optimal strength of the firm's interactions from the systemic risk point of view. in here

18 CFR 284.7 - Firm transportation service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Firm transportation... AUTHORITIES CERTAIN SALES AND TRANSPORTATION OF NATURAL GAS UNDER THE NATURAL GAS POLICY ACT OF 1978 AND RELATED AUTHORITIES General Provisions and Conditions § 284.7 Firm transportation service. (a) Firm...

18 CFR 284.7 - Firm transportation service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Firm transportation... AUTHORITIES CERTAIN SALES AND TRANSPORTATION OF NATURAL GAS UNDER THE NATURAL GAS POLICY ACT OF 1978 AND RELATED AUTHORITIES General Provisions and Conditions § 284.7 Firm transportation service. (a) Firm...

18 CFR 284.7 - Firm transportation service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Firm transportation... AUTHORITIES CERTAIN SALES AND TRANSPORTATION OF NATURAL GAS UNDER THE NATURAL GAS POLICY ACT OF 1978 AND RELATED AUTHORITIES General Provisions and Conditions § 284.7 Firm transportation service. (a) Firm...

18 CFR 284.7 - Firm transportation service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Firm transportation... AUTHORITIES CERTAIN SALES AND TRANSPORTATION OF NATURAL GAS UNDER THE NATURAL GAS POLICY ACT OF 1978 AND RELATED AUTHORITIES General Provisions and Conditions § 284.7 Firm transportation service. (a) Firm...

12 CFR 513.8 - Removal, suspension, or debarment of independent public accountants and accounting firms...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... independent public accountants and accounting firms performing audit services. 513.8 Section 513.8 Banks and... Removal, suspension, or debarment of independent public accountants and accounting firms performing audit... of independent public accountants and their accounting firms from performing independent audit and...

48 CFR 16.403-1 - Fixed-price incentive (firm target) contracts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... (firm target) contracts. 16.403-1 Section 16.403-1 Federal Acquisition Regulations System FEDERAL... Fixed-price incentive (firm target) contracts. (a) Description. A fixed-price incentive (firm target) contract specifies a target cost, a target profit, a price ceiling (but not a profit ceiling or floor), and...

48 CFR 52.216-16 - Incentive Price Revision-Firm Target.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...-Firm Target. 52.216-16 Section 52.216-16 Federal Acquisition Regulations System FEDERAL ACQUISITION... Clauses 52.216-16 Incentive Price Revision—Firm Target. As prescribed in 16.406(a), insert the following clause: Incentive Price Revision—Firm Target (OCT 1997) (a) General. The supplies or services identified...

12 CFR 390.97 - Removal, suspension, or debarment of independent public accountants and accounting firms...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... independent public accountants and accounting firms performing audit services. 390.97 Section 390.97 Banks and... debarment of independent public accountants and accounting firms performing audit services. (a) Scope. This... accountants and their accounting firms from performing independent audit and attestation services required by...

12 CFR 513.8 - Removal, suspension, or debarment of independent public accountants and accounting firms...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... public accountants and accounting firms performing audit services. 513.8 Section 513.8 Banks and Banking..., suspension, or debarment of independent public accountants and accounting firms performing audit services. (a... independent public accountants and their accounting firms from performing independent audit and attestation...

12 CFR 390.97 - Removal, suspension, or debarment of independent public accountants and accounting firms...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... independent public accountants and accounting firms performing audit services. 390.97 Section 390.97 Banks and... debarment of independent public accountants and accounting firms performing audit services. (a) Scope. This... accountants and their accounting firms from performing independent audit and attestation services required by...

12 CFR 390.97 - Removal, suspension, or debarment of independent public accountants and accounting firms...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... independent public accountants and accounting firms performing audit services. 390.97 Section 390.97 Banks and... debarment of independent public accountants and accounting firms performing audit services. (a) Scope. This... accountants and their accounting firms from performing independent audit and attestation services required by...

12 CFR 513.8 - Removal, suspension, or debarment of independent public accountants and accounting firms...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... public accountants and accounting firms performing audit services. 513.8 Section 513.8 Banks and Banking..., suspension, or debarment of independent public accountants and accounting firms performing audit services. (a... independent public accountants and their accounting firms from performing independent audit and attestation...

12 CFR 513.8 - Removal, suspension, or debarment of independent public accountants and accounting firms...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... independent public accountants and accounting firms performing audit services. 513.8 Section 513.8 Banks and... Removal, suspension, or debarment of independent public accountants and accounting firms performing audit... of independent public accountants and their accounting firms from performing independent audit and...

48 CFR 16.403-1 - Fixed-price incentive (firm target) contracts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... (firm target) contracts. 16.403-1 Section 16.403-1 Federal Acquisition Regulations System FEDERAL... Fixed-price incentive (firm target) contracts. (a) Description. A fixed-price incentive (firm target) contract specifies a target cost, a target profit, a price ceiling (but not a profit ceiling or floor), and...

48 CFR 52.216-16 - Incentive Price Revision-Firm Target.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

...-Firm Target. 52.216-16 Section 52.216-16 Federal Acquisition Regulations System FEDERAL ACQUISITION... Clauses 52.216-16 Incentive Price Revision—Firm Target. As prescribed in 16.406(a), insert the following clause: Incentive Price Revision—Firm Target (OCT 1997) (a) General. The supplies or services identified...

75 FR 66797 - PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP (“PwC”) Internal Firm Services Client Account Administrators Group...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-10-29

... LLP (``PwC'') Internal Firm Services Client Account Administrators Group, Charlotte, NC; Amended... Firm Services Client Account Administrators Group. Accordingly, the Department is amending this... Firm Services Client Account Administrators Group. The amended notice applicable to TA-W-73,608 is...

75 FR 66796 - Pricewaterhousecoopers LLP (“PwC”), Internal Firm Services Client Account Administrators Group...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-10-29

... LLP (``PwC''), Internal Firm Services Client Account Administrators Group Atlanta, GA; Amended...''), Internal Firm Services Client Account Administrators Group. Accordingly, the Department is amending this... Firm Services Client Account Administrators Group. The amended notice applicable to TA-W-73,630 is...

49 CFR 1522.121 - Security threat assessments for personnel of TSA-approved validation firms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...-approved validation firms. 1522.121 Section 1522.121 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to... FOR ALL MODES OF TRANSPORTATION TSA-APPROVED VALIDATION FIRMS AND VALIDATORS TSA-Approved Validation... for personnel of TSA-approved validation firms. Each of the following must successfully complete a...

Comparison and fusion of four nondestructive sensors for predicting apple fruit firmness and soluble solids content

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Four nondestructive technologies (i.e., acoustic firmness, bioyield firmness, visible/near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, and spectral scattering) have been developed in recent years for assessing the firmness and/or soluble solids content (SSC) of apples. Each of these technologies has its merits and...

Small firm subsistence and market dimensionality

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bruggeman, Jeroen; Péli, Gábor

2014-04-01

In many markets, large and small firms coexist. As large firms can in principle out-compete small ones, the actual presence of the latter asks for an explanation. In ours, we focus on the dimensionality of markets, which can change as a consequence of product innovations, preference elaboration or institutions. We show that increasing market dimensionality substantially enlarges the market periphery relative to the market center, which creates new potential niches for small firms. We thereby provide a parsimonious explanation for small firm subsistence.

Technological and organizational diversity and technical advance in the early history of the American semiconductor industry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cohen, W.; Holbrook, D.; Klepper, S.

1994-06-01

This study examines the early years of the semiconductor industry and focuses on the roles played by different size firms in technologically innovative processes. A large and diverse pool of firms participated in the growth of the industry. Three related technological areas were chosen for in-depth analysis: integrated circuits, materials technology, and device packaging. Large business producing vacuum tubes dominated the early production of semiconductor devices. As the market for new devices grew during the 1950's, new firms were founded and existing firms from other industries, e.g. aircraft builders and instrument makers, began to pursue semiconductor electronics. Small firms began to cater to the emerging industry by supplying materials and equipment. These firms contributed to the development of certain aspects of one thousand firms that were playing some part in the semiconductor industry.

CIMOSA process classification for business process mapping in non-manufacturing firms: A case study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Latiffianti, Effi; Siswanto, Nurhadi; Wiratno, Stefanus Eko; Saputra, Yudha Andrian

2017-11-01

A business process mapping is one important means to enable an enterprise to effectively manage the value chain. One of widely used approaches to classify business process for mapping purpose is Computer Integrated Manufacturing System Open Architecture (CIMOSA). CIMOSA was initially designed for Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) system based enterprises. This paper aims to analyze the use of CIMOSA process classification for business process mapping in the firms that do not fall within the area of CIM. Three firms of different business area that have used CIMOSA process classification were observed: an airline firm, a marketing and trading firm for oil and gas products, and an industrial estate management firm. The result of the research has shown that CIMOSA can be used in non-manufacturing firms with some adjustment. The adjustment includes addition, reduction, or modification of some processes suggested by CIMOSA process classification as evidenced by the case studies.

48 CFR 1019.202-70-7 - Mentor firms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Mentor firms. 1019.202-70... SOCIOECONOMIC PROGRAMS SMALL BUSINESS PROGRAMS Policies 1019.202-70-7 Mentor firms. A mentor firm may be either... developmental assistance to enhance the capabilities of protégés to perform as subcontractors. Mentors will be...

Cooperative Education Programs in CPA Firms.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Thibadoux, Gregory M.; Greenberg, Ira S.

1986-01-01

A study was conducted to determine the background of employed students in a sampling of accounting cooperative education programs, the nature of the final selection process made by the firms, the value of the students to the firm, and the value of the program to the students as perceived by members of the firm. (CT)

Information Systems, Competitive Dynamics, and Firm Performance: An Interpretive and Centering Resonance Analysis

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Vannoy, Sandra A.

2010-01-01

This dissertation examines, from a managerial interpretive perspective, how information systems contribute to firms' specific competitive actions and responses, and the resultant impacts upon firm performance. The findings from this research suggest that the answer may well lie within the role of information systems in firms' competitive dynamics…

49 CFR 1522.115 - Renewal of TSA approval.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... operate as a validation firm. If the validation firm submits the information in the month before or after it is due, the validation firm is considered to have submitted the information in the month it is due... application. (b) Content. In addition to any other information required by TSA, the validation firm must...

Distinctive Human Resources Are the Core Competencies of Firms. EQW Working Papers WP18.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cappelli, Peter; Crocker-Hefter, Anne

The interrelationship between people management practices and product market/competition was examined in a series of case comparisons of pairs of firms/organizations of the following types: professional sports teams, military services, retailing firms, information service firms, business schools, financial services, shipping services, and food and…

21 CFR 7.46 - Firm-initiated recall.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... action, e.g., seizure. In such cases, the firm will be asked to provide the Food and Drug Administration... requested a recall. The firm's action also is considered a firm-initiated recall and is subject to... but where it is apparent, e.g., because of complaints or adverse reactions regarding the product, that...

Bringing the Firms into Globalization Research: The Effects of Foreign Investment and Exports on Wages in Mexican Manufacturing Firms

PubMed Central

Villarreal, Andrés; Sakamoto, Arthur

2011-01-01

Researchers specializing in organizations and labor markets have paid insufficient attention to the effects that foreign ownership of a firm and its orientation towards export production may have on the wages it pays to its workers. Using information from a nationally-representative sample of manufacturing firms in Mexico, a paradigmatic case of a developing country that is highly integrated into world markets, we find that foreign-owned and export-oriented firms pay considerably more than nationally-owned firms engaged in the production of goods for sale in the domestic market. Second, beyond paying higher wages to their workers, foreign-owned firms also raise the wages paid by domestic firms operating in the same regional labor markets. The wage premium in foreign and export-oriented firms cannot be explained by their size, industry, geographical location, productivity, use of advanced technology, or the sociodemographic composition of their workforce. We find evidence that wages in foreign-owned companies in Mexico are dependent on the country of origin of the capital investment. A greater difference between the industry-specific wages paid in the country of ownership and Mexico is associated with a higher wage premium in Mexican affiliates. Future work should strive to link information from foreign-owned affiliates with their parent companies abroad. PMID:21566699

What results when firms implement practices: the differential relationship between specific practices, firm financial performance, customer service, and quality.

PubMed

Gibson, Cristina B; Porath, Christine L; Benson, George S; Lawler, Edward E

2007-11-01

Previous research on organizational practices is replete with contradictory evidence regarding their effects. Here, the authors argue that these contradictory findings may have occurred because researchers have often examined complex practice combinations and have failed to investigate a broad variety of firm-level outcomes. Thus, past research may obscure important differential effects of specific practices on specific firm-level outcomes. Extending this research, the authors develop hypotheses about the effects of practices that (a) enable information sharing, (b) set boundaries, and (c) enable teams on 3 different firm-level outcomes: financial performance, customer service, and quality. Relationships are tested in a sample of observations from over 200 Fortune 1000 firms. Results indicate that information-sharing practices were positively related to financial performance 1 year following implementation of the practices, boundary-setting practices were positively related to firm-level customer service, and team-enabling practices were related to firm-level quality. No single set of practices predicted all 3 firm-level outcomes, indicating practice-specific effects. These findings help resolve the theoretical tension in the literature regarding the effects of organizational practices and offer guidance as to how to best target practices to increase specific work-related outcomes. Implications for theory, research, and practice are discussed. (c) 2007 APA

Optimal investment and location decisions of a firm in a flood risk area using Impulse Control Theory

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Grames, Johanna; Grass, Dieter; Kort, Peter; Prskawetz, Alexia

2017-04-01

Flooding events can affect businesses close to rivers, lakes or coasts. This paper provides a partial equilibrium model which helps to understand the optimal location choice for a firm in flood risk areas and its investment strategies. How often, when and how much are firms willing to invest in flood risk protection measures? We apply Impulse Control Theory to solve the model analytically and develop a continuation algorithm to solve the model numerically. Firms always invest in flood defense. The investment increases the higher the flood risk and the more firms also value the future, i.e. the more sustainable they plan. Investments in production capital follow a similar path. Hence, planning in a sustainable way leads to economic growth. Sociohydrological feedbacks are crucial for the location choice of the firm, whereas different economic situations have an impact on investment strategies. If flood defense is already present, e.g. built up by the government, firms move closer to the water and invest less in flood defense, which allows firms to accrue higher expected profits. Firms with a large initial production capital surprisingly try not to keep their market advantage, but rather reduce flood risk by reducing exposed production capital.

[Micro-simulation of firms' heterogeneity on pollution intensity and regional characteristics].

PubMed

Zhao, Nan; Liu, Yi; Chen, Ji-Ning

2009-11-01

In the same industrial sector, heterogeneity of pollution intensity exists among firms. There are some errors if using sector's average pollution intensity, which are calculated by limited number of firms in environmental statistic database to represent the sector's regional economic-environmental status. Based on the production function which includes environmental depletion as input, a micro-simulation model on firms' operational decision making is proposed. Then the heterogeneity of firms' pollution intensity can be mechanically described. Taking the mechanical manufacturing sector in Deyang city, 2005 as the case, the model's parameters were estimated. And the actual COD emission intensities of environmental statistic firms can be properly matched by the simulation. The model's results also show that the regional average COD emission intensity calculated by the environmental statistic firms (0.002 6 t per 10 000 yuan fixed asset, 0.001 5 t per 10 000 yuan production value) is lower than the regional average intensity calculated by all the firms in the region (0.003 0 t per 10 000 yuan fixed asset, 0.002 3 t per 10 000 yuan production value). The difference among average intensities in the six counties is significant as well. These regional characteristics of pollution intensity attribute to the sector's inner-structure (firms' scale distribution, technology distribution) and its spatial deviation.

The Pennsylvania certified safety committee program: an evaluation of participation and effects on work injury rates.

PubMed

Liu, Hangsheng; Burns, Rachel M; Schaefer, Agnes G; Ruder, Teague; Nelson, Christopher; Haviland, Amelia M; Gray, Wayne B; Mendeloff, John

2010-08-01

Since 1994, Pennsylvania, like several other states, has provided a 5% discount on workers' compensation insurance premiums for firms with a certified joint labor management safety committee. This study explored the factors affecting program participation and evaluated the effect of this program on work injuries. Using Pennsylvania unemployment insurance data (1996-2006), workers' compensation data (1998-2005), and the safety committee audit data (1999-2007), we conducted propensity score matching and regression analysis on the program's impact on injury rates. Larger firms, firms with higher injury rates, firms in high risk industries, and firms without labor unions were more likely to join the safety committee program and less likely to drop out of the program. The injury rates of participants did not decline more than the rates for non-participants; however, rates at participant firms with good compliance dropped more than the rates at participant firms with poor compliance. Firm size and prior injury rates are key predictors of program participation. Firms that complied with the requirement to train their safety committee members did experience reductions in injuries, but non-compliance with that and other requirements was so widespread that no overall impact of the program could be detected. Copyright 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

The emergence of commercial genomics: analysis of the rise of a biotechnology subsector during the Human Genome Project, 1990 to 2004.

PubMed

Wiechers, Ilse R; Perin, Noah C; Cook-Deegan, Robert

2013-01-01

Development of the commercial genomics sector within the biotechnology industry relied heavily on the scientific commons, public funding, and technology transfer between academic and industrial research. This study tracks financial and intellectual property data on genomics firms from 1990 through 2004, thus following these firms as they emerged in the era of the Human Genome Project and through the 2000 to 2001 market bubble. A database was created based on an early survey of genomics firms, which was expanded using three web-based biotechnology services, scientific journals, and biotechnology trade and technical publications. Financial data for publicly traded firms was collected through the use of four databases specializing in firm financials. Patent searches were conducted using firm names in the US Patent and Trademark Office website search engine and the DNA Patent Database. A biotechnology subsector of genomics firms emerged in parallel to the publicly funded Human Genome Project. Trends among top firms show that hiring, capital improvement, and research and development expenditures continued to grow after a 2000 to 2001 bubble. The majority of firms are small businesses with great diversity in type of research and development, products, and services provided. Over half the public firms holding patents have the majority of their intellectual property portfolio in DNA-based patents. These data allow estimates of investment, research and development expenditures, and jobs that paralleled the rise of genomics as a sector within biotechnology between 1990 and 2004.

Medical malpractice web advertising: a qualitative, cross-sectional analysis of plaintiff medical malpractice firms in Suffolk County, Massachusetts.

PubMed

Ghobadi, Comeron W; Gevorgyan, Ofelya; Bednarski, Caroline E; Hayman, Emily L; Walter, Jessica R; Xu, Shuai

2017-01-01

Medical malpractice plaintiff firms play a central role in the prosecution of malpractice claims. There have been limited studies on the online advertising practices of plaintiff medical malpractice firms. The Martindale-Hubbell directory was used to identify all plaintiff medical malpractice firms in Suffolk County, Massachusetts. Each firm's website was individually mined for relevant data. Thirty-one unique medical malpractice law firms were identified. Seventy-seven percent of law firms advertised awards with the Martindale-Hubbell AV rating, AVVO, and Super Lawyer being the three most common. The second most common method of advertising was accomplished through descriptions of successful verdicts and settlements (61%). A total of 408 verdicts, settlements, and arbitrations collectively representing $1.4 billion dollars were advertised by all law firms. Median awarded values for verdicts was advertised as $4.5 million, while the median awarded values for settlements was $1.25 million. Defendants most commonly practiced obstetrics (18%), followed by primary care (14%). Law firms report treatment and diagnosis delay as the most common successful claim (50%), followed much further by misdiagnosis (8%), and communication error (4%). Our sample correlates with larger claims-based studies surrounding the most commonly sued specialties, however, median reported settlement and verdict values were significantly higher in our cohort. Considerations should be made to provide advertising guidelines for medical malpractice plaintiff firms. Copyright © 2017 by the National Legal Center for the Medically Dependent and Disabled, Inc.

The effects of staffing and training on firm productivity and profit growth before, during, and after the Great Recession.

PubMed

Kim, Youngsang; Ployhart, Robert E

2014-05-01

This study integrates research from strategy, economics, and applied psychology to examine how organizations may leverage their human resources to enhance firm performance and competitive advantage. Staffing and training are key human resource management practices used to achieve firm performance through acquiring and developing human capital resources. However, little research has examined whether and why staffing and training influence firm-level financial performance (profit) growth under different environmental (economic) conditions. Using 359 firms with over 12 years of longitudinal firm-level profit data, we suggest that selective staffing and internal training directly and interactively influence firm profit growth through their effects on firm labor productivity, implying that staffing and training contribute to the generation of slack resources that help buffer and then recover from the effects of the Great Recession. Further, internal training that creates specific human capital resources is more beneficial for prerecession profitability, but staffing is more beneficial for postrecession recovery, apparently because staffing creates generic human capital resources that enable firm flexibility and adaptation. Thus, the theory and findings presented in this article have implications for the way staffing and training may be used strategically to weather economic uncertainty (recession effects). They also have important practical implications by demonstrating that firms that more effectively staff and train will outperform competitors throughout all pre- and postrecessionary periods, even after controlling for prior profitability. (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved.

The real economic effects of cross-delisting from the United States: Evidence on post-operating performance, financial constraints and stock crash risk =

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Silva, Sonia Maria da Silva Faria Nogueira da

In this study we examine the economic consequences for firms that cross-delisted from a U.S. stock exchange. Using a sample of foreign firms that cross-delisted from U.S. exchange markets from 2000 to 2012, we investigate the long-term performance, the level of financial constraints, and the likelihood of stock price crashes after the cross-delisting event. We document several new findings as follows: i) cross-delisted firms have less growth opportunities, in the long-run, than their cross-listed peers; ii) after the adoption of Rule 12h-6 of 2007, cross-delisted firms exhibit a significant decline in operating performance; iii) cross-delisted firms underperform their cross-listed peers as they experience negative average abnormal returns, especially in the post-cross-delisting period; iv) cross-delisted firms face higher financial constraints post-delisting than their cross-listed counterparts, and also tend to save more cash out of cash flows; v) the increase in financial constraints post-cross-delisting seems to be primarily driven by informational frictions that constrain access to external financing, which are stronger for firms from countries with weaker investor protection and less developed capital markets; vi) cross-delisted firms experience a significant increase in crash risk associated with earnings management in the post-delisting period relative to a control sample of cross-listed firms, and this effect is more pronounced for delisted firms from countries with weaker investor protection and poor quality of their information environment; vii) cross-delisted firms that engage in earnings management to inflate reported earnings prior to a seasoned equity offering are more likely to a subsequent stock price crash.

Firmness at Harvest Impacts Postharvest Fruit Softening and Internal Browning Development in Mechanically Damaged and Non-damaged Highbush Blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.)

PubMed Central

Moggia, Claudia; Graell, Jordi; Lara, Isabel; González, Guillermina; Lobos, Gustavo A.

2017-01-01

Fresh blueberries are very susceptible to mechanical damage, which limits postharvest life and firmness. Softening and susceptibility of cultivars “Duke” and “Brigitta” to developing internal browning (IB) after mechanical impact and subsequent storage was evaluated during a 2-year study (2011/2012, 2012/2013). On each season fruit were carefully hand-picked, segregated into soft (<1.60 N), medium (1.61–1.80 N), and firm (1.81–2.00 N) categories, and then either were dropped (32 cm) onto a hard plastic surface or remained non-dropped. All fruit were kept under refrigerated storage (0°C and 85–88% relative humidity) to assess firmness loss and IB after 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days. In general, regardless of cultivar or season, high variability in fruit firmness was observed within each commercial harvest, and significant differences in IB and softening rates were found. “Duke” exhibited high softening rates, as well as high and significant r2 between firmness and IB, but little differences for dropped vs. non-dropped fruit. “Brigitta,” having lesser firmness rates, exhibited almost no relationships between firmness and IB (especially for non-dropped fruit), but marked differences between dropping treatments. Firmness loss and IB development were related to firmness at harvest, soft and firm fruit being the most and least damaged, respectively. Soft fruit were characterized by greater IB development during storage along with high soluble solids/acid ratio, which could be used together with firmness to estimate harvest date and storage potential of fruit. Results of this work suggest that the differences in fruit quality traits at harvest could be related to the time that fruit stay on the plant after turning blue, soft fruit being more advanced in maturity. Finally, the observed differences between segregated categories reinforce the importance of analyzing fruit condition for each sorted group separately. PMID:28443123

Firmness at Harvest Impacts Postharvest Fruit Softening and Internal Browning Development in Mechanically Damaged and Non-damaged Highbush Blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.).

PubMed

Moggia, Claudia; Graell, Jordi; Lara, Isabel; González, Guillermina; Lobos, Gustavo A

2017-01-01

Fresh blueberries are very susceptible to mechanical damage, which limits postharvest life and firmness. Softening and susceptibility of cultivars "Duke" and "Brigitta" to developing internal browning (IB) after mechanical impact and subsequent storage was evaluated during a 2-year study (2011/2012, 2012/2013). On each season fruit were carefully hand-picked, segregated into soft (<1.60 N), medium (1.61-1.80 N), and firm (1.81-2.00 N) categories, and then either were dropped (32 cm) onto a hard plastic surface or remained non-dropped. All fruit were kept under refrigerated storage (0°C and 85-88% relative humidity) to assess firmness loss and IB after 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days. In general, regardless of cultivar or season, high variability in fruit firmness was observed within each commercial harvest, and significant differences in IB and softening rates were found. "Duke" exhibited high softening rates, as well as high and significant r 2 between firmness and IB, but little differences for dropped vs. non-dropped fruit. "Brigitta," having lesser firmness rates, exhibited almost no relationships between firmness and IB (especially for non-dropped fruit), but marked differences between dropping treatments. Firmness loss and IB development were related to firmness at harvest, soft and firm fruit being the most and least damaged, respectively. Soft fruit were characterized by greater IB development during storage along with high soluble solids/acid ratio, which could be used together with firmness to estimate harvest date and storage potential of fruit. Results of this work suggest that the differences in fruit quality traits at harvest could be related to the time that fruit stay on the plant after turning blue, soft fruit being more advanced in maturity. Finally, the observed differences between segregated categories reinforce the importance of analyzing fruit condition for each sorted group separately.

Social Firms as a means of vocational recovery for people with mental illness: a UK survey.

PubMed

Gilbert, Eleanor; Marwaha, Steven; Milton, Alyssa; Johnson, Sonia; Morant, Nicola; Parsons, Nicholas; Fisher, Adrian; Singh, Swaran; Cunliffe, Di

2013-07-11

Employment is associated with better quality of life and wellbeing in people with mental illness. Unemployment is associated with greater levels of psychological illness and is viewed as a core part of the social exclusion faced by people with mental illness. Social Firms offer paid employment to people with mental illness but are under-investigated in the UK. The aims of this phase of the Social Firms A Route to Recovery (SoFARR) project were to describe the availability and spread of Social Firms across the UK, to outline the range of opportunities Social Firms offer people with severe mental illness and to understand the extent to which they are employed within these firms. A UK national survey of Social Firms, other social enterprises and supported businesses was completed to understand the extent to which they provide paid employment for the mentally ill. A study-specific questionnaire was developed. It covered two broad areas asking employers about the nature of the Social Firm itself and about the employees with mental illness working there. We obtained returns from 76 Social Firms and social enterprises / supported businesses employing 692 people with mental illness. Forty per cent of Social Firms were in the south of England, 24% in the North and the Midlands, 18% in Scotland and 18% in Wales. Other social enterprises/supported businesses were similarly distributed. Trading activities were confined mainly to manufacturing, service industry, recycling, horticulture and catering. The number of employees with mental illness working in Social Firms and other social enterprises/supported businesses was small (median of 3 and 6.5 respectively). Over 50% employed people with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, though the greatest proportion of employees with mental illness had depression or anxiety. Over two thirds of Social Firms liaised with mental health services and over a quarter received funding from the NHS or a mental health charity. Most workers with mental illness in Social Firms had been employed for over 2 years. Social Firms have significant potential to be a viable addition to Individual Placement and Support (IPS), supporting recovery orientated services for people with the full range of mental disorders. They are currently an underdeveloped sector in the UK.

Social firms as a means of vocational recovery for people with mental illness: a UK survey

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

Background Employment is associated with better quality of life and wellbeing in people with mental illness. Unemployment is associated with greater levels of psychological illness and is viewed as a core part of the social exclusion faced by people with mental illness. Social Firms offer paid employment to people with mental illness but are under-investigated in the UK. The aims of this phase of the Social Firms A Route to Recovery (SoFARR) project were to describe the availability and spread of Social Firms across the UK, to outline the range of opportunities Social Firms offer people with severe mental illness and to understand the extent to which they are employed within these firms. Method A UK national survey of Social Firms, other social enterprises and supported businesses was completed to understand the extent to which they provide paid employment for the mentally ill. A study-specific questionnaire was developed. It covered two broad areas asking employers about the nature of the Social Firm itself and about the employees with mental illness working there. Results We obtained returns from 76 Social Firms and social enterprises / supported businesses employing 692 people with mental illness. Forty per cent of Social Firms were in the south of England, 24% in the North and the Midlands, 18% in Scotland and 18% in Wales. Other social enterprises/supported businesses were similarly distributed. Trading activities were confined mainly to manufacturing, service industry, recycling, horticulture and catering. The number of employees with mental illness working in Social Firms and other social enterprises/supported businesses was small (median of 3 and 6.5 respectively). Over 50% employed people with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, though the greatest proportion of employees with mental illness had depression or anxiety. Over two thirds of Social Firms liaised with mental health services and over a quarter received funding from the NHS or a mental health charity. Most workers with mental illness in Social Firms had been employed for over 2 years. Conclusions Social Firms have significant potential to be a viable addition to Individual Placement and Support (IPS), supporting recovery orientated services for people with the full range of mental disorders. They are currently an underdeveloped sector in the UK. PMID:23844779

77 FR 12007 - Notice of Petitions by Firms tor Determination of Eligibility to Apply For Trade Adjustment...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-28

.../2011 through 02/21/2012] Date accepted for Firm name Address investigation Products Cuisine Holdings Unlimited, 1997 Surgi Dr., 12/29/2011 The firm manufactures food for human LLC.. Mandeville, LA consumption. 70448. Custom Service Printer, lnc.. 916 E. Keating 2/8/2012 The firm manufactures printed products...

76 FR 30098 - Notice of Petitions by Firms for Determination of Eligibility To Apply for Trade Adjustment...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-24

.... Enterprises, Inc 6543 South Laramie 28-Apr-11 The firm designs and Avenue, Bedford manufactures leather Park.... Chicago Booth Manufacturing, Inc. 5000 W. Roosevelt 12-May-11 The firm manufactures Road, Chicago, IL..., or threat thereof, and to a decrease in sales or production of each petitioning firm. [[Page 30099...

77 FR 48127 - Notice of Petitions by Firms for Determination of Eligibility to Apply for Trade Adjustment...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-08-13

... firm designs and Brockton, MA 02301. manufactures coil winding machinery. New World Millworks, Inc 1211... workers, or threat thereof, and to a decrease in sales or production of each petitioning firm. List of... Delaware Avenue, 07/10/12 The firm manufactures hats Longmont, CO 80501. and other apparel. HEB...

75 FR 60083 - Notice of Petitions by Firms for Determination of Eligibility To Apply for Trade Adjustment...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-29

..., MA 9/17/10 The firm designs, manufactures, markets and services high- 01876. resolution imaging... manufacturing industry. Mize and Co., Inc 2020 N. Koch Industrial 9/20/10 The firm manufactures wire harnesses..., or threat thereof, and to a decrease in sales or production of each petitioning firm. LIST OF...

78 FR 692 - Notice of Petitions by Firms for Determination of Eligibility To Apply for Trade Adjustment...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-04

..., injection 59715. moldings, and tooling. Firm provides services for design, lean manufacturing consulting... Manufacturing, Inc...... 910 E. Saint Andrew 12/20/2012 Firm manufactures steel Street, Rapid City, SD doors..., or threat thereof, and to a decrease in sales or production of each petitioning firm. List of...

31 CFR 515.559 - Certain transactions by U.S.-owned or controlled foreign firms with Cuba.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... controlled foreign firms with Cuba. 515.559 Section 515.559 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating... transactions by U.S.-owned or controlled foreign firms with Cuba. (a) Effective October 23, 1992, no specific... controlled firms in third countries and Cuba for the exportation to Cuba of commodities produced in the...

31 CFR 515.559 - Certain transactions by U.S.-owned or controlled foreign firms with Cuba.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... controlled foreign firms with Cuba. 515.559 Section 515.559 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating... transactions by U.S.-owned or controlled foreign firms with Cuba. (a) Effective October 23, 1992, no specific... controlled firms in third countries and Cuba for the exportation to Cuba of commodities produced in the...

31 CFR 515.559 - Certain transactions by U.S.-owned or controlled foreign firms with Cuba.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... controlled foreign firms with Cuba. 515.559 Section 515.559 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating... transactions by U.S.-owned or controlled foreign firms with Cuba. (a) Effective October 23, 1992, no specific... controlled firms in third countries and Cuba for the exportation to Cuba of commodities produced in the...

31 CFR 515.559 - Certain transactions by U.S.-owned or controlled foreign firms with Cuba.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... controlled foreign firms with Cuba. 515.559 Section 515.559 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating... transactions by U.S.-owned or controlled foreign firms with Cuba. (a) Effective October 23, 1992, no specific... controlled firms in third countries and Cuba for the exportation to Cuba of commodities produced in the...

31 CFR 515.559 - Certain transactions by U.S.-owned or controlled foreign firms with Cuba.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... controlled foreign firms with Cuba. 515.559 Section 515.559 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating... transactions by U.S.-owned or controlled foreign firms with Cuba. (a) Effective October 23, 1992, no specific... controlled firms in third countries and Cuba for the exportation to Cuba of commodities produced in the...

Measuring Economic Discrimination of Hispanic-Owned Architecture and Engineering Firms in South Florida

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Carvajal, Manuel J.

2004-01-01

Using data developed for the U.S. District Court, this study compared the performance of Hispanic-owned firms and two groupings of non-Hispanic-owned firms in three South Florida markets: architecture (n= 176), structural engineering (n= 144), and civil engineering (n = 200). Within each market, firms?earnings are expressed as functions of…

14 CFR 1274.915 - Restrictions on sale or transfer of technology to foreign firms or institutions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... technology to foreign firms or institutions. 1274.915 Section 1274.915 Aeronautics and Space NATIONAL... Conditions § 1274.915 Restrictions on sale or transfer of technology to foreign firms or institutions. Restrictions on Sale or Transfer of Technology to Foreign Firms or Institutions July 2002 (a) The parties agree...

75 FR 15687 - Safety and Security Equipment and Services Trade Mission to Brazil

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-30

... or medium enterprises (SME \\1\\) and $5,200 per company for large firms. If a company chooses not to... additional firm representative (large firm or SME) is $500 per person. Expenses for lodging, transportation... SME is defined as a firm with 500 or fewer employees or that otherwise qualifies as a small business...

The Nature of Conflict in Firm-Client Relations: A Content Analysis of "Public Relations Journal," 1980-89.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bourland, Pamela G.

1993-01-01

Finds that key issues recurring in articles regarding public relations firm-client relations were concerns over knowing each other's businesses, contributing to a consistent communication flow, finances, and "chemistry." Finds that conflict issues for public relations firms parallel those for advertising firms as reported in the advertising agency…

Finding the "Right Staff" in Small Firms

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Barrett, Rowena; Neeson, Robyn; Billington, Leo

2007-01-01

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explore what owners of small firms are looking for from new employees. The aim is to pursue this in light of the debate around formality and informality of small firm HRM, exploring the extent to which the small firms studied had formalized HRM practices. Design/methodology/approach: The data reported here…

Strategic Delay and Information Exchange in Endogenous Social Networks

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-09-01

suppose that firm 1 experiments while firm 2 delays and copies a successful innovation by firm 1. In this case, the social surplus is equal to 2pH 2 + (1...suppose that there has been an innovation and the second firm has probability of success equal to p. In this case, social surplus is equal to 2112 if...there is copying, and it is equal to HI1 + pli if the second firm is forced to experiment. This implies that to maximize ex post social welfare

A discrete choice model of drug abuse treatment location.

PubMed Central

Goodman, A C; Nishiura, E; Hankin, J R

1998-01-01

OBJECTIVE: To identify short-term drug abuse treatment location risk factors for ten large, self-insured firms starting January 1, 1989 and ending December 31, 1991. DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING: Study population selected from a large database of health insurance claims for all treatment events starting January 1, 1989 and ending December 31, 1991. STUDY DESIGN: A nested binomial logit method is used to estimate firm-specific patterns of treatment location. The differences in treatment location patterns among firms are then decomposed into firm effects (holding explanatory variables constant among firms) and variable effects (holding firm-specific parameters constant). PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Probability of inpatient drug treatment is directly related to the type of drug diagnosis. The most important factors are diagnoses of drug dependence (versus drug abuse) and/or a cocaine dependence. Firm-specific factors also make a substantive difference. Controlling for patient risk factors, firm-specific probabilities of inpatient treatment vary by as much as 87 percent. Controlling for practices of firms and their insurance carriers, differing patient risk profiles cause probabilities of inpatient treatment to vary by as much as 69 percent among firms. Use of the outpatient setting increased over the three-year period. CONCLUSIONS: There are two plausible explanations for the findings. First, people beginning treatment later in the three-year period had less severe conditions than earlier cases and therefore had less need of inpatient treatment. Second, drug abuse treatment experienced the same trend toward the increased use of outpatient care that characterized treatment for other illnesses in the 1980s and early 1990s. PMID:9566181

The emergence of commercial genomics: analysis of the rise of a biotechnology subsector during the Human Genome Project, 1990 to 2004

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

Background Development of the commercial genomics sector within the biotechnology industry relied heavily on the scientific commons, public funding, and technology transfer between academic and industrial research. This study tracks financial and intellectual property data on genomics firms from 1990 through 2004, thus following these firms as they emerged in the era of the Human Genome Project and through the 2000 to 2001 market bubble. Methods A database was created based on an early survey of genomics firms, which was expanded using three web-based biotechnology services, scientific journals, and biotechnology trade and technical publications. Financial data for publicly traded firms was collected through the use of four databases specializing in firm financials. Patent searches were conducted using firm names in the US Patent and Trademark Office website search engine and the DNA Patent Database. Results A biotechnology subsector of genomics firms emerged in parallel to the publicly funded Human Genome Project. Trends among top firms show that hiring, capital improvement, and research and development expenditures continued to grow after a 2000 to 2001 bubble. The majority of firms are small businesses with great diversity in type of research and development, products, and services provided. Over half the public firms holding patents have the majority of their intellectual property portfolio in DNA-based patents. Conclusions These data allow estimates of investment, research and development expenditures, and jobs that paralleled the rise of genomics as a sector within biotechnology between 1990 and 2004. PMID:24050173

The Structure and Evolution of Buyer-Supplier Networks

PubMed Central

Mizuno, Takayuki; Souma, Wataru; Watanabe, Tsutomu

2014-01-01

In this paper, we investigate the structure and evolution of customer-supplier networks in Japan using a unique dataset that contains information on customer and supplier linkages for more than 500,000 incorporated non-financial firms for the five years from 2008 to 2012. We find, first, that the number of customer links is unequal across firms; the customer link distribution has a power-law tail with an exponent of unity (i.e., it follows Zipf's law). We interpret this as implying that competition among firms to acquire new customers yields winners with a large number of customers, as well as losers with fewer customers. We also show that the shortest path length for any pair of firms is, on average, 4.3 links. Second, we find that link switching is relatively rare. Our estimates indicate that the survival rate per year for customer links is 92 percent and for supplier links 93 percent. Third and finally, we find that firm growth rates tend to be more highly correlated the closer two firms are to each other in a customer-supplier network (i.e., the smaller is the shortest path length for the two firms). This suggests that a non-negligible portion of fluctuations in firm growth stems from the propagation of microeconomic shocks – shocks affecting only a particular firm – through customer-supplier chains. PMID:25000368

The structure and evolution of buyer-supplier networks.

PubMed

Mizuno, Takayuki; Souma, Wataru; Watanabe, Tsutomu

2014-01-01

In this paper, we investigate the structure and evolution of customer-supplier networks in Japan using a unique dataset that contains information on customer and supplier linkages for more than 500,000 incorporated non-financial firms for the five years from 2008 to 2012. We find, first, that the number of customer links is unequal across firms; the customer link distribution has a power-law tail with an exponent of unity (i.e., it follows Zipf's law). We interpret this as implying that competition among firms to acquire new customers yields winners with a large number of customers, as well as losers with fewer customers. We also show that the shortest path length for any pair of firms is, on average, 4.3 links. Second, we find that link switching is relatively rare. Our estimates indicate that the survival rate per year for customer links is 92 percent and for supplier links 93 percent. Third and finally, we find that firm growth rates tend to be more highly correlated the closer two firms are to each other in a customer-supplier network (i.e., the smaller is the shortest path length for the two firms). This suggests that a non-negligible portion of fluctuations in firm growth stems from the propagation of microeconomic shocks - shocks affecting only a particular firm - through customer-supplier chains.

Fractalkine and CX3CR1 Mediate a Novel Mechanism of Leukocyte Capture, Firm Adhesion, and Activation under Physiologic Flow

PubMed Central

Fong, Alan M.; Robinson, Lisa A.; Steeber, Douglas A.; Tedder, Thomas F.; Yoshie, Osamu; Imai, Toshio; Patel, Dhavalkumar D.

1998-01-01

Leukocyte migration into sites of inflammation involves multiple molecular interactions between leukocytes and vascular endothelial cells, mediating sequential leukocyte capture, rolling, and firm adhesion. In this study, we tested the role of molecular interactions between fractalkine (FKN), a transmembrane mucin-chemokine hybrid molecule expressed on activated endothelium, and its receptor (CX3CR1) in leukocyte capture, firm adhesion, and activation under physiologic flow conditions. Immobilized FKN fusion proteins captured resting peripheral blood mononuclear cells at physiologic wall shear stresses and induced firm adhesion of resting monocytes, resting and interleukin (IL)-2–activated CD8+ T lymphocytes and IL-2–activated NK cells. FKN also induced cell shape change in firmly adherent monocytes and IL-2–activated lymphocytes. CX3CR1-transfected K562 cells, but not control K562 cells, firmly adhered to FKN-expressing ECV-304 cells (ECV-FKN) and tumor necrosis factor α–activated human umbilical vein endothelial cells. This firm adhesion was not inhibited by pertussis toxin, EDTA/EGTA, or antiintegrin antibodies, indicating that the firm adhesion was integrin independent. In summary, FKN mediated the rapid capture, integrin-independent firm adhesion, and activation of circulating leukocytes under flow. Thus, FKN and CX3CR1 mediate a novel pathway for leukocyte trafficking. PMID:9782118

Employment growth through labor flow networks.

PubMed

Guerrero, Omar A; Axtell, Robert L

2013-01-01

It is conventional in labor economics to treat all workers who are seeking new jobs as belonging to a labor pool, and all firms that have job vacancies as an employer pool, and then match workers to jobs. Here we develop a new approach to study labor and firm dynamics. By combining the emerging science of networks with newly available employment micro-data, comprehensive at the level of whole countries, we are able to broadly characterize the process through which workers move between firms. Specifically, for each firm in an economy as a node in a graph, we draw edges between firms if a worker has migrated between them, possibly with a spell of unemployment in between. An economy's overall graph of firm-worker interactions is an object we call the labor flow network (LFN). This is the first study that characterizes a LFN for an entire economy. We explore the properties of this network, including its topology, its community structure, and its relationship to economic variables. It is shown that LFNs can be useful in identifying firms with high growth potential. We relate LFNs to other notions of high performance firms. Specifically, it is shown that fewer than 10% of firms account for nearly 90% of all employment growth. We conclude with a model in which empirically-salient LFNs emerge from the interaction of heterogeneous adaptive agents in a decentralized labor market.

Employment Growth through Labor Flow Networks

PubMed Central

Guerrero, Omar A.; Axtell, Robert L.

2013-01-01

It is conventional in labor economics to treat all workers who are seeking new jobs as belonging to a labor pool, and all firms that have job vacancies as an employer pool, and then match workers to jobs. Here we develop a new approach to study labor and firm dynamics. By combining the emerging science of networks with newly available employment micro-data, comprehensive at the level of whole countries, we are able to broadly characterize the process through which workers move between firms. Specifically, for each firm in an economy as a node in a graph, we draw edges between firms if a worker has migrated between them, possibly with a spell of unemployment in between. An economy's overall graph of firm-worker interactions is an object we call the labor flow network (LFN). This is the first study that characterizes a LFN for an entire economy. We explore the properties of this network, including its topology, its community structure, and its relationship to economic variables. It is shown that LFNs can be useful in identifying firms with high growth potential. We relate LFNs to other notions of high performance firms. Specifically, it is shown that fewer than 10% of firms account for nearly 90% of all employment growth. We conclude with a model in which empirically-salient LFNs emerge from the interaction of heterogeneous adaptive agents in a decentralized labor market. PMID:23658682

48 CFR 819.7103 - Non-affiliation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... PROGRAMS SMALL BUSINESS PROGRAMS VA Mentor-Protégé Program 819.7103 Non-affiliation. A Protégé firm will not be considered an affiliate of a mentor firm solely on the basis that the protégé firm is receiving developmental assistance from the mentor firm under VA's Mentor-Protégé Program. The determination of...

76 FR 11424 - Notice of Petitions by Firms for Determination of Eligibility To Apply for Trade Adjustment...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-02

... Products, Inc... 400 Riverside Avenue, 07-Feb-11 The firm designs and manufactures a wide Medford, MA 02155... S. Koster Ave, 11-Feb-11 The firm designs, manufactures, and Chicago, IL 60623. assembles decorative..., or threat thereof, and to a decrease in sales or production of each petitioning firm. List of...

77 FR 38268 - Notice of Petitions by Firms for Determination of Eligibility To Apply for Trade Adjustment...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-06-27

... manufactures Wausau WI 54401. engineered hardwood flooring. Bruin Manufacturing, Co 607 North 4th Avenue, 06/08..., connectors, and rings. Homeart Designs, LLC 6419 McPherson Road, 06/14/12 The firm manufactures Laredo TX... firm's workers, or threat thereof, and to a decrease in sales or production of each petitioning firm...

77 FR 28567 - Notice of Petitions by Firms for Determination of Eligibility To Apply for Trade Adjustment...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-15

..., LLC......... Hubbardton Forge, 04/06/12 The firm designs and manufactures hand- LLC., P.O. Box 827... workers, or threat thereof, and to a decrease in sales or production of each petitioning firm. List of... U.S. Highway 90W, 04/23/12 The firm manufactures processed food for San Antonio, TX 78237. human...

Factors that influence the export success of forest products companies in the Pacific Northwest

Treesearch

I. Eastin; K. Cunningham; J. Roos

2004-01-01

Although most North American firms reported a decline in export revenues from Japan over the period 1997 to 1998, some firms experienced increases. This anomaly prompted an investigation into why some firms were successful in increasing their exports while other firms were not. The primary objective of this study was to identify the key characteristics of successful...

SELECTION AND TRAINING, A SURVEY OF IOWA MANUFACTURING FIRMS. MONOGRAPH SERIES NO. 4.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

SHERIFF, DON R.; AND OTHERS

INFORMATION ON EMPLOYEE SELECTION AND TRAINING ACTIVITIES WAS SECURED FROM QUESTIONNAIRES RETURNED BY 215 OF 283 FIRMS EMPLOYING AT LEAST 100 PERSONS. DATA FROM 207 SEPARATE ITEMS FOR EACH FIRM WERE KEY PUNCHED AND TABULATED INTO MULTIVARIATE CROSS-CLASSIFICATIONS. OVER 60 PERCENT OF THE FIRMS WERE IN CITIES HAVING OVER 25,000 POPULATION, 40…

Workplace Learning and Its Organizational Benefits for Small Enterprises: Evidence from Greek Industrial Firms

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Panagiotakopoulos, Antonios

2011-01-01

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore small firm owners' perceptions of the impact of employee training on small firm competitiveness in the context of Greece. Design/methodology/approach: The research adopts a qualitative orientation. Empirical data were collected from 43 owners of small and micro-firms operating in various sectors of…

Cournot competition between a non-profit firm and a for-profit firm with uncertainty

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ferreira, Fernanda A.

2010-03-01

In this paper, we consider a Cournot competition between a nonprofit firm and a for-profit firm in a homogeneous goods market, with uncertain demand. Given an asymmetric tax schedule, we compute explicitly the Bayesian-Nash equilibrium. Furthermore, we analyze the effects of the tax rate and the degree of altruistic preference on market equilibrium outcomes.

Inter-Firm Cooperation in Training. A National Vocational Education and Training Research and Evaluation Program Report

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cooney, Richard; Long, Michael

2008-01-01

Industry policy emphasises the importance of competition between firms as the basis of efficient markets and as a stimulus for improved firm efficiency. Yet research has shown that much can be gained from cooperation among firms in a range of activities, especially those involving the transfer of knowledge, such as training. These cooperative…

Workplace Education Programs in Small and Medium-Sized Michigan Firms. Staff Working Paper 92-13.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hollenbeck, Kevin; Anderson, William

A project collected data from small and medium-sized firms (employing fewer than 500) in Michigan concerning workplace education programs. It addressed why firms were or were not offering programs, program characteristics, and program impacts on firms and employees. Case studies of 28 businesses were undertaken from May 1991-July 1992 and a…

Box-Cox transformation of firm size data in statistical analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Ting Ting; Takaishi, Tetsuya

2014-03-01

Firm size data usually do not show the normality that is often assumed in statistical analysis such as regression analysis. In this study we focus on two firm size data: the number of employees and sale. Those data deviate considerably from a normal distribution. To improve the normality of those data we transform them by the Box-Cox transformation with appropriate parameters. The Box-Cox transformation parameters are determined so that the transformed data best show the kurtosis of a normal distribution. It is found that the two firm size data transformed by the Box-Cox transformation show strong linearity. This indicates that the number of employees and sale have the similar property as a firm size indicator. The Box-Cox parameters obtained for the firm size data are found to be very close to zero. In this case the Box-Cox transformations are approximately a log-transformation. This suggests that the firm size data we used are approximately log-normal distributions.

Safety activities in small businesses

PubMed Central

Sinclair, Raymond C.; Cunningham, Thomas R.

2015-01-01

Background Workplace injuries occur at higher rates in smaller firms than in larger firms, and the number of workplace safety activities appear to be inversely associated with those rates. Predictors of safety activities are rarely studied. Methods This study uses data from a national random survey of firms (n = 722) with less than 250 employees conducted in 2002. Results We found that, regardless of firm size or industry, safety activities were more common in 2002 than they were in a similar 1983 study. Having had an OSHA inspection in the last five years and firm size were stronger predictors of safety activities than industry hazardousness and manager’s perceptions of hazardousness. All four variables were significant predictors (β range .19 to .28; R2 = .27). Conclusions Further progress in the prevention of injuries in small firms will require attention to factors likely subsumed within the firm size variable, especially the relative lack of slack resources that might be devoted to safety activities. PMID:26339124

Protecting Construction Worker Health and Safety in Ontario, Canada: Identifying a Union Safety Effect.

PubMed

Amick, Benjamin C; Hogg-Johnson, Sheilah; Latour-Villamil, Desiree; Saunders, Ron

2015-12-01

Do Ontario unionized construction firms have lower workers' compensation claims rates compared with nonunion firms? Building trade and construction trade association lists of union contractors were linked to Workplace Safety and Insurance Board claims data for 2006 to 2012. Data were pooled for 2006 to 2012, and negative binomial regressions conducted with adjustment to estimate a union safety effect. The sample included 5797 unionized and 38,626 nonunion construction firms. Total claims rates were 13% higher (1.13, 1.09 to 1.18) in unionized firms because of higher allowed no-lost-time claim rates (1.28, 1.23 to 1.34), whereas the lost-time claims rate was 14% lower (0.86, 0.82 to 0.91). Unionized construction firms compared with nonunion firms have higher no-lost-time and lower lost-time claims rates. Unionized firms may encourage occupational injury reporting and reduce risks through training and hazard identification and control strategies.

Human resources management and firm performance: The differential role of managerial affective and continuance commitment.

PubMed

Gong, Yaping; Law, Kenneth S; Chang, Song; Xin, Katherine R

2009-01-01

In this study, the authors developed a dual-concern (i.e., maintenance and performance) model of human resources (HR) management. The authors identified commonly examined HR practices that apply to the middle manager level and classified them into the maintenance- and performance-oriented HR subsystems. The authors found support for the 2-factor model on the basis of responses from 2,148 managers from 463 firms operating in China. Regression results indicate that the performance-oriented HR subsystems had a positive relationship with firm performance and that the relationship was mediated by middle managers' affective commitment to the firm. The maintenance-oriented HR subsystems had a positive relationship with middle managers' continuance commitment but not with their affective commitment and firm performance. This study contributes to the understanding of how HR practices relate to firm performance and offers an improved test of the argument that valuable and firm-specific HR provide a source of competitive advantage. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved).

Spatial firm competition in two dimensions with linear transportation costs: simulations and analytical results

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Roncoroni, Alan; Medo, Matus

2016-12-01

Models of spatial firm competition assume that customers are distributed in space and transportation costs are associated with their purchases of products from a small number of firms that are also placed at definite locations. It has been long known that the competition equilibrium is not guaranteed to exist if the most straightforward linear transportation costs are assumed. We show by simulations and also analytically that if periodic boundary conditions in a plane are assumed, the equilibrium exists for a pair of firms at any distance. When a larger number of firms is considered, we find that their total equilibrium profit is inversely proportional to the square root of the number of firms. We end with a numerical investigation of the system's behavior for a general transportation cost exponent.

Examining the scope of multibusiness health care firms: implications for strategy and financial performance.

PubMed

Noorein Inamdar, S

2007-08-01

Use theory and data to examine the scope of corporate strategies for multibusiness health care firms, also known as organized or integrated health care delivery systems. Data are from the 2000 HIMSS Analytics Annual Survey of integrated health care delivery systems (IHDS), which provides complete information on businesses owned by IHDS. Scope defined as the breadth and type of businesses in which a firm chooses to compete is measured across seven separate business areas: (1) health plans, (2) ambulatory, (3) acute, (4) subacute, (5) home health, (6) other related nonpatient care businesses, and (7) external collaborations. Theories on strategy and organizational configurations along with measures of scope and a novel dataset were used to classify 796 firms into five mutually exclusive groups. The bases for classification were two competitive dimensions of scope: (1) breadth of businesses and (2) mix of existing core businesses versus new noncore businesses. Unit of analysis is the multibusiness health care firm. Sample consists of 796 firms, defined as nonprofit organizations that own two or more direct patient care businesses in two or more separate areas across the health care value chain. Firms were clustered into five mutually exclusive organizational configurations with unique scope characteristics revealing a new taxonomy of corporate strategies. Analysis of the scope variables revealed five strategic types (along with the number of firms and distinguishing features of each strategy) defined as follows: (1) Core Service Provider (340 firms with the smallest scope providing core set of patient care services), (2) Mission Based (52 firms with the next smallest scope offering core set of services to underserved populations), (3) Contractor (266 firms with medium scope and contracting with physician groups), (4) Health Plan Focus (83 firms with large scope and providing health plans), and (5) Entrepreneur (55 firms with the largest scope offering both a core set of services and investing in a variety of new noncore business opportunities including many for-profit ventures). Significant differences in financial performance among the strategies were found when controlling for payer reimbursement conditions. Specifically, in an unfavorable condition with high Medicaid and low commercial insurance, the Mission Based strategy performs significantly worse while the Entrepreneur strategy performs surprisingly well, in comparison with the other strategies. Findings suggest: (a) scope can be used to classify a large number of multibusiness health care firms into a taxonomy representing a small group of distinct corporate strategies, which are recognizable by senior management in the health care industry, (b) no single strategy dominates in performance across different payer profiles, instead there appears to be complementarities or fit between strategy and payer profiles that determines which firms perform well and which do not under different conditions, and (c) senior management of nonprofit health care firms are cross-subsidizing unprofitable patient care through ownership of nonpatient care businesses including for-profit ventures.

Examining the Scope of Multibusiness Health Care Firms: Implications for Strategy and Financial Performance

PubMed Central

Noorein Inamdar, S

2007-01-01

Objective Use theory and data to examine the scope of corporate strategies for multibusiness health care firms, also known as organized or integrated health care delivery systems. Data Sources Data are from the 2000 HIMSS Analytics Annual Survey of integrated health care delivery systems (IHDS), which provides complete information on businesses owned by IHDS. Study Design Scope defined as the breadth and type of businesses in which a firm chooses to compete is measured across seven separate business areas: (1) health plans, (2) ambulatory, (3) acute, (4) subacute, (5) home health, (6) other related nonpatient care businesses, and (7) external collaborations. Theories on strategy and organizational configurations along with measures of scope and a novel dataset were used to classify 796 firms into five mutually exclusive groups. The bases for classification were two competitive dimensions of scope: (1) breadth of businesses and (2) mix of existing core businesses versus new noncore businesses. Data Extraction Methods Unit of analysis is the multibusiness health care firm. Sample consists of 796 firms, defined as nonprofit organizations that own two or more direct patient care businesses in two or more separate areas across the health care value chain. Firms were clustered into five mutually exclusive organizational configurations with unique scope characteristics revealing a new taxonomy of corporate strategies. Principal Findings Analysis of the scope variables revealed five strategic types (along with the number of firms and distinguishing features of each strategy) defined as follows: (1) Core Service Provider (340 firms with the smallest scope providing core set of patient care services), (2) Mission Based (52 firms with the next smallest scope offering core set of services to underserved populations), (3) Contractor (266 firms with medium scope and contracting with physician groups), (4) Health Plan Focus (83 firms with large scope and providing health plans), and (5) Entrepreneur (55 firms with the largest scope offering both a core set of services and investing in a variety of new noncore business opportunities including many for-profit ventures). Significant differences in financial performance among the strategies were found when controlling for payer reimbursement conditions. Specifically, in an unfavorable condition with high Medicaid and low commercial insurance, the Mission Based strategy performs significantly worse while the Entrepreneur strategy performs surprisingly well, in comparison with the other strategies. Conclusions Findings suggest: (a) scope can be used to classify a large number of multibusiness health care firms into a taxonomy representing a small group of distinct corporate strategies, which are recognizable by senior management in the health care industry, (b) no single strategy dominates in performance across different payer profiles, instead there appears to be complementarities or fit between strategy and payer profiles that determines which firms perform well and which do not under different conditions, and (c) senior management of nonprofit health care firms are cross-subsidizing unprofitable patient care through ownership of nonpatient care businesses including for-profit ventures. PMID:17610444

48 CFR 936.602-70 - DOE selection criteria.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... the firm and its principal members; (2) Experience and technical competence of the firm in comparable... organizations, consulting firms etc.) including key personnel and a competent supervising representative. (c...

48 CFR 936.602-70 - DOE selection criteria.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... the firm and its principal members; (2) Experience and technical competence of the firm in comparable... organizations, consulting firms etc.) including key personnel and a competent supervising representative. (c...

48 CFR 936.602-70 - DOE selection criteria.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... the firm and its principal members; (2) Experience and technical competence of the firm in comparable... organizations, consulting firms etc.) including key personnel and a competent supervising representative. (c...

48 CFR 936.602-70 - DOE selection criteria.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... the firm and its principal members; (2) Experience and technical competence of the firm in comparable... organizations, consulting firms etc.) including key personnel and a competent supervising representative. (c...

48 CFR 936.602-70 - DOE selection criteria.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... the firm and its principal members; (2) Experience and technical competence of the firm in comparable... organizations, consulting firms etc.) including key personnel and a competent supervising representative. (c...

48 CFR 819.7107 - Selection of Protégé firms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... SOCIOECONOMIC PROGRAMS SMALL BUSINESS PROGRAMS VA Mentor-Protégé Program 819.7107 Selection of Protégé firms. (a) Mentor firms will be solely responsible for selecting protégé firms. Mentors are encouraged to.... (b) Mentors may have multiple protégés. However, to preserve the integrity of the Program and assure...

Equal Opportunities and Vocational Training. In-firm Training and Career Prospects for Women in the Federal Republic of Germany. Summary.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hegelheimer, Barbara

A study examined the relationship between occupational advancement among women and their participation in the training offered at the enterprise level in West Germany. Women from four firms, a department store company, a large bank, a computer firm, and a public sector service undertaking, were studied. In all four firms, the internal recruitment…

Competition, Speculative Risks, and IT Security Outsourcing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cezar, Asunur; Cavusoglu, Huseyin; Raghunathan, Srinivasan

Information security management is becoming a more critical and, simultaneously, a challenging function for many firms. Even though many security managers are skeptical about outsourcing of IT security, others have cited reasons that are used for outsourcing of traditional IT functions for why security outsourcing is likely to increase. Our research offers a novel explanation, based on competitive externalities associated with IT security, for firms' decisions to outsource IT security. We show that if competitive externalities are ignored, then a firm will outsource security if and only if the MSSP offers a quality (or a cost) advantage over in-house operations, which is consistent with the traditional explanation for security outsourcing. However, a higher quality is neither a prerequisite nor a guarantee for a firm to outsource security. The competitive risk environment and the nature of the security function outsourced, in addition to quality, determine firms' outsourcing decisions. If the reward from the competitor's breach is higher than the loss from own breach, then even if the likelihood of a breach is higher under the MSSP the expected benefit from the competitive demand externality may offset the loss from the higher likelihood of breaches, resulting in one or both firms outsourcing security. The incentive to outsource security monitoring is higher than that of infrastructure management because the MSSP can reduce the likelihood of breach on both firms and thus enhance the demand externality effect. The incentive to outsource security monitoring (infrastructure management) is higher (lower) if either the likelihood of breach on both firms is lower (higher) when security is outsourced or the benefit (relative to loss) from the externality is higher (lower). The benefit from the demand externality arising out of a security breach is higher when more of the customers that leave the breached firm switch to the non-breached firm.

Declines in Employer-Sponsored Insurance between 2000 and 2008: Examining the Components of Coverage by Firm Size

PubMed Central

Vistnes, Jessica; Zawacki, Alice; Simon, Kosali; Taylor, Amy

2012-01-01

Objective To examine trends in employer-sponsored health insurance coverage rates and its associated components between 2000 and 2008, to provide a baseline for later evaluations of the Affordable Care Act, and to provide information to policy makers as they design the implementation details of the law. Data Sources Private sector employer data from the 2000, 2001, and 2008 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey-Insurance Component (MEPS-IC). Study Design We examine time trends in employer offer, eligibility, and take-up rates. We add a new dimension to the literature by examining dependent coverage and decomposing its trends. We investigate heterogeneity in trends by firm size. Data Collection The MEPS-IC is an annual survey, sponsored by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau. The MEPS-IC obtains information on establishment characteristics, whether an establishment offers health insurance, and details on up to four plans. Principal Findings We find that coverage rates for workers declined in both small and large firms. In small firms, coverage declined due to a drop in both offer and take-up rates. In the largest firms, offer rates were stable and the decline was due to falling take-up rates. In addition, enrollment shifted toward single coverage and away from dependent coverage in both small and large firms. For small firms, this shift was due to declining offer and take-up rates for dependent coverage. In large firms, offers of dependent coverage were stable but take-up rates dropped. Within the category of dependent coverage, the availability of employee-plus-one plans increased in all firm size categories, but take-up rates for these plans declined in small firms. PMID:22250730

Measuring firm size distribution with semi-nonparametric densities

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cortés, Lina M.; Mora-Valencia, Andrés; Perote, Javier

2017-11-01

In this article, we propose a new methodology based on a (log) semi-nonparametric (log-SNP) distribution that nests the lognormal and enables better fits in the upper tail of the distribution through the introduction of new parameters. We test the performance of the lognormal and log-SNP distributions capturing firm size, measured through a sample of US firms in 2004-2015. Taking different levels of aggregation by type of economic activity, our study shows that the log-SNP provides a better fit of the firm size distribution. We also formally introduce the multivariate log-SNP distribution, which encompasses the multivariate lognormal, to analyze the estimation of the joint distribution of the value of the firm's assets and sales. The results suggest that sales are a better firm size measure, as indicated by other studies in the literature.

Causal Relationships among Technology Acquisition, Absorptive Capacity, and Innovation Performance: Evidence from the Pharmaceutical Industry

PubMed Central

Jeon, Jieun; Hong, Suckchul; Ohm, Jay; Yang, Taeyong

2015-01-01

This paper discusses the importance of absorptive capacity in improving a firm’s innovation performance. Specifically, we examine firm interaction with the knowledge and capabilities of outside organizations and the effect on the firm’s bottom line. We use the impulse-response function of the vector auto-regressive model to gain insight into this relationship by estimating the time required for the effect of each activity level to reach outputs, the spillover effects. We apply this methodology to pharmaceutical firms, which we classify into two sub-groups – large firms and medium and small firms – based on sales. Our results show that the impact of an activity on any other activity is delayed by three years for large firms and by one to two years for small and medium firms. PMID:26181440

48 CFR 719.273-5 - Selection of Protégé firms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... (USAID) Mentor-Protégé Program 719.273-5 Selection of Protégé firms. (a) Mentor firms will be solely responsible for selecting Protégé firms. Mentors are encouraged to select from a broad base of small business.... (b) Mentors may have multiple Protégés. However, to preserve the integrity of the Program and assure...

Desirable role in a price-setting international mixed duopoly

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ferreira, Fernanda A.; Ferreira, Flávio

2011-12-01

In this paper, we study the order of moves in a mixed international duopoly for differentiated goods, where firms choose whether to set prices sequentially or simultaneously. We discuss the desirable role of the public firm by comparing welfare among three games. We find that, in the three possible roles, the domestic public firm put a lower price, and then produces more than the foreign private firm.

Proposals to Subsidize Health Insurance for the Unemployed

DTIC Science & Technology

1998-01-01

firms with 20 or more employees to continue offering health coverage to workers who separate from the firm. However, firms may charge former employees ...employment-based health plans must make continuation coverage available to former employees and covered family members. Sepated workers may continue COBRA... workers in firms of 20 or more employees who participate in an existing employer-sponsored health plan are eligible to continue coverage under COBRA

Optoelectronics-related competence building in Japanese and Western firms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Miyazaki, Kumiko

1992-05-01

In this paper, an analysis is made of how different firms in Japan and the West have developed competence related to optoelectronics on the basis of their previous experience and corporate strategies. The sample consists of a set of seven Japanese and four Western firms in the industrial, consumer electronics and materials sectors. Optoelectronics is divided into subfields including optical communications systems, optical fibers, optoelectronic key components, liquid crystal displays, optical disks, and others. The relative strengths and weaknesses of companies in the various subfields are determined using the INSPEC database, from 1976 to 1989. Parallel data are analyzed using OTAF U.S. patent statistics and the two sets of data are compared. The statistical analysis from the database is summarized for firms in each subfield in the form of an intra-firm technology index (IFTI), a new technique introduced to assess the revealed technology advantage of firms. The quantitative evaluation is complemented by results from intensive interviews with the management and scientists of the firms involved. The findings show that there is a marked variation in the way firms' technological trajectories have evolved giving rise to strength in some and weakness in other subfields for the different companies, which are related to their accumulated core competencies, previous core business activities, organizational, marketing, and competitive factors.

Essential tools of supply chain management.

PubMed

Buddress, L; Raedels, A

2000-08-01

At a recent conference, the keynote speaker provoked an incredulous response when he said, "Today, competition among individual firms is dead." He then went on to explain that today, competition is supply chain against supply chain. Whichever firm has the superior supply chain will win out in the marketplace. Given the global marketplace in which we all operate, most of us would agree that his statements are true. How does a firm establish a world-class supply base? What kinds of contracts and agreements are necessary to support the diverse requirements of today's firms? How should a firm select from among the available contract types? These are foundation questions for supply chain management.

Does contracting with owner operators lead to worse safety outcomes for US motor carriers? Evidence from the Motor Carrier Management Information System.

PubMed

Monaco, Kristen; Redmon, Brydey

2012-03-01

Using data from the Motor Carrier Management Information System, we model crashes as a function of firm characteristics, with a focus on the employment relationship. We find that very small firms (one driver, one truck) and firms that contract with owner operators have fewer crashes than employee-only companies, once other firm characteristics and exposure are controlled. Additionally, though very small firms are more likely to have severe crashes, we find no relationship between the share of owner operators and crash severity. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Putting a Face on the Issue: Corporate Stakeholder Mobilization in Professional Grassroots Lobbying Campaigns.

PubMed

Walker, Edward T

2012-12-01

Business scholars pay increasing attention to the expanded influence of stakeholders on firm strategies, legitimacy, and competitiveness. At the same time, analysts have noted that the transformed regulatory and legislative environments of recent decades have encouraged firms to become much more politically active. Surprisingly, relatively little research has tied together these two trends. The present study integrates perspectives on stakeholder management with research on corporate political activity to develop an understanding of the structural sources of stakeholder mobilization in professional grassroots lobbying campaigns. This study employs a unique, original data source to consider how the adoption of grassroots lobbying by a firm relates to its industry, degree of inside lobbying, partisan PAC contributions, and more. This research shows that corporate grassroots lobbying is shaped most significantly by a firm's degree of inside lobbying, as highly active firms take a diversified strategy for gaining influence. Firms in industries with a heavy public presence as well as those concerned with taxation, government appropriations, and economic development also adopt these strategies readily. PAC contributions to Republican, but not Democratic, candidates also heighten firms' propensity to lobby the public.

Environmental performance, profitability, asset utilization, debt monitoring and firm value

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bukit, R. Br; Haryanto, B.; Ginting, P.

2018-02-01

The growing issue on firm value shows that firm value is not only determined by the firm ability to increase financial profit, but also by the company's concern in maintaining the environmental condition. The industrial development produces waste that pollutes the environment that has potential to serious impact on the next life. In addition to provide financial benefits, companies are increasingly facing pressure to be socially responsible for the survival of the company. However, past findings demonstrate that the effect of environmental performance, profitability, and asset utilization to the firm’s value are still unclear. This study aims to test whether environmental performance, firm profitability and asset utilization can effectively enhance firm value in two different conditions: intensive debt monitoring and less intensive debt monitoring. Sample of companies is taken from the list of Indonesia Stock Exchange during the period of 2013 to 2015. Using multiple regression analysis, discloses that: in intensive monitoring, managers tend to have high firm value when company has high environmental performance and or high profitability and high asset utilization. Monitoring system needs to be intensified especially for companies with the above characteristics.

Investment decisions with the social and environmental impacts of new technology

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Evans, D.A.C.

1985-01-01

The purpose of this study was to analyze technology assessment from a finance point of view. Specifically, the study investigated the opinions of firms in the chemical, the computer, and the pharmaceutical industries on technology assessment and the practices they currently use. In addition, it examined the effect of these practices on the financial performances of the firms. Results indicated that the accountability of the firm is the primary explanation for (1) the firm's perceived feasibility of assessing the impacts of new technology, and (2) the firm's emphasis of those impacts in its investment decision. Technology assessment was seen asmore » beneficial because it helped to identify areas of financial and market exposure and to stay in legal compliance. The firms indicated a mistrust of the public and the government. The technology assessment methods used confirmed that assessment is performed as a defensive action. Firms establish the relative importance of their impacts based on the punishment they might face for neglecting them (e.g., government penalties). Likewise, the most selected method of identifying impacts (determining whether the technology will meet government regulation) displays defensiveness.« less

CRP for Pesticides - Testing Firms

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This list includes firms that have conducted tests or have indicated an interest in conducting tests on child-resistant packaging. This list is not intended to indicate EPA approval, certification, or endorsement of these firms, nor is it comprehensive..

13 CFR 124.1006 - Can SBA initiate a review of the SDB status of a firm claiming to be an SDB?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... SDB status of a firm claiming to be an SDB? 124.1006 Section 124.1006 Business Credit and Assistance... § 124.1006 Can SBA initiate a review of the SDB status of a firm claiming to be an SDB? SBA may initiate an SDB determination on any firm that has been certified to be an SDB by a procuring agency or that...

13 CFR 124.1006 - Can SBA initiate a review of the SDB status of a firm claiming to be an SDB?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... SDB status of a firm claiming to be an SDB? 124.1006 Section 124.1006 Business Credit and Assistance... § 124.1006 Can SBA initiate a review of the SDB status of a firm claiming to be an SDB? SBA may initiate an SDB determination on any firm that has been certified to be an SDB by a procuring agency or that...

13 CFR 124.1006 - Can SBA initiate a review of the SDB status of a firm claiming to be an SDB?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... SDB status of a firm claiming to be an SDB? 124.1006 Section 124.1006 Business Credit and Assistance... § 124.1006 Can SBA initiate a review of the SDB status of a firm claiming to be an SDB? SBA may initiate an SDB determination on any firm that has been certified to be an SDB by a procuring agency or that...

13 CFR 124.1006 - Can SBA initiate a review of the SDB status of a firm claiming to be an SDB?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... SDB status of a firm claiming to be an SDB? 124.1006 Section 124.1006 Business Credit and Assistance... § 124.1006 Can SBA initiate a review of the SDB status of a firm claiming to be an SDB? SBA may initiate an SDB determination on any firm that has been certified to be an SDB by a procuring agency or that...

13 CFR 124.1006 - Can SBA initiate a review of the SDB status of a firm claiming to be an SDB?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... SDB status of a firm claiming to be an SDB? 124.1006 Section 124.1006 Business Credit and Assistance... § 124.1006 Can SBA initiate a review of the SDB status of a firm claiming to be an SDB? SBA may initiate an SDB determination on any firm that has been certified to be an SDB by a procuring agency or that...

Price Analysis and the Effects of Competition.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-10-01

state of the market . For instance, is it possible that competition can squeeze a company to greater efficiency or lower profits in the short run, but...dual- source competition . The Stackelberg model recognizes two types of firm behavior. A firm may choose to be a leader and pursue a dominant market ...strate- gies in areas of potential competition . In this instance, the follower firm will serve that segment of the market that the leader firm cannot

A survey of manufacturers of solar thermal energy systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Levine, N.; Slonski, M. L.

1982-01-01

Sixty-seven firms that had received funding for development of solar thermal energy systems (STES) were surveyed. The effect of the solar thermal technology systems program in accelerating (STES) were assessed. The 54 firms still developing STES were grouped into a production typology comparing the three major technologies with three basic functions. It was discovered that large and small firms were developing primarily central receiver systems, but also typically worked on more than one technology. Most medium-sized firms worked only on distributed systems. Federal support of STES was perceived as necessary to allow producers to take otherwise unacceptable risks. Approximately half of the respondents would drop out of STES if support were terminated, including a disproportionate number of medium-sized firms. A differentiated view of the technology, taking into account differing firm sizes and the various stages of technology development, was suggested for policy and planning purposes.

A survey of manufacturers of solar thermal energy systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Levine, N.; Slonski, M. L.

1982-08-01

Sixty-seven firms that had received funding for development of solar thermal energy systems (STES) were surveyed. The effect of the solar thermal technology systems program in accelerating (STES) were assessed. The 54 firms still developing STES were grouped into a production typology comparing the three major technologies with three basic functions. It was discovered that large and small firms were developing primarily central receiver systems, but also typically worked on more than one technology. Most medium-sized firms worked only on distributed systems. Federal support of STES was perceived as necessary to allow producers to take otherwise unacceptable risks. Approximately half of the respondents would drop out of STES if support were terminated, including a disproportionate number of medium-sized firms. A differentiated view of the technology, taking into account differing firm sizes and the various stages of technology development, was suggested for policy and planning purposes.

Earnings Management before Rights Issues and the Subsequent Cash Transfer in Chinese Firms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tsai, Bi-Huei

2009-08-01

Unlike private enterprises in developed markets, political influence is profound upon Chinese state-dominated firms. Under this consideration, this paper demonstrates how political impact interferes in Chinese managers' decisions. State-assigned managers were found to deliberately transfer cash raised via rights issues from the public shareholders to the state by cash dividends in order to please Chinese politicians. Especially, to meet the regulatory requirement of rights issues, managers from firms which distributed more cash dividends in the same year of rights issues were more likely to inflate earnings before rights issues. The earnings inflation which managers use to boost firm's incomes is defined as "earnings management." Furthermore, the empirical results also exhibit that firm's close relationship with the state enables managers to obtain approvals of rights issues easily, which reduces the firm's earnings management tendency. The manager's incentives of earnings management is closely attributed to the political intervention.

Private and public cross-subsidization: financing Beijing's health-insurance reform.

PubMed

Wu, Ming; Xin, Ying; Wang, Huihui; Yu, Wei

2005-04-01

In 1998, the Chinese government proposed a universal health-insurance program for urban employees. However, this reform has been advancing slowly, primarily due to an unpractical financing policy. We surveyed over 2000 families and evaluated the financial impacts of Beijing's reform on public and private enterprises. We found that most state-owned enterprises provided effective health insurance, whereas most private firms did not; overall, 33% of employees had little or no coverage. On average, employees of private firms were healthier and earned more compared to public firms. Because the premium was proportional to income, private firms would pay more for insurance than the predicted health-care expense of their employees. International firms subsidize the most, contributing more than 60% of their insurance premiums to the employees of the public sector. Such an aggressive cross-subsidization policy is difficult to be accepted by private firms.

A Framework to Move Forward on the Path to Eco-innovation in the Construction Industry: Implications to Improve Firms' Sustainable Orientation.

PubMed

Segarra-Oña, María-del-Val; Peiró-Signes, Angel; Cervelló-Royo, Roberto

2015-12-01

This paper examines key aspects in the innovative behavior of the construction firms that determine their environmental orientation while innovating. Structural equation modeling was used and data of 222 firms retrieved from the Spanish Technological Innovation Panel (PITEC) for 2010 to analyse the drivers of environmental orientation of the construction firms during the innovation process. The results show that the environmental orientation is positively affected by the product and process orientation of construction firms during the innovation process. Furthermore, the positive relation between the importance of market information sources and environmental orientation, mediated by process and product orientation, is discussed. Finally, a model that explains these relations is proposed and validated. Results have important managerial implications for those companies worried about their eco-innovative focus as the types of actions and relations within firms most suitable for improving their eco-innovative orientation are highlighted.

Diversity of the lactic acid bacterium and yeast microbiota in the switch from firm- to liquid-sourdough fermentation.

PubMed

Di Cagno, Raffaella; Pontonio, Erica; Buchin, Solange; De Angelis, Maria; Lattanzi, Anna; Valerio, Francesca; Gobbetti, Marco; Calasso, Maria

2014-05-01

Four traditional type I sourdoughs were comparatively propagated (28 days) under firm (dough yield, 160) and liquid (dough yield, 280) conditions to mimic the alternative technology options frequently used for making baked goods. After 28 days of propagation, liquid sourdoughs had the lowest pH and total titratable acidity (TTA), the lowest concentrations of lactic and acetic acids and free amino acids, and the most stable density of presumptive lactic acid bacteria. The cell density of yeasts was the highest in liquid sourdoughs. Liquid sourdoughs showed simplified microbial diversity and harbored a low number of strains, which were persistent. Lactobacillus plantarum dominated firm sourdoughs over time. Leuconostoc lactis and Lactobacillus brevis dominated only some firm sourdoughs, and Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis persisted for some time only in some firm sourdoughs. Leuconostoc citreum persisted in all firm and liquid sourdoughs, and it was the only species detected in liquid sourdoughs at all times; it was flanked by Leuconostoc mesenteroides in some sourdoughs. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida humilis, Saccharomyces servazzii, Saccharomyces bayanus-Kazachstania sp., and Torulaspora delbrueckii were variously identified in firm and liquid sourdoughs. A total of 197 volatile components were identified through purge and trap-/solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (PT-/SPME-GC-MS). Aldehydes, several alcohols, and some esters were at the highest levels in liquid sourdoughs. Firm sourdoughs mainly contained ethyl acetate, acetic acid, some sulfur compounds, and terpenes. The use of liquid fermentation would change the main microbial and biochemical features of traditional baked goods, which have been manufactured under firm conditions for a long time.

Diversity of the Lactic Acid Bacterium and Yeast Microbiota in the Switch from Firm- to Liquid-Sourdough Fermentation

PubMed Central

Di Cagno, Raffaella; Pontonio, Erica; Buchin, Solange; De Angelis, Maria; Lattanzi, Anna; Valerio, Francesca; Calasso, Maria

2014-01-01

Four traditional type I sourdoughs were comparatively propagated (28 days) under firm (dough yield, 160) and liquid (dough yield, 280) conditions to mimic the alternative technology options frequently used for making baked goods. After 28 days of propagation, liquid sourdoughs had the lowest pH and total titratable acidity (TTA), the lowest concentrations of lactic and acetic acids and free amino acids, and the most stable density of presumptive lactic acid bacteria. The cell density of yeasts was the highest in liquid sourdoughs. Liquid sourdoughs showed simplified microbial diversity and harbored a low number of strains, which were persistent. Lactobacillus plantarum dominated firm sourdoughs over time. Leuconostoc lactis and Lactobacillus brevis dominated only some firm sourdoughs, and Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis persisted for some time only in some firm sourdoughs. Leuconostoc citreum persisted in all firm and liquid sourdoughs, and it was the only species detected in liquid sourdoughs at all times; it was flanked by Leuconostoc mesenteroides in some sourdoughs. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida humilis, Saccharomyces servazzii, Saccharomyces bayanus-Kazachstania sp., and Torulaspora delbrueckii were variously identified in firm and liquid sourdoughs. A total of 197 volatile components were identified through purge and trap–/solid-phase microextraction–gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (PT–/SPME–GC-MS). Aldehydes, several alcohols, and some esters were at the highest levels in liquid sourdoughs. Firm sourdoughs mainly contained ethyl acetate, acetic acid, some sulfur compounds, and terpenes. The use of liquid fermentation would change the main microbial and biochemical features of traditional baked goods, which have been manufactured under firm conditions for a long time. PMID:24632249

A Contingency View of the Strategies of Sustainable Development and Disclosure: Study of ENR's Top 10 Contractors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ho, Shih Ping; Yu, Chong Yang; Hsu, Yaowen

2017-04-01

More and more international firms in the A/E/C (Architecture/Engineering/ Construction) industries voluntarily invest in sustainable development and disclose their efforts publicly. Especially, the sustainable development efforts of the firms in Construction industry draw more attentions from the public, compared to that in A/E industries. There are various reporting systems in practice for reporting the performance of a firm's development on sustainability. The most well known reporting systems include Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), United Nations Global Compact (UNGC), and the AA1000 Accountability Principal Standards. However, most of these reporting systems are very complicated in terms of the performance indices and the categories and subcategories of these indices. It is impossible and also unnecessary for a firm to be evaluated on all the indices. However, it is also not clear on what indices are more important for a firm than other indices and why. The more fundamental questions are "what sustainable development efforts contribute more to a particular firm's competitive advantages and why?" In this research, we studied the world's top 10 contractors in ENR (Engineering News Records). We analyzed how these contractors disclose their efforts and performance in sustainable development and, most importantly, why. Lastly, based on the insights obtained from the analysis, we developed a contingency view of sustainable development and disclosure strategies. This strategic framework can be further examined from the perspective of firms' competitive advantages and give implications to how a firm's top managers should implement the firm's sustainable development program.

48 CFR 219.7104 - Developmental assistance costs eligible for reimbursement or credit.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

..., the mentor firm must incur the costs before October 1, 2013. (c) If the mentor firm is suspended or... suspension or debarment. (d) Developmental assistance costs incurred by a mentor firm before October 1, 2013...

48 CFR 219.7104 - Developmental assistance costs eligible for reimbursement or credit.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

..., the mentor firm must incur the costs before October 1, 2018. (c) If the mentor firm is suspended or... suspension or debarment. (d) Developmental assistance costs incurred by a mentor firm before October 1, 2018...

48 CFR 219.7104 - Developmental assistance costs eligible for reimbursement or credit.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

..., the mentor firm must incur the costs before October 1, 2018. (c) If the mentor firm is suspended or... suspension or debarment. (d) Developmental assistance costs incurred by a mentor firm before October 1, 2018...

48 CFR 219.7104 - Developmental assistance costs eligible for reimbursement or credit.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

..., the mentor firm must incur the costs before October 1, 2018. (c) If the mentor firm is suspended or... suspension or debarment. (d) Developmental assistance costs incurred by a mentor firm before October 1, 2018...

10 CFR 600.236 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business enterprises, and... qualified small and minority businesses and women's business enterprises on solicitation lists; (ii...

29 CFR 97.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... and minority firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business...) Placing qualified small and minority businesses and women's business enterprises on solicitation lists...

Objectives of the Airline Firm: Theory

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kneafsey, J. T.

1972-01-01

Theoretical models are formulated for airline firm operations that revolve around alternative formulations of managerial goals which these firms are persuing in practice. Consideration is given to the different objective functions which the companies are following in lieu of profit maximization.

24 CFR 84.44 - Procurement procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... encourage and facilitate participation by small businesses, minority-owned firms, and women's business...-owned firms, and women's business enterprises, whenever possible. Recipients of Federal awards shall... firms, and women's business enterprises are used to the fullest extent practicable. (2) Make information...

Air Quality Co-benefits of Energy Policy in China: Evidence from Iron & Steel and Cement Industries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Qiu, M.; Weng, Y.; Selin, N. E.; Karplus, V. J.; Cao, J.

2017-12-01

Previous literature has calculated large air quality co-benefits from policies that reduce CO2 emissions and increase energy efficiency. These (often prospective) studies rely on assumptions about how air pollutant emissions respond to energy use changes. Using a unique firm-level data set from China, we examine how a real-world energy efficiency policy affected SO2 emissions, estimate its actual effects on atmospheric PM2.5, and compare to ex ante theoretical estimates. During the 11th Five-year plan (2006-2010), the Chinese government implemented policies directing large energy-consuming firms to reduce their energy consumption per unit of economic output. The Top 1000 Enterprises Program (T1000P) set binding energy intensity targets for China's 1000 highest energy-consuming firms. This program is widely considered a policy success, as 92% of firms met their energy intensity target. Focusing on the cement and iron and steel industry, we examine how T1000P (and related provincial policies) affected firms' SO2 emissions and coal consumption from 2005 to 2008. By comparing T1000P firms with similar firms not subject to the policy, we find that T1000P had a very limited incremental effect on energy use or on air quality co-benefits. Compared to firms not subject to the policy, T1000P firms had 14.7% (cement) and 24.0% (iron & steel) lower reductions in SO2 emission per unit energy use. We also observe large, heterogeneous changes in emission factors (defined as SO2 emissions per unit of coal consumption) among all firms during this period. In comparison to co-benefits estimates that assume constant emission factors, SO2 emissions from T1000P firms in the post-policy period are 23.2% (iron and steel) and 40.2% (cement) lower, but spatially heterogeneous, with some regions experiencing increases. Using the GEOS-Chem model, we estimate the air quality co-benefits of the T1000P policy with realized SO2 emissions changes and compare them with two theoretical estimations of co-benefits: one assuming that emission factors stay the same, and one in which emissions factors decline exponentially with time. We conclude that heterogeneous technology and behavioral responses of covered firms can significantly affect the real-world air quality co-benefits of energy intensity policies delivered by a fixed policy design.

The impacts of different expansion modes on performance of small solar energy firms: perspectives of absorptive capacity.

PubMed

Chen, Hsing Hung; Shen, Tao; Xu, Xin-Long; Ma, Chao

2013-01-01

The characteristics of firm's expansion by differentiated products and diversified products are quite different. However, the study employing absorptive capacity to examine the impacts of different modes of expansion on performance of small solar energy firms has never been discussed before. Then, a conceptual model to analyze the tension between strategies and corporate performance is proposed to filling the vacancy. After practical investigation, the results show that stronger organizational institutions help small solar energy firms expanded by differentiated products increase consistency between strategies and corporate performance; oppositely, stronger working attitudes with weak management controls help small solar energy firms expanded by diversified products reduce variance between strategies and corporate performance.

Appearance of Unstable Monopoly State Caused by Selective and Concentrative Mergers in Business Networks.

PubMed

Goto, Hayato; Viegas, Eduardo; Jensen, Henrik Jeldtoft; Takayasu, Hideki; Takayasu, Misako

2017-07-11

Recently, growth mechanism of firms in complex business networks became new targets of scientific study owing to increasing availability of high quality business firms' data. Here, we paid attention to comprehensive data of M&A events for 40 years and derived empirical laws by applying methods and concepts of aggregation dynamics of aerosol physics. It is found that the probability of merger between bigger firms is bigger than that between smaller ones, and such tendency is enhancing year by year. We introduced a numerical model simulating the whole ecosystem of firms and showed that the system is already in an unstable monopoly state in which growth of middle sized firms are suppressed.

Bank-firm credit network in Japan: an analysis of a bipartite network.

PubMed

Marotta, Luca; Miccichè, Salvatore; Fujiwara, Yoshi; Iyetomi, Hiroshi; Aoyama, Hideaki; Gallegati, Mauro; Mantegna, Rosario N

2015-01-01

We investigate the networked nature of the Japanese credit market. Our investigation is performed with tools of network science. In our investigation we perform community detection with an algorithm which is identifying communities composed of both banks and firms. We show that the communities obtained by directly working on the bipartite network carry information about the networked nature of the Japanese credit market. Our analysis is performed for each calendar year during the time period from 1980 to 2011. To investigate the time evolution of the networked structure of the credit market we introduce a new statistical method to track the time evolution of detected communities. We then characterize the time evolution of communities by detecting for each time evolving set of communities the over-expression of attributes of firms and banks. Specifically, we consider as attributes the economic sector and the geographical location of firms and the type of banks. In our 32-year-long analysis we detect a persistence of the over-expression of attributes of communities of banks and firms together with a slow dynamic of changes from some specific attributes to new ones. Our empirical observations show that the credit market in Japan is a networked market where the type of banks, geographical location of firms and banks, and economic sector of the firm play a role in shaping the credit relationships between banks and firms.

Bank-Firm Credit Network in Japan: An Analysis of a Bipartite Network

PubMed Central

Marotta, Luca; Miccichè, Salvatore; Fujiwara, Yoshi; Iyetomi, Hiroshi; Aoyama, Hideaki; Gallegati, Mauro; Mantegna, Rosario N.

2015-01-01

We investigate the networked nature of the Japanese credit market. Our investigation is performed with tools of network science. In our investigation we perform community detection with an algorithm which is identifying communities composed of both banks and firms. We show that the communities obtained by directly working on the bipartite network carry information about the networked nature of the Japanese credit market. Our analysis is performed for each calendar year during the time period from 1980 to 2011. To investigate the time evolution of the networked structure of the credit market we introduce a new statistical method to track the time evolution of detected communities. We then characterize the time evolution of communities by detecting for each time evolving set of communities the over-expression of attributes of firms and banks. Specifically, we consider as attributes the economic sector and the geographical location of firms and the type of banks. In our 32-year-long analysis we detect a persistence of the over-expression of attributes of communities of banks and firms together with a slow dynamic of changes from some specific attributes to new ones. Our empirical observations show that the credit market in Japan is a networked market where the type of banks, geographical location of firms and banks, and economic sector of the firm play a role in shaping the credit relationships between banks and firms. PMID:25933413

Microsimulation of household and firm behaviors: anticipation of greenhouse gas emissions for Austin, Texas.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2009-05-01

Anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be attributed to household and firm travel and : building decisions. This study demonstrates the development and application of a microsimulation model : for household and firm evolution and location c...

48 CFR 2936.209 - Construction contracts with architect-engineer firms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... with architect-engineer firms. 2936.209 Section 2936.209 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF LABOR GENERAL CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS CONSTRUCTION AND ARCHITECT-ENGINEER CONTRACTS Special Aspects of Contracting for Construction 2936.209 Construction contracts with architect-engineer firms. As...

48 CFR 2936.209 - Construction contracts with architect-engineer firms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... with architect-engineer firms. 2936.209 Section 2936.209 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF LABOR GENERAL CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS CONSTRUCTION AND ARCHITECT-ENGINEER CONTRACTS Special Aspects of Contracting for Construction 2936.209 Construction contracts with architect-engineer firms. As...

48 CFR 1536.209 - Construction contracts with architect-engineer firms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... architect-engineer firms. 1536.209 Section 1536.209 Federal Acquisition Regulations System ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY SPECIAL CATEGORIES OF CONTRACTING CONSTRUCTION AND ARCHITECT-ENGINEER CONTRACTS Special Aspects of Contracting for Construction 1536.209 Construction contracts with architect-engineer firms. (a...

48 CFR 2936.209 - Construction contracts with architect-engineer firms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... with architect-engineer firms. 2936.209 Section 2936.209 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF LABOR GENERAL CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS CONSTRUCTION AND ARCHITECT-ENGINEER CONTRACTS Special Aspects of Contracting for Construction 2936.209 Construction contracts with architect-engineer firms. As...

48 CFR 2936.209 - Construction contracts with architect-engineer firms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... with architect-engineer firms. 2936.209 Section 2936.209 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF LABOR GENERAL CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS CONSTRUCTION AND ARCHITECT-ENGINEER CONTRACTS Special Aspects of Contracting for Construction 2936.209 Construction contracts with architect-engineer firms. As...

15 CFR 2007.1 - Information required of interested parties in submitting requests for modifications in the last...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

...) Profitability of firm on firms producing the like product, if possible show profit data by product line; (8... including materials, labor and overhead; (10) Profitability of firms producing the product; (11) Information...

15 CFR 2007.1 - Information required of interested parties in submitting requests for modifications in the last...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

...) Profitability of firm on firms producing the like product, if possible show profit data by product line; (8... including materials, labor and overhead; (10) Profitability of firms producing the product; (11) Information...

15 CFR 2007.1 - Information required of interested parties in submitting requests for modifications in the last...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

...) Profitability of firm on firms producing the like product, if possible show profit data by product line; (8... including materials, labor and overhead; (10) Profitability of firms producing the product; (11) Information...

22 CFR 135.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... resources. (9) Grantees and subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history... firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business enterprises, and...

13 CFR 143.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... resources. (9) Grantees and subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history... firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business enterprises, and...

41 CFR 105-71.136 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... resources. (9) Grantees and subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history... firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business enterprises, and...

10 CFR 600.236 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... resources. (9) Grantees and subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history... firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business enterprises, and...

49 CFR 18.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... resources. (9) Grantees and subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history... firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business enterprises, and...

29 CFR 97.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records... and minority firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business...

49 CFR 18.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... resources. (9) Grantees and subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history... firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business enterprises, and...

44 CFR 13.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records... and minority firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business...

44 CFR 13.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records... and minority firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business...

13 CFR 143.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... resources. (9) Grantees and subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history... firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business enterprises, and...

22 CFR 135.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... resources. (9) Grantees and subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history... firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business enterprises, and...

45 CFR 1174.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... resources. (9) Grantees and subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history... firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business enterprises, and...

22 CFR 135.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... resources. (9) Grantees and subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history... firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business enterprises, and...

24 CFR 85.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records... and minority firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business...

10 CFR 600.236 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... resources. (9) Grantees and subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history... firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business enterprises, and...

41 CFR 105-71.136 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... resources. (9) Grantees and subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history... firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business enterprises, and...

45 CFR 1174.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... resources. (9) Grantees and subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history... firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business enterprises, and...

13 CFR 143.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... resources. (9) Grantees and subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history... firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business enterprises, and...

45 CFR 1157.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... resources. (9) Grantees and subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history... firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business enterprises, and...

20 CFR 437.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... resources. (9) Grantees and subgrantees must maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history... section. (e) Contracting with small and minority firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area... firms, women's business enterprises, and labor surplus area firms are used when possible. (2...

28 CFR 66.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... resources. (9) Grantees and subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history... firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business enterprises, and...

21 CFR 1403.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... resources. (9) Grantees and subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history... firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business enterprises, and...

44 CFR 13.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records... and minority firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business...

29 CFR 97.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records... and minority firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business...

45 CFR 602.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... resources. (9) Grantees and subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history... firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business enterprises, and...

41 CFR 105-71.136 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... resources. (9) Grantees and subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history... firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business enterprises, and...

21 CFR 1403.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... resources. (9) Grantees and subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history... firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business enterprises, and...

20 CFR 437.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... resources. (9) Grantees and subgrantees must maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history... section. (e) Contracting with small and minority firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area... firms, women's business enterprises, and labor surplus area firms are used when possible. (2...

45 CFR 1157.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... resources. (9) Grantees and subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history... firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business enterprises, and...

45 CFR 1183.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... resources. (9) Grantees and subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history... firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business enterprises, and...

45 CFR 602.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... resources. (9) Grantees and subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history... firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business enterprises, and...

45 CFR 602.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... resources. (9) Grantees and subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history... firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business enterprises, and...

28 CFR 66.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... resources. (9) Grantees and subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history... firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business enterprises, and...

13 CFR 143.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... resources. (9) Grantees and subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history... firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business enterprises, and...

28 CFR 66.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... resources. (9) Grantees and subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history... firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business enterprises, and...

45 CFR 1183.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... resources. (9) Grantees and subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history... firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business enterprises, and...

45 CFR 1174.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... resources. (9) Grantees and subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history... firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business enterprises, and...

45 CFR 1157.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... resources. (9) Grantees and subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history... firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business enterprises, and...

21 CFR 1403.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... resources. (9) Grantees and subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history... firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business enterprises, and...

24 CFR 85.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records... and minority firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business...

45 CFR 1174.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... resources. (9) Grantees and subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history... firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business enterprises, and...

22 CFR 135.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... resources. (9) Grantees and subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history... firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business enterprises, and...

45 CFR 1183.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... resources. (9) Grantees and subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history... firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business enterprises, and...

41 CFR 105-71.136 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... resources. (9) Grantees and subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history... firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business enterprises, and...

44 CFR 13.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records... and minority firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business...

24 CFR 85.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records... and minority firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business...

10 CFR 600.236 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... resources. (9) Grantees and subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history... firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business enterprises, and...

49 CFR 18.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... resources. (9) Grantees and subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history... firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business enterprises, and...

20 CFR 437.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... resources. (9) Grantees and subgrantees must maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history... section. (e) Contracting with small and minority firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area... firms, women's business enterprises, and labor surplus area firms are used when possible. (2...

24 CFR 85.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records... and minority firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business...

28 CFR 66.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... resources. (9) Grantees and subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history... firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business enterprises, and...

29 CFR 97.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records... and minority firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business...

20 CFR 437.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... resources. (9) Grantees and subgrantees must maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history... section. (e) Contracting with small and minority firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area... firms, women's business enterprises, and labor surplus area firms are used when possible. (2...

45 CFR 1157.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... resources. (9) Grantees and subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history... firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business enterprises, and...

21 CFR 1403.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... resources. (9) Grantees and subgrantees will maintain records sufficient to detail the significant history... firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business enterprises, and...

41 CFR 105-72.504 - Procurement procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...-owned firms, and women's business enterprises, whenever possible. Recipients of Federal awards shall... firms, and women's business enterprises are used to the fullest extent practicable. (2) Make information... subcontract with small businesses, minority-owned firms, and women's business enterprises. (4) Encourage...

34 CFR 74.44 - Procurement procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... made by recipients to utilize small businesses, minority-owned firms, and women's business enterprises...: (1) Ensure that small businesses, minority-owned firms, and women's business enterprises are used to... businesses, minority-owned firms, and women's business enterprises. (3) Consider in the contract process...

Providing accurate near real-time fire alerts for Protected Areas through NASA FIRMS: Opportunities and Challenges

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ilavajhala, S.; Davies, D.; Schmaltz, J. E.; Wong, M.; Murphy, K. J.

2013-12-01

The NASA Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS) is at the forefront of providing global near real-time (NRT) MODIS thermal anomalies / hotspot location data to end-users . FIRMS serves the data via an interactive Web GIS named Web Fire Mapper, downloads of NRT active fire, archive data downloads for MODIS hotspots dating back to 1999 and a hotspot email alert system The FIRMS Email Alerts system has been successfully alerting users of fires in their area of interest in near real-time and/or via daily and weekly email summaries, with an option to receive MODIS hotspot data as a text file (CSV) attachment. Currently, there are more than 7000 email alert subscriptions from more than 100 countries. Specifically, the email alerts system is designed to generate and send an email alert for any region or area on the globe, with a special focus on providing alerts for protected areas worldwide. For many protected areas, email alerts are particularly useful for early fire detection, monitoring on going fires, as well as allocating resources to protect wildlife and natural resources of particular value. For protected areas, FIRMS uses the World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA) supplied by United Nations Environment Program - World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). Maintaining the most up-to-date, accurate boundary geometry for the protected areas for the email alerts is a challenge as the WDPA is continuously updated due to changing boundaries, merging or delisting of certain protected areas. Because of this dynamic nature of the protected areas database, the FIRMS protected areas database is frequently out-of-date with the most current version of WDPA database. To maintain the most up-to-date boundary information for protected areas and to be in compliance with the WDPA terms and conditions, FIRMS needs to constantly update its database of protected areas. Currently, FIRMS strives to keep its database up to date by downloading the most recent WDPA database at regular intervals, processing it, and ingesting it into the FIRMS spatial database. However, due to the large size of database, the process to download, process and ingest the database is quite time consuming. The FIRMS team is currently working on developing a method to update the protected areas database via web at regular intervals or on-demand. Using such a solution, FIRMS will be able access the most up-to-date extents of any protected area and the corresponding spatial geometries in real time. As such, FIRMS can utilize such a service to access the protected areas and their associated geometries to keep users' protected area boundaries in sync with those of the most recent WDPA database, and thus serve a more accurate email alert to the users. Furthermore, any client accessing the WDPA protected areas database could potentially use the solution of real-time access to the protected areas database. This talk primarily focuses on the challenges for FIRMS in sending accurate email alerts for protected areas, along with the solution the FIRMS team is developing. This talk also introduces the FIRMS fire information system and its components, with a special emphasis on the FIRMS email alerts system.

Analyses of direct and indirect impacts of a positive list system on pharmaceutical R&D investments.

PubMed

Han, Euna; Kim, Tae Hyun; Jeung, Myung Jin; Lee, Eui-Kyung

2013-07-01

The South Korean government recently enacted a Positive List System (PLS) as a major change of the national formulary listing system and reimbursed prices for pharmaceutical products. Regardless of the primary goal of the PLS, its implementation might have spillover effects by influencing the pharmaceutical industry's research and development (R&D), potentially leading to a variety of responses by firms in relation to their R&D activities. We investigated the spillover effect of the PLS on R&D investments of the pharmaceutical industry in Korea through both direct and indirect channels, examining the influence of the PLS on sales profit and cash flow. Data from 9 years (5 before and 4 after PLS implementation) were drawn from the financial statements of firms whose stocks were exchanged in 2 official stock markets in Korea (526 firms) and additional pharmaceutical firms whose financial performance was officially audited by external reviewers (263 firms). Longitudinal analyses were conducted, using the panel nature of the data to control for permanent unobserved firm heterogeneity. Our results showed that the PLS was directly associated with R&D investments. In contrast, its indirect impacts stemming from the influence on sales profit and cash flow were minimal and statistically nonsignificant. The gross impact of the PLS on R&D investments increased moving further from the enactment year; R&D investments were reduced by 18.3% to 25.8% in 2009-2010 (compared with before PLS implementation) in the firm fixed-effects model. We also found that such negative direct and gross impacts of the PLS on R&D investments were significant only in firms without newly developed chemical entities. Considering the gross negative impact of the PLS on R&D investments of pharmaceutical firms and the heterogeneous response of these firms by the R&D activities, governmental efforts of cost-containment may need to consider the spillover impact of the PLS on pharmaceutical innovation. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier HS Journals, Inc. All rights reserved.

Social firms: a means for building employment skills and community integration.

PubMed

Lysaght, Rosemary; Jakobsen, Klara; Granhaug, Birgit

2012-01-01

Social firms are widely used in Europe as a means of affirmatively creating employment opportunities and training for employment challenged groups. These commercial businesses produce, market and sell goods and services to the public while providing opportunities for productive engagement, increased incomes, and social integration for their employees. This article presents a case study of a Norwegian social firm that was created to improve employment and functional outcomes for workers with mental health disabilities and addictions. The case illustrates one model of social firm, and is used as the foundation for discussion of the relative contributions of social firms to employment outcomes for people who are marginalized in the labour market. The social firm represented a major change in philosophy and operations for mental health service provision in the local municipality. Numbers of individuals served increased dramatically, and changes were observed in the extent and nature of participant daily involvement, and in outcomes achieved. This model brings participants into contact with the public, and has served to break down barriers and reduce stigma. Social firms represent a viable alternative for creating employment options and training and for enhancing social integration of people with mental health disabilities.

The Dilemma of Service Productivity and Service Innovation: An Empirical Exploration in Financial Services.

PubMed

Aspara, Jaakko; Klein, Jan F; Luo, Xueming; Tikkanen, Henrikki

2018-05-01

We conduct a systematic exploratory investigation of the effects of firms' existing service productivity on the success of their new service innovations. Although previous research extensively addresses service productivity and service innovation, this is the first empirical study that bridges the gap between these two research streams and examines the links between the two concepts. Based on a comprehensive data set of new service introductions in a financial services market over a 14-year period, we empirically explore the relationship between a firm's existing service productivity and the firm's success in introducing new services to the market. The results unveil a fundamental service productivity-service innovation dilemma: Being productive in existing services increases a firm's willingness to innovate new services proactively but decreases the firm's capabilities of bringing these services to the market successfully. We provide specific insights into the mechanism underlying the complex relationship between a firm's productivity in existing services, its innovation proactivity, and its service innovation success. For managers, we not only unpack and elucidate this dilemma but also demonstrate that a focused customer scope and growth market conditions may enable firms to mitigate the dilemma and successfully pursue service productivity and service innovation simultaneously.

Analysis Influence of Managerial Competence, Technical Competence, and Strategic Competence on Firm Performance in Electrical Engineering Company in Bandung

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wijaya, E. R.; Irianto, D.

2018-03-01

The industry sectors that have an important role in the era of globalization is the electro engineering sector. The era of globalization led to intense competition. One of the negative effects of the intense competition is declining profits. Drop in profits caused many firms reduces their employees without seeking the root cause of declining profits in detail. Whereas, employee is the important resources to maintain competitive advantage. Competitive advantage can be measured by the performance of which is owned by the firm. The firm's performance can be formed of competencies that is unique, rare, irreplaceable, and difficult to imitate within the firm, one of them is the competence of the individual. According to a competency-based approach and the resource- based approach, individual competence that affect the performance of the firm is managerial competence, technical competence, and strategic competence. Questionnaire is built based on the dimensions of the firm's performance, managerial competence, technical competence, and strategic competence, are processed using partial least squares application. The results indicate that managerial competence negatively impact firm’s performance with weak ties. The technical competence and strategic competence positively affect firm’s performance with moderate ties.

The clinical profile of employees with mental health problems working in social firms in the UK.

PubMed

Milton, Alyssa; Parsons, Nicholas; Morant, Nicola; Gilbert, Eleanor; Johnson, Sonia; Fisher, Adrian; Singh, Swaran; Cunliffe, Di; Marwaha, Steven

2015-08-01

UK social firms are under-researched but are a potentially important vocational option for people with mental health problems. To describe the clinical profile, satisfaction levels and experiences of social firms employees with mental health problems. Clinical, work and service use characteristics were collected from social firms' employees with mental health problems in England and Wales. Workplace experience and satisfaction were explored qualitatively. Predominantly, social firms' employees (N = 80) report that they have a diagnosis of depression (56%) and anxiety (41%). People with schizophrenia (20%) or bipolar disorder (5%) were a minority. Respondents had low symptom and disability levels, high quality of life and job satisfaction and experienced reductions in secondary mental health service use over time. High-workplace satisfaction was related to flexibility, manager and colleague support and workplace accommodations. The clinical profile, quality of life and job satisfaction level of employees with mental health problems suggest social firms could be a useful addition to UK vocational services for some people. Current employees mainly have common mental disorders, and social firms will need to shift their focus if they are to form a substantial pathway for the vocational recovery of people currently using community mental health teams.

Quantification of the evolution of firm size distributions due to mergers and acquisitions.

PubMed

Lera, Sandro Claudio; Sornette, Didier

2017-01-01

The distribution of firm sizes is known to be heavy tailed. In order to account for this stylized fact, previous economic models have focused mainly on growth through investments in a company's own operations (internal growth). Thereby, the impact of mergers and acquisitions (M&A) on the firm size (external growth) is often not taken into consideration, notwithstanding its potential large impact. In this article, we make a first step into accounting for M&A. Specifically, we describe the effect of mergers and acquisitions on the firm size distribution in terms of an integro-differential equation. This equation is subsequently solved both analytically and numerically for various initial conditions, which allows us to account for different observations of previous empirical studies. In particular, it rationalises shortcomings of past work by quantifying that mergers and acquisitions develop a significant influence on the firm size distribution only over time scales much longer than a few decades. This explains why M&A has apparently little impact on the firm size distributions in existing data sets. Our approach is very flexible and can be extended to account for other sources of external growth, thus contributing towards a holistic understanding of the distribution of firm sizes.

Evolutionary model of the growth and size of firms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kaldasch, Joachim

2012-07-01

The key idea of this model is that firms are the result of an evolutionary process. Based on demand and supply considerations the evolutionary model presented here derives explicitly Gibrat's law of proportionate effects as the result of the competition between products. Applying a preferential attachment mechanism for firms, the theory allows to establish the size distribution of products and firms. Also established are the growth rate and price distribution of consumer goods. Taking into account the characteristic property of human activities to occur in bursts, the model allows also an explanation of the size-variance relationship of the growth rate distribution of products and firms. Further the product life cycle, the learning (experience) curve and the market size in terms of the mean number of firms that can survive in a market are derived. The model also suggests the existence of an invariant of a market as the ratio of total profit to total revenue. The relationship between a neo-classic and an evolutionary view of a market is discussed. The comparison with empirical investigations suggests that the theory is able to describe the main stylized facts concerning the size and growth of firms.

Hunting for a headhunter. How to select a physician search firm.

PubMed

Walker, R

1989-05-01

Many healthcare facilities in search of a physician are bombarded with offers from physician search firms to drum up potential candidates. Determining which firm has the right stuff for the job takes considerable time and skill. More than 60 companies belong to the National Association of Physician Recruiters, and their methods, policies, and results may vary widely. Administrators can begin getting basic information by contacting firms and requesting written material. During the initial telephone call, the administrator in charge of the search should speak with a consultant or principal of the firm (whoever would be doing the search) and find out what experience that person has had with searches for facilities in similar geographical areas, his or her success in placing physicians who specialize in the specialty needed, how many searches the consultant undertakes at one time, whether the firm guarantees its services, and an outline of its fee structure. After evaluating written material, the administrator should choose two or three search firms to make personal presentations. These presentations should follow a logical sequence and include statistics, completion times, ratios, and specific deadlines for various parts of the search process.

Five years after the Metric Conversion Act, where do we stand? Survey of large US manufacturing and mining firms (the Fortune Magazine 1000)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

1980-12-01

A mail survey of randomly chosen 202 of the 1000 largest manufacturing and mining firms, as listed by Fortune magazine, was conducted in late 1979 and early 1980. About 64 percent (112 firms) responded with useful data. This Executive Summary draws on the full report (U.S. Metric Board 1979 Survey of Selected Large U.S. Firms and Industries, Lisa King, King Research, Inc., May 1980; AD-A-091-618) and provides an overview of the study's findings. Some selected findings are: (1) about 30 percent of the large firms produce at least one hard metric product; (2) about 48 percent of foreign sales are of metric products; (3) little corporate coordination and planning seems to accompany conversion to the metric system; (4) about one-third of the firms see laws and regulations as impeding conversion; (5) over 50 percent see lack of customers demand as inhibiting conversion; (6) the most realistic time period for conversion is 10 years, the minimum time for conversion (under pressure) is three years, and the preferred time (at the firm's own pace) is eight years.

40 CFR 280.92 - Definition of terms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... financial assurances. Petroleum marketing facilities include all facilities at which petroleum is produced... marketers or to the public. Petroleum marketing firms are all firms owning petroleum marketing facilities. Firms owning other types of facilities with USTs as well as petroleum marketing facilities are...

75 FR 56061 - Notice of Petitions by Firms for Determination of Eligibility To Apply for Trade Adjustment...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-15

... Avenue, 8/31/2010 The firm manufactures hydraulic, air over Jackson, MI 49203. oil and pneumatic presses..., cylinders, valves, servo controls, and fittings. Fiber-Line, Inc 3050 Campus Drive 9/7/2010 The firm...

48 CFR 36.209 - Construction contracts with architect-engineer firms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... with architect-engineer firms. 36.209 Section 36.209 Federal Acquisition Regulations System FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION SPECIAL CATEGORIES OF CONTRACTING CONSTRUCTION AND ARCHITECT-ENGINEER CONTRACTS Special Aspects of Contracting for Construction 36.209 Construction contracts with architect-engineer firms. No...

48 CFR 636.209 - Construction contracts with architect-engineer firms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... with architect-engineer firms. 636.209 Section 636.209 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF STATE SPECIAL CATEGORIES OF CONTRACTING CONSTRUCTION AND ARCHITECT-ENGINEER CONTRACTS Special Aspects of Contracting for Construction 636.209 Construction contracts with architect-engineer firms. The...

48 CFR 636.209 - Construction contracts with architect-engineer firms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... with architect-engineer firms. 636.209 Section 636.209 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF STATE SPECIAL CATEGORIES OF CONTRACTING CONSTRUCTION AND ARCHITECT-ENGINEER CONTRACTS Special Aspects of Contracting for Construction 636.209 Construction contracts with architect-engineer firms. The...

48 CFR 836.209 - Construction contracts with architect-engineer firms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... with architect-engineer firms. 836.209 Section 836.209 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS SPECIAL CATEGORIES OF CONTRACTING CONSTRUCTION AND ARCHITECT-ENGINEER...-engineer firms. (a) When the contracting officer considers it necessary or advantageous to award a contract...

48 CFR 636.209 - Construction contracts with architect-engineer firms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... with architect-engineer firms. 636.209 Section 636.209 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF STATE SPECIAL CATEGORIES OF CONTRACTING CONSTRUCTION AND ARCHITECT-ENGINEER CONTRACTS Special Aspects of Contracting for Construction 636.209 Construction contracts with architect-engineer firms. The...

48 CFR 636.209 - Construction contracts with architect-engineer firms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... with architect-engineer firms. 636.209 Section 636.209 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF STATE SPECIAL CATEGORIES OF CONTRACTING CONSTRUCTION AND ARCHITECT-ENGINEER CONTRACTS Special Aspects of Contracting for Construction 636.209 Construction contracts with architect-engineer firms. The...

48 CFR 836.209 - Construction contracts with architect-engineer firms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... with architect-engineer firms. 836.209 Section 836.209 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS SPECIAL CATEGORIES OF CONTRACTING CONSTRUCTION AND ARCHITECT-ENGINEER...-engineer firms. (a) When the contracting officer considers it necessary or advantageous to award a contract...

48 CFR 836.209 - Construction contracts with architect-engineer firms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... with architect-engineer firms. 836.209 Section 836.209 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS SPECIAL CATEGORIES OF CONTRACTING CONSTRUCTION AND ARCHITECT-ENGINEER...-engineer firms. (a) When the contracting officer considers it necessary or advantageous to award a contract...

48 CFR 36.209 - Construction contracts with architect-engineer firms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... with architect-engineer firms. 36.209 Section 36.209 Federal Acquisition Regulations System FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION SPECIAL CATEGORIES OF CONTRACTING CONSTRUCTION AND ARCHITECT-ENGINEER CONTRACTS Special Aspects of Contracting for Construction 36.209 Construction contracts with architect-engineer firms. No...

48 CFR 636.209 - Construction contracts with architect-engineer firms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... with architect-engineer firms. 636.209 Section 636.209 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF STATE SPECIAL CATEGORIES OF CONTRACTING CONSTRUCTION AND ARCHITECT-ENGINEER CONTRACTS Special Aspects of Contracting for Construction 636.209 Construction contracts with architect-engineer firms. The...

48 CFR 2936.209 - Construction contracts with architect-engineer firms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... architect-engineer firms. 2936.209 Section 2936.209 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF LABOR GENERAL CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS CONSTRUCTION AND ARCHITECT-ENGINEER CONTRACTS Special Aspects of Contracting for Construction 2936.209 Construction contracts with architect-engineer firms. As required by FAR...

48 CFR 36.209 - Construction contracts with architect-engineer firms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... with architect-engineer firms. 36.209 Section 36.209 Federal Acquisition Regulations System FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION SPECIAL CATEGORIES OF CONTRACTING CONSTRUCTION AND ARCHITECT-ENGINEER CONTRACTS Special Aspects of Contracting for Construction 36.209 Construction contracts with architect-engineer firms. No...

48 CFR 836.209 - Construction contracts with architect-engineer firms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... with architect-engineer firms. 836.209 Section 836.209 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS SPECIAL CATEGORIES OF CONTRACTING CONSTRUCTION AND ARCHITECT-ENGINEER...-engineer firms. (a) When the contracting officer considers it necessary or advantageous to award a contract...

48 CFR 36.209 - Construction contracts with architect-engineer firms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... with architect-engineer firms. 36.209 Section 36.209 Federal Acquisition Regulations System FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION SPECIAL CATEGORIES OF CONTRACTING CONSTRUCTION AND ARCHITECT-ENGINEER CONTRACTS Special Aspects of Contracting for Construction 36.209 Construction contracts with architect-engineer firms. No...

48 CFR 836.209 - Construction contracts with architect-engineer firms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... with architect-engineer firms. 836.209 Section 836.209 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS SPECIAL CATEGORIES OF CONTRACTING CONSTRUCTION AND ARCHITECT-ENGINEER...-engineer firms. (a) When the contracting officer considers it necessary or advantageous to award a contract...

48 CFR 36.209 - Construction contracts with architect-engineer firms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... with architect-engineer firms. 36.209 Section 36.209 Federal Acquisition Regulations System FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION SPECIAL CATEGORIES OF CONTRACTING CONSTRUCTION AND ARCHITECT-ENGINEER CONTRACTS Special Aspects of Contracting for Construction 36.209 Construction contracts with architect-engineer firms. No...

33 CFR 209.340 - Laboratory investigations and materials testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... installations for other governmental agencies and private organizations. (b) Applicability. This regulation... units of government, foreign governments and private firms under the following conditions: (1) The work... government, foreign governments or private firms only when it is firmly established that private commerical...

33 CFR 209.340 - Laboratory investigations and materials testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... installations for other governmental agencies and private organizations. (b) Applicability. This regulation... units of government, foreign governments and private firms under the following conditions: (1) The work... government, foreign governments or private firms only when it is firmly established that private commerical...

33 CFR 209.340 - Laboratory investigations and materials testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... installations for other governmental agencies and private organizations. (b) Applicability. This regulation... units of government, foreign governments and private firms under the following conditions: (1) The work... government, foreign governments or private firms only when it is firmly established that private commerical...

32 CFR 33.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records will include, but are not... and minority firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business...

45 CFR 2541.360 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records will include, but are not... firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business enterprises, and...

43 CFR 12.76 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records will include, but are not... and minority firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business...

43 CFR 12.76 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records will include, but are not... and minority firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business...

14 CFR 1273.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records will include, but are not... firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business enterprises, and...

45 CFR 2541.360 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records will include, but are not... firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business enterprises, and...

36 CFR 1207.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records will include, but are not... and minority firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business...

14 CFR 1273.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records will include, but are not... firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business enterprises, and...

45 CFR 92.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records will include, but are not... and minority firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business...

38 CFR 43.36 - Procurement

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records will include, but are not... and minority firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business...

43 CFR 12.76 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records will include, but are not... and minority firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business...

14 CFR 1273.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records will include, but are not... firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business enterprises, and...

45 CFR 92.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records will include, but are not... and minority firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business...

15 CFR 24.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records will include, but are not... and minority firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business...

36 CFR § 1207.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records will include, but are not... and minority firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business...

32 CFR 33.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records will include, but are not... and minority firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business...

45 CFR 92.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records will include, but are not... and minority firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business...

36 CFR 1207.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records will include, but are not... and minority firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business...

7 CFR 3016.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records will include, but are not... and minority firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business...

7 CFR 3016.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records will include, but are not... and minority firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business...

45 CFR 2541.360 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records will include, but are not... firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business enterprises, and...

36 CFR 1207.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records will include, but are not... and minority firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business...

7 CFR 3016.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records will include, but are not... and minority firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business...

29 CFR 1470.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records will include, but are not... and minority firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business...

38 CFR 43.36 - Procurement

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records will include, but are not... and minority firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business...

14 CFR § 1273.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records will include, but are not... firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business enterprises, and...

32 CFR 33.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records will include, but are not... and minority firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business...

45 CFR 92.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records will include, but are not... and minority firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business...

38 CFR 43.36 - Procurement

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records will include, but are not... and minority firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business...

29 CFR 1470.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records will include, but are not... and minority firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business...

29 CFR 1470.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records will include, but are not... and minority firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business...

43 CFR 12.76 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records will include, but are not... and minority firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business...

15 CFR 24.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records will include, but are not... and minority firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business...

7 CFR 3016.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records will include, but are not... and minority firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business...

32 CFR 33.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records will include, but are not... and minority firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business...

38 CFR 43.36 - Procurement

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records will include, but are not... and minority firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business...

29 CFR 1470.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records will include, but are not... and minority firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business...

15 CFR 24.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records will include, but are not... and minority firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business...

15 CFR 24.36 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records will include, but are not... and minority firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business...

45 CFR 2541.360 - Procurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... sufficient to detail the significant history of a procurement. These records will include, but are not... firms, women's business enterprise and labor surplus area firms. (1) The grantee and subgrantee will take all necessary affirmative steps to assure that minority firms, women's business enterprises, and...

78 FR 55320 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-09-10

... Subscribers to the Equity Trade Journal for Clearing Firms Service under Rule 7060 September 4, 2013. Pursuant.... * * * * * 7060. Equity Trade Journal for Clearing Firms The Equity Trade Journal for Clearing Firms service is... 55321

49 CFR 1522.101 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY SECURITY RULES FOR ALL MODES OF TRANSPORTATION TSA-APPROVED VALIDATION FIRMS AND VALIDATORS TSA-Approved Validation Firms and Validators for the Certified Cargo Screening Program § 1522.101 Applicability. This subpart governs the use of TSA-approved validation firms and validators to...

49 CFR 1522.119 - Training.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY SECURITY RULES FOR ALL MODES OF TRANSPORTATION TSA-APPROVED VALIDATION FIRMS AND VALIDATORS TSA-Approved Validation Firms and Validators for the Certified Cargo Screening Program § 1522.119 Training. (a) Initial training. The validation firm must ensure that its validators and...

Does microblogging convey firm-specific information? Evidence from China

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shen, Dehua; Li, Xiao; Xue, Mei; Zhang, Wei

2017-09-01

This paper investigates the impact of opening microblogging account in Sina Weibo on the diffusion of firm-specific information in Chinese stock market. With the unique sample of firms opening their official accounts, the empirical results show that this newly emerged information diffusion channel, i.e., Sina Weibo, plays an important role in conveying firm-specific information to the market. Generally speaking, these empirical findings have practical implications to securities regulators who have interest in monitoring the diffused information via social media.

Profit maximization, industry structure, and competition: A critique of neoclassical theory

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Keen, Steve; Standish, Russell

2006-10-01

Neoclassical economics has two theories of competition between profit-maximizing firms-Marshallian and Cournot-Nash-that start from different premises about the degree of strategic interaction between firms, yet reach the same result, that market price falls as the number of firms in an industry increases. The Marshallian argument is strictly false. We integrate the different premises, and establish that the optimal level of strategic interaction between competing firms is zero. Simulations support our analysis and reveal intriguing emergent behaviors.

A Survey of Agency Models of Organizations

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-03-01

indicates two approaches to the study of organiza- tions within economics. One focuses on the boundaries of firms and markets (Arrow [l975l...the standard neoclassical theory of the firm as "not a theory of the firm but actual- ly a theory of markets in which firms are important actors. The...decision-making behavior might be used as a basis for a theory of markets , but at least in the short run we should distinguish between a theory of

The Relative Importance of Market Power and Efficiency to Profitability in the Defense Sector: A Firm Based Analysis.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-12-01

Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Operations Research Charles E. Schmeling, Capt t December 1983 Approved for public release... research and development expense, and firm size. Market power is measured by the four-firm concentration ratio and the number of firms in each industry...OF THIS PAGE Acknowledgements I wish to take this opportunity to thank the people who have assisted me in this research effort. First of all, I would

Health benefits offer rates: is there a nonresponse bias?

PubMed

Pickreign, Jeremy D; Gabel, Jon R

2005-04-01

To determine whether a nonresponse bias exists in the offer rate for health benefits in firms with fewer than 50 workers and to present a simple adjustment to correct for observed bias. The 2003 Employer Health Benefits Survey (EHBS) conducted by the Kaiser Family Foundation and Health Research and Educational Trust, and a follow-up survey of nonrespondents to the 2003 EHBS. We conducted a follow-up survey to the 2003 EHBS to collect health benefits offering data from firms with fewer than 50 workers. We used McNemar's test to verify that the follow-up survey provided results comparable to the EHBS, and t-tests were used to determine nonresponse bias. We applied a simple weighting adjustment to the EHBS. The data for both the EHBS and the follow-up survey were collected by the same survey research firm. The EHBS interviews the person most knowledgeable about the firm's health benefits, while the follow-up survey interviews the first person who answers the telephone whether they are the most knowledgeable or not. Principal Findings. Firms with 3-9 workers were more likely to exhibit a bias than were firms with 10-24 workers and 25-49 workers. Although the calculated bias for each size category was not significant, there is sufficient evidence to warrant caution when reporting offer rates. Survey nonresponse in the EHBS produces an upward bias on estimates for the offer rates of small firms. Although not significant, this upward bias is because of nonresponse by small firms that do not offer health benefits. Our research is limited in that we only control for differences in the size of the firm.

Corporate social responsibility in global health: an exploratory study of multinational pharmaceutical firms.

PubMed

Droppert, Hayley; Bennett, Sara

2015-04-09

As pharmaceutical firms experience increasing civil society pressure to act responsibly in a changing globalized world, many are expanding and/or reforming their corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategies. We sought to understand how multinational pharmaceutical companies currently engage in CSR activities in the developing world aimed at global health impact, their motivations for doing so and how their CSR strategies are evolving. We conducted a small-scale, exploratory study combining (i) an in-depth review of publicly available data on pharmaceutical firms' CSR with (ii) interviews of representatives from 6 firms, purposively selected, from the highest earning pharmaceutical firms worldwide. Corporate social responsibility differed for each firm particularly with respect to how CSR is defined, organizational structures for managing CSR, current CSR activities, and motivations for CSR. Across the firms studied, the common CSR activities were: differential pharmaceutical pricing, strengthening developing country drug distribution infrastructure, mHealth initiatives, and targeted research and development. Primary factors that motivated CSR engagement were: reputational benefits, recruitment and employee satisfaction, better rankings in sustainability indices, entrance into new markets, long-term economic returns, and improved population health. In terms of CSR strategy, firms were at different points on a spectrum ranging from philanthropic donations to integrated systemic shared value business models. CSR is of increasing importance for multinational pharmaceutical firms yet understanding of the array of CSR strategies employed and their effects is nascent. Our study points to the need to (i) develop clearer and more standardized definitions of CSR in global health (2) strengthen indices to track CSR strategies and their public health effects in developing countries and (iii) undertake more country level studies that investigate how CSR engages with national health systems.

Interdisciplinary integration for quality improvement: the Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center Firm System.

PubMed

Aucott, J N; Pelecanos, E; Bailey, A J; Shupe, T C; Romeo, J H; Ravdin, J I; Aron, D C

1995-04-01

Many of the characteristics of Firm Systems lend themselves to the application of principles of continuous quality improvement (CQI). A Firm System is defined as two or more parallel practices organized on the principle of continuity of relationships between patients and an interdisciplinary group of health care professionals and trainees. Firm Systems are organized around the care of the patient or customer and emphasize access, continuity, and quality of care. The Firm System was implemented at the Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC) not as a CQI initiative per se, but as an effort to coordinate the processes involved in the delivery of patient care. The primary goals of this implementation were to improve the quality of patient care, medical education, and health care research. The main strategy to deal with problems caused by uncoordinated care were to move from a departmental approach to an integrated interdisciplinary approach. This approach represented a paradigm shift within the organization that extended to planning, documentation, and the general work environment. Most important, the institution had leaders who were committed to the Firm System and willing to authorize resources to ensure its success. VA hospitals are ideal settings for Firm Systems because they provide longitudinal, comprehensive care with a centralized, prepaid payment mechanism, and they have well-developed information systems that allow the random assignment of patients to Firms. Recommendations to others interested in implementing Firm Systems include creation of a written plan that can gain general support; identification of resources needed for successful implementation; remembering that the patient is the most important customer, as well as that complex systems have many customers; monitoring of performance; and the importance of randomizing patients and providers.

A face only an investor could love: CEOs' facial structure predicts their firms' financial performance.

PubMed

Wong, Elaine M; Ormiston, Margaret E; Haselhuhn, Michael P

2011-12-01

Researchers have theorized that innate personal traits are related to leadership success. Although links between psychological characteristics and leadership success have been well established, research has yet to identify any objective physical traits of leaders that predict organizational performance. In the research reported here, we identified leaders' facial structure as a specific physical trait that correlates with organizational performance. Specifically, we found that firms whose male CEOs have wider faces (relative to facial height) achieve superior financial performance. Decision-making dynamics within a firm's leadership team moderate this effect, such that the relationship between a given CEO's facial measurements and his firm's financial performance is stronger in firms with cognitively simple leadership teams.

Cooperative Factors, Cooperative Innovation Effect and Innovation Performance for Chinese Firms: an Empirical Study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xie, Xuemei

Based on a survey to 1206 Chinese firms, this paper empirically explores the factors impacting cooperative innovation effect of firms, and seeks to explore the relationship between cooperative innovation effect (CIE) and innovation performance using the technique of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The study finds there are significant positive relationships between basic sustaining factors, factors of government and policy, factors of cooperation mechanism and social network, and cooperative innovation effect. However, the result reveals that factors of government and policy demonstrate little impact on the CIE of firms compared with other factors. It is hoped that the findings can pave the way for future studies in improving cooperative innovation capacity for firms in emerging countries.

Production, depreciation and the size distribution of firms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ma, Qi; Chen, Yongwang; Tong, Hui; Di, Zengru

2008-05-01

Many empirical researches indicate that firm size distributions in different industries or countries exhibit some similar characters. Among them the fact that many firm size distributions obey power-law especially for the upper end has been mostly discussed. Here we present an agent-based model to describe the evolution of manufacturing firms. Some basic economic behaviors are taken into account, which are production with decreasing marginal returns, preferential allocation of investments, and stochastic depreciation. The model gives a steady size distribution of firms which obey power-law. The effect of parameters on the power exponent is analyzed. The theoretical results are given based on both the Fokker-Planck equation and the Kesten process. They are well consistent with the numerical results.

The Impacts of Different Expansion Modes on Performance of Small Solar Energy Firms: Perspectives of Absorptive Capacity

PubMed Central

Chen, Hsing Hung; Shen, Tao; Xu, Xin-long; Ma, Chao

2013-01-01

The characteristics of firm's expansion by differentiated products and diversified products are quite different. However, the study employing absorptive capacity to examine the impacts of different modes of expansion on performance of small solar energy firms has never been discussed before. Then, a conceptual model to analyze the tension between strategies and corporate performance is proposed to filling the vacancy. After practical investigation, the results show that stronger organizational institutions help small solar energy firms expanded by differentiated products increase consistency between strategies and corporate performance; oppositely, stronger working attitudes with weak management controls help small solar energy firms expanded by diversified products reduce variance between strategies and corporate performance. PMID:24453837

Deposit Insurance: A Strategy for Reform.

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-03-01

by Regulatory Board)a Securities Firm Bankb I Other Firms Not BHC U Permitted :I~( Barik Regulators>. j ..: or SEC)C . ...... _.. Insurance Firm Other BHC...Growth, interest rate, and dividend restrictions, higher capital and/or Insurance premiums, civil money penalties. E J Trlpwire 3: Prbes Capital below

77 FR 77217 - Fiscal Year 2012 Annual Report to Congress on the Trade Adjustment Assistance for Firms Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-31

... projects, which comprised over half of all projects supported throughout the year. In January 2011, as... preparing petitions, 206 firms in preparing APs, and 935 firms in implementing projects within their APs...-supported [[Page 77221

49 CFR 1522.123 - Conduct of assessments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY SECURITY RULES FOR ALL MODES OF TRANSPORTATION TSA-APPROVED VALIDATION FIRMS AND VALIDATORS TSA-Approved Validation Firms and Validators for the Certified Cargo Screening Program... immediately to TSA. (d) No authorization to take remedial or disciplinary action. Neither the validation firm...

Essays on Knowledge Management

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Xiao, Wenli

2012-01-01

For many firms, particularly those operating in high technology and competitive markets, knowledge is cited as the most important strategic asset to the firm, which significantly drives its survival and success (Grant 1996, Webber 1993). Knowledge management (KM) impacts the firm's ability to develop process features that reduce manufacturing…

Relative importance of moisture migration and amylopectin retrogradation for pound cake crumb firming.

PubMed

Luyts, A; Wilderjans, E; Van Haesendonck, I; Brijs, K; Courtin, C M; Delcour, J A

2013-12-15

Moisture migration largely impacts cake crumb firmness during storage at ambient temperature. To study the importance of phenomena other than crumb to crust moisture migration and to exclude moisture and temperature gradients during baking, crustless cakes were baked using an electrical resistance oven (ERO). Cake crumb firming was evaluated by texture analysis. First, ERO cakes with properties similar to those baked conventionally were produced. Cake batter moisture content (MC) was adjusted to ensure complete starch gelatinisation in the baking process. In cakes baked conventionally, most of the increase in crumb firmness during storage was caused by moisture migration. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR) showed that the population containing protons of crystalline starch grew during cake storage. These and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data pointed to only limited amylopectin retrogradation. The limited increase in amylopectin retrogradation during cake storage cannot solely account for the significant firming of ERO cakes and, hence, other phenomena are involved in cake firming. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Quantity Competition in a Differentiated Duopoly

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ferreira, Fernanda A.; Ferreira, Flávio; Ferreira, Miguel; Pinto, Alberto A.

In this paper, we consider a Stackelberg duopoly competition with differentiated goods, linear and symmetric demand and with unknown costs. In our model, the two firms play a non-cooperative game with two stages: in a first stage, firm F 1 chooses the quantity, q 1, that is going to produce; in the second stage, firm F 2 observes the quantity q 1 produced by firm F 1 and chooses its own quantity q 2. Firms choose their output levels in order to maximise their profits. We suppose that each firm has two different technologies, and uses one of them following a certain probability distribution. The use of either one or the other technology affects the unitary production cost. We show that there is exactly one perfect Bayesian equilibrium for this game. We analyse the variations of the expected profits with the parameters of the model, namely with the parameters of the probability distributions, and with the parameters of the demand and differentiation.

Characteristics of construction firms at risk for future workers' compensation claims using administrative data systems, Washington State.

PubMed

Marcum, Jennifer L; Foley, Michael; Adams, Darrin; Bonauto, Dave

2018-06-01

Construction is high-hazard industry, and continually ranks among those with the highest workers' compensation (WC) claim rates in Washington State (WA). However, not all construction firms are at equal risk. We tested the ability to identify those construction firms most at risk for future claims using only administrative WC and unemployment insurance data. We collected information on construction firms with 10-50 average full time equivalent (FTE) employees from the WA unemployment insurance and WC data systems (n=1228). Negative binomial regression was used to test the ability of firm characteristics measured during 2011-2013 to predict time-loss claim rates in the following year, 2014. Claim rates in 2014 varied by construction industry groups, ranging from 0.7 (Land Subdivision) to 4.6 (Foundation, Structure, and Building Construction) claims per 100 FTE. Construction firms with higher average WC premium rates, a history of WC claims, increasing number of quarterly FTE, and lower average wage rates during 2011-2013 were predicted to have higher WC claim rates in 2014. We demonstrate the ability to leverage administrative data to identify construction firms predicted to have future WC claims. This study should be repeated to determine if these results are applicable to other high-hazard industries. Practical Applications: This study identified characteristics that may be used to further refine targeted outreach and prevention to construction firms at risk. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Effects of the turnover rate on the size distribution of firms: An application of the kinetic exchange models

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chakrabarti, Anindya S.

2012-12-01

We address the issue of the distribution of firm size. To this end we propose a model of firms in a closed, conserved economy populated with zero-intelligence agents who continuously move from one firm to another. We then analyze the size distribution and related statistics obtained from the model. There are three well known statistical features obtained from the panel study of the firms i.e., the power law in size (in terms of income and/or employment), the Laplace distribution in the growth rates and the slowly declining standard deviation of the growth rates conditional on the firm size. First, we show that the model generalizes the usual kinetic exchange models with binary interaction to interactions between an arbitrary number of agents. When the number of interacting agents is in the order of the system itself, it is possible to decouple the model. We provide exact results on the distributions which are not known yet for binary interactions. Our model easily reproduces the power law for the size distribution of firms (Zipf’s law). The fluctuations in the growth rate falls with increasing size following a power law (though the exponent does not match with the data). However, the distribution of the difference of the firm size in this model has Laplace distribution whereas the real data suggests that the difference of the log of sizes has the same distribution.

48 CFR 236.602-70 - Restriction on award of overseas architect-engineer contracts to foreign firms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... countries bordering the Arabian Gulf, shall be awarded only to United States firms or to joint ventures of United States and host nation firms. [62 FR 2858, Jan. 17, 1997, as amended at 76 FR 58155, Sept. 20...

48 CFR 236.602-70 - Restriction on award of overseas architect-engineer contracts to foreign firms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... countries bordering the Arabian Gulf, shall be awarded only to United States firms or to joint ventures of United States and host nation firms. [62 FR 2858, Jan. 17, 1997, as amended at 76 FR 58155, Sept. 20...

48 CFR 236.602-70 - Restriction on award of overseas architect-engineer contracts to foreign firms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... countries bordering the Arabian Gulf, shall be awarded only to United States firms or to joint ventures of United States and host nation firms. [62 FR 2858, Jan. 17, 1997, as amended at 76 FR 58155, Sept. 20...

USSR Report, International Economic Relations, No. 57.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-06-10

With Japanese Firms"] [Text] A press conference of the heads of the representations of the firms of ( Itochu ), Mitsui, Nissho-Iwai, Nichimen...enterprises and the importation of a number of important goods. In par- ticular, the firm of ( Itochu ) recently purchased in the USSR machine tools and

13 CFR 315.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... substantially equivalent for commercial purposes (i.e., are adapted for the same function or use and are... of receiving benefits under this part, when a Firm owns or controls other Firms, the Firm and such... articles or services or are exerting essential economic control over one or more production facilities...

13 CFR 315.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... substantially equivalent for commercial purposes (i.e., are adapted for the same function or use and are... of receiving benefits under this part, when a Firm owns or controls other Firms, the Firm and such... articles or services or are exerting essential economic control over one or more production facilities...

13 CFR 315.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... substantially equivalent for commercial purposes (i.e., are adapted for the same function or use and are... of receiving benefits under this part, when a Firm owns or controls other Firms, the Firm and such... articles or services or are exerting essential economic control over one or more production facilities...

13 CFR 315.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... substantially equivalent for commercial purposes (i.e., are adapted for the same function or use and are... of receiving benefits under this part, when a Firm owns or controls other Firms, the Firm and such... articles or services or are exerting essential economic control over one or more production facilities...

Exploring Duopoly Markets with Conjectural Variations

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Julien, Ludovic A.; Musy, Olivier; Saïdi, Aurélien W.

2014-01-01

In this article, the authors investigate competitive firm behaviors in a two-firm environment assuming linear cost and demand functions. By introducing conjectural variations, they capture the different market structures as specific configurations of a more general model. Conjectural variations are based on the assumption that each firm believes…

48 CFR 216.403-1 - Fixed-price incentive (firm target) contracts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... (firm target) contracts. 216.403-1 Section 216.403-1 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE... CONTRACTS Incentive Contracts 216.403-1 Fixed-price incentive (firm target) contracts. (b) Application. (1... target) contracts, especially for acquisitions moving from development to production. (2) The contracting...

Organizational Correlates of Management Training Interests.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tills, Marvin

A study was made of a sample of Wisconsin manufacturing firms and a subsample of firms in different size categories to determine organizational correlates of management training interests. Correlations were sought between characteristics of firms (ownership, relationship to parent company, size of employment, market orientation, growth trends,…

Leveraging Human Assets in Law Firms: Human Capital Structures and Organizational Capabilities.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sherer, Peter D.

1995-01-01

Using the ratio of associates to partners as a measure of human asset leveraging, analysis of data from 312 law firms reveals that the ratio is related to business strategy, human resource management practices, organizational structure, and the competitiveness of the firm. (SK)

ICT, complementary investment, and firm performance in China

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sun, Linlin; Ding, Juan; Fan, Maoqing

2011-12-01

Using China firm data about ICT, we provide some insight into the link between ICT, productivity and complementary investment. The results show that the contribution of ICT capital deepening is raised when firms combine ICT use and some complementary investment (human capital, innovation and organization change).

The Educational and Instructional Responsibilities of Employers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Suchy, Stanislaw

1977-01-01

Discusses the responsibilities of employers in Poland toward the continuing education of their employers. Major topics included are responsibilities of firms based on socioeconomic needs, main features of worker education within firms, continuing education programs for workers, and factors determining the development of the firms' educational and…

48 CFR 236.602 - Selection of firms for architect-engineer contracts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Selection of firms for architect-engineer contracts. 236.602 Section 236.602 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE... ARCHITECT-ENGINEER CONTRACTS Architect-Engineer Services 236.602 Selection of firms for architect-engineer...

48 CFR 236.602 - Selection of firms for architect-engineer contracts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Selection of firms for architect-engineer contracts. 236.602 Section 236.602 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE... ARCHITECT-ENGINEER CONTRACTS Architect-Engineer Services 236.602 Selection of firms for architect-engineer...

48 CFR 236.602 - Selection of firms for architect-engineer contracts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Selection of firms for architect-engineer contracts. 236.602 Section 236.602 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE... ARCHITECT-ENGINEER CONTRACTS Architect-Engineer Services 236.602 Selection of firms for architect-engineer...

48 CFR 236.602 - Selection of firms for architect-engineer contracts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Selection of firms for architect-engineer contracts. 236.602 Section 236.602 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE... ARCHITECT-ENGINEER CONTRACTS Architect-Engineer Services 236.602 Selection of firms for architect-engineer...

48 CFR 236.602 - Selection of firms for architect-engineer contracts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Selection of firms for architect-engineer contracts. 236.602 Section 236.602 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE... ARCHITECT-ENGINEER CONTRACTS Architect-Engineer Services 236.602 Selection of firms for architect-engineer...

13 CFR 315.17 - Assistance to firms in import-impacted industries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

...-impacted industries. 315.17 Section 315.17 Business Credit and Assistance ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE TRADE ADJUSTMENT ASSISTANCE FOR FIRMS Assistance to Industries § 315.17 Assistance to firms in import-impacted industries. (a) Whenever the International Trade Commission makes an...

13 CFR 315.17 - Assistance to firms in import-impacted industries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

...-impacted industries. 315.17 Section 315.17 Business Credit and Assistance ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE TRADE ADJUSTMENT ASSISTANCE FOR FIRMS Assistance to Industries § 315.17 Assistance to firms in import-impacted industries. (a) Whenever the International Trade Commission makes an...

13 CFR 315.17 - Assistance to firms in import-impacted industries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

...-impacted industries. 315.17 Section 315.17 Business Credit and Assistance ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE TRADE ADJUSTMENT ASSISTANCE FOR FIRMS Assistance to Industries § 315.17 Assistance to firms in import-impacted industries. (a) Whenever the International Trade Commission makes an...

13 CFR 315.17 - Assistance to firms in import-impacted industries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

...-impacted industries. 315.17 Section 315.17 Business Credit and Assistance ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE TRADE ADJUSTMENT ASSISTANCE FOR FIRMS Assistance to Industries § 315.17 Assistance to firms in import-impacted industries. (a) Whenever the International Trade Commission makes an...

Defense Implications of a Nuclear Iran for Turkey

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-12-01

firms including Atomic Energy of Canada, Kraftwerk Union of Germany, and General Electric of the United States. Negotiations with General Electric...ended prematurely since, according to the firm, a reactor in Sinop would not be feasible due to seismic threats in Black Sea. The German firm Kraftwerk

Microsimulation of household and firm behaviors : coupled models of land use and travel demand in Austin, Texas

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2007-12-01

Households and firms are key drivers of urban growth, yet models for forecasting travel demand often : ignore their dynamic evolution and several key decision processes. An understanding of household and : firm behavior over time is critical in antic...

12 CFR 263.404 - Notice of removal, suspension, or debarment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM RULES OF PRACTICE FOR HEARINGS Removal, Suspension, and Debarment of Accountants... accountant or accounting firm from providing audit services, the Board shall make the order publicly... accountants and firms. An accountant or accounting firm that provides audit services to a banking organization...

Essays in financial transmission rights pricing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Posner, Barry

This work examines issues in the pricing of financial transmission rights in the PJM market region. The US federal government is advocating the creation of large-scale, not-for-profit regional transmission organizations to increase the efficiency of the transmission of electricity. As a non-profit entity, PJM needs to allocate excess revenues collected as congestion rents, and the participants in the transmission markets need to be able to hedge their exposure to congestion rents. For these purposes, PJM has developed an instrument known as the financial transmission right (FTR). This research, utilizing a new data set assembled by the author, looks at two aspects of the FTR market. The first chapter examines the problem of forecasting congestion in a transmission grid. In the PJM FTR system firms bid in a competitive auction for FTRs that cover a period of one month. The auctions take place in the middle of the previous month; therefore firms have to forecast congestion rents for the period two to six weeks after the auction. The common methods of forecasting congestion are either time-series models or full-information engineering studies. In this research, the author develops a forecasting system that is more economically grounded than a simple time-series model, but requires less information than an engineering model. This method is based upon the arbitrage-cost methodology, whereby congesting is calculated as the difference of two non-observable variables: the transmission price difference that would exist in the total absence of transmission capacity between two nodes, and the ability of the existing transmission to reduced that price difference. If the ability to reduce the price difference is greater than the price difference, then the cost of electricity at each node will be the same, and congestion rent will be zero. If transmission capacity limits are binding on the flow of power, then a price difference persists and congestion rents exist. Three transmission paths in the Delmarva Peninsula were examined. The maximum-likelihood two-way Tobit model developed in Chapter One consistently predicts the expected responses to the independent variables that have employed, but the model as defined here does a poor job of predicting prices. This is likely due to the inability to include system outages (i.e., short-term changes in the structure of the transmission grid) as variables in the estimation model. The second chapter addresses the behavior of firms in the monthly auctions for FTRs. FTRs are a claim to congestion rent revenues along a certain path within the PJM grid, and are awarded in a uniform-price divisible-goods auction. Firms typically submit a schedule of bids for different amounts of FTR at different prices, akin to a demand curve. A firm bidding too high a price may cause the clearing price of the FTR to be higher than the realized value of the FTR, creating a loss from ownership of the FTR. A firm bidding too low means that it wins no FTRs, depriving itself of the ability to profit from ownership or to hedge against congestion. Several questions concerning firm behavior are addressed in this study. It is found that firms adjust their bids in response to new information that is obtained from past auctions: they raise or lower bids in accordance with changes in recent FTR prices and payoffs. Firms consistently bid below the value of the FTR (i.e., shade their bids). This adds empirical evidence to the theoretically-posited notion that uniform-price auctions are not truth-telling, unlike the second-price auction for a non-divisible good. Firms employ greater bid-shading in response to increases in the volatility of both FTR clearing prices and realized FTR values. This validates the notion that firms are risk-averse. It is discovered that better-informed "insider" firms employ structurally different bidding strategies, but these differences do not lead to greater profits. However, profits do increase as firms gain more experience in these markets, lending credence to the notion that firms learn over time and that markets discipline poorly performing firms by either educating them or driving them out of the market. It is also found that firms that employ complicated bidding strategies enjoy greater profitability than firms which employ simple bidding strategies. A surprising corollary finding is that firm strategies do not converge to a common form, but that different firms continue to employ different strategies, and often move away from the seemingly dominant strategy. Firms can enter this market as either long-buyers or short-sellers, and it is discovered that long and short players display structurally divergent bidding strategies. This is perhaps unsurprising, given that long players can be either hedgers or speculators, but short players are overwhelmingly speculators.

USSR Report: International Economic Relations. No. 57

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-06-10

Relations With Japanese Firms"] [Text] A press conference of the heads of the representations of the firms of ( Itochu ), Mitsui, Nissho-Iwai, Nichimen...enterprises and the importation of a number of important goods. In par- ticular, the firm of ( Itochu ) recently purchased in the USSR machine tools and

40 CFR 745.238 - Fees for accreditation and certification of lead-based paint activities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT LEAD-BASED PAINT POISONING PREVENTION IN CERTAIN...-based Paint Activities Firm Application $550 $550 Combined Renovation and Lead-based Paint Activities Tribal Firm Application $20 $20 Tribal Firm $20 $20 (2) Certification examination fee. Individuals...

Insurance within the Firm

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Guiso, Luigi; Pistaferri, Luigi; Schivardi, Fabiano

2005-01-01

We evaluate the allocation of risk between firms and their workers using matched employer-employee panel data. Unlike previous contributions, this paper focuses on idiosyncratic shocks to the firm, which are the correct empirical counterpart of the theoretical notion of diversifiable risk. We allow for both temporary and permanent shocks to output…

77 FR 69677 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Order Granting Approval of Proposed Rule Changes...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-11-20

... executive officer of such limited liability company, or (4) a general partner in an OTP Firm partnership...). \\7\\ ``OTP Firm'' means a sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation, limited liability company, or... Firms. \\13\\ An ``ETP Holder'' is a sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation, limited liability...

77 FR 58116 - Commission Information Collection Activities (FERC-732); Comment Request; Extension

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-09-19

... Rate Schedules and Tariffs: Long-Term Firm Transmission Rights in Organized Electricity Markets. DATES... Tariffs: Long-Term Firm Transmission Rights in Organized Electricity Markets. OMB Control No.:1902-0245... organized electricity markets to make available long-term firm transmission rights that satisfy each of the...

29 CFR 525.10 - Prevailing wage rates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

.... Such data may be obtained by surveying comparable firms in the area that employ primarily nondisabled... services which only provide entry level wage data are not acceptable as sources for prevailing wage... with firm or other source; (2) Name, address, and phone number of firm or other source contacted; (3...

32 CFR 776.30 - Successive Government and private employment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... covered USG attorney in a firm, partnership, or association knows that another attorney within the firm, partnership, or association is undertaking or continuing representation in such a matter: (i) The disqualified... material disadvantage of that person. The former covered USG attorney may continue association with a firm...

Electronic Commerce, Digital Information, and the Firm.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rosenbaum, Howard

2000-01-01

Discussion of the social context of electronic commerce (ecommerce) focuses on information imperatives, or rules that are critical for ecommerce firms. Concludes with a discussion of the organizational changes that can be expected to accompany the incorporation of these imperatives into the mission and core business processes of ecommerce firms.…

39 CFR 281.1 - Notification of firm mailers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... customer services at the office of mailing to give known mailers timely notification of the incident and... 39 Postal Service 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Notification of firm mailers. 281.1 Section 281.1 Postal Service UNITED STATES POSTAL SERVICE ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION FIRM MAILINGS DAMAGED OR...

13 CFR 315.17 - Assistance to firms in import-impacted industries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Assistance to firms in import-impacted industries. 315.17 Section 315.17 Business Credit and Assistance ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT... Assistance to firms in import-impacted industries. (a) Whenever the International Trade Commission makes an...

10 CFR 603.615 - Financial management standards for-profit firms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Financial management standards for-profit firms. 603.615... § 603.615 Financial management standards for-profit firms. (a) To avoid causing needless changes in participants' financial management systems, an expenditure-based TIA will make for-profit participants that...

A Knowledge Management Model for Firms in the Financial Services Industry

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Held, Carsten; Duncan, Glen; Yanamandram, Venkat

2013-01-01

The financial services industry faces many demanding challenges. Firms within this industry are predominantly knowledge-based, as are most of the industry's products, processes and services. The application of knowledge management represents a clear opportunity for financial services firms to confront challenges. However, no industry specific…

Incentive Issues in Information Security Management

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lee, Chul Ho

2012-01-01

This dissertation studies three incentive issues in information security management. The first essay studies contract issues between a firm that outsources security functions and a managed security service provider (MSSP) that provides security functions to the firm. Since MSSP and firms cannot observe each other's actions, both can suffer…

76 FR 46269 - Notice of Petitions by Firms for Determination of Eligibility To Apply for Trade Adjustment...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-02

... novel, simple to use automation and process monitoring products for industrial customers. Methods.... Nursery Supplies, Inc........ 1415 Orchard Drive, 26-Jul-11 The firm manufactures plastic containers... containers. Technautic International, 141 Robert E. Lee 22-Jul-11 The firm manufactures automated dissolved...

49 CFR 1522.109 - TSA review and approval.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY SECURITY RULES FOR ALL MODES OF TRANSPORTATION TSA-APPROVED VALIDATION FIRMS AND VALIDATORS TSA-Approved Validation Firms and Validators for the Certified Cargo Screening Program... that the applicant is qualified to be a validation firm. (b) Notice.—(1) Approval. If an application is...

Architectural Innovation: The Reconfiguration of Existing Product Technologies and the Failure of Established Firms.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Henderson, Rebecca M.; Clark, Kim B.

1990-01-01

Using an empirical study of the semiconductor photolithographic alignment equipment industry, this paper shows that architectural innovations destroy the usefulness of established firms' architectural knowledge. Because this knowledge is embedded in the firms' structure and information-processing procedures, the destruction is hard to detect.…

48 CFR 19.306 - Protesting a firm's status as a HUBZone small business concern.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Protesting a firm's status... FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION SOCIOECONOMIC PROGRAMS SMALL BUSINESS PROGRAMS Determination of Small Business Status for Small Business Programs 19.306 Protesting a firm's status as a HUBZone small business...

12 CFR 19.246 - Petition for reinstatement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... PROCEDURE Removal, Suspension, and Debarment of Accountants From Performing Audit Services § 19.246 Petition... reinstatement by an independent public accountant, an accounting firm, or an office of a firm that was removed... the Comptroller, be afforded a hearing. The accountant or firm shall bear the burden of going forward...

12 CFR 19.246 - Petition for reinstatement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... PROCEDURE Removal, Suspension, and Debarment of Accountants From Performing Audit Services § 19.246 Petition... reinstatement by an independent public accountant, an accounting firm, or an office of a firm that was removed... the Comptroller, be afforded a hearing. The accountant or firm shall bear the burden of going forward...

12 CFR 19.246 - Petition for reinstatement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... PROCEDURE Removal, Suspension, and Debarment of Accountants From Performing Audit Services § 19.246 Petition... reinstatement by an independent public accountant, an accounting firm, or an office of a firm that was removed... the Comptroller, be afforded a hearing. The accountant or firm shall bear the burden of going forward...

12 CFR 263.404 - Notice of removal, suspension, or debarment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... Accountants From Performing Audit Services § 263.404 Notice of removal, suspension, or debarment. (a) Notice... independent public accountant or accounting firm from providing audit services, the Board shall make the order... Board by accountants and firms. An accountant or accounting firm that provides audit services to a...

12 CFR 263.404 - Notice of removal, suspension, or debarment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... Accountants From Performing Audit Services § 263.404 Notice of removal, suspension, or debarment. (a) Notice... independent public accountant or accounting firm from providing audit services, the Board shall make the order... Board by accountants and firms. An accountant or accounting firm that provides audit services to a...

12 CFR 263.404 - Notice of removal, suspension, or debarment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... Accountants From Performing Audit Services § 263.404 Notice of removal, suspension, or debarment. (a) Notice... independent public accountant or accounting firm from providing audit services, the Board shall make the order... Board by accountants and firms. An accountant or accounting firm that provides audit services to a...

12 CFR 19.246 - Petition for reinstatement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... PROCEDURE Removal, Suspension, and Debarment of Accountants From Performing Audit Services § 19.246 Petition... reinstatement by an independent public accountant, an accounting firm, or an office of a firm that was removed... the Comptroller, be afforded a hearing. The accountant or firm shall bear the burden of going forward...

Hydrologic effects of floodwater-retarding structures on Garza-Little Elm Reservoir, Texas

USGS Publications Warehouse

Gilbert, Clarence R.; Sauer, Stanley P.

1970-01-01

"Firm"- or "critical"-yield studies were made of the large reservoir on the basis of two sets of conditions : with floodwater-retarding structures in the drainage basin, and without such structures. Results of the firm-yield studies indicated that with full development, annual firm yield would be initially reduced by 10 percent. After 30 or more years, when the permanent pools of the floodwaterretarding reservoirs would be mostly filled with sediment, the firm yield would be almost the same with or without the upstream development.

Firm performance model in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) based on learning orientation and innovation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lestari, E. R.; Ardianti, F. L.; Rachmawati, L.

2018-03-01

This study investigated the relationship between learning orientation, innovation, and firm performance. A conceptual model and hypothesis were empirically examined using structural equation modelling. The study involved a questionnaire-based survey of owners of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) operating in Batu City, Indonesia. The results showed that both variables of learning orientation and innovation effect positively on firm performance. Additionally, learning orientation has positive effect innovation. This study has implication for SMEs aiming at increasing their firm performance based on learning orientation and innovation capability.

Growth and profitability in small privately held biotech firms: preliminary findings.

PubMed

Brännback, Malin; Carsrud, Alan; Renko, Maija; Ostermark, Ralf; Aaltonen, Jaana; Kiviluoto, Niklas

2009-06-01

This paper reports on preliminary findings on a study of the relationship of growth and profitability among small privately held Finnish Life Science firms. Previous research results concerning growth and profitability are mixed, ranging from strongly positive to a negative relationship. The conventional wisdom states that growth is a prerequisite for profitability. Our results suggest that the reverse is the case. A high profitability-low growth biotech firm is more probably to make the transition to high profitability-high growth than a firm that starts off with low profitability and high growth.

Value-based metrics and Internet-based enterprises

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gupta, Krishan M.

2001-10-01

Within the last few years, a host of value-based metrics like EVA, MVA, TBR, CFORI, and TSR have evolved. This paper attempts to analyze the validity and applicability of EVA and Balanced Scorecard for Internet based organizations. Despite the collapse of the dot-com model, the firms engaged in e- commerce continue to struggle to find new ways to account for customer-base, technology, employees, knowledge, etc, as part of the value of the firm. While some metrics, like the Balance Scorecard are geared towards internal use, others like EVA are for external use. Value-based metrics are used for performing internal audits as well as comparing firms against one another; and can also be effectively utilized by individuals outside the firm looking to determine if the firm is creating value for its stakeholders.

Determinants of environmental audit frequency: the role of firm organizational structure.

PubMed

Earnhart, Dietrich; Leonard, J Mark

2013-10-15

This study empirically examines the extent of environmental management practiced by US chemical manufacturing facilities, as reflected in the number of environmental internal audits conducted annually. As its focus, this study analyzes the effects of firm-level organizational structure on facility-level environmental management practices. For this empirical analysis, the study exploits unique data from a survey distributed to all U.S. chemical manufacturing permitted to discharge wastewater in 2001; the data reflect internal audits conducted during the years 1999-2001. Empirical results reveal differences in auditing behavior based on whether facilities are owned by publicly held or non-publicly held firms, owned by U.S.-based or non-U.S.-based firms, and owned by larger or smaller firms. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Financing the health care Internet.

PubMed

Robinson, J C

2000-01-01

Internet-related health care firms have accelerated through the life cycle of capital finance and organizational destiny, including venture capital funding, public stock offerings, and consolidation, in the wake of heightened competition and earnings disappointments. Venture capital flooded into the e-health sector, rising from $3 million in the first quarter of 1998 to $335 million two years later. Twenty-six e-health firms went public in eighteen months, raising $1.53 billion at initial public offering (IPO) and with post-IPO share price appreciation greater than 100 percent for eighteen firms. The technology-sector crash hit the e-health sector especially hard, driving share prices down by more than 80 percent for twenty-one firms. The industry now faces an extended period of consolidation between e-health and conventional firms.

Solar hybrid power plants: Solar energy contribution in reaching full dispatchability and firmness

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Servert, Jorge F.; López, Diego; Cerrajero, Eduardo; Rocha, Alberto R.; Pereira, Daniel; Gonzalez, Lucía

2016-05-01

Renewable energies for electricity generation have always been considered as a risk for the electricity system due to its lack of dispatchability and firmness. Renewable energies penetration is constrained to strong grids or else its production must be limited to ensure grid stability, which is kept by the usage of hydropower energy or fossil-fueled power plants. CSP technology has an opportunity to arise not only as a dispatchable and firm technology, but also as an alternative that improves grid stability. To achieve that objective, solar hybrid configurations are being developed, being the most representative three different solutions: SAPG, ISCC and HYSOL. A reference scenario in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has been defined to compare these solutions, which have been modelled, simulated and evaluated in terms of dispatchability and firmness using ratios defined by the authors. The results show that: a) SAPG obtains the highest firmness KPI values, but no operation constraints have been considered for the coal boiler and the solar energy contribution is limited to 1.7%, b) ISCC provides dispatchable and firm electricity production but its solar energy contribution is limited to a 6.4%, and c) HYSOL presents the higher solar energy contribution of all the technologies considered: 66.0% while providing dispatchable and firm generation in similar conditions as SAPG and ISCC.

Firm size distribution and mobility of the top 500 firms in China, the United States and the world

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guo, Jinzhong; Xu, Qi; Chen, Qinghua; Wang, Yougui

2013-07-01

This paper considers the macroscopic and microscopic statistical features of the top 500 firms in China, the United States and the world, denoted as China 500 (CH500), Fortune 500 (US500) and Fortune Global 500 (FG500). From a macroscopic perspective, the firm size distribution of each category, when measured by revenue, is steadily distributed over the observed period, even during periods of financial crises. As is evidenced by the Gini coefficient, divergences between firm scales are most significant for the CH500. From a microscopic perspective, the underlying micro-dynamics are volatile and often turbulent due to the exit and entry of firms as well as shifts in their revenues and ranks. Such fluctuations, or mobility, are visualized in rank/revenue/share clocks. We also propose a revenue/rank/share mobility index that is a quantitative measurement of mobility. Among these, we find that the share mobility acts as an effective indicator of economic status; where there is a share mobility spike, there is an ailing economy. The share mobility indexes indicate that the 2008 Financial Crisis had little impact on the Chinese economy, while it triggered violent changes in the top 500 firms in the United States and the world.

Quantification of the evolution of firm size distributions due to mergers and acquisitions

PubMed Central

Sornette, Didier

2017-01-01

The distribution of firm sizes is known to be heavy tailed. In order to account for this stylized fact, previous economic models have focused mainly on growth through investments in a company’s own operations (internal growth). Thereby, the impact of mergers and acquisitions (M&A) on the firm size (external growth) is often not taken into consideration, notwithstanding its potential large impact. In this article, we make a first step into accounting for M&A. Specifically, we describe the effect of mergers and acquisitions on the firm size distribution in terms of an integro-differential equation. This equation is subsequently solved both analytically and numerically for various initial conditions, which allows us to account for different observations of previous empirical studies. In particular, it rationalises shortcomings of past work by quantifying that mergers and acquisitions develop a significant influence on the firm size distribution only over time scales much longer than a few decades. This explains why M&A has apparently little impact on the firm size distributions in existing data sets. Our approach is very flexible and can be extended to account for other sources of external growth, thus contributing towards a holistic understanding of the distribution of firm sizes. PMID:28841683

Corporate social responsibility motives and theories evidenced among oilwell drilling firms in Alberta

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Altvater, Norbert

This dissertation is a study in conceptual CSR motives and theories prompted by the knowledge that socially active NGOs have tried to influence the CSP of companies in Alberta's oil patch by using media pressure. The focus of the study was narrowed to changing CSP among Alberta's oilwell drilling firms. This permits intensive interviews with the firms' informants. The examination of changing CSP implies a consideration of the pressures that prompt and influence its change, and points this study to firm motives for behaving responsibly. The firms were firstly categorized according to their primary and secondary CSP using 5 dimensions of CSR previously used by The Conference Board of Canada. The study uses CSR motives conceptualized by Ruth Aguilera and her collaborators to assess the firms' CSP using self-assessed CSR motives and observed CSP. At the onset 3 working hypotheses were posited as starting points from which substantiated propositions were developed. Lance Moir's and Elisabet Garriga and Domènec Meld's classifications of CSR theories were used to organize and evaluate the data. A mapping of the motives and theories in respect of the firms' primary and secondary CSR dimensions appears to display correlations between the CSR theories and the conceptualized motives. Nevertheless, for some of the firms none of the motives conceptualized by Aguilera and her collaborators seem to apply. By re-visiting the motives, and examining them more closely, it seems possible refine the conceptualized motives relying more on perceived conceptions, which are at the basis of legitimacy theories, rather than on relational factors to better explain the normative expectations raised. A similar analysis also indicates that the firms' seem to seek economic benefits, social benefits, or a combination of both. The CSP that results is within the same continuum; the resulting CSP for the firms seems to mediate towards a blend of both, regardless of the original CSR motives. These analyses create both theoretical and applied implications for law. On a theoretical level suggestions for better understanding the nature of law seem to appear, while on an applied level the CSR analysis suggests avenues to make laws more effective.

Evasion of "mandatory" social health insurance for the formal sector: evidence from Lao PDR.

PubMed

Alkenbrack, Sarah; Hanson, Kara; Lindelow, Magnus

2015-10-19

In the last decade, almost every low- or middle-income country in the world has expressed support for universal health coverage (UHC). While at the beginning of the UHC movement, country strategies focused on increasing access to the formal sector as the first step of UHC, there is now consensus that countries should cover the entire population, with particular attention to covering the poor. However, it is often assumed that mandatory schemes will automatically cover their target populations, and consequently little is known about why firms comply or do not comply with enrolment requirements. Using the experience of Lao PDR, where the enrolment rate in the mandatory social security scheme is low and the capacity for regulation is weak, we conducted this study to better understand the determinants of enrolment of private sector firms in mandatory social security. We used a cross-sectional case-comparison design, surveying 130 firms. We applied a structured questionnaire to explore determinants of enrolment, specifically looking at firm characteristics (e.g., industry category, ownership); sociodemographic characteristics of company heads; firms' risk perceptions; details of employment contracts; employee benefits; and exposure to social security. Closed ended questions were analysed quantitatively, while content analysis was applied to open-ended questions. Logistic regression was used to examine the determinants of enrolment. Smaller privately owned firms in the services industry were the least likely to enrol in social security, while firms in the trade industry were more likely to enrol than firms in manufacturing, construction, or services. The main reason for not enrolling was that firms offered a better package of benefits to their employees, although further investigation of company benefits showed that this was not the case in practice. Additional reasons for non-compliance were lack of knowledge and poor quality of care at government hospitals. The study contributes to the dialogue on how best to increase coverage in the formal sector, which is an important element of achieving UHC. It also provides much needed information about the motivation of private sector firms to comply with mandatory schemes.

A simpler way to pay.

PubMed

Zehnder, E

2001-04-01

There have been many changes in professional services since Egon Zehnder founded his executive search firm nearly four decades ago--not the least of which has been a shift in the way professionals pay themselves. When he started, compensation everywhere was strongly tied to seniority. Today, partners at most professional services firms are paid according to the size of their client billings and their ability to bring in new clients. But Egon Zehnder International, which now has 57 offices worldwide, has stuck with the old-fashioned way to pay. In addition to giving partners base salaries and equal shares in a percentage of the profit, the firm apportions another fraction of the profit based only on length of tenure as partner. Yet the firm attracts outstanding consultants, and its turnover rate is low. The reasons, the author says, are simple: the firm's approach to compensation forces it to hire team players--consultants who get more pleasure from the group's success than from their own advancement. And the seniority-based system requires the firm to find people who want to stay for the long haul. Call the system a relic, says Zehnder, but don't call it nonsense. It works. In this article, the author describes the extremely intensive interview process used to hire the right kind of people. By the time the interviews are over, he says, potential hires know that people in the firm's Boston office think and act the same way as people in its Brazil offices--and that they themselves must think and act that way if they are to succeed at the firm.

75 FR 58363 - Notice of Petitions by Firms for Determination of Eligibility to Apply for Trade Adjustment...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-24

..., Inc 6550 Wedgwood Road, 09/13/10 The firm manufactures Maple Grove, MN 55311- electronic integrated.... Genplex, Inc 7 Industrial Park Road, 09/14/10 The firm manufactures Skowhegan, ME 04976. extruded plastic... and decorated apparel utilizing custom industrial sewing, RF welding, embroidery and silk screen...

48 CFR 519.7006 - Mentor firms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Mentor firms. 519.7006... PROGRAMS SMALL BUSINESS PROGRAMS GSA Mentor-Protégé Program 519.7006 Mentor firms. (a) Mentors must be... plan as required by FAR 19.7 - Small business mentors are exempted; or (2) A small business prime...

40 CFR 745.92 - Fees for the accreditation of renovation and dust sampling technician training and the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... ACT LEAD-BASED PAINT POISONING PREVENTION IN CERTAIN RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURES Residential Property...-based Paint Activities Firm Application $550 $550 Combined Renovation and Lead-based Paint Activities Tribal Firm Application $20 $20 Tribal Firm $20 $20 (2) Lost certificate. A $15 fee will be charged for...

Transcending Technological Innovation: The Impact of Acquisitions on Entrepreneurial Technical Organizations

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Crochetiere, Bruce

2011-01-01

Technology firms with substantial cash reserves acquire smaller entrepreneurial firms for diversification. In 2006, 3 large firms acquired 28 organizations, with the combined deals exceeding $4.7 billion. The problem addressed in this study is that new start-up companies with innovative ideas may not mature when they are acquired by larger…

When Do First-Movers Have an Advantage? A Stackelberg Classroom Experiment

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rebelein, Robert; Turkay, Evsen

2016-01-01

The timing of moves can dramatically affect firm profits and market outcomes. When firms choose output quantities, there is a first-mover advantage, and when firms choose prices, there is a second-mover advantage. Students often find it difficult to understand the differences between these two situations. This classroom experiment simulates each…

Boundary Conditions of the High-Investment Human Resource Systems-Small-Firm Labor Productivity Relationship

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Chadwick, Clint; Way, Sean A.; Kerr, Gerry; Thacker, James W.

2013-01-01

Although a few published, multiindustry, firm-level, empirical studies have linked systems of high-investment or high-performance human resource management practices to enhanced small-firm performance, this stream of strategic human resource management research is underdeveloped and equivocal. Accordingly, in this study, we use a sample of…

Does Organizational Learning Lead to Higher Firm Performance? An Investigation of Chinese Listing Companies

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zhou, Wencang; Hu, Huajing; Shi, Xuli

2015-01-01

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to develop a framework for studying organizational learning, firm innovation and firm financial performance. Design/methodology/approach: This paper examines the effects of organizational learning on innovation and performance among 287 listed Chinese companies. Findings: The results indicate a positive…

Theoretical Perspectives on the Internationalization of Firms

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rask, Morten; Strandskov, Jesper; Hakonsson, Dorthe Dojbak

2008-01-01

The purpose of this article is to build a coherent framework of the four main theories relating to the internationalization of firms, in order to facilitate better business teaching and research. Yet, theories of the internationalization of firms are broad and rest on different underlying assumptions. With the purpose of clarifying the potential…

78 FR 9941 - Notice of Determinations Regarding Eligibility To Apply for Worker Adjustment Assistance

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-12

... threatened to become totally or partially separated; (2) the sales or production, or both, of such firm have... like or directly competitive with articles produced or services supplied by such firm have increased... parts produced by such firm are directly incorporated, have increased; (C) imports of articles directly...

77 FR 24997 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-26

... includes the following Routing Fees for routing Customer, Professional, Firm, Broker-Dealer and Market... an operative date of April 27, 2012. Firm/broker- Exchange Customer Professional dealer/ market maker..., Professionals, Firms, Broker-Dealers, and Market Makers, but proposes to apply those fees solely to Penny...

ERP and Knowledge Management Integration: The Case of Malaysian Business Firms

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Supramaniam, Mahadevan; Kuppusamy, Mudiarasan

2010-01-01

In order to compete in a global environment, Malaysian business firms need to improve their products and services through best practices. This paper aims to investigate the critical success factors to adopt Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) with knowledge management (KM) strategies among Malaysian business firms. In order to achieve the research…

Outsourcing Relationships between Firms and Their Training Providers: The Role of Trust

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gainey, Thomas W.; Klaas, Brian S.

2005-01-01

Firms increasingly use external vendors to provide training for their employees. And because trust has been found to be essential in successful interfirm relationships, this study identified a number of factors thought to be associated with both self-interested trust and socially oriented trust between firms and their training suppliers. Using…

75 FR 30066 - Notice of Determinations Regarding Eligibility To Apply for Worker Adjustment Assistance

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-05-28

... directly competitive with articles produced or services supplied by such firm have increased; (B) Imports... using services supplied by such firm, have increased; and (4) The increase in imports contributed... supply of services like or directly competitive with those produced/supplied by the workers' firm; (B...

7 CFR 29.1162 - Leaf (B Group).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Specifications, and Tolerances B1L—Choice Quality Lemon Leaf Ripe, firm leaf structure, medium body, rich in oil... percent. B2L—Fine Quality Lemon Leaf Ripe, firm leaf structure, medium body, rich in oil, deep color.... B3L—Good Quality Lemon Leaf Ripe, firm leaf structure, medium body, oily, strong color intensity...

7 CFR 29.1162 - Leaf (B Group).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... Specifications, and Tolerances B1L—Choice Quality Lemon Leaf Ripe, firm leaf structure, medium body, rich in oil... percent. B2L—Fine Quality Lemon Leaf Ripe, firm leaf structure, medium body, rich in oil, deep color.... B3L—Good Quality Lemon Leaf Ripe, firm leaf structure, medium body, oily, strong color intensity...

77 FR 75448 - Notice of Determinations Regarding Eligibility To Apply for Worker Adjustment Assistance

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-20

... production or sales of the workers' firm; or (B) A loss of business by the workers' firm with the firm..., Remedy Intelligent Staffing. The following certifications have been issued. The requirements of Section...,085 Randstad US, LP, FKA Fort Collins, CO Spherion Staffing, Hewlett- Packard, Business Critical...

75 FR 2491 - Trade Adjustment Assistance for Firms Program Fiscal Year 2009 Annual Report

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-01-15

... strengthen their marketing channels to more effectively reach service firms, it is expected that the number... a marketing/sales project or production/engineering project in their Adjustment Proposals, and 35... types of projects in Adjustment Proposals. More than half of all firms proposed to implement marketing...

45 CFR 1641.3 - Scope of debarment, suspension and removal.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... employee, independent contractor, agent or other representative of an IPA firm. (b) Actions against IPA... elements materially involved in the relevant engagement and as to which there is cause to debar, suspend or... the IPA firm only if such firm was materially involved in the relevant engagement and is specifically...

Spaces of Innovation: Experiences from Two Small High-Tech Firms

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Heiskanen, Tuula; Heiskanen, Hannu

2011-01-01

Purpose: By comparing two small high-tech firms specialising in medical technology this article seeks to answer the following questions: What are the key characteristics of innovation processes in the case firms? How do the mutual relationships between mental, social and physical spaces explain the different pathways in the innovation processes in…

Hospitals look to hospitality service firms to meet TQM goals.

PubMed

Hard, R

1992-05-20

Hospitals that hire contract service firms to manage one or all aspects of their hospitality service departments increasingly expect those firms to help meet total quality management goals as well as offer the more traditional cost reduction, quality improvement and specialized expertise, finds the 1992 Hospital Contract Services Survey conducted by Hospitals.

Bureaucratic versus Craft Administration: The Relationship of Market Structure to the Construction Firm.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Eccles, Robert G.

1981-01-01

Examines the factors that influence subcontracting and type of management in the construction industry. Argues that subcontracting is explained by a construction firm's size, complexity, and market extent, and that management type results from a firm's size and role in the production process and from census classification problems. (Author/RW)

A STUDY OF THE LUMBER INDUSTRY IN IDAHO, PART III.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

LOUDERMILK, KENNETH M.; AND OTHERS

DATA COLLECTED FROM 27 LUMBER MILLS THROUGH 131 SUPERVISOR INTERVIEWS AND 1,192 EMPLOYEE QUESTIONNAIRES IDENTIFIED 188 JOB TITLES FOR 3,871 EMPLOYEES. EMPLOYMENT EXPANSION WAS PLANNED BY 36 FIRMS, AND A DECREASE WAS EXPECTED BY 20 FIRMS. MOST FIRMS MADE EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS ON AN ANNUAL BASIS, REFLECTING THEIR ANNUAL BUDGET PRACTICES.…

77 FR 47671 - Notice of Determinations Regarding Eligibility To Apply for Worker Adjustment Assistance

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-08-09

... Project Service Center, 05-- Business Consulting Services, Tele- Workers. 81,633B International Research... sales of the workers' firm; or (B) A loss of business by the workers' firm with the firm described in... Orlando, FL May 15, 2011. Business Machines (IBM), The Project Service Center, 05-- Business Consulting...

Is Transfer of Training Related to Firm Performance?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Saks, Alan M.; Burke-Smalley, Lisa A.

2014-01-01

The purpose of this study was to bridge the gap between micro-training research on the transfer of training and macro-training research on training and firm performance by testing the relationship between transfer of training and firm performance. Training and development professionals completed a survey about the training methods used in their…

Improving Performance in Very Small Firms through Effective Assessment and Feedback

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lorenzet, Steven J.; Cook, Ronald G.; Ozeki, Cynthia

2006-01-01

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to improve assessment and feedback processes in the training practices of very small firms, thereby improving the firms' human capital. Design/methodology/approach: The paper reviews research and practice on effective assessment and feedback. Findings: Based on this paper, human resources are increasingly seen…

How Knowledge Organisations Work: The Case of Software Firms

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gottschalk, Petter

2007-01-01

Knowledge workers in software firms solve client problems in sequential and cyclical work processes. Sequential and cyclical work takes place in the value configuration of a value shop. While typical examples of value chains are manufacturing industries such as paper and car production, typical examples of value shops are law firms and medical…

Firm Size and Skill Formation Processes: An Emerging Debate

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bishop, Daniel

2012-01-01

Recent research has established that small firms tend to develop and acquire the skills they need in different ways to those employed by larger organisations. More specifically, due to certain characteristics inherent to their small size, small firms generally display greater informality in their learning processes. As such, it is now broadly…

Firm Size, Ownership, Training Duration and Training Evaluation Practices

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Asadullah, Muhammad Ali; Peretti, Jean Marie; Ali, Arain Ghulam; Bourgain, Marina

2015-01-01

Purpose: The purpose of this paper was to test the mediating role of training duration in relationship between firm characteristics and training evaluation practices. In this paper, the authors also investigated if this mediating effect differs with respect to the size of the firm. Design/methodology/approach: The authors collected data from 260…

Privatization and environmental pollution in an international mixed Cournot model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ferreira, Fernanda A.

2016-06-01

In this paper, we consider a competition between a domestic public firm and a foreign private firm, supposing that the production processes generates environmental pollution. Introducing the residents' environmental preference into the public firm's objective function, we analyse its economic impacts. We also analyse the economic impacts of the privatization.

Early Effects of the San Francisco Paid Sick Leave Policy

PubMed Central

Colla, Carrie H.; Dow, William H.; Dube, Arindrajit; Lovell, Vicky

2014-01-01

Objectives. We examined employers’ responses to San Francisco, California’s 2007 Paid Sick Leave Ordinance. Methods. We used the 2009 Bay Area Employer Health Benefits Survey to describe sick leave policy changes and the policy’s effects on firm (n = 699) operations. Results. The proportion of firms offering paid sick leave in San Francisco grew from 73% in 2006 to 91% in 2009, with large firms (99%) more likely to offer sick leave than are small firms (86%) in 2009. Most firms (57%) did not make any changes to their sick leave policy, although 17% made a major change to sick leave policy to comply with the law. Firms beginning to offer sick leave reported reductions in other benefits (39%), worse profitability (32%), and increases in prices (18%) but better employee morale (17%) and high support for the policy (71%). Many employers (58%) reported some difficulty understanding legal requirements, complying administratively, or reassigning work responsibilities. Conclusions. There was a substantial increase in paid sick leave coverage after the mandate. Employers reported some difficulties in complying with the law but supported the policy overall. PMID:24432927

A database linking Chinese patents to China’s census firms

PubMed Central

He, Zi-Lin; Tong, Tony W.; Zhang, Yuchen; He, Wenlong

2018-01-01

To meet researchers’ increasing interest in the fast growing innovation activities taking place in China, we match patents filed with China’s State Intellectual Property Office to firms covered in China’s Census. China has experienced a strong growth in patent filings over the past two decades, and has since 2011 become the world’s top patent filing country. China’s Census database covers about one million unique manufacturing firms from 1998–2009, representing the broad Chinese economy. We design data parsing and pre-processing routines to clean and stem firm and assignee names, create a matching algorithm that fits with our data and maintains a balance between matching accuracy and workload of manual check, and implement a systematic manual check process to filter out false positives generated from computerized matching. Our project generates 1,113,588 matches for the Census firms, among which 849,647 patents are uniquely matched. By creating the patent-firm linked dataset, we hope to reduce duplicative effort and encourage more research to better understand China’s fast changing innovation landscape. PMID:29583142

Power Laws in Firm Productivity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mizuno, T.; Ishikawa, A.; Fujimoto, S.; Watanabe, T.

We estimate firm productivity for about 3.2 million firms from30 countries. We find that the distribution of firm productivity in each country, which is measured by total factor productivity (TFP), has a power law upper tail. However, the power law exponent of a TFP distribution in a country tends to be greater than that of a sales distribution in that country, indicating that the upper tail of a TFP distribution is less heavy compared to that of a sales distribution. We also find that the power law exponent of a TFP distribution tends to be greater than the power law exponents associated with the number of workers or tangible fixed assets. Given the idea that the sales of a firm is determined by the amount of various inputs employed by the firm (i.e., ``production function'' in the terminology of economics), these results suggest that the heavy tail of a sales distribution in a country comes not from the tail of a TFP distribution, but from the tail of the distribution of the number of workers or tangible fixed assets.

Micro-Level Adaptation, Macro-Level Selection, and the Dynamics of Market Partitioning

PubMed Central

García-Díaz, César; van Witteloostuijn, Arjen; Péli, Gábor

2015-01-01

This paper provides a micro-foundation for dual market structure formation through partitioning processes in marketplaces by developing a computational model of interacting economic agents. We propose an agent-based modeling approach, where firms are adaptive and profit-seeking agents entering into and exiting from the market according to their (lack of) profitability. Our firms are characterized by large and small sunk costs, respectively. They locate their offerings along a unimodal demand distribution over a one-dimensional product variety, with the distribution peak constituting the center and the tails standing for the peripheries. We found that large firms may first advance toward the most abundant demand spot, the market center, and release peripheral positions as predicted by extant dual market explanations. However, we also observed that large firms may then move back toward the market fringes to reduce competitive niche overlap in the center, triggering nonlinear resource occupation behavior. Novel results indicate that resource release dynamics depend on firm-level adaptive capabilities, and that a minimum scale of production for low sunk cost firms is key to the formation of the dual structure. PMID:26656107

Data on empirical estimation of the relationship between agency costs and ownership structure in Italian listed companies (2002-2013).

PubMed

Rossi, Fabrizio; Barth, James R; Cebula, Richard J

2018-06-01

The data presented in this article are related to the research article entitled "Do shareholder coalitions affect agency costs? Evidence from Italian-listed companies", Research in International Business and Finance , Forthcoming (Rossi et al., 2018) [1]. The study shows an empirical analysis using an extensive balanced panel dataset of 163 Italian listed companies for the period 2002-2013, which is a sample yielding 1956 firm-year observations. The sample consists primarily of manufacturing firms, but also includes some service enterprises. However all financial firms and regulated utilities are excluded. We collected data on ownership structure for the entire study period. Information was acquired from the Consob website and the individual company reports on corporate governance. Data on firm-level indicators (debt-to-capital ratio, firm size, and age of the firm) for all companies in the sample were collected from Datastream, Bloomberg , and Calepino dell'Azionista , as well as obtained manually from the financial statements of the individual companies being studied. Our dataset contains several measures of ownership structure for Italian listed companies.

The availability and marginal costs of dependent employer-sponsored health insurance.

PubMed

Miller, G Edward; Vistnes, Jessica; Buettgens, Matthew; Dubay, Lisa

2017-01-21

In this study, we examine differences by firm size in the availability of dependent coverage and the incremental cost of such coverage. We use data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey - Insurance Component (MEPS-IC) to show that among employees eligible for single coverage, dependent coverage was almost always available for employees in large firms (100 or more employees) but not in smaller firms, particularly those with fewer than 10 employees. In addition, when dependent coverage was available, eligible employees in smaller firms were more likely than employees in large firms to face two situations that represented the extremes of the incremental cost distribution: (1) they paid nothing for single or family coverage or (2) they paid nothing for single coverage but faced a high contribution for family coverage. These results suggest that firm size may be an important factor in policy assessments, such as analyses of the financial implications for families excluded from subsidized Marketplace coverage due to affordable offers of single coverage or of potential rollbacks to public coverage for children.

Micro-Level Adaptation, Macro-Level Selection, and the Dynamics of Market Partitioning.

PubMed

García-Díaz, César; van Witteloostuijn, Arjen; Péli, Gábor

2015-01-01

This paper provides a micro-foundation for dual market structure formation through partitioning processes in marketplaces by developing a computational model of interacting economic agents. We propose an agent-based modeling approach, where firms are adaptive and profit-seeking agents entering into and exiting from the market according to their (lack of) profitability. Our firms are characterized by large and small sunk costs, respectively. They locate their offerings along a unimodal demand distribution over a one-dimensional product variety, with the distribution peak constituting the center and the tails standing for the peripheries. We found that large firms may first advance toward the most abundant demand spot, the market center, and release peripheral positions as predicted by extant dual market explanations. However, we also observed that large firms may then move back toward the market fringes to reduce competitive niche overlap in the center, triggering nonlinear resource occupation behavior. Novel results indicate that resource release dynamics depend on firm-level adaptive capabilities, and that a minimum scale of production for low sunk cost firms is key to the formation of the dual structure.

The mobile hospital technology industry: focus on the computerized tomography scanner.

PubMed

Hartley, D; Moscovice, I

1996-01-01

This study of firms offering mobile hospital technology to rural hospitals in eight northwestern states found that several permanently parked computerized tomography (CT) units were found where mobile routes had atrophied due to the purchase of fixed units by former mobile CT hospital clients. Based on a criterion of 140 scans per month per unit as a threshold of profitable production, units owned by larger firms (those that operate five or more units) were more likely to be profitable than units owned by smaller firms (71% versus 20%, P = 0.03). A substantial number of rural hospitals lose money on mobile CT due to low Medicare reimbursement. In some areas, mobile hospital technology is a highly competitive industry. Evidence was found that several firms compete in some geographic areas and that some firms have lost hospital clients to competing vendors.

Financial effects of pharmaceutical price regulation on R&D spending by EU versus US firms.

PubMed

Golec, Joseph; Vernon, John A

2010-01-01

EU countries closely regulate pharmaceutical prices, whereas the US does not. This paper shows how price constraints affect the profitability, stock returns and R&D spending of EU and US firms. Compared with EU firms, US firms are more profitable, earn higher stock returns and spend more on R&D. We tested the relationship between price regulation and R&D spending, and estimated the costs of tight EU price regulation. Although results show that EU consumers enjoyed much lower pharmaceutical price inflation, we estimated that price controls cost EU firms 46 fewer new medicines and 1680 fewer research jobs during our 19-year sample period. Had the US used controls similar to those used in the EU, we estimate it would have led to 117 fewer new medicines and 4368 fewer research jobs in the US.

Risk aversion and compliance in markets for pollution control.

PubMed

Stranlund, John K

2008-07-01

This paper examines the effects of risk aversion on compliance choices in markets for pollution control. A firm's decision to be compliant or not is independent of its manager's risk preference. However, non-compliant firms with risk-averse managers will have lower violations than otherwise identical firms with risk-neutral managers. The violations of non-compliant firms with risk-averse managers are independent of differences in their profit functions and their initial allocations of permits if and only if their managers' utility functions exhibit constant absolute risk aversion. However, firm-level characteristics do impact violation choices when managers have coefficients of absolute risk aversion that are increasing or decreasing in profit levels. Finally, in the equilibrium of a market for emissions rights with widespread non-compliance, risk aversion is associated with higher permit prices, better environmental quality, and lower aggregate violations.

Complexity study on the Cournot-Bertrand mixed duopoly game model with market share preference

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ma, Junhai; Sun, Lijian; Hou, Shunqi; Zhan, Xueli

2018-02-01

In this paper, a Cournot-Bertrand duopoly model with market share preference is established. Assume that there is a degree of product difference between the two firms, where one firm takes the price as a decision variable and the other takes the quantity. Both firms are bounded rational, with linear cost functions and demand functions. The stability of the equilibrium points is analyzed, and the effects of some parameters (α, β, d and v1) on the model stability are studied. Basins of attraction are investigated and the evolution process is shown with the increase in the output adjustment speed. The simulation results show that instability will lead to the increase in the average utility of the firm that determines the quantity and reduce the average utility of the firm that determines price.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Granderson, G.D.

The purpose of the dissertation is to examine the impact of rate-of-return regulation on the cost of transporting natural gas in interstate commerce. Of particular interest is the effect of the regulation on the input choice of a firm. Does regulation induce a regulated firm to produce its selected level of output at greater than minimum cost The theoretical model is based on the work of Rolf Faere and James Logan who investigate the duality relationship between the cost and production functions of a rate-of-return regulated firm. Faere and Logan derive the cost function for a regulated firm as themore » minimum cost of producing the firm's selected level of output, subject to the regulatory constraint. The regulated cost function is used to recover the unregulated cost function. A firm's unregulated cost function is the minimum cost of producing its selected level of output. Characteristics of the production technology are obtained from duality between the production and unregulated cost functions. Using data on 20 pipeline companies from 1977 to 1987, the author estimates a random effects model that consists of a regulated cost function and its associated input share equations. The model is estimated as a set of seemingly unrelated regressions. The empirical results are used to test the Faere and Logan theory and the traditional Averch-Johnson hypothesis of overcapitalization. Parameter estimates are used to recover the unregulated cost function and to calculate the amount by which transportation costs are increased by the regulation of the industry. Empirical results show that a firm's transportation cost decreases as the allowed rate of return increases and the regulatory constraint becomes less tight. Elimination of the regulatory constraint would lead to a reduction in costs on average of 5.278%. There is evidence that firms overcapitalize on pipeline capital. There is inconclusive evidence on whether firms overcapitalized on compressor station capital.« less

Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation By The Ablation Of Localized Sources

PubMed Central

Narayan, Sanjiv M.; Krummen, David E.; Shivkumar, Kalyanam; Clopton, Paul; Rappel, Wouter-Jan; Miller, John M.

2012-01-01

Objectives We hypothesized that human atrial fibrillation (AF) may be sustained by localized sources (electrical rotors and focal impulses), whose elimination (Focal Impulse and Rotor Modulation, FIRM) may improve outcome from AF ablation. Background Catheter ablation for AF is a promising therapy, whose success is limited in part by uncertainty in the mechanisms that sustain AF. We developed a computational approach to map whether AF is sustained by several meandering waves (the prevailing hypothesis) or localized sources, then prospectively tested whether targeting patient-specific mechanisms revealed by mapping would improve AF ablation outcome. Methods We recruited 92 individuals during 107 consecutive ablation procedures for paroxysmal or persistent (72%) AF. Cases were prospectively treated, in a 2-arm 1:2 design, by ablation at sources (FIRM-Guided) followed by conventional ablation (n=36), or conventional ablation alone (n=71; FIRM-Blinded). Results Localized rotors or focal impulses were detected in 98 (97%) of 101 cases with sustained AF, each exhibiting 2.1±1.0 sources. The acute endpoint (AF termination or consistent slowing) was achieved in 86% of FIRM-guided versus 20% of FIRM-Blinded cases (p<0.001). FIRM ablation alone at the primary source terminated AF in 2.5 minutes (median; IQR 1.0–3.1). Total ablation time did not differ between groups (57.8±22.8 versus 52.1±17.8 minutes, p=0.16). During 273 days (median; IQR 132–681 days) after a single procedure, FIRM-Guided cases had higher freedom from AF (82.4% versus 44.9%; p<0.001) after a single procedure than FIRM-blinded cases with rigorous, often implanted, ECG monitoring. Adverse events did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS Localized electrical rotors and focal impulse sources are prevalent sustaining-mechanisms for human AF. FIRM ablation at patient-specific sources acutely terminated or slowed AF, and improved outcome. These results offer a novel mechanistic framework and treatment paradigm for AF. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01008722) PMID:22818076

Contingent feasibility for forest carbon credit: evidence from South Korean firms.

PubMed

Roh, TaeWoo; Koo, Ja-Choon; Cho, Dong-Sung; Youn, Yeo-Chang

2014-11-01

Under the Kyoto Protocol, a global governmental response to climate change, protocol signatories make an effort to cut their greenhouse gas emissions. South Korea is not included in the list of Annex I countries; yet, South Korea is the seventh highest emitter of CO2. The South Korean government has enacted various institutional policies to encourage greenhouse gas reductions. While previous studies have focused on the guidance that reflects the stance of suppliers in the carbon market, this study focuses on South Korean firms' actual demand for forest carbon credits. By applying the contingent valuation method, we estimated domestic firms' willingness to pay for forest carbon credits. We then applied a rank-ordered logistic regression to confirm whether the rank of forest carbon credits, as compared to any other carbon credit, is influenced by a firm's characteristics. The results showed that Korean firms are willing to pay 5.45 USD/tCO2 and 7.77 USD/tCO2 for forest carbon credits in domestic and overseas forest carbon projects, respectively. Therefore, the introduction of forest carbon credits in the Korean carbon market seems reasonable. Analysis of the priority rankings of forest carbon credits, however, demonstrated that forestry projects were least likely to be ranked by firms as their first priority. Although relative preferences for forest carbon credits were influenced by individual firms' characteristics such as prior experience of environmental CSR related activities and whether the firm established an emissions reduction plan, the impact of perceived behavior control, whether the firm was included in the emissions target management scheme on forest carbon credits was negligible. Therefore, forest carbon credits are not a feasible solution without strong government support or institutional instruments. The results of this study are expected to provide policy makers with realistic approaches to formulate climatic change-related policies. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Putting your money where your mouth is: why sustainability reporting based on the triple bottom line can be misleading.

PubMed

Shnayder, Larissa; van Rijnsoever, Frank J; Hekkert, Marko P

2015-01-01

In the packaged food industry, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is an informal requirement for which firms account through sustainability reporting. CSR behaviors are often reported and analyzed using the Triple Bottom Line (3BL) framework, which categorizes them as affecting people, planet, or profit. 3BL is useful in determining which of these categories is most elaborated upon by the firm, but has a limited scope and many documented criticisms. This paper aims to address the aforementioned insufficiencies by augmenting the 3BL framework with two important attributes of CSR practices: (1) the presence of change in core firm behavior of the firm itself or of others in the supply chain, and (2) whether the behavior qualifies as being outside of the firm's normal business practice or is something that they might have done anyway. We qualitatively analyze CSR behaviors described in sustainability reports and interviews from major players in the packaged food industry and categorize them using these attributes as a supplement to 3BL. This enables us to separate the behaviors from their framing and analyze them more critically. Our results demonstrate how the visible CSR efforts of a firm can be misleading at first glance. Using only 3BL, we find that the CSR focus of firms in this industry is people. We then discover that the codes focusing on people (as opposed to planet or profit) require the least amount of real structural change from a firm or its supply chain partners, and thus arguably, the least amount of effort. We also find that behaviors that focus on planet require the most effort within the firm itself, but for behaviors involving supply chain partners, effort is required for behaviors in all three categories. Finally, we find that CSR behavior that is related to planet tends to go beyond normal business practice.

A controlled time-series trial of clinical reminders: using computerized firm systems to make quality improvement research a routine part of mainstream practice.

PubMed Central

Goldberg, H. I.; Neighbor, W. E.; Cheadle, A. D.; Ramsey, S. D.; Diehr, P.; Gore, E.

2000-01-01

OBJECTIVE: To explore the feasibility of conducting unobtrusive interventional research in community practice settings by integrating firm-system techniques with time-series analysis of relational-repository data. STUDY SETTING: A satellite teaching clinic divided into two similar, but geographically separated, primary care group practices called firms. One firm was selected by chance to receive the study intervention. Forty-two providers and 2,655 patients participated. STUDY DESIGN: A nonrandomized controlled trial of computer-generated preventive reminders. Net effects were determined by quantitatively combining population-level data from parallel experimental and control interrupted time series extending over two-month baseline and intervention periods. DATA COLLECTION: Mean rates at which mammography, colorectal cancer screening, and cholesterol testing were performed on patients due to receive each maneuver at clinic visits were the trial's outcome measures. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Mammography performance increased on the experimental firm by 154 percent (0.24 versus 0.61, p = .03). No effect on fecal occult blood testing was observed. Cholesterol ordering decreased on both the experimental (0.18 versus 0.1 1, p = .02) and control firms (0.13 versus 0.07, p = .03) coincident with national guidelines retreating from recommending screening for young adults. A traditional uncontrolled interrupted time-series design would have incorrectly attributed the experimental-firm decrease to the introduction of reminders. The combined analysis properly indicated that no net prompting effect had occurred, as the difference between firms in cholesterol testing remained stochastically stable over time (0.05 versus 0.04, p = .75). A logistic-regression analysis applied to individual-level data produced equivalent findings. The trial incurred no supplementary data collection costs. CONCLUSIONS: The apparent validity and practicability of our reminder implementation study should encourage others to develop computerized firm systems capable of conducting controlled time-series trials. Images Fig. 1 PMID:10737451

Game analysis among the central government, local governments, and firms in China’s environmental pollution governance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Shuwen; Xu, Jin

2018-05-01

China’s environmental pollution governance has entered the game stage centered on interests, and there are three main bodies in environmental pollution governance: the central government, local governments and firms. The research firstly reveals the relationships among the central government, local governments, and firms in the process of environmental governance, and then analyzes the game among the central government, local governments and firms using game theory in Economics. Finally, the research makes a conclusion and proposes some corresponding policy proposals so as to solve the problem of environmental pollution.

Endogenous network of firms and systemic risk

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ma, Qianting; He, Jianmin; Li, Shouwei

2018-02-01

We construct an endogenous network characterized by commercial credit relationships connecting the upstream and downstream firms. Simulation results indicate that the endogenous network model displays a scale-free property which exists in real-world firm systems. In terms of the network structure, with the expansion of the scale of network nodes, the systemic risk increases significantly, while the heterogeneities of network nodes have no effect on systemic risk. As for firm micro-behaviors, including the selection range of trading partners, actual output, labor requirement, price of intermediate products and employee salaries, increase of all these parameters will lead to higher systemic risk.

The determinants of merger waves: An international perspective

PubMed Central

Gugler, Klaus; Mueller, Dennis C.; Weichselbaumer, Michael

2012-01-01

One of the most conspicuous features of mergers is that they come in waves that are correlated with increases in share prices and price/earnings ratios. We use a natural way to discriminate between pure stock market influences on firm decisions and other influences by examining merger patterns for both listed and unlisted firms. If “real” changes in the economy drive merger waves, as some neoclassical theories of mergers predict, both listed and unlisted firms should experience waves. We find significant differences between listed and unlisted firms as predicted by behavioral theories of merger waves. PMID:27346903

Stochasticity Favoring the Effects of the R&D Strategies of the Firms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pinto, Alberto A.; Oliveira, Bruno M. P. M.; Ferreira, Fernanda A.; Ferreira, Flávio

We present stochastic dynamics on the production costs of Cournot competitions, based on perfect Nash equilibria of nonlinear R&D investment strategies to reduce the production costs of the firms at every period of the game. We analyse the effects that the R&D investment strategies can have in the profits of the firms along the time. We observe that, in certain cases, the uncertainty can improve the effects of the R&D strategies in the profits of the firms due to the non-linearity of the profit functions and also of the R&D parameters.

Investing to Survive in a Duopoly Model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pinto, Alberto A.; Oliveira, Bruno M. P. M.; Ferreira, Fernanda A.; Ferreira, Miguel

We present deterministic dynamics on the production costs of Cournot competitions, based on perfect Nash equilibria of nonlinear R&D investment strategies to reduce the production costs of the firms at every period of the game. We analyse the effects that the R&D investment strategies can have in the profits of the firms along the time. We show that small changes in the initial production costs or small changes in the parameters that determine the efficiency of the R&D programs or of the firms can produce strong economic effects in the long run of the profits of the firms.

Factors Affecting Firm Yield and the Estimation of Firm Yield for Selected Streamflow-Dominated Drinking-Water-Supply Reservoirs in Massachusetts

USGS Publications Warehouse

Waldron, Marcus C.; Archfield, Stacey A.

2006-01-01

Factors affecting reservoir firm yield, as determined by application of the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection's Firm Yield Estimator (FYE) model, were evaluated, modified, and tested on 46 streamflow-dominated reservoirs representing 15 Massachusetts drinking-water supplies. The model uses a mass-balance approach to determine the maximum average daily withdrawal rate that can be sustained during a period of record that includes the 1960s drought-of-record. The FYE methodology to estimate streamflow to the reservoir at an ungaged site was tested by simulating streamflow at two streamflow-gaging stations in Massachusetts and comparing the simulated streamflow to the observed streamflow. In general, the FYE-simulated flows agreed well with observed flows. There were substantial deviations from the measured values for extreme high and low flows. A sensitivity analysis determined that the model's streamflow estimates are most sensitive to input values for average annual precipitation, reservoir drainage area, and the soil-retention number-a term that describes the amount of precipitation retained by the soil in the basin. The FYE model currently provides the option of using a 1,000-year synthetic record constructed by randomly sampling 2-year blocks of concurrent streamflow and precipitation records 500 times; however, the synthetic record has the potential to generate records of precipitation and streamflow that do not reflect the worst historical drought in Massachusetts. For reservoirs that do not have periods of drawdown greater than 2 years, the bootstrap does not offer any additional information about the firm yield of a reservoir than the historical record does. For some reservoirs, the use of a synthetic record to determine firm yield resulted in as much as a 30-percent difference between firm-yield values from one simulation to the next. Furthermore, the assumption that the synthetic traces of streamflow are statistically equivalent to the historical record is not valid. For multiple-reservoir systems, the firm-yield estimate was dependent on the reservoir system's configuration. The firm yield of a system is sensitive to how the water is transferred from one reservoir to another, the capacity of the connection between the reservoirs, and how seasonal variations in demand are represented in the FYE model. Firm yields for 25 (14 single-reservoir systems and 11 multiple-reservoir systems) reservoir systems were determined by using the historical records of streamflow and precipitation. Current water-use data indicate that, on average, 20 of the 25 reservoir systems in the study were operating below their estimated firm yield; during months with peak demands, withdrawals exceeded the firm yield for 8 reservoir systems.

Firm Size, a Self-Organized Critical Phenomenon: Evidence from the Dynamical Systems Theory

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chandra, Akhilesh

This research draws upon a recent innovation in the dynamical systems literature called the theory of self -organized criticality (SOC) (Bak, Tang, and Wiesenfeld 1988) to develop a computational model of a firm's size by relating its internal and the external sub-systems. As a holistic paradigm, the theory of SOC implies that a firm as a composite system of many degrees of freedom naturally evolves to a critical state in which a minor event starts a chain reaction that can affect either a part or the system as a whole. Thus, the global features of a firm cannot be understood by analyzing its individual parts separately. The causal framework builds upon a constant capital resource to support a volume of production at the existing level of efficiency. The critical size is defined as the production level at which the average product of a firm's factors of production attains its maximum value. The non -linearity is inferred by a change in the nature of relations at the border of criticality, between size and the two performance variables, viz., the operating efficiency and the financial efficiency. The effect of breaching the critical size is examined on the stock price reactions. Consistent with the theory of SOC, it is hypothesized that the temporal response of a firm breaching the level of critical size should behave as a flicker noise (1/f) process. The flicker noise is characterized by correlations extended over a wide range of time scales, indicating some sort of cooperative effect among a firm's degrees of freedom. It is further hypothesized that a firm's size evolves to a spatial structure with scale-invariant, self-similar (fractal) properties. The system is said to be self-organized inasmuch as it naturally evolves to the state of criticality without any detailed specifications of the initial conditions. In this respect, the critical state is an attractor of the firm's dynamics. Another set of hypotheses examines the relations between the size and the performance variables during the sub-critical (below the critical size) and the supra-critical (above the critical size) states. Since the dynamics of any two firms is likely to be different, the analysis is performed individually for each company within the Pharmaceuticals and the Perfume industries. The statistical results of this study provide evidence in support of the hypotheses. The size of a firm is found to be a self-organized critical phenomenon. The presence of 1/f noise and the spatial power-law behavior is taken as an evidence of the firm's size as a self-organized critical phenomenon. (Abstract shortened by UMI.).

Evaluation Method for Service Branding Using Word-of-Mouth Data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shirahada, Kunio; Kosaka, Michitaka

Development and spread of internet technology contributes service firms to obtaining the high capability of brand information transmission as well as relative customer feedback data collection. In this paper, we propose a new evaluation method for service branding using firms and consumers data on the internet. Based on service marketing 7Ps (Product, Price, Place, Promotion, People, Physical evidence, Process) which are the key viewpoints for branding, we develop a brand evaluation system including coding methods for Word-of-Mouth (WoM) and corporate introductory information on the internet to identify both customer's service value recognition vector and firm's service value proposition vector. Our system quantitatively clarify both customer's service value recognition of the firm and firm's strength in service value proposition, thereby analyzing service brand communication gaps between firm and consumers. We applied this system to Japanese Ryokan hotel industry. Using six ryokan-hotels' data on Jyaran-net and Rakuten travel, we made totally 983 codes from WoM information and analyzed their service brand value according to three price based categories. As a result, we found that the characteristics of customers' service value recognition vector differ according to the price categories. In addition, the system clarified that there is a firm that has a different service value proposition vector from customers' recognition vector. This helps to analyze corporate service brand strategy and has a significance as a system technology supporting service management.

Impact of green supply chain management practices on firms' performance: an empirical study from the perspective of Pakistan.

PubMed

Khan, Syed Abdul Rehman; Qianli, Dong

2017-07-01

This article investigates the impact of five determinants of the green supply chain practices on organizational performance in the context of Pakistan manufacturing firms. A sample of 218 firms was collected from the manufacturing industry. The green supply chain practices were measured through five independent variables including green manufacturing, green purchasing, green information systems, cooperation with customers, and eco-design. By using exploratory factor and simultaneous regression analysis, the results indicate that except green purchasing, rests of the four independent variables have been found statistically significant to predict organizational performance. However, the eco-design of green practices followed by green information systems has revealed the greatest impact on organizational performance. Therefore, the managers of the manufacturing firms should not only implement eco-design in their supply chain but also concentrate on proper monitoring and implementation of green information systems to increase their firms' performance. A main contribution of this research from theoretical side is that it is possible to notice a negative effect of "green purchasing" towards organizational performance particularly in the scenario of Pakistan manufacturing industry. Another valuable result is that green purchasing is an important antecedent of firms economic performance in the US manufacturing firms (Green et al. 2012), although not significantly related to organizational performance in our study. In addition, we also discussed research limitations, areas for future research, and implications for practitioners.

Selection of infectious medical waste disposal firms by using the analytic hierarchy process and sensitivity analysis.

PubMed

Hsu, Pi-Fang; Wu, Cheng-Ru; Li, Ya-Ting

2008-01-01

While Taiwanese hospitals dispose of large amounts of medical waste to ensure sanitation and personal hygiene, doing so inefficiently creates potential environmental hazards and increases operational expenses. However, hospitals lack objective criteria to select the most appropriate waste disposal firm and evaluate its performance, instead relying on their own subjective judgment and previous experiences. Therefore, this work presents an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method to objectively select medical waste disposal firms based on the results of interviews with experts in the field, thus reducing overhead costs and enhancing medical waste management. An appropriate weight criterion based on AHP is derived to assess the effectiveness of medical waste disposal firms. The proposed AHP-based method offers a more efficient and precise means of selecting medical waste firms than subjective assessment methods do, thus reducing the potential risks for hospitals. Analysis results indicate that the medical sector selects the most appropriate infectious medical waste disposal firm based on the following rank: matching degree, contractor's qualifications, contractor's service capability, contractor's equipment and economic factors. By providing hospitals with an effective means of evaluating medical waste disposal firms, the proposed AHP method can reduce overhead costs and enable medical waste management to understand the market demand in the health sector. Moreover, performed through use of Expert Choice software, sensitivity analysis can survey the criterion weight of the degree of influence with an alternative hierarchy.

Influential aspects of leader’s Bourdieu capitals on Malaysian landscape architecture subordinates’ creativity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zahari, R.; Ariffin, M. H.; Othman, N.

2018-02-01

Free Trade Agreements as implemented by Malaysian government calls out local businesses such as landscape architecture consultant firm to explore internationally and strengthen their performance to compete locally. Performance of landscape architecture firm as a design firm depends entirely on creativity of the subordinates in the firm. Past research has neglected studying the influence of a leader’s capitals on subordinates’ creativity, especially in Malaysian landscape architecture firms. The aim of this research is to investigate the influence of subordinates’ perceptions of the leader’s Bourdieu capitals towards promoting subordinate’s creative behaviours in Malaysian Landscape Architecture firms. The sample chosen for this research are subordinates in registered landscape architecture firm. Data was collected using qualitative semi-structured interviews with 13 respondents and analysed using Qualitative Category Coding. Aspects of the leader’s social capital (i.e. knowledge acquisition, problem solving, motivation boosting), human capital (guidance, demotivating leadership, experiential knowledge, knowledge acquisition), and emotional capital (chemistry with leader, respect, knowledge acquisition, trust, understanding, self-inflicted demotivation) that influence subordinates’ creativity were uncovered from the data. The main finding is that the leader’s capitals promote the subordinate landscape architects or assistant landscape architect to be more creative based on three main things, first is knowledge acquisition, motivation, and ability for the leader to influence through positive relationship. The finding contributes to a new way of understanding the leader’s characteristics that influence subordinates’ creativity.

Skills Gaps in Australian Firms

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lindorff, Margaret

2011-01-01

This paper reports the results of a survey of more than 2000 managers examining perceptions of skills gaps in a range of Australian firms. It finds that three quarters report a skills gap, and almost one third report skills gaps across the whole organisation. Firm size and industry differences exist in perceptions of the effect of the skills gap…

75 FR 70724 - Notice of Petitions by Firms for Determination of Eligibility To Apply for Trade Adjustment...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-18

... designs and Chicago, IL 60642. manufactures industrial and commercial refrigeration equipment such as..., or threat thereof, and to a decrease in sales or production of each petitioning firm. List of... 4277 Dan Hanks Lane, San 10/29/2010 The firm manufactures of Angelo, TX 76902. windmills and the...

78 FR 9032 - Notice of Petitions by Firms for Determination of Eligibility to Apply for Trade Adjustment...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-07

... Design, Inc........ 610 Baeten Road, Green 1/3/2013 Firm manufactures paper Bay, WI 54324. manufacturing..., or threat thereof, and to a decrease in sales or production of each petitioning firm. List of... manufactures components Parkway, Reno, NV 89521. in bicycle and other cycle related shock absorbers, and...

76 FR 2082 - Notice of Petitions by Firms for Determination of Eligibility To Apply for Trade Adjustment...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-12

..., or threat thereof, and to a decrease in sales or production of each petitioning firm. List of... Services, Ltd. dba 34621 Highway 11 West, Roseau, 09-Dec-10 The firm manufactures rails, A-arms, axels and IceAge Manufacturing, Inc. MN 56751. various other components for snowmobiles. Concept Works, Inc...

76 FR 38115 - Notice of Petitions by Firms for Determination of Eligibility To Apply for Trade Adjustment...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-29

..., product designing, progressive dies, molds, and jig fixtures. WP Manufacturing, Inc. DBA WP 802 South... thereof, and to a decrease in sales or production of each petitioning firm. List of Petitions Received By... Avenue, 6/21/2011 The firm manufactures plated York, PA 17404. finishes, to ASTM and military...

Determinants of Successful Training Practices in Large Australian Firms.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dawe, Susan

The determinants of successful training practices in large Australian firms were examined. The study's three phases were as follows: (1) a review of existing literature; (2) a meta-analysis of previously conducted case studies of 49 large Australian firms in 14 industrial sectors; and (3) a comparative analysis of the findings of the past studies…

A Classroom Entry and Exit Game of Supply with Price-Taking Firms

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cheung, Stephen L.

2005-01-01

The author describes a classroom game demonstrating the process of adjustment to long-run equilibrium in a market consisting of price-taking firms. This game unites and extends key insights from several simpler games in a framework more consistent with the standard textbook model of a competitive industry. Because firms have increasing marginal…

Interdependent Risk and Cyber Security: An Analysis of Security Investment and Cyber Insurance

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Shim, Woohyun

2010-01-01

An increasing number of firms rely on highly interconnected information networks. In such environments, defense against cyber attacks is complicated by residual risks caused by the interdependence of information security decisions of firms. IT security is affected not only by a firm's own management strategies but also by those of others. This…

Essays on Information Technology (IT), Governance and Clouds

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Vithayathil, Joseph

2013-01-01

Why do some firms organize their IT departments as profit centers whereas other firms organize IT as a cost center? Due to information asymmetry regarding the cost and demand for IT, the firm is unable to achieve the first best outcome in terms of optimizing the value from IT services. Two commonly used organizational models for the IT department…

The Missing Link: Workplace Education in Small Business.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Chisman, Forrest P.

An 18-month, 3-phase study examined formal employer-sponsored basic skills instruction in small- and medium-sized firms. Data were gathered through the following methods: in-depth case studies of 72 small and medium firms in 5 states, a series of linked national surveys of 11,000 randomly selected firms, follow-up telephone surveys of 4,317 of…

Industrial Relations and Firm Behavior: Informal Labor Practices in the West Coast Longshore Industry.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Finlay, William

1987-01-01

Considers industrial relations policies and practices of stevedore firms in the West Coast longshore industry in terms of the social worker, worker-resource, and institutional theories. Subsidiary firms were more lenient in contract interpretation and more competitive in recruitment, supporting the worker-resource theory. Includes 2 tables and 33…

Revisiting the Complementarity between Education and Training--The Role of Job Tasks and Firm Effects

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Görlitz, Katja; Tamm, Marcus

2016-01-01

This paper addresses the question to what extent the strong positive correlation between education and training can be attributed to differences in individual-, job- and firm-specific characteristics. The novelty of this paper is to analyze previously unconsidered characteristics, in particular, job tasks and firm-fixed effects. The results show…

49 CFR 23.39 - What other certification requirements apply in the case of ACDBEs?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... the firm and its key personnel to perform the concession contracts or other contracts it wishes to... private terminal owners or lessees are not authorized to certify firms as ACDBEs. As a car rental company or private terminal owner or lessee, you must obtain ACDBE participation from firms which a recipient...

49 CFR 23.39 - What other certification requirements apply in the case of ACDBEs?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... the firm and its key personnel to perform the concession contracts or other contracts it wishes to... private terminal owners or lessees are not authorized to certify firms as ACDBEs. As a car rental company or private terminal owner or lessee, you must obtain ACDBE participation from firms which a recipient...

49 CFR 23.39 - What other certification requirements apply in the case of ACDBEs?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... the firm and its key personnel to perform the concession contracts or other contracts it wishes to... private terminal owners or lessees are not authorized to certify firms as ACDBEs. As a car rental company or private terminal owner or lessee, you must obtain ACDBE participation from firms which a recipient...

49 CFR 23.39 - What other certification requirements apply in the case of ACDBEs?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... the firm and its key personnel to perform the concession contracts or other contracts it wishes to... private terminal owners or lessees are not authorized to certify firms as ACDBEs. As a car rental company or private terminal owner or lessee, you must obtain ACDBE participation from firms which a recipient...

49 CFR 23.39 - What other certification requirements apply in the case of ACDBEs?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... the firm and its key personnel to perform the concession contracts or other contracts it wishes to... private terminal owners or lessees are not authorized to certify firms as ACDBEs. As a car rental company or private terminal owner or lessee, you must obtain ACDBE participation from firms which a recipient...

40 CFR 745.226 - Certification of individuals and firms engaged in lead-based paint activities: target housing and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Certification of individuals and firms engaged in lead-based paint activities: target housing and child-occupied facilities. 745.226 Section 745... § 745.226 Certification of individuals and firms engaged in lead-based paint activities: target housing...

77 FR 23788 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-20

..., Firm, Market Maker and Professional orders in equity and index options to the BATS Exchange, Inc... Market-Fees and Rebates,'' and are as follows: Exchange Customer Firm MM Professional BATS $0.55 $0.55 $0... contract for Customers, Firms, Market Makers, and Professionals but proposes to apply those fees solely to...

76 FR 77046 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-09

... Change Relating to the Firm Related Equity Option Cap December 5, 2011. Pursuant to Section 19(b)(1) of... ``Equity Options Fees'' to apply the Firm Related Equity Option Cap to certain proprietary orders of... Equity Option Cap to proprietary orders of certain affiliates of member organizations. Currently, Firms...

40 CFR 745.226 - Certification of individuals and firms engaged in lead-based paint activities: target housing and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Certification of individuals and firms engaged in lead-based paint activities: target housing and child-occupied facilities. 745.226 Section 745... § 745.226 Certification of individuals and firms engaged in lead-based paint activities: target housing...

21 CFR 607.7 - Establishment registration and product listing of blood banks and other firms manufacturing human...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... blood banks and other firms manufacturing human blood and blood products. 607.7 Section 607.7 Food and... ESTABLISHMENT REGISTRATION AND PRODUCT LISTING FOR MANUFACTURERS OF HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS General Provisions § 607.7 Establishment registration and product listing of blood banks and other firms...

21 CFR 607.7 - Establishment registration and product listing of blood banks and other firms manufacturing human...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... blood banks and other firms manufacturing human blood and blood products. 607.7 Section 607.7 Food and... ESTABLISHMENT REGISTRATION AND PRODUCT LISTING FOR MANUFACTURERS OF HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS General Provisions § 607.7 Establishment registration and product listing of blood banks and other firms...

21 CFR 607.7 - Establishment registration and product listing of blood banks and other firms manufacturing human...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... blood banks and other firms manufacturing human blood and blood products. 607.7 Section 607.7 Food and... ESTABLISHMENT REGISTRATION AND PRODUCT LISTING FOR MANUFACTURERS OF HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS General Provisions § 607.7 Establishment registration and product listing of blood banks and other firms...

75 FR 49546 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-13

... filing is to amend the Schedule to reflect new transaction pricing that will become operative on August 4... customer order flow. Currently, all Firm proprietary manual transactions are charged $0.18 per contract and... transaction involving a Firm's proprietary trading account that has a customer of that same Firm on the contra...

U.S. International Firms and R,D&E in Developing Countries.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC.

This document provides a panel report of research, development, and engineering (R,D&E) issues confronting international firms operating in developing countries. Biscussed are the R,D&E objectives of developing countries, the objectives of international firms, conflicts and the possibilities for cooperation between the two, and the role of U.S.…

48 CFR 1019.202-70-8 - Protégé firms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... multiple mentors unless approved, in writing, by the Director, Office of Small Business Development (OSBD... SOCIOECONOMIC PROGRAMS SMALL BUSINESS PROGRAMS Policies 1019.202-70-8 Protégé firms. (a) For selection as a protégé, a firm must be: (1) A small business, women-owned small business, small disadvantaged business...

75 FR 14103 - Version One Regional Reliability Standard for Resource and Demand Balancing

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-24

... meant to maintain scheduled frequency and avoid loss of firm load following transmission or generation... capacity is available at all times to maintain scheduled frequency, and avoid loss of firm load following... the possibility that firm load could be shed due to the loss of a single element on the system.\\40...

A STUDY OF EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES IN OFF-FARM AGRICULTURAL OCCUPATIONS IN ALABAMA.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

BAKER, RICHARD A.

THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY WAS TO ASCERTAIN THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF OFF-FARM AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES IN THE STATE. BUSINESS FIRMS, OCCUPATIONS, OCCUPATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS, AND METHODS OF RECRUITMENT WERE IDENTIFIED. THE SAMPLES OF BUSINESS FIRMS WAS SELECTED FROM 20 SAMPLE COUNTIES. INTERVIEWERS CONTACTED 545 OF THE 638 FIRMS IN THE…