Sample records for unacceptable substitutes listed

  1. 40 CFR Appendix M to Subpart G - Unacceptable Substitutes Listed in the September 30, 2004 Final Rule, Effective November 29, 2004

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... —Rigid polyurethane slabstock and other foams —Polystyrene extruded insulation boardstock and billet...—Unacceptable Substitutes Listed in the September 30, 2004 Final Rule, Effective November 29, 2004 Foam Blowing—Unacceptable Substitutes End-use Substitute Decision Comments All foam end-uses: HCFC-141b Unacceptable...

  2. 40 CFR Appendix M to Subpart G - Unacceptable Substitutes Listed in the September 30, 2004 Final Rule, Effective November 29, 2004

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... —Rigid polyurethane slabstock and other foams —Polystyrene extruded insulation boardstock and billet...—Unacceptable Substitutes Listed in the September 30, 2004 Final Rule, Effective November 29, 2004 Foam Blowing—Unacceptable Substitutes End-use Substitute Decision Comments All foam end-uses: HCFC-141b Unacceptable...

  3. 40 CFR Appendix M to Subpart G - Unacceptable Substitutes Listed in the September 30, 2004 Final Rule, Effective November 29, 2004

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... —Rigid polyurethane slabstock and other foams —Polystyrene extruded insulation boardstock and billet...—Unacceptable Substitutes Listed in the September 30, 2004 Final Rule, Effective November 29, 2004 Foam Blowing—Unacceptable Substitutes End-use Substitute Decision Comments All foam end-uses: HCFC-141b Unacceptable...

  4. 40 CFR Appendix E to Subpart G of... - Unacceptable Substitutes Listed in the January 26, 1999 Final Rule, Effective January 26, 1999

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Sector Unacceptable Substitutes End-use Substitute Decision Comments All refrigeration and air-conditioning end uses MT-31 Unacceptable Chemical contained in this blend presents...

  5. 40 CFR Appendix F to Subpart G of... - Unacceptable Substitutes Listed in the January 26, 1999 Final Rule, Effective January 26, 1999

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Sector UnacceptabLe Substitutes End-use Substitute Decision Comments All refrigeration and air-conditioning end uses Hexafluoropropylene (HFP) and all HFP-containing blends Unacceptable...

  6. 40 CFR Appendix E to Subpart G of... - Unacceptable Substitutes Listed in the January 26, 1999 Final Rule, Effective January 26, 1999

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Sector Unacceptable Substitutes End-use Substitute Decision Comments All refrigeration and air-conditioning end uses MT-31 Unacceptable Chemical contained in this blend presents...

  7. 40 CFR Appendix E to Subpart G of... - Unacceptable Substitutes Listed in the January 26, 1999 Final Rule, Effective January 26, 1999

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Sector Unacceptable Substitutes End-use Substitute Decision Comments All refrigeration and air-conditioning end uses MT-31 Unacceptable Chemical contained in this blend presents...

  8. 40 CFR Appendix E to Subpart G of... - Unacceptable Substitutes Listed in the January 26, 1999 Final Rule, Effective January 26, 1999

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Sector Unacceptable Substitutes End-use Substitute Decision Comments All refrigeration and air-conditioning end uses MT-31 Unacceptable Chemical contained in this blend presents...

  9. 40 CFR Appendix F to Subpart G of... - Unacceptable Substitutes Listed in the January 26, 1999 Final Rule, Effective January 26, 1999

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Sector UnacceptabLe Substitutes End-use Substitute Decision Comments All refrigeration and air-conditioning end uses Hexafluoropropylene (HFP) and all HFP-containing blends Unacceptable...

  10. 40 CFR Appendix F to Subpart G of... - Unacceptable Substitutes Listed in the January 26, 1999 Final Rule, Effective January 26, 1999

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Sector UnacceptabLe Substitutes End-use Substitute Decision Comments All refrigeration and air-conditioning end uses Hexafluoropropylene (HFP) and all HFP-containing blends Unacceptable...

  11. 40 CFR Appendix F to Subpart G of... - Unacceptable Substitutes Listed in the January 26, 1999 Final Rule, Effective January 26, 1999

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Sector UnacceptabLe Substitutes End-use Substitute Decision Comments All refrigeration and air-conditioning end uses Hexafluoropropylene (HFP) and all HFP-containing blends Unacceptable...

  12. 40 CFR Appendix E to Subpart G of... - Unacceptable Substitutes Listed in the January 26, 1999 Final Rule, Effective January 26, 1999

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Sector Unacceptable Substitutes End-use Substitute Decision Comments All refrigeration and air-conditioning end uses MT-31 Unacceptable Chemical contained in this blend presents...

  13. 40 CFR Appendix F to Subpart G of... - Unacceptable Substitutes Listed in the January 26, 1999 Final Rule, Effective January 26, 1999

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Sector UnacceptabLe Substitutes End-use Substitute Decision Comments All refrigeration and air-conditioning end uses Hexafluoropropylene (HFP) and all HFP-containing blends Unacceptable...

  14. 40 CFR Appendix G to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Subject to Use Restrictions and Unacceptable Substitutes Listed in the March 3, 1999...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... Restrictions and Unacceptable Substitutes Listed in the March 3, 1999, Final rule, Effective April 2, 1999. G Appendix G to Subpart G of Part 82 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED... Pt. 82, Subpt. G, App. G Appendix G to Subpart G of Part 82—Substitutes Subject to Use Restrictions...

  15. 40 CFR Appendix G to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Subject to Use Restrictions and Unacceptable Substitutes Listed in the March 3, 1999...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... Restrictions and Unacceptable Substitutes Listed in the March 3, 1999, Final rule, Effective April 2, 1999. G Appendix G to Subpart G of Part 82 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED... Pt. 82, Subpt. G, App. G Appendix G to Subpart G of Part 82—Substitutes Subject to Use Restrictions...

  16. 40 CFR Appendix G to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Subject to Use Restrictions and Unacceptable Substitutes Listed in the March 3, 1999...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... Restrictions and Unacceptable Substitutes Listed in the March 3, 1999, Final rule, Effective April 2, 1999. G Appendix G to Subpart G of Part 82 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED... Pt. 82, Subpt. G, App. G Appendix G to Subpart G of Part 82—Substitutes Subject to Use Restrictions...

  17. 40 CFR Appendix K to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Subject to Use Restrictions and Unacceptable Substitutes Listed in the July 22, 2002...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... Restrictions and Unacceptable Substitutes Listed in the July 22, 2002, Final Rule, Effective August 21, 2002 K Appendix K to Subpart G of Part 82 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED... Pt. 82, Subpt. G, App. K Appendix K to Subpart G of Part 82—Substitutes Subject to Use Restrictions...

  18. 40 CFR Appendix K to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Subject to Use Restrictions and Unacceptable Substitutes Listed in the July 22, 2002...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... Restrictions and Unacceptable Substitutes Listed in the July 22, 2002, Final Rule, Effective August 21, 2002 K Appendix K to Subpart G of Part 82 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED... Pt. 82, Subpt. G, App. K Appendix K to Subpart G of Part 82—Substitutes Subject to Use Restrictions...

  19. 40 CFR Appendix K to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Subject to Use Restrictions and Unacceptable Substitutes Listed in the July 22, 2002...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... Restrictions and Unacceptable Substitutes Listed in the July 22, 2002, Final Rule, Effective August 21, 2002 K Appendix K to Subpart G of Part 82 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED... Pt. 82, Subpt. G, App. K Appendix K to Subpart G of Part 82—Substitutes Subject to Use Restrictions...

  20. 40 CFR Appendix K to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Subject to Use Restrictions and Unacceptable Substitutes Listed in the July 22, 2002...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... Restrictions and Unacceptable Substitutes Listed in the July 22, 2002, Final Rule, Effective August 21, 2002 K Appendix K to Subpart G of Part 82 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED... Pt. 82, Subpt. G, App. K Appendix K to Subpart G of Part 82—Substitutes Subject to Use Restrictions...

  1. 40 CFR Appendix K to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Subject to Use Restrictions and Unacceptable Substitutes Listed in the July 22, 2002...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... Restrictions and Unacceptable Substitutes Listed in the July 22, 2002, Final Rule, Effective August 21, 2002 K Appendix K to Subpart G of Part 82 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED... Pt. 82, Subpt. G, App. K Appendix K to Subpart G of Part 82—Substitutes Subject to Use Restrictions...

  2. 40 CFR Appendix C to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Subject to Use Restrictions and Unacceptable Substitutes Listed in the May 22, 1996...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... Restrictions and Unacceptable Substitutes Listed in the May 22, 1996 Final Rule, Effective June 21, 1996 C Appendix C to Subpart G of Part 82 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED... Pt. 82, Subpt. G, App. C Appendix C to Subpart G of Part 82—Substitutes Subject to Use Restrictions...

  3. 40 CFR Appendix C to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Subject to Use Restrictions and Unacceptable Substitutes Listed in the May 22, 1996...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... Restrictions and Unacceptable Substitutes Listed in the May 22, 1996 Final Rule, Effective June 21, 1996 C Appendix C to Subpart G of Part 82 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED... Pt. 82, Subpt. G, App. C Appendix C to Subpart G of Part 82—Substitutes Subject to Use Restrictions...

  4. 40 CFR Appendix C to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Subject to Use Restrictions and Unacceptable Substitutes Listed in the May 22, 1996...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... Restrictions and Unacceptable Substitutes Listed in the May 22, 1996 Final Rule, Effective June 21, 1996 C Appendix C to Subpart G of Part 82 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED... Pt. 82, Subpt. G, App. C Appendix C to Subpart G of Part 82—Substitutes Subject to Use Restrictions...

  5. 40 CFR Appendix M to Subpart G of... - Unacceptable Substitutes Listed in the September 30, 2004 Final Rule, Effective November 29, 2004

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... refrigeration, and sandwich panels —Rigid polyurethane slabstock and other foams —Polystyrene extruded... 29, 2004 Foam Blowing—Unacceptable Substitutes End-use Substitute Decision Comments All foam end-uses: HCFC-141b Unacceptable Alternatives exist with lower or zero = ODP. —Rigid polyurethane and...

  6. 40 CFR Appendix M to Subpart G of... - Unacceptable Substitutes Listed in the September 30, 2004 Final Rule, Effective November 29, 2004

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... refrigeration, and sandwich panels —Rigid polyurethane slabstock and other foams —Polystyrene extruded... 29, 2004 Foam Blowing—Unacceptable Substitutes End-use Substitute Decision Comments All foam end-uses: HCFC-141b Unacceptable Alternatives exist with lower or zero = ODP. —Rigid polyurethane and...

  7. 40 CFR Appendix G to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Subject to Use Restrictions and Unacceptable Substitutes Listed in the March 3, 1999...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    .... Refrigerants Unacceptable Substitutes End-use Substitute Decision Comments CFC-12, R-502, and HCFC-22 Household... gas emissions from direct release of refrigerant to the atmosphere. [64 FR 10378, Mar. 3, 1999] ...

  8. 40 CFR Appendix G to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Subject to Use Restrictions and Unacceptable Substitutes Listed in the March 3, 1999...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    .... Refrigerants Unacceptable Substitutes End-use Substitute Decision Comments CFC-12, R-502, and HCFC-22 Household... gas emissions from direct release of refrigerant to the atmosphere. [64 FR 10378, Mar. 3, 1999] ...

  9. EPA publishes notice to extend comment period to close 6/16/16 on proposal to list new substitutes and prohibit certain high-GWP HFCs as alternatives under SNAP

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    Proposed New Listings of Substitutes; Changes of Listing Status; and Reinterpretation of Unacceptability for Closed Cell Foam Products Under the Significant New Alternatives Policy Program; and Revision of Clean Air Act Section 608 Venting Prohibition for

  10. Final Rule (signed September 26, 2016)

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    New Listings of Substitutes; Changes of Listing Status; and Reinterpretation of Unacceptability for Closed Cell Foam Products under the SNAP Program; and Revision of Clean Air Act Section 608 Venting Prohibition for Propane.

  11. Proposed Rule (April 18, 2016)

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    Proposed Rule - Protection of Stratospheric Ozone: New Listings of Substitutes; Changes of Listing Status; Reinterpretation of Unacceptability for Closed Cell Foam Products under the Significant New Alternatives Policy Program; and Revision of Clean Air Ac

  12. Overview of SNAP

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    Section 612(c) of the Clean Air Act (CAA) requires the Agency to publish a list of acceptable and unacceptable substitutes for ozone-depleting substances (ODS). The SNAP program does not require that substitutes be risk- free to be found acceptable.

  13. 40 CFR Appendix Q to Subpart G of... - Unacceptable Substitutes Listed in the March 28, 2007 Final Rule, Effective May 29, 2007

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... commercial refrigeration—Rigid polyurethane sandwich panels. HCFC-22; HCFC-142b as substitutes for HCFC-141b... commercial refrigeration, and sandwich panels. —Rigid polyurethane slabstock and other foams. —Polystyrene...

  14. 40 CFR Appendix Q to Subpart G of... - Unacceptable Substitutes Listed in the March 28, 2007 Final Rule, Effective May 29, 2007

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... commercial refrigeration—Rigid polyurethane sandwich panels. HCFC-22; HCFC-142b as substitutes for HCFC-141b... commercial refrigeration, and sandwich panels. —Rigid polyurethane slabstock and other foams. —Polystyrene...

  15. 40 CFR Appendix Q to Subpart G of... - Unacceptable Substitutes Listed in the March 28, 2007 Final Rule, Effective May 29, 2007

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... commercial refrigeration—Rigid polyurethane sandwich panels. HCFC-22; HCFC-142b as substitutes for HCFC-141b... commercial refrigeration, and sandwich panels. —Rigid polyurethane slabstock and other foams. —Polystyrene...

  16. 40 CFR Appendix Q to Subpart G of... - Unacceptable Substitutes Listed in the March 28, 2007 Final Rule, Effective May 29, 2007

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... commercial refrigeration—Rigid polyurethane sandwich panels. HCFC-22; HCFC-142b as substitutes for HCFC-141b... commercial refrigeration, and sandwich panels. —Rigid polyurethane slabstock and other foams. —Polystyrene...

  17. 40 CFR Appendix Q to Subpart G of... - Unacceptable Substitutes Listed in the March 28, 2007 Final Rule, Effective May 29, 2007

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... commercial refrigeration—Rigid polyurethane sandwich panels. HCFC-22; HCFC-142b as substitutes for HCFC-141b... commercial refrigeration, and sandwich panels. —Rigid polyurethane slabstock and other foams. —Polystyrene...

  18. 40 CFR Appendix C to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Subject to Use Restrictions and Unacceptable Substitutes Listed in the May 22, 1996...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ..., the statement “This refrigerant is FLAMMABLE. Take appropriate precautions.” b. This label must be... Narrowed Use Limits: Streaming Agents Application Substitute Decision Comments Halon 1211 CF3 I Acceptable in non-residential uses only Streaming Agents Aerosols—Proposed Acceptable Subject to Use Conditions...

  19. 40 CFR Appendix A to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Subject to Use Restrictions and Unacceptable Substitutes

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... Substitute Decision Comments Electronics cleaning w/CFC-113, MCF Perfluoro-carbons (C5F12, C6F12, C6F14... date); as of January 1, 1996, for uses in existing equipment. Electronics cleaning w/CFC-113 HCFC 141b... listings for CFC-113 past the effective date of the prohibition. Electronics cleaning w/MCF HCFC 141b and...

  20. 40 CFR Appendix C to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Subject to Use Restrictions and Unacceptable Substitutes Listed in the May 22, 1996...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... conditioning system: 1. Each refrigerant may only be used with a set of fittings that is unique to that refrigerant. These fittings (male or female, as appropriate) must be used with all containers of the refrigerant, on can taps, on recovery, recycling, and charging equipment, and on all air conditioning system...

  1. 40 CFR Appendix B to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Subject to Use Restrictions and Unacceptable Substitutes

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... Use Conditions Substitutes Application Substitute Decision Conditions Comments Electronics Cleaning w.... Electronics cleaning w/CFC-113 Dibromomethane Unacceptable High ODP; other alternatives exist. Electronics...

  2. 40 CFR 82.176 - Applicability.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... of an otherwise unacceptable substitute. (3) Small volume use within SNAP sectors. Within the nine principal SNAP sectors, persons introducing a substitute whose expected volume of use amounts to less than.... Notification shall include the name of the substitute, the volume used in the test marketing, intended sector...

  3. 40 CFR 82.176 - Applicability.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... of an otherwise unacceptable substitute. (3) Small volume use within SNAP sectors. Within the nine principal SNAP sectors, persons introducing a substitute whose expected volume of use amounts to less than.... Notification shall include the name of the substitute, the volume used in the test marketing, intended sector...

  4. 40 CFR Appendix D to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Subject to Use Restrictions and Unacceptable Substitutes

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ...”/“Autofrost”/“Chill-It”, and “Hot Shot”/“Kar Kool” are acceptable substitutes for CFC-12 in retrofitted motor...-It”, “Hot Shot”/“Kar Kool”, and “FREEZE 12” as CFC-12 substitutes in MVACs, and b) all refrigerants... electronics and only for one year. Precision Cleaning w/CFC-113 and MCF HCFC-141b Extension of existing...

  5. 40 CFR Appendix D to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Subject to Use Restrictions and Unacceptable Substitutes

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ...”/“Autofrost”/“Chill-It”, and “Hot Shot”/“Kar Kool” are acceptable substitutes for CFC-12 in retrofitted motor...-It”, “Hot Shot”/“Kar Kool”, and “FREEZE 12” as CFC-12 substitutes in MVACs, and b) all refrigerants... electronics and only for one year. Precision Cleaning w/CFC-113 and MCF HCFC-141b Extension of existing...

  6. 40 CFR Appendix D to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Subject to Use Restrictions and Unacceptable Substitutes

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ...”/“Autofrost”/“Chill-It”, and “Hot Shot”/“Kar Kool” are acceptable substitutes for CFC-12 in retrofitted motor...-It”, “Hot Shot”/“Kar Kool”, and “FREEZE 12” as CFC-12 substitutes in MVACs, and b) all refrigerants... electronics and only for one year. Precision Cleaning w/CFC-113 and MCF HCFC-141b Extension of existing...

  7. 40 CFR Appendix D to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Subject to Use Restrictions and Unacceptable Substitutes

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ...”/“Autofrost”/“Chill-It”, and “Hot Shot”/“Kar Kool” are acceptable substitutes for CFC-12 in retrofitted motor...-It”, “Hot Shot”/“Kar Kool”, and “FREEZE 12” as CFC-12 substitutes in MVACs, and b) all refrigerants... electronics and only for one year. Precision Cleaning w/CFC-113 and MCF HCFC-141b Extension of existing...

  8. 40 CFR Appendix D to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Subject to Use Restrictions and Unacceptable Substitutes

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ...”/“Autofrost”/“Chill-It”, and “Hot Shot”/“Kar Kool” are acceptable substitutes for CFC-12 in retrofitted motor...-It”, “Hot Shot”/“Kar Kool”, and “FREEZE 12” as CFC-12 substitutes in MVACs, and b) all refrigerants... electronics and only for one year. Precision Cleaning w/CFC-113 and MCF HCFC-141b Extension of existing...

  9. 40 CFR Appendix H to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Subject to Use Restrictions and Unacceptable Substitutes, Effective May 28, 1999

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    .... Actual contributions to global warming depend upon the quantities emitted. See additional comments 1, 2.... Actual contributions to global warming depend upon the quantities of PFCs emitted. See additional.... Actual contributions to global warming depend upon the quantities of PFCs emitted. See additional...

  10. 40 CFR Appendix A to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Subject to Use Restrictions and Unacceptable Substitutes

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... characteristic of concern for PFCs is that they have long atmospheric lifetimes and high global warming potentials. Although actual contributions to global warming depend upon the quantities of PFCs emitted, the... characteristic of concern for PFCs is that they have long atmospheric lifetimes and high global warming...

  11. 40 CFR Appendix A to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Subject to Use Restrictions and Unacceptable Substitutes

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... characteristic of concern for PFCs is that they have long atmospheric lifetimes and high global warming potentials. Although actual contributions to global warming depend upon the quantities of PFCs emitted, the... for PFCs is that they have long atmospheric lifetimes and high global warming potentials. Although...

  12. 40 CFR Appendix A to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Subject to Use Restrictions and Unacceptable Substitutes

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... characteristic of concern for PFCs is that they have long atmospheric lifetimes and high global warming potentials. Although actual contributions to global warming depend upon the quantities of PFCs emitted, the... characteristic of concern for PFCs is that they have long atmospheric lifetimes and high global warming...

  13. 40 CFR Appendix A to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Subject to Use Restrictions and Unacceptable Substitutes

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... characteristic of concern for PFCs is that they have long atmospheric lifetimes and high global warming potentials. Although actual contributions to global warming depend upon the quantities of PFCs emitted, the... characteristic of concern for PFCs is that they have long atmospheric lifetimes and high global warming...

  14. 40 CFR Appendix B to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Subject to Use Restrictions and Unacceptable Substitutes

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... inches) and right-hand thread direction for CO2 refrigerant service containers.3 Manufacturers should... Failure Mode and Effect Analysis in Manufacturing and Assembly Process [Process FMEA] on the MVAC as... submitted to demonstrate it can be used safely in this end-use. CFC-11, CFC-12, R-502 Industrial Process...

  15. 40 CFR Appendix B to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Subject to Use Restrictions and Unacceptable Substitutes

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... inches) and right-hand thread direction for CO2 refrigerant service containers.3 Manufacturers should... Failure Mode and Effect Analysis in Manufacturing and Assembly Process [Process FMEA] on the MVAC as... submitted to demonstrate it can be used safely in this end-use. CFC-11, CFC-12, R-502 Industrial Process...

  16. 40 CFR Appendix H to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Subject to Use Restrictions and Unacceptable Substitutes, Effective May 28, 1999

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... inch or the thread direction must be reversed (i.e. right-handed vs. left-handed). Simply changing the thread pitch is not sufficient. For quick-connect fittings, “differ” means that a person using normal... Acceptable subject to narrowed use limits. Acceptable when manufactured using any process that does not...

  17. 40 CFR Appendix H to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Subject to Use Restrictions and Unacceptable Substitutes, Effective May 28, 1999

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... inch or the thread direction must be reversed (i.e. right-handed vs. left-handed). Simply changing the thread pitch is not sufficient. For quick-connect fittings, “differ” means that a person using normal... Acceptable subject to narrowed use limits. Acceptable when manufactured using any process that does not...

  18. 40 CFR Appendix H to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Subject to Use Restrictions and Unacceptable Substitutes, Effective May 28, 1999

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... inch or the thread direction must be reversed (i.e. right-handed vs. left-handed). Simply changing the thread pitch is not sufficient. For quick-connect fittings, “differ” means that a person using normal... Acceptable subject to narrowed use limits. Acceptable when manufactured using any process that does not...

  19. 40 CFR Appendix B to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Subject to Use Restrictions and Unacceptable Substitutes

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... unique fittings —must be used with detailed labels —all CFC-12 must be removed from the system prior to... potential failure of both air conditioning systems and recovery/recycling equipment. For the purposes of... use a new refrigerant includes all procedures that result in the air conditioning system using a new...

  20. In vivo results of hydrogel composite pericardial substitutes.

    PubMed

    Blue, M A; Guilbeau, E J; Brandon, T A; Walker, A S; Bjotvedt, G; Fisk, R L

    1991-01-01

    In this study, two improved pericardial patches were developed and evaluated for their efficacy as pericardial substitutes. The patches are composites consisting of a hydrogel (PHEMA) that coats an underlying mesh (either ETFE or PET). Studies were conducted using subcutaneous implants in rats and pericardial patch implants in greyhound dogs. Adhesions between the substitute and pericardium and the epicardium were minimal. The ETFE composite patch caused an unacceptable epicardial reaction. The PET patch results were encouraging; the epicardium was largely unaffected by the patch.

  1. 40 CFR Appendix B to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Subject to Use Restrictions and Unacceptable Substitutes

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... Analysis in Manufacturing and Assembly Processes (Process FMEA). Revised January 2009. SAE International. 3... submitted to demonstrate it can be used safely in this end-use. CFC-11, CFC-12, R-502 Industrial Process... Outside diameter of 20.955 +0/−0.127 mm (0.825 +0/−0.005 inches) and right-hand thread direction for CO2...

  2. 40 CFR Appendix H to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Subject to Use Restrictions and Unacceptable Substitutes, Effective May 28, 1999

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... STRATOSPHERIC OZONE Significant New Alternatives Policy Program Pt. 82, Subpt. G, App. H Appendix H to Subpart G..., 1999 CFC-12 Automobile and Non-automobile Motor Vehicle Air Conditioners, Retrofit and New Criteria for... inch or the thread direction must be reversed (i.e. right-handed vs. left-handed). Simply changing the...

  3. Fabricating data: How substituting values for nondetects can ruin results, and what can be done about it

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Helsel, D.R.

    2006-01-01

    The most commonly used method in environmental chemistry to deal with values below detection limits is to substitute a fraction of the detection limit for each nondetect. Two decades of research has shown that this fabrication of values produces poor estimates of statistics, and commonly obscures patterns and trends in the data. Papers using substitution may conclude that significant differences, correlations, and regression relationships do not exist, when in fact they do. The reverse may also be true. Fortunately, good alternative methods for dealing with nondetects already exist, and are summarized here with references to original sources. Substituting values for nondetects should be used rarely, and should generally be considered unacceptable in scientific research. There are better ways.

  4. 77 FR 74381 - Protection of Stratospheric Ozone: Listing of Substitutes for Ozone Depleting Substances-Fire...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-12-14

    ... Protection of Stratospheric Ozone: Listing of Substitutes for Ozone Depleting Substances--Fire Suppression... a companion proposed rule issuing listings for three fire suppressants under EPA's Significant New... companion proposed rule issuing listings for three fire suppressants under EPA's Significant New...

  5. Digital Manipulation in Scientific Images: Some Ethical Considerations.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Hayden, James E.

    2000-01-01

    Discusses the importance of images in the publishing and presentation of scientific research. Explains the use of photographs as scientific data in research. Lists some reasons for the manipulation of images, and clarifies the acceptable and unacceptable limits of manipulation and image manipulation policy. (Author/YDS)

  6. Combustion characteristics of an SI engine fueled with biogas fuel

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chen, Lei; Long, Wuqiang; Song, Peng

    2017-04-01

    An experimental research of the effect of H2 substitution and CO2 dilution on CH4 combustion has been carried out on a spark ignition engine. The results show that H2 addition could improve BMEP, thermal efficiency, CO and THC emissions. NOX emissions increased for higher low heating value (LHV) of H2 than CH4. CO2 dilution could effective reduce NOX emission of H2-CH4 combustion. Although engine performance, thermal efficiency and exhaust get unacceptable under high fuel dilution ratio (F.D.R.) conditions, it could be solved by decreasing F.D.R. and/or increasing hydrogen substitution ratio (H.S.R.).

  7. 23 CFR Appendix A to Subpart D of... - Sample Show Cause Notice

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... female representation at each level of each trade and a list of minority employees. You are specifically... unacceptable level of minority and female employment in your operations, particularly in the semiskilled and skilled categories of employees. The Department of Labor regulations (41 CFR 60) implementing Executive...

  8. A Schoolwide Discipline Plan That Empowers Teachers and Gives Principals Time for Instructional Leadership.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Borelli, Jan

    1997-01-01

    A high school principal explains her strategy for turning around a disorderly, gang-ridden middle school. Her discipline plan's success hinged on developing schoolwide expectations for behavior, developing positive consequences, compiling a list of unacceptable behaviors, and empowering teachers to administer consequences, including contacting…

  9. LINKING GREAT WATERSHEDS AND RIVERS TO FORECAST THE IMPACT OF CONTAMINANT STRESSORS ON LARGE RECEIVING WATERS

    EPA Science Inventory

    Contaminated sediments are pervasive within the waters of the nation. A number of contaminants are bioaccumulative and are an unacceptable risk to the ecosystem, including humans. Many sites having contaminated sediments are contained within state 305(b) and 303(d) listings and w...

  10. 78 FR 70231 - National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan; National Priorities List...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-11-25

    ... indicated that the landfill posed no threat to human health or the environment in its condition at the time... demonstrated that no unacceptable levels of contamination were present at the Site in its condition at the time... inspection was conducted in August 1994, at which point the construction of the remedy was considered...

  11. Prevention of Trauma/Hemorrhagic Shock-Induced Mortality,Apoptosis, Inflammation and Mitochondrial Dysfunction

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2013-12-01

    suggesting another mechanism for the apoptosis-reduction benefit of IL-6 signaling, and 7) Stat3. can substitute for Stat3. to restore mitochondrial...Rats subjected to femur fracture and T-HS (AIM 2) and 3) Swine subjected to laparotomy, splenectomy, tissue injury and controlled HS (AIM 3). Aim...unacceptable mortality during the shock phase, the second was that there was variable amounts of bleeding from the femoral fracture site. We opted based on

  12. Student Classroom Misbehavior: An Exploratory Study Based on Teachers' Perceptions

    PubMed Central

    Sun, Rachel C. F.; Shek, Daniel T. L.

    2012-01-01

    This study aimed to examine the conceptions of junior secondary school student misbehaviors in classroom, and to identify the most common, disruptive, and unacceptable student problem behaviors from teachers' perspective. Twelve individual interviews with teachers were conducted. A list of 17 student problem behaviors was generated. Results showed that the most common and disruptive problem behavior was talking out of turn, followed by nonattentiveness, daydreaming, and idleness. The most unacceptable problem behavior was disrespecting teachers in terms of disobedience and rudeness, followed by talking out of turn and verbal aggression. The findings revealed that teachers perceived student problem behaviors as those behaviors involving rule-breaking, violating the implicit norms or expectations, being inappropriate in the classroom settings and upsetting teaching and learning, which mainly required intervention from teachers. PMID:22919297

  13. Final Rule - Protection of Stratospheric Ozone: Change of Listing Status for Certain Substitutes under the Significant New Alternatives Policy Program

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    Section 612 provides that EPA must prohibit the use of a substitute where EPA has determined that there are other available substitutes or potentially available substitutes that pose less overall risk to human health and the environment.

  14. The working hours of general practitioners 2000-2008.

    PubMed

    Aasland, Olaf G; Rosta, Judith

    2011-06-03

    There is little reliable information available on the working hours of general practitioners (GPs). The purpose of our study is to describe the development of weekly working hours of Norwegian general practitioners in the period from 2000 to 2008, as well as the length of their patient lists and their perceived workload. General practitioners in the reference panel of the Research Institute of the Norwegian Medical Association have reported their weekly working hours for 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006 and 2008, and the length of their patient lists for 2002 and 2008. We used non-overlapping 95 per cent confidence intervals for testing inter-group differences in interval variables and proportions. From 227 to 316 general practitioners responded to each survey round. Average weekly working hours constituted 45.1 hours (95 per cent CI: 43.6-46.5 hours) in 2000 and 46.4 hours (95 per cent CI: 45.2-47.6 hours) in 2008. The number of hours increased for women GPs, while the number of hours remained basically unchanged for men from 2000 to 2008. Average length of the patient lists in 2002 and 2008 constituted 1,325 and 1,278 for men, and 1,155 and 1,144 for women GPs respectively. The proportion of GPs who responded that they perceived their workload as unacceptable decreased significantly, from 38.1 per cent in 2000 to 25.5 per cent in 2008. Average weekly working hours for GPs increased by approximately one hour from 2000 to 2008, and this increase is found mainly among women GPs. We believe that the reduction in the proportion reporting to have an unacceptable workload can be explained by the introduction of the list-patient system, which has given the doctors better control of their own workload.

  15. Potentially inappropriate medication in the elderly in Germany: an economic appraisal of the PRISCUS list.

    PubMed

    Pohl-Dernick, Katharina; Meier, Florian; Maas, Renke; Schöffski, Oliver; Emmert, Martin

    2016-04-01

    Several lists of potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) for elderly patients have been developed worldwide in recent years. Those lists intend to reduce prescriptions of drugs that carry an unnecessarily high risk of adverse drug events in elderly patients. In 2010, an expert panel published the PRISCUS list for the German drug market. This study calculates the amount of drug reimbursement for PIM in Germany and potential cost effects from the perspective of statutory health insurance when these are replaced by the substitutes recommended by the PRISCUS list. Register-based data for the 30 top-selling drugs on the PRISCUS list in 2009 for patients greater than or equal to 65 years of age were provided by the Scientific Institute of the German Local Health Care Fund. We calculated the percentage of sales and defined daily doses for patients greater than or equal to 65 years of age compared with the total statutory health insurance population. Reimbursement costs for the recommended substitutions were estimated by considering different scenarios. In 2009, drug reimbursement for the 30 top-selling PIM prescribed to patients greater than or equal to 65 years of age were calculated to be €305.7 million. Prescribing the recommended substitution medication instead of PIM would lead to an increased total reimbursement cost for the German health care system ranging between from €325.9 million to €810.0 million. The results show that the substitution of PIM by medication deemed to be more appropriate for the elderly comes along with additional costs. Consequently, there is no short-term incentive for doing so from a payer perspective. Future studies have to consider the long-term effects and other sectors.

  16. 76 FR 57791 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Order Instituting Proceedings To...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-09-16

    ... called a ``back-door listing''). A reverse merger would also not include a Substitution Listing Event, as... Disapprove Proposed Rule Change To Adopt Additional Listing Requirements for Reverse Mergers September 12... additional listing requirements for a company that has become public through a combination with a public...

  17. Clinical Strategies for Sampling Word Recognition Performance.

    PubMed

    Schlauch, Robert S; Carney, Edward

    2018-04-17

    Computer simulation was used to estimate the statistical properties of searches for maximum word recognition ability (PB max). These involve presenting multiple lists and discarding all scores but that of the 1 list that produced the highest score. The simulations, which model limitations inherent in the precision of word recognition scores, were done to inform clinical protocols. A secondary consideration was a derivation of 95% confidence intervals for significant changes in score from phonemic scoring of a 50-word list. The PB max simulations were conducted on a "client" with flat performance intensity functions. The client's performance was assumed to be 60% initially and 40% for a second assessment. Thousands of estimates were obtained to examine the precision of (a) single lists and (b) multiple lists using a PB max procedure. This method permitted summarizing the precision for assessing a 20% drop in performance. A single 25-word list could identify only 58.4% of the cases in which performance fell from 60% to 40%. A single 125-word list identified 99.8% of the declines correctly. Presenting 3 or 5 lists to find PB max produced an undesirable finding: an increase in the word recognition score. A 25-word list produces unacceptably low precision for making clinical decisions. This finding holds in both single and multiple 25-word lists, as in a search for PB max. A table is provided, giving estimates of 95% critical ranges for successive presentations of a 50-word list analyzed by the number of phonemes correctly identified.

  18. Ex vivo lung perfusion: a comprehensive review of the development and exploration of future trends.

    PubMed

    Roman, Marius A; Nair, Sukumaran; Tsui, Steven; Dunning, John; Parmar, Jasvir S

    2013-09-01

    There is a critical mismatch between the number of donor lungs available and the demand for lungs for transplantation. This has created unacceptably high waiting-list mortality for lung transplant recipients. Currently (2012) in the United Kingdom, there are 216 patients on the lung transplant waiting list and 17 on heart and lung transplant list. The waiting times for suitable lungs average 412 days, with an increasing mortality and morbidity among the patients on the lung transplant list. Ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) has emerged as a technique for the assessment, resuscitation, and potential repair of suboptimal donor lungs. This is a rapidly developing field with significant clinical implications. In this review article, we critically appraise the background developments that have led to our current clinical practice. In particular, we focus on the human and animal experience, the different perfusion-ventilation strategies, and the impact of different perfusates and leukocyte filters. Finally, we examine EVLP as a potential research tool. This will provide insight into EVLP and its future development in the field of clinical lung transplantation.

  19. Investigations into the origin of the molecular recognition of several adenosine deaminase inhibitors.

    PubMed

    Gillerman, Irina; Fischer, Bilha

    2011-01-13

    Inhibitors of adenosine deaminase (ADA, EC 3.5.4.4) are potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of various health disorders. Several highly potent inhibitors were previously identified, yet they exhibit unacceptable toxicities. We performed a SAR study involving a series of C2 or C8 substituted purine-riboside analogues with a view to discover less potent inhibitors with a lesser toxicity. We found that any substitution at C8 position of nebularine resulted in total loss of activity toward calf intestinal ADA. However, several 2-substituted-adenosine, 8-aza-adenosine, and nebularine analogues exhibited inhibitory activity. Specifically, 2-Cl-purine riboside, 8-aza-2-thiohexyl adenosine, 2-thiohexyl adenosine, and 2-MeS-purine riboside were found to be competitive inhibitors of ADA with K(i) values of 25, 22, 6, and 3 μM, respectively. We concluded that electronic parameters are not major recognition determinants of ADA but rather steric parameters. A C2 substituent which fits ADA hydrophobic pocket and improves H-bonding with the enzyme makes a good inhibitor. In addition, a gg rotamer about C4'-C5' bond is apparently an important recognition determinant.

  20. 77 FR 58499 - Substitution of Term in a Definition; Addition and Adoption of the Use of Specific...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-09-21

    .... The Committee is substituting the term ``disabled'' for ``handicapped'' in a term defined in its..., the terms other severely handicapped and severely handicapped individuals are used to define persons... remove references to ``handicap'' or ``handicapped'' in the list of definitions. Additionally, the...

  1. 40 CFR 721.10199 - Substituted aliphatic amine (generic).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... with a tight-fitting face piece (full-face). As an alternative to the respiratory requirements listed... significant new uses subject to reporting. (1) The chemical substance identified generically as substituted aliphatic amine (PMN P-06-702) is subject to reporting under this section for the significant new uses...

  2. 21 CFR 184.1259 - Cocoa butter substitute.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Cocoa butter substitute. 184.1259 Section 184.1259 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) DIRECT FOOD SUBSTANCES AFFIRMED AS GENERALLY RECOGNIZED AS SAFE Listing of Specific Substances Affirmed as...

  3. Was Part D a giveaway to the pharmaceutical industry?

    PubMed

    Newhouse, Joseph P; Seiguer, Erica; Frank, Richard G

    2007-01-01

    The Medicare Modernization Act (MMA) prohibited the government from negotiating drug prices, a feature that the act's critics characterize as a giveaway to the drug industry. Instead of the government negotiating to keep prices down, the act relies on competition among drug companies to obtain business from private insurers; yet, competition cannot be effective when there are no close clinical substitutes. In the past few years, the rate of introduction of first-in-class drugs has been low; if this continues, the prohibition on negotiation may be only a minor problem. However, if the prior rate of introduction resumes, the government may find itself with unacceptable expenditure levels.

  4. 77 FR 58035 - Protection of Stratospheric Ozone: Listing of Substitutes for Ozone-Depleting Substances-Fire...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-09-19

    .... The Agency has identified four possible decision categories for substitutes that are submitted for... Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M...

  5. Immunochemical Methods for Quantitation of Vitamin B6

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1981-09-30

    pANk K:E:: Z P a . LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1. Synthesis of N-Carboxymethylpyridoxine 15 Figure 2. Pyridoxine and N- Substituted Derivatives 16...Pyridoxine Substituted in the 3 Position 23 Figure 6. Synthesis of as -Pyridoxylformic Acid and as - 25 Pyridoxylacetic Acid Figure 7. Fluorogenic Galactosides...CH20 (Vill) (X Figure 2. Pyridoxine and N- Substituted Derivatives 16 hinder the formation of quaternary salts (Kirpal, 1910).’" We found this to be true

  6. 78 FR 56132 - Human Reliability Program: Technical Amendments

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-09-12

    ....'' In addition, the definition of ``Manager'' in the current rule does not reflect recent changes within...'' authorities, but are not listed in the definition of ``Manager.'' DOE has decided to substitute the following definition of ``Manager'' for the current listing in Sec. 712.3: ``Manager means the senior Federal line...

  7. Fact Sheet: Protection of the Stratospheric Ozone: New Substitute in the Motor Vehicle Air Conditioning Sector under the Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) Program

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    Under the Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) program, EPA is listing HFO-1234yf as an acceptable substitute for ozone depleting substances (ODS) in motor vehicle air conditioning (MVAC) systems in new cars and other light duty-vehicles and is speci

  8. SubJournal: For Personnel Responsible for Substitute Teachers. Volume 6, Number 1, Fall 2005

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Smith, Geoffrey G., Ed.

    2005-01-01

    This issue of the SubJournal highlights three different substitute teacher programs and how they succeeded in enhancing their programs. These articles provide guidelines to how two school districts and one regional education service center met these challenges. A list of references follows each article. Articles in this issue include: (1) St.…

  9. 21 CFR 175.300 - Resinous and polymeric coatings.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... triglycerides or fatty acids derived from the oils listed in paragraph (b)(3)(i) of this section to form esters.... Maleic anhydride adduct of butadiene styrene. Polybutadiene. (iv) Natural fossil resins, as the basic... with: Maleic anhydride. o-, m-, and p-substituted phenol-form-alde-hydes listed in paragraph (b)(3)(vi...

  10. 40 CFR Appendix O to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Listed in the September 27, 2006 Final Rule, Effective November 27, 2006

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... End-use Substitute Decision Conditions Further information Total flooding Gelled Halocarbon/Dry... ventilation should be in place to reduce airborne exposure to constituents of agent; —An eye wash fountain and... reduce airborne exposure to constituents of agent; —An eye wash fountain and quick drench facility should...

  11. Cataract, cost: curious questions.

    PubMed

    Moran, D J

    1999-02-01

    An investigation of the pricing of implantable prosthetic devices in Australia reveals some alarming practices. A governmental mechanism exists to prop up the pricing of 7500 listed devices to levels that are unacceptably high by world standards. Private hospitals and doctors are able, legally, to profit by marking up the cost of these devices from the market price to this artificially inflated price. Even the open market prices of implantable prosthetic items, such as intra-ocular lenses, are high by international standards. In a time of budgetary constraint for health spending and rapidly increasing use of these devices, these issues urgently need to be addressed in Australia.

  12. PGLa-H tandem-repeat peptides active against multidrug resistant clinical bacterial isolates.

    PubMed

    Rončević, Tomislav; Gajski, Goran; Ilić, Nada; Goić-Barišić, Ivana; Tonkić, Marija; Zoranić, Larisa; Simunić, Juraj; Benincasa, Monica; Mijaković, Marijana; Tossi, Alessandro; Juretić, Davor

    2017-02-01

    Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are promising candidates for new antibiotic classes but often display an unacceptably high toxicity towards human cells. A naturally produced C-terminal fragment of PGLa, named PGLa-H, has been reported to have a very low haemolytic activity while maintaining a moderate antibacterial activity. A sequential tandem repeat of this fragment, diPGLa-H, was designed, as well as an analogue with a Val to Gly substitution at a key position. These peptides showed markedly improved in vitro bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity against both reference strains and multidrug resistant clinical isolates of Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogens, with generally low toxicity for human cells as assessed by haemolysis, cell viability, and DNA damage assays. The glycine substitution analogue, kiadin, had a slightly better antibacterial activity and reduced haemolytic activity, which may correlate with an increased flexibility of its helical structure, as deduced using molecular dynamics simulations. These peptides may serve as useful lead compounds for developing anti-infective agents against resistant Gram-negative and Gram-positive species. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  13. DNA barcoding detects contamination and substitution in North American herbal products

    PubMed Central

    2013-01-01

    Background Herbal products available to consumers in the marketplace may be contaminated or substituted with alternative plant species and fillers that are not listed on the labels. According to the World Health Organization, the adulteration of herbal products is a threat to consumer safety. Our research aimed to investigate herbal product integrity and authenticity with the goal of protecting consumers from health risks associated with product substitution and contamination. Methods We used DNA barcoding to conduct a blind test of the authenticity for (i) 44 herbal products representing 12 companies and 30 different species of herbs, and (ii) 50 leaf samples collected from 42 herbal species. Our laboratory also assembled the first standard reference material (SRM) herbal barcode library from 100 herbal species of known provenance that were used to identify the unknown herbal products and leaf samples. Results We recovered DNA barcodes from most herbal products (91%) and all leaf samples (100%), with 95% species resolution using a tiered approach (rbcL + ITS2). Most (59%) of the products tested contained DNA barcodes from plant species not listed on the labels. Although we were able to authenticate almost half (48%) of the products, one-third of these also contained contaminants and or fillers not listed on the label. Product substitution occurred in 30/44 of the products tested and only 2/12 companies had products without any substitution, contamination or fillers. Some of the contaminants we found pose serious health risks to consumers. Conclusions Most of the herbal products tested were of poor quality, including considerable product substitution, contamination and use of fillers. These activities dilute the effectiveness of otherwise useful remedies, lowering the perceived value of all related products because of a lack of consumer confidence in them. We suggest that the herbal industry should embrace DNA barcoding for authenticating herbal products through testing of raw materials used in manufacturing products. The use of an SRM DNA herbal barcode library for testing bulk materials could provide a method for 'best practices? in the manufacturing of herbal products. This would provide consumers with safe, high quality herbal products. PMID:24120035

  14. Effects of irrelevant sounds on phonological coding in reading comprehension and short-term memory.

    PubMed

    Boyle, R; Coltheart, V

    1996-05-01

    The effects of irrelevant sounds on reading comprehension and short-term memory were studied in two experiments. In Experiment 1, adults judged the acceptability of written sentences during irrelevant speech, accompanied and unaccompanied singing, instrumental music, and in silence. Sentences varied in syntactic complexity: Simple sentences contained a right-branching relative clause (The applause pleased the woman that gave the speech) and syntactically complex sentences included a centre-embedded relative clause (The hay that the farmer stored fed the hungry animals). Unacceptable sentences either sounded acceptable (The dog chased the cat that eight up all his food) or did not (The man praised the child that sight up his spinach). Decision accuracy was impaired by syntactic complexity but not by irrelevant sounds. Phonological coding was indicated by increased errors on unacceptable sentences that sounded correct. These errors rates were unaffected by irrelevant sounds. Experiment 2 examined effects of irrelevant sounds on ordered recall of phonologically similar and dissimilar word lists. Phonological similarity impaired recall. Irrelevant speech reduced recall but did not interact with phonological similarity. The results of these experiments question assumptions about the relationship between speech input and phonological coding in reading and the short-term store.

  15. Corrected Panel-Reactive Antibody Positivity Rates for Hypersensitized Patients in Turkish Population With Calculated Panel-Reactive Antibody Software.

    PubMed

    Karadeniz, S T; Akgul, S U; Ogret, Y; Ciftci, H S; Bayraktar, A; Bakkaloglu, H; Caliskan, Y; Yelekci, K; Turkmen, A; Aydin, A E; Oguz, F S; Carin, M; Aydin, F

    2017-04-01

    High rates of panel-reactive antibody (PRA) may decrease the chance of kidney transplantation and may result in long waiting periods before transplantation. The calculated PRA (cPRA) is performed based on unacceptable HLA antigens. These antigens are identified by a program that was created based on the antibodies that developed against the HLA antigens circulating in serum and on the risk of binding of these antibodies to antigens. The antigen profile of the population and antigen frequencies can be measured, and more realistic cPRA positivity rates may be obtained using this method. We developed a program based on the HLA antigens of 494 blood donors in 2 European Federation for Immunogenetics-accredited Tissue Typing Laboratories in Turkey. Next-generation sequencing-based tissue typing (HLA-A, -B, -C, -DR, -DQ, 4 digits) of the samples was performed. The PRA screening test was performed on 380 patients who were waiting for organ transplant from a cadaver in Istanbul Faculty of Medicine. The single antigen bead assay testing was performed to identify the antibody profiles on 48 hypersensitized patients. The PRA testing results using the current methods were 44.6% ± 18.5%, and the cPRA rate was 86.2% ± 5.1%. The mean PRA positivity of the sensitized patients using the current methods was 44.6%; however, the rate was 86.2% using the cPRA. cPRA shows the rate of the rejected donors according to all unacceptable antigens. The need for a list of unacceptable antigens in place of the PRA positivity rate is a real change in the sensitization-dependent calculation as cPRA positivity rate. In principal, implementation of cPRA will encourage many centers and laboratories to adopt a standard measurement of sensitization in Turkey. It will increase the chances of better donor match, particularly for hypersensitized patients, by the creation of an unacceptable mismatch program using cPRA software. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  16. 46 CFR Table 1 to Part 153 - Summary of Minimum Requirements

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ..., reaction product with 2,2,4-Trimethylpentene A S/P I NR Open Open A .408 NA Diphenyl, Diphenyl ether... .409, .440, .908(b) I-C Paraldehyde-ammonia reaction product C S/P II B/3 PV Closed A .236 (a), (b), (c... listed, any listed system may be used. A dry chemical system may not be substituted for either type of...

  17. 5 CFR 432.105 - Proposing and taking action based on unacceptable performance.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... unacceptable performance. 432.105 Section 432.105 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT CIVIL SERVICE REGULATIONS PERFORMANCE BASED REDUCTION IN GRADE AND REMOVAL ACTIONS § 432.105 Proposing and taking action based on unacceptable performance. (a) Proposing action based on unacceptable performance...

  18. Managing ethical performance in organizations: insights from the corporate world.

    PubMed

    Soule, Edward

    2007-03-01

    Medical organizations can learn at least three lessons from the recent spate of corporate scandals and the regulatory response they triggered. One is the importance of identifying and eliminating those conflicts of interest that pose unacceptable risks to an organization's reputation or to an industry's public profile. Second, although disclosing a risk attendant to a conflict of interest is of crucial importance, disclosures are not automatic absolutions, regardless of how full and complete they may be. Third, an organization's ethical performance is first and foremost a function of its culture. If there were any doubt, the likes of Enron Corporation and WorldCom confirmed that formal controls and legal sanctions are no substitute for the importance that members of an organization accord to playing by the rules and working with integrity.

  19. Questions and Answers About SNAP Alternatives in Each Sector

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    The following list of questions and answers provides an overview of the regulations governing the use of substitutes that are reviewed under the Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) program in various industrial sectors.

  20. Implementation of Organ Culture storage of donor corneas: a 3 year study of its impact on the corneal transplant wait list at the Lions New South Wales Eye Bank.

    PubMed

    Devasahayam, Raj; Georges, Pierre; Hodge, Christopher; Treloggen, Jane; Cooper, Simon; Petsoglou, Con; Sutton, Gerard; Zhu, Meidong

    2016-09-01

    Organ Culture corneal storage offers an extended storage time and increased donor pool and tissue assessment opportunities. In September 2011, the Lions New South Wales Eye Bank (LNSWEB) moved from hypothermic storage to Organ Culture corneal storage. This study evaluates the impact of implementation of Organ Culture on donor eye retrieval and the corneal transplant waiting list over a 3 year period in NSW, Australia. Retrospective review of the LNSWEB data from September 2011 to August 2014. Tissue collection, waiting list and tissue utilization data were recorded. The data from September 2008 to August 2011 for Optisol-GS storage was used for comparison. The annual donor and cornea collection rate increased 35 % and 44 % respectively with Organ Culture compared to Optisol-GS storage. The utilization rate of corneal tissue increased from 73.4 % with hypothermic storage to 77.2 % with Organ Culture storage. The transplant wait list decreased by 77.3 % from September 2011 to August 2014 and correlated with the increased rate of corneal transplantation (r = -0.9381, p < 0.0001). No other factors impacting the wait list changed over this period. Corneas not used from either storage method were due to unacceptable endothelial cell density/viability. The contamination rate of corneas stored in Organ Culture medium was low at 1.74 %. The Organ Culture storage method increases the corneal donor pool available to Eye banks. The practical benefits of the extended storage time and increased donor assessment opportunities have directly led to an increase in corneal utilization rate and a significant decrease in recipient wait list time.

  1. High Throughput Protein Quantitation using MRM Viewer Software and Dynamic MRM on a Triple Quadruple Mass Spectrometer

    PubMed Central

    Miller, C.; Waddell, K.; Tang, N.

    2010-01-01

    RP-122 Peptide quantitation using Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) has been established as an important methodology for biomarker verification andvalidation.This requires high throughput combined with high sensitivity to analyze potentially thousands of target peptides in each sample.Dynamic MRM allows the system to only acquire the required MRMs of the peptide during a retention window corresponding to when each peptide is eluting. This reduces the number of concurrent MRM and therefore improves quantitation and sensitivity. MRM Selector allows the user to generate an MRM transition list with retention time information from discovery data obtained on a QTOF MS system.This list can be directly imported into the triple quadrupole acquisition software.However, situations can exist where a) the list of MRMs contain an excess of MRM transitions allowable under the ideal acquisition conditions chosen ( allowing for cycle time and chromatography conditions), or b) too many transitions in a certain retention time region which would result in an unacceptably low dwell time and cycle time.A new tool - MRM viewer has been developed to help users automatically generate multiple dynamic MRM methods from a single MRM list.In this study, a list of 3293 MRM transitions from a human plasma sample was compiled.A single dynamic MRM method with 3293 transitions results in a minimum dwell time of 2.18ms.Using MRM viewer we can generate three dynamic MRM methods with a minimum dwell time of 20ms which can give a better quality MRM quantitation.This tool facilitates both high throughput and high sensitivity for MRM quantitation.

  2. Commercialism, choice and consumer protection: regulation of complementary medicines in Australia.

    PubMed

    Harvey, Ken J; Korczak, Viola S; Marron, Loretta J; Newgreen, David B

    2008-01-07

    Controls on the supply and promotion of complementary medicines in Australia are weak. We used weight-loss products as an example to compare the regulation in Australia of listed complementary medicines and registered pharmaceutical products. Complementary medicines are listed without evaluation for efficacy, while conventional pharmaceutical products are registered after evaluation for quality, safety and efficacy. From 1996 to 2006, over 1000 "weight-loss" products were listed on the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods; most contained multiple unevaluated ingredients (herbs, vitamins, minerals) of dubious efficacy. Over the same period, 10 conventional medicines were registered; each contained one evaluated ingredient of proven efficacy. The number of listed weight-loss products (and complaints about their promotion) is increasing. These appear to be a direct consequence of the decision not to evaluate listed products for efficacy and the lower fees for listing a product, compared with registration. Complaint procedures (now overloaded) are no substitute for adequate regulation at the time of market entry. Regulatory reform of listed and homoeopathic products is required.

  3. 9 CFR 205.105 - Master list and portion thereof distributed to registrants-format.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... product to a security interest (see § 205.102), in numerical order by social security number or approved... equipment. The system may, however, honor requests from registrants to substitute recordings on any medium...

  4. 9 CFR 205.105 - Master list and portion thereof distributed to registrants-format.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... product to a security interest (see § 205.102), in numerical order by social security number or approved... equipment. The system may, however, honor requests from registrants to substitute recordings on any medium...

  5. 9 CFR 205.105 - Master list and portion thereof distributed to registrants-format.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... product to a security interest (see § 205.102), in numerical order by social security number or approved... equipment. The system may, however, honor requests from registrants to substitute recordings on any medium...

  6. 9 CFR 205.105 - Master list and portion thereof distributed to registrants-format.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... product to a security interest (see § 205.102), in numerical order by social security number or approved... equipment. The system may, however, honor requests from registrants to substitute recordings on any medium...

  7. 9 CFR 205.105 - Master list and portion thereof distributed to registrants-format.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... product to a security interest (see § 205.102), in numerical order by social security number or approved... equipment. The system may, however, honor requests from registrants to substitute recordings on any medium...

  8. Toxic Chemicals Use in School Labs Examined.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Chemical and Engineering News, 1982

    1982-01-01

    The Consumer Product Safety Commission will recommend an information network to inform students and teachers of current toxicity evaluations of chemicals and of possible use of less hazardous substitutes. Lists names of 33 suspected carcinogens and 11 suspected teratogens. (SK)

  9. 78 FR 24997 - Protection of Stratospheric Ozone: Listing of Substitutes for Ozone-Depleting Substances-Fire...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-04-29

    ... manufacturer submitted a late comment disagreeing with these statements and indicating that hydrate formation... gem-diol hydrates and will thus not have appreciable effects in any organisms that might be exposed to...

  10. Organic Lecture Demonstrations.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Silversmith, Ernest F.

    1988-01-01

    Provides a listing of 35 demonstrations designed to generate interest in organic chemistry and help put points across. Topics include opening lecture; molecular structure and properties; halogenation; nucleophilic substitution, alkenes and dienes, stereochemistry, spectroscopy, alcohols and phenols, aldehydes and ketones; carboxylic acids, amines,…

  11. Anisotropy and Microstructure of High Coercivity Rare Earth Iron Permanent Magnets, List of Papers Published

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1989-01-01

    EARTH IRON PERMANENT MAGNETS. LIST OF PAPERS PUBLISHED 1986 - 1989 Contract No.: DAJA45-86-C-0010 Report No.: R/D-5295-MS-01 NOV 0 � A = LIST OF...R.Gr~ssinger - ’-Does a Co substitution really improve the temperature dependence of Nd-Fe-B based permanent magnets" .’ Proc. of 91h Int. Workshop...in NdzFe,4-4-iZx B (Z=A1,Si,Co, Ga) compounds", J. de Physique 49 (1988) CS-599. (16) R.Gr8ssinger, R.Krewenka, H.Buchn~r, H.Harada " A new analysis of

  12. [Sense and nonsense of extemporaneous formulations].

    PubMed

    Staubach, P

    2014-03-01

    The subject of Dermatology has changed significantly in light of the fast development of new therapeutic strategies. Potent systemic agents are no longer confined to the oncological. Nevertheless, topical therapy including extemporaneous formulations remains the domain of dermatologists. Due to the wide range of proprietary medicinal products in this era of evidence-based medicine, the relevance of classic dermatological prescriptions for local therapy is often up for discussion. In 2012, almost 18 million preparations were compounded according to a physician's prescription, which amounts to 2.7 % of all prescribed medications. 10 million of these extemporaneous formulations were used for systemic therapy such as chemotherapy or substitutional therapy, 8 millions were prescribed for topical therapy. This paper addresses the following questions: When is an extemporaneous formulation being called for, which requirements should it meet and which formulations are controversial or even unacceptable?

  13. A Comparative Study of the Metabolism of 6-Methylbenzo [A] Pyrene and Benzo [A] Pyrene by Rat Liver Microsomes

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1984-02-24

    147. Dewhurst, F., and Kitchen, D. A. (1972). Synthesis and properties of 6-substituted benzo [a] pyrene derivatives. J_. £. 1 . Perkins I, 710-712...group results in the formation of 6-hydroxymathylbenzo[a]pyrene (6-OHMBaP) which can be further metabolized to both the 1 - and 3-phenols of 6...LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES xi BACKGROUND 1 Introduction 1 Metabolism of PAH 1 Microsomal Metabolism of Benzo[a]pyrene 2 Inducers of

  14. The National Kidney Registry: 175 transplants in one year.

    PubMed

    Veale, Jeffrey; Hil, Garet

    2011-01-01

    Since organizing its first swap in 2008, the National Kidney Registry had facilitated 389 kidney transplants by the end of 2011 across 45 U.S. transplant centers. Rapid innovations, advanced computer technologies, and an evolving understanding of the processes at participating transplant centers and histocompatibility laboratories are among the factors driving the success of the NKR. Virtual cross match accuracy has improved from 43% to 94% as a result of improvements in the HLA typing process for donor antigens and enhanced mechanisms to list unacceptable HLA antigens for sensitized patients. By the end of 2011, the NKR had transplanted 66% of the patients enrolled since 2008. The 2011 wait time (from enrollment to transplant) for the 175 patients transplanted that year averaged 5 months.

  15. 40 CFR Appendix J to Subpart G of... - Substitutes listed in the January 29, 2002 Final Rule, effective April 1, 2002

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... from the fire protection system in conjunction with testing or servicing, and recycled for later use or... protective equipment (e.g., respiratory protection), fire protection, hazard communication, worker training...

  16. 40 CFR Appendix J to Subpart G of... - Substitutes listed in the January 29, 2002 Final Rule, effective April 1, 2002

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... from the fire protection system in conjunction with testing or servicing, and recycled for later use or... protective equipment (e.g., respiratory protection), fire protection, hazard communication, worker training...

  17. 40 CFR Appendix J to Subpart G of... - Substitutes listed in the January 29, 2002 Final Rule, effective April 1, 2002

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... from the fire protection system in conjunction with testing or servicing, and recycled for later use or... protective equipment (e.g., respiratory protection), fire protection, hazard communication, worker training...

  18. The View From the Purchasing Agent's Chair

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Walters, Richard P.

    1974-01-01

    Presents ways to improve communication with the purchasing office: summarizing procedures of purchasing in a brochure for the whole university; update bidder lists; buy from sources as close to the university as possible; and look for substitute products at all times. (Author/PG)

  19. 40 CFR Appendix P to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Listed in the September 27, 2006 Final Rule, Effective November 27, 2006

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... coverage related to the use of personal protective equipment (e.g., respiratory protection), fire... requirements, protective gear (SCBA) should be available in the event personnel should reenter the area. 3...

  20. 40 CFR Appendix P to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Listed in the September 27, 2006 Final Rule, Effective November 27, 2006

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... coverage related to the use of personal protective equipment (e.g., respiratory protection), fire... requirements, protective gear (SCBA) should be available in the event personnel should reenter the area. 3...

  1. 19 CFR 152.108 - Unacceptable bases of appraisement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... 19 Customs Duties 2 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Unacceptable bases of appraisement. 152.108 Section 152.108 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY... Merchandise § 152.108 Unacceptable bases of appraisement. For the purposes of this subpart, imported...

  2. 19 CFR 152.108 - Unacceptable bases of appraisement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 19 Customs Duties 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Unacceptable bases of appraisement. 152.108 Section 152.108 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY... Merchandise § 152.108 Unacceptable bases of appraisement. For the purposes of this subpart, imported...

  3. 19 CFR 152.108 - Unacceptable bases of appraisement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... 19 Customs Duties 2 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Unacceptable bases of appraisement. 152.108 Section 152.108 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY... Merchandise § 152.108 Unacceptable bases of appraisement. For the purposes of this subpart, imported...

  4. 19 CFR 152.108 - Unacceptable bases of appraisement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 19 Customs Duties 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Unacceptable bases of appraisement. 152.108 Section 152.108 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY... Merchandise § 152.108 Unacceptable bases of appraisement. For the purposes of this subpart, imported...

  5. 40 CFR Appendix T to Subpart G of... - Substitutes listed in the April 29, 2013 Final Rule, effective May 29, 2013.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... protection system in conjunction with testing or servicing, and recycled for later use or destroyed. 4—EPA... equipment (e.g., respiratory protection), fire protection, hazard communication, worker training or any...

  6. 40 CFR Appendix T to Subpart G of... - Substitutes listed in the April 29, 2013 Final Rule, effective May 29, 2013.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... protection system in conjunction with testing or servicing, and recycled for later use or destroyed. 4—EPA... equipment (e.g., respiratory protection), fire protection, hazard communication, worker training or any...

  7. Integrated Microbial Technology for Developing Countries: Springboard for Economic Progress.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    DaSilva, Edgar J.; And Others

    1978-01-01

    Discusses the current use of microbial technology in industrialized countries to develop substitute sources of fuel, food, and fertilizer and why it is important for developing countries to adopt the techniques described to gain economically. A list of references is also presented. (HM)

  8. The characteristics of unacceptable/taboo thoughts in obsessive-compulsive disorder.

    PubMed

    Brakoulias, Vlasios; Starcevic, Vladan; Berle, David; Milicevic, Denise; Moses, Karen; Hannan, Anthony; Sammut, Peter; Martin, Andrew

    2013-10-01

    In the quest to unravel the heterogeneity of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), an increasing number of factor analytic studies are recognising unacceptable/taboo thoughts as one of the symptom dimensions of OCD. This study aims to examine the characteristics associated with unacceptable/taboo thoughts. Using the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale Symptom Checklist (YBOCS-SC) with 154 individuals with OCD, obsessive-compulsive symptoms were subjected to principal components analysis. The characteristics associated with the resulting symptom dimensions were then assessed using logistic and linear regression techniques. Unacceptable/taboo thoughts comprised of sexual, religious and impulsive aggressive obsessions, and mental rituals. Higher scores on an unacceptable/taboo thoughts symptom dimension were predicted by higher Y-BOCS obsession subscores, Y-BOCS time preoccupied by obsessions scores, Y-BOCS distress due to obsessions scores, importance of control of thought ratings, male gender, and having had treatment prior to entering into the study. Unacceptable/taboo thoughts were also predicted by greater levels of hostility, and a past history of non-alcohol substance dependence. An unacceptable/taboo thought symptom dimension of OCD is supported by a unique set of associated characteristics that should be considered in the assessment and treatment of individuals with these symptoms. Crown Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  9. Biological and nonbiological complex drugs for multiple sclerosis in Latin America: regulations and risk management.

    PubMed

    Carrá, Adriana; Macías Islas, Miguel Angel; Tarulla, Adriana; Bichuetti, Denis Bernardi; Finkelsztejn, Alessandro; Fragoso, Yara Dadalti; Árcega-Revilla, Raul; Cárcamo Rodríguez, Claudia; Durán, Juan Carlos; Bonitto, Juan García; León, Rosalba; Oehninger Gatti, Carlos; Orozco, Geraldine; Vizcarra Escobar, Darwin

    2015-06-01

    Biological drugs and nonbiological complex drugs with expired patents are followed by biosimilars and follow-on drugs that are supposedly similar and comparable with the reference product in terms of quality, safety and efficacy. Unlike simple molecules that can be copied and reproduced, biosimilars and follow-on complex drugs are heterogeneous and need specific regulations from health and pharmacovigilance agencies. A panel of 14 Latin American experts on multiple sclerosis from nine different countries met to discuss the recommendations regarding biosimilars and follow-on complex drugs for treating multiple sclerosis. Specific measures relating to manufacturing, therapeutic equivalence assessment and pharmacovigilance reports need to be implemented before commercialization. Physical, chemical, biological and immunogenic characterizations of the new product need to be available before clinical trials start. The new product must maintain the same immunogenicity as the original. Automatic substitution of biological and complex drugs poses unacceptable risks to the patient.

  10. Sugar substitutes: their energy values, bulk characteristics, and potential health benefits.

    PubMed

    Levin, G V; Zehner, L R; Saunders, J P; Beadle, J R

    1995-11-01

    Restriction of dietary energy extends life and reduces incidences of disease in animals. These benefits would likely extend to humans. However, diet restriction in animals imposes reductions of 30-50% in food intake, which is probably unacceptable to humans. Low-energy sweeteners used in beverages offer minor reductions in energy intake. However, they lack the bulk required for baked goods and other sugar-rich foods. Full-bulk sweeteners providing about one-half the energy of sugar are under development for such uses. Laxation limits their acceptable dose. Even within such limitations, they can help achieve the health benefits for humans indicated by diet restriction. D-Tagatose, a new candidate sweetener, is nearly as sweet as sucrose and has the bulk of sucrose, yet provides zero available energy. We discuss its potential contribution to human diet restriction along with its specific effect in delaying the aging effects of glycosylation.

  11. Modified polyhydroxystyrenes as matrix resins for dissolution inhibition type photoresists

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pawlowski, Georg; Sauer, Thomas P.; Dammel, Ralph R.; Gordon, Douglas J.; Hinsberg, William D.; McKean, Dennis R.; Lindley, Charlet R.; Merrem, Hans-Joachim; Roeschert, Heinz; Vicari, Richard; Willson, C. Grant

    1990-06-01

    It is generally accepted that the production of shrink versions of the 16 MB DRAM and the 64 MB DRAM generations will be patterned using deep UV radiation. This provides a new challenge to the photoresist suppliers, as the standard photoresist formulations are not suitable for this technology, mainly because the presently used novolak resins are highly opaque in the 200 - 300 nm region. This is especially true for the 248 nm wavelength of KrF eximer lasers. Poly 4- hydroxystyrene [PHS] has several advantages in transmission and thermal stability; however, its dissolution rate in commercial grade developers is unacceptably high. We report some recent results on modified, alkyl-substituted PHS derivatives. These polymers combine reduced alkaline solubiity with adequate optical and thermal properties, making them acceptable for future deep UV based production processes. Selected data of these new (co)polymers are discussed.

  12. High-freezing-point fuels used for aviation turbine engines

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Friedman, R.

    1979-01-01

    Broadened-specification aviation fuels could be produced from a greater fraction of crude source material with improvements in fuel supply and price. These fuels, particularly those with increased final boiling temperatures, would have higher freezing temperatures than current aviation turbine fuels. The higher-freezing-point fuels can be substituted in the majority of present commercial flights, since temperature data indicate that in-flight fuel temperatures are relatively mild. For the small but significant fraction of commercial flights where low fuel temperatures make higher freezing-point fuel use unacceptable, adaptations to the fuel or fuel system may be made to accommodate this fuel. Several techniques are discussed. Fuel heating is the most promising concept. One simple system design uses existing heat rejection from the fuel-lubricating oil cooler, another uses an engine-driven generator for electrical heating. Both systems offer advantages that outweigh the obvious penalties.

  13. Association between salt substitutes/enhancers and changes in sodium levels in fast-food restaurants: a cross-sectional analysis.

    PubMed

    Scourboutakos, Mary J; Murphy, Sarah A; L'Abbé, Mary R

    2018-03-07

    Restaurant foods have high sodium levels, and efforts have been made to promote reductions. The objective of this study was to understand if salt substitutes and enhancers are associated with changes in sodium levels in fast-food restaurants. A longitudinal database (MENU-FLIP) containing nutrition information for Canadian chain restaurants with 20 or more locations nationally was created in 2010 and updated in 2013 and 2016. In 2016, when available, ingredient lists were collected from restaurant websites and searched for the presence of salt substitutes/enhancers. Changes in sodium levels (per serving) and the prevalence of salt substitutes/enhancers in 222 foods from 12 of the leading fast-food restaurant chains were compared across 3 time points. Sixty-nine percent of foods contained a salt substitute/enhancer. Substitutes/enhancers were found in every restaurant chain ( n = 12) for which ingredient data were available. The most common substitutes/enhancers were yeast extracts (in 30% of foods), calcium chloride (28%), monosodium glutamate (14%) and potassium chloride (12%). Sodium levels in foods that contained substitutes/enhancers decreased significantly more (190 ± 42 mg/serving) over the study period than those in foods that did not contain a substitute/enhancer (40 ± 17 mg/serving, p < 0.001). Salt substitutes and enhancers are prevalent in restaurant foods and are one means by which restaurants may be lowering sodium levels in their foods. At this time, the potential consequences of these findings, if any, are uncertain. Copyright 2018, Joule Inc. or its licensors.

  14. 21 CFR 1305.25 - Unaccepted and defective electronic orders.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 21 Food and Drugs 9 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Unaccepted and defective electronic orders. 1305... SCHEDULE I AND II CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES Electronic Orders § 1305.25 Unaccepted and defective electronic orders. (a) No electronic order may be filled if: (1) The required data fields have not been completed...

  15. 21 CFR 1305.25 - Unaccepted and defective electronic orders.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... 21 Food and Drugs 9 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Unaccepted and defective electronic orders. 1305... SCHEDULE I AND II CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES Electronic Orders § 1305.25 Unaccepted and defective electronic orders. (a) No electronic order may be filled if: (1) The required data fields have not been completed...

  16. The Effect of Distinguished Educators on Academic Gain of Louisiana Academically Unacceptable Schools

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Scroggins, Ruby C.

    2012-01-01

    The purpose of this study was to examine the degree of academic growth of Academically Unacceptable schools in Louisiana which have been assigned a Distinguished Educator. Distinguished Educators are external change agents who are placed in Academically Unacceptable schools in Louisiana. The data were generated from the Louisiana Department of…

  17. Successful African-American Mathematics Students in Academically Unacceptable High Schools

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Sheppard, Peter A., IV

    2005-01-01

    The objectives of this study were to determine (1) the reasons why successful mathematics students have been able to thrive in schools labeled academically unacceptable and (2) why they have chosen to stay in these academically unacceptable schools despite having the option to leave for a better performing school. Qualitative methods including…

  18. Estimating risk at a Superfund site using passive sampling devices as biological surrogates in human health risk models.

    PubMed

    Allan, Sarah E; Sower, Gregory J; Anderson, Kim A

    2011-10-01

    Passive sampling devices (PSDs) sequester the freely dissolved fraction of lipophilic contaminants, mimicking passive chemical uptake and accumulation by biomembranes and lipid tissues. Public Health Assessments that inform the public about health risks from exposure to contaminants through consumption of resident fish are generally based on tissue data, which can be difficult to obtain and requires destructive sampling. The purpose of this study is to apply PSD data in a Public Health Assessment to demonstrate that PSDs can be used as a biological surrogate to evaluate potential human health risks and elucidate spatio-temporal variations in risk. PSDs were used to measure polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Willamette River; upriver, downriver and within the Portland Harbor Superfund megasite for 3 years during wet and dry seasons. Based on an existing Public Health Assessment for this area, concentrations of PAHs in PSDs were substituted for fish tissue concentrations. PSD measured PAH concentrations captured the magnitude, range and variability of PAH concentrations reported for fish/shellfish from Portland Harbor. Using PSD results in place of fish data revealed an unacceptable risk level for cancer in all seasons but no unacceptable risk for non-cancer endpoints. Estimated cancer risk varied by several orders of magnitude based on season and location. Sites near coal tar contamination demonstrated the highest risk, particularly during the dry season and remediation activities. Incorporating PSD data into Public Health Assessments provides specific spatial and temporal contaminant exposure information that can assist public health professionals in evaluating human health risks. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  19. Estimating risk at a Superfund site using passive sampling devices as biological surrogates in human health risk models

    PubMed Central

    Allan, Sarah E.; Sower, Gregory J.; Anderson, Kim A.

    2013-01-01

    Passive sampling devices (PSDs) sequester the freely dissolved fraction of lipophilic contaminants, mimicking passive chemical uptake and accumulation by biomembranes and lipid tissues. Public Health Assessments that inform the public about health risks from exposure to contaminants through consumption of resident fish are generally based on tissue data, which can be difficulties to obtain and requires destructive sampling. The purpose of this study is to apply PSD data in a Public Health Assessment to demonstrate that PSDs can be used as a biological surrogate to evaluate potential human health risks and elucidate spatio-temporal variations in risk. PSDs were used to measure polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Willamette River; upriver, downriver and within the Portland Harbor Superfund megasite for three years during wet and dry seasons. Based on an existing Public Health Assessment for this area, concentrations of PAHs in PSDs were substituted for fish tissue concentrations. PSD measured PAH concentrations captured the magnitude, range and variability of PAH concentrations reported for fish/shellfish from Portland Harbor. Using PSD results in place of fish data revealed an unacceptable risk level for cancer in all seasons but no unacceptable risk for non-cancer endpoints. Estimated cancer risk varied by several orders of magnitude based on season and location. Sites near coal tar contamination demonstrated the highest risk, particularly during the dry season and remediation activities. Incorporating PSD data into Public Health Assessments provides specific spatial and temporal contaminant exposure information that can assist public health professionals in evaluating human health risks. PMID:21741671

  20. The Cookbook = Manual de Cocina.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Louisiana State Dept. of Education, Baton Rouge.

    This bilingual combination cookbook and instructional text is intended for use in training Spanish-speaking individuals for jobs as cooks. The first section is a dictionary of cooking terms consisting of parallel English and Spanish lists of foods, cooking terms, utensils, and common cooking directions and substitutions. The second section deals…

  1. 7 CFR 1944.260 - Cost distribution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... listed. (iv) The value of services performed by volunteers to CHSP, at the rate of $5.00 an hour. (d... substitution for, these previously existing services. The value of these services do not qualify as matching... funds with the approval of the Secretary concerned), (ii) The imputed dollar value of other agency or...

  2. 7 CFR 1944.260 - Cost distribution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... listed. (iv) The value of services performed by volunteers to CHSP, at the rate of $5.00 an hour. (d... substitution for, these previously existing services. The value of these services do not qualify as matching... funds with the approval of the Secretary concerned), (ii) The imputed dollar value of other agency or...

  3. 7 CFR 1944.260 - Cost distribution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... listed. (iv) The value of services performed by volunteers to CHSP, at the rate of $5.00 an hour. (d... substitution for, these previously existing services. The value of these services do not qualify as matching... funds with the approval of the Secretary concerned), (ii) The imputed dollar value of other agency or...

  4. 7 CFR 1944.260 - Cost distribution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... listed. (iv) The value of services performed by volunteers to CHSP, at the rate of $5.00 an hour. (d... substitution for, these previously existing services. The value of these services do not qualify as matching... funds with the approval of the Secretary concerned), (ii) The imputed dollar value of other agency or...

  5. 7 CFR 1944.260 - Cost distribution.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... listed. (iv) The value of services performed by volunteers to CHSP, at the rate of $5.00 an hour. (d... substitution for, these previously existing services. The value of these services do not qualify as matching... funds with the approval of the Secretary concerned), (ii) The imputed dollar value of other agency or...

  6. 40 CFR 82.16 - Phaseout schedule of class II controlled substances.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... uses or defense applications. (8) A formulator for, or an agency, department, or instrumentality of the... exemption allowances. (1) Effective January 21, 2003, a formulator of HCFC-141b, an agency, department, or... continuing investigations into and progress on possible alternatives and substitutes; (xii) A list of...

  7. 40 CFR 82.16 - Phaseout schedule of class II controlled substances.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... uses or defense applications. (8) A formulator for, or an agency, department, or instrumentality of the... exemption allowances. (1) Effective January 21, 2003, a formulator of HCFC-141b, an agency, department, or... continuing investigations into and progress on possible alternatives and substitutes; (xii) A list of...

  8. What Are We Doing in PE Today?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Wilson, Rolayne

    2002-01-01

    Presents suggestions for including in a 3-ring substitute teacher binder with appropriate tab dividers for easy access to pertinent information about the daily functions of physical education classes (e.g., copies of pertinent pamphlets about quality physical education, the state core curriculum, the daily schedule, class lists, bathroom and drink…

  9. National Kidney Registry: 213 transplants in three years.

    PubMed

    Veale, Jeffrey; Hil, Garet

    2010-01-01

    Since its establishment in 2008, the National Kidney Registry has facilitated 213 kidney transplants between unrelated living donors and recipients at 28 transplant centers. Rapid innovations in matching strategies, advanced computer technologies, good communication and an evolving understanding of the processes at participating transplant centers and histocompatibility laboratories are among the factors driving the success of the NKR. Virtual cross match accuracy has improved from 43% to 91% as a result of changes to the HLA typing requirements for potential donors and improved mechanisms to list unacceptable HLA antigens for sensitized patients. A uniform financial agreement among participating centers eliminated a major roadblock to facilitate unbalanced donor kidney exchanges among centers. The NKR transplanted 64% of the patients registered since 2008 and the average waiting time for those transplanted in 2010 was 11 months.

  10. Increased need to promote and support breastfeeding in the face of vertical transmission of HIV.

    PubMed

    1999-12-01

    Promotion of breast-feeding among HIV-positive mothers must still be encouraged since the health and chances of survival of infants will be greatly improved by it. At the same time, attention has been focused on the regulation of breast milk substitutes (for HIV-positive mothers who choose not to breast-feed) by the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes. The Code aims to regulate the distribution of free and subsidized supplies of breast milk substitutes and to protect artificially fed children by ensuring that product labels contain necessary warnings and instructions for safe preparation and use and that choice is based on medical advice. In addition, the Code also aims to control promotional activities that would persuade mothers to utilize them, while it does not prevent the distribution of government-financed breast milk substitutes to HIV-positive mothers. Furthermore, the Code prevents the donation and provision of reduced-price breast milk substitutes to any health care system. Instead, donations must be given to orphanages or other social welfare institutions. This article lists practical considerations in the promotion of breast milk substitutes, which include 1) availability and accessibility of supplies, while maintaining confidentiality; 2) reliability of supplies in the short term; and 3) sustainability of supplies in the long term.

  11. 21 CFR 1305.15 - Unaccepted and defective DEA Forms 222.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 21 Food and Drugs 9 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Unaccepted and defective DEA Forms 222. 1305.15... I AND II CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES DEA Form 222 § 1305.15 Unaccepted and defective DEA Forms 222. (a) A DEA Form 222 must not be filled if either of the following apply: (1) The order is not complete...

  12. 21 CFR 1305.15 - Unaccepted and defective DEA Forms 222.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 21 Food and Drugs 9 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Unaccepted and defective DEA Forms 222. 1305.15... I AND II CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES DEA Form 222 § 1305.15 Unaccepted and defective DEA Forms 222. (a) A DEA Form 222 must not be filled if either of the following apply: (1) The order is not complete...

  13. CPRA for allocation of kidneys in the US: More candidates ≥98% CPRA, lower positive crossmatch rates and improved transplant rates for sensitized patients.

    PubMed

    Baxter-Lowe, Lee Ann; Kucheryavaya, Anna; Tyan, Dolly; Reinsmoen, Nancy

    2016-05-01

    In 2009 calculated panel reactive antibody (CPRA) replaced PRA as the metric for HLA sensitization in the US kidney allocation system. During the next four years, registrants with at least one unacceptable antigen increased (34-40%) and registrants with ≥98% PRA/CPRA increased from 7% to 9% of the waitlist. These changes were accompanied by a reduction in kidney offers refused for positive crossmatch: 14,137 (1.7%) in 2009 and 3,310 in 2013 (0.4%). Registrants with ≥98% PRA/CPRA had highest rates of refusal but also showed substantial improvement (20% in 2009 vs 8% in 2013). For registrants with ≥98% PRA/CPRA, 45% of accepted offers in 2009 were not transplanted into the intended recipient compared to 11% in 2013. Transplant rates remained low for these patients (∼50/1000 active patient-years), but rates improved for patients with 80-97% PRA/CPRA (223/1000 active patient-years in 2009 vs 354/1000 in 2013). In 2013, 40% regraft candidates had CPRA ≥98% compared to 4% of primary graft candidates. More females than males were ≥98% CPRA (14% vs 7%) and more females had CPRA above 0 (50% vs 28%). In the CPRA era, listing of unacceptable antigens increased, positive crossmatches were diminished and transplant rates for sensitized patients improved. Copyright © 2016 American Society for Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics. All rights reserved.

  14. Dermal Matrices and Bioengineered Skin Substitutes: A Critical Review of Current Options

    PubMed Central

    Hamdi, Moustapha; Abberton, Keren; Morrison, Wayne

    2015-01-01

    Background: Over recent decades, scientists and surgeons have collaborated to develop various bioengineered and synthetic products as an alternative to skin grafts. Despite the numerous articles and reviews written about dermal skin substitutes, there is no general consensus. Methods: This article reviews dermal skin scaffolds used in clinical applications and experimental settings. For scaffold evaluation, we focused on clinical and/or histological results, and conclusions are listed. Explanations for general trends were sought based on existing knowledge about tissue engineering principles and wound healing mechanisms. Results: Decellularized dermis seems to remain the best option with no other acellular scaffold being clinically proven to gain better results yet. In general, chemically cross-linked products were seen to be less effective in skin tissue engineering. Biocompatibility could be enhanced by preseeding substitutes with fibroblasts to allow some natural scaffold remodeling before product application. Conclusions: Skin substitutes are a useful tool in plastic and reconstructive surgery practices as an alternative to skin grafts. In the choice of substitute, the general plastic surgery principle of replacing like tissue with like tissue seems to be still standing, and products most resembling the natural dermal extracellular matrix should be preferred. PMID:25674365

  15. 40 CFR Appendix S to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Listed in the September 19, 2012 Final Rule, Effective December 18, 2012.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... Extinguishing Systems.For establishments filling, installing, servicing, using, or disposing of containers or systems to be used in total flooding applications, EPA recommends the following: —appropriate protective... 2010 standard for Aerosol Extinguishing Systems.For establishments filling, installing, servicing...

  16. 40 CFR Appendix S to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Listed in the September 19, 2012 Final Rule, Effective December 18, 2012.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... Extinguishing Systems.For establishments filling, installing, servicing, using, or disposing of containers or systems to be used in total flooding applications, EPA recommends the following: —appropriate protective... 2010 standard for Aerosol Extinguishing Systems.For establishments filling, installing, servicing...

  17. 76 FR 78832 - Protection of Stratospheric Ozone: Listing of Substitutes for Ozone-Depleting Substances...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-12-20

    ... outside the home. Household freezers offer storage space only at freezing temperatures. Products with both... systems, including cold storage cases, designed to chill food or keep it at a cold temperature for... Administration NOAEL--no observable adverse effect level NPRM--notice of proposed rulemaking NTTAA--National...

  18. 77 FR 58081 - Protection of Stratospheric Ozone: Listing of Substitutes for Ozone-Depleting Substances-Fire...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-09-19

    ... protection options including new, improved technology for early warning and smoke detection. Thus, EPA is... require state, local, or tribal governments to change their regulations. Thus, Executive Order 13132 does... governments to change their regulations. Thus, Executive Order 13175 does not apply to this action. G...

  19. Sensory Substitution for Wounded Servicemembers

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2009-10-28

    recently blinded individual without verbal notification (e.g., to tap his or her shoulder) can lead to a startle response as he or she can not perceive...34. WUtWt IM» 1 *• ,. .. ,„ List RtcoQWTtd °ftoflfi/n# male short a Figure 6: / eft , BrainPort® display showing stereo presentation of a

  20. 40 CFR 82.16 - Phaseout schedule of class II controlled substances.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... defense applications. (8) A formulator for, or an agency, department, or instrumentality of the U.S.; or a..., 2003, a formulator of HCFC-141b, an agency, department, or instrumentality of the U.S., or a non... investigations into and progress on possible alternatives and substitutes; (xii) A list of alternatives...

  1. 40 CFR 82.16 - Phaseout schedule of class II controlled substances.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... defense applications. (8) A formulator for, or an agency, department, or instrumentality of the U.S.; or a..., 2003, a formulator of HCFC-141b, an agency, department, or instrumentality of the U.S., or a non... investigations into and progress on possible alternatives and substitutes; (xii) A list of alternatives...

  2. 40 CFR 82.16 - Phaseout schedule of class II controlled substances.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... defense applications. (8) A formulator for, or an agency, department, or instrumentality of the U.S.; or a..., 2003, a formulator of HCFC-141b, an agency, department, or instrumentality of the U.S., or a non... investigations into and progress on possible alternatives and substitutes; (xii) A list of alternatives...

  3. A Guide to Medications Inducing Salivary Gland Dysfunction, Xerostomia, and Subjective Sialorrhea: A Systematic Review Sponsored by the World Workshop on Oral Medicine VI.

    PubMed

    Wolff, Andy; Joshi, Revan Kumar; Ekström, Jörgen; Aframian, Doron; Pedersen, Anne Marie Lynge; Proctor, Gordon; Narayana, Nagamani; Villa, Alessandro; Sia, Ying Wai; Aliko, Ardita; McGowan, Richard; Kerr, Alexander Ross; Jensen, Siri Beier; Vissink, Arjan; Dawes, Colin

    2017-03-01

    Medication-induced salivary gland dysfunction (MISGD), xerostomia (sensation of oral dryness), and subjective sialorrhea cause significant morbidity and impair quality of life. However, no evidence-based lists of the medications that cause these disorders exist. Our objective was to compile a list of medications affecting salivary gland function and inducing xerostomia or subjective sialorrhea. Electronic databases were searched for relevant articles published until June 2013. Of 3867 screened records, 269 had an acceptable degree of relevance, quality of methodology, and strength of evidence. We found 56 chemical substances with a higher level of evidence and 50 with a moderate level of evidence of causing the above-mentioned disorders. At the first level of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system, 9 of 14 anatomical groups were represented, mainly the alimentary, cardiovascular, genitourinary, nervous, and respiratory systems. Management strategies include substitution or discontinuation of medications whenever possible, oral or systemic therapy with sialogogues, administration of saliva substitutes, and use of electro-stimulating devices. While xerostomia was a commonly reported outcome, objectively measured salivary flow rate was rarely reported. Moreover, xerostomia was mostly assessed as an adverse effect rather than the primary outcome of medication use. This study may not include some medications that could cause xerostomia when administered in conjunction with others or for which xerostomia as an adverse reaction has not been reported in the literature or was not detected in our search. We compiled a comprehensive list of medications with documented effects on salivary gland function or symptoms that may assist practitioners in assessing patients who complain of dry mouth while taking medications. The list may also prove useful in helping practitioners anticipate adverse effects and consider alternative medications.

  4. Evaluation on the first 2 years of the positive list system in South Korea.

    PubMed

    Park, Sung Eun; Lim, Sang Hee; Choi, Hyun Woong; Lee, Seung Min; Kim, Dong Won; Yim, Eun Young; Kim, Kook Hee; Yi, So Young

    2012-01-01

    The South Korean positive list system in pharmaceutical reimbursement was introduced by the Health Care System Reform Act implemented in December 2006. This study introduces this positive list system (PLS), and reports on an evaluation of two years of operation. In addition, decision-making factors are evaluated and current issues and solutions discussed. We analyzed 91 submissions with reimbursement decisions completed by December 31, 2008. Submission characteristics and relevant factors related to decision criteria were identified by the decision outcomes (recommended/rejected). Under the new system, Health Insurance Review and Assessment service (HIRA) recommended 64 submissions for reimbursement and rejected 27 submissions. For recommended submissions, 59 met all criteria and 5 were recommended based on the rule of rescue. The primary reason for rejection was unacceptable cost-effectiveness. The likelihood of recommendation was found to be significantly elevated if a drug was superior to its comparator, if treatment cost was not greater than that of its comparator, or if the number of recommended decisions made by other committees increased. The South Korean PLS has stabilized during the 2 years after its introduction. The recommended submissions were qualified in all decision-making criteria used. Among the various decision criteria, clinical benefit and cost-effectiveness were the main drivers of reimbursement decisions. In addition, there is a certain degree of consistency between the reimbursement decisions of HIRA and other countries. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

  5. Numerical list of U.S. Geological Survey trace elements reports to September 15, 1952

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Wallace, Jane H.; Blatcher, Virginia K.

    1952-01-01

    This report lists in numerical order U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations and Memorandum Reports and supersedes a similar report issued in January 1952 (TEI-202). This report contains lists not only of reports that have been transmitted to the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, that is, those reports followed by a date, but also those reports for which tentative titles were available prior to the date of completion of this list, September 14, 1952. The reports that are in preparation and subject to change in title are indicated by an asterisk. The classifications that are shown for some of the reports issued prior to 1947 are uncertain; classifications shown are based on the best information available at the time that this report was prepared. To keep the numerical lists up to date, periodic supplements will be issued. The supplementary pages will be prepared so that they can be substituted for the pages in the present report. The Geological Survey does not have additional copies for permanent distribution of most of the reports listed, but copies of many of the completed reports can be loaned to organizations or individuals who are cooperating with the Atomic Energy Commission.

  6. 40 CFR Appendix O to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Listed in the September 27, 2006 Final Rule, Effective November 27, 2006

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... latest edition of the NFPA 2001 Standard for Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems, for whichever... Systems.Sodium bicarbonate release in all settings should be targeted so that increased blood pH level... to be in environments protected by Envirogel with sodium bicarbonate additive extinguishing systems...

  7. 40 CFR Appendix O to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Listed in the September 27, 2006 Final Rule, Effective November 27, 2006

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... latest edition of the NFPA 2001 Standard for Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems, for whichever... Systems.Sodium bicarbonate release in all settings should be targeted so that increased blood pH level... to be in environments protected by Envirogel with sodium bicarbonate additive extinguishing systems...

  8. 40 CFR Appendix O to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Listed in the September 27, 2006 Final Rule, Effective November 27, 2006

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... latest edition of the NFPA 2001 Standard for Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems, for whichever... Systems.Sodium bicarbonate release in all settings should be targeted so that increased blood pH level... to be in environments protected by Envirogel with sodium bicarbonate additive extinguishing systems...

  9. 40 CFR Appendix O to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Listed in the September 27, 2006 Final Rule, Effective November 27, 2006

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... latest edition of the NFPA 2001 Standard for Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems, for whichever... Systems.Sodium bicarbonate release in all settings should be targeted so that increased blood pH level... to be in environments protected by Envirogel with sodium bicarbonate additive extinguishing systems...

  10. 75 FR 25799 - Protection of Stratospheric Ozone: Listing of Substitutes for Ozone-Depleting Substances...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-05-10

    ... Fittings G. Small Containers VI. What recommendations does EPA have for safe use of hydrocarbon... refrigerant tubing. All of these markings shall be in letters no less than 6.4 mm (\\1/4\\ inch) high. 6... which differ from fittings used in equipment or containers using non-flammable refrigerant. ``Differ...

  11. Using Narratives to Develop Standards for Leaders: Applying an Innovative Approach in Western Australia

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Wildy, Helen; Pepper, Coral

    2005-01-01

    Dissatisfaction with long lists of duties as substitutes for standards led to the innovative application of narratives as an alternative approach to the generation and use of standards for school leaders. This paper describes research conducted over nearly a decade in collaboration with the state education authority in Western Australia,…

  12. Bringing a Class to Its Senses.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Eichenberg, Mary Ann

    1965-01-01

    Students can be taught to create vivid, colorful descriptions. To train their senses and sharpen their word choices and images, they can be asked to (1) list specific adjectives to describe such an image-producing word as "ocean," (2) substitute sharply-etched verbs for general ones in a given sentence, (3) record day-to-day observations in a…

  13. Ground hardness and injury in community level Australian football.

    PubMed

    Twomey, Dara M; Finch, Caroline F; Lloyd, David G; Elliott, Bruce C; Doyle, Tim L A

    2012-07-01

    To describe the risk and details of injuries associated with ground hardness in community level Australian football (AF). Prospective injury surveillance with periodic objective ground hardness measurement. 112 ground hardness assessments were undertaken using a Clegg hammer at nine locations across 20 grounds, over the 2007 and 2008 AF seasons. Details of 352 injuries sustained by community level players on those grounds were prospectively collected as part of a large randomised controlled trial. The ground location of the injury was matched to the nearest corresponding ground hardness Clegg hammer readings, in gravities (g), which were classified from unacceptably low (<30 g) to unacceptably high hardness (>120 g). Clegg hammer readings ranged from 25 to 301 g. Clegg hammer hardness categories from low/normal to high/normal were associated with the majority of injuries, with only 3.7% (13 injuries) on unacceptably high hardness and 0.3% (1 injury) on the unacceptably low hardness locations. Relative to the preferred range of hardness, the risk of sustaining an injury on low/normal hardness locations was 1.31 (95%CI: 1.06-1.62) times higher and 1.82 (95%CI: 1.17-2.85) times higher on locations with unacceptably high hardness. The more severe injuries occurred with low/normal ground hardness. Despite the low number of injuries, the risk of sustaining an injury on low/normal and unacceptably hard grounds was significantly greater than on the preferred range of hardness. Notably, the severity of the injuries sustained on unacceptably hard grounds was lower than for other categories of hardness. Copyright © 2012 Sports Medicine Australia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  14. Liquid rocket booster study. Volume 2, book 6, appendix 10: Vehicle systems effects

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    1989-01-01

    Three tasks were undertaken by Eagle Engineering as a part of the Liquid Rocket Booster (LRB) study. Task 1 required Eagle to supply current data relative to the Space Shuttle vehicle and systems affected by an LRB substitution. Tables listing data provided are presented. Task 2 was to evaluate and compare shuttle impacts of candidate LRB configuration in concert with overall trades of analysis activity. Three selected configurations with emphasis on flight loads, separation dynamics, and cost comparison are presented. Task 3 required the development of design guidelines and requirements to minimize impacts to the Space Shuttle system from all LRB substitution. Results are presented for progress to date.

  15. The fuzzy line between needs, coverage, and excess in the Mexican Formulary List: an example of qualitative market width analysis.

    PubMed

    Rico-Alba, Israel; Figueras, Albert

    2013-04-01

    To assess the rationality of the Mexican Formulary List (MEX-LIST). MEX-LIST was compared with the World Health Organization Essential Medicines List (WHO-LIST) to identify drugs classified as unmet needs. For the MEX-LIST rationality evaluation, the assessment of a non-sponsored, systematic and unbiased source (Prescrire Journal) was used for medicines not listed in WHO-LIST. The rating scale of Prescrire classifies medicines as Bravo, Real Advance, Offers an Advance, Possibly Helpful, Nothing New (NN), Judgment Reserved (JR), or Not Acceptable (NA) depending on their comparative therapeutic value. The NN, JR, and NA categories of medicines are further classified as non-added value. The MEX-LIST contains 771 medicines, which is 2.4-fold more than the WHO-LIST (n = 321). Up to 236 medicines in the MEX-LIST perfectly match the WHO-LIST medicines, 40 could be considered as reasonable substitutes, but 45 (14.0 %) present in the WHO-LIST are not present in the MEX-LIST, including an oversupply of 495 medicines. Rationality level could be analyzed for 353 of these: 43.1 % (n = 152) were classified as NN, 12.2 % (n = 43) as NA, and 6.2 % (n = 22) as JR due to limited available information. In summary, 61.5 % of the evaluated medicines present in the MEX-LIST but not included in the WHO-LIST (n = 217) can be considered drugs that do not add substantial therapeutic benefits, this accounts for 28.1 % of the medicines in the MEX-LIST. MEX-LIST is characterized by a twofold irrationality in that essential medicines to treat prevalent diseases are missing and medicines without any rational added value are in oversupply. This type of study can be easily applied to other countries with the aim of providing a forum for further discussion and improvement of the medicines offered by their national formularies.

  16. Calculation of Inertial Parameters to Find Dynamic Human Response

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Shaibani, Saami J.

    2004-03-01

    A number of authenticated models of the human body have been produced during decades of research, and yet deficient substitutes continue to be concocted. Recent examples of the latter sadly include: (a) if human = water and potato = water, then human = potato; (b) pancreas = hot dog; and, (c) spine = plastic pipe. Omission of any suitable use of biology in these cases makes the inadequacies involved all the more unacceptable. The unduly simplistic nature seen there is contrasted with the correct procedures documented in this paper. Particular attention is paid here to the fields of anatomy and anthropometry, and the unique challenges[1] associated with pediatric cases are also discussed. The results of this study show that the naivety in the flawed examples above and elsewhere is completely unjustified, even for first-order speculations. The importance of first-hand clinical experience is explained as an essential component in the determination of accurate biomechanical data for human kinematics. 1. Bull. Am. Phys. Soc., 44, 273 (1999).

  17. 77 FR 16988 - Protection of Stratospheric Ozone: Amendment to HFO-1234yf SNAP Rule for Motor Vehicle Air...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-03-23

    ... Protection of Stratospheric Ozone: Amendment to HFO-1234yf SNAP Rule for Motor Vehicle Air Conditioning... hydrofluoroolefin (HFO)-1234yf (2,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene), a substitute for ozone- depleting substances (ODSs... EPA's Stratospheric Ozone Web site at http://www.epa.gov/ozone/snap/regs . The full list of SNAP...

  18. 40 CFR Appendix L to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Listed in the January 27, 2003, Final Rule, Effective March 28, 2003

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... environments protected by HFC227-BC extinguishing systemsEach HFC227-BC extinguisher should be clearly labelled... Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems. See additional comments 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Additional comments. 1—Should... or performance requirements. 4—The agent should be recovered from the fire protection system in...

  19. 40 CFR Appendix P to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Listed in the September 27, 2006 Final Rule, Effective November 27, 2006

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... latest edition of the NFPA 2001 Standard for Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems, for whichever... requirements. 4—The agent should be recovered from the fire protection system in conjunction with testing or... coverage related to the use of personal protective equipment (e.g., respiratory protection), fire...

  20. 40 CFR Appendix P to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Listed in the September 27, 2006 Final Rule, Effective November 27, 2006

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... latest edition of the NFPA 2001 Standard for Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems, for whichever... requirements. 4—The agent should be recovered from the fire protection system in conjunction with testing or... coverage related to the use of personal protective equipment (e.g., respiratory protection), fire...

  1. 40 CFR Appendix L to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Listed in the January 27, 2003, Final Rule, Effective March 28, 2003

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... environments protected by HFC227-BC extinguishing systemsEach HFC227-BC extinguisher should be clearly labelled... Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems. See additional comments 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Additional comments. 1—Should... or performance requirements. 4—The agent should be recovered from the fire protection system in...

  2. 40 CFR Appendix L to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Listed in the January 27, 2003, Final Rule, Effective March 28, 2003

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... environments protected by HFC227-BC extinguishing systemsEach HFC227-BC extinguisher should be clearly labelled... Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems. See additional comments 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Additional comments. 1—Should... or performance requirements. 4—The agent should be recovered from the fire protection system in...

  3. 40 CFR Appendix P to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Listed in the September 27, 2006 Final Rule, Effective November 27, 2006

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... latest edition of the NFPA 2001 Standard for Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems, for whichever... requirements. 4—The agent should be recovered from the fire protection system in conjunction with testing or... coverage related to the use of personal protective equipment (e.g., respiratory protection), fire...

  4. The Photonovel: A Tool for Development. Program and Training Journal Manual Series Number 4.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Weaks, Daniel

    Designed as a working and teaching tool for development workers, this manual includes the step-by-step process for preparing a photonovel. Chapter 1 introduces the photonovel, a blend of comic book and motion picture that substitutes photographs for the stylized drawings. It lists its advantages and disadvantages as an educational medium and tool…

  5. COSAM program overview

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Stephens, J. R.

    1982-01-01

    The COSAM program for reduction of the use of strategic alloying elements in nickel-based superalloys for gas turbine engines was reviewed. Sources, consumption, and pricing of cobalt, tantalum, columbium, and chromium are surveyed. Research projects in strategic element substitution, advanced processing concepts, and the development of alternate materials (intermetallics and iron-base alloys) are listed and research plans for FY 1983 and FY 1984 summarized.

  6. Impurity and Defect Interactions in GaAs.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1982-09-30

    motivated :* 1. The actual transport of Cr occurs interstitially. The * diffusion and drift of the substitutional and complexed Cr are negligible. This is...of impurity 3 for the growth I case listed in Table 1, after 1, 5, and 10 minutes. Ps4 C 2- U I3 Nmil I Figur ~0i . . , 0 O20 30 4 5 O 60 080 90

  7. 40 CFR Appendix L to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Listed in the January 27, 2003, Final Rule, Effective March 28, 2003

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... duplicating or displacing OSHA coverage related to the use of personal protective equipment (e.g., respiratory... duplicating or displacing OSHA coverage related to the use of personal protective equipment (e.g., respiratory....162. 2—Per OSHA requirements, protective gear (SCBA) should be available in the event personnel should...

  8. 40 CFR Appendix J to Subpart G of... - Substitutes listed in the January 29, 2002 Final Rule, effective April 1, 2002

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... destroyed. 5—EPA has no intention of duplicating or displacing OSHA coverage related to the use of personal protective equipment (e.g., respiratory protection), fire protection, hazard communication, worker training..., subpart L, Sections 1910.160 and 1910.162. 2—Per OSHA requirements, protective gear (SCBA) should be...

  9. 40 CFR Appendix L to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Listed in the January 27, 2003, Final Rule, Effective March 28, 2003

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... duplicating or displacing OSHA coverage related to the use of personal protective equipment (e.g., respiratory... duplicating or displacing OSHA coverage related to the use of personal protective equipment (e.g., respiratory....162. 2—Per OSHA requirements, protective gear (SCBA) should be available in the event personnel should...

  10. 40 CFR Appendix J to Subpart G of... - Substitutes listed in the January 29, 2002 Final Rule, effective April 1, 2002

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... destroyed. 5—EPA has no intention of duplicating or displacing OSHA coverage related to the use of personal protective equipment (e.g., respiratory protection), fire protection, hazard communication, worker training..., subpart L, Sections 1910.160 and 1910.162. 2—Per OSHA requirements, protective gear (SCBA) should be...

  11. The EU(7)-PIM list: a list of potentially inappropriate medications for older people consented by experts from seven European countries.

    PubMed

    Renom-Guiteras, Anna; Meyer, Gabriele; Thürmann, Petra A

    2015-07-01

    The aim of the study was to develop a European list of potentially inappropriate medications (PIM) for older people, which can be used for the analysis and comparison of prescribing patterns across European countries and for clinical practice. A preliminary PIM list was developed, based on the German PRISCUS list of potentially inappropriate medications and other PIM lists from the USA, Canada and France. Thirty experts on geriatric prescribing from Estonia, Finland, France, the Netherlands, Spain and Sweden participated; eight experts performed a structured expansion of the list, suggesting further medications; twenty-seven experts participated in a two-round Delphi survey assessing the appropriateness of drugs and suggesting dose adjustments and therapeutic alternatives. Finally, twelve experts completed a brief final survey to decide upon issues requiring further consensus. Experts reached a consensus that 282 chemical substances or drug classes from 34 therapeutic groups are PIM for older people; some PIM are restricted to a certain dose or duration of use. The PIM list contains suggestions for dose adjustments and therapeutic alternatives. The European Union (EU)(7)-PIM list is a screening tool, developed with participation of experts from seven European countries, that allows identification and comparison of PIM prescribing patterns for older people across European countries. It can also be used as a guide in clinical practice, although it does not substitute the decision-making process of individualised prescribing for older people. Further research is needed to investigate the feasibility and applicability and, finally, the clinical benefits of the newly developed list.

  12. Failure analysis of blistered gold plating on spot welded electrical relays

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Sokolowski, Witold; O'Donnell, Tim

    1989-01-01

    Gold-plated stainless-steel sideplates, part of a JPL Galileo spacecraft electronic-relay assembly, exhibited blistering after resistance spot welding. Unacceptable relays had heavy nonuniform gold electrodeposited layers with thicknesses 4.5-11.5 microns. SEM and metallographic investigations indicated much higher heat input generated during the resistance spot welding in unacceptable relays. The attributes of acceptable welded relays are contrasted with unacceptable relays; the possible mechanism of laminar formation of polymeric material in the gold plating is discussed; and some recommendations are provided to prevent similar problems.

  13. Diversification of energy sources

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    1975-01-01

    The concept of energy source diversification was introduced as a substitution conservation action. The current status and philosophy behind a diversification program is presented in the context of a national energy policy. Advantages, disadvantages (constraints), and methods of implementation for diversification are discussed. The energy source systems for diversification are listed and an example impact assessment is outlined which deals with the water requirements of the specific energy systems.

  14. 47 CFR 22.878 - Obligation to abate unacceptable interference.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    .... 22.878 Section 22.878 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (CONTINUED) COMMON CARRIER SERVICES PUBLIC MOBILE SERVICES Air-Ground Radiotelephone Service Commercial Aviation Air-Ground Systems § 22.878 Obligation to abate unacceptable interference. This section applies only to commercial...

  15. Policy Change and the National Essential Medicines List Development Process in Brazil between 2000 and 2014: Has the Essential Medicine Concept been Abandoned?

    PubMed

    Osorio-de-Castro, Claudia G S; Azeredo, Thiago B; Pepe, Vera L E; Lopes, Luciane C; Yamauti, Sueli; Godman, Brian; Gustafsson, Lars L

    2018-04-01

    Brazil has had a National Essential Medicines List (EML) since 1964. From 2000 to 2010, five consecutive evidence-based editions were produced, building on the essential medicine concept. In 2012, the government changed course to establish a new paradigm, introducing adoption of new medicines as the main aim within the recommendation process. The objective of the article was to report efforts to develop Brazil's national EML, policy changes from 2000 to 2014, discussing results, challenges and perspectives. Brazilian EML history and development process were collected from legislation, minutes, reports and legal ordinances, from 2000 to 2014. The Brazilian EML and the WHO Model Lists were compared using the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical system. Overlap between lists was verified, and linear trends were produced. Type of membership, inclusion criteria, procedures, flow and listed medicines varied greatly between the selection committees acting before and after 2012. Paradigm-changing legislation aiming at linking list compliance to public financing in 2012 produced (i) greater importance given to political and administrative stakeholders, (ii) increasing trends in number of medicines over the years, (iii) decrease in use of WHO Model List as a reference and (iv) substitution of an essential medicines list review and update process by an adoption decision output. Other issues remained unchanged. Insufficient efforts for list implementation, such as lack of physician education, presented consequences to the health system. Substantial efforts were made to produce and update the list from 2000 to 2014. However, continuous and intense health litigation disproves process outcome effectiveness. © 2017 Nordic Association for the Publication of BCPT (former Nordic Pharmacological Society).

  16. Integrated opioid substitution therapy and HIV care: a qualitative systematic review and synthesis of client and provider experiences.

    PubMed

    Guise, Andy; Seguin, Maureen; Mburu, Gitau; McLean, Susie; Grenfell, Pippa; Islam, Zahed; Filippovych, Sergii; Assan, Happy; Low, Andrea; Vickerman, Peter; Rhodes, Tim

    2017-09-01

    People who use drugs in many contexts have limited access to opioid substitution therapy and HIV care. Service integration is one strategy identified to support increased access. We reviewed and synthesized literature exploring client and provider experiences of integrated opioid substitution therapy and HIV care to identify acceptable approaches to care delivery. We systematically reviewed qualitative literature. We searched nine bibliographic databases, supplemented by manual searches of reference lists of articles from the database search, relevant journals, conferences, key organizations and consultation with experts. Thematic synthesis was used to develop descriptive themes in client and provider experiences. The search yielded 11 articles for inclusion, along with 8 expert and policy reports. We identify five descriptive themes: the convenience and comprehensive nature of co-located care, contrasting care philosophies and their role in shaping integration, the limits to disclosure and communication between clients and providers, opioid substitution therapy enabling HIV care access and engagement, and health system challenges to delivering integrated services. The discussion explores how integrated opioid substitution therapy and HIV care needs to adapt to specific social conditions, rather than following universal approaches. We identify priorities for future research. Acceptable integrated opioid substitution therapy and HIV care for people who use drugs and providers is most likely through co-located care and relies upon attention to stigma, supportive relationships and client centred cultures of delivery. Further research is needed to understand experiences of integrated care, particularly delivery in low and middle income settings and models of care focused on community and non-clinic based delivery.

  17. The Myth of the Pure Obsessional Type in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

    PubMed Central

    Williams, Monnica T.; Farris, Samantha G.; Turkheimer, Eric; Pinto, Anthony; Ozanick, Krystal; Franklin, Martin E.; Liebowitz, Michael; Simpson, H. Blair; Foa, Edna B.

    2011-01-01

    Background Several studies have identified discrete symptom dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), derived from factor analyses of the individual items or symptom categories of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Symptom Checklist (YBOCS-SC). The current study aims to extend previous work on the relationship between obsessions and compulsions by specifically including mental compulsions and reassurance-seeking. Since these compulsions have traditionally been omitted from prior factor analytic studies, their association to what have been called “pure obsessions” may have been overlooked. Method Participants (N=201) were recruited from two multi-site randomized clinical treatment trials for OCD. The YBOCS-SC was used to assess OCD symptoms as it includes a comprehensive list of obsessions and compulsions, arranged by content category. Each category was given a score based on whether symptoms were present and if the symptom was a primary target of clinical concern, and a factor analysis was conducted. Mental compulsions and reassurance-seeking were considered separate categories for the analysis. Results Using an orthogonal geomin rotation of 16 YBOCS-SC categories/items, we found a five-factor solution that explained 67% of the total variance. Inspection of items that composed each factor suggests five familiar constructs, with mental compulsions and reassurance-seeking included with sexual, aggressive, and religious obsessions (unacceptable/taboo thoughts). Conclusions This study suggests that the concept of the “pure obsessional” (e.g., patients with unacceptable/taboo thoughts yet no compulsions) may be a misnomer, as these obsessions were factorially associated with mental compulsions and reassurance-seeking in these samples. These findings may have implications for DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. PMID:21509914

  18. New phenethylamines in Europe.

    PubMed

    King, L A

    2014-01-01

    Sixteen phenethylamines are now included in Schedules I and II of the United Nations 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances. Most of the ring-substituted compounds are in Schedule I, whereas 2C-B, amphetamine, and methamphetamine are listed in Schedule II. Substances in Schedule IV (e.g. benzphetamine) are now regarded as obsolete pharmaceutical products. They all represent the 'old phenethylamines'. By 2013, nearly 100 illicit phenethylamines had been found in the European Union (EU). Of these, nine (MBDB, 4-MTA, PMMA, 2C-I, 2C-T-2, 2C-T-7, TMA-2, 5-IT and 4-MA) were submitted for risk assessment by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). All except MBDB were recommended for EU-wide control. Of the 'new phenethylamines', 2C-B was the most commonly reported, but other 2C compounds were widespread. Many of the ring-substituted phenethylamines are described in the 1991 book PIHKAL. Many fused ring phenethylamines have appeared in the past few years; they include further benzofurans (e.g. 5-and 6-APB), indanylalkylamines (e.g. 5-IAP), dibenzofurans (e.g. 2C-B-FLY) and 2-aminopropylindoles (e.g.5-IT). The recent and rapid rise of phenethylamines with bulky N-substituents (e.g. 25I-NBOMe) has been particularly significant. Although not phenethylamines, it is notable that the thiophene bioisosteres of amphetamine and methamphetamine as well as certain conformationally-restricted variants (e.g. aminoindanes) have been found in recent drug seizures. In the United Kingdom Misuse of Drugs Act, most ring-substituted phenethylamines are either listed by name or are covered by generic definitions dating from 1977. In 2013, temporary generic legislation included a number of benzofurans, indanylalkylamines and certain 'NBOMe' compounds. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  19. 40 CFR 231.2 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) OCEAN DUMPING SECTION 404(c) PROCEDURES...) Unacceptable adverse effect means impact on an aquatic or wetland ecosystem which is likely to result in... unacceptability of such impacts, consideration should be given to the relevant portions of the section 404(b)(1...

  20. 40 CFR 231.2 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) OCEAN DUMPING SECTION 404(c) PROCEDURES...) Unacceptable adverse effect means impact on an aquatic or wetland ecosystem which is likely to result in... unacceptability of such impacts, consideration should be given to the relevant portions of the section 404(b)(1...

  1. Measuring Attitudes toward Acceptable and Unacceptable Parenting Practices

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Budd, Karen S.; Behling, Steven; Li, Yan; Parikshak, Sangeeta; Gershenson, Rachel A.; Feuer, Rachel; Danko, Christina M.

    2012-01-01

    This study investigated the properties of a new rating instrument, the Parenting Questionnaire (PQ), designed to measure attitudes about acceptable and unacceptable parenting practices. In Study 1, subject matter experts representing culturally diverse psychologists, parents, and college students were consulted to identify 110 items receiving high…

  2. Toward optimizing patient-specific IMRT QA techniques in the accurate detection of dosimetrically acceptable and unacceptable patient plans

    PubMed Central

    McKenzie, Elizabeth M.; Balter, Peter A.; Stingo, Francesco C.; Jones, Jimmy; Followill, David S.; Kry, Stephen F.

    2014-01-01

    Purpose: The authors investigated the performance of several patient-specific intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) quality assurance (QA) dosimeters in terms of their ability to correctly identify dosimetrically acceptable and unacceptable IMRT patient plans, as determined by an in-house-designed multiple ion chamber phantom used as the gold standard. A further goal was to examine optimal threshold criteria that were consistent and based on the same criteria among the various dosimeters. Methods: The authors used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to determine the sensitivity and specificity of (1) a 2D diode array undergoing anterior irradiation with field-by-field evaluation, (2) a 2D diode array undergoing anterior irradiation with composite evaluation, (3) a 2D diode array using planned irradiation angles with composite evaluation, (4) a helical diode array, (5) radiographic film, and (6) an ion chamber. This was done with a variety of evaluation criteria for a set of 15 dosimetrically unacceptable and 9 acceptable clinical IMRT patient plans, where acceptability was defined on the basis of multiple ion chamber measurements using independent ion chambers and a phantom. The area under the curve (AUC) on the ROC curves was used to compare dosimeter performance across all thresholds. Optimal threshold values were obtained from the ROC curves while incorporating considerations for cost and prevalence of unacceptable plans. Results: Using common clinical acceptance thresholds, most devices performed very poorly in terms of identifying unacceptable plans. Grouping the detector performance based on AUC showed two significantly different groups. The ion chamber, radiographic film, helical diode array, and anterior-delivered composite 2D diode array were in the better-performing group, whereas the anterior-delivered field-by-field and planned gantry angle delivery using the 2D diode array performed less well. Additionally, based on the AUCs, there was no significant difference in the performance of any device between gamma criteria of 2%/2 mm, 3%/3 mm, and 5%/3 mm. Finally, optimal cutoffs (e.g., percent of pixels passing gamma) were determined for each device and while clinical practice commonly uses a threshold of 90% of pixels passing for most cases, these results showed variability in the optimal cutoff among devices. Conclusions: IMRT QA devices have differences in their ability to accurately detect dosimetrically acceptable and unacceptable plans. Field-by-field analysis with a MapCheck device and use of the MapCheck with a MapPhan phantom while delivering at planned rotational gantry angles resulted in a significantly poorer ability to accurately sort acceptable and unacceptable plans compared with the other techniques examined. Patient-specific IMRT QA techniques in general should be thoroughly evaluated for their ability to correctly differentiate acceptable and unacceptable plans. Additionally, optimal agreement thresholds should be identified and used as common clinical thresholds typically worked very poorly to identify unacceptable plans. PMID:25471949

  3. Toward optimizing patient-specific IMRT QA techniques in the accurate detection of dosimetrically acceptable and unacceptable patient plans.

    PubMed

    McKenzie, Elizabeth M; Balter, Peter A; Stingo, Francesco C; Jones, Jimmy; Followill, David S; Kry, Stephen F

    2014-12-01

    The authors investigated the performance of several patient-specific intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) quality assurance (QA) dosimeters in terms of their ability to correctly identify dosimetrically acceptable and unacceptable IMRT patient plans, as determined by an in-house-designed multiple ion chamber phantom used as the gold standard. A further goal was to examine optimal threshold criteria that were consistent and based on the same criteria among the various dosimeters. The authors used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to determine the sensitivity and specificity of (1) a 2D diode array undergoing anterior irradiation with field-by-field evaluation, (2) a 2D diode array undergoing anterior irradiation with composite evaluation, (3) a 2D diode array using planned irradiation angles with composite evaluation, (4) a helical diode array, (5) radiographic film, and (6) an ion chamber. This was done with a variety of evaluation criteria for a set of 15 dosimetrically unacceptable and 9 acceptable clinical IMRT patient plans, where acceptability was defined on the basis of multiple ion chamber measurements using independent ion chambers and a phantom. The area under the curve (AUC) on the ROC curves was used to compare dosimeter performance across all thresholds. Optimal threshold values were obtained from the ROC curves while incorporating considerations for cost and prevalence of unacceptable plans. Using common clinical acceptance thresholds, most devices performed very poorly in terms of identifying unacceptable plans. Grouping the detector performance based on AUC showed two significantly different groups. The ion chamber, radiographic film, helical diode array, and anterior-delivered composite 2D diode array were in the better-performing group, whereas the anterior-delivered field-by-field and planned gantry angle delivery using the 2D diode array performed less well. Additionally, based on the AUCs, there was no significant difference in the performance of any device between gamma criteria of 2%/2 mm, 3%/3 mm, and 5%/3 mm. Finally, optimal cutoffs (e.g., percent of pixels passing gamma) were determined for each device and while clinical practice commonly uses a threshold of 90% of pixels passing for most cases, these results showed variability in the optimal cutoff among devices. IMRT QA devices have differences in their ability to accurately detect dosimetrically acceptable and unacceptable plans. Field-by-field analysis with a MapCheck device and use of the MapCheck with a MapPhan phantom while delivering at planned rotational gantry angles resulted in a significantly poorer ability to accurately sort acceptable and unacceptable plans compared with the other techniques examined. Patient-specific IMRT QA techniques in general should be thoroughly evaluated for their ability to correctly differentiate acceptable and unacceptable plans. Additionally, optimal agreement thresholds should be identified and used as common clinical thresholds typically worked very poorly to identify unacceptable plans.

  4. 47 CFR 22.877 - Unacceptable interference to Part 90 non-cellular 800 MHz licensees from commercial aviation air...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ...-cellular 800 MHz licensees from commercial aviation air-ground systems. 22.877 Section 22.877 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (CONTINUED) COMMON CARRIER SERVICES PUBLIC MOBILE SERVICES Air-Ground Radiotelephone Service Commercial Aviation Air-Ground Systems § 22.877 Unacceptable interference...

  5. Roller milled black gram (Phaseolus mungo) semolina and its influence on the quality characteristics of high protein pasta.

    PubMed

    Rajiv, Jyotsna; Milind; Inamdar, Aashitosh A; Sakhare, Suresh; Venkateswara Rao, G

    2015-04-01

    Black gram (Phaseolus mungo) was roller milled into semolina (BGS) and was substituted at 25, 50 and 75 % levels in vermicelli making in this investigation. There was an increase in ash and protein content as the inclusion of BGS in blends increased. The quality characteristics of pasta showed marginal increase in cooking loss up to 50 % level of BGS. The firmness value did not change much up to 50 % BGS in pasta. At 75 % level of BGS, the cooking loss and stickiness value were highest (6.10 % and 0. 90 N) whereas firmness value and overall quality score were lowest (4 N and 27.5/40) indicating that the pasta had mushy, indiscrete, sticky strands and had a prominent beany odour making it unacceptable. Hence 50 % BGS was considered optimum in vermicelli. The pasta made with 50 % BGS inclusion had a protein and dietary fiber content of 15.30 % and 8 % as against the control value of 11.30 and 4.20 % respectively.

  6. The French human biomonitoring program: First lessons from the perinatal component and future needs.

    PubMed

    Dereumeaux, Clémentine; Fillol, Clémence; Charles, Marie-Aline; Denys, Sébastien

    2017-03-01

    This paper presents a progress report of the French human biomonitoring (HBM) program established in 2010. This program has been designed to provide a national representative estimation of the French population's exposure to various environmental chemicals and to study the determinants of exposure. This program currently consists in two surveys: a perinatal component related to a selection of 4145 pregnant women who have been enrolled in the Elfe cohort (the French Longitudinal Study since Childhood) in 2011, and a general population survey related to adults aged 18-74 years and children as from 6 years (Esteban). The aim of this manuscript is to present highlights of the French human biomonitoring program with particular focus on the prioritization of biomarkers to be analyzed in the program and the selection of biomarkers applied to both program components. The Delphi method was used to establish a consensual list of prioritized biomarkers in 2011. First results of the perinatal component of the French HBM program have shown that the biomarkers prioritized were relevant, as almost all pregnant women were exposed to them. However, for some biomarkers, levels' decreases have been observed which may partly be explained by measures taken to prohibit some of these chemicals (e.g. atrazine) and by industrial processes evolutions leading to the substitution of others (e.g. bisphenol A, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate/DEHP, dialkyl phosphates). Therefore, the list of biomarkers to be monitored in the French HBM program has been implemented to include some substitutes of biomarkers prioritized in the first instance (e.g. bisphenol S, F). Finally, this method combines rigor and flexibility and helped us to build a prioritized list that will be shared and supported by many if not all actors. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

  7. Where is the game? Wild meat products authentication in South Africa: a case study.

    PubMed

    D'Amato, Maria Eugenia; Alechine, Evguenia; Cloete, Kevin Wesley; Davison, Sean; Corach, Daniel

    2013-03-01

    Wild animals' meat is extensively consumed in South Africa, being obtained either from ranching, farming or hunting. To test the authenticity of the commercial labels of meat products in the local market, we obtained DNA sequence information from 146 samples (14 beef and 132 game labels) for barcoding cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and partial cytochrome b and mitochondrial fragments. The reliability of species assignments were evaluated using BLAST searches in GenBank, maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis and the character-based method implemented in BLOG. The Kimura-2-parameter intra- and interspecific variation was evaluated for all matched species. The combined application of similarity, phylogenetic and character-based methods proved successful in species identification. Game meat samples showed 76.5% substitution, no beef samples were substituted. The substitutions showed a variety of domestic species (cattle, horse, pig, lamb), common game species in the market (kudu, gemsbok, ostrich, impala, springbok), uncommon species in the market (giraffe, waterbuck, bushbuck, duiker, mountain zebra) and extra-continental species (kangaroo). The mountain zebra Equus zebra is an International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) red listed species. We also detected Damaliscus pygargus, which is composed of two subspecies with one listed by IUCN as 'near threatened'; however, these mitochondrial fragments were insufficient to distinguish between the subspecies. The genetic distance between African ungulate species often overlaps with within-species distance in cases of recent speciation events, and strong phylogeographic structure determines within-species distances that are similar to the commonly accepted distances between species. The reliability of commercial labeling of game meat in South Africa is very poor. The extensive substitution of wild game has important implications for conservation and commerce, and for the consumers making decisions on the basis of health, religious beliefs or personal choices.Distance would be a poor indicator for identification of African ungulates species. The efficiency of the character-based method is reliant upon availability of large reference data. The current higher availability of cytochrome b data would make this the marker of choice for African ungulates. The encountered problems of incomplete or erroneous information in databases are discussed.

  8. Where is the game? Wild meat products authentication in South Africa: a case study

    PubMed Central

    2013-01-01

    Background Wild animals’ meat is extensively consumed in South Africa, being obtained either from ranching, farming or hunting. To test the authenticity of the commercial labels of meat products in the local market, we obtained DNA sequence information from 146 samples (14 beef and 132 game labels) for barcoding cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and partial cytochrome b and mitochondrial fragments. The reliability of species assignments were evaluated using BLAST searches in GenBank, maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis and the character-based method implemented in BLOG. The Kimura-2-parameter intra- and interspecific variation was evaluated for all matched species. Results The combined application of similarity, phylogenetic and character-based methods proved successful in species identification. Game meat samples showed 76.5% substitution, no beef samples were substituted. The substitutions showed a variety of domestic species (cattle, horse, pig, lamb), common game species in the market (kudu, gemsbok, ostrich, impala, springbok), uncommon species in the market (giraffe, waterbuck, bushbuck, duiker, mountain zebra) and extra-continental species (kangaroo). The mountain zebra Equus zebra is an International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) red listed species. We also detected Damaliscus pygargus, which is composed of two subspecies with one listed by IUCN as ‘near threatened’; however, these mitochondrial fragments were insufficient to distinguish between the subspecies. The genetic distance between African ungulate species often overlaps with within-species distance in cases of recent speciation events, and strong phylogeographic structure determines within-species distances that are similar to the commonly accepted distances between species. Conclusions The reliability of commercial labeling of game meat in South Africa is very poor. The extensive substitution of wild game has important implications for conservation and commerce, and for the consumers making decisions on the basis of health, religious beliefs or personal choices. Distance would be a poor indicator for identification of African ungulates species. The efficiency of the character-based method is reliant upon availability of large reference data. The current higher availability of cytochrome b data would make this the marker of choice for African ungulates. The encountered problems of incomplete or erroneous information in databases are discussed. PMID:23452350

  9. Assessment of India’s Research Literature

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2006-01-01

    promastigotes. • (19) [inhibitor 16.0%, acid 6.4%, amino 3.5%, activ 3.5%, antibacteri 3.1%, trypsin 2.9%, amino.acid 2.0%, chymotrypsin...substitut 2.1%] – Antibacterial and antifungal activity in compounds, particularly screening for such activity • (46) [compound 44.0%, activ 2.9...studies, and its presence in the midst of the high tech top tier countries stands out. The presence of Philippines in this list has strong reasons

  10. 40 CFR Appendix R to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Subject to Use Restrictions Listed in the December 20, 2011 Final Rule, Effective...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    .... “Differ” means that either the diameter differs by at least 1/16 inch or the thread direction is reversed... (e.g., process tubes). The color mark must extend at least 2.5 centimeters (1 inch) from the... diameter differs by at least 1/16 inch or the thread direction is reversed (i.e., right-handed vs. left...

  11. 40 CFR Appendix R to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Subject to Use Restrictions Listed in the December 20, 2011 Final Rule, Effective...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ...” means that either the diameter differs by at least 1/16 inch or the thread direction is reversed (i.e...., process tubes). The color mark must extend at least 2.5 centimeters (1 inch) from the compressor and must... diameter differs by at least 1/16 inch or the thread direction is reversed (i.e., right-handed vs. left...

  12. 40 CFR Appendix R to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Subject to Use Restrictions Listed in the December 20, 2011 Final Rule, Effective...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    .... “Differ” means that either the diameter differs by at least 1/16 inch or the thread direction is reversed... (e.g., process tubes). The color mark must extend at least 2.5 centimeters (1 inch) from the... diameter differs by at least 1/16 inch or the thread direction is reversed (i.e., right-handed vs. left...

  13. The Concept of Command Leadership in the Military Classics: Ardant du Picq and Foch.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1986-04-01

    counseling techniques. These lessons are then linked to some form of socio- psychological model designed to provide the officer with a list of leadership...the military has substituted contemporary quasi- psychology and business leadership models for the classical combat models" (12:1). In response to this...leadership, the military seems to- concentrate far more heavily on socio- psychological factors and modern managerial techniques than on the traits and

  14. Modeling of propulsive jet plumes--extension of modeling capabilities by utilizing wall curvature effects

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Doerr, S. E.

    1984-06-01

    Modeling of aerodynamic interference effects of propulsive jet plumes, by using inert gases as substitute propellants, introduces design limits. To extend the range of modeling capabilities, nozzle wall curvature effects may be utilized. Numerical calculations, using the Method of Characteristics, were made and experimental data were taken to evaluate the merits of the theoretical predictions. A bibliography, listing articles that led to the present report, is included.

  15. 47 CFR 22.877 - Unacceptable interference to part 90 non-cellular 800 MHz licensees from commercial aviation air...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ...-cellular 800 MHz licensees from commercial aviation air-ground systems. 22.877 Section 22.877...-Ground Radiotelephone Service Commercial Aviation Air-Ground Systems § 22.877 Unacceptable interference to part 90 non-cellular 800 MHz licensees from commercial aviation air-ground systems. The definition...

  16. 47 CFR 22.877 - Unacceptable interference to Part 90 non-cellular 800 MHz licensees from commercial aviation air...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ...-cellular 800 MHz licensees from commercial aviation air-ground systems. 22.877 Section 22.877...-Ground Radiotelephone Service Commercial Aviation Air-Ground Systems § 22.877 Unacceptable interference to Part 90 non-cellular 800 MHz licensees from commercial aviation air-ground systems. The definition...

  17. 47 CFR 22.877 - Unacceptable interference to Part 90 non-cellular 800 MHz licensees from commercial aviation air...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ...-cellular 800 MHz licensees from commercial aviation air-ground systems. 22.877 Section 22.877...-Ground Radiotelephone Service Commercial Aviation Air-Ground Systems § 22.877 Unacceptable interference to Part 90 non-cellular 800 MHz licensees from commercial aviation air-ground systems. The definition...

  18. 47 CFR 22.877 - Unacceptable interference to Part 90 non-cellular 800 MHz licensees from commercial aviation air...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ...-cellular 800 MHz licensees from commercial aviation air-ground systems. 22.877 Section 22.877...-Ground Radiotelephone Service Commercial Aviation Air-Ground Systems § 22.877 Unacceptable interference to Part 90 non-cellular 800 MHz licensees from commercial aviation air-ground systems. The definition...

  19. 30 CFR 250.136 - How will MMS determine if my operating performance is unacceptable?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 30 Mineral Resources 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false How will MMS determine if my operating performance is unacceptable? 250.136 Section 250.136 Mineral Resources MINERALS MANAGEMENT SERVICE, DEPARTMENT...) Accidents and their nature; (b) Pollution events, environmental damages and their nature; (c) Incidents of...

  20. Pre-Crisis Intervention Strategies for Reducing Unacceptable Behaviors by Exceptional Students in a Public Elementary School.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Levine-Brown, Linda S.

    This report describes the implementation of a data-based program to reduce unacceptable student behaviors and decrease the number of administrative interventions with 21 students with severe emotional disturbances. A computerized database was developed to track classroom and transportation discipline infractions. Students met monthly to review…

  1. Verification of Dose Distribution in Carbon Ion Radiation Therapy for Stage I Lung Cancer

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Irie, Daisuke; Saitoh, Jun-ichi, E-mail: junsaito@gunma-u.ac.jp; Shirai, Katsuyuki

    Purpose: To evaluate robustness of dose distribution of carbon-ion radiation therapy (C-ion RT) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and to identify factors affecting the dose distribution by simulated dose distribution. Methods and Materials: Eighty irradiation fields for delivery of C-ion RT were analyzed in 20 patients with stage I NSCLC. Computed tomography images were obtained twice before treatment initiation. Simulated dose distribution was reconstructed on computed tomography for confirmation under the same settings as actual treatment with respiratory gating and bony structure matching. Dose-volume histogram parameters, such as %D95 (percentage of D95 relative to the prescribed dose), were calculated.more » Patients with any field for which the %D95 of gross tumor volume (GTV) was below 90% were classified as unacceptable for treatment, and the optimal target margin for such cases was examined. Results: Five patients with a total of 8 fields (10% of total number of fields analyzed) were classified as unacceptable according to %D95 of GTV, although most patients showed no remarkable change in the dose-volume histogram parameters. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that tumor displacement and change in water-equivalent pathlength were significant predictive factors of unacceptable cases (P<.001 and P=.002, respectively). The main cause of degradation of the dose distribution was tumor displacement in 7 of the 8 unacceptable fields. A 6-mm planning target volume margin ensured a GTV %D95 of >90%, except in 1 extremely unacceptable field. Conclusions: According to this simulation analysis of C-ion RT for stage I NSCLC, a few fields were reported as unacceptable and required resetting of body position and reconfirmation. In addition, tumor displacement and change in water-equivalent pathlength (bone shift and/or chest wall thickness) were identified as factors influencing the robustness of dose distribution. Such uncertainties should be regarded in planning.« less

  2. Phase out persistent, bioaccumulative or highly toxic chemicals.

    PubMed

    Easthope, Tracey; Valeriano, Laurie

    2007-01-01

    Chemicals such as lindane, lead compounds, and some brominated flame retardants and organophosphate pesticides are examples of persistent, bio-accumulative, and/or highly toxic chemicals that continue to be used in commerce, although strong evidence exists that they pose threats to human and ecosystem health. These and other chemicals, by virtue of their characteristics, are very difficult to manage without unacceptable threats to workers, the environment, or ecosystems. Chemicals that cannot be safely managed should be prioritized for phase out. A transparent process to further identify and prioritize the list of chemicals for phase out is needed. With few exceptions, the U.S. government lacks the authority or an efficient policy instrument to prevent these high-priority chemicals from being used in products and processes or released to the environment. It also has been very difficult for state and local governments to restrict these chemicals. Policy instruments to efficiently and effectively phase out problematic chemicals are needed at all levels of government.

  3. The Newton constant and gravitational waves in some vector field adjusting mechanisms

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Santillán, Osvaldo P.; Scornavacche, Marina, E-mail: firenzecita@hotmail.com, E-mail: marina.scorna@hotmail.com

    At the present, there exist some Lorentz breaking scenarios which explain the smallness of the cosmological constant at the present era [1]–[2]. An important aspect to analyze is the propagation of gravitational waves and the screening or enhancement of the Newton constant G {sub N} in these models. The problem is that the Lorentz symmetry breaking terms may induce an unacceptable value of the Newton constant G {sub N} or introduce longitudinal modes in the gravitational wave propagation. Furthermore this breaking may spoil the standard dispersion relation ω= ck . In [3] the authors have presented a model suggesting thatmore » the behavior of the gravitational constant is correct for asymptotic times. In the present work, an explicit checking is made and we finally agree with these claims. Furthermore, it is suggested that the gravitational waves are also well behaved for large times. In the process, some new models with the same behavior are obtained, thus enlarging the list of possible adjustment mechanisms.« less

  4. Long Duration Space Missions: Human Subsystem Risks and Requirements

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Kundrot, Criag E.

    2011-01-01

    This viewgraph presentation reviews the human health and performance risks associated with long duration space flight beyond low earth orbit. The contents include: 1) Human Research Program; 2) Human Subsystem Risks; 3) Human Exploration Framework Team (HEFT) Architecture Elements; 4) Potentially Unacceptable Risks -1; 5) Potentially Unacceptable Risks-2; and 6) Major Mission Drivers of Risk.

  5. Fuel cell flooding detection and correction

    DOEpatents

    DiPierno Bosco, Andrew; Fronk, Matthew Howard

    2000-08-15

    Method and apparatus for monitoring an H.sub.2 -O.sub.2 PEM fuel cells to detect and correct flooding. The pressure drop across a given H.sub.2 or O.sub.2 flow field is monitored and compared to predetermined thresholds of unacceptability. If the pressure drop exists a threshold of unacceptability corrective measures are automatically initiated.

  6. 47 CFR 22.970 - Unacceptable interference to part 90 non-cellular 800 MHz licensees from cellular radiotelephone...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ...-cellular 800 MHz licensees from cellular radiotelephone or part 90-800 MHz cellular systems. 22.970 Section... MOBILE SERVICES Cellular Radiotelephone Service § 22.970 Unacceptable interference to part 90 non-cellular 800 MHz licensees from cellular radiotelephone or part 90-800 MHz cellular systems. (a) Definition...

  7. The Perfect Place to Work? Australian Academic Libraries and Unacceptable Behaviour

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Moorcroft, Heather

    2009-01-01

    Despite the stereotype of libraries as peaceful retreats, unacceptable behaviour is a reality that desk staff have to deal with. This paper outlines the results of two surveys conducted at Charles Darwin University Library to investigate the extent to which this is a problem in Australian academic libraries. The first survey went to CAUL (Council…

  8. 47 CFR 22.970 - Unacceptable interference to part 90 non-cellular 800 MHz licensees from cellular radiotelephone...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 22.970 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (CONTINUED) COMMON CARRIER SERVICES PUBLIC MOBILE SERVICES Cellular Radiotelephone Service § 22.970 Unacceptable interference to part 90 non... −104 dBm or higher, as measured at the R.F. input of the receiver of a mobile unit; or (B) A median...

  9. 40 CFR 721.6205 - Hexamethylenediamine adduct of substituted piperidinyloxy (generic).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... listed in the TSCA section 5(e) consent order for this substance. The NCEL is 0.2 ug/m3 as an 8-hour time... specified in § 721.63 (a)(i), (a)(2)(i), (a)(3), (a)(4), (a)(5)(i), (a)(5)(ii), (a)(5)(iii), (a)(5)(iv), (a)(5)(v), (a)(5)(vi), (a)(5)(vii), (a)(5)(viii), (a)(5)(ix), (a)(5)(x), (a)(5)(xi), (a)(5)(xii), (a)(5...

  10. 40 CFR 721.6205 - Hexamethylenediamine adduct of substituted piperidinyloxy (generic).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... listed in the TSCA section 5(e) consent order for this substance. The NCEL is 0.2 ug/m3 as an 8-hour time... specified in § 721.63 (a)(i), (a)(2)(i), (a)(3), (a)(4), (a)(5)(i), (a)(5)(ii), (a)(5)(iii), (a)(5)(iv), (a)(5)(v), (a)(5)(vi), (a)(5)(vii), (a)(5)(viii), (a)(5)(ix), (a)(5)(x), (a)(5)(xi), (a)(5)(xii), (a)(5...

  11. 40 CFR 721.6205 - Hexamethylenediamine adduct of substituted piperidinyloxy (generic).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... listed in the TSCA section 5(e) consent order for this substance. The NCEL is 0.2 ug/m3 as an 8-hour time... specified in § 721.63 (a)(i), (a)(2)(i), (a)(3), (a)(4), (a)(5)(i), (a)(5)(ii), (a)(5)(iii), (a)(5)(iv), (a)(5)(v), (a)(5)(vi), (a)(5)(vii), (a)(5)(viii), (a)(5)(ix), (a)(5)(x), (a)(5)(xi), (a)(5)(xii), (a)(5...

  12. 40 CFR 721.6205 - Hexamethylenediamine adduct of substituted piperidinyloxy (generic).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... listed in the TSCA section 5(e) consent order for this substance. The NCEL is 0.2 ug/m3 as an 8-hour time... specified in § 721.63 (a)(i), (a)(2)(i), (a)(3), (a)(4), (a)(5)(i), (a)(5)(ii), (a)(5)(iii), (a)(5)(iv), (a)(5)(v), (a)(5)(vi), (a)(5)(vii), (a)(5)(viii), (a)(5)(ix), (a)(5)(x), (a)(5)(xi), (a)(5)(xii), (a)(5...

  13. 40 CFR 721.6205 - Hexamethylenediamine adduct of substituted piperidinyloxy (generic).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... listed in the TSCA section 5(e) consent order for this substance. The NCEL is 0.2 ug/m3 as an 8-hour time... specified in § 721.63 (a)(i), (a)(2)(i), (a)(3), (a)(4), (a)(5)(i), (a)(5)(ii), (a)(5)(iii), (a)(5)(iv), (a)(5)(v), (a)(5)(vi), (a)(5)(vii), (a)(5)(viii), (a)(5)(ix), (a)(5)(x), (a)(5)(xi), (a)(5)(xii), (a)(5...

  14. 47 CFR 90.672 - Unacceptable interference to non-cellular 800 MHz licensees from 800 MHz cellular systems or part...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 47 Telecommunication 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Unacceptable interference to non-cellular 800 MHz licensees from 800 MHz cellular systems or part 22 Cellular Radiotelephone systems, and within the 900 MHz Business/Industrial Land Transportation Pool. 90.672 Section 90.672 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (CONTINUED) SAFETY...

  15. Relating (Un)acceptability to Interpretation. Experimental Investigations on Negation

    PubMed Central

    Etxeberria, Urtzi; Tubau, Susagna; Deprez, Viviane; Borràs-Comes, Joan; Espinal, M. Teresa

    2018-01-01

    Although contemporary linguistic studies routinely use unacceptable sentences to determine the boundary of what falls outside the scope of grammar, investigations far more rarely take into consideration the possible interpretations of such sentences, perhaps because these interpretations are commonly prejudged as irrelevant or unreliable across speakers. In this paper we provide the results of two experiments in which participants had to make parallel acceptability and interpretation judgments of sentences presenting various types of negative dependencies in Basque and in two varieties of Spanish (Castilian Spanish and Basque Country Spanish). Our results show that acceptable sentences are uniformly assigned a single negation reading in the two languages. However, while unacceptable sentences consistently convey single negation in Basque, they are interpreted at chance in both varieties of Spanish. These results confirm that judgment data that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable negative utterances can inform us not only about an adult’s grammar of his/her particular language but also about interesting cross-linguistic differences. We conclude that the acceptability and interpretation of (un)grammatical negative sentences can serve linguistic theory construction by helping to disentangle basic assumptions about the nature of various negative dependencies. PMID:29456515

  16. DNA barcode identification of commercial fish sold in Mexican markets.

    PubMed

    Sarmiento-Camacho, Stephanie; Valdez-Moreno, Martha

    2018-04-24

    The substitution of high-value fish species for those of lower value is common practice. Although numerous studies have addressed this issue, few have been conducted in Mexico. In this study, we sought to identify fresh fillets of fish, sharks, and rays using DNA barcodes. We analyzed material from "La Viga" in Mexico City, and other markets located on the Gulf and Caribbean coasts of Mexico. From 134 samples, we obtained sequences from 129, identified to 9 orders, 28 families, 38 genera, and 44 species. The most common species were Seriola dumerili, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, Carcharhinus falciformis, Carcharhinus brevipinna, and Hypanus americanus. Pangasianodon hypophthalmus was most commonly used as a substitute for higher-value species. The substitution rate was 18% of the total. A review of the conservation status of the specimens identified against the IUNC list enabled us to establish that some species marketed in Mexico are threatened: Makaira nigricans, Lachnolaimus maximus, Hyporthodus flavolimbatus, and Isurus oxyrinchus are classified as vulnerable; Lopholatilus chamaeleonticeps and Sphyrna lewini are endangered; and the status of Hyporthodus nigritus is critical. These results will demonstrate to the Mexican authorities that DNA barcoding is a reliable tool for species identification, even when morphological identification is difficult or impossible.

  17. NASA DFRC Practices for Prototype Qualification

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Lokos, William A.

    2009-01-01

    This slide presentation reviews the practices that Dryden uses for qualification of the prototypes of aircraft. There are many views of aircraft that Dryden has worked with. Included is a discussion of basic considerations for strength, a listing of standards and references, a discussion of typical safety of flight approaches, a discussion of the prototype design, using the X-29A as an example, and requirements for new shapes (i.e., the DAST-ARW1 , F-8 Super Critical Wing, AFTI/F-111 MAW), new control laws (i.e., AAW F-18), new operating envelope (i.e., F-18 HARV), limited sope add-on or substitute structure (i.e., SR-71 LASRE, ECLIPSE, F-16XL SLFC), and extensively modified or replaced structure (i.e., SOFIA, B747SP). There is a listing of causes for the failure of the prototype.

  18. The Washington State Technology Plan for the K-12 Common School System. Sections 701-703, Chapter 336, Laws of 1993 (Engrossed Substitute House Bill 1209) as Amended by Chapter 245, Laws of 1994. Report to the Legislature.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Washington Office of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, Olympia.

    This final report for the Washington State Technology Plan for K-12 Common Schools provides a vision, long-term framework, and recommendations for implementation. Following an executive summary and a list of committee members, the first section of the report discusses technology in K-12 schools of tomorrow, including legislative charge, vision,…

  19. Sentinel Health Events (occupational): a basis for physician recognition and public health surveillance.

    PubMed Central

    Rutstein, D D; Mullan, R J; Frazier, T M; Halperin, W E; Melius, J M; Sestito, J P

    1983-01-01

    A Sentinel Health Event (SHE) is a preventable disease, disability, or untimely death whose occurrence serves as a warning signal that the quality of preventive and/or therapeutic medical care may need to be improved. A SHE (Occupational) is a disease, disability, or untimely death which is occupationally related and whose occurrence may: 1) provide the impetus for epidemiologic or industrial hygiene studies; or 2) serve as a warning signal that materials substitution, engineering control, personal protection, or medical care may be required. The present SHE(O) list encompasses 50 disease conditions that are linked to the workplace. Only those conditions are included for which objective documentation of an associated agent, industry, and occupation exists in the scientific literature. The list will serve as a framework for developing a national system for occupational health surveillance that may be applied at the state and local level, and as a guide for practicing physicians caring for patients with occupational illnesses. We expect to update the list periodically to accommodate new occupational disease events which meet the criteria for inclusion. PMID:6881402

  20. Real-Time Pretreatment Review Limits Unacceptable Deviations on a Cooperative Group Radiation Therapy Technique Trial: Quality Assurance Results of RTOG 0933

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Gondi, Vinai, E-mail: vgondi@chicagocancer.org; University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; Cui, Yunfeng

    2015-03-01

    Purpose: RTOG 0933 was a phase II trial of hippocampal avoidance during whole brain radiation therapy for patients with brain metastases. The results demonstrated improvement in short-term memory decline, as compared with historical control individuals, and preservation of quality of life. Integral to the conduct of this trial were quality assurance processes inclusive of pre-enrollment credentialing and pretreatment centralized review of enrolled patients. Methods and Materials: Before enrolling patients, all treating physicians and sites were required to successfully complete a “dry-run” credentialing test. The treating physicians were credentialed based on accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging–computed tomography image fusion and hippocampal andmore » normal tissue contouring, and the sites were credentialed based on protocol-specified dosimetric criteria. Using the same criteria, pretreatment centralized review of enrolled patients was conducted. Physicians enrolling 3 consecutive patients without unacceptable deviations were permitted to enroll further patients without pretreatment review, although their cases were reviewed after treatment. Results: In all, 113 physicians and 84 sites were credentialed. Eight physicians (6.8%) failed hippocampal contouring on the first attempt; 3 were approved on the second attempt. Eight sites (9.5%) failed intensity modulated radiation therapy planning on the first attempt; all were approved on the second attempt. One hundred thirteen patients were enrolled in RTOG 0933; 100 were analyzable. Eighty-seven cases were reviewed before treatment; 5 (5.7%) violated the eligibility criteria, and 21 (24%) had unacceptable deviations. With feedback, 18 cases were approved on the second attempt and 2 cases on the third attempt. One patient was treated off protocol. Twenty-two cases were reviewed after treatment; 1 (4.5%) violated the eligibility criteria, and 5 (23%) had unacceptable deviations. Conclusions: Although >95% of the cases passed the pre-enrollment credentialing, the pretreatment centralized review disqualified 5.7% of reviewed cases, prevented unacceptable deviations in 24% of reviewed cases, and limited the final unacceptable deviation rate to 5%. Thus, pretreatment review is deemed necessary in future hippocampal avoidance trials and is potentially useful in other similarly challenging radiation therapy technique trials.« less

  1. Seismic performance assessment of base-isolated safety-related nuclear structures

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Huang, Y.-N.; Whittaker, A.S.; Luco, N.

    2010-01-01

    Seismic or base isolation is a proven technology for reducing the effects of earthquake shaking on buildings, bridges and infrastructure. The benefit of base isolation has been presented in terms of reduced accelerations and drifts on superstructure components but never quantified in terms of either a percentage reduction in seismic loss (or percentage increase in safety) or the probability of an unacceptable performance. Herein, we quantify the benefits of base isolation in terms of increased safety (or smaller loss) by comparing the safety of a sample conventional and base-isolated nuclear power plant (NPP) located in the Eastern U.S. Scenario- and time-based assessments are performed using a new methodology. Three base isolation systems are considered, namely, (1) Friction Pendulum??? bearings, (2) lead-rubber bearings and (3) low-damping rubber bearings together with linear viscous dampers. Unacceptable performance is defined by the failure of key secondary systems because these systems represent much of the investment in a new build power plant and ensure the safe operation of the plant. For the scenario-based assessments, the probability of unacceptable performance is computed for an earthquake with a magnitude of 5.3 at a distance 7.5 km from the plant. For the time-based assessments, the annual frequency of unacceptable performance is computed considering all potential earthquakes that may occur. For both assessments, the implementation of base isolation reduces the probability of unacceptable performance by approximately four orders of magnitude for the same NPP superstructure and secondary systems. The increase in NPP construction cost associated with the installation of seismic isolators can be offset by substantially reducing the required seismic strength of secondary components and systems and potentially eliminating the need to seismically qualify many secondary components and systems. ?? 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  2. An evaluation of flight path management automation in transport category aircraft

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Chandra, D.; Bussolari, S. R.

    1991-01-01

    A desk-top simulation of a Boeing 757/767 Electronic Flight Instrumentation System (EFIS) and Control Display Unit (CDU) was used in an experiment to compare three modes of communication for the clearance amendment process: standard voice procedures, a textual delivery method, and a graphical delivery method. Eight qualified Boeing 757/767 pilots served as subjects. Each flew nine landing scenarios with three amendments given in each scenario. Both acceptable and unacceptable clearance amendments were presented in order to assess situational awareness. Times for comprehension and execution of the amendment were recorded along with workload ratings, responses to unacceptable amendments, and subjective impressions. The graphical mode was found to be superior in terms of the time measures and subjective ratings. No difference was found between the modes in the ability to detect unacceptable clearances.

  3. Is there a consensus for CBCT use in Orthodontics?

    PubMed

    Garib, Daniela G; Calil, Louise Resti; Leal, Claudia Resende; Janson, Guilherme

    2014-01-01

    This article aims to discuss current evidence and recommendations for cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in Orthodontics. In comparison to conventional radiograph, CBCT has higher radiation doses and, for this reason, is not a standard method of diagnosis in Orthodontics. Routine use of CBCT in substitution to conventional radiograph is considered an unaccepted practice. CBCT should be indicated with criteria only after clinical examination has been performed and when the benefits for diagnosis and treatment planning exceed the risks of a greater radiation dose. It should be requested only when there is a potential to provide new information not demonstrated by conventional scans, when it modifies treatment plan or favors treatment execution. The most frequent indication of CBCT in Orthodontics, with some evidence on its clinical efficacy, includes retained/impacted permanent teeth; severe craniofacial anomalies; severe facial discrepancies with indication of orthodontic-surgical treatment; and bone irregularities or malformation of TMJ accompanied by signs and symptoms. In exceptional cases of adult patients when critical tooth movement are planned in regions with deficient buccolingual thickness of the alveolar ridge, CBCT can be indicated provided that there is a perspective of changes in orthodontic treatment planning.

  4. Wheat products as acceptable substitutes for rice.

    PubMed

    Yu, B H; Kies, C

    1993-07-01

    The objective of the study was to compare the acceptability to semi-trained US American and Asian palatability panelist, of four wheat products processed to be possible replacers of rice in human diets. Products evaluated using rice as the control standard of excellence were steamed whole wheat, couscous (steamed, extracted wheat flour semolina), rosamarina (rice shaped, extracted wheat flour pasta), and bulgar (steamed, pre-cooked partly debranned, cracked wheat). Using a ten point hedonic rating scale, both groups of panelists gave rosamarina closely followed by couscous, most favorable ratings although these ratings were somewhat lower than that of the positive control, steamed polished rice. Bulgar wheat was given the lowest evaluation and was, in general, found to be an unacceptable replacement for rice by both American and Asian judges because of its dark, 'greasy' color and distinctive flavor. In their personal dietaries, judges included rice from 0.25 to 18 times per week with the Asian judges consuming rice significantly more times per week than did the American judges (10.8 +/- 4.71 vs 1.75 +/- 1.65, p < 0.01). However, rice consumption patterns, nationality, race, or sex of the judges was not demonstrated to affect scoring of the wheat products as rice replacers.

  5. Is there a consensus for CBCT use in Orthodontics?

    PubMed Central

    Garib, Daniela G.; Calil, Louise Resti; Leal, Claudia Resende; Janson, Guilherme

    2014-01-01

    This article aims to discuss current evidence and recommendations for cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in Orthodontics. In comparison to conventional radiograph, CBCT has higher radiation doses and, for this reason, is not a standard method of diagnosis in Orthodontics. Routine use of CBCT in substitution to conventional radiograph is considered an unaccepted practice. CBCT should be indicated with criteria only after clinical examination has been performed and when the benefits for diagnosis and treatment planning exceed the risks of a greater radiation dose. It should be requested only when there is a potential to provide new information not demonstrated by conventional scans, when it modifies treatment plan or favors treatment execution. The most frequent indication of CBCT in Orthodontics, with some evidence on its clinical efficacy, includes retained/impacted permanent teeth; severe craniofacial anomalies; severe facial discrepancies with indication of orthodontic-surgical treatment; and bone irregularities or malformation of TMJ accompanied by signs and symptoms. In exceptional cases of adult patients when critical tooth movement are planned in regions with deficient buccolingual thickness of the alveolar ridge, CBCT can be indicated provided that there is a perspective of changes in orthodontic treatment planning. PMID:25715727

  6. Time to Say Goodbye to the 16 EPA PAHs? Toward an Up-to-Date Use of PACs for Environmental Purposes

    PubMed Central

    Andersson, Jan T.; Achten, Christine

    2015-01-01

    The 16 EPA PAHs have played an exceptionally large role above all in environmental and analytical sciences in the last 40 years, but now there are good reasons to question their utility in many circumstances even though their use is so established and comfortable. Here we review the reasons why the list has been so successful and why sometimes it is seen as less relevant. Three groups of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC) are missing: larger and highly relevant PAHs, alkylated PACs, and compounds containing heteroatoms. Attempts to improve the situation for certain matrixes are known and here: (1) an updated list of PAHs (including the 16 EPA PAHs) for the evaluation of the toxicity in the environment (40 EnvPAHs); (2) a list of 23 NSO-heterocyclic compounds and 6 heterocyclic metabolites; and (3) lists of 10 oxy-PAHs and 10 nitro-PAHs are proposed for practical use in the future. A discussion in the scientific community about these lists is invited. Although the state of knowledge has improved dramatically since the introduction of the 16 EPA PAHs in the 1970s, this summary also shows that more research is needed about the toxicity, occurrence in the environment and chemical analysis, particularly of alkylated PAHs, higher molecular weight PAHs and substituted PACs such as amino-PAHs, cyano-PAHs, etc.. We also suggest that a long overdue discussion of an update of regulatory environmental PAH analysis is initiated. PMID:26823645

  7. Ashtawarga plants - Suffering a triple standardization syndrome.

    PubMed

    Virk, Jaswinder Kaur; Gupta, Vikas; Kumar, Sanjiv; Singh, Ranjit; Bansal, Parveen

    2017-10-01

    Ayurveda is one of the oldest known holistic health care systems recommending diverse medicinal uses of plants for prevention and cure of diseases and illness. World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that the holistic system is gaining more popularity due to its easy availability, low cost, congeniality, better accessibility and higher safety than allopathic medicine. Demand of herbal drugs is increasing day-by-day because of increasing popularity of herbal drugs; however market fails to meet this supply due to numerous factors, one of the important factors being the extinction of these plants from local flora. About 560 herbal species of India have been included in the Red List of Threatened species. Hence to overcome problem of non-availability of endangered species, Department of AYUSH, Govt. of India has permitted the substitution of rare herbal drugs with available substitutes on the basis of Ayurvedic concepts. Due to this, herbal drug industry has started exploiting the situation and now Ayurvedic products are suffering from a serious problem of adulteration with addition of spoiled, inferior, spurious drugs that are inferior in therapeutic/chemical properties and used to enhance profits. Adulteration with other plants degrades the quality and credibility of Ayurvedic medicine. Ashtawarga plants being an important part of many Ayurvedic formulations are also available in a very limited amount and likely to be substituted by cheap adulterants. Keeping in view the above situation, a metadata analysis has been conducted to find out types of adulteration/substitutions malpractices going on for Ashtawarga plants.

  8. Transient probabilities for queues with applications to hospital waiting list management.

    PubMed

    Joy, Mark; Jones, Simon

    2005-08-01

    In this paper we study queuing systems within the NHS. Recently imposed government performance targets lead NHS executives to investigate and instigate alternative management strategies, thereby imposing structural changes on the queues. Under such circumstances, it is most unlikely that such systems are in equilibrium. It is crucial, in our opinion, to recognise this state of affairs in order to make a balanced assessment of the role of queue management in the modern NHS. From a mathematical perspective it should be emphasised that measures of the state of a queue based upon the assumption of statistical equilibrium (a pervasive methodology in the study of queues) are simply wrong in the above scenario. To base strategic decisions around such ideas is therefore highly questionable and it is one of the purposes of this paper to offer alternatives: we present some (recent) research whose results generate performance measures and measures of risk, for example, of waiting-times growing unacceptably large; we emphasise that these results concern the transient behaviour of the queueing model-there is no asssumption of statistical equilibrium. We also demonstrate that our results are computationally tractable.

  9. Minimal disease detection of B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders by flow cytometry: multidimensional cluster analysis.

    PubMed

    Duque, Ricardo E

    2012-04-01

    Flow cytometric analysis of cell suspensions involves the sequential 'registration' of intrinsic and extrinsic parameters of thousands of cells in list mode files. Thus, it is almost irresistible to describe phenomena in numerical terms or by 'ratios' that have the appearance of 'accuracy' due to the presence of numbers obtained from thousands of cells. The concepts involved in the detection and characterization of B cell lymphoproliferative processes are revisited in this paper by identifying parameters that, when analyzed appropriately, are both necessary and sufficient. The neoplastic process (cluster) can be visualized easily because the parameters that distinguish it form a cluster in multidimensional space that is unique and distinguishable from neighboring clusters that are not of diagnostic interest but serve to provide a background. For B cell neoplasia it is operationally necessary to identify the multidimensional space occupied by a cluster whose kappa:lambda ratio is 100:0 or 0:100. Thus, the concept of kappa:lambda ratio is without meaning and would not detect B cell neoplasia in an unacceptably high number of cases.

  10. [Analysis the relationship between the found ways and first diagnosis age for large vestibular aqueduct children].

    PubMed

    Yang, Yali; Huang, Lihui; Cheng, Xiaohua; Fu, Xinxing; Liu, Jiaxing; Ni, Tingting

    2014-11-01

    To explore the found ways and first diagnosis age of children with large vestibular aqueduct, and their relations with hearing loss. Medical histories of 122 cases of children diagnosed with large vestibular aqueduct by HRCT or MRI had been collected from January 2009 to April 2014 in our hospital children's hearing diagnosis center clinic. Found ways comprise of accepting universal newborn hearing screening (UNHS) group and unaccepting UNHS group. Accepting UNHS children were divided into two ears unpassing group, single ear unpassing group and passing group. The patients in unaccepting UNHS group were divided into not sensitive to sounds, speech stunting, sudden hearing loss, and other group. Analysis the relationship between the found ways and first diagnosis age and their relations with hearing loss. There are 84 cases (68.85%) accepting UNHS, the average age of first diagnosis was (17.24 ± 17.08) months; 37 cases (31.15%) are not accepting UNHS. The average age of first diagnosis was (30.92 ± 18.21) months. The average first diagnosis age of accepting UNHS group was more earlier than the unaccepting UNHS group. The difference was statistically signif- icant (P < 0.01). There were 57 cases (67.85%) whose two ears not pass UNHS; 15 cases (17.86%) single ear not pass; namely the referral rate was 85.71%; 12 cases (14.29%) pass the test. The first diagnosis age of passing UNHS group was more later than two ears unpassing group (P < 0.001). In the unaccepting UNHS group, the average first diagnosis age of not sensitive to sounds group (19.69 ± 11.16 months) was more earlier than words dysplasia group (37.13 ± 15.62 months) and sudden hearing loss group (47.40 ± 24.70 months) (P < 0.01). The difference in the degree of hearing loss between accepting UNHS and unaccepting UNHS group had no statistical significance (P > 0.05). In unaccepting UNHS group ,the average first diagnosis age of the mild-to-moderate hearing loss group was later than the very severe hearing loss group (P < 0.01). Most of large vestibular aqueduct children can be found and receive diagnosis early by UNHS. But part of these patients with late-onset or progressive hearing loss, especially these with mild-to-moderate hearing loss cannot be found early, which should arouse our attention.

  11. Decabromodiphenyl Ether (DecaBDE) in Electrical and Electronic Equipment in Japan: Stock, Emission, and Substitution Evaluation.

    PubMed

    Xue, Mianqiang; Zhou, Liang; Kojima, Naoya; Machimura, Takashi; Tokai, Akihiro

    2017-11-21

    DecaBDE has been widely used as flame retardant in electrical and electronic equipment (EEE). It has recently been listed in Annex A of the Stockholm Convention. The time series flow, stock, and emission of DecaBDE in EEE in Japan were quantified. On this basis, a risk/risk trade-off analysis of substituting DecaBDE with triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) that is one possible phosphorus-based alternative was conducted. The stock of DecaBDE reached a maximum of ∼42 000 t in 1995. Even though the demand flow was negligible in 2030, the stock was modeled to be still ∼470 t. The outflow of DecaBDE, from the use phase to the disposal phase, peaked at ∼4500 t/yr. in 2001. The DecaBDE emission to atmosphere was mainly derived from the production phase before 1990. The use phase became the largest contributor to the total emission from 1995 to 2000. Whereas the disposal phase dominated the total emission from 2000 onward. In the substitution analysis, a trade-off between human and ecological health effect was revealed in case of replacing DecaBDE with TPhP. This study attempted to give an overall picture of DecaBDE application at national level providing insights into relevant environmental policy making.

  12. Removing micron size particles from coal liquids

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Rodgers, B.R.; Westmoreland, P.R.

    This paper reports results of an investigation which was undertaken in order to improve purification of liquid fuels obtained by coal liquefaction processes. It is shown that settling and filtration rates increased substantially after agglomeration. And, ground coal was found to be an economical substitute for diatomaceous earth in filtration. The effects of certain solvents on the agglomerating tendencies of solids in the unfiltered oil (UFO) from the SRC and COED processes were determined by oil immersion microscopy. The significant results obtained by these experiments are listed. Economic advantages are presented. 13 references.

  13. Numerical Modeling of Three-Dimensional Confined Flows

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Greywall, M. S.

    1981-01-01

    A three dimensional confined flow model is presented. The flow field is computed by calculating velocity and enthalpy along a set of streamlines. The finite difference equations are obtained by applying conservation principles to streamtubes constructed around the chosen streamlines. With appropriate substitutions for the body force terms, the approach computes three dimensional magnetohydrodynamic channel flows. A listing of a computer code, based on this approach is presented in FORTRAN IV language. The code computes three dimensional compressible viscous flow through a rectangular duct, with the duct cross section specified along the axis.

  14. Construction of New Potential Reactivators of Phosphonylated Acetylcholinesterase. Substitution of F for H in the Nucleus of Pyridinecarboxaldehyde Oximes.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1982-11-01

    interpretation in this report have been entered in typography to insure legibility. 4 u 4A V * i List of Figures Page Fig. la HPLC chromatogram of...crude oximation reaction mixture (4 nMoles) 14 Fig. lb HPLC chromatogram of crude oximation reaction mixture (20 nMoles) 15 Fig. 2a HPLC chromatogram of...of classical organic reactions starting with commercial 2-Amino-4-picoline and progressing to 3-Fluoro-4-picoline. The latter compound was then

  15. Proceedings of the International Heat Flow Calorimetry Symposium for Energetic Materials (3rd) Held in French Lick, Indiana on April 8-11, 2002

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2002-04-11

    several smoke items deployed by the U.S. Army for both training and tactical missions. These formulations are essentially a mixture of potassium chlorate... polyacrylic rubber, and graphite were as listed in Table 1. Portions of the TA were substituted with PE, but the sum of the TA and PE was always 57...situation was true for other fuel I oxidizer combinations. Figures 8 through 11 show the results for the low temperature heating of sucrose I potassium

  16. Test and Evaluation Master Plan (TEMP) for the Navy Occupational Health Information Management System (NOHIMS). Appendix A through Appendix U.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1985-04-24

    reliability/ downtime/ communication lines/ man-machine interface/ other: 2. A noticeable (to the user) failure happens about and that number has been...improving/ steady/ getting.worse. 3. The number of failures /errors for NOHIMS is acceptable/ somewhat acceptable/ somewhat unacceptable/ unacceptable...somewhat fast/ somewhat slow/ slow. 7. When a NWHIMS failure occurs, it affects the day-to-day provision of medical care because work procedures must

  17. Occurrence of Organic Wastewater Contaminants, Pharmaceuticals, and Personal Care Products in Selected Water Supplies, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, June 2004

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2005-01-01

    previously detected high nitrate concen- trations. (Phenol and d- limonene , detected in equipment blanks at unacceptably high concentrations, are not...both tables, were not counted twice. (Phenol and d- limonene , detected in equipment blanks at unaccept- ably high concentrations, are not included in...The surrogate recoveries (not included in table 2) for the PPCP method were 101 and 102 percent. Three compounds, d- limonene , phenol, and

  18. Beliefs about Emotions, Depression, Anxiety and Fatigue: A Mediational Analysis.

    PubMed

    Sydenham, Mia; Beardwood, Jennifer; Rimes, Katharine A

    2017-01-01

    Beliefs that it is unacceptable to experience or express negative emotions have been found to be associated with various clinical problems. It is unclear how such beliefs, which could be viewed as a form of unhelpful perfectionism about emotions, may contribute to symptomatology. This study investigated two hypotheses: a) greater endorsement of beliefs about the unacceptability of negative emotions will be associated with greater emotional avoidance and lower levels of support-seeking and self-compassion; b) these beliefs about emotions will be associated with higher levels of symptoms of depression, anxiety and fatigue and that this relationship will be mediated by social support-seeking, emotional avoidance and self-compassion. Online questionnaires were completed by 451 community participants. Mediational analyses were undertaken to investigate emotional avoidance, social support-seeking and self-compassion as mediators of the relationship between beliefs about emotions and symptoms of depression, anxiety and fatigue. Beliefs about the unacceptability of negative emotions were significantly associated with more emotional avoidance and less self-compassion and support-seeking. The relationships between beliefs about emotions and depression, anxiety and fatigue were significantly mediated by self-compassion and emotional avoidance but not social support-seeking. Future research should investigate whether interventions that pay particular attention to emotional avoidance and self-compassion, such as mindfulness-based therapy or modified forms of CBT, may be beneficial in reducing distress and fatigue associated with beliefs about the unacceptability of negative emotions.

  19. The attitudes of dental students towards socially acceptable and unacceptable group working practices.

    PubMed

    Sisson, K; Newton, J

    2007-08-01

    To explore the attitudes of undergraduate dental students towards academically unacceptable behaviour. Three sets of vignettes were designed exploring; attitudes towards sharing essays which students present as their own work (set 1), attitudes towards purchasing an essay from a commercial website (set 2), and attitudes towards working in a group (set 3). Eighty-nine dental students read the vignettes, then indicated whether they felt the student depicted should engage in the behaviour, and whether any assessment of the work would be a fair assessment of the student's ability. In addition for the group working vignette, respondents were asked to indicate whether in that situation they would speak to the tutor about their own contribution to the group product. Twenty-one respondents (24%) reported that students should share essays, 11 (12%) felt that the essay would be a fair assessment; 13 (15%) felt that students should buy commercially produced essays, five (6%) felt it would be a fair assessment. For the vignettes involving group work, 31 (35%) respondents felt that group-based assessments were fair, 65 (73%) of respondents felt it unlikely that they would speak to the tutor about their individual contribution. A disturbing proportion of dental students report that cheating is acceptable, the majority feel that unacceptable academic practices are not a fair indication of students' ability. The respondents reported that they were unlikely to report the unacceptable working practices of fellow students.

  20. Pediatric nurses' differentiations between acceptable and unacceptable parent discipline behaviors: a Q-study.

    PubMed

    Ho, Grace W K; Gross, Deborah A

    2015-01-01

    Nurses are mandated to report suspected cases of child maltreatment. However, it is unclear how nurses decide what constitutes child abuse or evidence for reporting. It is crucial to examine how nurses define various forms of child maltreatment, including child abuse and its differentiation from physical discipline, to enhance our services to families with young children. The present study examined pediatric nurses' views on acceptable versus unacceptable discipline behaviors to better understand parent behaviors that nurses are likely to deem reportable to child protective services. Using Q methodology, a convenience sample of 48 pediatric nurses from one urban medical center sorted 71 statements related to the behavior or outcome of punishing a child via the Internet application FlashQ. The statements were sorted on a predefined continuum ranging from "Most Unacceptable" to "Most Acceptable." By-person factor analysis was used to uncover groups of nurses with similar sorts and to generate a unique sort that represented the viewpoint of nurses in that group. Two distinct viewpoints were uncovered. Although there was consensus on what constitutes most acceptable and most unacceptable parent behaviors, nurses varied on their endorsement of using physical force as a form of discipline, suggesting a potential for discrepant tendencies to identify and report child abuse. Copyright © 2015 National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  1. Regulatory control of Chinese Proprietary Medicines in Singapore.

    PubMed

    Yee, Shen-Kuan; Chu, Swee-Seng; Xu, Yi-Min; Choo, Peck-Lin

    2005-02-01

    In Singapore, there has been a growing public interest in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), which plays an important role in the healthcare system. With effect from 1 September 1999, the control on Chinese Proprietary Medicines (CPM) was implemented in three phases over a span of 3 years. Under the CPM regulatory framework, CPM importers, wholesalers, manufacturers and re-packers must be licensed and CPM products assessed and listed by the health authority before they are allowed for sale. Product assessment is based on the criteria of safety and quality which include limits of toxic heavy metals and microbial contents. During the 3-year CPM listing exercise, irregularities were detected, including intrinsic toxicity, adulteration, substitution, contamination, misidentification, non-traditional and/or inappropriate usage, incorrect preparation, inappropriate labelling, exaggerated claims and/or advertising. The full implementation of CPM control by September 2001 saw the listing of 7943 CPM products and brought about an improvement in the quality and safety of CPM in Singapore as well as the removal of sub-standard, fake/imitation and adulterated products. The standards of practices by local CPM dealers have also been raised. These improvements have, in turn, increased the level of public confidence in CPM products in Singapore.

  2. Random vs. systematic sampling from administrative databases involving human subjects.

    PubMed

    Hagino, C; Lo, R J

    1998-09-01

    Two sampling techniques, simple random sampling (SRS) and systematic sampling (SS), were compared to determine whether they yield similar and accurate distributions for the following four factors: age, gender, geographic location and years in practice. Any point estimate within 7 yr or 7 percentage points of its reference standard (SRS or the entire data set, i.e., the target population) was considered "acceptably similar" to the reference standard. The sampling frame was from the entire membership database of the Canadian Chiropractic Association. The two sampling methods were tested using eight different sample sizes of n (50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 500, 800). From the profile/characteristics, summaries of four known factors [gender, average age, number (%) of chiropractors in each province and years in practice], between- and within-methods chi 2 tests and unpaired t tests were performed to determine whether any of the differences [descriptively greater than 7% or 7 yr] were also statistically significant. The strengths of the agreements between the provincial distributions were quantified by calculating the percent agreements for each (provincial pairwise-comparison methods). Any percent agreement less than 70% was judged to be unacceptable. Our assessments of the two sampling methods (SRS and SS) for the different sample sizes tested suggest that SRS and SS yielded acceptably similar results. Both methods started to yield "correct" sample profiles at approximately the same sample size (n > 200). SS is not only convenient, it can be recommended for sampling from large databases in which the data are listed without any inherent order biases other than alphabetical listing by surname.

  3. Comparison of planned menus and centre characteristics with foods and beverages served in New York City child-care centres.

    PubMed

    Breck, Andrew; Dixon, L Beth; Kettel Khan, Laura

    2016-10-01

    The present study evaluated the extent to which child-care centre menus prepared in advance correspond with food and beverage items served to children. The authors identified centre and staff characteristics that were associated with matches between menus and what was served. Menus were collected from ninety-five centres in New York City (NYC). Direct observation of foods and beverages served to children were conducted during 524 meal and snack times at these centres between April and June 2010, as part of a larger study designed to determine compliance of child-care centres with city health department regulations for nutrition. Child-care centres were located in low-income neighbourhoods in NYC. Overall, 87 % of the foods and beverages listed on the menus or allowed as substitutions were served. Menu items matched with foods and beverages served for all major food groups by >60 %. Sweets and water had lower match percentages (40 and 32 %, respectively), but water was served 68 % of the time when it was not listed on the menu. The staff person making the food and purchasing decisions predicted the match between the planned or substituted items on the menus and the foods and beverages served. In the present study, child-care centre menus included most foods and beverages served to children. Menus planned in advance have potential to be used to inform parents about which child-care centre to send their child or what foods and beverages their enrolled children will be offered throughout the day.

  4. Comparison of planned menus and centre characteristics with foods and beverages served in New York City child-care centres

    PubMed Central

    Breck, Andrew; Dixon, L Beth; Khan, Laura Kettel

    2016-01-01

    Objective The present study evaluated the extent to which child-care centre menus prepared in advance correspond with food and beverage items served to children. The authors identified centre and staff characteristics that were associated with matches between menus and what was served. Design Menus were collected from ninety-five centres in New York City (NYC). Direct observation of foods and beverages served to children were conducted during 524 meal and snack times at these centres between April and June 2010, as part of a larger study designed to determine compliance of child-care centres with city health department regulations for nutrition. Setting Child-care centres were located in low-income neighbourhoods in NYC. Results Overall, 87% of the foods and beverages listed on the menus or allowed as substitutions were served. Menu items matched with foods and beverages served for all major food groups by > 60%. Sweets and water had lower match percentages (40 and 32%, respectively), but water was served 68% of the time when it was not listed on the menu. The staff person making the food and purchasing decisions predicted the match between the planned or substituted items on the menus and the foods and beverages served. Conclusions In the present study, child-care centre menus included most foods and beverages served to children. Menus planned in advance have potential to be used to inform parents about which child-care centre to send their child or what foods and beverages their enrolled children will be offered throughout the day. PMID:27280341

  5. Veronica officinalis Product Authentication Using DNA Metabarcoding and HPLC-MS Reveals Widespread Adulteration with Veronica chamaedrys

    PubMed Central

    Raclariu, Ancuta C.; Mocan, Andrei; Popa, Madalina O.; Vlase, Laurian; Ichim, Mihael C.; Crisan, Gianina; Brysting, Anne K.; de Boer, Hugo

    2017-01-01

    Studying herbal products derived from local and traditional knowledge and their value chains is one of the main challenges in ethnopharmacology. The majority of these products have a long history of use, but non-harmonized trade and differences in regulatory policies between countries impact their value chains and lead to concerns over product efficacy, safety and quality. Veronica officinalis L. (common speedwell), a member of Plantaginaceae family, has a long history of use in European traditional medicine, mainly in central eastern Europe and the Balkans. However, no specified control tests are available either to establish the quality of derived herbal products or for the discrimination of its most common substitute, V. chamaedrys L. (germander speedwell). In this study, we use DNA metabarcoding and high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) to authenticate sixteen V. officinalis herbal products and compare the potential of the two approaches to detect substitution, adulteration and the use of unreported constituents. HPLC-MS showed high resolution in detecting phytochemical target compounds, but did not enable detection of specific plant species in the products. DNA metabarcoding detected V. officinalis in only 15% of the products, whereas it detected V. chamaedrys in 62% of the products. The results confirm that DNA metabarcoding can be used to test for the presence of Veronica species, and detect substitution and/or admixture of other Veronica species, as well as simultaneously detect all other species present. Our results confirm that none of the herbal products contained exactly the species listed on the label, and all included substitutes, contaminants or fillers. This study highlights the need for authentication of raw herbals along the value chain of these products. An integrative methodology can assess both the quality of herbal products in terms of target compound concentrations and species composition, as well as admixture and substitution with other chemical compounds and plants. PMID:28674497

  6. Potential approaches to the management of third-party impacts from groundwater transfers

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Skurray, James H.; Pannell, David J.

    2012-08-01

    Groundwater extraction can have varied and diffuse effects. Negative external effects may include costs imposed on other groundwater users and on surrounding ecosystems. Environmental damages are commonly not reflected in market transactions. Groundwater transfers have the potential to cause spatial redistribution, concentration, and qualitative transformation of the impacts from pumping. An economically and environmentally sound groundwater transfer scheme would ensure that marginal costs from trades do not exceed marginal benefits, accounting for all third-party impacts, including those of a non-monetary nature as well as delayed effects. This paper proposes a menu of possible management strategies that would help preclude unacceptable impacts by restricting transfers with certain attributes, ideally ensuring that permitted transfers are at least welfare-neutral. Management tools would require that transfers limit or reduce environmental impacts, and provide for the compensation of financial impacts. Three management tools are described. While these tools can limit impacts from a given level of extraction, they cannot substitute for sustainable overall withdrawal limits. Careful implementation of transfer limits and exchange rates, and the strategic use of management area boundaries, may enable a transfer system to restrict negative externalities mainly to monetary costs. Provision for compensation of these costs could be built into the system.

  7. Is therapeutic abortion preventable?

    PubMed

    Droegemueller, W; Taylor, E S

    1970-05-01

    Colorado was the first state in the U.S. to legalize therapeutic abortion in April 1967 on grounds of fetal indications, rape, incest, medical and psychiatric illness. The authors review 41 cases performed at the University of Colorado Medical Center during 1967-68, and 73 cases during 1968-69. The major indication for abortion was psychiatric illness (44% in 1967-68 and 49% in 1968-69); followed by rape (34% in 1967-68, 26% in 1968-69); fetal indications (12% in 1967-68, 22% in 1968-69); and medical problems (10% in 1967-68, 3% 1968-69). The authors categorized and analyzed and fetal and medical indications by their preventability. It was concluded that most could have been prevented by proper contraceptive advice and practice. Of 21 abortions for fetal indications, 71% were clearly preventable, and 5 out of 6 abortions performed for medical reasons were for patients with chronic illnesses. Patients such as these with chronic medical illness, and others with significant genetic risks, should be encouraged to use oral contraceptives or to undergo sterilizations, for the failure rate for mechanical contraceptives is found to be unacceptably high. Considering the psychological impact of abortion on the patient and the morbidity and expense involved, it is a poor substitute for the birth control.

  8. Analysis of the impact of removing mucolytics and expectorants from the list of reimbursable drugs on prescription rates: a time-series analysis for France 1998-2010.

    PubMed

    Pichetti, Sylvain; Sorasith, Christine; Sermet, Catherine

    2011-10-01

    After a comprehensive review of the therapeutic advantage of all drugs reimbursed by the French Public Health Insurance, a large number of drugs were removed from the list of reimbursable drugs, among them mucolytics and expectorants (ATC Class R05C) in March 2006. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of this measure on the mucolytic and expectorant class, on the prescription of possible substitute drugs (other bronchodilators, antitussives and antibacterials) and on the costs for Public Health Insurance. Prescription data were taken from a 850 French physicians sample surveyed by the IMS-Health Permanent Survey on Medical Prescription from 1998 to 2010. We performed linear segmented regression to determine changes in the level and slope of the prescription rates and to estimate the budget impact. Following their removal from the list of reimbursable drugs, the prescription rate for mucolytics declined significantly and we recorded an increase in the prescription rates for antitussives and bronchodilators. The medically unexpected increase in antitussives can be viewed as a negative side-effect of the policy. Four years after the reform, total savings for Public Health Insurance were estimated at EUR 32.1 million. Further removals from the list of reimbursable drugs should take into account the possibility of negative impact on public health and potential savings. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

  9. Graphics Standards in the Computer-Aided Acquisition and Logistic Support (CALS) Program Fiscal Year 1989 Volume 2: MIL-D-28003 Revisions, CGM registration

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1990-05-01

    Naming in CALS U Based on the above rationale and trade studies, including a basic set of trademarked names in the CALS AP should be considered I during a...names for font lists. Based on the various trade studies in this report, including the one on font substitution below the following naming technique...COPYRIGHT SIGN 2/10 -FEMININE ORDINAL INDICATOR I 2/11 LEFT ANGLE QUOTATION MARK 2/12 NOr SIGN 2/13 SOFT HYPHEN 2/14 REGISTERED TRADE MARK SIGN m 2/15

  10. United States Air Force Research Initiation Program. 1984 Research Reports. Volume 1.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1986-05-01

    storage , several 8" floppy disk drives were substituteu; to gain the equivalent speed, an 8088 microprocessor faster than the Intel version and a 2-wegabyte... RAil .. cnory and ram-drive software were substituted. 2. Not included above is one item which was listed in the RISE proposal budget (the Z-204...FUSOIONCAL/JM. 280 REM C4IHEAT CAPACITYiCAL/GM-K. 2,90 C=0.46 00’ REM E1=ACTIVATION ENERGYiCAL /MOL. 3 2’ REM R-GAS CONSTANTiCAL/MOL-K. F!’ = 1. 9 B37 .* 3

  11. Characterizing the Benefits of Seismic Isolation for Nuclear Structures: A Framework for Risk-Based Decision Making

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Bolisetti, Chandrakanth; Yu, Chingching; Coleman, Justin

    This report provides a framework for assessing the benefits of seismic isolation and exercises the framework on a Generic Department of Energy Nuclear Facility (GDNF). These benefits are (1) reduction in the risk of unacceptable seismic performance and a dramatic reduction in the probability of unacceptable performance at beyond-design basis shaking, and (2) a reduction in capital cost at sites with moderate to high seismic hazard. The framework includes probabilistic risk assessment and estimates of overnight capital cost for the GDNF.

  12. Defining acceptable levels for ecological indicators: an approach for considering social values.

    PubMed

    Smyth, Robyn L; Watzin, Mary C; Manning, Robert E

    2007-03-01

    Ecological indicators can facilitate an adaptive management approach, but only if acceptable levels for those indicators have been defined so that the data collected can be interpreted. Because acceptable levels are an expression of the desired state of the ecosystem, the process of establishing acceptable levels should incorporate not just ecological understanding but also societal values. The goal of this research was to explore an approach for defining acceptable levels of ecological indicators that explicitly considers social perspectives and values. We used a set of eight indicators that were related to issues of concern in the Lake Champlain Basin. Our approach was based on normative theory. Using a stakeholder survey, we measured respondent normative evaluations of varying levels of our indicators. Aggregated social norm curves were used to determine the level at which indicator values shifted from acceptable to unacceptable conditions. For seven of the eight indicators, clear preferences were interpretable from these norm curves. For example, closures of public beaches because of bacterial contamination and days of intense algae bloom went from acceptable to unacceptable at 7-10 days in a summer season. Survey respondents also indicated that the number of fish caught from Lake Champlain that could be safely consumed each month was unacceptably low and the number of streams draining into the lake that were impaired by storm water was unacceptably high. If indicators that translate ecological conditions into social consequences are carefully selected, we believe the normative approach has considerable merit for defining acceptable levels of valued ecological system components.

  13. Defining Acceptable Levels for Ecological Indicators: An Approach for Considering Social Values

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Smyth, Robyn L.; Watzin, Mary C.; Manning, Robert E.

    2007-03-01

    Ecological indicators can facilitate an adaptive management approach, but only if acceptable levels for those indicators have been defined so that the data collected can be interpreted. Because acceptable levels are an expression of the desired state of the ecosystem, the process of establishing acceptable levels should incorporate not just ecological understanding but also societal values. The goal of this research was to explore an approach for defining acceptable levels of ecological indicators that explicitly considers social perspectives and values. We used a set of eight indicators that were related to issues of concern in the Lake Champlain Basin. Our approach was based on normative theory. Using a stakeholder survey, we measured respondent normative evaluations of varying levels of our indicators. Aggregated social norm curves were used to determine the level at which indicator values shifted from acceptable to unacceptable conditions. For seven of the eight indicators, clear preferences were interpretable from these norm curves. For example, closures of public beaches because of bacterial contamination and days of intense algae bloom went from acceptable to unacceptable at 7-10 days in a summer season. Survey respondents also indicated that the number of fish caught from Lake Champlain that could be safely consumed each month was unacceptably low and the number of streams draining into the lake that were impaired by storm water was unacceptably high. If indicators that translate ecological conditions into social consequences are carefully selected, we believe the normative approach has considerable merit for defining acceptable levels of valued ecological system components.

  14. Orthopaedic triaging by podiatrists: a prospective study of patient satisfaction and service efficiency.

    PubMed

    Walsh, Tom P; Pilkington, Dolores C; Wong, Esther J; Brown, Christopher H; Mercer, Graham E

    2014-09-01

    The Southern Adelaide Local Health Network is serviced by one orthopaedic surgeon specialising in foot and ankle surgery. In 2011, the waiting list to see the surgeon was expanding and the need for assistance was growing. The Department of Podiatry agreed to provide a podiatrist to assist in the management of the outpatient waiting list. Although patient outcome is an important outcome measure, we were interested in evaluating the service with respect to how satisfied patients were with seeing a podiatrist. Therefore, the primary aim of the study was to evaluate patient satisfaction with podiatry-led clinics for the orthopaedic outpatient waiting list. Secondary outcomes included discharge rate and efficiency of care. We prospectively recruited a consecutive sample discharged from the Department of Podiatry between 1 May and 1 November 2013 to complete the Client Satisfaction Survey (CSQ-8). This survey was used to evaluate the satisfaction of patients following discharge from the Department of Podiatry. There were 49 patients (16 men, 33 women) enrolled in the survey during the 6-month period. Of the 49 patients discharged, 21 (43%) were discharged from the outpatient waiting list. Twenty-eight patients (57%) were referred on to the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery for opinion and management. The mean (± s.d.) number of appointments for each patient was 1.3±0.6. Overall, patients were very satisfied with the assessment and/or treatment they received. A podiatrist, working at an extended scope of practice and in collaboration with an orthopaedic surgeon, can successfully and efficiently assess and treat patients on an orthopaedic outpatient waiting list. Patients generally reported a high level of satisfaction with the process and would return to the clinic again if necessary. Hospital networks wanting to efficiently reduce waiting lists may endorse task substitution for appropriately skilled podiatrists.

  15. A Framework to Evaluate Wildlife Feeding in Research, Wildlife Management, Tourism and Recreation.

    PubMed

    Dubois, Sara; Fraser, David

    2013-10-11

    Feeding of wildlife occurs in the context of research, wildlife management, tourism and in opportunistic ways. A review of examples shows that although feeding is often motivated by good intentions, it can lead to problems of public safety and conservation and be detrimental to the welfare of the animals. Examples from British Columbia illustrate the problems (nuisance animal activity, public safety risk) and consequences (culling, translocation) that often arise from uncontrolled feeding. Three features of wildlife feeding can be distinguished: the feasibility of control, the effects on conservation and the effects on animal welfare. An evaluative framework incorporating these three features was applied to examples of feeding from the literature. The cases of feeding for research and management purposes were generally found to be acceptable, while cases of feeding for tourism or opportunistic feeding were generally unacceptable. The framework should allow managers and policy-makers to distinguish acceptable from unacceptable forms of wildlife feeding as a basis for policy, public education and enforcement. Many harmful forms of wildlife feeding seem unlikely to change until they come to be seen as socially unacceptable.

  16. Acceptability of an injectable male contraceptive regimen of norethisterone enanthate and testosterone undecanoate for men.

    PubMed

    Meriggiola, M Cristina; Cerpolini, S; Bremner, W J; Mbizvo, M T; Vogelsong, K M; Martorana, G; Pelusi, G

    2006-08-01

    We assessed attitudes towards and acceptability of male hormonal contraception among volunteers participating in a clinical trial of a prototype regimen, consisting of progestin and testosterone injections. After completing screening, eligible men were randomly assigned to the no-treatment group (n = 40) or to receive injections of norethisterone enanthate and testosterone undecanoate or placebo at different intervals (n = 50) according to a blocked randomization list. They underwent self-administered questionnaires. The average age of the participants was approximately 28 years; most were involved in a stable relationship and had no children. Ninety-two percentage of the respondents thought that men and women should share responsibility for contraception and 75% said they would try a hormonal contraceptive if available. At the end of the treatment phase, 66% of the participants said that they would use such a method, and most rated its acceptability very highly; none reported it to be unacceptable. The injections themselves were indicated as the biggest disadvantage. No significant changes in sexual function or mood states were detected among the men who underwent hormone injections. The contraceptive tested in this study was well accepted by the participants over the course of 1 year.

  17. [Guidelines for substitution treatments in prison populations].

    PubMed

    Michel, L; Maguet, O

    2005-01-01

    Care access for the drug addict patients in prison (in particular for the treatments of substitution) in France is very unequal from one establishment to another. This reflects the great variability of the practices of substitution and especially the absence of consensus on the methods of adaptation of these practices to the prison environment. Because of difficulties expressed by prisoners and medical staff on this subject and of stakes (let us recall that approximately 30% of the prisoners are dependent or abusers of one or more psychoactive substances), the formulation of recommendations or of a good practices guide of substitution in prison appeared necessary. Work that we detail here answers a ordering of the Advisory Commission of the Treatments of Substitution (September 2001) whose authors are members. It was presented at the session April 2003. It results from the confrontation of a review of the literature (including legal texts and official reports concerning substitution, the organization of the care in prison environment and the lawful framework), with a vast investigation. The latter was carried out near medical staff (22 prisons), penitentiary staff (3 prisons, 27 people met including directors of these establishments) and prisoners (7 establishments, 28 prisoners met) in the form of individual talks (semi-directing interviews with evaluation of the type of existing device and its knowledge by the penitentiary staff and the prisoners; statement of the suggestions, needs and requests of the medical, penitentiary staffs and of the prisoners). In the whole visited prisons, 7.8% (870) of the prisoners received substitution treatments (6.35% by buprenorphine, 1.44% by methadone), representing a proportion of substituted drug addicts (870 substituted for an evaluation of 3,350 prisoners drug addicts among the 11,168 prisoners of the 22 visited prisons) notably lower than that in free environment (56%, ie 96,000 substituted for an evaluated population of drug addicts for heroin of 160,000). There are however considerable variations (from 0 to 16.2%) of the proportion of substituted of one establishment for the other according to the type of prison, of its size, its localization and the type of medical device present. If a consensus exists for methadone (daily delivery with sanitary control), the organization of the care relating to the buprenorphine is extremely variable from one establishment to another, often putting in difficulty as well the medical teams as the prisoners. One recommendation is essential: the formulation of an individualized therapeutic project. Thirteen other recommendations are made in the following fields: renewal of substitution treatments, initiation of substitution treatments, urinary controls, methods of prescription, methods of delivery, co-prescriptions, global care, confidentiality, files, exits and transfers, extractions, formation, accompaniment of the teams. These recommendations being formulated, many medical concerns remain present and several questions open. The report of joint mission IGAS/IGSJ of June 2001 on the health of the prisoners underlines the principal persistent gaps: hygiene and public health, treatment of the mental disorders, the follow-up of the sexual delinquents, handling ageing, handicap and the end of lifetime. In the same way, the difficulties listed in prison environment concerning substitution are only the exacerbation of those existing outside: the misuses and traffics are common in free environment, risk reduction in prison, as outside, handle with obstacles related to the penalization of the drug use and can hardly evolve except questioning the law of 1970. The prison practice opens also questions: that of the "duration" of the substitution, frequently posed by the prisoners; concern to see the prison becoming a privileged place of access to the care, combining sanction and care whereas the law of 1970 allows the alternative (care or sanction); that of the clinic of the misuse, particularly "readable" in prison environment; and finally the question of the shared secrecy, extremely delicate in prison context although clarified by the law of March 04, 2002.

  18. The Semantic Drift of Quotations in Blogspace: A Case Study in Short-Term Cultural Evolution.

    PubMed

    Lerique, Sébastien; Roth, Camille

    2018-01-01

    We present an empirical case study that connects psycholinguistics with the field of cultural evolution, in order to test for the existence of cultural attractors in the evolution of quotations. Such attractors have been proposed as a useful concept for understanding cultural evolution in relation with individual cognition, but their existence has been hard to test. We focus on the transformation of quotations when they are copied from blog to blog or media website: by coding words with a number of well-studied lexical features, we show that the way words are substituted in quotations is consistent (a) with the hypothesis of cultural attractors and (b) with known effects of the word features. In particular, words known to be harder to recall in lists have a higher tendency to be substituted, and words easier to recall are produced instead. Our results support the hypothesis that cultural attractors can result from the combination of individual cognitive biases in the interpretation and reproduction of representations. Copyright © 2017 Cognitive Science Society, Inc.

  19. SNAD: Sequence Name Annotation-based Designer.

    PubMed

    Sidorov, Igor A; Reshetov, Denis A; Gorbalenya, Alexander E

    2009-08-14

    A growing diversity of biological data is tagged with unique identifiers (UIDs) associated with polynucleotides and proteins to ensure efficient computer-mediated data storage, maintenance, and processing. These identifiers, which are not informative for most people, are often substituted by biologically meaningful names in various presentations to facilitate utilization and dissemination of sequence-based knowledge. This substitution is commonly done manually that may be a tedious exercise prone to mistakes and omissions. Here we introduce SNAD (Sequence Name Annotation-based Designer) that mediates automatic conversion of sequence UIDs (associated with multiple alignment or phylogenetic tree, or supplied as plain text list) into biologically meaningful names and acronyms. This conversion is directed by precompiled or user-defined templates that exploit wealth of annotation available in cognate entries of external databases. Using examples, we demonstrate how this tool can be used to generate names for practical purposes, particularly in virology. A tool for controllable annotation-based conversion of sequence UIDs into biologically meaningful names and acronyms has been developed and placed into service, fostering links between quality of sequence annotation, and efficiency of communication and knowledge dissemination among researchers.

  20. Elk-effects vegetation monitoring program for Tomales Point Elk Range, Point Reyes National Seashore, California

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    McEachern, Kathryn; Semenoff-Irving, Marcia; van der Leeden, Pamela

    2000-01-01

    The monitoring program for elk effects on Tomales Point vegetation is designed to provide information on how tule elk grazing affects plant communities and rare species. The basic objective of the program is to show whether the elk are driving the vegetation into an unacceptable state by their grazing. The expectation is that as elk numbers increase, grazing pressure will increase too, resulting in unacceptable levels of any or all of the following: low vegetation ground cover, poor nutritional quality for the elk, undesirable increases in weedy species, unacceptable loss of native plant biodiversity, population declines in rare plants, population declines in plants used for food and nectar by the endangered silverspot butterfly, and increased erosion.The monitoring program has 3 basic components designed to provide complementary information on different aspects of the elk-vegetation system. Long-term plant community monitoring along permanent transects will show how plant species composition and cover are changing since cattle removal in 1979, and it will show whether any of he undesirable traits listed above are developing in the vegetation. However, monitoring these transects alone will not tell us what the effects of continued grazing by elk are apart from changes the vegetation would be undergoing anyway. In order to tease apart the elk effects from change that is happening because of cattle removal, elk exclosures are needed. By sampling inside and outside exclosures, we will be able to see how elk are modifying the rates and directions of change in the vegetation that would be happening in their absence. In a sense, the exclosures serve as a “check” on elk effects. They will allow us to interpret how much of the change is due to elk and how much can be attributed to other processes such as natural succession or weather patterns. This information will allow us to analyze whether changing elk management will have a desirable effect on the vegetation. Finally, periodic mapping and counting of plants in rare plant populations will show whether plant population ranges are expanding and populations are stable or growing. If not, then management actions can be taken to improve habitat conditions for the plants.A general summary of the rationale and sample design for each of the 3 components of the elk-effects monitoring program follows. Field sampling for the entire program should require about 15 weeks for a 2 to 3- person team, and data processing, analysis, and report writing should require about 9 weeks. Time and labor estimates for this program are given in Table A-1. In addition to elk-effects monitoring, Point Reyes staff periodically monitor fire transects and residual dry matter plots on Tomales Point. They are not included as part of the elk-effects monitoring program and they are described elsewhere. Protocols for fire and residual dry matter sampling are not included in the time estimate for the elk- effects monitoring program.

  1. Universal Health Coverage - The Critical Importance of Global Solidarity and Good Governance Comment on "Ethical Perspective: Five Unacceptable Trade-offs on the Path to Universal Health Coverage".

    PubMed

    Reis, Andreas A

    2016-06-07

    This article provides a commentary to Ole Norheim' s editorial entitled "Ethical perspective: Five unacceptable trade-offs on the path to universal health coverage." It reinforces its message that an inclusive, participatory process is essential for ethical decision-making and underlines the crucial importance of good governance in setting fair priorities in healthcare. Solidarity on both national and international levels is needed to make progress towards the goal of universal health coverage (UHC). © 2016 by Kerman University of Medical Sciences.

  2. [Occupational exposure limits for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Current legal status and proposed changes].

    PubMed

    Brzeźnicki, Sławomir; Bonczarowska, Marzena; Gromiec, Jan P

    2009-01-01

    The evaluation of occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Poland is based on the results of measurements of their concentrations in workplace air compared to appropriate occupational exposure limits. The inconsistence in current regulations is the source of many interpretation-related problems. The objective of this work was to determine PAH concentrations in different technological processes and to analyze statistically the obtained data to indicate the presence (or absence) of differences between exposure indices calculated for 9 PAHs listed in the decree of the Minister of Labor and those (8 compounds) set by the Minister of Health. Air samples were collected during graphite electrode production, coke production, aluminum smelting, tire production and road paving. PAH concentrations in collected air samples were analyzed by HPLC. The obtained data calculated for each technological process indicate that indices of exposure based on 8 or 9 PAHs, taking into account their relative carcinogenicity, did not differ considerably and are not statistically different from exposure indices calculated for 11 PAHs. In view that the indices of exposure calculated for 8 and 9 compounds are not statistically different and that of all the PAHs listed in the decree of the Minister of Labor, two compounds are not classified as carcinogenic, it seems justified to substitute the latter by the list of compounds issued by the Minister of Health. The proposed modification should result in a better consistency of legal regulations without altering the quality of the occupational exposure evaluation. Furthermore, removing benzo(a)pyrene and dibenzo(ah)anthracene from the OEL list should solve the existing interpretation-related problems.

  3. Positive-pressure ventilation during transport: a randomized crossover study of self-inflating and flow-inflating resuscitators in a simulation model.

    PubMed

    Lucy, Malcolm J; Gamble, Jonathan J; Daku, Brian L; Bryce, Rhonda D; Rana, Masud

    2014-12-01

    Positive-pressure ventilation during transport of intubated patients is generally delivered via a hand-pressurized device. Of these devices, self-inflating resuscitators (SIR) and flow-inflating resuscitators (FIR) constitute the two major types used. Selection of a particular device for transport, however, remains largely an institutional practice. To evaluate the hypothesis that transport ventilation goals of intubated pediatric patients are better achieved using an FIR compared to an SIR. This randomized crossover simulation study compared the performance of SIR and FIR among anesthesia providers in a pediatric transport scenario. Subjects hand-ventilated a test lung while simultaneously maneuvering a stretcher bed to simulate patient transport. Hand ventilation was carried out using a Jackson-Rees circuit (FIR) and a Laerdal pediatric silicone resuscitator (SIR). The primary outcome was the proportion of total breaths delivered within the predefined target PIP/PEEP range (30+/- 3, 10+/- 3 cm H2O). Secondary outcomes included proportion of total breaths delivered with operationally defined unacceptable breath variables (PIP > 35 cm H2O or PEEP < 5 cm H2O). Overall, participants were four times more likely to deliver target breaths and one-third less likely to deliver unacceptable breaths using the FIR compared to the SIR. When comparing device performance, a 44% increase in the proportions of target breaths and a 40.4% decrease in unacceptable breaths using the FIR were observed (P < 0.0001 for both). Hand ventilation during patient transport is superior using the FIR compared to the SIR to achieve target ventilatory goals and avoid unacceptable ventilatory cycles. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  4. The normative dimension and legal meaning of endangered and recovery in the U.S. Endangered Species Act.

    PubMed

    Vucetich, John A; Nelson, Michael P; Phillips, Michael K

    2006-10-01

    The ethical, legal, and social significance of the U.S. Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA) is widely appreciated. Much of the significance of the act arises from the legal definitions that the act provides for the terms threatened species and endangered species. The meanings of these terms are important because they give legal meaning to the concept of a recovered species. Unfortunately, the meanings of these terms are often misapprehended and rarely subjected to formal analysis. We analyzed the legal meaning of recovered species and illustrate key points with details from "recovery" efforts for the gray wolf (Canis lupus). We focused on interpreting the phrase "significant portion of its range," which is part of the legal definition of endangered species. We argue that recovery and endangerment entail a fundamentally normative dimension (i.e., specifying conditions of endangerment) and a fundamentally scientific dimension (i.e., determining whether a species meets the conditions of endangerment). Specifying conditions for endangerment is largely normative because it judges risks of extinction to be either acceptable or unacceptable. Like many other laws that specify what is unacceptable, the ESA largely specifies the conditions that constitute unacceptable extinction risk. The ESA specifies unacceptable risks of extinction by defining endangered species in terms of the portion of a species' range over which a species is "in danger of extinction." Our analysis indicated that (1) legal recovery entails much more than the scientific notion of population viability, (2) most efforts to recover endangered species are grossly inadequate, and (3) many unlisted species meet the legal definition of an endangered or threatened species.

  5. Scenario-targeted toxicity assessment through multiple endpoint bioassays in a soil posing unacceptable environmental risk according to regulatory screening values.

    PubMed

    Rodriguez-Ruiz, A; Etxebarria, J; Boatti, L; Marigómez, I

    2015-09-01

    Lanestosa is a chronically polluted site (derelict mine) where the soil (Lanestosa (LA) soil) exceeds screening values (SVs) of regulatory policies in force (Basque Country; Europe) for Zn, Pb and Cd. A scenario-targeted toxicity assessment was carried out on the basis of a multi-endpoint bioassay approach. Acute and chronic toxicity bioassays were conducted with selected test species (Vibrio fischeri, Dictyostelium discoideum, Lactuca sativa, Raphanus sativus and Eisenia fetida) in combination with chemical analysis of soils and elutriates and with bioaccumulation studies in earthworms. Besides, the toxicity profile was compared with that of the mine runoff (RO) soil and of a fresh artificially polluted soil (LAAPS) resembling LA soil pollutant profile. Extractability studies in LA soil revealed that Pb, Zn and Cd were highly available for exchange and/or release into the environment. Indeed, Pb and Zn were accumulated in earthworms and LA soil resulted to be toxic. Soil respiration, V. fischeri, vegetative and developmental cycles of D. discoideum and survival and juvenile production of E. fetida were severely affected. These results confirmed that LA soil had unacceptable environmental risk and demanded intervention. In contrast, although Pb and Zn concentrations in RO soil revealed also unacceptable risk, both metal extractability and toxicity were much lower than in LA soil. Thus, within the polluted site, the need for intervention varied between areas that posed dissimilar risk. Besides, since LAAPS, with a high exchangeable metal fraction, was the most toxic, ageing under in situ natural conditions seemingly contributed to attenuate LA soil risk. As a whole, combining multi-endpoint bioassays with scenario-targeted analysis (including leaching and ageing) provides reliable risk assessment in soils posing unacceptable environmental risk according to SVs, which is useful to optimise the required intervention measures.

  6. Assignment of C1q-binding HLA antibodies as unacceptable HLA antigens avoids positive CDC-crossmatches prior to transplantation of deceased donor organs.

    PubMed

    Juhl, David; Marget, Matthias; Hallensleben, Michael; Görg, Siegfried; Ziemann, Malte

    2017-03-01

    Soon, a virtual crossmatch shall replace the complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) allocation crossmatch in the Eurotransplant region. To prevent positive CDC-crossmatches in the recipient centre, careful definition of unacceptable antigens is necessary. For highly sensitized patients, this is difficult by CDC alone. Assignment of all antibodies detected by sensitive assays, however, could prevent organ allocation. To assess the usefulness of the Luminex C1q-assay to prevent positive CDC-crossmatches, all CDC-crossmatches performed prior to deceased kidney transplantation in a 16-month-period were reviewed. Sera causing positive crossmatches were investigated by the C1q-assay. 31 out of 1432 crossmatches (2.2%) were positive. Sera involved in 26 positive crossmatches were available. C1q-binding donor-specific antibodies were detected in 19 sera (73.1%). The other sera were from recipients without any HLA antibodies detectable by CDC or common solid phase assays. Three patients had known Non-HLA antibodies causing positive CDC-results. Four crossmatches were only weak positive. Therefore, avoidance of donors with HLA antigens against whom C1q-binding antibodies were detected would have prevented all positive crossmatches due to HLA antibodies. Provided that all HLA specificities against which antibodies are detected by the Luminex C1q-assay are considered as unacceptable antigens, CDC-crossmatches prior to transplantation might safely be omitted in many patients. They should be maintained in highly immunized patients, however, for whom assignment of all C1q-positive antibodies as unacceptable antigens could lead to a significant delay or even prevention of transplantation. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  7. A framework for assessing supply-side wildlife conservation.

    PubMed

    Phelps, J; Carrasco, L R; Webb, E L

    2014-02-01

    Market-based, supply-side interventions such as domestication, cultivation, and wildlife farming have been proposed as legal substitutes for wild-collected plants and animals in the marketplace. Based on the literature, we devised a list of the conditions under which supply-side interventions may yield positive conservation outcomes. We applied it to the trade of the orchid Rhynchostylis gigantea, a protected ornamental plant. We conducted a survey of R. gigantea at Jatujak Market in Bangkok, Thailand. Farmed (legal) and wild (illegal, protected) specimens of R. gigantea were sold side-by-side at market. These results suggest farmed specimens are not being substituted for wild plants in the marketplace. For any given set of physical plant characteristics (size, condition, flowers), the origin of the plants (wild vs. farmed) did not affect price. For all price classes, farmed plants were of superior quality to wild-collected plants on the basis of most physical variables. These results suggest wild and farmed specimens represent parallel markets and may not be substitutable goods. Our results with R. gigantea highlight a range of explanations for why supply-side interventions may lack effectiveness, for example, consumer preferences for wild-collected products and low financial incentives for farming. Our results suggest that market-based conservation strategies may not be effective by themselves and may be best utilized as supplements to regulation and education. This approach represents a broad, multidisciplinary evaluation of supply-side interventions that can be applied to other plant and animal species. © 2013 Society for Conservation Biology.

  8. Oral substitution treatment of injecting opioid users for prevention of HIV infection.

    PubMed

    Gowing, Linda; Farrell, Michael F; Bornemann, Reinhard; Sullivan, Lynn E; Ali, Robert

    2011-08-10

    Injecting drug users are vulnerable to infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and other blood borne viruses as a result of collective use of injecting equipment as well as sexual behaviour To assess the effect of oral substitution treatment for opioid dependent injecting drug users on risk behaviours and rates of HIV infections We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsycINFO to May 2011. We also searched reference lists of articles, reviews and conference abstracts Studies were required to consider the incidence of risk behaviours, or the incidence of HIV infection related to substitution treatment of opioid dependence. All types of original studies were considered. Two authors independently assessed each study for inclusion Two authors independently extracted key information from each of the included studies. Any differences were resolved by discussion or by referral to a third author. Thirty-eight studies, involving some 12,400 participants, were included. The majority were descriptive studies, or randomisation processes did not relate to the data extracted, and most studies were judged to be at high risk of bias. Studies consistently show that oral substitution treatment for opioid-dependent injecting drug users with methadone or buprenorphine is associated with statistically significant reductions in illicit opioid use, injecting use and sharing of injecting equipment. It is also associated with reductions in the proportion of injecting drug users reporting multiple sex partners or exchanges of sex for drugs or money, but has little effect on condom use. It appears that the reductions in risk behaviours related to drug use do translate into reductions in cases of HIV infection. However, because of the high risk of bias and variability in several aspects of the studies, combined totals were not calculated. Oral substitution treatment for injecting opioid users reduces drug-related behaviours with a high risk of HIV transmission, but has less effect on sex-related risk behaviours. The lack of data from randomised controlled studies limits the strength of the evidence presented in this review.

  9. Early maladaptive schemas and suicidal risk in an Iranian sample of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

    PubMed

    Khosravani, Vahid; Sharifi Bastan, Farangis; Samimi Ardestani, Mehdi; Jamaati Ardakani, Razieh

    2017-09-01

    There are few studies on suicidal risk and its related factors in patients diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This study investigated the associations of early maladaptive schemas, OC symptom dimensions, OCD severity, depression and anxiety with suicidality (i.e., suicidal ideation and suicide attempts) in OCD patients. Sixty OCD outpatients completed the Scale for Suicide Ideation (SSI), the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF), the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (DOCS) and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21). 51.7% of patients had lifetime suicide attempts and 75% had suicidal ideation. OCD patients with lifetime suicide attempts exhibited significantly higher scores on early maladaptive schemas than those without such attempts. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the mistrust/abuse schema and the OC symptom dimension of unacceptable thoughts explained lifetime suicide attempts. The mistrust/abuse schema, unacceptable thoughts and depression significantly predicted suicidal ideation. These findings indicated that the mistrust/abuse schema may contribute to high suicidality in OCD patients. Also, patients suffering from unacceptable thoughts need to be assessed more carefully for warning signs of suicide. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

  10. Low immunisation uptake: Is the process the problem?

    PubMed Central

    Harrington, P.; Woodman, C.; Shannon, W.

    2000-01-01

    OBJECTIVE—To examine mothers' satisfaction with the process of immunisation and its possible contribution to suboptimal immunisation uptake.
DESIGN—In depth interviews with mothers.
SETTING—Two Community Care Areas, Dublin city, Ireland.
PARTICIPANTS—In depth interviews of 23 mothers of children 1-2 years old, recruited purposively from a birth cohort born in 1994.
MAIN RESULTS—Mothers preferred general practice to Health Centre immunisation (11:5) for predominantly emotional compared with practical reasons (4:1). Health Centre immunisation was seen, at times, as unacceptably rough and inhuman. Many mothers experienced severe emotional distress at the prospect of inflicting the pain of immunisation on their babies. The non-empathic stance of some immunising doctors was unacceptable to mothers. They valued attempts by health professionals to acknowledge the pain of immunisation and to engage with their baby. Adverse experiences contributed to deferral of future visits and to defaulting behaviour.
CONCLUSIONS—Low empathy mass immunisation in clinic type settings may be unacceptable to mothers in the 1990s, and may in part explain suboptimal uptake in health care systems that use such clinics.


Keywords: immunisation; health behaviour; immunisation uptake PMID:10814662

  11. Effect of sexual excitation on testosterone and nitric oxide levels of water buffalo bulls (Bubalus bubalis) with different categories of sexual behavior and their correlation with each other.

    PubMed

    Swelum, Ayman Abdel-Aziz; Saadeldin, Islam M; Zaher, Hany A; Alsharifi, Sawsan A M; Alowaimer, Abdullah N

    2017-06-01

    We studied the effect of sexual excitation on serum testosterone and nitric oxide (NO) levels in water buffalo bulls with different categories of sexual behavior and their correlation with each other. Buffalo bulls were classified according to their sexual behavior (including reaction time, sexual aggressiveness and mating ability): acceptable (good to excellent) (n=5), fair (n=5), and unacceptable (poor) (n=5) sexual behavior. Blood samples were collected from all animals immediately before and after sexual teasing and/or mounting to estimate the testosterone and NO levels using a commercial radioimmunoassay kit and Griess reaction test, respectively. Comparisons among groups were evaluated using a mixed-design analysis of variance. Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated to determine the relationship between testosterone and NO levels before and after sexual excitation besides sexual behavior. The level of testosterone before sexual excitation was higher (p≤0.05) in bulls with acceptable and fair sexual behavior than in bulls with unacceptable sexual behavior (0.86±0.01, 0.69±0.02, and 0.29±0.02ng/mL, respectively). The level of NO was higher (p≤0.05) in bulls with acceptable and fair sexual behavior than in bulls with unacceptable sexual behavior (8.00±0.03, 7.66±0.19, and 6.29±0.33μM, respectively). Sexual excitation significantly (p<0.05) increase testosterone and NO levels in bulls with acceptable (1.45±0.01ng/mL and 19.04±0.32μM, respectively) or fair (0.92±0.02ng/mL and 14.95±0.34μM, respectively) sexual behavior, but not in bulls with unacceptable sexual behavior. The unacceptable sexual behavior bulls had significantly lower testosterone and NO levels than the other bulls. There was a strong correlation and association between serum testosterone and NO levels besides sexual behavior of buffalo bulls. In conclusion, the alteration in the testosterone and NO levels after sexual excitation depends on the sexual behavior category of buffalo-bull. Testosterone and NO can be used to create a sexual behavior score. The testosterone and NO levels of can be predicted via evaluation of sexual behavior of buffalo bull. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  12. Performance of improved bacterial cellulose application in the production of functional paper.

    PubMed

    Basta, A H; El-Saied, H

    2009-12-01

    The purpose of this work was to study the feasibility of producing economic flame retardant bacterial cellulose (BC) and evaluating its behaviour in paper production. This type of BC was prepared by Gluconacetobacter subsp. xylinus and substituting the glucose in the cultivation medium by glucose phosphate as a carbon source; as well as using corn steep liquor as a nitrogen source. The investigated processing technique did not dispose any toxic chemicals that pollute the surroundings or cause unacceptable effluents, making the process environmentally safe. The fire retardant behaviour of the investigated BC has been studied by non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis (TGA & DTGA). The activation energy of each degradation stage and the order of degradation were estimated using the Coats-Redfern equation and the least square method. Strength, optical properties, and thermogravimetric analysis of BC-phosphate added paper sheets were also tested. The study confirmed that the use of glucose phosphate along with glucose was significant in the high yield production of phosphate containing bacterial cellulose (PCBC1); more so than the use of glucose phosphate alone (PCBC2). Incorporating 5% of the PCBC with wood pulp during paper sheet formation was found to significantly improve kaolin retention, strength, and fire resistance properties as compared to paper sheets produced from incorporating bacterial cellulose (BC). This modified BC is a valuable product for the preparation of specialized paper, in addition to its function as a fillers aid.

  13. Learning from Dioxin & PCBs in meat - problems ahead?

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Weber, R.

    2017-09-01

    Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs; “Dioxins”), or polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are widely recognized environmental and food contaminants. More than 90% of PCDD/Fs and PCB exposure of the average population stem from animal based food including meat. While average PCDD/F and PCB levels have decreased compared to levels 1980s, still contamination above regulatory limits are observed and a share of the population is above the tolerable daily intake recommended by the WHO. For PCBs the contamination of feed and food along the life cycle from production, use, recycling, end of life and related contaminated sites has been documented and can be seen as a model. Furthermore, it has been recently discovered that levels of PCBs in feed and soil below regulatory limits can result in meat contamination above EU regulatory limits. In particular, beef meat and chicken meat/eggs have been found very sensitive towards PCB contamination in the environment (soil and feed) but also in stables (paints and sealants). For PCDD/Fs, the major exposure pathways are feed, feed additives and contaminated sites. Chlorinated paraffins have substituted PCBs the last 40 years in open application and short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) were recently (05/2017) listed in the Stockholm Convention. Furthermore, brominated and fluorinated POPs have been listed in the Convention. All these POPs groups can accumulate in meat animals. For these new listed POPs no regulatory limits in food including meat has been established yet. Initial information on presence and risk of new listed POPs to food animals is compiled. A more systematic assessment of exposure and risks of POPs to food animals/meat is needed.

  14. NACA Conference on Some Problems of Aircraft Operation: A Compilation of the Papers Presented

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    1950-01-01

    This volume contains copies of the technical papers presented at the NACA Conference on Some Problems of Aircraft Operation on October 9 and 10, 1950 at the Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory. This conference was attended by members of the aircraft industry and military services. The original presentation and this record are considered as complementary to, rather than as substitutes for, the Committee's system of complete and formal reports. A list of the conferees is included. [Contents include four subject areas: Atmospheric Turbulence and its Effect on Aircraft Operation; Some Aspects of Aircraft Safety - Icing, Ditching and Fire; Aerodynamic Considerations for High-Speed Transport Airplanes; Propulsion Considerations for High-Speed Transport Airplanes.

  15. Drug dependence: its significance and characteristics

    PubMed Central

    Eddy, Nathan B.; Halbach, H.; Isbell, Harris; Seevers, Maurice H.

    1965-01-01

    It has become impossible in practice, and is scientifically unsound, to maintain a single definition for all forms of drug addiction and/or habituation. A feature common to these conditions as well as to drug abuse in general is dependence, psychic or physical or both, of the individual on a chemical agent. Therefore, better understanding should be attained by substitution of the term drug dependence of this or that type, according to the agent or class of agents involved, in discussions of these conditions, especially inter-disciplinary. Short descriptions, followed by concise listings of their characteristics, are formulated for the various types of dependence on at present widely abused major groups of substances. PMID:5294186

  16. Whistleblowing: An integrative literature review of data-based studies involving nurses.

    PubMed

    Jackson, Debra; Hickman, Louise D; Hutchinson, Marie; Andrew, Sharon; Smith, James; Potgieter, Ingrid; Cleary, Michelle; Peters, Kath

    2014-10-27

    Abstract Aim To summarise and critique the research literature about whistleblowing and nurses. Background Whistleblowing is identified as a crucial issue in maintenance of healthcare standards and nurses are frequently involved in whistleblowing events. Despite the importance of this issue, to our knowledge an evaluation of this body of the data-based literature has not been undertaken. Method An integrative literature review approach was used to summarise and critique the research literature. A comprehensive search of five databases including Medline, CINAHL, PubMed and Health Science: Nursing/Academic Edition, and Google, were searched using terms including: 'whistleblow*', 'nurs*'. In addition, relevant journals were examined, as well as reference lists of retrieved papers. Papers published during the years 2007-2013 were selected for inclusion. Findings Fifteen papers were identified, capturing data from nurses in seven countries. The findings in this review demonstrate a growing body of research for the nursing profession at large to engage and respond appropriately to issues involving suboptimal patient care or organisational wrongdoing. Conclusions Nursing plays a key role in maintaining practice standards and in reporting care that is unacceptable although the repercussions to nurses who raise concerns are insupportable. Overall, whistleblowing and how it influences the individual, their family, work colleagues, nursing practice and policy overall, requires further national and international research attention.

  17. Whistleblowing: An integrative literature review of data-based studies involving nurses.

    PubMed

    Jackson, Debra; Hickman, Louise D; Hutchinson, Marie; Andrew, Sharon; Smith, James; Potgieter, Ingrid; Cleary, Michelle; Peters, Kath

    2014-01-01

    Abstract Aim: To summarise and critique the research literature about whistleblowing and nurses. Whistleblowing is identified as a crucial issue in maintenance of healthcare standards and nurses are frequently involved in whistleblowing events. Despite the importance of this issue, to our knowledge an evaluation of this body of the data-based literature has not been undertaken. An integrative literature review approach was used to summarise and critique the research literature. A comprehensive search of five databases including Medline, CINAHL, PubMed and Health Science: Nursing/Academic Edition, and Google, were searched using terms including: 'Whistleblow*,' 'nurs*.' In addition, relevant journals were examined, as well as reference lists of retrieved papers. Papers published during the years 2007-2013 were selected for inclusion. Fifteen papers were identified, capturing data from nurses in seven countries. The findings in this review demonstrate a growing body of research for the nursing profession at large to engage and respond appropriately to issues involving suboptimal patient care or organisational wrongdoing. Nursing plays a key role in maintaining practice standards and in reporting care that is unacceptable although the repercussions to nurses who raise concerns are insupportable. Overall, whistleblowing and how it influences the individual, their family, work colleagues, nursing practice and policy overall, requires further national and international research attention.

  18. EPs welcome new focus on reducing diagnostic errors.

    PubMed

    2015-12-01

    Emergency medicine leaders welcome a major new report from the Institute of Medicine (IOM) calling on providers, policy makers, and government agencies to institute changes to reduce the incidence of diagnostic errors. The 369-page report, "Improving Diagnosis in Health Care," states that the rate of diagnostic errors in this country is unacceptably high and offers a long list of recommendations aimed at addressing the problem. These include large, systemic changes that involve improvements in multiple areas, including health information technology (HIT), professional education, teamwork, and payment reform. Further, of particular interest to emergency physicians are recommended changes to the liability system. The authors of the IOM report state that while most people will likely experience a significant diagnostic error in their lifetime, the importance of this problem is under-appreciated. According to conservative estimates, the report says 5% of adults who seek outpatient care each year experience a diagnostic error. The report also notes that research over many decades shows diagnostic errors contribute to roughly 10% of all.deaths. The report says more steps need to be taken to facilitate inter-professional and intra-professional teamwork throughout the diagnostic process. Experts concur with the report's finding that mechanisms need to be developed so that providers receive ongoing feedback on their diagnostic performance.

  19. Associations between tobacco control policy awareness, social acceptability of smoking and smoking cessation. Findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Europe Surveys.

    PubMed

    Rennen, Els; Nagelhout, Gera E; van den Putte, Bas; Janssen, Eva; Mons, Ute; Guignard, Romain; Beck, François; de Vries, Hein; Thrasher, James F; Willemsen, Marc C

    2014-02-01

    This study examined whether awareness of tobacco control policies was associated with social unacceptability of smoking and whether social unacceptability had an effect on smoking cessation in three European countries. Representative samples (n = 3865) of adult smokers in France, the Netherlands and Germany were used from two survey waves of the longitudinal International Tobacco Control Europe Surveys. Associations were examined of aspects of social unacceptability of smoking (i.e. feeling uncomfortable, important people disapproval and societal disapproval) with tobacco policy awareness (i.e. awareness of warning labels, anti-tobacco information and smoking restrictions at work) and smoking cessation. Only the positive association of awareness of anti-tobacco information with feeling uncomfortable about smoking was significant in each of the three countries. Important people disapproval predicted whether smokers attempted to quit, although this did not reach significance in the French and German samples in multivariate analyses. Our findings suggest that anti-tobacco information campaigns about the dangers of second-hand smoke in France and about smoking cessation in the Netherlands and Germany might have reduced the social acceptability of smoking in these countries. However, campaigns that influence the perceived disapproval of smoking by important people may be needed to ultimately increase attempts to quit smoking.

  20. Associations between tobacco control policy awareness, social acceptability of smoking and smoking cessation. Findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Europe Surveys

    PubMed Central

    Rennen, Els; Nagelhout, Gera E.; van den Putte, Bas; Janssen, Eva; Mons, Ute; Guignard, Romain; Beck, François; de Vries, Hein; Thrasher, James F.; Willemsen, Marc C.

    2014-01-01

    This study examined whether awareness of tobacco control policies was associated with social unacceptability of smoking and whether social unacceptability had an effect on smoking cessation in three European countries. Representative samples (n = 3865) of adult smokers in France, the Netherlands and Germany were used from two survey waves of the longitudinal International Tobacco Control Europe Surveys. Associations were examined of aspects of social unacceptability of smoking (i.e. feeling uncomfortable, important people disapproval and societal disapproval) with tobacco policy awareness (i.e. awareness of warning labels, anti-tobacco information and smoking restrictions at work) and smoking cessation. Only the positive association of awareness of anti-tobacco information with feeling uncomfortable about smoking was significant in each of the three countries. Important people disapproval predicted whether smokers attempted to quit, although this did not reach significance in the French and German samples in multivariate analyses. Our findings suggest that anti-tobacco information campaigns about the dangers of second-hand smoke in France and about smoking cessation in the Netherlands and Germany might have reduced the social acceptability of smoking in these countries. However, campaigns that influence the perceived disapproval of smoking by important people may be needed to ultimately increase attempts to quit smoking. PMID:23861478

  1. Assessment of variations in control of asthma over time.

    PubMed

    Combescure, C; Chanez, P; Saint-Pierre, P; Daurès, J P; Proudhon, H; Godard, P

    2003-08-01

    Control and severity of asthma are two different but complementary concepts. The severity of asthma could influence the control over time. The aim of this study was to demonstrate this relationship. A total 365 patients with persistent asthma (severity) were enrolled and followed-up prospectively. Data were analysed using a continuous time homogeneous Markov model of the natural history of asthma. Control of asthma was defined according to three health states which were qualified: optimal, suboptimal and unacceptable control (states 1, 2 and 3). Transition forces (denoted lambda(ij) from state i to state j) and transition probabilities between control states were assessed and the results stratified by asthma severity were compared. Models were validated by comparing expected and observed numbers of patients in the different states. Transition probabilities stabilised between 100-250 days and more rapidly in patients with mild-to-moderate asthma. Patients with mild-to-moderate asthma in suboptimal or unacceptable control had a high probability of transition directly to optimal control. Patients with severe asthma had a tendency to remain in unacceptable control. A Markov model is a useful tool to model the control of asthma over time. Severity modified clearly the health states. It could be used to compare the performance of different approaches to asthma management.

  2. Computer modelling as a tool for the exposure assessment of operators using faulty agricultural pesticide spraying equipment.

    PubMed

    Bańkowski, Robert; Wiadrowska, Bozena; Beresińska, Martyna; Ludwicki, Jan K; Noworyta-Głowacka, Justyna; Godyń, Artur; Doruchowski, Grzegorz; Hołownicki, Ryszard

    2013-01-01

    Faulty but still operating agricultural pesticide sprayers may pose an unacceptable health risk for operators. The computerized models designed to calculate exposure and risk for pesticide sprayers used as an aid in the evaluation and further authorisation of plant protection products may be applied also to assess a health risk for operators when faulty sprayers are used. To evaluate the impact of different exposure scenarios on the health risk for the operators using faulty agricultural spraying equipment by means of computer modelling. The exposure modelling was performed for 15 pesticides (5 insecticides, 7 fungicides and 3 herbicides). The critical parameter, i.e. toxicological end-point, on which the risk assessment was based was the no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL). This enabled risk to be estimated under various exposure conditions such as pesticide concentration in the plant protection product and type of the sprayed crop as well as the number of treatments. Computer modelling was based on the UK POEM model including determination of the acceptable operator exposure level (AOEL). Thus the degree of operator exposure could be defined during pesticide treatment whether or not personal protection equipment had been employed by individuals. Data used for computer modelling was obtained from simulated, pesticide substitute treatments using variously damaged knapsack sprayers. These substitute preparations consisted of markers that allowed computer simulations to be made, analogous to real-life exposure situations, in a dose dependent fashion. Exposures were estimated according to operator dosimetry exposure under 'field' conditions for low level, medium and high target field crops. The exposure modelling in the high target field crops demonstrated exceedance of the AOEL in all simulated treatment cases (100%) using damaged sprayers irrespective of the type of damage or if individual protective measures had been adopted or not. For low level and medium field crops exceedances ranged between 40 - 80% cases. The computer modelling may be considered as an practical tool for the hazard assessment when the faulty agricultural sprayers are used. It also may be applied for programming the quality checks and maintenance systems of this equipment.

  3. Gynecologic Oncology Group quality assurance audits: analysis and initiatives for improvement.

    PubMed

    Blessing, John A; Bialy, Sally A; Whitney, Charles W; Stonebraker, Bette L; Stehman, Frederick B

    2010-08-01

    The Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) is a multi-institution, multi-discipline Cooperative Group funded by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) to conduct clinical trials which investigate the treatment, prevention, control, quality of survivorship, and translational science of gynecologic malignancies. In 1982, the NCI initiated a program of on-site quality assurance audits of participating institutions. Each is required to be audited at least once every 3 years. In GOG, the audit mandate is the responsibility of the GOG Quality Assurance Audit Committee and it is centralized in the Statistical and Data Center (SDC). Each component (Regulatory, Investigational Drug Pharmacy, Patient Case Review) is classified as Acceptable, Acceptable, follow-up required, or Unacceptable. To determine frequently occurring deviations and develop focused innovative solutions to address them. A database was created to examine the deviations noted at the most recent audit conducted at 57 GOG parent institutions during 2004-2007. Cumulatively, this involved 687 patients and 306 protocols. The results documented commendable performance: Regulatory (39 Acceptable, 17 Acceptable, follow-up, 1 Unacceptable); Pharmacy (41 Acceptable, 3 Acceptable, follow-up, 1 Unacceptable, 12 N/A): Patient Case Review (31 Acceptable, 22 Acceptable, follow-up, 4 Unacceptable). The nature of major and lesser deviations was analyzed to create and enhance initiatives for improvement of the quality of clinical research. As a result, Group-wide proactive initiatives were undertaken, audit training sessions have emphasized recurring issues, and GOG Data Management Subcommittee agendas have provided targeted instruction and training. The analysis was based upon parent institutions only; affiliate institutions and Community Clinical Oncology Program participants were not included, although it is assumed their areas of difficulty are similar. The coordination of the GOG Quality Assurance Audit program in the SDC has improved data quality by enhancing our ability to identify frequently occurring deviations and develop innovative solutions to avoid or minimize their occurrence in the future.

  4. Microbiological examination of cold ready-to-eat sliced meats from catering establishments in the United Kingdom.

    PubMed

    Gillespie, I; Little, C; Mitchell, R

    2000-03-01

    A microbiological study of cold, ready-to-eat sliced meats from 2579 catering establishments (public houses, hotels, cafés, restaurants, residential homes and other catering premises) found that 2587 of 3494 samples (74%) were of acceptable quality, 892 (26%) were of unsatisfactory quality and 15 (<1%) were of unacceptable quality. Unacceptable results were due to high levels of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria species and/or Clostridium perfringens. Unsatisfactory results were mostly due to high Aerobic Plate Counts. The microbiological quality of cold, ready-to-eat meats was associated with meat type, premises type, management training, hygienic practices, meat supplier and length of storage. The relationship between food hygiene training and microbiological quality is discussed.

  5. Trends in organ donor management: 2002 to 2012.

    PubMed

    Callahan, Devon S; Kim, Dennis; Bricker, Scott; Neville, Angela; Putnam, Brant; Smith, Jennifer; Bongard, Frederic; Plurad, David

    2014-10-01

    Refinements in donor management have resulted in increased numbers and quality of grafts after neurologic death. We hypothesize that the increased use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has been accompanied by improved outcomes over time. Using the Organ Procurement and Transplant Network donor database, all brain-dead donors procured from July 1, 2001 to June 30, 2012 were studied. Hormone replacement therapy was identified by an infusion of thyroid hormone. An expanded criteria donor was defined as age 60 years or older. Incidence of HRT administration and number of donors and organs recovered were calculated. Using the Organ Procurement and Transplant Network thoracic recipient database transplant list, wait times were examined. There were 74,180 brain-dead donors studied. Hormone replacement therapy use increased substantially from 25.6% to 72.3% of donors. However, mean number of organs procured per donor remained static (3.51 to 3.50; p = 0.083), and the rate of high-yield donors decreased (46.4% to 43.1%; p < 0.001). Incidence of traumatic brain injury donors decreased (42.1% to 33.9%; p < 0.001) relative to an increased number of expanded criteria donors (22.1% to 26%). Despite this, there has been an increase in the raw number of donors (20,558 to 24,308; p < 0.001) and organs (5,857 to 6,945; p < 0.001). There has been an increase in organs per traumatic brain injury donor (4.02 to 4.12; p = 0.002) and a decrease in days on the waiting list (462.2 to 170.4 days; p < 0.001) for a thoracic transplant recipient. The marked increase in the use of HRT in the management of brain-dead donors has been accompanied by increased organ availability overall. Potential mechanisms might include successful conversion of previously unacceptable donors and improved recovery in certain subsets of donors. Copyright © 2014 American College of Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  6. Antiinflammatory and Hepatoprotective Medicinal Herbs as Potential Substitutes for Bear Bile.

    PubMed

    Appiah, Sandra; Revitt, Mike; Jones, Huw; Vu, Milan; Simmonds, Monique; Bell, Celia

    2017-01-01

    Practitioners of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) commonly prescribe medicinal formulations relying on the purported synergism of a combination of plant species, sometimes incorporating animal parts and minerals. Bear bile, obtained from either wild or farmed bears, is a commonly used constituent of traditional medicine formulations. With several bear species now listed under Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora as threatened with extinction and with bear farming being actively campaigned against on ethical grounds, it is important to seek and promote alternatives to the use of bear bile as medicine. This chapter describes and evaluates the scientific data relating to the efficacy of bear bile and potential alternatives to its use, including the use of bile from other animal species, the use of synthetic chemical alternatives, and the use of herbal substitutes. Scientific studies have confirmed the efficacy of bear bile as an antiinflammatory and a hepatoprotective agent. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), the active component of bear bile is used in a synthetic form in Western medicine and can serve as an alternative to bear bile in the treatment and management of certain cholestatic liver conditions. In TCM practice, bile from domesticated animal species (such as cattle, chicken, and pig) has been used as a substitute for bear bile. Following evaluation of TCM literature and pharmacological/clinical data, the authors propose six plant species, either as single herbs or in combination, Gardenia jasminoides (zhī zi; ), Scutellaria baicalensis (huáng qín; ), Coptis chinensis (huáng lián, ), Phellodendron amurense (huáng băi; ), Andrographis paniculata (chuan xin lian; ), and Rheum palmatum (dà huang; ), two medicinal Kampo formulations, Orengedokuto, Dia-Orengedokuto (which originated from traditional Chinese herbal formula Huanglian Jiedu Tang, ), and two individual phytochemicals (berberine and andrographolide) as alternatives to bear bile. The proposed herbal alternatives are frequently found listed in traditional formulations also containing bear bile, usually with different therapeutic roles ascribed to them. The existing evidence base for the effectiveness of herbal alternatives is sufficiently strong for TCM practitioners and consumers to consider using these without the addition of bear bile. This consideration is driven by the imperative to protect populations of bears from overexploitation in the wild and when farmed. However, for the identified alternatives to be accepted by users, it is essential that researchers and TCM practitioners collaborate effectively to initiate consumer behavior change. © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  7. Retention-error patterns in complex alphanumeric serial-recall tasks.

    PubMed

    Mathy, Fabien; Varré, Jean-Stéphane

    2013-01-01

    We propose a new method based on an algorithm usually dedicated to DNA sequence alignment in order to both reliably score short-term memory performance on immediate serial-recall tasks and analyse retention-error patterns. There can be considerable confusion on how performance on immediate serial list recall tasks is scored, especially when the to-be-remembered items are sampled with replacement. We discuss the utility of sequence-alignment algorithms to compare the stimuli to the participants' responses. The idea is that deletion, substitution, translocation, and insertion errors, which are typical in DNA, are also typical putative errors in short-term memory (respectively omission, confusion, permutation, and intrusion errors). We analyse four data sets in which alphanumeric lists included a few (or many) repetitions. After examining the method on two simple data sets, we show that sequence alignment offers 1) a compelling method for measuring capacity in terms of chunks when many regularities are introduced in the material (third data set) and 2) a reliable estimator of individual differences in short-term memory capacity. This study illustrates the difficulty of arriving at a good measure of short-term memory performance, and also attempts to characterise the primary factors underpinning remembering and forgetting.

  8. Organisational determinants of production and efficiency in general practice: a population-based study.

    PubMed

    Olsen, Kim Rose; Gyrd-Hansen, Dorte; Sørensen, Torben Højmark; Kristensen, Troels; Vedsted, Peter; Street, Andrew

    2013-04-01

    Shortage of general practitioners (GPs) and an increased political focus on primary care have enforced the interest in efficiency analysis in the Danish primary care sector. This paper assesses the association between organisational factors of general practices and production and efficiency. We assume that production and efficiency can be modelled using a behavioural production function. We apply the Battese and Coelli (Empir Econ 20:325-332, 1995) estimator to accomplish a decomposition of exogenous variables to determine the production frontier and variables determining the individual GPs distance to this frontier. Two different measures of practice outputs (number of office visits and total production) were applied and the results compared. The results indicate that nurses do not substitute GPs in the production. The production function exhibited constant returns to scale. The mean level of efficiency was between 0.79 and 0.84, and list size was the most important determinant of variation in efficiency levels. Nurses are currently undertaking other tasks than GPs, and larger practices do not lead to increased production per GP. However, a relative increase in list size increased the efficiency. This indicates that organisational changes aiming to increase capacity in general practice should be carefully designed and tested.

  9. 14 CFR 33.25 - Accessory attachments.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... mounting attachment must include provisions for sealing to prevent contamination of, or unacceptable... loss of oil and to prevent contamination from sources outside the chamber enclosing the drive...

  10. 32 CFR 236.1 - Purpose.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... DEFENSE (DOD)-DEFENSE INDUSTRIAL BASE (DIB) VOLUNTARY CYBER SECURITY AND INFORMATION ASSURANCE (CS/IA) ACTIVITIES § 236.1 Purpose. Cyber threats to DIB unclassified information systems represent an unacceptable...

  11. 32 CFR 236.1 - Purpose.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... DEFENSE (DOD)-DEFENSE INDUSTRIAL BASE (DIB) VOLUNTARY CYBER SECURITY AND INFORMATION ASSURANCE (CS/IA) ACTIVITIES § 236.1 Purpose. Cyber threats to DIB unclassified information systems represent an unacceptable...

  12. Determination of adiabatic ionization potentials and electron affinities of energetic molecules with the Gaussian-4 method

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Manaa, M. Riad

    2017-06-01

    Adiabatic ionization potentials (IPad) and electron affinities (EAad) are determined with the Gaussian-4 (G4) method for the energetic molecules PETN, RDX, β-δ-HMX, CL-17, TNB, TNT, CL-14, DADNE, TNA, and TATB. The IPad and EAad values are in the range of 8.43-11.73 and 0.74-2.86 eV, respectively. Variations are due to substitutional effects of electron withdrawing and donating functional groups. Enthalpies of formation are also determined for several of these molecules to augment the list of recently reported G4 values. The calculated IPad and EAad provide quantitative assessment of such molecular properties as chemical hardness, molecular electronegativity, and "intrinsic" molecular physical hardness.

  13. The Impact of Symptom Dimensions on Outcome for Exposure and Ritual Prevention Therapy in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

    PubMed Central

    Williams, Monnica T.; Farris, Samantha G.; Turkheimer, Eric N.; Franklin, Martin E.; Simpson, H. Blair; Liebowitz, Michael; Foa, Edna B.

    2014-01-01

    Objective Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a severe condition with varied symptom presentations. The behavioral treatment with the most empirical support is exposure and ritual prevention (EX/RP). This study examined the impact of symptom dimensions on EX/RP outcomes in OCD patients. Method The Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) was used to determine primary symptoms for each participant. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of 238 patients identified five dimensions: contamination/cleaning, doubts about harm/checking, hoarding, symmetry/ordering, and unacceptable/taboo thoughts (including religious/moral and somatic obsessions among others). A linear regression was conducted on those who had received EX/RP (n = 87) to examine whether scores on the five symptom dimensions predicted post-treatment Y-BOCS scores, accounting for pre-treatment Y-BOCS scores. Results The average reduction in Y-BOCS score was 43.0%, however the regression indicated that unacceptable/taboo thoughts (β = .27, p = .02) and hoarding dimensions (β = .23, p = .04) were associated with significantly poorer EX/RP treatment outcomes. Specifically, patients endorsing religious/moral obsessions, somatic concerns, and hoarding obsessions showed significantly smaller reductions in Y-BOCS severity scores. Conclusions EX/RP was effective for all symptom dimensions, however it was less effective for unacceptable/taboo thoughts and hoarding than for other dimensions. Clinical implications and directions for research are discussed. PMID:24983796

  14. Assessment of the microbiological safety of salad vegetables and sauces from kebab take-away restaurants in the United Kingdom.

    PubMed

    Meldrum, R J; Little, C L; Sagoo, S; Mithani, V; McLauchlin, J; de Pinna, E

    2009-09-01

    The purpose of this study was to establish the microbiological safety of salad vegetables and sauces served in kebab take-away restaurants. Comparison with published microbiological guidelines revealed that 4.7% of 1213 salad vegetable samples were of unsatisfactory microbiological quality due to Escherichia coli and/or Staphylococcus aureus levels at > or =10(2) cfu g(-1). Another 0.3% of salad samples were of unacceptable quality due to S. aureus at > or =10(4) cfu g(-1) (2 samples) or the presence of Salmonella Kentucky (1 sample). Cucumber was the most contaminated salad vegetable with regards to unsatisfactory levels of E. coli (6.0%) or S. aureus (4.5%). Five percent of 1208 sauce samples were of unsatisfactory microbiological quality due to E. coli, S. aureus at > or =10(2) cfu g(-1) and/or Bacillus cereus and other Bacillus spp. at > or =10(4) cfu g(-1). A further 0.6% of sauce samples were of unacceptable quality due to Bacillus spp. (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus licheniformis) at > or =10(5) cfu g(-1) or the presence of Salmonella Agbeni (1 sample). More samples of chili sauce (8.7%) were of unsatisfactory or unacceptable microbiological quality than any other sauce types. The results emphasize the need for good hygiene practices in kebab take-away restaurants handling these types of ready-to-eat products.

  15. The impact of symptom dimensions on outcome for exposure and ritual prevention therapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder.

    PubMed

    Williams, Monnica T; Farris, Samantha G; Turkheimer, Eric N; Franklin, Martin E; Simpson, H Blair; Liebowitz, Michael; Foa, Edna B

    2014-08-01

    Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a severe condition with varied symptom presentations. The behavioral treatment with the most empirical support is exposure and ritual prevention (EX/RP). This study examined the impact of symptom dimensions on EX/RP outcomes in OCD patients. The Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) was used to determine primary symptoms for each participant. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of 238 patients identified five dimensions: contamination/cleaning, doubts about harm/checking, hoarding, symmetry/ordering, and unacceptable/taboo thoughts (including religious/moral and somatic obsessions among others). A linear regression was conducted on those who had received EX/RP (n=87) to examine whether scores on the five symptom dimensions predicted post-treatment Y-BOCS scores, accounting for pre-treatment Y-BOCS scores. The average reduction in Y-BOCS score was 43.0%, however the regression indicated that unacceptable/taboo thoughts (β=.27, p=.02) and hoarding dimensions (β=.23, p=.04) were associated with significantly poorer EX/RP treatment outcomes. Specifically, patients endorsing religious/moral obsessions, somatic concerns, and hoarding obsessions showed significantly smaller reductions in Y-BOCS severity scores. EX/RP was effective for all symptom dimensions, however it was less effective for unacceptable/taboo thoughts and hoarding than for other dimensions. Clinical implications and directions for research are discussed. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  16. 77 FR 20823 - Jyotin Parikh: Debarment Order

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-04-06

    ... failing to properly investigate, log and archive questionable, aberrant, and unacceptable laboratory... market new product lines. In furtherance of the conspiracy, in or around March 2003, Mr. Parikh...

  17. 32 CFR 236.1 - Purpose.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... DEFENSE (DoD)-DEFENSE INDUSTRIAL BASE (DIB) VOLUNTARY CYBER SECURITY AND INFORMATION ASSURANCE (CS/IA) ACTIVITIES § 236.1 Purpose. Cyber threats to DIB unclassified information systems represent an unacceptable...

  18. Where does the electron go? The nature of ortho/para and meta group directing in electrophilic aromatic substitution

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Liu, Shubin, E-mail: shubin@email.unc.edu

    Electrophilic aromatic substitution as one of the most fundamental chemical processes is affected by atoms or groups already attached to the aromatic ring. The groups that promote substitution at the ortho/para or meta positions are, respectively, called ortho/para and meta directing groups, which are often characterized by their capability to donate electrons to or withdraw electrons from the ring. Though resonance and inductive effects have been employed in textbooks to explain this phenomenon, no satisfactory quantitative interpretation is available in the literature. Here, based on the theoretical framework we recently established in density functional reactivity theory (DFRT), where electrophilicity andmore » nucleophilicity are simultaneously quantified by the Hirshfeld charge, the nature of ortho/para and meta group directing is systematically investigated for a total of 85 systems. We find that regioselectivity of electrophilic attacks is determined by the Hirshfeld charge distribution on the aromatic ring. Ortho/para directing groups have most negative charges on the ortho/para positions, while meta directing groups often possess the largest negative charge on the meta position. Our results do not support that ortho/para directing groups are electron donors and meta directing groups are electron acceptors. Most neutral species we studied here are electron withdrawal in nature. Anionic systems are always electron donors. There are also electron donors serving as meta directing groups. We predicted ortho/para and meta group directing behaviors for a list of groups whose regioselectivity is previously unknown. In addition, strong linear correlations between the Hirshfeld charge and the highest occupied molecular orbital have been observed, providing the first link between the frontier molecular orbital theory and DFRT.« less

  19. 47 CFR 22.971 - Obligation to abate unacceptable interference.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... interference, with full cooperation and utmost diligence, in the shortest time practicable. Interfering... severally responsible for abating interference, with full cooperation and utmost diligence, in the shortest...

  20. Fuel processor temperature monitoring and control

    DOEpatents

    Keskula, Donald H.; Doan, Tien M.; Clingerman, Bruce J.

    2002-01-01

    In one embodiment, the method of the invention monitors one or more of the following conditions: a relatively low temperature value of the gas stream; a relatively high temperature value of the gas stream; and a rate-of-change of monitored temperature. In a preferred embodiment, the rate of temperature change is monitored to prevent the occurrence of an unacceptably high or low temperature condition. Here, at least two temperatures of the recirculating gas stream are monitored over a period of time. The rate-of-change of temperature versus time is determined. Then the monitored rate-of-change of temperature is compared to a preselected rate-of-change of value. The monitoring of rate-of-change of temperature provides proactive means for preventing occurrence of an unacceptably high temperature in the catalytic reactor.

  1. Threats to information security of real-time disease surveillance systems.

    PubMed

    Henriksen, Eva; Johansen, Monika A; Baardsgaard, Anders; Bellika, Johan G

    2009-01-01

    This paper presents the main results from a qualitative risk assessment of information security aspects for a new real-time disease surveillance approach in general, and for the Snow surveillance system in particular. All possible security threats and acceptable solutions, and the implications these solutions had to the design of the system, were discussed. Approximately 30 threats were identified. None of these got an unacceptable high risk level originally, but two got medium risk level, of which one was concluded to be unacceptable after further investigation. Of the remaining low risk threats, some have severe consequence, thus requiring particular assessment. Since it is very important to identify and solve all security threats before real-time solutions can be used in a wide scale, additional investigations are needed.

  2. Plant photonics: application of optical coherence tomography to monitor defects and rots in onion

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Meglinski, I. V.; Buranachai, C.; Terry, L. A.

    2010-04-01

    The incidence of physiological and/or pathological defects in many fresh produce types is still unacceptably high and accounts for a large proportion of waste. With increasing interest in food security their remains strong demand in developing reliable and cost effective technologies for non-destructive screening of internal defects and rots, these being deemed unacceptable by consumers. It is well recognized that the internal defects and structure of turbid scattering media can be effectively visualized by using optical coherence tomography (OCT). In the present study, the high spatial resolution and advantages of OCT have been demonstrated for imaging the skins and outer laminae (concentric tissue layers) of intact whole onion bulbs with a view to non-invasively visualizing potential incidence/severity of internal defects.

  3. When Wife-Beating Is Not Necessarily Abuse: A Feminist and Cross-Cultural Analysis of the Concept of Abuse as Expressed by Tibetan Survivors of Domestic Violence.

    PubMed

    Rajan, Hamsa

    2016-11-20

    This article describes the views of Tibetan women who have experienced physical violence from male intimate partners. How they conceptualise abuse, their views on acceptable versus unacceptable hitting, and the acts besides hitting which they felt to be unacceptable or abusive, are explored. Views of survivors' relatives/friends and men who have hit their wives are also included. Western-based domestic violence theory is shown to be incommensurate with abuse in particular socio-cultural settings. As feminist scholars emphasize listening deeply to voices of women in the global South, this article demonstrates how such listening might be undertaken when the views expressed by women diverge from feminism. © The Author(s) 2016.

  4. The unexpected roles of σ and π orbitals in electron donor and acceptor group effects on the 13C NMR chemical shifts in substituted benzenes† †Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Experimental 13C NMR chemical shifts, individual components of the 13C NMR shielding tensor, lists and graphics of NLMO contributions, and tables of NLMO properties. See DOI: 10.1039/c7sc02163a Click here for additional data file.

    PubMed Central

    Viesser, Renan V.

    2017-01-01

    Effects of electron-donating (R = NH2) and electron-withdrawing (R = NO2) groups on 13C NMR chemical shifts in R-substituted benzene are investigated by molecular orbital analyses. The 13C shift substituent effect in ortho, meta, and para position is determined by the σ bonding orbitals in the aryl ring. The π orbitals do not explain the substituent effects in the NMR spectrum as conventionally suggested in textbooks. The familiar electron donating and withdrawing effects on the π system by NH2 and NO2 substituents induce changes in the σ orbital framework, and the 13C chemical shifts follow the trends induced in the σ orbitals. There is an implicit dependence of the σ orbital NMR shift contributions on the π framework, via unoccupied π* orbitals, due to the fact that the nuclear shielding is a response property. PMID:28989684

  5. DNA Barcoding analysis of seafood accuracy in Washington, D.C. restaurants

    PubMed Central

    Stern, David B.; Castro Nallar, Eduardo; Rathod, Jason

    2017-01-01

    In Washington D.C., recent legislation authorizes citizens to test if products are properly represented and, if they are not, to bring a lawsuit for the benefit of the general public. Recent studies revealing the widespread phenomenon of seafood substitution across the United States make it a fertile area for consumer protection testing. DNA barcoding provides an accurate and cost-effective way to perform these tests, especially when tissue alone is available making species identification based on morphology impossible. In this study, we sequenced the 5′ barcoding region of the Cytochrome Oxidase I gene for 12 samples of vertebrate and invertebrate food items across six restaurants in Washington, D.C. and used multiple analytical methods to make identifications. These samples included several ambiguous menu listings, sequences with little genetic variation among closely related species and one sequence with no available reference sequence. Despite these challenges, we were able to make identifications for all samples and found that 33% were potentially mislabeled. While we found a high degree of mislabeling, the errors involved closely related species and we did not identify egregious substitutions as have been found in other cities. This study highlights the efficacy of DNA barcoding and robust analyses in identifying seafood items for consumer protection. PMID:28462038

  6. 77 FR 20639 - Shashikant Shah: Debarment Order

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-04-05

    ... investigate, log, and archive questionable, aberrant, and unacceptable laboratory results so that Able could... maintaining false, fraudulent, and inaccurate data and records to obtain FDA approval to market new product...

  7. 77 FR 20641 - Jose Concepcion: Debarment Order

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-04-05

    ... investigate, log, and archive questionable, aberrant, and unacceptable laboratory results so that Able could... maintaining false, fraudulent, and inaccurate data and records to obtain FDA approval to market new product...

  8. 32 CFR 154.13 - Sensitive positions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... misconduct, malfeasance, or nonfeasance of an incumbent in any such position could result in an unacceptably... the extent feasible, the Top Secret billet structure into the component Manpower Unit Manning Document...

  9. 32 CFR 154.13 - Sensitive positions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... misconduct, malfeasance, or nonfeasance of an incumbent in any such position could result in an unacceptably... the extent feasible, the Top Secret billet structure into the component Manpower Unit Manning Document...

  10. 32 CFR 154.13 - Sensitive positions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... misconduct, malfeasance, or nonfeasance of an incumbent in any such position could result in an unacceptably... the extent feasible, the Top Secret billet structure into the component Manpower Unit Manning Document...

  11. 32 CFR 154.13 - Sensitive positions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... misconduct, malfeasance, or nonfeasance of an incumbent in any such position could result in an unacceptably... the extent feasible, the Top Secret billet structure into the component Manpower Unit Manning Document...

  12. 32 CFR 154.13 - Sensitive positions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... misconduct, malfeasance, or nonfeasance of an incumbent in any such position could result in an unacceptably... the extent feasible, the Top Secret billet structure into the component Manpower Unit Manning Document...

  13. 40 CFR 240.201-3 - Recommended procedures: Operations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ...) SOLID WASTES GUIDELINES FOR THE THERMAL PROCESSING OF SOLID WASTES Requirements and Recommended... precautions to be taken if unacceptable wastes are delivered to the facility or are improperly left there...

  14. 40 CFR 240.201-3 - Recommended procedures: Operations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ...) SOLID WASTES GUIDELINES FOR THE THERMAL PROCESSING OF SOLID WASTES Requirements and Recommended... precautions to be taken if unacceptable wastes are delivered to the facility or are improperly left there...

  15. Methodology and measures for preventing unacceptable flow-accelerated corrosion thinning of pipelines and equipment of NPP power generating units

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tomarov, G. V.; Shipkov, A. A.; Lovchev, V. N.; Gutsev, D. F.

    2016-10-01

    Problems of metal flow-accelerated corrosion (FAC) in the pipelines and equipment of the condensate- feeding and wet-steam paths of NPP power-generating units (PGU) are examined. Goals, objectives, and main principles of the methodology for the implementation of an integrated program of AO Concern Rosenergoatom for the prevention of unacceptable FAC thinning and for increasing operational flow-accelerated corrosion resistance of NPP EaP are worded (further the Program). A role is determined and potentialities are shown for the use of Russian software packages in the evaluation and prediction of FAC rate upon solving practical problems for the timely detection of unacceptable FAC thinning in the elements of pipelines and equipment (EaP) of the secondary circuit of NPP PGU. Information is given concerning the structure, properties, and functions of the software systems for plant personnel support in the monitoring and planning of the inservice inspection of FAC thinning elements of pipelines and equipment of the secondary circuit of NPP PGUs, which are created and implemented at some Russian NPPs equipped with VVER-1000, VVER-440, and BN-600 reactors. It is noted that one of the most important practical results of software packages for supporting NPP personnel concerning the issue of flow-accelerated corrosion consists in revealing elements under a hazard of intense local FAC thinning. Examples are given for successful practice at some Russian NPP concerning the use of software systems for supporting the personnel in early detection of secondary-circuit pipeline elements with FAC thinning close to an unacceptable level. Intermediate results of working on the Program are presented and new tasks set in 2012 as a part of the updated program are denoted. The prospects of the developed methods and tools in the scope of the Program measures at the stages of design and construction of NPP PGU are discussed. The main directions of the work on solving the problems of flow-accelerated corrosion of pipelines and equipment in Russian NPP PGU are defined.

  16. Novel approaches and application of contemporary sensory evaluation practices in iron fortification programs

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Bovell-Benjamin, Adelia C.; Guinard, Jean-Xavier

    2003-01-01

    Iron deficiency is the leading nutritional deficiency in the U.S. and the rest of the world, with its highest prevalences in the developing world. Iron fortification of food has been proposed as a strategy to reduce the high prevalence of iron deficiency. Poor consumer acceptance, unacceptable taste, and discoloration of the iron-fortified foods have been frequently listed as causes of unsuccessful iron fortification programs. An excellent prospect for improving consumer acceptance of iron-fortified foods is the incorporation of a thorough, organized, and unified approach to sensory evaluation practices into iron fortification programs for product optimization. The information gained from systematic sensory evaluation allows for the manipulation of the sensory attributes, and thus improvement of the sensory properties of the fortified food. However, iron fortification programs have not systematically measured the effect of fortification on the sensory quality of the food. Because sensory evaluation is an important criterion in successful iron fortification, an integrated approach is necessary. Therefore, nutritionists and sensory scientists should work closely with each other to select the most suitable sensory tests and methods. The objectives of this article are to: (1) critically review and discuss some traditional and contemporary approaches and applications of sensory evaluation practices in iron fortification programs, and (2) demonstrate the importance of incorporating a multidisciplinary, systematic sensory evaluation approach in iron fortification programs.

  17. Anaphylaxis, Intra-Abdominal Infections, Skin Lacerations, and Behavioral Emergencies: A Literature Review of Austere Analogs for a near Earth Asteroid Mission

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Chough, Natacha G.; Watkins, Sharmi; Menon, Anil S.

    2012-01-01

    As space exploration is directed towards destinations beyond low-Earth orbit, the consequent new set of medical risks will drive requirements for new capabilities and more resources to ensure crew health. The Space Medicine Exploration Medical Conditions List (SMEMCL), developed by the Exploration Medical Capability element of the Human Research Program, addresses the risk of "unacceptable health and mission outcomes due to limitations of in-flight medical capabilities". It itemizes 85 evidence-based clinical requirements for eight different mission profiles and identifies conditions warranting further research and technology development. Each condition is given a clinical priority for each mission profile. Four conditions -- intra-abdominal infections, skin lacerations, anaphylaxis, and behavioral emergencies -- were selected as a starting point for analysis. A systematic literature review was performed to understand how these conditions are treated in austere, limited-resource, space-analog environments (i.e., high-altitude and mountain environments, submarines, military deployments, Antarctica, isolated wilderness environments, in-flight environments, and remote, resource-poor, rural environments). These environments serve as analogs to spaceflight because of their shared characteristics (limited medical resources, delay in communication, confined living quarters, difficulty with resupply, variable time to evacuation). Treatment of these four medical conditions in austere environments provides insight into medical equipment and training requirements for exploration-class missions.

  18. Teaching Kids Not to Bully

    MedlinePlus

    ... and ability to form and sustain friendships. Understanding Bullying Behavior Kids bully for many reasons. Some bully ... children they perceive as weak. Helping Kids Stop Bullying Let your child know that bullying is unacceptable ...

  19. Skid correction program : user's manual.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2012-06-01

    This document outlines methods for use by UDOT personnel to address pavements with unacceptable skid numbers. The program involves coordination between Safety, Pavement Management, Region, and Maintenance managers. A process has been recommended usin...

  20. Superfund: Contaminated Sediments

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    Contaminated sediments are a significant environmental problem and contribute to the over 3,200 fish consumption advisories nationwide. The Superfund program cleans up sediment sites that present an unacceptable risk to human health or the environment.

  1. Are there other persistent organic pollutants? A challenge for environmental chemists.

    PubMed

    Muir, Derek C G; Howard, Philip H

    2006-12-01

    The past 5 years have seen some major successes in terms of global measurement and regulation of persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PB&T) chemicals and persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The Stockholm Convention, a global agreement on POPs, came into force in 2004. There has been a major expansion of measurements and risk assessments of new chemical contaminants in the global environment, particularly brominated diphenyl ethers and perfluorinated alkyl acids. However, the list of chemicals measured represents only a small fraction of the approximately 30,000 chemicals widely used in commerce (>1 t/y). The vast majority of existing and new chemical substances in commerce are not monitored in environmental media. Assessment and screening of thousands of existing chemicals in commerce in the United States, Europe, and Canada have yielded lists of potentially persistent and bioaccumulative chemicals. Here we review recent screening and categorization studies of chemicals in commerce and address the question of whether there is now sufficient information to permit a broader array of chemicals to be determined in environmental matrices. For example, Environment Canada's recent categorization of the Domestic (existing) Substances list, using a wide array of quantitative structure activity relationships for PB&T characteristics, has identified about 5.5% of 11,317 substances as meeting P & B criteria. Using data from the Environment Canada categorization, we have listed, for discussion purposes, 30 chemicals with high predicted bioconcentration and low rate of biodegradation and 28 with long range atmospheric transport potential based on predicted atmospheric oxidation half-lives >2 days and log air-water partition coefficients > or =5 and < or =1. These chemicals are a diverse group including halogenated organics, cyclic siloxanes, and substituted aromatics. Some of these chemicals and their transformation products may be candidates for future environmental monitoring. However, to improve these predictions data on emissions from end use are needed to refine environmental fate predictions, and analytical methods may need to be developed.

  2. SDDOT : safety program

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2000-05-01

    The current safety and loss control program for the South Dakota Department of Transportation is not reaching its full potential and does not adequately prevent accidents and injuries. The Department has experienced an unacceptably high number of acc...

  3. Attitudes toward jaguars and pumas and the acceptability of killing big cats in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest: An application of the Potential for Conflict Index2.

    PubMed

    Engel, Monica T; Vaske, Jerry J; Bath, Alistair J; Marchini, Silvio

    2017-09-01

    We explored the overall acceptability of killing jaguars and pumas in different scenarios of people-big cat interactions, the influence of attitudes toward big cats on acceptability, and the level of consensus on the responses. Data were obtained from 326 self-administered questionnaires in areas adjacent to Intervales State Park and Alto Ribeira State Park. Overall, people held slightly positive attitudes toward jaguars and pumas and viewed the killing of big cats as unacceptable. However, individuals that held negative attitudes were more accepting of killing. As the severity of people-big cat interactions increased, the level of consensus decreased. Knowing whether killing a big cat is acceptable or unacceptable in specific situations allows managers to anticipate conflict and avoid illegal killing of big cats.

  4. Energy balance measurement: when something is not better than nothing.

    PubMed

    Dhurandhar, N V; Schoeller, D; Brown, A W; Heymsfield, S B; Thomas, D; Sørensen, T I A; Speakman, J R; Jeansonne, M; Allison, D B

    2015-07-01

    Energy intake (EI) and physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) are key modifiable determinants of energy balance, traditionally assessed by self-report despite its repeated demonstration of considerable inaccuracies. We argue here that it is time to move from the common view that self-reports of EI and PAEE are imperfect, but nevertheless deserving of use, to a view commensurate with the evidence that self-reports of EI and PAEE are so poor that they are wholly unacceptable for scientific research on EI and PAEE. While new strategies for objectively determining energy balance are in their infancy, it is unacceptable to use decidedly inaccurate instruments, which may misguide health-care policies, future research and clinical judgment. The scientific and medical communities should discontinue reliance on self-reported EI and PAEE. Researchers and sponsors should develop objective measures of energy balance.

  5. DEVELOPMENT OF AN ANTIBIOTIC OPTIONS INDEX FOR ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE MONITORING.

    PubMed

    Manomayitthikan, Taweesuk; Borlace, Glenn N; Kessomboon, Nusaraporn

    2016-11-01

    Using antibiogram data to indicate the overall antibiotic resistance of a pathogen is complicated by the multiple antibiotic susceptibilities reported in the antibiogram. The objectives of this study were to develop and determine the benefits of an Antibiotic Options Index (AOI); an index that summarizes antibiotic susceptibility data for a pathogen by presenting it as the availability of antibiotic treatment options. The AOI was calculated using antibiogram data for the seven most commonly isolated pathogens from the National Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Center of Thailand between 1998 and 2014 and was classified as acceptable (AOI ≥ 0.8) or unacceptable (AOI < 0.8) based on the availability of treatment options. The AOI identified two problematic pathogens: Acinetobacter baumannii and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). For A. baumannii, the probability of having at least two viable antibiotic treatment options (AOIm2) decreased from an acceptable level (0.93) in 1998 to an unacceptable level (0.53) in 2014 and for MRSA the AOIm2 decreased from an acceptable level (0.82) in 1998 to an unacceptable level (0.47) in 2014. By including the idea that the problem with increasing antibiotic resistance is a problem with treating infections, the AOI effectively compiles susceptibility data to present it as the probability of having effective antibiotic treatment. This index is calculated from widely available antibiogram data, making it more suitable to be used to monitor antibiotic resistance at the hospital, provincial and national levels.

  6. Influence of season and type of restaurants on sashimi microbiota.

    PubMed

    Miguéis, S; Moura, A T; Saraiva, C; Esteves, A

    2016-10-01

    In recent years, an increase in the consumption of Japanese food in European countries has been verified, including in Portugal. These specialities made with raw fish, typical Japanese meals, have been prepared in typical and on non-typical restaurants, and represent a challenge to risk analysis on HACCP plans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the type of restaurant, season and type of fish used on sashimi microbiota. Sashimi samples (n = 114) were directly collected from 23 sushi restaurants and were classified as Winter and Summer Samples. They were also categorized according to the type of restaurant where they were obtained: as typical or non-typical. The samples were processed using international standards procedures. A middling seasonality influence was observed in microbiota using mesophilic aerobic bacteria, psychrotrophic microorganisms, Lactic acid bacteria, Pseudomonas spp., H 2 S positive bacteria, mould and Bacillus cereus counts parameters. During the Summer Season, samples classified as unacceptable or potentially Hazardous were observed. Non-typical restaurants had the most cases of Unacceptable/potentially hazardous samples 83.33%. These unacceptable results were obtained as a result of high values of pathogenic bacteria like Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus No significant differences were observed on microbiota counts from different fish species. The need to implement more accurate food safety systems was quite evident, especially in the warmer season, as well as in restaurants where other kinds of food, apart from Japanese meals, was prepared. © Crown copyright 2016.

  7. Compound Words: A Problem in Post-Coordinate Retrieval Systems

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Jones, Kevin P.

    1971-01-01

    Compound words cause some difficulty in post-coordinate indexing systems: if too many are fractured, or the wrong categories are selected for fracturing noise will be produced at unacceptable levels on retrieval. (Author/MM)

  8. DESIGN CONSIDERATION INVOLVING ACTIVE SEDIMENT CAPS

    EPA Science Inventory

    When contaminated sediments pose unacceptable risks to human health and the environment, management activities such as removal, treatment, or isolation of contaminated sediments may be required. Various capping designs are being considered for isolating contaminated sediment are...

  9. Protocol to identify incompatible combinations of concrete materials : tech brief.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2006-07-01

    For this project, incompatibility of concrete materials is : defined as interactions between acceptable materials that result in unexpected or unacceptable performance. The most common problems are associated with premature stiffening (rapid sl...

  10. Reception of distorted speech.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1973-12-01

    Noise, either in the form of masking or in the form of distortion products, interferes with speech intelligibility. When the signal-to-noise ratio is bad enough, articulation can drop to unacceptably--even dangerously--low levels. However, listeners ...

  11. Spontaneous revegetation vs. forestry reclamation in post-mining sand pits.

    PubMed

    Šebelíková, Lenka; Řehounková, Klára; Prach, Karel

    2016-07-01

    Vegetation development of sites restored by two different methods, spontaneous revegetation and forestry reclamation, was compared in four sand pit mining complexes located in the southern part of the Czech Republic, central Europe. The space-for-time substitution method was applied to collect vegetation records in 13 differently aged and sufficiently large sites with known history. The restoration method, age (time since site abandonment/reclamation), groundwater table, slope, and aspect in all sampled plots were recorded in addition to the visual estimation of percentage cover of all present vascular plant species. Multivariate methods and GLM were used for the data elaboration. Restoration method was the major factor influencing species pattern. Both spontaneously revegetated and forestry reclaimed sites developed towards forest on a comparable timescale. Although the sites did not significantly differ in species richness (160 species in spontaneously revegetated vs. 111 in forestry reclaimed sites), spontaneously revegetated sites tended to be more diverse with more species of conservation potential (10 Red List species in spontaneous sites vs. 4 Red List species in forestry reclaimed sites). These results support the use of spontaneous revegetation as an effective and low-cost method of sand pit restoration and may contribute to implementation of this method in practice.

  12. Source-constrained retrieval influences the encoding of new information.

    PubMed

    Danckert, Stacey L; MacLeod, Colin M; Fernandes, Myra A

    2011-11-01

    Jacoby, Shimizu, Daniels, and Rhodes (Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 12, 852-857, 2005) showed that new words presented as foils among a list of old words that had been deeply encoded were themselves subsequently better recognized than new words presented as foils among a list of old words that had been shallowly encoded. In Experiment 1, by substituting a deep-versus-shallow imagery manipulation for the levels-of-processing manipulation, we demonstrated that the effect is robust and that it generalizes, also occurring with a different type of encoding. In Experiment 2, we provided more direct evidence for context-related encoding during tests of deeply encoded words, showing enhanced priming for foils presented among deeply encoded targets when participants made the same deep-encoding judgments on those items as had been made on the targets during study. In Experiment 3, we established that the findings from Experiment 2 are restricted to this specific deep judgment task and are not a general consequence of these foils being associated with deeply encoded items. These findings provide support for the source-constrained retrieval hypothesis of Jacoby, Shimizu, Daniels, and Rhodes: New information can be influenced by how surrounding items are encoded and retrieved, as long as the surrounding items recruit a coherent mode of processing.

  13. Real-Time Sensor Validation System Developed for Reusable Launch Vehicle Testbed

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Jankovsky, Amy L.

    1997-01-01

    A real-time system for validating sensor health has been developed for the reusable launch vehicle (RLV) program. This system, which is part of the propulsion checkout and control system (PCCS), was designed for use in an integrated propulsion technology demonstrator testbed built by Rockwell International and located at the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. Work on the sensor health validation system, a result of an industry-NASA partnership, was completed at the NASA Lewis Research Center, then delivered to Marshall for integration and testing. The sensor validation software performs three basic functions: it identifies failed sensors, it provides reconstructed signals for failed sensors, and it identifies off-nominal system transient behavior that cannot be attributed to a failed sensor. The code is initiated by host software before the start of a propulsion system test, and it is called by the host program every control cycle. The output is posted to global memory for use by other PCCS modules. Output includes a list indicating the status of each sensor (i.e., failed, healthy, or reconstructed) and a list of features that are not due to a sensor failure. If a sensor failure is found, the system modifies that sensor's data array by substituting a reconstructed signal, when possible, for use by other PCCS modules.

  14. [Ethical behavioral standards of medical students on examinations and studies].

    PubMed

    Tolkin, Lior; Glick, Shimon

    2007-06-01

    In recent years the medical literature has reflected an increasing interest in the medical ethics of physicians and medical students. Studies have shown that cheating in medical school is frequent enough to cause concern, that there is a positive correlation between students' ethical attitude and their ethical behavior and between cheating in school and cheating in patient care. This study aims to examine student attitudes towards cheating, their self-reported behavior, analyze cultural and sub-cultural differences, and to reach practical conclusions that might be incorporated into the teaching of ethics in medical schools. Anonymous questionnaires were distributed to 193 first and second year students of the Israeli and American programs at Ben-Gurion University. The questionnaire consisted of fifty three multiple choice questions. The students were asked to state their opinion on various cheating practices at medical school and dishonesty in patient care, to estimate how they would resolve various ethical dilemmas and to provide some demographic information. The results were analyzed using SPSS. T-tests, Chi-Square tests, one-way analysis of variance, and Pearson and Spearman's coefficients, all used as appropriate. Completed questionnaires were returned by 141 students (73%). The majority of the students regard cheating in an exam (93%) or on a final paper (85%) to be morally unacceptable behavior. Copying during an exam is regarded as more morally unacceptable than copying a homework exercise. The majority of the students consider faking a patient's laboratory results to be morally unacceptable behavior (98%). American students regard copying a homework exercise, reconstructing exam questions for the benefit of next year students and giving answers to a fellow student during an exam to be more morally unacceptable in comparison to the Israeli students. Married students consider cheating to be more morally unacceptable than unmarried students. A positive correlation was found between religiosity and the position that cheating is a morally negative practice. There is a positive correlation between cheating in high school and the position that cheating is morally acceptable. In addition, the more often a student cheated in high school the more that student claims that he or she would cheat if they were sure that they would not be caught. Amongst Israeli students, there was a correlation between the view that the faculty did not treat them well, and the position that cheating is morally acceptable, No correlation was found between cheating and gender, age, birth country of parents, army service, or type of high school. Students' attitude toward cheating is significantly determined by the cultural and sub-cultural characteristics of each student's background. Ethical discussions in which an ethical code would be formed, moral dilemmas analyzed and cultural differences addressed, may help improve the ethical behavior of students in medical school, and thus improve their ethical practice in patient care.

  15. 13C-Mixed Triglyceride Breath Test and Fecal Elastase as an Indirect Pancreatic Function Test in Cystic Fibrosis Infants.

    PubMed

    Kent, Dorothea Stark; Remer, Thomas; Blumenthal, Caron; Hunt, Sharon; Simonds, Sharon; Egert, Sarah; Gaskin, Kevin J

    2018-05-01

    The 'gold standard' test for the indirect determination of pancreatic function status in infants with cystic fibrosis (CF), the 72-hour fecal fat excretion test, is likely to become obsolete in the near future. Alternative indirect pancreatic function tests with sufficient sensitivity and specificity to determine pancreatic phenotype need further evaluation in CF infants. Evaluation of the clinical utility of both the noninvasive, nonradioactive C-mixed triglyceride (MTG) breath test and fecal elastase-1 (FE1) in comparison with the 72-hour fecal fat assessment in infants with CF. C-MTG breath test and the monoclonal and polyclonal FE1 assessment in stool was compared with the 72-hour fecal fat assessment in 24 infants with CF. Oral pancreatic enzyme substitution (PERT; if already commenced) was stopped before the tests. Sensitivity rates between 82% and 100% for CF patients with pancreatic insufficiency assessed by both the C-MTG breath test and the FE1 tests proved to be high and promising. The C-MTG breath test (31%-38%) as well as both FE1 tests assessed by the monoclonal (46%-54%) and the polyclonal (45%) ELISA kits, however, showed unacceptably low-sensitivity rates for the detection of pancreatic-sufficient CF patients in the present study. The C-MTG breath test with nondispersive infrared spectroscopy (NDIRS) technique, as well as both FE1 tests, are not alternatives to the fecal fat balance test for the evaluation of pancreatic function in CF infants during the first year of life.

  16. "Breastfeeding" without baby: A longitudinal, qualitative investigation of how mothers perceive, feel about, and practice human milk expression.

    PubMed

    Felice, Julia P; Geraghty, Sheela R; Quaglieri, Caroline W; Yamada, Rei; Wong, Adriana J; Rasmussen, Kathleen M

    2017-07-01

    Most American mothers who produce human milk (HM) now pump in place of some or all feeding at the breast, and most American infants are now fed pumped HM. We aimed to investigate mothers' perceptions of, attitudes toward, and practices for pumping and providing pumped HM. Results related to pumping are reported here. We conducted in-depth, semi-structured interviews among a diverse sample of 20 mothers who pumped, following each from pregnancy through infant HM-feeding cessation up to 1 year postpartum. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis with Atlas.ti. Mothers' reasons for pumping changed over time and reflected their needs and desires (e.g., latch difficulty, return to work, and increasing their milk supply). Mothers reported that pump type and quality were important to pumping success and that pumping was time-consuming, costly, and unpleasant compared to feeding at the breast. Regardless of how often mothers pumped, most felt pumping was necessary to meet their infant HM-feeding goals and was a welcome means of sharing with other caregivers the bonding opportunity and tasks they associated with feeding infants. Mothers interpreted output from pumping sessions to understand their ability to provide enough milk to meet their infants' needs. Mothers' reasons for pumping may signal constraints to infant HM feeding that may be addressed with policy changes. Mothers' attitudes and perceptions toward pumping indicate that, although pumping fills important and welcome roles for many mothers, the reality of its practice may make it an unacceptable or infeasible substitute for some. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  17. DESIGN CONSIDERATION INVOLVING ACTIVE SEDIMENT CAPS (PRESENTATION)

    EPA Science Inventory

    When contaminated sediments pose unacceptable risks to human health and the environment, management activities such as removal, treatment, or isolation of contaminated sediments may be required. Various capping designs are being considered for isolating contaminated sediment are...

  18. 19 CFR 134.45 - Approved markings of country name.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... “Brasil” for “Brazil” and “Italie” for “Italy,” are acceptable. (c) Adjectival form. The adjectival form... “Brazil nuts” are unacceptable. (d) Colonies, possessions, or protectorates. The name of a colony...

  19. 19 CFR 134.45 - Approved markings of country name.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... “Brasil” for “Brazil” and “Italie” for “Italy,” are acceptable. (c) Adjectival form. The adjectival form... “Brazil nuts” are unacceptable. (d) Colonies, possessions, or protectorates. The name of a colony...

  20. 19 CFR 134.45 - Approved markings of country name.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... “Brasil” for “Brazil” and “Italie” for “Italy,” are acceptable. (c) Adjectival form. The adjectival form... “Brazil nuts” are unacceptable. (d) Colonies, possessions, or protectorates. The name of a colony...

  1. 19 CFR 134.45 - Approved markings of country name.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... “Brasil” for “Brazil” and “Italie” for “Italy,” are acceptable. (c) Adjectival form. The adjectival form... “Brazil nuts” are unacceptable. (d) Colonies, possessions, or protectorates. The name of a colony...

  2. 43 CFR 3101.1-4 - Modification or waiver of lease terms and stipulations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... determines that the factors leading to its inclusion in the lease have changed sufficiently to make the... unacceptable impacts. If the authorized officer has determined, prior to lease issuance, that a stipulation...

  3. 43 CFR 3101.1-4 - Modification or waiver of lease terms and stipulations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... determines that the factors leading to its inclusion in the lease have changed sufficiently to make the... unacceptable impacts. If the authorized officer has determined, prior to lease issuance, that a stipulation...

  4. 10 CFR 862.5 - Procedures for removal of downed aircraft.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... this section, may be assumed to be indicative of hostile intent by security forces at such sites. (b)(1... excessive resource loss of property damage or an unacceptable disruption of federal activities; (iii) The...

  5. 10 CFR 862.5 - Procedures for removal of downed aircraft.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... this section, may be assumed to be indicative of hostile intent by security forces at such sites. (b)(1... excessive resource loss of property damage or an unacceptable disruption of federal activities; (iii) The...

  6. 10 CFR 862.5 - Procedures for removal of downed aircraft.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... this section, may be assumed to be indicative of hostile intent by security forces at such sites. (b)(1... excessive resource loss of property damage or an unacceptable disruption of federal activities; (iii) The...

  7. 10 CFR 862.5 - Procedures for removal of downed aircraft.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... this section, may be assumed to be indicative of hostile intent by security forces at such sites. (b)(1... excessive resource loss of property damage or an unacceptable disruption of federal activities; (iii) The...

  8. 10 CFR 862.5 - Procedures for removal of downed aircraft.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... this section, may be assumed to be indicative of hostile intent by security forces at such sites. (b)(1... excessive resource loss of property damage or an unacceptable disruption of federal activities; (iii) The...

  9. The use of micro-surfacing for pavement preservation : final report.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2009-04-01

    The Maine Department of Transportation (MaineDOT) is responsible for maintaining approximately 8300 : miles of public highways. Maintenance of these highways consists of rehabilitation or reconstruction : when the road has deteriorated to an unaccept...

  10. Performance evaluation of subgrade stabilization with recycled materials.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2016-02-29

    Due to rising costs of good quality acceptable materials for remove/replace options and traditional : subgrade stabilization materials, MDOT is in need to identify potential recycled materials to treat : unacceptable subgrade soils. Use of recycled m...

  11. Classroom Misbehavior in the Eyes of Students: A Qualitative Study

    PubMed Central

    Sun, Rachel C. F.; Shek, Daniel T. L.

    2012-01-01

    Using individual interviews, this study investigated perceptions of classroom misbehaviors among secondary school students in Hong Kong (N = 18). Nineteen categories of classroom misbehaviors were identified, with talking out of turn, disrespecting teacher, and doing something in private being most frequently mentioned. Findings revealed that students tended to perceive misbehaviors as those actions inappropriate in the classroom settings and even disrupting teachers' teaching and other students' learning. Among various misbehaviors, talking out of turn and disrespecting teacher were seen as the most disruptive and unacceptable. These misbehaviors were unacceptable because they disturbed teaching and learning, and violated the values of respect, conformity, and obedience in the teacher-student relationship within the classroom. The frequency and intensity of misbehaviors would escalate if students found it fun, no punishment for such misbehaviors, or teachers were not authoritative enough in controlling the situations. Implications for further research and classroom management are discussed. PMID:22919316

  12. For the greater goods? Ownership rights and utilitarian moral judgment.

    PubMed

    Millar, J Charles; Turri, John; Friedman, Ori

    2014-10-01

    People often judge it unacceptable to directly harm a person, even when this is necessary to produce an overall positive outcome, such as saving five other lives. We demonstrate that similar judgments arise when people consider damage to owned objects. In two experiments, participants considered dilemmas where saving five inanimate objects required destroying one. Participants judged this unacceptable when it required violating another's ownership rights, but not otherwise. They also judged that sacrificing another's object was less acceptable as a means than as a side-effect; judgments did not depend on whether property damage involved personal force. These findings inform theories of moral decision-making. They show that utilitarian judgment can be decreased without physical harm to persons, and without personal force. The findings also show that the distinction between means and side-effects influences the acceptability of damaging objects, and that ownership impacts utilitarian moral judgment. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  13. An audit of the quality of operation notes in an otolaryngology unit.

    PubMed

    Bateman, N D; Carney, A S; Gibbin, K P

    1999-04-01

    Hand-written operation notes are often produced as evidence in medico-legal cases. Incomplete and illegible notes, along with the use of confusing abbreviations, are a common source of weakness in a surgeon's defence. An audit of 100 sets of operation notes was carried out in a single otolaryngology department. Notes were scrutinised for the accuracy of data, ward, department and name of surgeon, as well as for the inclusion of unacceptable abbreviations. Using an aide-memoire attached to the front of the operation sheet, the audit was repeated with identical criteria. The aide-memoire improved the standard of operation note with respect to all measured criteria. Clear identification of operating surgeon improved from 74% to 93%, and the avoidance of unacceptable abbreviations rose from 53% to 84%. We conclude that a simple aide-memoire attached to operation note sheets can significantly improve the quality of note-keeping and potentially avoid medico-legal problems.

  14. Effects of sevoflurane anaesthesia on recovery in children: a comparison with halothane.

    PubMed

    Lapin, S L; Auden, S M; Goldsmith, L J; Reynolds, A M

    1999-01-01

    We prospectively studied one hundred ASA physical status I-II children, ages six months to six years, undergoing myringotomy surgery. Children were randomly assigned to one of four anaesthetic groups receiving either halothane or sevoflurane for anaesthesia and oral midazolam premedication or no premedication. We found that children anaesthetized with sevoflurane had significantly faster recovery times and discharge home times than those who received halothane. Patients given oral midazolam premedication had significantly longer recovery times, but no delay in discharge home compared with those not premedicated. However, children anaesthetized with sevoflurane and no premedication had an unacceptably high incidence (67%) of postoperative agitation. The use of oral midazolam preoperatively did decrease the amount of postoperative agitation seen with sevoflurane. We conclude that although sevoflurane does shorten recovery times, the degree of associated postoperative agitation makes it unacceptable as a sole anaesthetic for myringotomy surgery.

  15. Image registration assessment in radiotherapy image guidance based on control chart monitoring.

    PubMed

    Xia, Wenyao; Breen, Stephen L

    2018-04-01

    Image guidance with cone beam computed tomography in radiotherapy can guarantee the precision and accuracy of patient positioning prior to treatment delivery. During the image guidance process, operators need to take great effort to evaluate the image guidance quality before correcting a patient's position. This work proposes an image registration assessment method based on control chart monitoring to reduce the effort taken by the operator. According to the control chart plotted by daily registration scores of each patient, the proposed method can quickly detect both alignment errors and image quality inconsistency. Therefore, the proposed method can provide a clear guideline for the operators to identify unacceptable image quality and unacceptable image registration with minimal effort. Experimental results demonstrate that by using control charts from a clinical database of 10 patients undergoing prostate radiotherapy, the proposed method can quickly identify out-of-control signals and find special cause of out-of-control registration events.

  16. Pulse compression using a tapered microstructure optical fiber.

    PubMed

    Hu, Jonathan; Marks, Brian S; Menyuk, Curtis R; Kim, Jinchae; Carruthers, Thomas F; Wright, Barbara M; Taunay, Thierry F; Friebele, E J

    2006-05-01

    We calculate the pulse compression in a tapered microstructure optical fiber with four layers of holes. We show that the primary limitation on pulse compression is the loss due to mode leakage. As a fiber's diameter decreases due to the tapering, so does the air-hole diameter, and at a sufficiently small diameter the guided mode loss becomes unacceptably high. For the four-layer geometry we considered, a compression factor of 10 can be achieved by a pulse with an initial FWHM duration of 3 ps in a tapered fiber that is 28 m long. We find that there is little difference in the pulse compression between a linear taper profile and a Gaussian taper profile. More layers of air-holes allows the pitch to decrease considerably before losses become unacceptable, but only a moderate increase in the degree of pulse compression is obtained.

  17. New algorithms for optimal reduction of technical risks

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Todinov, M. T.

    2013-06-01

    The article features exact algorithms for reduction of technical risk by (1) optimal allocation of resources in the case where the total potential loss from several sources of risk is a sum of the potential losses from the individual sources; (2) optimal allocation of resources to achieve a maximum reduction of system failure; and (3) making an optimal choice among competing risky prospects. The article demonstrates that the number of activities in a risky prospect is a key consideration in selecting the risky prospect. As a result, the maximum expected profit criterion, widely used for making risk decisions, is fundamentally flawed, because it does not consider the impact of the number of risk-reward activities in the risky prospects. A popular view, that if a single risk-reward bet with positive expected profit is unacceptable then a sequence of such identical risk-reward bets is also unacceptable, has been analysed and proved incorrect.

  18. Effective Elastic and Neutron Capture Cross Section Calculations Corresponding to Simulated Fluid Properties from CO2 Push-Pull Simulations

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Chugunov, Nikita; Altundas, Bilgin

    The submission contains a .xls files consisting of 10 excel sheets, which contain combined list of pressure, saturation, salinity, temperature profiles from the simulation of CO2 push-pull using Brady reservoir model and the corresponding effective compressional and shear velocity, bulk density, and fluid and time-lapse neutron capture cross section profiles of rock at times 0 day (baseline) through 14 days. First 9 sheets (each named after the corresponding CO2 push-pull simulation time) contains simulated pressure, saturation, temperature, salinity profiles and the corresponding effective elastic and neutron capture cross section profiles of rock matrix at the time of CO2 injection. Eachmore » sheet contains two sets of effective compressional velocity profiles of the rock, one based on Gassmann and the other based on Patchy saturation model. Effective neutron capture cross section calculations are done using a proprietary neutron cross-section simulator (SNUPAR) whereas for the thermodynamic properties of CO2 and bulk density of rock matrix filled with fluid, a standalone fluid substitution tool by Schlumberger is used. Last sheet in the file contains the bulk modulus of solid rock, which is inverted from the rock properties (porosity, sound speed etc) based on Gassmann model. Bulk modulus of solid rock in turn is used in the fluid substitution.« less

  19. Intermolecular dynamics of substitued benzene and cyclohexane liquids, studied by femtosecond nonlinear-optical polarization spectroscopy

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Chang, Y.J.; Castner, E.W. Jr.

    Femtosecond time-resolved optical-heterodyne detected Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy (OHD-RIKES) is shown to be a powerful and comprehensive tool for studying the intermolecular dynamics occurring in liquids. The observed dynamics include both the underdamped or coherent inertial motions, and the longer time scale diffusive relaxation. The inertial dynamics include phonon-like intermolecular vibrations, intermolecular collisions, and librational caging motions. Data are presented and analyzed for a series of five liquids: cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, toluene, benzyl alcohol, and benzonitrile, listed in order of increasing polarity. We explore the effects of aromaticity (e.g., methylcyclohexane vs toluene), symmetry reduction (cyclohexane vs methylcyclohexane), and substitution effects (e.g.,more » substituted benzene series) on the ultrafast intermolecular dynamics, for a group of molecular liquids of similar size and volume. We analyze the intermolecular dynamics in both the time and frequency domains by means of Fourier transformations. When Fourier-transformed into the frequency domain, the OHD-RIKES ultrafast transients of the intermolecular dynamics can be directly compared with the frequency domain spectra obtained from the far-infrared absorption and depolarized Raman techniques. This is done using the Gaussian librational caging model of Lynden-Bell and Steele, which results in a power-law scaling relation between dipole and polarizability time correlation functions. 122 refs., 7 figs., 7 tabs.« less

  20. Assessment of phthalates/phthalate alternatives in children's toys and childcare articles: Review of the report including conclusions and recommendation of the Chronic Hazard Advisory Panel of the Consumer Product Safety Commission.

    PubMed

    Lioy, Paul J; Hauser, Russ; Gennings, Chris; Koch, Holger M; Mirkes, Philip E; Schwetz, Bernard A; Kortenkamp, Andreas

    2015-01-01

    The Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) convened a Chronic Hazard Advisory Panel (CHAP) on Phthalates found in children's toys, and childcare products, and in products used by women of childbearing age. The CHAP conducted a risk assessment on phthalates and phthalate substitutes, and made recommendations to either ban, impose an interim ban, or allow the continued use of phthalates and phthalate substitutes in the above products. After a review of the literature, the evaluation included toxic end points of primary concern, biomonitoring results, extant exposure reconstruction, and epidemiological results. The health end points chosen were associated with the rat phthalate syndrome, which is characterized by malformations of the epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, external genitalia (hypospadias), and by cryptorchidism (undescended testes), retention of nipples/areolae, and demasculinization (~incomplete masculinization) of the perineum, resulting in reduced anogenital distance. Risk assessment demonstrated that some phthalates should be permanently banned, removed from the banned list, or remain interim banned. Biomonitoring and toxicology data provided the strongest basis for a mixture risk assessment. In contrast, external exposure data were the weakest and need to be upgraded for epidemiological studies and risk assessments. Such studies would focus on routes and sources. The review presents recommendations and uncertainties.

  1. Machine Learning of ABO3 Crystalline Compounds

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gubernatis, J. E.; Balachandran, P. V.; Lookman, T.

    We apply two advanced machine learning methods to a database of experimentally known ABO3 materials to predict the existence of possible new perovskite materials and possible new cubic perovskites. Constructing a list of 625 possible new materials from charge conserving combinations of A and B atoms in known stable ABO3 materials, we predict about 440 new perovskites. These new perovskites are predicted most likely to occur when the A and B atoms are a lanthanide or actinide, when the A atom is a alkali, alkali earth, or late transition metal, and a when the B atom is a p-block atom. These results are in basic agreement with the recent materials discovery by substitution analysis of Hautier et al. who data-mined the entire ICSD data base to develop the probability that in any crystal structure atom X could be substituted for by atom Y. The results of our analysis has several points of disagreement with a recent high throughput DFT study of ABO3 crystalline compounds by Emery et al. who predict few, if any, new perovskites whose A and B atoms are both a lanthanide. They also predict far more new cubic perovskites than we do: We predict few, if any, with a high degree of probability. This work was supported by the LDRD DR program of the Los Alamos National Laboratory.

  2. Is snus the same as dip? Smokers' perceptions of new smokeless tobacco advertising.

    PubMed

    Bahreinifar, Sareh; Sheon, Nicolas M; Ling, Pamela M

    2013-03-01

    Since 2006, leading US cigarette companies have been promoting new snus products as line extensions of popular cigarette brands. These promotional efforts include direct mail marketing to consumers on cigarette company mailing lists. This study examines smokers' reactions to this advertising and perceptions of the new snus products. Eight focus groups (n=65 participants) were conducted in San Francisco and Los Angeles in 2010 with smokers who received tobacco direct mail advertising. The focus group discussions assessed smokers' perceptions of the new snus products. Focus group videos were transcribed and coded using Transana software to identify common themes. Most participants were aware of snus advertising and many had tried free samples. Most were aware that snus was supposed to be 'different' from traditional chewing tobacco but consistently did not know why. Participants willing to try snus still identified strongly as smokers, and for some participants, trying snus reinforced their preference for smoking. Snus' major benefits were use in smoke-free environments and avoiding social stigma related to secondhand smoke. Participants were sceptical of the idea that snus was safer than cigarettes and did not see it as an acceptable substitute for cigarettes or as a cessation aid. Smokers repeated some messages featured in early snus advertising. Snus was not seen as an acceptable substitute for smoking or way to quit cigarettes. Current smoker responses to snus advertising are not consistent with harm reduction.

  3. Relationships between chemical structure and rat repellency. II. Compounds screened between 1950 and 1960

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Bowles, W.A.; Adomaitis, V.A.; DeWitt, J.B.; Pratt, J.J.

    1974-01-01

    Over 4,600 compounds, chiefly organic types, were evaluated using both a food acceptance test (Part A) and a barrier penetration bioassay (Part B), to correlate relationships between chemical structure and rodent repellency.These chemicals are indexed and classified according to the functional groups present and to the degree of substitution within their molecular structures. The results of reduction in foot consumption for each compound appraised are calculated and their K values listed in Table I.The repellent activities of the functional groups represented, alone or in combinations, are expressed in Table II by a Functional Group Repellency Index. A ranking of these indices suggests that acyclic and heteroyclic compounds containing tri- or pentavalent nitrogen would be a parent compound of choice for synthesizing novel repellents. Other molecular arrangements, spatial configurations and combinations of functional groups are compared.There were 123 active, interesting or promising compounds included in the 699 having K values of 85 or greater, which were selected for the barrier appraisal study. These chemicals were formulated in selective solvents at several concentrations and applied to burlap. Small foot bags were fashioned using the fabric impregnated with the candidate formulation, and exposed to rodent attack following storage periods of varying intervals. The results of these tests are listed in Table III. Again, those compounds containing nitrogen in the functional groupings indicated a high order of effectiveness. Several commercial patents covering rodent repellents were issued using the data from the food acceptance and barrier studies.Organizations and cooperators which supplied samples for the program are listed in Appendix I. The Wiswesser cipher for compounds in Table I is used in Appendix II to facilitate location of chemicals by sample code number as they appear under the index headings, and for computer storage and analysis.

  4. Relationships between chemical structure and rat repellency: II. compounds screened between 1950 and 1960

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Bowles, Walter A.; Adomaitis, V.A.; DeWitt, J.B.; Pratt, J.J.

    1974-01-01

    Over 4,600 compounds, chiefly organic types, were evaluated using both a food acceptance test (Part A) and a barrier penetration bioassay (Part B), to correlate relationships between chemical structure and rodent repellency. These chemicals are indexed and classified according to the functional groups present and to the degree of substitution within their molecular structures. The results of reduction in food consumption for each compound appraised are calculated and their K values listed in Table 1. The repellent activities of the functional groups represented, alone or in combinations, are expressed in Table II by a Functional Group Repellency Index.. A ranking of these indices suggests that acyclic and heteroyclic compounds containing tri- or pentavalent nitrogen would be a parent compound of choice for synthesizing novel repellents. Other molecular arrangements, spatial configurations and combinations of functional groups are compared. There were 123 active, interesting or promising compounds included in the 699 having K values of 85 or greater, which were selected for the barrier appraisal study. These chemicals were formulated in selective solvents at several concentrations and applied to burlap. Small food bags were fashioned using the fabric impregnated with the candidate formulation, and exposed to rodent attack following storage periods of varying intervals. The results of these tests are listed in Table III. Again, those compounds containing nitrogen in the functional groupings indicated a high order of effectiveness. Several commercial patents covering rodent repellents were issued using the data from the food acceptance and barrier studies. Organizations and cooperators which supplied samples for the program are listed in Appendix I. The Wiswesser cipher for compounds in Table I is used in Appendix II to facilitate location of chemicals by sample code number as they appear under the index headings, and for computer storage and analysis.

  5. Hand gesture recognition by analysis of codons

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ramachandra, Poornima; Shrikhande, Neelima

    2007-09-01

    The problem of recognizing gestures from images using computers can be approached by closely understanding how the human brain tackles it. A full fledged gesture recognition system will substitute mouse and keyboards completely. Humans can recognize most gestures by looking at the characteristic external shape or the silhouette of the fingers. Many previous techniques to recognize gestures dealt with motion and geometric features of hands. In this thesis gestures are recognized by the Codon-list pattern extracted from the object contour. All edges of an image are described in terms of sequence of Codons. The Codons are defined in terms of the relationship between maxima, minima and zeros of curvature encountered as one traverses the boundary of the object. We have concentrated on a catalog of 24 gesture images from the American Sign Language alphabet (Letter J and Z are ignored as they are represented using motion) [2]. The query image given as an input to the system is analyzed and tested against the Codon-lists, which are shape descriptors for external parts of a hand gesture. We have used the Weighted Frequency Indexing Transform (WFIT) approach which is used in DNA sequence matching for matching the Codon-lists. The matching algorithm consists of two steps: 1) the query sequences are converted to short sequences and are assigned weights and, 2) all the sequences of query gestures are pruned into match and mismatch subsequences by the frequency indexing tree based on the weights of the subsequences. The Codon sequences with the most weight are used to determine the most precise match. Once a match is found, the identified gesture and corresponding interpretation are shown as output.

  6. The contribution of direct patient reported ADRs to drug safety signals in the Netherlands from 2010 to 2015.

    PubMed

    van Hunsel, Florence; de Waal, Susan; Härmark, Linda

    2017-08-01

    The purpose of this study was to investigate the contribution of patient reports to signals sent by the Netherlands Pharmacovigilance Centre Lareb to the Dutch Medicines Evaluation Board and to determine if there are certain types of signals where patient report add a distinct contribution. All signals from 2010 until 2015 were included. First, we investigated how many patient reports were present in the signals and the characteristics of these reports compared to the health care professional and marketing authorization holders' reports. In addition to source, the analysis included ATC code of the drug, MedDRA® system organ class and preferred term for the adverse drug reaction (ADR), seriousness of the ADR, and 7 other factors like reports on over-the-counter medication, and how often an ADR listed in the important medical event terms list was present. Secondly, we determined the proportion of reports submitted by the individual groups to signals, in a cross-sectional manner. A total of 150 signals were included, including 1691 ADR reports. Our results show that 26.3% of all ADR reports in Dutch drug safety signals were reported by patients, and 30.5% of the patient reports in the signals contained one or more terms listed as important medical events. The proportion of reports by patients which were included the signals was 2% and 3.9% for health care professional reports and 0.2% for marketing authorization holders reports. Patients had an important contribution to signals overall, but especially for ADRs related to generic drug substitution and psychiatric ADRs. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  7. A Framework to Evaluate Wildlife Feeding in Research, Wildlife Management, Tourism and Recreation

    PubMed Central

    Dubois, Sara; Fraser, David

    2013-01-01

    Simple Summary Human feeding of wildlife is a world-wide phenomenon with very diverse effects on conservation, animal welfare and public safety. From a review of the motivations, types and consequences of wildlife feeding, an evaluative framework is presented to assist policy-makers, educators and managers to make ethical- and biologically-based decisions about the appropriateness of feeding wildlife in the context of research, wildlife management, tourism and recreation. Abstract Feeding of wildlife occurs in the context of research, wildlife management, tourism and in opportunistic ways. A review of examples shows that although feeding is often motivated by good intentions, it can lead to problems of public safety and conservation and be detrimental to the welfare of the animals. Examples from British Columbia illustrate the problems (nuisance animal activity, public safety risk) and consequences (culling, translocation) that often arise from uncontrolled feeding. Three features of wildlife feeding can be distinguished: the feasibility of control, the effects on conservation and the effects on animal welfare. An evaluative framework incorporating these three features was applied to examples of feeding from the literature. The cases of feeding for research and management purposes were generally found to be acceptable, while cases of feeding for tourism or opportunistic feeding were generally unacceptable. The framework should allow managers and policy-makers to distinguish acceptable from unacceptable forms of wildlife feeding as a basis for policy, public education and enforcement. Many harmful forms of wildlife feeding seem unlikely to change until they come to be seen as socially unacceptable. PMID:26479747

  8. Frequency and Acceptability of Adverse Events After Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion: A Survey Study From the Cervical Spine Research Society.

    PubMed

    Wilson, Jefferson R; Radcliff, Kris; Schroeder, Gregory; Booth, Madison; Lucasti, Christopher; Fehlings, Michael; Ahmad, Nassr; Vaccaro, Alexander; Arnold, Paul; Sciubba, Daniel; Ching, Alex; Smith, Justin; Shaffrey, Christopher; Singh, Kern; Darden, Bruce; Daffner, Scott; Cheng, Ivan; Ghogawala, Zoher; Ludwig, Steven; Buchowski, Jacob; Brodke, Darrel; Wang, Jeffrey; Lehman, Ronald A; Hilibrand, Alan; Yoon, Tim; Grauer, Jonathan; Dailey, Andrew; Steinmetz, Michael; Harrop, James S

    2018-06-01

    Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion has a low but well-established profile of adverse events. The goal of this study was to gauge surgeon opinion regarding the frequency and acceptability of these events. A 2-page survey was distributed to attendees at the 2015 Cervical Spine Research Society (CSRS) meeting. Respondents were asked to categorize 18 anterior cervical discectomy and fusion-related adverse events as either: "common and acceptable," "uncommon and acceptable," "uncommon and sometimes acceptable," or "uncommon and unacceptable." Results were compiled to generate the relative frequency of these responses for each complication. Responses for each complication event were also compared between respondents based on practice location (US vs. non-US), primary specialty (orthopedics vs. neurosurgery) and years in practice. Of 150 surveys distributed, 115 responses were received (76.7% response rate), with the majority of respondents found to be US-based (71.3%) orthopedic surgeons (82.6%). Wrong level surgery, esophageal injury, retained drain, and spinal cord injury were considered by most to be unacceptable and uncommon complications. Dysphagia and adjacent segment disease occurred most often, but were deemed acceptable complications. Although surgeon experience and primary specialty had little impact on responses, practice location was found to significantly influence responses for 12 of 18 complications, with non-US surgeons found to categorize events more toward the uncommon and unacceptable end of the spectrum as compared with US surgeons. These results serve to aid communication and transparency within the field of spine surgery, and will help to inform future quality improvement and best practice initiatives.

  9. Injury risk associated with ground hardness in junior cricket.

    PubMed

    Twomey, Dara M; White, Peta E; Finch, Caroline F

    2012-03-01

    To establish if there is an association between ground hardness and injury risk in junior cricket. Nested case-series of players who played matches on specific grounds with objective ground hardness measures, within a prospective cohort study of junior community club cricket players. Monitoring of injuries and playing exposure occurred during 434 matches over the 2007/2008 playing season. Objective assessment of the hardness of 38 grounds was undertaken using a Clegg hammer at 13 sites on 19 different junior cricket grounds on the match eve across the season. Hardness readings were classified from unacceptably low (<30 g) to unacceptably high (>120 g) and two independent raters assessed the likelihood of each injury being related to ground hardness. Injuries sustained on tested grounds were related to the ground hardness measures. Overall, 31 match injuries were reported; 6.5% were rated as likely to be related to ground hardness, 16.1% as possibly related and 74.2% as unlikely to be related and 3.2% unknown. The two injuries likely to be related to ground hardness were sustained whilst diving to catch a ball resulting, in a graze/laceration from contact with hard ground. Overall, 31/38 (82%) ground assessments were rated as having 'unacceptably high' hardness and all others as 'high/normal' hardness. Only one injury occurred on an objectively tested ground. It remains unclear if ground hardness is a contributing factor to the most common injury mechanism of being struck by the ball, and needs to be confirmed in future larger-scale studies. Copyright © 2011 Sports Medicine Australia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  10. Community attitudes toward breastfeeding in public places among Western Australia Adults, 1995-2009.

    PubMed

    Meng, Xingqiong; Daly, Alison; Pollard, Christina Mary; Binns, Colin William

    2013-05-01

    Community attitudes toward breastfeeding in public influence how comfortable women feel about continuing breastfeeding. Knowledge of the social context helps target breastfeeding-promoting interventions. To examine trends in Western Australian adult attitudes toward breastfeeding in public places. As part of 5 cross-sectional surveys from the Western Australian Nutrition Monitor Survey Series conducted between 1995 and 2009, 5496 adults aged 18 to 64 years were asked whether it was acceptable for mothers to breastfeed their babies in public places, including shopping centers, workplaces, and restaurants, and on public transport. Descriptive statistics and multinomial regressions were used to describe factors associated with attitudes toward publicly breastfeeding. There was no change in the acceptance of breastfeeding in shopping centers, restaurants, and workplaces and on public transport over time, but in 2009, significantly fewer people said that it was unacceptable to breastfeed in public compared with 1995. Women, people older than 44 years, those born outside Australia, and the less educated were those most likely to say that breastfeeding in public was unacceptable. In the years that the question was asked, more than 97% of respondents said that breastfeeding was acceptable if a separate room was provided. Making breastfeeding acceptable and pleasant for mothers in public spaces is a key policy recommendation. Women, people older than 44 years, and those born outside Australia were most likely to respond that breastfeeding in public was unacceptable unless a room was provided. Given that, on average, 70% of the population said that breastfeeding in public was acceptable, investigation into why some women do not think so is warranted.

  11. Bias due to Preanalytical Dilution of Rodent Serum for Biochemical Analysis on the Siemens Dimension Xpand Plus

    PubMed Central

    Johns, Jennifer L.; Moorhead, Kaitlin A.; Hu, Jing; Moorhead, Roberta C.

    2018-01-01

    Clinical pathology testing of rodents is often challenging due to insufficient sample volume. One solution in clinical veterinary and exploratory research environments is dilution of samples prior to analysis. However, published information on the impact of preanalytical sample dilution on rodent biochemical data is incomplete. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of preanalytical sample dilution on biochemical analysis of mouse and rat serum samples utilizing the Siemens Dimension Xpand Plus. Rats were obtained from end of study research projects. Mice were obtained from sentinel testing programs. For both, whole blood was collected via terminal cardiocentesis into empty tubes and serum was harvested. Biochemical parameters were measured on fresh and thawed frozen samples run straight and at dilution factors 2–10. Dilutions were performed manually, utilizing either ultrapure water or enzyme diluent per manufacturer recommendations. All diluted samples were generated directly from the undiluted sample. Preanalytical dilution caused clinically unacceptable bias in most analytes at dilution factors four and above. Dilution-induced bias in total calcium, creatinine, total bilirubin, and uric acid was considered unacceptable with any degree of dilution, based on the more conservative of two definitions of acceptability. Dilution often caused electrolyte values to fall below assay range precluding evaluation of bias. Dilution-induced bias occurred in most biochemical parameters to varying degrees and may render dilution unacceptable in the exploratory research and clinical veterinary environments. Additionally, differences between results obtained at different dilution factors may confound statistical comparisons in research settings. Comparison of data obtained at a single dilution factor is highly recommended. PMID:29497614

  12. A Comparison of Spectacles Purchased Online and in UK Optometry Practice.

    PubMed

    Alderson, Alison J; Green, Alison; Whitaker, David; Scally, Andrew J; Elliott, David B

    2016-10-01

    To compare spectacles bought online with spectacles from optometry practices. Thirty-three participants consisting of single vision spectacle wearers with either a low (N = 12, mean age 34 ± 14 years) or high prescription (N = 11, mean age 28 ± 9 years) and 10 presbyopic participants (mean age 59 ± 4 years) wearing progressive addition lenses (PALs) purchased 154 pairs of spectacles online and 154 from UK optometry practices. The spectacles were compared via participant-reported preference, acceptability, and safety; the assessment of lens, frame, and fit quality; and the accuracy of the lens prescriptions to international standard ISO 21987:2009. Participants preferred the practice spectacles (median ranking 4th, IQR 1-6) more than online (6th, IQR 4-8; Mann-Whitney U = 7345, p < 0.001) and practice PALs (median ranking 2nd, IQR 1-4) were particularly preferred (online 6.5th, IQR 4-9, Mann-Whitney U = 455, p < 0.001). Of those deemed unacceptable and unsafe, significantly more were bought online (unacceptable: online 43/154 vs. practice 15/154, Fisher's exact p = 0.0001; unsafe: online 14/154 vs. practice 5/154, Fisher's exact p = 0.03). Participants preferred spectacles from optometry practice rather than those bought online, despite lens quality and prescription accuracy being similar. A greater number of online spectacles were deemed unsafe or unacceptable because of poor spectacle frame fit, poor cosmetic appearance, and inaccurate optical centration. This seems particularly pertinent to PAL lenses, which are known to increase falls risk. Recommendations are made to improve both forms of spectacle provision.

  13. 24 CFR 51.102 - Responsibilities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... areas and advise local officials, developers, and planning groups of the unacceptability of sites... the suitability of the acoustical environment of proposed projects; (2) Notify applicants of any... acceptability standards in commenting on the prospective impacts of transportation facilities and other noise...

  14. 24 CFR 51.102 - Responsibilities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... areas and advise local officials, developers, and planning groups of the unacceptability of sites... the suitability of the acoustical environment of proposed projects; (2) Notify applicants of any... acceptability standards in commenting on the prospective impacts of transportation facilities and other noise...

  15. Time out

    MedlinePlus

    ... but no more than 5 minutes. Once your child shows bad behavior, explain clearly what the unacceptable behavior is, and ... a grudge -- let the issue go. Since your child has done the time out, there is no need to continue to discuss the bad behavior.

  16. Railroad right-of-way incident analysis research.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2011-04-01

    Locations of railroad right-of-way incidents in this research were identified as hotspots. These can be defined as highway-rail grade crossings or locations along the railroad right-of-way where collision or trespassing risk is unacceptably high and ...

  17. Analysis of en route operational errors : probability of resolution and time-on-position.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2012-02-01

    The Federation Administrations Air Traffic Control Organization Safety Management System (SMS) is : designed to prevent the introduction of unacceptable safety risk into the National Airspace System. One of the : most important safety metrics used...

  18. 2002 Safety in Numbers Conference

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2002-01-09

    We are all here today because there are too many people being killed as a result of : transportation incidents. In 2000, there were more than 44,000 transportation-related deaths. : That number is unacceptable and it makes the Safety Data Initiative ...

  19. JPRS Report, West Europe.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1987-08-12

    Isleifur Gunnarsson, Thorsteinn Palsson, Fridrik Sophusson, Fridjon Thordarson , Ellert Schräm and Thorvaldur Gardar Kristjansson. They received from three...Fridjon Thordarson and Eggert Haukdal, agreed with that view that the share of the regions was unacceptable. Matthias Bjarnason only said that he

  20. Tobacco control environment: cross-sectional survey of policy implementation, social unacceptability, knowledge of tobacco health harms and relationship to quit ratio in 17 low-income, middle-income and high-income countries

    PubMed Central

    Corsi, Daniel J; Gilmore, Anna B; Kruger, Annamarie; Igumbor, Ehimario; Chifamba, Jephat; Yang, Wang; Wei, Li; Iqbal, Romaina; Mony, Prem; Gupta, Rajeev; Vijayakumar, Krishnapillai; Mohan, V; Kumar, Rajesh; Rahman, Omar; Yusoff, Khalid; Ismail, Noorhassim; Zatonska, Katarzyna; Altuntas, Yuksel; Rosengren, Annika; Bahonar, Ahmad; Yusufali, AfzalHussein; Dagenais, Gilles; Lear, Scott; Diaz, Rafael; Avezum, Alvaro; Lopez-Jaramillo, Patricio; Lanas, Fernando; Rangarajan, Sumathy; Teo, Koon; McKee, Martin; Yusuf, Salim

    2017-01-01

    Objectives This study examines in a cross-sectional study ‘the tobacco control environment’ including tobacco policy implementation and its association with quit ratio. Setting 545 communities from 17 high-income, upper-middle, low-middle and low-income countries (HIC, UMIC, LMIC, LIC) involved in the Environmental Profile of a Community's Health (EPOCH) study from 2009 to 2014. Participants Community audits and surveys of adults (35–70 years, n=12 953). Primary and secondary outcome measures Summary scores of tobacco policy implementation (cost and availability of cigarettes, tobacco advertising, antismoking signage), social unacceptability and knowledge were associated with quit ratios (former vs ever smokers) using multilevel logistic regression models. Results Average tobacco control policy score was greater in communities from HIC. Overall 56.1% (306/545) of communities had >2 outlets selling cigarettes and in 28.6% (154/539) there was access to cheap cigarettes (<5cents/cigarette) (3.2% (3/93) in HIC, 0% UMIC, 52.6% (90/171) LMIC and 40.4% (61/151) in LIC). Effective bans (no tobacco advertisements) were in 63.0% (341/541) of communities (81.7% HIC, 52.8% UMIC, 65.1% LMIC and 57.6% LIC). In 70.4% (379/538) of communities, >80% of participants disapproved youth smoking (95.7% HIC, 57.6% UMIC, 76.3% LMIC and 58.9% LIC). The average knowledge score was >80% in 48.4% of communities (94.6% HIC, 53.6% UMIC, 31.8% LMIC and 35.1% LIC). Summary scores of policy implementation, social unacceptability and knowledge were positively and significantly associated with quit ratio and the associations varied by gender, for example, communities in the highest quintile of the combined scores had 5.0 times the quit ratio in men (Odds ratio (OR) 5·0, 95% CI 3.4 to 7.4) and 4.1 times the quit ratio in women (OR 4.1, 95% CI 2.4 to 7.1). Conclusions This study suggests that more focus is needed on ensuring the tobacco control policy is actually implemented, particularly in LMICs. The gender-related differences in associations of policy, social unacceptability and knowledge suggest that different strategies to promoting quitting may need to be implemented in men compared to women. PMID:28363924

  1. Do we know how to reconcile preservation of landscapes with adaptation of agriculture to climate change? A case-study in a hilly area in Southern Italy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Menenti, Massimo; Alfieri, Silvia; Basile, Angelo; Bonfante, Antonello; Monaco, Eugenia; Riccardi, Maria; De Lorenzi, Francesca

    2013-04-01

    Limited impacts of climate change on agricultural yields are unlikely to induce any significant changes in current landscapes. Larger impacts, unacceptable on economic or social ground, are likely to trigger interventions towards adaptation of agricultural production systems by reducing or removing vulnerabilities to climate variability and change. Such interventions may require a transition to a different production system, i.e. complete substitution of current crops, or displacement of current crops at their current location towards other locations, e.g. at higher elevations within the landscape. We have assessed the impacts of climate change and evaluated options for adaptation of a valley in Southern Italy, dominated by vine and olive orchards with a significant presence of wheat. We have first estimated the climatic requirements of several varieties for each dominant species. Next, to identify options for adaptation we have evaluated the compatibility of such requirements with indicators of a reference (current) climate and of future climate. This climate - compatibility assessment was done for each soil unit within the valley, leading to maps of locations where each crop is expected to be compatible with climate. This leads to identify both potential crop substitutions within the entire valley and crop displacements from one location to another within the valley. Two climate scenarios were considered: reference (1961-90) and future (2021-2050) climate, the former from climatic statistics, and the latter from statistical downscaling of general circulation models (AOGCM). Climatic data consists of daily time series of maximum and minimum temperature, and daily rainfall on a grid with a spatial resolution of 35 km. We evaluated the adaptive capacity of the "Valle Telesina" (Campania Region, Southern Italy). A mechanistic model of water flow in the soil-plant-atmosphere system (SWAP) was used to describe the hydrological conditions in response to climate for each soil unit. Crop-specific input data and model parameters were estimated on the basis of local experiments and of scientific literature and assumed to be generically representative of the species. Time series of MODIS TIR data were used to downscale gridded climate data on air temperature for both the reference and the future climate. The results indicate that no complete crop substitution will be required within this time frame, i.e. the Valle Telesina will preserve its typical landscape features of a vine - olive orchards dominated production system, typical of many regions in Mediterranean Europe. On the other hand very significant crop displacements will be necessary to grow each variety under optimal hydrothermal conditions, from the point of view of both quantity and quality of yield. The work was carried out within the Italian national project AGROSCENARI funded by the Ministry for Agricultural, Food and Forest Policies (MIPAAF, D.M. 8608/7303/2008)

  2. Effects of lattice parameters on piezoelectric constants in wurtzite materials: A theoretical study using first-principles and statistical-learning methods

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Momida, Hiroyoshi; Oguchi, Tamio

    2018-04-01

    Longitudinal piezoelectric constant (e 33) values of wurtzite materials, which are listed in a structure database, are calculated and analyzed by using first-principles and statistical learning methods. It is theoretically shown that wurtzite materials with high e 33 generally have small lattice constant ratios (c/a) almost independent of constituent elements, and approximately expressed as e 33 ∝ c/a - (c/a)0 with ideal lattice constant ratio (c/a)0. This relation also holds for highly-piezoelectric ternary materials such as Sc x Al1- x N. We conducted a search for high-piezoelectric wurtzite materials by identifying materials with smaller c/a values. It is proposed that the piezoelectricity of ZnO can be significantly enhanced by substitutions of Zn with Ca.

  3. Design of New-Generation Open-Graded Friction Courses (Revised)

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1999-12-01

    Open-graded friction course (OGFC) has been used by several state departments of transportation (DOT) since 1950. While many DOTs report good performance, many other states stopped using OGFC due to unacceptable performance and/or lack of adequate du...

  4. Improving Public Health through Innovations in Exposure Science

    EPA Science Inventory

    In the traditional risk assessment paradigm, exposure science is relegated to a supporting role, providing an exposure estimate for comparison with hazard-based guidance values to determine whether there may be an unacceptable risk to public health. More recently, exposure scien...

  5. Framing bioremediation decision making as negotiation: Rationale & guidelineFraming bioremediation decision making as negotiation: Rationale & guidelines

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Bjornstad, David J.; Wolfe, Amy K.

    Framing remediation decision making as negotiation: (1) social choice, not technology choice; (2) prompts decision makers to identify interested and affected parties, anticipate objections, effectively address and ameliorate objections, and avoid unacceptable decisions.

  6. HiveScience: A Citizen Science Project for Beekeepers##

    EPA Science Inventory

    Over the past decade, beekeepers have been experiencing unacceptably high colony losses while the demand for insect-pollinated crops has tripled during the same time period. Underscoring the need to develop reliable methods for predicting colony health, the United States Departme...

  7. 77 FR 38211 - Rescission of Quarterly Financial Reporting Requirements

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-06-27

    ... No. FMCSA-2012-0020] RIN-2126-AB48 Rescission of Quarterly Financial Reporting Requirements AGENCY..., the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) eliminates the quarterly financial reporting... would be ineffective or unacceptable without a change. III. Background Annual Financial Reporting...

  8. New Bedford Harbor Long Term Monitoring Program

    EPA Science Inventory

    New Bedford Harbor (NBH), located in southeastern Massachusetts, was designated as a Superfund site in 1983 due to unacceptably high levels of sediment contamination by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Based on human health and environmental concerns, the decision was made to d...

  9. Performing the lockout/tagout risk assessment.

    PubMed

    Wallace, W Jon

    2007-03-01

    Lockout/tagout provides the greatest level routine, repetitive, and integral to the production process, a risk assessment should be performed. If the task performed poses an unacceptable risk, acceptable risk reduction methods should be implemented to reduce the risk to acceptable levels.

  10. Clean Water Act Section 404(c) Factsheet

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    404(c) authorizes EPA to restrict, prohibit, deny, or withdraw the use of an area as a disposal site for dredged or fill material if the discharge will have unacceptable adverse effects on municipal water supplies, shellfish beds, fishery areas, etc.

  11. Gender differences in a refractive surgery population of civilian aviators : final report.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2000-07-01

    INTRODUCTION. Refractive surgical procedures performed in the United States have increased in recent years and : continued growth is projected. Postoperative side effects can affect the quality of vision and may be unacceptable in a : cockpit environ...

  12. Gender differences in a refractive surgery population of civilian aviators : final report.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2000-07-01

    INTRODUCTION. Refractive surgical procedures performed in the United States have increased in recent years and continued growth is projected. Postoperative side effects can affect the quality of vision and may be unacceptable in a cockpit environment...

  13. EVALUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL EFFICACY FOR CONTROL OF STACHYBOTRYS CHARTARUM

    EPA Science Inventory

    Biological contaminants in buildings are known to act as sources of indoor air pollution, discomfort, asthma and pulmonary disease to building occupants, Sick buildings are evidence of extremely problematic indoor air quality (lAO) often resulting from unacceptable concentration...

  14. GEOCHEMICAL AND INTERFACIAL APPLICATIONS FOR ASSESSING ECOLOGICAL TOXICANT EXPOSURES

    EPA Science Inventory

    Numerous publications in the past several years have demonstrated that a significant fraction of our nation's waterbodies and associated underlying sediments contain sufficient quantities of contaminants such that they pose unacceptable risks to both wildlife and human health. I...

  15. 40 CFR 141.21 - Coliform sampling.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... water) with the intent that if the method they choose has an unacceptable false-positive or negative...), supplemented with 100 µg/mL of MUG. If the 18th edition is used, incubate the agar plate at 35 °C for 4 hours...

  16. 40 CFR 141.21 - Coliform sampling.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... water) with the intent that if the method they choose has an unacceptable false-positive or negative...), supplemented with 100 µg/mL of MUG. If the 18th edition is used, incubate the agar plate at 35 °C for 4 hours...

  17. 40 CFR 141.21 - Coliform sampling.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... water) with the intent that if the method they choose has an unacceptable false-positive or negative...), supplemented with 100 µg/mL of MUG. If the 18th edition is used, incubate the agar plate at 35 °C for 4 hours...

  18. Addressing Uncertainty in Fecal Indicator Bacteria Dark Inactivation Rates

    EPA Science Inventory

    Fecal contamination is a leading cause of surface water quality degradation. Roughly 20% of all total maximum daily load assessments approved by the United States Environmental Protection Agency since 1995, for example, address water bodies with unacceptably high fecal indicator...

  19. THERMODYNAMIC REACTION CONSTANTS FOR MODELING AQUEOUS ENVIRONMENTAL MERCURY SPECIATION

    EPA Science Inventory

    Unacceptably high fish tissue mercury residues are responsible for the majority of fish consumption advisories issued in 48 states of the United States of America. Mercury also has emerged as a transboundary contaminant of global concern. Although monomethylmercury is generally...

  20. The effect of methamphetamine and heroin price on polydrug use: A behavioural economics analysis in Sydney, Australia.

    PubMed

    Chalmers, Jenny; Bradford, Deborah; Jones, Craig

    2010-09-01

    A key aim of supply-side drug law enforcement is to reduce drug use by increasing the retail price of drugs. Since most illicit drug users are polydrug users the effectiveness of this strategy depends on the extent to which drug users reduce their overall consumption of drugs. The literature shows that drug users do reduce their consumption of a drug when its price increases. However the extent of that decrease and the implications for the use of other drugs vary across studies. A sample of 101 Australian methamphetamine users was surveyed using a behavioural economics approach. Participants were given a hypothetical fixed drug budget, presented with a range of drug price lists and asked how many units of each drug they would purchase. Methamphetamine and heroin prices were varied independently across trials. While demand for both methamphetamine and heroin was found to be price elastic, elasticity estimates were influenced by the nature of participants' drug dependence. The group least responsive to changes in methamphetamine price were those dependent only on methamphetamine, while the group most responsive were dependent only on heroin. Similar findings emerged in relation to changes in heroin price. Cross-price elasticity analysis showed limited substitution into other drugs as the price of methamphetamine increased. In contrast, for heroin, there was significant substitution into pharmaceutical opioids and to a lesser extent, benzodiazepines and methamphetamine. However, for the most part, the decreases in methamphetamine or heroin consumption outweighed any substitution into other drugs. The reduction in overall drug consumption and expenditure in response to price increases in heroin and methamphetamine observed in this sample lend support to supply-side enforcement strategies that aim to increase retail drug price. Notably, this analysis highlights the importance of accounting for the nature of users' drug dependence in estimating price responsiveness. Copyright 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  1. [Prioritizing prescriptions in a ambulatory care setting: a tool to achieve appropriateness of care in public health management].

    PubMed

    Semeraro, V; Zantedeschi, E; Pasquarella, A; Guerrera, C; Guasticchi, G

    2012-01-01

    Waiting lists are one of the main Public Health issues within developed countries. To promote appropriateness about General Practitioners' (GPs) prescriptions, during 2009 the project "Priority setting in outpatient prescriptions" in Latium Region has been approved. Regional referees, Latium Public Health Agency managers and advisors, managers and advisors of three Local Public Health Units (LPHUs) within the Latium region and some voluntarily recruited General Practitioners (each one with more than 800 patients enrolled) were included in a team work with the duty to develop the project. During two selected months of 2010, 46 GPs have forwarded overall 2.229 medical prescriptions. The six most numerous prescriptions were picked out and analyzed by the team work. 42% of these prescriptions were identified as belonging to category D of the priority level--"standard", while 42% and 41% of prescriptions bore the expressions of "control" and "diagnostic purpose" respectively. Among these ones, 75% were represented by bilateral mammography, prescribed to women aged between 50 and 69 years: but for those people bilateral mammography is already provided free of charge within the regional program of breast cancer screening, making the routine prescription by their physician a useless duplication, unacceptable in a healthcare system of good quality. Therefore at the conclusion of the project, the team work suggests proper standards be applied by healthcare professionals and GPs to achieve a significant objective: mammography appropriateness prescriptions.

  2. Clarification of Institutional Controls at the Rocky Flats Site Central Operable Unit and Implementation of the Soil Disturbance Review Plan - 13053

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    DiSalvo, Rick; Surovchak, Scott; Spreng, Carl

    2013-07-01

    Cleanup and closure of DOE's Rocky Flats Site in Colorado, which was placed on the CERCLA National Priority List in 1989, was accomplished under CERCLA, RCRA, and the Colorado Hazardous Waste Act (CHWA). The physical cleanup work was completed in late 2005 and all buildings and other structures that composed the Rocky Flats industrial complex were removed from the surface, but remnants remain in the subsurface. Other remaining features include two landfills closed in place with covers, four groundwater treatment systems, and surface water and groundwater monitoring systems. Under the 2006 Corrective Action Decision/Record of Decision for Rocky Flats Plantmore » (US DOE) Peripheral Operable Unit and the Central Operable Unit (CAD/ROD), the response actions selected for the Central Operable Unit (OU) are institutional controls (ICs), physical controls, and continued monitoring and maintenance. The objectives of these ICs were to prevent unacceptable exposure to remaining subsurface contamination and to prevent contaminants from mobilizing to surface water and to prevent interfering with the proper functioning of the engineered components of the remedy. An amendment in 2011 of the 2006 CAD/ROD clarified the ICs to prevent misinterpretation that would prohibit work to manage and maintain the Central OU property. The 2011 amendment incorporated a protocol for a Soil Disturbance Review Plan for work subject to ICs that requires approval from the State and public notification by DOE prior to conducting approved soil-disturbing work. (authors)« less

  3. Design, Construction, and Performance of New-generation Open-graded Friction Courses

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2000-04-01

    Open-graded friction course (OGFC) has been used by several state departments of transportation (DOT) since 1950. While many DOTs report good performance, many other states stopped using OGFC due to unacceptable performance and/or lack of adequate du...

  4. STREAM RESTORATION STRATEGIES FOR REDUCING RIVER NITROGEN LOADS

    EPA Science Inventory

    Despite decades of work implementing agricultural and urban best management practices to reduce the movement of excess nitrogen (N) from the land to aquatic ecosystems, the amount of N moving down streams and rivers remains unacceptably high in many watersheds. During this same ...

  5. Psychology's Contributions to Classroom Management

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Little, Steven G.; Akin-Little, Angeleque

    2008-01-01

    Classroom management (CRM) has been associated with discipline, control, or other terms that connote reducing unacceptable student behavior. However, CRM involves not merely responding effectively when problems occur, but also preventing problems from occurring by creating environments that encourage learning and appropriate behavior. Teachers'…

  6. Templates Aid Removal Of Defects From Castings

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Hendrickson, Robert G.

    1992-01-01

    Templates used to correlate defects in castings with local wall thicknesses. Placed on part to be inspected after coated with penetrant dye. Positions of colored spots (indicative of defects) noted. Ultrasonic inspector measures thickness of wall at unacceptable defects only - overall inspection not necessary.

  7. How to Curb the Dropout Rate.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Vallejo, M. Edmund

    1987-01-01

    Although the Pueblo (Colorado) School District's student dropout rate compares favorably with national and state data, the community found the disproportionate number of Hispanic dropouts unacceptable. This article describes the district's efforts to reorganize staff, strengthen existing programs, and institute teen mother, inhouse suspension,…

  8. DEVELOPMENT, DESIGN AND CONSUMER TESTING OF MARKETABLE RESIDENTIAL LED LIGHT LUMINAIRES

    EPA Science Inventory

    Developing marketable LED luminaires poses challenges, even though LEDs are energy-efficient and an ecological alternative to conventionally lighting. Challenges include: perceptions that the color rendition of LEDs is unacceptable to the public; numbers of LEDs must be grou...

  9. 24 CFR 1000.428 - For what reasons may HUD disapprove an application or approve an application for an amount less...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... following reasons: (a) HUD determines that the guarantee constitutes an unacceptable risk. Factors that will be considered in assessing financial risk shall include, but not be limited to, the following: (1...

  10. 24 CFR 1000.428 - For what reasons may HUD disapprove an application or approve an application for an amount less...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... following reasons: (a) HUD determines that the guarantee constitutes an unacceptable risk. Factors that will be considered in assessing financial risk shall include, but not be limited to, the following: (1...

  11. 14 CFR 33.78 - Rain and hail ingestion.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ....78 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: AIRCRAFT ENGINES Design and Construction; Turbine Aircraft Engines § 33.78 Rain and... aircraft operating in rough air, with the engine at maximum continuous power, may not cause unacceptable...

  12. 5 CFR 432.103 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... performance above “unacceptable” in the critical element(s) at issue. (b) Critical element means a work... to the work. (h) Unacceptable performance means performance of an employee that fails to meet... Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT CIVIL SERVICE REGULATIONS PERFORMANCE BASED REDUCTION IN...

  13. 7 CFR 1753.1 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... unacceptable loan security risks to RUS. (4) The P&S or contract have been modified. (e) The requirements and... Telecommunications Loan Documents contain provisions regarding procurement of materials and equipment and... and procedures whenever using loan funds to purchase materials and equipment or perform construction...

  14. 7 CFR 1737.41 - Procedure for obtaining approval.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... RUS financing. (3) The proposed interim financing presents unacceptable loan security risks to RUS, or..., DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PRE-LOAN POLICIES AND PROCEDURES COMMON TO INSURED AND GUARANTEED TELECOMMUNICATIONS LOANS Interim Financing of Construction of Telephone Facilities § 1737.41 Procedure for obtaining...

  15. 48 CFR 25.504 - Evaluation Examples.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... PROGRAMS FOREIGN ACQUISITION Evaluating Foreign Offers-Supply Contracts 25.504 Evaluation Examples. The... examples assume that the contracting officer has eliminated all offers that are unacceptable for reasons... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Evaluation Examples. 25...

  16. 47 CFR 25.273 - Duties regarding space communications transmissions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... angles for proper illumination of a given transponder. (c) Space station licensees are responsible for.... Based on this information, space station licensees shall exchange among themselves general technical... any potential cases of unacceptable interference between their satellite systems. (d) Space stations...

  17. 47 CFR 25.273 - Duties regarding space communications transmissions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... angles for proper illumination of a given transponder. (c) Space station licensees are responsible for.... Based on this information, space station licensees shall exchange among themselves general technical... any potential cases of unacceptable interference between their satellite systems. (d) Space stations...

  18. 47 CFR 25.273 - Duties regarding space communications transmissions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... angles for proper illumination of a given transponder. (c) Space station licensees are responsible for.... Based on this information, space station licensees shall exchange among themselves general technical... any potential cases of unacceptable interference between their satellite systems. (d) Space stations...

  19. 47 CFR 25.273 - Duties regarding space communications transmissions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... angles for proper illumination of a given transponder. (c) Space station licensees are responsible for.... Based on this information, space station licensees shall exchange among themselves general technical... any potential cases of unacceptable interference between their satellite systems. (d) Space stations...

  20. The microbiological safety of ready-to-eat specialty meats from markets and specialty food shops: a UK wide study with a focus on Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes.

    PubMed

    Gormley, F J; Little, C L; Grant, K A; de Pinna, E; McLauchlin, J

    2010-04-01

    From 2359 specialty meats (continental sausages, cured/fermented, dried meats) sampled from markets and specialty food shops, 98.9% of samples were of satisfactory or acceptable microbiological quality. However, 16 (0.7%) were unsatisfactory as a result of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus or Listeria spp. contamination (>or=10(2) CFU/g), and nine (0.4%) were unacceptable due to presence of Salmonella spp. or Listeria monocytogenes (>10(2) CFU/g). Meats with unacceptable levels of L. monocytogenes were within shelf life (range: 8-143 days remaining). Nine different subtypes of L. monocytogenes were detected with sero/AFLP type 1/2c VII predominating (37%), although this subtype was not overrepresented in any particular meat type (P > 0.05). Ninety-six percent of continental sausages and cured/fermented products were stored at <8 degrees C at premises, including seven of the nine unacceptable samples. These nine meats were all pre-packed prior to supply to retail premises (OR = 0.1 P = 0.003) indicating that contamination with bacterial pathogens occurred earlier in the production chain. Most samples (72.7%, 8/11) with unsatisfactory levels of E. coli were sliced on request, suggesting cross-contamination at point of sale. This study highlights the importance of ensuring that products do not become contaminated before final packaging, that storage conditions are controlled, and that durability dates are an accurate indication of the shelf life of the product so as to minimise the potential for L. monocytogenes to be present at levels hazardous to health at the point of sale.

  1. The case against libertarian arguments for compulsory vaccination.

    PubMed

    Bernstein, Justin

    2017-11-01

    In a recent paper in this journal, Jason Brennan correctly notes that libertarians struggle to justify a policy of compulsory vaccination. The most straightforward argument that justifies compulsory vaccination is that such a policy promotes welfare. But libertarians cannot make this argument because they claim that the state is justified only in protecting negative rights, not in promoting welfare. I consider two representative libertarian attempts to justify compulsory vaccination, and I argue that such arguments are unsuccessful. They either fail to show that the state is justified in implementing the policy or overgeneralise. I suggest that Brennan's solution is especially well motivated insofar as it addresses the shortcomings of these arguments. Brennan argues that we violate the rights of others by participating in an activity that imposes an unacceptable collective risk of harm. Going unvaccinated is an activity that imposes an unacceptable collective risk of harm, and thus amounts to a rights violation. So, the state can implement a policy of compulsory vaccination I object, however, that Brennan's delineation of acceptable and unacceptable risk implicitly rests on classical liberal rather than libertarian principles; he justifies compulsory vaccination on the grounds that it promotes welfare. I also object that Brennan's argument would entail significant departures from libertarian institutional arrangements. This leaves libertarians with a choice: they can develop new arguments to demonstrate that their position is compatible with compulsory vaccination, or they can accept that their view entails the impermissibility of compulsory vaccination, and argue that this is not an unpalatable implication of their view. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/.

  2. A Comparison of Spectacles Purchased Online and in UK Optometry Practice

    PubMed Central

    Alderson, Alison J.; Green, Alison; Whitaker, David; Scally, Andrew J.; Elliott, David B.

    2016-01-01

    ABSTRACT Purpose To compare spectacles bought online with spectacles from optometry practices. Methods Thirty-three participants consisting of single vision spectacle wearers with either a low (N = 12, mean age 34 ± 14 years) or high prescription (N = 11, mean age 28 ± 9 years) and 10 presbyopic participants (mean age 59 ± 4 years) wearing progressive addition lenses (PALs) purchased 154 pairs of spectacles online and 154 from UK optometry practices. The spectacles were compared via participant-reported preference, acceptability, and safety; the assessment of lens, frame, and fit quality; and the accuracy of the lens prescriptions to international standard ISO 21987:2009. Results Participants preferred the practice spectacles (median ranking 4th, IQR 1–6) more than online (6th, IQR 4–8; Mann-Whitney U = 7345, p < 0.001) and practice PALs (median ranking 2nd, IQR 1–4) were particularly preferred (online 6.5th, IQR 4–9, Mann-Whitney U = 455, p < 0.001). Of those deemed unacceptable and unsafe, significantly more were bought online (unacceptable: online 43/154 vs. practice 15/154, Fisher’s exact p = 0.0001; unsafe: online 14/154 vs. practice 5/154, Fisher’s exact p = 0.03). Conclusions Participants preferred spectacles from optometry practice rather than those bought online, despite lens quality and prescription accuracy being similar. A greater number of online spectacles were deemed unsafe or unacceptable because of poor spectacle frame fit, poor cosmetic appearance, and inaccurate optical centration. This seems particularly pertinent to PAL lenses, which are known to increase falls risk. Recommendations are made to improve both forms of spectacle provision. PMID:27536974

  3. Effect of smoking regulations in local restaurants on smokers' anti‐smoking attitudes and quitting behaviours

    PubMed Central

    Albers, Alison B; Siegel, Michael; Cheng, Debbie M; Biener, Lois; Rigotti, Nancy A

    2007-01-01

    Objective To examine the effect of smoking regulations in local restaurants on anti‐smoking attitudes and quitting behaviours among adult smokers. Design Hierarchical linear modelling (HLM) was used to assess the relationship between baseline strength of town‐level restaurant smoking regulation and follow‐up (1) perceptions of the social acceptability of smoking and (2) quitting behaviours. Setting Each of the 351 Massachusetts towns was classified as having strong (complete smoking ban) or weak (all other and no smoking restrictions) restaurant smoking regulations. Subjects 1712 adult smokers of Massachusetts aged ⩾18 years at baseline who were interviewed via random‐digit‐dial telephone survey in 2001–2 and followed up 2 years later. Main outcome measures Perceived social acceptability of smoking in restaurants and bars, and making a quit attempt and quitting smoking. Results Among adult smokers who had made a quit attempt at baseline, living in a town with a strong regulation was associated with a threefold increase in the odds of making a quit attempt at follow‐up (OR = 3.12; 95% CI 1.51 to 6.44). Regulation was found to have no effect on cessation at follow‐up. A notable, although marginal, effect of regulation was observed for perceiving smoking in bars as socially unacceptable only among smokers who reported at baseline that smoking in bars was socially unacceptable. Conclusions Although local restaurant smoking regulations did not increase smoking cessation rates, they did increase the likelihood of making a quit attempt among smokers who had previously tried to quit, and seem to reinforce anti‐social smoking norms among smokers who already viewed smoking in bars as socially unacceptable. PMID:17400947

  4. Predicting children's behaviour during dental treatment under oral sedation.

    PubMed

    Lourenço-Matharu, L; Papineni McIntosh, A; Lo, J W

    2016-06-01

    The primary aim of this study was to assess whether parents' own anxiety and their perception of their child's dental fear and child's general fear can predict preoperatively their child's behaviour during dental treatment under oral sedation. The secondary aim was to assess whether the child's age, gender and ASA classification grade are associated with a child's behaviour under oral sedation. Cross-sectional prospective study. The Corah's Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS), Children's Fear Survey Schedule Dental-Subscale (CFSS-DS) and Children's Fear Survey Schedule Short-Form (CFSS-SF) questionnaires were completed by parents of children undergoing dental treatment with oral midazolam. Behaviour was rated by a single clinician using the overall behaviour section of the Houpt-Scale and scores dichotomised into acceptable or unacceptable behaviour. Data were analysed using χ (2), t test and logistic regression analysis. In total 404 children (215 girls, 53 %) were included, with the mean age of 4.57 years, SD = 1.9. Behaviour was scored as acceptable in 336 (83 %) and unacceptable in 68 (17 %) children. The level of a child's dental fear, as perceived by their parent, was significantly associated with the behaviour outcome (p = 0.001). Logistic regression analysis revealed that if the parentally perceived child's dental fear (CFSS-DS) rating was high, the odds of the child exhibiting unacceptable behaviour under oral sedation was two times greater than if their parents scored them a low dental fear rating (OR 2.27, 95 % CI 1.33-3.88, p = 0.003). CFSS-DS may be used preoperatively to help predict behaviour outcome when children are treated under oral sedation and facilitate treatment planning.

  5. Rendering hospital budgets volume based and open ended to reduce waiting lists: does it work?

    PubMed

    van de Vijsel, Aart R; Engelfriet, Peter M; Westert, Gert P

    2011-04-01

    In the past decades fixed budgets for hospitals were replaced by reimbursement based on outputs in several countries in order to bring down waiting lists. This was also the case in the Netherlands where fixed global budgets were replaced by budgets that are to a large extent volume based and in practice open-ended. The objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness of this Dutch policy measure, which was implemented in 2001. We carried out a statistical analysis and interpretation of trends in Dutch hospital admission rates. We observed a significant turn in the development of in-patient admission rates after the abolition of budget caps in 2001: decreasing admission rates turned into an internationally exceptional increase of more than 3% per year. Day care admissions had already been rising explosively for two decades, but the pace increased after 2001. The increase in the number of admissions includes a broad range of patient categories that were not in the first place associated with long waiting times. The growth was attributable for a large part to admissions for observation of the patient and the evaluation of symptoms, not resulting in a definite medical diagnosis. We considered several factors, other than the availability of more resources, to explain the growth: the ageing of the population, making up for waiting list arrears, ditto for "under consumption" of unplanned care and, as to the growth of day care, substitution for inpatient care. However, these factors were all found to fall short as an explanation. Although waiting times have dropped since the change in the budget system, they continue to be long for several procedures. Our study indicates that making available more resources to admit patients, or otherwise an increase in hospital activity, do not in itself lead to equilibrium between demand and supply because the volume and composition of demand are partly induced by supply. We conclude that abolishing budget caps to solve waiting list problems is not efficient. Instead of a generic measure, a more focused approach is necessary. We suggest ingredients for such an approach. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

  6. Utilization of Norway’s Emergency Wards: The Second 5 Years after the Introduction of the Patient List System

    PubMed Central

    Goth, Ursula S.; Hammer, Hugo L.; Claussen, Bjørgulf

    2014-01-01

    Utilization of services is an important indicator for estimating access to healthcare. In Norway, the General Practitioner Scheme, a patient list system, was established in 2001 to enable a stable doctor-patient relationship. Although satisfaction with the system is generally high, people often choose a more accessible but inferior solution for routine care: emergency wards. The aim of the article is to investigate contact patterns in primary health care situations for the total population in urban and remote areas of Norway and for major immigrant groups in Oslo. The primary regression model had a cross-sectional study design analyzing 2,609,107 consultations in representative municipalities across Norway, estimating the probability of choosing the emergency ward in substitution to a general practitioner. In a second regression model comprising 625,590 consultations in Oslo, we calculated this likelihood for immigrants from the 14 largest groups. We noted substantial differences in emergency ward utilization between ethnic Norwegians both in rural and remote areas and among the various immigrant groups residing in Oslo. Oslo utilization of emergency ward services for the whole population declined, and so did this use among all immigrant groups after 2009. Other municipalities, while overwhelmingly ethnically Norwegian, showed diverse patterns including an increase in some and a decrease in others, results which we were unable to explain. PMID:24662997

  7. Phonology without semantics? Good enough for verbal short-term memory. Evidence from a patient with semantic dementia.

    PubMed

    Papagno, Costanza; Vernice, Mirta; Cecchetto, Carlo

    2013-03-01

    There is considerable evidence that long-term knowledge has an influence on short-term memory (STM) performance. This reflects the activation of long-term representations involved in perceiving and comprehending spoken language. Still, this type of long-term knowledge might be of two different kinds. STM performance might be facilitated by information about the meaning of the word, or, alternatively, by familiarity with its phonological form. We investigated these two alternatives by assessing word span in MC, a patient with semantic dementia. Four different lists of words were used: known words, words whose phonological form was known by the patient although she could not report its meaning, words that the patient did not recognize as words and judged as nonwords, nonwords. The patient's performance was compared to that of six matched controls. MC did not differ from controls in the first two types of lists and performed at the same level with both, while for words whose phonological form was unknown (and therefore not recognized as words) her performance was comparable to that with nonwords; also, with this type of item, she produced significantly more phonemic substitutions than controls. The results show that long-term knowledge facilitates immediate serial recall. However, this facilitation is due to familiarity with phonological representations rather than to knowledge of meaning. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  8. Authorship versus "credit" for participation in research: a case study of potential ethical dilemmas created by technical tools used by researchers and claims for authorship by their creators.

    PubMed

    Welker, James A; McCue, Jack D

    2007-01-01

    The distinction between authorship and other forms of credit for contribution to a publication has been a persisting controversy that has resulted in numerous guidelines outlining the expected contributions of those claiming authorship. While there have been flagrant, well-publicized deviations from widely accepted standards, they are largely outnumbered by cases that are not publicity-worthy, and therefore remain known to only those directly involved with the inappropriate conduct. We discuss the definition and ethical requirements of authorship, offer a case example of the authorship debate created by a technical tool at our institution, and review parallels that support and dispute the authorship claims of our software developers. Ultimately, we conclude that development of a technical tool that enables data collection does not adequately substitute for contributions to study design and manuscript preparation for authorship purposes. Unless the designers of such a technical tool prospectively participate as a part of the project, they would not have an adequate understanding of the publication's genesis to defend it publicly and cannot be listed as authors. Therefore, it is incumbent upon project members to invite tool developers to participate at the beginning of such projects, and for tool developers to contribute to study design and manuscript preparation when they desire authorship listings.

  9. Deriving environmental quality standards for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and related short chain perfluorinated alkyl acids.

    PubMed

    Valsecchi, Sara; Conti, Daniela; Crebelli, Riccardo; Polesello, Stefano; Rusconi, Marianna; Mazzoni, Michela; Preziosi, Elisabetta; Carere, Mario; Lucentini, Luca; Ferretti, Emanuele; Balzamo, Stefania; Simeone, Maria Gabriella; Aste, Fiorella

    2017-02-05

    The evidence that in Northern Italy significant sources of perfluoroalkylacids (PFAA) are present induced the Italian government to establish a Working Group on Environmental Quality Standard (EQS) for PFAA in order to include some of them in the list of national specific pollutants for surface water monitoring according to the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC). The list of substances included perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and related short chain PFAA such as perfluorobutanoate (PFBA), perfluoropentanoate (PFPeA), perfluorohexanoate (PFHxA) and perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS), which is a substitute of perfluorooctanesulfonate. For each of them a dossier collects available data on regulation, physico-chemical properties, emission and sources, occurrence, acute and chronic toxicity on aquatic species and mammals, including humans. Quality standards (QS) were derived for the different protection objectives (pelagic and benthic communities, predators by secondary poisoning, human health via consumption of fishery products and water) according to the European guideline. The lowest QS is finally chosen as the relevant EQS. For PFOA a QS for biota was derived for protection from secondary poisoning and the corresponding QS for water was back-calculated, obtaining a freshwater EQS of 0.1μgL -1 . For PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA and PFBS threshold limits proposed for drinking waters were adopted as EQS. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  10. Modification of potato steroidal glycoalkaloids with silencing RNA constructs

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs), while found in many solanaceous plants, can accumulate to unacceptably high levels in potatoes. The two primary SGAs that occur in potatoes are the tri-glycosylated alkaloids, a-solanine and a-chaconine. The first glycosylation steps in their biosynthetic pathways ...

  11. The Aggregate Exposure Pathway (AEP): A conceptual framework for advancing exposure science research and applications

    EPA Science Inventory

    Historically, risk assessment has relied upon toxicological data to obtain hazard-based reference levels, which are subsequently compared to exposure estimates to determine whether an unacceptable risk to public health may exist. Recent advances in analytical methods, biomarker ...

  12. PRN 75-5: Unacceptable Use of the Word Chlorine in the Name and Labeling of Pesticides

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    Use of the word CHLORINE on labels other than in products containing liquified chlorine under pressure has been determined to be in violation of Section 2(q)(l)(A) of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act.

  13. Playground Games and Playtime: The Children's View.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Blatchford, Peter; And Others

    1990-01-01

    Interviews with 174 11-year olds in London schools determined that playtime was very popular, but concerns were expressed about bad weather, not knowing what to do, and disruptive behavior. Unacceptable playground behavior was taken too much for granted. Football seemed to dominate other activities. (SK)

  14. Trade and food safety aspects for animal influenza viruses

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    The World Organization for Animal Health provides sanitary standards for international trade and emphasizes science-based risk assessment for safe trade of animals and animal products. The goal is to prevent unacceptable risks to animal and human health while avoiding unjustified or politically mot...

  15. 75 FR 69063 - Extension of the Period for Preparation of the Clean Water Act Section 404(c) Final Determination...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-11-10

    ... also notified the Department of the Army, the State of West Virginia, Arch Coal, Inc. (the permittee... process described in 40 CFR 231.6, that would prevent the likely unacceptable adverse effects described in...

  16. Role of adverse outcome pathways in developing computational models for regulatory toxicology

    EPA Science Inventory

    Regulatory toxicology for both human health and the environment increasingly is moving from a sole reliance on direct observation of apical toxicity outcomes in whole organism toxicity tests, to predictive approaches in which unacceptable outcomes and risk are inferred from mecha...

  17. 42 CFR 493.1445 - Standard; Laboratory director responsibilities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... quality laboratory services for all aspects of test performance, which includes the preanalytic, analytic... result is found to be unacceptable or unsatisfactory; (5) Ensure that the quality control and quality assessment programs are established and maintained to assure the quality of laboratory services provided and...

  18. 76 FR 5510 - Safety Enhancements Part 139, Certification of Airports

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-02-01

    ... prevent accidents and incidents in that area. A certificate holder would be required to conduct pavement... Pavement Surface Evaluation Braking performance is critical for all aircraft especially on wet runway surfaces. Under certain conditions, hydroplaning or unacceptable loss of traction (tire/pavement contact...

  19. 9 CFR 86.4 - Official identification.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... the ear); (iii) Malfunction of the electronic component of a radio frequency identification (RFID) device; or (iv) Incompatibility or inoperability of the electronic component of an RFID device with the management system or unacceptable functionality of the management system due to use of an RFID device. (2...

  20. Promising Practices for Education Technology

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Zielezinski, Molly B.

    2017-01-01

    Despite all of the celebratory rhetoric around our nation's declining dropout rates, during a given year, nearly 20 percent of students expected to graduate do not. Furthermore, according to Johns Hopkins University and Civic Enterprises, "unacceptably low levels of minority, low-income, English Language Learners, and special education…

  1. 42 CFR 493.845 - Standard; Toxicology.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... acceptable responses for each analyte in each testing event is unsatisfactory analyte performance for the... testing event. (e)(1) For any unsatisfactory analyte or test performance or testing event for reasons... any unacceptable analyte or testing event score, remedial action must be taken and documented, and the...

  2. 42 CFR 493.851 - Standard; Hematology.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... acceptable responses for each analyte in each testing event is unsatisfactory analyte performance for the... testing event. (e)(1) For any unsatisfactory analyte or test performance or testing event for reasons... any unacceptable analyte or testing event score, remedial action must be taken and documented, and the...

  3. 42 CFR 493.843 - Standard; Endocrinology.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... acceptable responses for each analyte in each testing event is unsatisfactory analyte performance for the... testing event. (e)(1) For any unsatisfactory analyte or test performance or testing event for reasons... any unacceptable analyte or testing event score, remedial action must be taken and documented, and the...

  4. 42 CFR 493.845 - Standard; Toxicology.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... acceptable responses for each analyte in each testing event is unsatisfactory analyte performance for the... testing event. (e)(1) For any unsatisfactory analyte or test performance or testing event for reasons... any unacceptable analyte or testing event score, remedial action must be taken and documented, and the...

  5. 42 CFR 493.845 - Standard; Toxicology.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... acceptable responses for each analyte in each testing event is unsatisfactory analyte performance for the... testing event. (e)(1) For any unsatisfactory analyte or test performance or testing event for reasons... any unacceptable analyte or testing event score, remedial action must be taken and documented, and the...

  6. 42 CFR 493.851 - Standard; Hematology.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... acceptable responses for each analyte in each testing event is unsatisfactory analyte performance for the... testing event. (e)(1) For any unsatisfactory analyte or test performance or testing event for reasons... any unacceptable analyte or testing event score, remedial action must be taken and documented, and the...

  7. 42 CFR 493.843 - Standard; Endocrinology.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... acceptable responses for each analyte in each testing event is unsatisfactory analyte performance for the... testing event. (e)(1) For any unsatisfactory analyte or test performance or testing event for reasons... any unacceptable analyte or testing event score, remedial action must be taken and documented, and the...

  8. 42 CFR 493.843 - Standard; Endocrinology.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... acceptable responses for each analyte in each testing event is unsatisfactory analyte performance for the... testing event. (e)(1) For any unsatisfactory analyte or test performance or testing event for reasons... any unacceptable analyte or testing event score, remedial action must be taken and documented, and the...

  9. 42 CFR 493.851 - Standard; Hematology.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... acceptable responses for each analyte in each testing event is unsatisfactory analyte performance for the... testing event. (e)(1) For any unsatisfactory analyte or test performance or testing event for reasons... any unacceptable analyte or testing event score, remedial action must be taken and documented, and the...

  10. 5 CFR 432.107 - Agency records.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT CIVIL SERVICE REGULATIONS PERFORMANCE BASED REDUCTION IN... employee's performance continues to be acceptable for 1 year from the date of the advanced written notice... unacceptable performance and make it available for review by the affected employee or his or her representative...

  11. A Primer on Improving Contingent Faculty Conditions

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    McGrew, Heidi; Untener, Joe

    2010-01-01

    Challenges associated with the increasing use of contingent faculty appointments in American higher education are mounting. The AAUP and other professional groups have identified several major problems: (1) unacceptable conditions and compensation for contingent faculty members; (2) poor learning outcomes for students; and (3) the potential…

  12. Australian University International Student Finances

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Forbes-Mewett, Helen; Marginson, Simon; Nyland, Chris; Ramia, Gaby; Sawir, Erlenawati

    2009-01-01

    The omission of international students from the Australian Vice-Chancellor's Committee (AVCC) 2007 national study on student finances is indicative of a pattern of exclusion. The exclusion is unacceptable from a humane perspective and feeds the belief that Australians perceive international students primarily as "cash cows". This study…

  13. Long-Term Storage Studies on Dehydrated Ration Items and Food Packets

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1976-06-01

    and onions, bacon, corn, fruit salad, steamed fruitcake, chocolate nut bread, plums, rolled oats, raspberry and strawberry Jams , and one brand of... strawberry jam , biscuit spread, and canned peachsa ware unacceptable; scores for chocolate bera, beef and apaghetti, chicksn soup, canned plums

  14. Thought-action fusion and anxiety disorders symptoms in normal adolescents.

    PubMed

    Muris, P; Meesters, C; Rassin, E; Merckelbach, H; Campbell, J

    2001-07-01

    The present study examined thought-action fusion (TAF) in a large sample of normal adolescents (n=427). Participants completed the Thought-Action Fusion Questionnaire for Adolescents (TAFQ-A) and scales measuring trait anxiety, symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder, other anxiety disorders, and depression. Results showed that the TAFQ-A is a reliable instrument assessing two dimensions of TAF, viz. Morality (i.e., the belief that unacceptable thoughts are morally equivalent to overt actions) and Likelihood (i.e., the belief that thinking of an unacceptable or disturbing situation will increase the probability that that situation actually occurs). Furthermore, TAF was not only associated with symptoms of OCD, but also with symptoms of other anxiety disorders and depression. However, when controlling for levels of trait anxiety, most connections between TAF and anxiety disorders symptoms disappeared. Symptoms of OCD and generalised anxiety remained significantly related to TAF. Altogether, the data are supportive of the notion that TAF is involved in a broad range of anxiety disorders and in particular OCD.

  15. 'Isn't it ironic?' Beliefs about the unacceptability of emotions and emotional suppression relate to worse outcomes in fibromyalgia.

    PubMed

    Bowers, Hannah; Wroe, Abigail L; Pincus, Tamar

    2017-05-01

    Beliefs about the unacceptability of experiencing and expressing emotions have been found to be related to worse outcomes in people with persistent physical symptoms. The current study tested mediation models regarding emotional suppression, beliefs about emotions, support-seeking and global impact in fibromyalgia. One hundred eighty-two participants took part in an online questionnaire testing potential mechanisms of this relationship using mediation analysis. The model tested emotional suppression and affective distress as serial mediators of the relationship between beliefs about emotions and global impact. In parallel paths, two forms of support-seeking were tested (personal/emotional and symptom-related support-seeking) as mediators. Emotional suppression and affective distress significantly serially mediated the relationship between beliefs about emotions and global impact. Neither support-seeking variable significantly mediated this relationship. Results indicate a potential mechanism through which beliefs about emotions and global impact might relate which might provide a theoretical basis for future research on treatments for fibromyalgia.

  16. Behavior guidance techniques in Pediatric Dentistry: attitudes of parents of children with disabilities and without disabilities.

    PubMed

    de Castro, Alessandra Maia; de Oliveira, Fabiana Sodré; de Paiva Novaes, Myrian Stella; Araújo Ferreira, Danielly Cunha

    2013-01-01

    This study compared the parental acceptance of pediatric behavior guidance techniques (BGT). Forty parents of children without disabilities (Group A) and another 40 parents of children with disabilities (Group B) were selected. Each BGT was explained by a single examiner and it was presented together with a photograph album. After that parents evaluated the acceptance in: totally unacceptable, somewhat acceptable, acceptable, and totally acceptable. Results indicated that in Group A, the BGT based on communicative guidance was accepted by most participants. In Group B, just one mother considered totally unacceptable the voice control method and other two, tell-show-do. For both groups, the general anesthesia was the less accepted BGT. There was statistically significant difference in acceptance for protective stabilization with a restrictive device in Group B. Children's parents with and without disabilities accepted behavioral guidance techniques, but basic techniques showed higher rates of acceptance than advanced techniques. ©2013 Special Care Dentistry Association and Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

  17. Raising quality of maintenance and control of metallic structures in large-load technological machines

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Drygin, M. Yu; Kuryshkin, N. P.

    2018-01-01

    Active growth of coal extraction and underinvestment of coal mining in Russia lead to the fact that technical state of more than 86% of technological machines at opencast coal mines is unacceptable. One of the most significant problems is unacceptable state of supporting metallic structures of excavators and mine dump trucks. The analysis has shown that defects in these metallic structures had been accumulated for a long time. Their removal by the existing method of repair welding was not effective - the flaws reappeared in 2-6 months of technological machines’ service. The authors detected the prime causes that did not allow to make a good repair welding joint. A new technology of repair welding had been tested and endorsed, and this allowed to reduce the number of welded joints’ flaws by 85% without additional raising welders’ qualification. As a result the number of flaws in metallic structures of the equipment had been reduced by 35 % as early as in the first year of using the new technology.

  18. LAI inversion from optical reflectance using a neural network trained with a multiple scattering model

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Smith, James A.

    1992-01-01

    The inversion of the leaf area index (LAI) canopy parameter from optical spectral reflectance measurements is obtained using a backpropagation artificial neural network trained using input-output pairs generated by a multiple scattering reflectance model. The problem of LAI estimation over sparse canopies (LAI < 1.0) with varying soil reflectance backgrounds is particularly difficult. Standard multiple regression methods applied to canopies within a single homogeneous soil type yield good results but perform unacceptably when applied across soil boundaries, resulting in absolute percentage errors of >1000 percent for low LAI. Minimization methods applied to merit functions constructed from differences between measured reflectances and predicted reflectances using multiple-scattering models are unacceptably sensitive to a good initial guess for the desired parameter. In contrast, the neural network reported generally yields absolute percentage errors of <30 percent when weighting coefficients trained on one soil type were applied to predicted canopy reflectance at a different soil background.

  19. An Alternative Derivation of the Energy Levels of the "Particle on a Ring" System

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Vincent, Alan

    1996-10-01

    All acceptable wave functions must be continuous mathematical functions. This criterion limits the acceptable functions for a particle in a linear 1-dimensional box to sine functions. If, however, the linear box is bent round into a ring, acceptable wave functions are those which are continuous at the 'join'. On this model some acceptable linear functions become unacceptable for the ring and some unacceptable cosine functions become acceptable. This approach can be used to produce a straightforward derivation of the energy levels and wave functions of the particle on a ring. These simple wave mechanical systems can be used as models of linear and cyclic delocalised systems such as conjugated hydrocarbons or the benzene ring. The promotion energy of an electron can then be used to calculate the wavelength of absorption of uv light. The simple model gives results of the correct order of magnitude and shows that, as the chain length increases, the uv maximum moves to longer wavelengths, as found experimentally.

  20. Consumerism in prenatal diagnosis: a challenge for ethical guidelines

    PubMed Central

    Henn, W.

    2000-01-01

    The ethical guidelines for prenatal diagnosis proposed by the World Health Organisation (WHO), as well as by national regulations, only refer to paternity and gender of the fetus as unacceptable, disease-unrelated criteria for prenatal selection, as no other such parameters are at hand so far. This perspective is too narrow because research on complex genetic systems such as cognition and ageing is about to provide clinically applicable tests for genetic constituents of potentially desirable properties such as intelligence or longevity which could be misused as parameters for prenatal diagnosis. Moreover, there is an increasing number of prenatally testable genetic traits, such as heritable deafness, which are generally regarded as pathological but desired by some prospective parents and taken into account as parameters for pro-disability selection. To protect prenatal diagnosis from ethically unacceptable genetic consumerism, guidelines must be clarified as soon as possible and updated towards a worldwide restriction of prenatal genetic testing to immediately disease-determining traits. Key Words: Genetics • prenatal diagnosis • ethics • consumerism PMID:11129845

  1. The relation of childhood trauma to suicide ideation in patients suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder with lifetime suicide attempts.

    PubMed

    Khosravani, Vahid; Kamali, Zoleikha; Jamaati Ardakani, Razieh; Samimi Ardestani, Mehdi

    2017-09-01

    The aim of this study was to evaluate the relations of childhood trauma (CT) and obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptom dimensions to suicide ideation in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Seventy OCD outpatients with lifetime suicide attempts and 60 controls were included. Participants completed the Scale for Suicide Ideation (SSI), the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF), the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (DOCS) and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21). Among OCD patients, 97.1% had current suicide ideation. OCD patients revealed higher scores on CT, suicide ideation, depression and anxiety than controls. The CT history of sexual abuse (SA) and OC symptom dimension of unacceptable thoughts explained suicide ideation. It was concluded that SA and unacceptable thoughts may contribute to high suicidality and have important implications for the assessment and treatment of suicide risk in OCD patients with lifetime suicide attempts. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

  2. 40 CFR 721.10126 - Alkyl amino substituted triazine amino substituted benezenesulfonic acid reaction product with...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... substituted benezenesulfonic acid reaction product with naphthalenesulfonato azo substituted phenyl azo... substituted triazine amino substituted benezenesulfonic acid reaction product with naphthalenesulfonato azo... substituted triazine amino substituted benezenesulfonic acid reaction product with naphthalenesulfonato azo...

  3. 40 CFR 721.10126 - Alkyl amino substituted triazine amino substituted benezenesulfonic acid reaction product with...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... substituted benezenesulfonic acid reaction product with naphthalenesulfonato azo substituted phenyl azo... substituted triazine amino substituted benezenesulfonic acid reaction product with naphthalenesulfonato azo... substituted triazine amino substituted benezenesulfonic acid reaction product with naphthalenesulfonato azo...

  4. The complete genome sequence of a Neandertal from the Altai Mountains

    PubMed Central

    Prüfer, Kay; Racimo, Fernando; Patterson, Nick; Jay, Flora; Sankararaman, Sriram; Sawyer, Susanna; Heinze, Anja; Renaud, Gabriel; Sudmant, Peter H.; de Filippo, Cesare; Li, Heng; Mallick, Swapan; Dannemann, Michael; Fu, Qiaomei; Kircher, Martin; Kuhlwilm, Martin; Lachmann, Michael; Meyer, Matthias; Ongyerth, Matthias; Siebauer, Michael; Theunert, Christoph; Tandon, Arti; Moorjani, Priya; Pickrell, Joseph; Mullikin, James C.; Vohr, Samuel H.; Green, Richard E.; Hellmann, Ines; Johnson, Philip L. F.; Blanche, Hélène; Cann, Howard; Kitzman, Jacob O.; Shendure, Jay; Eichler, Evan E.; Lein, Ed S.; Bakken, Trygve E.; Golovanova, Liubov V.; Doronichev, Vladimir B.; Shunkov, Michael V.; Derevianko, Anatoli P.; Viola, Bence; Slatkin, Montgomery; Reich, David; Kelso, Janet; Pääbo, Svante

    2014-01-01

    We present a high-quality genome sequence of a Neandertal woman from Siberia. We show that her parents were related at the level of half siblings and that mating among close relatives was common among her recent ancestors. We also sequenced the genome of a Neandertal from the Caucasus to low coverage. An analysis of the relationships and population history of available archaic genomes and 25 present-day human genomes shows that several gene flow events occurred among Neandertals, Denisovans and early modern humans, possibly including gene flow into Denisovans from an unknown archaic group. Thus, interbreeding, albeit of low magnitude, occurred among many hominin groups in the Late Pleistocene. In addition, the high quality Neandertal genome allows us to establish a definitive list of substitutions that became fixed in modern humans after their separation from the ancestors of Neandertals and Denisovans. PMID:24352235

  5. The statistical big bang of 1911: ideology, technological innovation and the production of medical statistics.

    PubMed

    Higgs, W

    1996-12-01

    This paper examines the relationship between intellectual debate, technologies for analysing information, and the production of statistics in the General Register Office (GRO) in London in the early twentieth century. It argues that controversy between eugenicists and public health officials respecting the cause and effect of class-specific variations in fertility led to the introduction of questions in the 1911 census on marital fertility. The increasing complexity of the census necessitated a shift from manual to mechanised forms of data processing within the GRO. The subsequent increase in processing power allowed the GRO to make important changes to the medical and demographic statistics it published in the annual Reports of the Registrar General. These included substituting administrative sanitary districts for registration districts as units of analysis, consistently transferring deaths in institutions back to place of residence, and abstracting deaths according to the International List of Causes of Death.

  6. Index of NASA prefixed forms

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    1992-01-01

    This Handbook sets forth information for the guidance of all users of the NASA Forms Management Program System. It is issued in accordance with the Federal Information Resources Management Regulation (FIRMR), Subpart 201-9.1. This Handbook sets forth an alpha-functional index of NASA-prefixed forms by title, identifying number, and unit of issue. The automated processing two-letter code (NF) has been substituted for the spelling out of the NASA form-prefix preceding the form number. To indicate a description in lieu of a distinct title, the entire reference under the Form Title/Description column has been enclosed in parentheses. A list of current forms, shown by number and page, is included for cross-reference and to preclude the ordering of those forms which have been deleted from the system. This Handbook will be updated, as appropriate. NHB 1420.2H dated July 1986, is cancelled.

  7. Broadband Microwave Study of Reaction Intermediates and Products Through the Pyrolysis of Oxygenated Biofuels

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Abeysekera, Chamara; Hernandez-Castillo, Alicia O.; Fritz, Sean; Zwier, Timothy S.

    2017-06-01

    The rapidly growing list of potential plant-derived biofuels creates a challenge for the scientific community to provide a molecular-scale understanding of their combustion. Development of accurate combustion models rests on a foundation of experimental data on the kinetics and product branching ratios of their individual reaction steps. Therefore, new spectroscopic tools are necessary to selectively detect and characterize fuel components and reactive intermediates generated by pyrolysis and combustion. Substituted furans, including furanic ethers, are considered second-generation biofuel candidates. Following the work of the Ellison group, an 8-18 GHz microwave study was carried out on the unimolecular and bimolecular decomposition of the smallest furanic ether, 2-methoxy furan, and it`s pyrolysis intermediate, the 2-furanyloxy radical, formed in a high-temperature pyrolysis source coupled to a supersonic expansion. Details of the experimental setup and analysis of the spectrum of the radical will be discussed.

  8. The problem of current toxic chemicals management.

    PubMed

    Tickner, Joel; Geiser, Ken

    2004-01-01

    In this article, we explore the limitations of current chemicals management policies worldwide and the evolution of new European, International and U.S. policies to address the problem of toxic chemicals control. It is becoming increasingly apparent that current chemicals management policies in Europe and the United States are inadequate. There is a general lack of toxicity and exposure information on chemicals in commerce and the vast majority of chemicals were considered safe until proven guilty in legislation. Governments must then prove each chemical is dangerous through a slow and resource-intensive risk assessment process. For more than a decade, Nordic countries, such as Denmark and Sweden, have actively promoted integrated chemicals policies to address contamination of critical waterways. They have successfully used a variety of voluntary and mandatory policy tools, such as education, procurement, lists of chemicals of concern, eco-labeling, research and development on safer substitutes, and chemical phase-out requirements, to encourage companies using chemicals to reduce their reliance on harmful substances and to develop safer substitutes. While previously isolated to particular countries, innovative and exciting European-wide policies to promote sustainable chemicals management are now moving forward, including the recently published draft Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of CHemicals (REACH) policy of the European Union. A sweeping change in chemicals management policies in Europe is inevitable and it will ultimately affect manufacturers in the U.S. and globally. The European movement provides an opportunity to initiate a discussion on integrated chemicals policy in the U.S. where some innovative initiatives already are underway.

  9. Is snus the same as dip? Smokers’ perceptions of new smokeless tobacco advertising

    PubMed Central

    Bahreinifar, Sareh; Sheon, Nicolas M.; Ling, Pamela

    2013-01-01

    BACKGROUND Since 2006, leading US cigarette companies have been promoting new snus products as line extensions of popular cigarette brands. These promotional efforts include direct mail marketing to consumers on cigarette company mailing lists. This study examines smokers’ reactions to this advertising and perceptions of the new snus products. METHODS Eight focus groups (n=65 participants) were conducted in San Francisco and Los Angeles in 2010 with smokers who received tobacco direct mail advertising. The focus group discussions assessed smokers’ perceptions of the new snus products. Focus group videos were transcribed and coded using Transana software to identify common themes. RESULTS Most participants were aware of snus advertising and many had tried free samples. Most were aware snus was supposed to be “different” from traditional chewing tobacco, but did not consistently know why. Participants willing to try snus still identified strongly as smokers and for some, trying snus reinforced their preference for smoking. Snus’ major benefits were use in smokefree environments and avoiding social stigma related to secondhand smoke. Participants were skeptical of the idea that snus was safer than cigarettes, and did not see it as an acceptable substitute for cigarettes or as a cessation aid. CONCLUSION Smokers repeated some messages featured in early snus advertising. Snus was not seen as an acceptable substitute for smoking or way to quit cigarettes. Current smoker responses to snus advertising are not consistent with harm reduction. PMID:21972063

  10. "Bureaucracy & Beliefs": Assessing the Barriers to Accessing Opioid Substitution Therapy by People Who Inject Drugs in Ukraine.

    PubMed

    Bojko, Martha J; Mazhnaya, Alyona; Makarenko, Iuliia; Marcus, Ruthanne; Dvoriak, Sergii; Islam, Zahedul; Altice, Frederick L

    Opioid substitution therapy (OST) is an evidence-based HIV prevention strategy for people who inject drugs (PWIDs). Yet, only 2.7% of Ukraine's estimated 310,000 PWIDs receive it despite free treatment since 2004. The multi-level barriers to entering OST among opioid dependent PWIDs have not been examined in Ukraine. A multi-year mixed methods implementation science project included focus group discussions with 199 PWIDs in 5 major Ukrainian cities in 2013 covering drug treatment attitudes and beliefs and knowledge of and experiences with OST. Data were transcribed, translated into English and coded. Coded segments related to OST access, entry, knowledge, beliefs and attitudes were analyzed among 41 PWIDs who were eligible for but had never received OST. A number of programmatic and structural barriers were mentioned by participants as barriers to entry to OST, including compulsory drug user registration, waiting lists, and limited number of treatment slots. Participants also voiced strong negative attitudes and beliefs about OST, especially methadone. Their perceptions about methadone's side effects as well as the stigma of being a methadone client were expressed as obstacles to treatment. Despite expressed interest in treatment, Ukrainian OST-naïve PWIDs evade OST for reasons that can be addressed through changes in program-level and governmental policies and social-marketing campaigns. Voiced OST barriers can effectively inform public health and policy directives related to HIV prevention and treatment in Ukraine to improve evidence-based treatment access and availability.

  11. Hydroxy nitrate production in the OH-initiated oxidation of alkenes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Teng, A. P.; Crounse, J. D.; Lee, L.; St. Clair, J. M.; Cohen, R. C.; Wennberg, P. O.

    2015-04-01

    Alkenes are oxidized rapidly in the atmosphere by addition of OH and subsequently O2 leading to the formation of β-hydroxy peroxy radicals. These peroxy radicals react with NO to form β-hydroxy nitrates with a branching ratio α. We quantify α for CM2-C8 alkenes at 295 K ± 3 and 993 hPa. The branching ratio can be expressed as α = (0.045 ± 0.016) × N - (0.11 ± 0.05) where N is the number of heavy atoms (excluding the peroxy moiety), and listed errors are 2σ. These branching ratios are larger than previously reported and are similar to those for peroxy radicals formed from H abstraction from alkanes. We find the isomer distributions of β-hydroxy nitrates formed under NO-dominated peroxy radical chemistry to be different than the isomer distribution of hydroxy hydroperoxides produced under HO2-dominated peroxy radical chemistry. Assuming unity yield for the hydroperoxides implies that the branching ratio to form β-hydroxy nitrates increases with substitution of RO2. Deuterium substitution enhances the branching ratio to form hydroxy nitrates in both propene and isoprene by a factor of ~ 1.5. The role of alkene chemistry in the Houston region is re-evaluated using the RONO2 branching ratios reported here. Small alkenes are found to play a significant role in present-day oxidant formation more than a decade (2013) after the 2000 Texas Air Quality Study identified these compounds as major contributors to photochemical smog in Houston.

  12. Image guidance in prostate cancer - can offline corrections be an effective substitute for daily online imaging?

    PubMed

    Prasad, Devleena; Das, Pinaki; Saha, Niladri S; Chatterjee, Sanjoy; Achari, Rimpa; Mallick, Indranil

    2014-01-01

    This aim of this study was to determine if a less resource-intensive and established offline correction protocol - the No Action Level (NAL) protocol was as effective as daily online corrections of setup deviations in curative high-dose radiotherapy of prostate cancer. A total of 683 daily megavoltage CT (MVCT) or kilovoltage CT (kvCBCT) images of 30 patients with localized prostate cancer treated with intensity modulated radiotherapy were evaluated. Daily image-guidance was performed and setup errors in three translational axes recorded. The NAL protocol was simulated by using the mean shift calculated from the first five fractions and implemented on all subsequent treatments. Using the imaging data from the remaining fractions, the daily residual error (RE) was determined. The proportion of fractions where the RE was greater than 3,5 and 7 mm was calculated, and also the actual PTV margin that would be required if the offline protocol was followed. Using the NAL protocol reduced the systematic but not the random errors. Corrections made using the NAL protocol resulted in small and acceptable RE in the mediolateral (ML) and superoinferior (SI) directions with 46/533 (8.1%) and 48/533 (5%) residual shifts above 5 mm. However; residual errors greater than 5mm in the anteroposterior (AP) direction remained in 181/533 (34%) of fractions. The PTV margins calculated based on residual errors were 5mm, 5mm and 13 mm in the ML, SI and AP directions respectively. Offline correction using the NAL protocol resulted in unacceptably high residual errors in the AP direction, due to random uncertainties of rectal and bladder filling. Daily online imaging and corrections remain the standard image guidance policy for highly conformal radiotherapy of prostate cancer.

  13. Complications of hematopoietic stem transplantation: Fungal infections.

    PubMed

    Omrani, Ali S; Almaghrabi, Reem S

    2017-12-01

    Patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) are at increased risk of invasive fungal infections, especially during the early neutropenic phase and severe graft-versus-host disease. Mold-active prophylaxis should be limited to the highest risk groups. Empiric antifungal therapy for HSCT with persistent febrile neutropenia is associated with unacceptable response rates, unnecessary antifungal therapy, increased risk of toxicity, and inflated costs. Empiric therapy should not be a substitute for detailed work up to identify the cause of fever in such patients. The improved diagnostic performance of serum biomarkers such as galactomannan and β-D-glucan, as well as polymerase chain reaction assays has allowed the development of diagnostic-driven antifungal therapy strategies for high risk patients. Diagnostic-driven approaches have resulted in reduced unnecessary antifungal exposure, improved diagnosis of invasive fungal disease, and reduced costs without increased risk of mortality. The appropriateness of diagnostic-driven antifungal strategy for individual HSCT centers depends on the availability and turnaround times for diagnostics, multidisciplinary expertise, and the local epidemiology of invasive fungal infections. Echinocandins are the treatment of choice for invasive candidiasis in most HSCT recipients. Fluconazole may be used for the treatment of invasive candidiasis in hemodynamically stable patients with no prior azole exposure. The primary treatment of choice for invasive aspergillosis is voriconazole. Alternatives include isavuconazole and lipid formulations of amphotericin. Currently available evidence does not support routine primary combination antifungal therapy for invasive aspergillosis. However, combination salvage antifungal therapy may be considered in selected patients. Therapeutic drug monitoring is recommended for the majority of HSCT recipients on itraconazole, posaconazole, or voriconazole. Copyright © 2017 King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  14. Growth of Staphylococcus aureus MF 31 on the Top and Cut Surfaces of Southern Custard Pies

    PubMed Central

    Preonas, D. L.; Nelson, A. I.; Ordal, Z. John; Steinberg, M. P.; Wei, L. S.

    1969-01-01

    A Staphylococcus strain was inoculated on the top and cut surfaces of freshly baked Southern custard pies which were then packaged in a pasteboard carton and held at 30 C. Daily plate counts of surface sections 0.3 inch (0.76 cm) in thickness were made. The top surface inoculum showed a 24-hr lag time. This was due to the protective action of a top cakelike layer as shown by homogenization of the mix and coating of the surface. Substitution of all sweeteners with dextrose completely inhibited growth on the top surface. Further addition of dextrose to lower water activity (Aw) to 0.9 prevented growth on the cut surface as well, but such pies were organoleptically unacceptable. Growth on the top surface could also be prevented by 80 μg of undissociated sorbic acid per g in combination with 100 μg of undissociated propionic acid per g in the baked pie. Growth on the cakelike top surface was always retarded longer than on the cut surface provided the packaging allowed evaporation of surface moisture. Reducing the Aw of a different type of cream pie to 0.907 prevented top surface growth. It was concluded that baked cream pies with a cakelike top layer could be marketed with a “refrigerate after opening” label, provided the package maintains the moisture gradient caused by the surface skin and either a combination of 80 μg of undissociated sorbic acid per g and 100 μg undissociated propionic acid per g is present in the baked pie or the Aw of the baked pie is 0.920 or lower. Images PMID:5803631

  15. Buccal mucosal graft urethroplasty in long segment anterior urethral stricture - is it gold standard?

    PubMed

    Kumar, Suresh; Bansal, Punit; Vijay, Mukesh K; Dutta, Arindam; Tiwari, Punit; Sharma, Pramod K; Goel, Amit; Bera, Malay K; Kundu, Anup K; Hazra, Avijit

    2013-01-01

    To assess the success of dorsal onlay buccal mucosal graft (BMG) urethroplasty in long segment anterior urethral stricture extending from external meatus to bulbar urethra). We studied 40 patients with long segment anterior urethral stricture, who underwent substitution urethroplasty using dorsal onlay BMG from January 2002 to December 2007. The patients were in the age range of 15-65 years (mean 35 years) in the LS group and 16-63 years (mean 34 years) in the non-lichen sclerosus (NLS) group. The cause of stricture was LS in 20 and NLS (inflammatory and idiopathic) in the other 20 patients. The mean stricture length was 14.5 cm (range 12-17 cm) in the LS group while it was 14.0 cm (range 12-16 cm) in the NLS group. The patients were evaluated with antegrade, retrograde urethrograms and sono-urethrograms and they were followed- up with uroflometery at three months for one year, then six- monthly for two years and then annually. The contrast studies were repeated at six-monthly intervals for one year and then annually for one year. Success was defined as normal voiding pattern without any intervention post-operatively. Median follow-up was 48 months (18-72 months) in the LS group, while it was 42 months (12-72 months) in the NLS group. Among the NLS group patients, three patients developed restricture on follow-up, while seven patients among the LS group developed restricture. We conclude that the high percentage of recurrence of strictures (35%) among the LS group renders BMG urethroplasty in long segment anterior urethral stricture an unacceptable solution, and it needs further study.

  16. 40 CFR 721.981 - Substituted naphtholoazo-substituted naphthalenyl-substituted azonaphthol chromium complex.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... naphthalenyl-substituted azonaphthol chromium complex. 721.981 Section 721.981 Protection of Environment...-substituted naphthalenyl-substituted azonaphthol chromium complex. (a) Chemical substance and significant new... naphtholoazo-substituted naphthalenyl-substituted azonaphthol chromium complex (PMN P-93-1631) is subject to...

  17. 40 CFR 721.981 - Substituted naphtholoazo-substituted naphthalenyl-substituted azonaphthol chromium complex.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... naphthalenyl-substituted azonaphthol chromium complex. 721.981 Section 721.981 Protection of Environment...-substituted naphthalenyl-substituted azonaphthol chromium complex. (a) Chemical substance and significant new... naphtholoazo-substituted naphthalenyl-substituted azonaphthol chromium complex (PMN P-93-1631) is subject to...

  18. 40 CFR 721.981 - Substituted naphtholoazo-substituted naphthalenyl-substituted azonaphthol chromium complex.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... naphthalenyl-substituted azonaphthol chromium complex. 721.981 Section 721.981 Protection of Environment...-substituted naphthalenyl-substituted azonaphthol chromium complex. (a) Chemical substance and significant new... naphtholoazo-substituted naphthalenyl-substituted azonaphthol chromium complex (PMN P-93-1631) is subject to...

  19. 40 CFR 721.981 - Substituted naphtholoazo-substituted naphthalenyl-substituted azonaphthol chromium complex.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... naphthalenyl-substituted azonaphthol chromium complex. 721.981 Section 721.981 Protection of Environment...-substituted naphthalenyl-substituted azonaphthol chromium complex. (a) Chemical substance and significant new... naphtholoazo-substituted naphthalenyl-substituted azonaphthol chromium complex (PMN P-93-1631) is subject to...

  20. Personality and the Planning Process

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2001-01-01

    personality types, it is fair to note that in 1912 Sigmund Freud (a colleague of Jung’s) found unacceptable Jung’s differing concept of the libido and...environmental stimulation (it worked for dogs). Sigmund Freud claimed that man is driven by instinctual lust, and any higher motives were just

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