10 CFR 160.4 - Unauthorized introduction of weapons or dangerous materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 10 Energy 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Unauthorized introduction of weapons or dangerous materials. 160.4 Section 160.4 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION (CONTINUED) TRESPASSING ON COMMISSION PROPERTY § 160.4 Unauthorized introduction of weapons or dangerous materials. Unauthorized carrying...

10 CFR 160.4 - Unauthorized introduction of weapons or dangerous materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 10 Energy 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Unauthorized introduction of weapons or dangerous materials. 160.4 Section 160.4 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION (CONTINUED) TRESPASSING ON COMMISSION PROPERTY § 160.4 Unauthorized introduction of weapons or dangerous materials. Unauthorized carrying...

10 CFR 1048.3 - Unauthorized entry.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Unauthorized entry. 1048.3 Section 1048.3 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (GENERAL PROVISIONS) TRESPASSING ON STRATEGIC PETROLEUM RESERVE FACILITIES AND OTHER PROPERTY § 1048.3 Unauthorized entry. Unauthorized entry into or upon an SPR facility or real property...

10 CFR 1048.3 - Unauthorized entry.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Unauthorized entry. 1048.3 Section 1048.3 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (GENERAL PROVISIONS) TRESPASSING ON STRATEGIC PETROLEUM RESERVE FACILITIES AND OTHER PROPERTY § 1048.3 Unauthorized entry. Unauthorized entry into or upon an SPR facility or real property...

10 CFR 160.4 - Unauthorized introduction of weapons or dangerous materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Unauthorized introduction of weapons or dangerous materials. 160.4 Section 160.4 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION (CONTINUED) TRESPASSING ON COMMISSION PROPERTY § 160.4 Unauthorized introduction of weapons or dangerous materials. Unauthorized carrying...

10 CFR 160.4 - Unauthorized introduction of weapons or dangerous materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 10 Energy 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Unauthorized introduction of weapons or dangerous materials. 160.4 Section 160.4 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION (CONTINUED) TRESPASSING ON COMMISSION PROPERTY § 160.4 Unauthorized introduction of weapons or dangerous materials. Unauthorized carrying...

43 CFR 3601.71 - What constitutes unauthorized use?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false What constitutes unauthorized use? 3601.71 Section 3601.71 Public Lands: Interior Regulations Relating to Public Lands (Continued) BUREAU OF LAND... Materials Disposal; General Provisions Unauthorized Use § 3601.71 What constitutes unauthorized use? (a...

43 CFR 3601.71 - What constitutes unauthorized use?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false What constitutes unauthorized use? 3601.71 Section 3601.71 Public Lands: Interior Regulations Relating to Public Lands (Continued) BUREAU OF LAND... Materials Disposal; General Provisions Unauthorized Use § 3601.71 What constitutes unauthorized use? (a...

Generation of a pseudo-2D shear-wave velocity section by inversion of a series of 1D dispersion curves

USGS Publications Warehouse

Luo, Y.; Xia, J.; Liu, J.; Xu, Y.; Liu, Q.

2008-01-01

Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves utilizes a multichannel recording system to estimate near-surface shear (S)-wave velocities from high-frequency Rayleigh waves. A pseudo-2D S-wave velocity (vS) section is constructed by aligning 1D models at the midpoint of each receiver spread and using a spatial interpolation scheme. The horizontal resolution of the section is therefore most influenced by the receiver spread length and the source interval. The receiver spread length sets the theoretical lower limit and any vS structure with its lateral dimension smaller than this length will not be properly resolved in the final vS section. A source interval smaller than the spread length will not improve the horizontal resolution because spatial smearing has already been introduced by the receiver spread. In this paper, we first analyze the horizontal resolution of a pair of synthetic traces. Resolution analysis shows that (1) a pair of traces with a smaller receiver spacing achieves higher horizontal resolution of inverted S-wave velocities but results in a larger relative error; (2) the relative error of the phase velocity at a high frequency is smaller than at a low frequency; and (3) a relative error of the inverted S-wave velocity is affected by the signal-to-noise ratio of data. These results provide us with a guideline to balance the trade-off between receiver spacing (horizontal resolution) and accuracy of the inverted S-wave velocity. We then present a scheme to generate a pseudo-2D S-wave velocity section with high horizontal resolution using multichannel records by inverting high-frequency surface-wave dispersion curves calculated through cross-correlation combined with a phase-shift scanning method. This method chooses only a pair of consecutive traces within a shot gather to calculate a dispersion curve. We finally invert surface-wave dispersion curves of synthetic and real-world data. Inversion results of both synthetic and real-world data demonstrate that inverting high-frequency surface-wave dispersion curves - by a pair of traces through cross-correlation with phase-shift scanning method and with the damped least-square method and the singular-value decomposition technique - can feasibly achieve a reliable pseudo-2D S-wave velocity section with relatively high horizontal resolution. ?? 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

10 CFR 860.4 - Unauthorized introduction of weapons or dangerous materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Unauthorized introduction of weapons or dangerous materials. 860.4 Section 860.4 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY TRESPASSING ON DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY PROPERTY § 860.4 Unauthorized introduction of weapons or dangerous materials. Unauthorized carrying, transporting...

10 CFR 860.4 - Unauthorized introduction of weapons or dangerous materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Unauthorized introduction of weapons or dangerous materials. 860.4 Section 860.4 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY TRESPASSING ON DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY PROPERTY § 860.4 Unauthorized introduction of weapons or dangerous materials. Unauthorized carrying, transporting...

10 CFR 860.4 - Unauthorized introduction of weapons or dangerous materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Unauthorized introduction of weapons or dangerous materials. 860.4 Section 860.4 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY TRESPASSING ON DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY PROPERTY § 860.4 Unauthorized introduction of weapons or dangerous materials. Unauthorized carrying, transporting...

10 CFR 860.4 - Unauthorized introduction of weapons or dangerous materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Unauthorized introduction of weapons or dangerous materials. 860.4 Section 860.4 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY TRESPASSING ON DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY PROPERTY § 860.4 Unauthorized introduction of weapons or dangerous materials. Unauthorized carrying, transporting...

10 CFR 860.4 - Unauthorized introduction of weapons or dangerous materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Unauthorized introduction of weapons or dangerous materials. 860.4 Section 860.4 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY TRESPASSING ON DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY PROPERTY § 860.4 Unauthorized introduction of weapons or dangerous materials. Unauthorized carrying, transporting...

36 CFR 262.10 - Impoundment and disposal of unauthorized livestock.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... unauthorized livestock. 262.10 Section 262.10 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF... unauthorized livestock. Unauthorized livestock or livestock in excess of those authorized by a grazing permit... officer determines that such livestock use is occurring, has definite knowledge of the kind of livestock...

7 CFR 1951.707 - Determination of the amount of unauthorized assistance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... HOUSING SERVICE, RURAL BUSINESS-COOPERATIVE SERVICE, RURAL UTILITIES SERVICE, AND FARM SERVICE AGENCY... Business Programs. § 1951.707 Determination of the amount of unauthorized assistance. (a) Unauthorized loan... unauthorized principal at the note interest rate until the date paid unless otherwise agreed in writing by...

Buoyant Effects on the Flammability of Silicone Samples Planned for the Spacecraft Fire Experiment (Saffire)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Niehaus, Justin E.; Ferkul, Paul V.; Gokoglu, Suleyman A.; Ruff, Gary A.

2015-01-01

Flammability experiments on silicone samples were conducted in anticipation of the Spacecraft Fire Experiment (Saffire). The sample geometry was chosen to match the NASA 6001 Test 1 specification, namely 5 cm wide by 30 cm tall. Four thicknesses of silicone (0.25, 0.36, 0.61 and 1.00 mm) were examined. Tests included traditional upward buoyant flame spread using Test 1 procedures, downward opposed-flow flame spread, horizontal and angled flame spread, and forced-flow upward and downward flame spread. In addition to these configurations, upward and downward tests were conducted in a chamber with varying oxygen concentrations. In the upward buoyant flame spread tests, the flame generally did not burn the entire sample. As thickness was increased, the flame spread distance decreased before flame extinguishment. For the thickest sample, ignition could not be achieved. In the downward tests, the two thinnest samples permitted the flame to burn the entire sample, but the spread rate was lower compared to the corresponding upward values. The other two thicknesses could not be ignited in the downward configuration. The increased flammability for downward spreading flames relative to upward ones is uncommon. The two thinnest samples also burned completely in the horizontal configuration, as well as at angles up to 75 degrees from the horizontal. Upward tests in air with an added forced flow were more flammable. The upward and downward flammability behavior was compared in atmospheres of varying oxygen concentration to determine a maximum oxygen concentration for each configuration. Complementary analyses using EDS, TGA, and SEM techniques suggest the importance of the silica layer deposited downstream onto the unburned sample surface.

10 CFR 1002.31 - Unauthorized uses of the seal and flag.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Unauthorized uses of the seal and flag. 1002.31 Section 1002.31 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (GENERAL PROVISIONS) OFFICIAL SEAL AND DISTINGUISHING FLAG Unauthorized Uses § 1002.31 Unauthorized uses of the seal and flag. The official seal and distinguishing flag...

10 CFR 1002.31 - Unauthorized uses of the seal and flag.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Unauthorized uses of the seal and flag. 1002.31 Section 1002.31 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (GENERAL PROVISIONS) OFFICIAL SEAL AND DISTINGUISHING FLAG Unauthorized Uses § 1002.31 Unauthorized uses of the seal and flag. The official seal and distinguishing flag...

32 CFR 776.57 - Unauthorized practice of law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 32 National Defense 5 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Unauthorized practice of law. 776.57 Section 776... Rules of Professional Conduct § 776.57 Unauthorized practice of law. (a) Unauthorized practice of law. A... law in a jurisdiction where doing so is prohibited by the regulations of the legal profession in that...

32 CFR 776.57 - Unauthorized practice of law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 32 National Defense 5 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Unauthorized practice of law. 776.57 Section 776... Rules of Professional Conduct § 776.57 Unauthorized practice of law. (a) Unauthorized practice of law. A... law in a jurisdiction where doing so is prohibited by the regulations of the legal profession in that...

25 CFR 168.16 - Impoundment and disposal of unauthorized livestock.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... of Intent to Impound unauthorized livestock is first published in the local newspaper, posted at the nearest chapter house, and in one or more local trading posts. (c) Unauthorized livestock on the Hopi... unauthorized livestock in areas for which a notice has been posted and published under paragraph (b) of this...

25 CFR 168.16 - Impoundment and disposal of unauthorized livestock.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... of Intent to Impound unauthorized livestock is first published in the local newspaper, posted at the nearest chapter house, and in one or more local trading posts. (c) Unauthorized livestock on the Hopi... unauthorized livestock in areas for which a notice has been posted and published under paragraph (b) of this...

37 CFR 1.939 - Unauthorized papers in inter partes reexamination.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 37 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Unauthorized papers in inter... Unauthorized papers in inter partes reexamination. (a) If an unauthorized paper is filed by any party at any...) Unless otherwise authorized, no paper shall be filed prior to the initial Office action on the merits of...

A laboratory-scale comparison of rate of spread model predictions using chaparral fuel beds – preliminary results

Treesearch

D.R. Weise; E. Koo; X. Zhou; S. Mahalingam

2011-01-01

Observed fire spread rates from 240 laboratory fires in horizontally-oriented single-species live fuel beds were compared to predictions from various implementations and modifications of the Rothermel rate of spread model and a physical fire spread model developed by Pagni and Koo. Packing ratio of the laboratory fuel beds was generally greater than that observed in...

Heat transfer and fire spread

Treesearch

Hal E. Anderson

1969-01-01

Experimental testing of a mathematical model showed that radiant heat transfer accounted for no more than 40% of total heat flux required to maintain rate of spread. A reasonable prediction of spread was possible by assuming a horizontal convective heat transfer coefficient when certain fuel and flame characteristics were known. Fuel particle size had a linear relation...

49 CFR 1520.17 - Consequences of unauthorized disclosure of SSI.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... TRANSPORTATION PROTECTION OF SENSITIVE SECURITY INFORMATION § 1520.17 Consequences of unauthorized disclosure of... issuance of an order requiring retrieval of SSI to remedy unauthorized disclosure or an order to cease...

49 CFR 1520.17 - Consequences of unauthorized disclosure of SSI.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... TRANSPORTATION PROTECTION OF SENSITIVE SECURITY INFORMATION § 1520.17 Consequences of unauthorized disclosure of... issuance of an order requiring retrieval of SSI to remedy unauthorized disclosure or an order to cease...

49 CFR 1520.17 - Consequences of unauthorized disclosure of SSI.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... TRANSPORTATION PROTECTION OF SENSITIVE SECURITY INFORMATION § 1520.17 Consequences of unauthorized disclosure of... issuance of an order requiring retrieval of SSI to remedy unauthorized disclosure or an order to cease...

49 CFR 1520.17 - Consequences of unauthorized disclosure of SSI.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... TRANSPORTATION PROTECTION OF SENSITIVE SECURITY INFORMATION § 1520.17 Consequences of unauthorized disclosure of... issuance of an order requiring retrieval of SSI to remedy unauthorized disclosure or an order to cease...

Resolving vorticity-driven lateral fire spread using the WRF-Fire coupled atmosphere-fire numerical model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Simpson, C. C.; Sharples, J. J.; Evans, J. P.

2014-09-01

Vorticity-driven lateral fire spread (VLS) is a form of dynamic fire behaviour, during which a wildland fire spreads rapidly across a steep leeward slope in a direction approximately transverse to the background winds. VLS is often accompanied by a downwind extension of the active flaming region and intense pyro-convection. In this study, the WRF-Fire (WRF stands for Weather Research and Forecasting) coupled atmosphere-fire model is used to examine the sensitivity of resolving VLS to both the horizontal and vertical grid spacing, and the fire-to-atmosphere coupling from within the model framework. The atmospheric horizontal and vertical grid spacing are varied between 25 and 90 m, and the fire-to-atmosphere coupling is either enabled or disabled. At high spatial resolutions, the inclusion of fire-to-atmosphere coupling increases the upslope and lateral rate of spread by factors of up to 2.7 and 9.5, respectively. This increase in the upslope and lateral rate of spread diminishes at coarser spatial resolutions, and VLS is not modelled for a horizontal and vertical grid spacing of 90 m. The lateral fire spread is driven by fire whirls formed due to an interaction between the background winds and the vertical circulation generated at the flank of the fire front as part of the pyro-convective updraft. The laterally advancing fire fronts become the dominant contributors to the extreme pyro-convection. The results presented in this study demonstrate that both high spatial resolution and two-way atmosphere-fire coupling are required to model VLS with WRF-Fire.

Spreading of Annular Droplets on a Horizontal Fiber

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Xue; Ding, Zijing; Liu, Rong

2018-05-01

This paper investigates an annular droplet on a horizontal fiber. The static state and the dynamic spreading process of the droplet is analyzed. A full model describing the profile of a static droplet is derived from the energy variation principle. To study the dynamical spreading of the droplet, we derive a lubrication model which is verified by the full model. It indicates that the lubrication model is valid for a thin droplet. Results of the static droplet reveal that, when the fiber radius is very small, the droplet tends to have a spherical shape; if the fiber radius is very large, the droplet approaches to a parabolic profile. Furthermore, the time-evolution study is carried out to investigate the dynamical spreading of the droplet. It is highlighted that when the fiber radius is small, the droplet can breakup into small droplets or contract into a sharp shape. For a large fiber radius, the droplet spreads to a steady profile. In addition, the liquid viscosity is found to retard the deformation of the droplet and the motion of the contact lines.

Spreading of Annular Droplets on a Horizontal Fiber

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Xue; Ding, Zijing; Liu, Rong

2017-12-01

This paper investigates an annular droplet on a horizontal fiber. The static state and the dynamic spreading process of the droplet is analyzed. A full model describing the profile of a static droplet is derived from the energy variation principle. To study the dynamical spreading of the droplet, we derive a lubrication model which is verified by the full model. It indicates that the lubrication model is valid for a thin droplet. Results of the static droplet reveal that, when the fiber radius is very small, the droplet tends to have a spherical shape; if the fiber radius is very large, the droplet approaches to a parabolic profile. Furthermore, the time-evolution study is carried out to investigate the dynamical spreading of the droplet. It is highlighted that when the fiber radius is small, the droplet can breakup into small droplets or contract into a sharp shape. For a large fiber radius, the droplet spreads to a steady profile. In addition, the liquid viscosity is found to retard the deformation of the droplet and the motion of the contact lines.

7 CFR 4288.135 - Unauthorized payments and offsets.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

...-COOPERATIVE SERVICE AND RURAL UTILITIES SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAYMENT PROGRAMS Advanced Biofuel... unauthorized assistance has been made to an advanced biofuel producer under this Program, the Agency reserves... the producer. Upon determination that unauthorized assistance has been made to an advanced biofuel...

14 CFR 221.5 - Unauthorized air transportation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Unauthorized air transportation. 221.5... PROCEEDINGS) ECONOMIC REGULATIONS TARIFFS General § 221.5 Unauthorized air transportation. Tariff publications shall not contain fares or charges, or their governing provisions, applicable to foreign air...

14 CFR 221.5 - Unauthorized air transportation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Unauthorized air transportation. 221.5... PROCEEDINGS) ECONOMIC REGULATIONS TARIFFS General § 221.5 Unauthorized air transportation. Tariff publications shall not contain fares or charges, or their governing provisions, applicable to foreign air...

14 CFR 221.5 - Unauthorized air transportation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Unauthorized air transportation. 221.5... PROCEEDINGS) ECONOMIC REGULATIONS TARIFFS General § 221.5 Unauthorized air transportation. Tariff publications shall not contain fares or charges, or their governing provisions, applicable to foreign air...

14 CFR 221.5 - Unauthorized air transportation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Unauthorized air transportation. 221.5... PROCEEDINGS) ECONOMIC REGULATIONS TARIFFS General § 221.5 Unauthorized air transportation. Tariff publications shall not contain fares or charges, or their governing provisions, applicable to foreign air...

14 CFR 221.5 - Unauthorized air transportation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Unauthorized air transportation. 221.5... PROCEEDINGS) ECONOMIC REGULATIONS TARIFFS General § 221.5 Unauthorized air transportation. Tariff publications... Department's granting authority to perform the foreign air transportation covered by such tariff publications...

Influence of a step-change increase of peat moisture content on the horizontal propagation of smouldering fires

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Prat-Guitart, Nuria; Belcher, Claire M.; Hadden, Rory M.; Rein, Guillermo; Yearsley, Jon M.

2015-04-01

In shallow layers of peat, the transition between moss species causes a step-change of the horizontal distribution of peat moisture content. Post-fire studies in peatlands have reported shallow layers being consumed in irregular distributions. The unburned areas were found to be patches of wet Sphagnum moss. Our laboratory scale study analyses the effect of a horizontal step-change in moisture content on the spread of smouldering. We designed a laboratory-scale experiment (20×18×5 cm) within an insulated box filled with milled peat. Peat was ignited on one side of the box from which the smouldering fire horizontally self-propagates through a region of dry peat (MC1) and then through a wetter region of peat (MC2). An infrared camera, a webcam and thermocouples monitor the position of the smouldering fire spreading horizontally. The experiment was repeated with peats at different moisture content combinations to analyse the smouldering behaviour on a range of moisture content step-change conditions. The data analysis estimates the burned area and examines smouldering fire behaviour across a wide range of moisture content combinations reproducing realistic scenarios. We found that the area burned depends on peat moisture content before the step-change (MC1) as well as the increase in moisture of the step-change itself (difference between MC1 and MC2). Our study assists in researching the influence of peat moisture content on the spread of smouldering in peatland fire and contributes to a better understanding of the post-fire peatland landscape, helping to reconstruct smouldering fire events.

7 CFR 766.252 - Unauthorized assistance resulting from submission of false information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... false information. 766.252 Section 766.252 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture... Unauthorized Assistance § 766.252 Unauthorized assistance resulting from submission of false information. A... behalf, submits information to the Agency that the borrower knows to be false. ...

How Do Tougher Immigration Measures Affect Unauthorized Immigrants?

PubMed Central

Amuedo-Dorantes, Catalina; Puttitanun, Thitima; Martinez-Donate, Ana P.

2013-01-01

The recent impetus of tougher immigration-related measures passed at the state level raises concerns about the impact of such measures on the migration experience, trajectory, and future plans of unauthorized immigrants. In a recent and unique survey of Mexican unauthorized immigrants interviewed upon their voluntary return or deportation to Mexico, almost a third reported experiencing difficulties in obtaining social or government services, finding legal assistance, or obtaining health care services. Additionally, half of these unauthorized immigrants reported fearing deportation. When we assess how the enactment of punitive measures against unauthorized immigrants, such as E-Verify mandates, has affected their migration experience, we find no evidence of a statistically significant association between these measures and the difficulties reported by unauthorized immigrants in accessing a variety of services. However, the enactment of these mandates infuses deportation fear, reduces interstate mobility among voluntary returnees during their last migration spell, and helps curb deportees’ intent to return to the United States in the near future. PMID:23532619

How do tougher immigration measures affect unauthorized immigrants?

PubMed

Amuedo-Dorantes, Catalina; Puttitanun, Thitima; Martinez-Donate, Ana P

2013-06-01

The recent impetus of tougher immigration-related measures passed at the state level raises concerns about the impact of such measures on the migration experience, trajectory, and future plans of unauthorized immigrants. In a recent and unique survey of Mexican unauthorized immigrants interviewed upon their voluntary return or deportation to Mexico, almost a third reported experiencing difficulties in obtaining social or government services, finding legal assistance, or obtaining health care services. Additionally, half of these unauthorized immigrants reported fearing deportation. When we assess how the enactment of punitive measures against unauthorized immigrants, such as E-Verify mandates, has affected their migration experience, we find no evidence of a statistically significant association between these measures and the difficulties reported by unauthorized immigrants in accessing a variety of services. However, the enactment of these mandates infuses deportation fear, reduces interstate mobility among voluntary returnees during their last migration spell, and helps curb deportees' intent to return to the United States in the near future.

46 CFR 350.6 - Unauthorized sale, manufacture, possession or display.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 8 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Unauthorized sale, manufacture, possession or display... SEAMEN'S SERVICE AWARDS § 350.6 Unauthorized sale, manufacture, possession or display. The sale, manufacture, possession or display of any Merchant Marine decoration, or colorable imitations thereof, by...

32 CFR 732.15 - Unauthorized care.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 32 National Defense 5 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Unauthorized care. 732.15 Section 732.15 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY PERSONNEL NONNAVAL MEDICAL AND DENTAL CARE Medical and Dental Care From Nonnaval Sources § 732.15 Unauthorized care. The following are...

32 CFR 732.15 - Unauthorized care.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 32 National Defense 5 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Unauthorized care. 732.15 Section 732.15 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY PERSONNEL NONNAVAL MEDICAL AND DENTAL CARE Medical and Dental Care From Nonnaval Sources § 732.15 Unauthorized care. The following are...

32 CFR 732.15 - Unauthorized care.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 32 National Defense 5 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Unauthorized care. 732.15 Section 732.15 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY PERSONNEL NONNAVAL MEDICAL AND DENTAL CARE Medical and Dental Care From Nonnaval Sources § 732.15 Unauthorized care. The following are...

32 CFR 732.15 - Unauthorized care.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 32 National Defense 5 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Unauthorized care. 732.15 Section 732.15 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY PERSONNEL NONNAVAL MEDICAL AND DENTAL CARE Medical and Dental Care From Nonnaval Sources § 732.15 Unauthorized care. The following are...

32 CFR 732.15 - Unauthorized care.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 32 National Defense 5 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Unauthorized care. 732.15 Section 732.15 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY PERSONNEL NONNAVAL MEDICAL AND DENTAL CARE Medical and Dental Care From Nonnaval Sources § 732.15 Unauthorized care. The following are...

32 CFR 855.14 - Unauthorized landings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 32 National Defense 6 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Unauthorized landings. 855.14 Section 855.14 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE AIRCRAFT CIVIL AIRCRAFT USE OF UNITED STATES AIR FORCE AIRFIELDS Civil Aircraft Landing Permits § 855.14 Unauthorized landings...

32 CFR 766.12 - Unauthorized landings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 32 National Defense 5 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Unauthorized landings. 766.12 Section 766.12 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY MISCELLANEOUS RULES USE OF DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY AVIATION FACILITIES BY CIVIL AIRCRAFT § 766.12 Unauthorized landings. An aircraft that...

12 CFR 1005.6 - Liability of consumer for unauthorized transfers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... transfers. 1005.6 Section 1005.6 Banks and Banking BUREAU OF CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION ELECTRONIC FUND TRANSFERS (REGULATION E) § 1005.6 Liability of consumer for unauthorized transfers. (a) Conditions for..., for an unauthorized electronic fund transfer involving the consumer's account only if the financial...

12 CFR 1005.6 - Liability of consumer for unauthorized transfers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... transfers. 1005.6 Section 1005.6 Banks and Banking BUREAU OF CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION ELECTRONIC FUND TRANSFERS (REGULATION E) General § 1005.6 Liability of consumer for unauthorized transfers. (a) Conditions... this section, for an unauthorized electronic fund transfer involving the consumer's account only if the...

75 FR 19464 - Interagency Guidance on Response Programs for Unauthorized Access to Customer Information and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-14

... for Unauthorized Access to Customer Information and Customer Notice AGENCY: Office of Thrift...: Interagency Guidance on Response Programs for Unauthorized Access to Customer Information and Customer Notice... physical safeguards to: (1) Ensure the security and confidentiality of customer records and information; (2...

75 FR 6790 - Interagency Guidance on Response Programs for Unauthorized Access to Customer Information and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-02-10

... for Unauthorized Access to Customer Information and Customer Notice AGENCY: Office of Thrift... for Unauthorized Access to Customer Information and Customer Notice. OMB Number: 1550-0110. Form...) Ensure the security and confidentiality of customer records and information; (2) protect against any...

14 CFR 61.37 - Knowledge tests: Cheating or other unauthorized conduct.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Knowledge tests: Cheating or other unauthorized conduct. 61.37 Section 61.37 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF....37 Knowledge tests: Cheating or other unauthorized conduct. (a) An applicant for a knowledge test may...

14 CFR 61.37 - Knowledge tests: Cheating or other unauthorized conduct.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Knowledge tests: Cheating or other unauthorized conduct. 61.37 Section 61.37 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF....37 Knowledge tests: Cheating or other unauthorized conduct. (a) An applicant for a knowledge test may...

32 CFR 766.12 - Unauthorized landings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 32 National Defense 5 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Unauthorized landings. 766.12 Section 766.12... DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY AVIATION FACILITIES BY CIVIL AIRCRAFT § 766.12 Unauthorized landings. An aircraft that... authority, except in a bona fide emergency, is in violation of this part. Civil aircraft landing in...

37 CFR 11.505 - Unauthorized practice of law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 37 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Unauthorized practice of law... Rules of Professional Conduct Law Firms and Associations § 11.505 Unauthorized practice of law. A practitioner shall not practice law in a jurisdiction in violation of the regulation of the legal profession in...

10 CFR 1048.4 - Unauthorized introduction of weapons or dangerous materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Unauthorized introduction of weapons or dangerous materials. 1048.4 Section 1048.4 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (GENERAL PROVISIONS) TRESPASSING ON STRATEGIC PETROLEUM RESERVE FACILITIES AND OTHER PROPERTY § 1048.4 Unauthorized introduction of weapons or dangerous...

10 CFR 1048.4 - Unauthorized introduction of weapons or dangerous materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Unauthorized introduction of weapons or dangerous materials. 1048.4 Section 1048.4 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (GENERAL PROVISIONS) TRESPASSING ON STRATEGIC PETROLEUM RESERVE FACILITIES AND OTHER PROPERTY § 1048.4 Unauthorized introduction of weapons or dangerous...

10 CFR 1048.4 - Unauthorized introduction of weapons or dangerous materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Unauthorized introduction of weapons or dangerous materials. 1048.4 Section 1048.4 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (GENERAL PROVISIONS) TRESPASSING ON STRATEGIC PETROLEUM RESERVE FACILITIES AND OTHER PROPERTY § 1048.4 Unauthorized introduction of weapons or dangerous...

10 CFR 1048.4 - Unauthorized introduction of weapons or dangerous materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Unauthorized introduction of weapons or dangerous materials. 1048.4 Section 1048.4 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (GENERAL PROVISIONS) TRESPASSING ON STRATEGIC PETROLEUM RESERVE FACILITIES AND OTHER PROPERTY § 1048.4 Unauthorized introduction of weapons or dangerous...

10 CFR 1048.4 - Unauthorized introduction of weapons or dangerous materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Unauthorized introduction of weapons or dangerous materials. 1048.4 Section 1048.4 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (GENERAL PROVISIONS) TRESPASSING ON STRATEGIC PETROLEUM RESERVE FACILITIES AND OTHER PROPERTY § 1048.4 Unauthorized introduction of weapons or dangerous...

The Educational Rights of Unauthorized Immigrant Students

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Russo, Charles J.

2012-01-01

A 2007 report from the Congressional Budget Office (CBO 2007) estimated that 12 million "unauthorized immigrants" lived in the United States, defining the term "unauthorized immigrants" as "foreign citizens residing in the United States illegally." Without providing exact numbers, in his 2011 State of the Union address, President Obama addressed…

13 CFR 314.4 - Unauthorized Use of Property.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Unauthorized Use of Property. 314.4 Section 314.4 Business Credit and Assistance ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE PROPERTY General § 314.4 Unauthorized Use of Property. (a) Except as provided in §§ 314.3...

32 CFR 643.15 - Unauthorized use.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 32 National Defense 4 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Unauthorized use. 643.15 Section 643.15 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY (CONTINUED) REAL PROPERTY REAL ESTATE General § 643.15 Unauthorized use. Whenever it is observed that real estate under the control of the DA is...

12 CFR 1005.6 - Liability of consumer for unauthorized transfers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... transfers. 1005.6 Section 1005.6 Banks and Banking BUREAU OF CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION ELECTRONIC FUND TRANSFERS (REGULATION E) General § 1005.6 Liability of consumer for unauthorized transfers. (a) Conditions... this section, for an unauthorized electronic fund transfer involving the consumer's account only if the...

14 CFR § 1204.1005 - Unauthorized introduction of firearms or weapons, explosives, or other dangerous materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... weapons, explosives, or other dangerous materials. § 1204.1005 Section § 1204.1005 Aeronautics and Space... Weapons or Dangerous Materials § 1204.1005 Unauthorized introduction of firearms or weapons, explosives... description of the consequences for unauthorized introduction of firearms or weapons, explosives, or other...

25 CFR 166.807 - When will we impound unauthorized livestock or other property?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... WATER GRAZING PERMITS Trespass Actions § 166.807 When will we impound unauthorized livestock or other... other property refuses to accept delivery of a written notice of trespass and the unauthorized livestock... after five days of providing notice of impoundment if you failed to correct the trespass. ...

25 CFR 166.807 - When will we impound unauthorized livestock or other property?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... WATER GRAZING PERMITS Trespass Actions § 166.807 When will we impound unauthorized livestock or other... other property refuses to accept delivery of a written notice of trespass and the unauthorized livestock... after five days of providing notice of impoundment if you failed to correct the trespass. ...

25 CFR 166.807 - When will we impound unauthorized livestock or other property?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... WATER GRAZING PERMITS Trespass Actions § 166.807 When will we impound unauthorized livestock or other... other property refuses to accept delivery of a written notice of trespass and the unauthorized livestock... after five days of providing notice of impoundment if you failed to correct the trespass. ...

25 CFR 166.807 - When will we impound unauthorized livestock or other property?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... WATER GRAZING PERMITS Trespass Actions § 166.807 When will we impound unauthorized livestock or other... other property refuses to accept delivery of a written notice of trespass and the unauthorized livestock... after five days of providing notice of impoundment if you failed to correct the trespass. ...

25 CFR 166.807 - When will we impound unauthorized livestock or other property?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... WATER GRAZING PERMITS Trespass Actions § 166.807 When will we impound unauthorized livestock or other... other property refuses to accept delivery of a written notice of trespass and the unauthorized livestock... after five days of providing notice of impoundment if you failed to correct the trespass. ...

25 CFR 304.1 - Penalties for imitation or unauthorized use.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 25 Indians 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Penalties for imitation or unauthorized use. 304.1 Section 304.1 Indians INDIAN ARTS AND CRAFTS BOARD, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NAVAJO, PUEBLO, AND HOPI SILVER, USE OF GOVERNMENT MARK § 304.1 Penalties for imitation or unauthorized use. The use of Government...

25 CFR 700.727 - Impoundment and disposal of unauthorized livestock.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... of Intent to Impound Unauthorized Livestock is first published in a local newspaper, posted at the nearest chapter house, and in one or more local trading posts. (c) Unauthorized livestock on the New Lands... livestock in areas for which notice has been posted and published under paragraph (b) of this section, will...

25 CFR 700.727 - Impoundment and disposal of unauthorized livestock.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... of Intent to Impound Unauthorized Livestock is first published in a local newspaper, posted at the nearest chapter house, and in one or more local trading posts. (c) Unauthorized livestock on the New Lands... livestock in areas for which notice has been posted and published under paragraph (b) of this section, will...

12 CFR Appendix B to Part 748 - Guidance on Response Programs for Unauthorized Access to Member Information and Member Notice

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... authenticate and permit access only to authorized individuals and controls to prevent employees from providing member information to unauthorized individuals who may seek to obtain this information through fraudulent... unauthorized individuals have gained access to member information systems, including appropriate reports to...

12 CFR Appendix B to Part 748 - Guidance on Response Programs for Unauthorized Access to Member Information and Member Notice

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... authenticate and permit access only to authorized individuals and controls to prevent employees from providing member information to unauthorized individuals who may seek to obtain this information through fraudulent... unauthorized individuals have gained access to member information systems, including appropriate reports to...

12 CFR Appendix B to Part 748 - Guidance on Response Programs for Unauthorized Access to Member Information and Member Notice

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... authenticate and permit access only to authorized individuals and controls to prevent employees from providing member information to unauthorized individuals who may seek to obtain this information through fraudulent... unauthorized individuals have gained access to member information systems, including appropriate reports to...

25 CFR 11.419 - Unauthorized use of automobiles and other vehicles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Unauthorized use of automobiles and other vehicles. 11... OF INDIAN OFFENSES AND LAW AND ORDER CODE Criminal Offenses § 11.419 Unauthorized use of automobiles and other vehicles. A person commits a misdemeanor if he or she operates another person's automobile...

25 CFR 11.419 - Unauthorized use of automobiles and other vehicles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Unauthorized use of automobiles and other vehicles. 11... OF INDIAN OFFENSES AND LAW AND ORDER CODE Criminal Offenses § 11.419 Unauthorized use of automobiles and other vehicles. A person commits a misdemeanor if he or she operates another person's automobile...

25 CFR 11.419 - Unauthorized use of automobiles and other vehicles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Unauthorized use of automobiles and other vehicles. 11... OF INDIAN OFFENSES AND LAW AND ORDER CODE Criminal Offenses § 11.419 Unauthorized use of automobiles and other vehicles. A person commits a misdemeanor if he or she operates another person's automobile...

25 CFR 11.419 - Unauthorized use of automobiles and other vehicles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Unauthorized use of automobiles and other vehicles. 11... OF INDIAN OFFENSES AND LAW AND ORDER CODE Criminal Offenses § 11.419 Unauthorized use of automobiles and other vehicles. A person commits a misdemeanor if he or she operates another person's automobile...

25 CFR 11.419 - Unauthorized use of automobiles and other vehicles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2012-04-01 2011-04-01 true Unauthorized use of automobiles and other vehicles. 11.419... OFFENSES AND LAW AND ORDER CODE Criminal Offenses § 11.419 Unauthorized use of automobiles and other vehicles. A person commits a misdemeanor if he or she operates another person's automobile, airplane...

14 CFR 1204.1407 - Procedure in the event of an unauthorized use.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Procedure in the event of an unauthorized use. 1204.1407 Section 1204.1407 Aeronautics and Space NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION... the Federal Government § 1204.1407 Procedure in the event of an unauthorized use. Any aircraft not...

14 CFR 1204.1407 - Procedure in the event of an unauthorized use.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2011-01-01 2010-01-01 true Procedure in the event of an unauthorized use. 1204.1407 Section 1204.1407 Aeronautics and Space NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION... the Federal Government § 1204.1407 Procedure in the event of an unauthorized use. Any aircraft not...

14 CFR 1204.1407 - Procedure in the event of an unauthorized use.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Procedure in the event of an unauthorized use. 1204.1407 Section 1204.1407 Aeronautics and Space NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION... the Federal Government § 1204.1407 Procedure in the event of an unauthorized use. Any aircraft not...

14 CFR 1204.1407 - Procedure in the event of an unauthorized use.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Procedure in the event of an unauthorized use. 1204.1407 Section 1204.1407 Aeronautics and Space NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION... the Federal Government § 1204.1407 Procedure in the event of an unauthorized use. Any aircraft not...

Opposed-Flow Flame Spread over Thin Solid Fuels in a Narrow Channel under Different Gravity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Xia; Yu, Yong; Wan, Shixin; Wei, Minggang; Hu, Wen-Rui

Flame spread over solid surface is critical in combustion science due to its importance in fire safety in both ground and manned spacecraft. Eliminating potential fuels from materials is the basic method to protect spacecraft from fire. The criterion of material screening is its flamma-bility [1]. Since gas flow speed has strong effect on flame spread, the combustion behaviors of materials in normal and microgravity will be different due to their different natural convec-tion. To evaluate the flammability of materials used in the manned spacecraft, tests should be performed under microgravity. Nevertheless, the cost is high, so apparatus to simulate mi-crogravity combustion under normal gravity was developed. The narrow channel is such an apparatus in which the buoyant flow is restricted effectively [2, 3]. The experimental results of the horizontal narrow channel are consistent qualitatively with those of Mir Space Station. Quantitatively, there still are obvious differences. However, the effect of the channel size on flame spread has only attracted little attention, in which concurrent-flow flame spread over thin solid in microgravity is numerically studied[4], while the similarity of flame spread in different gravity is still an open question. In addition, the flame spread experiments under microgravity are generally carried out in large wind tunnels without considering the effects of the tunnel size [5]. Actually, the materials are always used in finite space. Therefore, the flammability given by experiments using large wind tunnels will not correctly predict the flammability of materials in the real environment. In the present paper, the effect of the channel size on opposed-flow flame spread over thin solid fuels in both normal and microgravity was investigated and compared. In the horizontal narrow channel, the flame spread rate increased before decreased as forced flow speed increased. In low speed gas flows, flame spread appeared the same trend as that in microgravity. This showed that the horizontal narrow channel can restrict natural convection effectively. In the vertical narrow channel, flame spread became slower as the forced gas flow speed increased. In low speed gas flows, flame spread was not near quench limit. Instead, the spread rate got its maximum value. This was entirely different from the result of microgravity and showed that the vertical narrow channel can not restrict natural convection. For the horizontal narrow channel, when the channel height lowered to 1 cm (The Grashof number was 149 using the half height as a characteristic length), the natural convection was restricted. For vertical narrow channel, a lower height was needed to restrict natural convection. References 1. NASA Technical Standard, "Flammability, Odor, Offgassing, and Compatibility Require-ments and Test Procedures for Materials in Environments That Support Combustion", NASA STD-6001, 1998. 2. Ivanov, A. V., Balashov, Ye. V., Andreeva, T. V., and et al., "Experimental Verification of Material Flammability in Space", NASA CR-1999-209405, 1999. 3. Melikhov, A. S., Bolodyan, I. A., Potyakin, V. I., and et al., "The study of polymer material combustion in simulated microgravity by physical modeling method", In: Sacksteder K, ed, "Fifth Int Microgravity Comb Workshop", NASA CP-1999-208917, 1999, 361. 4. T'ien, J. S., Shih, H.-Y., Jiang, C.-B., and et al., "Mechanisms of flame spread and smol-der wave propagation", In: Ross, H. D., ed, "Microgravity Combustion: Fire in Free Fall", Academic Press, 2001. 299. 5. Olson, S. L., Comb Sci Tech, 76, 233, 1991.

Buoyant Effects on the Flammability of Silicone Samples Planned for the Spacecraft Fire Experiment (Saffire)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Niehaus, Justin; Ferkul, Paul V.; Gokoglu, Suleyman; Ruff, Gary

2015-01-01

Flammability experiments on silicone samples were conducted in anticipation of the Spacecraft Fire Experiment (Saffire). The sample geometry was chosen to match the NASA 6001 Test 1 specification, namely 5 cm wide by 30 cm tall. Four thicknesses of silicone (0.25, 0.36, 0.61 and 1.00 mm) were examined. Tests included traditional upward buoyant flame spread using Test 1 procedures, downward opposed flow flame spread, horizontal and angled flame spread, forced flow upward and downward flame spread. In addition to these configurations, upward and downward tests were also conducted in a chamber with varying oxygen concentrations. In the upward buoyant flame spread tests, the flame generally did not burn the entire sample. As thickness was increased, the flame spread distance decreased before flame extinguishment. For the thickest sample, ignition could not be achieved. In the downward tests, the two thinnest samples permitted the flame to burn the entire sample, but the spread rate was lower compared to the corresponding upward values. The other two thicknesses could not be ignited in the downward configuration. The increased flammability for downward spreading flames relative to upward ones is uncommon. The two thinnest samples also burned completely in the horizontal configuration, as well as at angles up to 75 degrees from the horizontal. The upward and downward flammability behavior was compared in atmospheres of varying oxygen concentration to determine a maximum oxygen concentration for each configuration. Upward tests in air with an added forced flow were more flammable. Complementary analyses using SEM and TGA techniques suggest the importance of the silica layer formed on the burned sample surface. As silicone burns upward, silica deposits downstream •If the silicone is ignited in the downward configuration, it burns the entire length of the sample •Burning upward at an angle increases the burn length in some cases possibly due to less silica deposition •Forced flow in the upward burning case increases flammability, likely due to an increase in convective flow preventing silica from depositing •Samples in upward configuration burning under forced flow self extinguish after forced flow is removed

25 CFR 11.422 - Unauthorized use of credit cards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Unauthorized use of credit cards. 11.422 Section 11.422... LAW AND ORDER CODE Criminal Offenses § 11.422 Unauthorized use of credit cards. (a) A person commits a misdemeanor if he or she uses a credit card for the purpose of obtaining property or services with knowledge...

25 CFR 11.422 - Unauthorized use of credit cards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Unauthorized use of credit cards. 11.422 Section 11.422... LAW AND ORDER CODE Criminal Offenses § 11.422 Unauthorized use of credit cards. (a) A person commits a misdemeanor if he or she uses a credit card for the purpose of obtaining property or services with knowledge...

25 CFR 11.422 - Unauthorized use of credit cards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Unauthorized use of credit cards. 11.422 Section 11.422... LAW AND ORDER CODE Criminal Offenses § 11.422 Unauthorized use of credit cards. (a) A person commits a misdemeanor if he or she uses a credit card for the purpose of obtaining property or services with knowledge...

25 CFR 11.422 - Unauthorized use of credit cards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2012-04-01 2011-04-01 true Unauthorized use of credit cards. 11.422 Section 11.422... LAW AND ORDER CODE Criminal Offenses § 11.422 Unauthorized use of credit cards. (a) A person commits a misdemeanor if he or she uses a credit card for the purpose of obtaining property or services with knowledge...

25 CFR 11.422 - Unauthorized use of credit cards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Unauthorized use of credit cards. 11.422 Section 11.422... LAW AND ORDER CODE Criminal Offenses § 11.422 Unauthorized use of credit cards. (a) A person commits a misdemeanor if he or she uses a credit card for the purpose of obtaining property or services with knowledge...

41 CFR 301-51.102 - How is my transportation reimbursement affected if I make an unauthorized cash purchase of common...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... reimbursement affected if I make an unauthorized cash purchase of common carrier transportation? 301-51.102... transportation reimbursement affected if I make an unauthorized cash purchase of common carrier transportation... cost of the transportation. In all other instances, your reimbursement will be limited to the cost of...

9 CFR 592.330 - Unauthorized use or disposition of approved labels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 9 Animals and Animal Products 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Unauthorized use or disposition of approved labels. 592.330 Section 592.330 Animals and Animal Products FOOD SAFETY AND INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EGG PRODUCTS INSPECTION VOLUNTARY INSPECTION OF EGG PRODUCTS Identifying and Marking Products § 592.330 Unauthorized use...

9 CFR 592.330 - Unauthorized use or disposition of approved labels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 9 Animals and Animal Products 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Unauthorized use or disposition of approved labels. 592.330 Section 592.330 Animals and Animal Products FOOD SAFETY AND INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EGG PRODUCTS INSPECTION VOLUNTARY INSPECTION OF EGG PRODUCTS Identifying and Marking Products § 592.330 Unauthorized use...

9 CFR 592.330 - Unauthorized use or disposition of approved labels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 9 Animals and Animal Products 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Unauthorized use or disposition of approved labels. 592.330 Section 592.330 Animals and Animal Products FOOD SAFETY AND INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EGG PRODUCTS INSPECTION VOLUNTARY INSPECTION OF EGG PRODUCTS Identifying and Marking Products § 592.330 Unauthorized use...

9 CFR 592.330 - Unauthorized use or disposition of approved labels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 9 Animals and Animal Products 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Unauthorized use or disposition of approved labels. 592.330 Section 592.330 Animals and Animal Products FOOD SAFETY AND INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EGG PRODUCTS INSPECTION VOLUNTARY INSPECTION OF EGG PRODUCTS Identifying and Marking Products § 592.330 Unauthorized use...

Protecting unauthorized immigrant mothers improves their children’s mental health

PubMed Central

Hainmueller, Jens; Lawrence, Duncan; Martén, Linna; Black, Bernard; Figueroa, Lucila; Hotard, Michael; Jiménez, Tomás R.; Mendoza, Fernando; Rodriguez, Maria I.; Swartz, Jonas J.; Laitin, David D.

2018-01-01

The United States is embroiled in a debate about whether to protect or deport its estimated 11 million unauthorized immigrants, but the fact that these immigrants are also parents to more than 4 million U.S.-born children is often overlooked. We provide causal evidence of the impact of parents’ unauthorized immigration status on the health of their U.S. citizen children. The Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program granted temporary protection from deportation to more than 780,000 unauthorized immigrants. We used Medicaid claims data from Oregon and exploited the quasi-random assignment of DACA eligibility among mothers with birthdates close to the DACA age qualification cutoff. Mothers’ DACA eligibility significantly decreased adjustment and anxiety disorder diagnoses among their children. Parents’ unauthorized status is thus a substantial barrier to normal child development and perpetuates health inequalities through the intergenerational transmission of disadvantage. PMID:28860206

Invasive Russian knapweed (Acroptilon repens) creates large patches almost entirely by rhizomic growth

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Russian knapweed is an outcrossing perennial invasive weed in North America that can spread by both seed and horizontal rhizome growth leading to new shoots. The predominant mode of spread at the local and long-distance scales has not been quantitatively researched. We used Amplified Fragment Length...

A semi-empirical model for the estimation of maximum horizontal displacement due to liquefaction-induced lateral spreading

USGS Publications Warehouse

Faris, Allison T.; Seed, Raymond B.; Kayen, Robert E.; Wu, Jiaer

2006-01-01

During the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake, liquefaction-induced lateral spreading and resultant ground displacements damaged bridges, buried utilities, and lifelines, conventional structures, and other developed works. This paper presents an improved engineering tool for the prediction of maximum displacement due to liquefaction-induced lateral spreading. A semi-empirical approach is employed, combining mechanistic understanding and data from laboratory testing with data and lessons from full-scale earthquake field case histories. The principle of strain potential index, based primary on correlation of cyclic simple shear laboratory testing results with in-situ Standard Penetration Test (SPT) results, is used as an index to characterized the deformation potential of soils after they liquefy. A Bayesian probabilistic approach is adopted for development of the final predictive model, in order to take fullest advantage of the data available and to deal with the inherent uncertainties intrinstiic to the back-analyses of field case histories. A case history from the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake is utilized to demonstrate the ability of the resultant semi-empirical model to estimate maximum horizontal displacement due to liquefaction-induced lateral spreading.

Horizontal transfer of GM DNA - why is almost no one looking? Open letter to Kaare Nielsen in his capacity as a member of the European Food Safety Authority GMO panel.

PubMed

Ho, Mae-Wan

2014-01-01

A culture of denial over the horizontal spread of genetically modified nucleic acids prevails in the face of direct evidence that it has occurred widely when appropriate methods and molecular probes are used for detection.

Educational Effects of Banning Access to In-State Resident Tuition for Unauthorized Immigrant Students

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Villarraga-Orjuela, Alexander; Kerr, Brinck

2017-01-01

This research examines the effects of state laws banning access to in-state resident tuition for unauthorized immigrant students in the United States. These laws were implemented between 2005 and 2012. We evaluate the policy effects on (a) college enrollment, (b) school dropout rates of unauthorized immigrants, and (c) the enrollment of U.S.…

41 CFR 301-10.453 - What is my liability for unauthorized use of a rental automobile obtained with Government funds?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... unauthorized use of a rental automobile obtained with Government funds? 301-10.453 Section 301-10.453 Public... ALLOWABLE TRAVEL EXPENSES 10-TRANSPORTATION EXPENSES Special Conveyances Rental Automobiles § 301-10.453 What is my liability for unauthorized use of a rental automobile obtained with Government funds? You...

41 CFR 301-10.453 - What is my liability for unauthorized use of a rental automobile obtained with Government funds?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... unauthorized use of a rental automobile obtained with Government funds? 301-10.453 Section 301-10.453 Public... ALLOWABLE TRAVEL EXPENSES 10-TRANSPORTATION EXPENSES Special Conveyances Rental Automobiles § 301-10.453 What is my liability for unauthorized use of a rental automobile obtained with Government funds? You...

41 CFR 301-10.453 - What is my liability for unauthorized use of a rental automobile obtained with Government funds?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... unauthorized use of a rental automobile obtained with Government funds? 301-10.453 Section 301-10.453 Public... ALLOWABLE TRAVEL EXPENSES 10-TRANSPORTATION EXPENSES Special Conveyances Rental Automobiles § 301-10.453 What is my liability for unauthorized use of a rental automobile obtained with Government funds? You...

41 CFR 301-10.453 - What is my liability for unauthorized use of a rental automobile obtained with Government funds?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... unauthorized use of a rental automobile obtained with Government funds? 301-10.453 Section 301-10.453 Public... ALLOWABLE TRAVEL EXPENSES 10-TRANSPORTATION EXPENSES Special Conveyances Rental Automobiles § 301-10.453 What is my liability for unauthorized use of a rental automobile obtained with Government funds? You...

41 CFR 301-10.453 - What is my liability for unauthorized use of a rental automobile obtained with Government funds?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... unauthorized use of a rental automobile obtained with Government funds? 301-10.453 Section 301-10.453 Public... ALLOWABLE TRAVEL EXPENSES 10-TRANSPORTATION EXPENSES Special Conveyances Rental Automobiles § 301-10.453 What is my liability for unauthorized use of a rental automobile obtained with Government funds? You...

14 CFR § 1204.1407 - Procedure in the event of an unauthorized use.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Procedure in the event of an unauthorized use. § 1204.1407 Section § 1204.1407 Aeronautics and Space NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE... the Benefit of the Federal Government § 1204.1407 Procedure in the event of an unauthorized use. Any...

H.264/AVC digital fingerprinting based on spatio-temporal just noticeable distortion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ait Saadi, Karima; Bouridane, Ahmed; Guessoum, Abderrezak

2014-01-01

This paper presents a robust adaptive embedding scheme using a modified Spatio-Temporal noticeable distortion (JND) model that is designed for tracing the distribution of the H.264/AVC video content and protecting them from unauthorized redistribution. The Embedding process is performed during coding process in selected macroblocks type Intra 4x4 within I-Frame. The method uses spread-spectrum technique in order to obtain robustness against collusion attacks and the JND model to dynamically adjust the embedding strength and control the energy of the embedded fingerprints so as to ensure their imperceptibility. Linear and non linear collusion attacks are performed to show the robustness of the proposed technique against collusion attacks while maintaining visual quality unchanged.

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-01-15

other purposes P.L. 109-338 John H. Chafee Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor Reauthorization Act of 2006 (sec. 702(f), 16 U.S.C. 461...Indefinite Unauthorized FY 2015 Appropriations: 1,120,235,000 Upper Klamath Basin Ecological Restoration projects (sec. 1024)* FY 2002 Appropriation... Ethics Authorization Act of 2001P.L. 107-119 Office of Government Ethics * FY 2006 Appropriation Authorized: Indefinite Unauthorized FY 2015 Appropriations

Liquid spreading under partial wetting conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, M.; Pahlavan, A. A.; Cueto-Felgueroso, L.; McKinley, G. H.; Juanes, R.

2013-12-01

Traditional mathematical descriptions of multiphase flow in porous media rely on a multiphase extension of Darcy's law, and lead to nonlinear second-order (advection-diffusion) partial differential equations for fluid saturations. Here, we study horizontal redistribution of immiscible fluids. The traditional Darcy-flow model predicts that the spreading of a finite amount of liquid in a horizontal porous medium never stops; a prediction that is not substantiated by observation. To help guide the development of new models of multiphase flow in porous media [1], we draw an analogy with the flow of thin films. The flow of thin films over flat surfaces has been the subject of much theoretical, experimental and computational research [2]. Under the lubrication approximation, the classical mathematical model for these flows takes the form of a nonlinear fourth-order PDE, where the fourth-order term models the effect of surface tension [3]. This classical model, however, effectively assumes that the film is perfectly wetting to the substrate and, therefore, does not capture the partial wetting regime. Partial wetting is responsible for stopping the spread of a liquid puddle. Here, we present experiments of (large-volume) liquid spreading over a flat horizontal substrate in the partial wetting regime, and characterize the four spreading regimes that we observe. We extend our previous theoretical work of two-phase flow in a capillary tube [4], and develop a macroscopic phase-field modeling of thin-film flows with partial wetting. Our model naturally accounts for the dynamic contact angle at the contact line, and therefore permits modeling thin-film flows without invoking a precursor film, leading to compactly-supported solutions that reproduce the spreading dynamics and the static equilibrium configuration observed in the experiments. We anticipate that this modeling approach will provide a natural mathematical framework to describe spreading and redistribution of immiscible fluids in porous media. [1] L. Cueto-Felgueroso and R. Juanes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 244504 (2008). [2] D. Bonn et al., Rev. Mod. Phys. 81, 739-805 (2009). [3] H. E. Huppert, Nature 300, 427-429 (1982). [4] L. Cueto-Felgueroso and R. Juanes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 144502 (2012).

Cassette structures associated with antibiotic resistance genes in Salmonella enterica isolated from processing plants, food animals, and retail meats

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Slowing the spread of antibiotic resistance (AR) is one of the most urgent tasks currently facing the field of microbiology. Mobile genetic elements, like plasmids and integrons, allow AR genes to transfer horizontally, thus increasing the spread of AR genes. Determining which AR genes are found on ...

Transient boiling heat transfer in saturated liquid nitrogen and F113 at standard and zero gravity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Oker, E.; Merte, H., Jr.

1973-01-01

Transient and steady state nucleate boiling in saturated LN2 and F113 at standard and near zero gravity conditions were investigated for the horizontal up, vertical and horizontal down orientations of the heating surface. Two distinct regimes of heat transfer mechanisms were observed during the interval from the step increase of power input to the onset of nucleate boiling: the conduction and convection dominated regimes. The time duration in each regime was considerably shorter with LN2 than with F113, and decreased as heat flux increased, as gravity was reduced, and as the orientation was changed from horizontal up to horizontal down. In transient boiling, boiling initiates at a single point following the step increase in power, and then spreads over the surface. The delay time for the inception of boiling at the first site, and the velocity of spread of boiling varies depending upon the heat flux, orientation, body force, surface roughness and liquid properties, and are a consequence of changes in boundary layer temperature levels associated with changes in natural convection. Following the step increase in power input, surface temperature overshoot and undershoot occur before the steady state boiling temperature level is established.

Protecting unauthorized immigrant mothers improves their children's mental health.

PubMed

Hainmueller, Jens; Lawrence, Duncan; Martén, Linna; Black, Bernard; Figueroa, Lucila; Hotard, Michael; Jiménez, Tomás R; Mendoza, Fernando; Rodriguez, Maria I; Swartz, Jonas J; Laitin, David D

2017-09-08

The United States is embroiled in a debate about whether to protect or deport its estimated 11 million unauthorized immigrants, but the fact that these immigrants are also parents to more than 4 million U.S.-born children is often overlooked. We provide causal evidence of the impact of parents' unauthorized immigration status on the health of their U.S. citizen children. The Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program granted temporary protection from deportation to more than 780,000 unauthorized immigrants. We used Medicaid claims data from Oregon and exploited the quasi-random assignment of DACA eligibility among mothers with birthdates close to the DACA age qualification cutoff. Mothers' DACA eligibility significantly decreased adjustment and anxiety disorder diagnoses among their children. Parents' unauthorized status is thus a substantial barrier to normal child development and perpetuates health inequalities through the intergenerational transmission of disadvantage. Copyright © 2017 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

Buyer-seller watermarking protocol based on amplitude modulation and the El Gamal Public Key Crypto System

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Memon, Nasir D.; Wong, Ping W.

1999-04-01

Digital watermarks have recently been proposed for the purposes of copy protection and copy deterrence for multimedia content. In copy deterrence, a content owner (seller) inserts a unique watermark into a copy of the content before it is sold to a buyer. If the buyer resells unauthorized copies of the watermarked content, then these copies can be traced to the unlawful reseller (original buyer) using a watermark detection algorithm. One problem with such an approach is that the original buyer whose watermark has been found on unauthorized copies can claim that the unauthorized copy was created or caused (for example, by a security breach) by the original seller. In this paper we propose an interactive buyer-seller protocol for invisible watermarking in which the seller does not get to know the exact watermarked copy that the buyer receives. Hence the seller cannot create copies of the original content containing the buyer's watermark. In cases where the seller finds an unauthorized copy, the seller can identify the buyer from a watermark in the unauthorized copy, and furthermore the seller can prove this fact to a third party using a dispute resolution protocol. This prevents the buyer from claiming that an unauthorized copy may have originated from the seller.

Horizontal study of vaccinia virus infections in an endemic area: epidemiologic, phylogenetic and economic aspects.

PubMed

Assis, Felipe L; Franco-Luiz, Ana Paula M; Paim, Luis M; Oliveira, Graziele P; Pereira, Alexandre F; de Almeida, Gabriel M F; Figueiredo, Leandra B; Tanus, Adriano; Trindade, Giliane S; Ferreira, Paulo P; Kroon, Erna G; Abrahão, Jônatas S

2015-11-01

Vaccinia virus (VACV), the etiological agent of bovine vaccinia (BV), is widespread in Brazil and present in most of the milk-producing regions. We conducted a horizontal study of BV in Bahia, a state of Brazil in which the production of milk is increasing. During 2011, human and bovine clinical samples were collected during outbreaks for BV diagnosis, virus isolation and molecular analysis. We collected data for epidemiological inferences. Vaccinia virus was detected in 87.7% of the analyzed outbreaks, highlighting the effective circulation of VACV in Bahia. The molecular data showed the spreading of group 1 Brazilian VACV to Bahia. We observed a seasonal profile of BV, with its peak in the drier and cooler season. Manual milking was observed in 96 % of the visited properties, showing its importance to viral spread in herds. Under-notification of BV, ineffective animal trade surveillance, and bad milking practices have contributed to the spread of VACV in Brazil.

Foiled Aspirations: The Influence of Unauthorized Status on the Educational Expectations of Latino Immigrant Youth

PubMed Central

Perreira, Krista; Spees, Lisa

2015-01-01

Latino immigrant adolescents have the highest high school dropout rates of any race-ethnic or nativity group in the United States. One potential reason for high dropout rates among Latino immigrant youth is that many are unauthorized entrants. These unauthorized Latino immigrant youth have few opportunities to attend college, and, as they become aware of barriers to their educational progress and employment, they may lower their educational expectations. Using data from the Latino Adolescent Migration, Health, and Adaptation Project (N=275), we examine the association of unauthorized entry into the U.S. with the educational expectations of Latino immigrant youth. We find that adolescents entering the U.S. without authorization have lower educational expectations than those who enter with authorization. These differences in their expectations persist after controlling for differences in their pre-migration, migration, and post-migration experiences. Policies and programs that reduce barriers to higher education and labor market opportunities can potentially help to foster higher educational expectations among unauthorized immigrant youth and may promote their high school completion. PMID:26451064

Framing migration and the process of crimmigration: A systematic analysis of the media representation of unauthorized immigrants in the Netherlands.

PubMed

Brouwer, Jelmer; van der Woude, Maartje; van der Leun, Joanne

2017-01-01

In this article we examine whether the proposal to criminalize illegal stay in the Netherlands was preceded by increased negative media attention for unauthorized immigrants. Using a corpus linguistics approach, we carried out a quantitative discourse analysis of all newspaper articles on unauthorized migrants over a period of 15 years. Our results show that the amount of media coverage actually strongly decreased in the years before the proposal, and this coverage was moreover increasingly less negative. This study thus nuances the somewhat popular belief that unauthorized migrants are increasingly portrayed in negative ways and shows that the framing of migrants as criminals is a more diffuse process in which the media seem to follow rather than fuel politics and policy.

Framing migration and the process of crimmigration: A systematic analysis of the media representation of unauthorized immigrants in the Netherlands

PubMed Central

Brouwer, Jelmer; van der Woude, Maartje; van der Leun, Joanne

2017-01-01

In this article we examine whether the proposal to criminalize illegal stay in the Netherlands was preceded by increased negative media attention for unauthorized immigrants. Using a corpus linguistics approach, we carried out a quantitative discourse analysis of all newspaper articles on unauthorized migrants over a period of 15 years. Our results show that the amount of media coverage actually strongly decreased in the years before the proposal, and this coverage was moreover increasingly less negative. This study thus nuances the somewhat popular belief that unauthorized migrants are increasingly portrayed in negative ways and shows that the framing of migrants as criminals is a more diffuse process in which the media seem to follow rather than fuel politics and policy. PMID:28596711

49 CFR 1520.17 - Consequences of unauthorized disclosure of SSI.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...) TRANSPORTATION SECURITY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY SECURITY RULES FOR ALL MODES OF TRANSPORTATION PROTECTION OF SENSITIVE SECURITY INFORMATION § 1520.17 Consequences of unauthorized disclosure of...

32 CFR 700.840 - Unauthorized persons on board.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... REGULATIONS AND OFFICIAL RECORDS UNITED STATES NAVY REGULATIONS AND OFFICIAL RECORDS The Commanding Officer Commanding Officers Afloat § 700.840 Unauthorized persons on board. The commanding officer shall satisfy him...

32 CFR 700.840 - Unauthorized persons on board.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... REGULATIONS AND OFFICIAL RECORDS UNITED STATES NAVY REGULATIONS AND OFFICIAL RECORDS The Commanding Officer Commanding Officers Afloat § 700.840 Unauthorized persons on board. The commanding officer shall satisfy him...

32 CFR 700.840 - Unauthorized persons on board.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... REGULATIONS AND OFFICIAL RECORDS UNITED STATES NAVY REGULATIONS AND OFFICIAL RECORDS The Commanding Officer Commanding Officers Afloat § 700.840 Unauthorized persons on board. The commanding officer shall satisfy him...

32 CFR 700.840 - Unauthorized persons on board.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... REGULATIONS AND OFFICIAL RECORDS UNITED STATES NAVY REGULATIONS AND OFFICIAL RECORDS The Commanding Officer Commanding Officers Afloat § 700.840 Unauthorized persons on board. The commanding officer shall satisfy him...

32 CFR 700.840 - Unauthorized persons on board.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... REGULATIONS AND OFFICIAL RECORDS UNITED STATES NAVY REGULATIONS AND OFFICIAL RECORDS The Commanding Officer Commanding Officers Afloat § 700.840 Unauthorized persons on board. The commanding officer shall satisfy him...

Research progress on distribution, migration, transformation of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in aquatic environment.

PubMed

Shao, Sicheng; Hu, Yongyou; Cheng, Jianhua; Chen, Yuancai

2018-05-28

Antimicrobial and antibiotics resistance caused by misuse or overuse of antibiotics exposure is a growing and significant threat to global public health. The spread and horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) by the selective pressure of antibiotics in an aquatic environment is a major public health issue. To develop a better understanding of potential ecological risks die to antibiotics and ARGs, this study mainly summarizes research progress about: (i) the occurrence, concentration, fate, and potential ecological effects of antibiotics and ARGs in various aquatic environments, (ii) the threat, spread, and horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of ARGs, and (iii) the relationship between antibiotics, ARGs, and ARB. Finally, this review also proposes future research direction on antibiotics and ARGs.

A study of the conditions necessary for the onset of mid-latitude spread F

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zinchenko, G. N.

1976-01-01

Ionospheric conditions associated with the initiation of spread F in the mid-latitude ionosphere were observed. The morphology of spread F at Puerto Rico was investigated. Data from 7 nights was examined for Arecibo, five with spread F and two without. The relative height of the F layer maximum and the vertically integreted Pedersen conductivity, the relation between E and F region conductivities, the coupling lengths between the E and F regions, and vertical and horizontal gradients of electron density were examined. At Millstone Hill 13 nights were examined for all of which spread F was observed. The EW and NS velocities and the vertical velocities and the electric ion temperature ratio were examined.

78 FR 14072 - Trestle Forest Health Project, Eldorado National Forest, El Dorado County, CA

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-04

... compaction, restore infiltration, and discourage unauthorized motor vehicle use. Approximately 70 existing..., restore infiltration, and discourage unauthorized motor vehicle use. Remove approximately 26 miles of...

36 CFR 264.13 - Unauthorized use.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... MANAGEMENT Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument Symbol § 264.13 Unauthorized use. Except as provided... St. Helens National Volcanic Monument may be subject to criminal penalty under 18 U.S.C. 701. ...

49 CFR 15.17 - Consequences of unauthorized disclosure of SSI.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... SECURITY INFORMATION § 15.17 Consequences of unauthorized disclosure of SSI. Violation of this part is... actions for Federal employees. Corrective action may include issuance of an order requiring retrieval of...

49 CFR 15.17 - Consequences of unauthorized disclosure of SSI.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... SECURITY INFORMATION § 15.17 Consequences of unauthorized disclosure of SSI. Violation of this part is... actions for Federal employees. Corrective action may include issuance of an order requiring retrieval of...

49 CFR 15.17 - Consequences of unauthorized disclosure of SSI.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... SECURITY INFORMATION § 15.17 Consequences of unauthorized disclosure of SSI. Violation of this part is... actions for Federal employees. Corrective action may include issuance of an order requiring retrieval of...

49 CFR 15.17 - Consequences of unauthorized disclosure of SSI.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... SECURITY INFORMATION § 15.17 Consequences of unauthorized disclosure of SSI. Violation of this part is... actions for Federal employees. Corrective action may include issuance of an order requiring retrieval of...

49 CFR 15.17 - Consequences of unauthorized disclosure of SSI.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... SECURITY INFORMATION § 15.17 Consequences of unauthorized disclosure of SSI. Violation of this part is... actions for Federal employees. Corrective action may include issuance of an order requiring retrieval of...

Detection and response to unauthorized access to a communication device

DOEpatents

Smith, Rhett; Gordon, Colin

2015-09-08

A communication gateway consistent with the present disclosure may detect unauthorized physical or electronic access and implement security actions in response thereto. A communication gateway may provide a communication path to an intelligent electronic device (IED) using an IED communications port configured to communicate with the IED. The communication gateway may include a physical intrusion detection port and a network port. The communication gateway may further include control logic configured to evaluate physical intrusion detection signal. The control logic may be configured to determine that the physical intrusion detection signal is indicative of an attempt to obtain unauthorized access to one of the communication gateway, the IED, and a device in communication with the gateway; and take a security action based upon the determination that the indication is indicative of the attempt to gain unauthorized access.

Resolving vorticity-driven lateral fire spread using the WRF-Fire coupled atmosphere-fire numerical model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Simpson, C. C.; Sharples, J. J.; Evans, J. P.

2014-05-01

Fire channelling is a form of dynamic fire behaviour, during which a wildland fire spreads rapidly across a steep lee-facing slope in a direction transverse to the background winds, and is often accompanied by a downwind extension of the active flaming region and extreme pyro-convection. Recent work using the WRF-Fire coupled atmosphere-fire model has demonstrated that fire channelling can be characterised as vorticity-driven lateral fire spread (VDLS). In this study, 16 simulations are conducted using WRF-Fire to examine the sensitivity of resolving VDLS to spatial resolution and atmosphere-fire coupling within the WRF-Fire model framework. The horizontal grid spacing is varied between 25 and 90 m, and the two-way atmosphere-fire coupling is either enabled or disabled. At high spatial resolution, the atmosphere-fire coupling increases the peak uphill and lateral spread rate by a factor of up to 2.7 and 9.5. The enhancement of the uphill and lateral spread rate diminishes at coarser spatial resolution, and VDLS is not modelled for a horizontal grid spacing of 90 m. The laterally spreading fire fronts become the dominant contributors of the extreme pyro-convection. The resolved fire-induced vortices responsible for driving the lateral spread in the coupled simulations have non-zero vorticity along each unit vector direction, and develop due to an interaction between the background winds and vertical return circulations generated at the flank of the fire front as part of the pyro-convective updraft. The results presented in this study demonstrate that both high spatial resolution and two-way atmosphere-fire coupling are required to reproduce VDLS within the current WRF-Fire model framework.

Plant and Insect Viruses in Managed and Natural Environments: Novel and Neglected Transmission Pathways.

PubMed

Jones, Roger A C

2018-01-01

The capacity to spread by diverse transmission pathways enhances a virus' ability to spread effectively and survive when circumstances change. This review aims to improve understanding of how plant and insect viruses spread through natural and managed environments by drawing attention to 12 novel or neglected virus transmission pathways whose contribution is underestimated. For plant viruses, the pathways reviewed are vertical and horizontal transmission via pollen, and horizontal transmission by parasitic plants, natural root grafts, wind-mediated contact, chewing insects, and contaminated water or soil. For insect viruses, they are transmission by plants serving as passive "vectors," arthropod vectors, and contamination of pollen and nectar. Based on current understanding of the spatiotemporal dynamics of virus spread, the likely roles of each pathway in creating new primary infection foci, enlarging previously existing infection foci, and promoting generalized virus spread are estimated. All pathways except transmission via parasitic plants, root grafts, and wind-mediated contact transmission are likely to produce new primary infection foci. All 12 pathways have the capability to enlarge existing infection foci, but only to a limited extent when spread occurs via virus-contaminated soil or vertical pollen transmission. All pathways except those via parasitic plant, root graft, contaminated soil, and vertical pollen transmission likely contribute to generalized virus spread, but to different extents. For worst-case scenarios, where mixed populations of host species occur under optimal virus spread conditions, the risk that host species jumps or virus emergence events will arise is estimated to be "high" for all four insect virus pathways considered, and, "very high" or "moderate" for plant viruses transmitted by parasitic plant and root graft pathways, respectively. To establish full understanding of virus spread and thereby optimize effective virus disease management, it is important to examine all transmission pathways potentially involved, regardless of whether the virus' ecology is already presumed to be well understood or otherwise. © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Can We Spin Straw Into Gold? An Evaluation of Immigrant Legal Status Imputation Approaches

PubMed Central

Van Hook, Jennifer; Bachmeier, James D.; Coffman, Donna; Harel, Ofer

2014-01-01

Researchers have developed logical, demographic, and statistical strategies for imputing immigrants’ legal status, but these methods have never been empirically assessed. We used Monte Carlo simulations to test whether, and under what conditions, legal status imputation approaches yield unbiased estimates of the association of unauthorized status with health insurance coverage. We tested five methods under a range of missing data scenarios. Logical and demographic imputation methods yielded biased estimates across all missing data scenarios. Statistical imputation approaches yielded unbiased estimates only when unauthorized status was jointly observed with insurance coverage; when this condition was not met, these methods overestimated insurance coverage for unauthorized relative to legal immigrants. We next showed how bias can be reduced by incorporating prior information about unauthorized immigrants. Finally, we demonstrated the utility of the best-performing statistical method for increasing power. We used it to produce state/regional estimates of insurance coverage among unauthorized immigrants in the Current Population Survey, a data source that contains no direct measures of immigrants’ legal status. We conclude that commonly employed legal status imputation approaches are likely to produce biased estimates, but data and statistical methods exist that could substantially reduce these biases. PMID:25511332

42 CFR 480.108 - Penalties for unauthorized disclosure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... SERVICES (CONTINUED) QUALITY IMPROVEMENT ORGANIZATIONS ACQUISITION, PROTECTION, AND DISCLOSURE OF QUALITY IMPROVEMENT ORGANIZATION INFORMATION Utilization and Quality Control Quality Improvement Organizations (QIOs) General Provisions § 480.108 Penalties for unauthorized disclosure. A person who discloses information not...

42 CFR 480.108 - Penalties for unauthorized disclosure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... SERVICES (CONTINUED) QUALITY IMPROVEMENT ORGANIZATIONS ACQUISITION, PROTECTION, AND DISCLOSURE OF QUALITY IMPROVEMENT ORGANIZATION INFORMATION Utilization and Quality Control Quality Improvement Organizations (QIOs) General Provisions § 480.108 Penalties for unauthorized disclosure. A person who discloses information not...

42 CFR 480.108 - Penalties for unauthorized disclosure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... SERVICES (CONTINUED) QUALITY IMPROVEMENT ORGANIZATIONS ACQUISITION, PROTECTION, AND DISCLOSURE OF QUALITY IMPROVEMENT ORGANIZATION INFORMATION Utilization and Quality Control Quality Improvement Organizations (QIOs) General Provisions § 480.108 Penalties for unauthorized disclosure. A person who discloses information not...

Unauthorized Mexican workers in the 1990 Los Angeles County labour force.

PubMed

Marcelli, E A; Heer, D M

1997-01-01

"By analysing how unauthorized Mexicans compare with seven other ethno-racial groups in Los Angeles County, separately and collectively, by educational attainment and time spent in the U.S., we find that unauthorized Mexicans had relatively fewer years of formal education (either in the U.S. or in Mexico) and had been in the U.S. a relatively fewer number of years than in-migrants of other ethno-racial backgrounds in 1990. These findings are then used as proxies to compare the human capital endowments of different ethno-racial groups. We next estimate the number of unauthorized Mexicans by occupation, industry and class of worker, and compare these distributions with the total labour force and with the other ethno-racial groups in Los Angeles County.... Results show that amounts of human capital are positively related to the kinds of occupations filled." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA) excerpt

Framing unauthorized immigrants: the effects of labels on evaluations.

PubMed

Ommundsen, Reidar; Van der Veer, Kees; Larsen, Knud S; Eilertsen, Dag-Erik

2014-04-01

In the U.S. media, unauthorized immigrants are often interchangeably referred to as "illegal aliens," "illegal immigrants," and undocumented immigrants." In spite of formal equivalence, these terms carry different connotations, but the effects of these labels on people's attitudes toward immigrants are not well documented. In this replication study, 274 undergraduate students in psychology responded to one of three randomly distributed versions of a 20-item scale measuring attitudes toward unauthorized immigration. The items in the three scale versions varyingly referred to immigrants using the three terms. Results showed differences in attitudes toward unauthorized immigration between all experimental conditions. The label "illegal immigrants" yielded significantly less positive attitudes compared to the label "undocumented immigrants," and respondents exposed to the label "illegal aliens" showed the most positive attitudes. Furthermore, the effects of the experimental conditions were not moderated by the respondents' patriotism, sex, or own immigrant background.

25 CFR 166.809 - What happens after my unauthorized livestock or other property are impounded?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... INTERIOR LAND AND WATER GRAZING PERMITS Trespass Actions § 166.809 What happens after my unauthorized... agricultural lands where the trespass is occurring. The public notice will include a description of the...

25 CFR 166.809 - What happens after my unauthorized livestock or other property are impounded?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... INTERIOR LAND AND WATER GRAZING PERMITS Trespass Actions § 166.809 What happens after my unauthorized... agricultural lands where the trespass is occurring. The public notice will include a description of the...

25 CFR 166.809 - What happens after my unauthorized livestock or other property are impounded?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... INTERIOR LAND AND WATER GRAZING PERMITS Trespass Actions § 166.809 What happens after my unauthorized... agricultural lands where the trespass is occurring. The public notice will include a description of the...

25 CFR 166.809 - What happens after my unauthorized livestock or other property are impounded?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... INTERIOR LAND AND WATER GRAZING PERMITS Trespass Actions § 166.809 What happens after my unauthorized... agricultural lands where the trespass is occurring. The public notice will include a description of the...

25 CFR 166.809 - What happens after my unauthorized livestock or other property are impounded?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... INTERIOR LAND AND WATER GRAZING PERMITS Trespass Actions § 166.809 What happens after my unauthorized... agricultural lands where the trespass is occurring. The public notice will include a description of the...

49 CFR 8.5 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... that information requires, in the interest of national security, protection against unauthorized... of protection, and the unauthorized disclosure of which could reasonably be expected to cause exceptionally grave damage to the national security that the original classification authority is able to...

Peak horizontal acceleration and velocity from strong-motion records including records from the 1979 imperial valley, California, earthquake

USGS Publications Warehouse

Joyner, William B.; Boore, David M.

1981-01-01

We have taken advantage of the recent increase in strong-motion data at close distances to derive new attenuation relations for peak horizontal acceleration and velocity. This new analysis uses a magnitude-independent shape, based on geometrical spreading and anelastic attenuation, for the attenuation curve. An innovation in technique is introduced that decouples the determination of the distance dependence of the data from the magnitude dependence.

21 CFR 1311.215 - Internal audit trail.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... ORDERS AND PRESCRIPTIONS Electronic Prescriptions § 1311.215 Internal audit trail. (a) The pharmacy... minimum, include the following: (1) Attempted unauthorized access to the pharmacy application, or successful unauthorized access to the pharmacy application where the determination of such is feasible. (2...

21 CFR 1311.215 - Internal audit trail.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... ORDERS AND PRESCRIPTIONS Electronic Prescriptions § 1311.215 Internal audit trail. (a) The pharmacy... minimum, include the following: (1) Attempted unauthorized access to the pharmacy application, or successful unauthorized access to the pharmacy application where the determination of such is feasible. (2...

21 CFR 1311.215 - Internal audit trail.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... ORDERS AND PRESCRIPTIONS Electronic Prescriptions § 1311.215 Internal audit trail. (a) The pharmacy... minimum, include the following: (1) Attempted unauthorized access to the pharmacy application, or successful unauthorized access to the pharmacy application where the determination of such is feasible. (2...

21 CFR 1311.215 - Internal audit trail.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... ORDERS AND PRESCRIPTIONS Electronic Prescriptions § 1311.215 Internal audit trail. (a) The pharmacy... minimum, include the following: (1) Attempted unauthorized access to the pharmacy application, or successful unauthorized access to the pharmacy application where the determination of such is feasible. (2...

32 CFR 2001.48 - Loss, possible compromise or unauthorized disclosure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... governments normally will not be advised of any security system vulnerabilities that contributed to the... INFORMATION SECURITY OVERSIGHT OFFICE, NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION CLASSIFIED NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Safeguarding § 2001.48 Loss, possible compromise or unauthorized disclosure. (a...

78 FR 16045 - Safety Advisory: Unauthorized Marking of Compressed Gas Cylinders

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-13

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration [Docket No. PHMSA-2013-0019; Notice No. 13-03] Safety Advisory: Unauthorized Marking of Compressed Gas Cylinders AGENCY: Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA), DOT. ACTION: Safety Advisory...

78 FR 15120 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Proposed Information Collection; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-08

... information collection titled, ``Notice Regarding Unauthorized Access to Customer Information.'' DATES... collection: Title: Notice Regarding Unauthorized Access to Customer Information. OMB Control No.: 1557-0227...) To insure the security and confidentiality of customer records and information; (2) to protect...

10 CFR 1048.5 - Violations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Violations. 1048.5 Section 1048.5 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (GENERAL PROVISIONS) TRESPASSING ON STRATEGIC PETROLEUM RESERVE FACILITIES AND OTHER PROPERTY § 1048.5 Violations. Willful unauthorized entry, or willful unauthorized introduction of weapons or...

10 CFR 1048.5 - Violations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Violations. 1048.5 Section 1048.5 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (GENERAL PROVISIONS) TRESPASSING ON STRATEGIC PETROLEUM RESERVE FACILITIES AND OTHER PROPERTY § 1048.5 Violations. Willful unauthorized entry, or willful unauthorized introduction of weapons or...

10 CFR 1048.5 - Violations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Violations. 1048.5 Section 1048.5 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (GENERAL PROVISIONS) TRESPASSING ON STRATEGIC PETROLEUM RESERVE FACILITIES AND OTHER PROPERTY § 1048.5 Violations. Willful unauthorized entry, or willful unauthorized introduction of weapons or...

10 CFR 1048.5 - Violations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Violations. 1048.5 Section 1048.5 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (GENERAL PROVISIONS) TRESPASSING ON STRATEGIC PETROLEUM RESERVE FACILITIES AND OTHER PROPERTY § 1048.5 Violations. Willful unauthorized entry, or willful unauthorized introduction of weapons or...

10 CFR 1048.5 - Violations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Violations. 1048.5 Section 1048.5 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (GENERAL PROVISIONS) TRESPASSING ON STRATEGIC PETROLEUM RESERVE FACILITIES AND OTHER PROPERTY § 1048.5 Violations. Willful unauthorized entry, or willful unauthorized introduction of weapons or...

48 CFR 1401.602-3 - Ratification of unauthorized commitments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Ratification of unauthorized commitments. 1401.602-3 Section 1401.602-3 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GENERAL DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ACQUISITION REGULATION SYSTEM Career Development...

76 FR 55736 - Safety Advisory: Unauthorized Marking of Compressed Gas Cylinders

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-08

... Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, 820 Bear Tavern Road, Suite... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration [Docket No. PHMSA-2011-0198, Notice No. 11-8] Safety Advisory: Unauthorized Marking of Compressed Gas Cylinders...

48 CFR 801.602-3 - Ratification of unauthorized commitments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... VETERANS AFFAIRS GENERAL DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS ACQUISITION REGULATION SYSTEM Career Development... individual responsible for the unauthorized commitment. (2) The contracting officer will review the file and... approving authority determines that a legal review would be desirable, the approving authority will...

48 CFR 3404.170 - Ratification of unauthorized contract awards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Ratification of unauthorized contract awards. 3404.170 Section 3404.170 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION ACQUISITION REGULATION GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS Contract Execution 3404.170 Ratification of...

2 CFR 176.130 - Noncompliance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... apparent unauthorized use of foreign iron, steel, and/or manufactured goods and request a reply, to include... iron, steel, and/or manufactured goods without authorization, take appropriate action, including one or... the unauthorized foreign iron, steel, and/or manufactured goods. (3) If removal and replacement of...

2 CFR 176.130 - Noncompliance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... apparent unauthorized use of foreign iron, steel, and/or manufactured goods and request a reply, to include... iron, steel, and/or manufactured goods without authorization, take appropriate action, including one or... the unauthorized foreign iron, steel, and/or manufactured goods. (3) If removal and replacement of...

Can molecular diffusion explain Space Shuttle plume spreading?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Meier, R. R.; Plane, John M. C.; Stevens, Michael H.; Paxton, L. J.; Christensen, A. B.; Crowley, G.

2010-04-01

The satellite-borne Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI) has produced more than 20 images of NASA Space Shuttle main engine plumes in the lower thermosphere. These reveal atomic hydrogen and, by inference, water vapor transport over hemispherical-scale distances with speeds much faster than expected from models of thermospheric wind motions. Furthermore, the hydrogen plumes expand rapidly. We find rates that exceed the horizontal diffusion speed at nominal plume altitudes of 104-112 km. Kelley et al. (2009) have proposed a 2-D turbulence mechanism to explain the observed spreading rates (and rapid advection) of the plumes. But upon further investigation, we conclude that H atom diffusion can indeed account for the observed expansion rates by recognizing that vertical diffusion quickly conveys atoms to higher altitudes where horizontal diffusion is much more rapid. We also find evidence for H atom production directly during the Shuttle's main engine burn.

75 FR 67947 - Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-04

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request The Department of Commerce will... unauthorized areas. Fishermen marking their gear correctly ultimately benefit, as unauthorized and illegal... Paperwork Clearance Officer, (202) 482-0266, Department of Commerce, Room 6616, 14th and Constitution Avenue...

14 CFR 1204.1004 - Trespass.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2011-01-01 2010-01-01 true Trespass. 1204.1004 Section 1204.1004... Inspection of Persons and Personal Effects at NASA Installations or on NASA Property; Trespass or Unauthorized Introduction of Weapons or Dangerous Materials § 1204.1004 Trespass. Unauthorized entry upon any...

14 CFR 1204.1004 - Trespass.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Trespass. 1204.1004 Section 1204.1004... Inspection of Persons and Personal Effects at NASA Installations or on NASA Property; Trespass or Unauthorized Introduction of Weapons or Dangerous Materials § 1204.1004 Trespass. Unauthorized entry upon any...

14 CFR 1204.1004 - Trespass.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Trespass. 1204.1004 Section 1204.1004... Inspection of Persons and Personal Effects at NASA Installations or on NASA Property; Trespass or Unauthorized Introduction of Weapons or Dangerous Materials § 1204.1004 Trespass. Unauthorized entry upon any...

14 CFR 1204.1004 - Trespass.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Trespass. 1204.1004 Section 1204.1004... Inspection of Persons and Personal Effects at NASA Installations or on NASA Property; Trespass or Unauthorized Introduction of Weapons or Dangerous Materials § 1204.1004 Trespass. Unauthorized entry upon any...

14 CFR 1203.203 - Degree of protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... classified documents or materials except as expressly provided by statute or by NASA Directives. (1) Top Secret. Top Secret is the designation applied to information or material the unauthorized disclosure of... security. (2) Secret. Secret is the designation applied to information or material the unauthorized...

9 CFR 351.18 - Official identifications; unauthorized use.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 9 Animals and Animal Products 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Official identifications; unauthorized use. 351.18 Section 351.18 Animals and Animal Products FOOD SAFETY AND INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AGENCY ORGANIZATION AND TERMINOLOGY; MANDATORY MEAT AND POULTRY PRODUCTS INSPECTION...

2 CFR 176.130 - Noncompliance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... recipient of the apparent unauthorized use of foreign iron, steel, and/or manufactured goods and request a... subrecipient has used foreign iron, steel, and/or manufactured goods without authorization, take appropriate... removal and replacement of the unauthorized foreign iron, steel, and/or manufactured goods. (3) If removal...

2 CFR 176.130 - Noncompliance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

...; (b) Unless fraud is suspected, notify the recipient of the apparent unauthorized use of foreign iron... the review reveals that a recipient or subrecipient has used foreign iron, steel, and/or manufactured... with § 176.120. (2) Consider requiring the removal and replacement of the unauthorized foreign iron...

Inspection report of unauthorized possession and use of unsealed americium-241 and subsequent confiscation, J. C. Haynes Company, Newark, Ohio

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1985-11-01

This US Nuclear Regulatory Commission report documents the circumstances surrounding the March 26, 1985, confiscation and subsequent decontamination activities related to the use of unauthorized quantities of americium-241 at the John C. Haynes Company (licensee) of Newark, Ohio. It focuses on the period from early February to July 26, 1985. The incident started when NRC Region III recieved information that John C. Haynes possessed unauthorized quantities of americium-241 and was conducting unauthorized activities (diamond irradiation). By July 26, 1985, the decontamination activities at the licensee's laboratory were concluded. The licensee's actions with diamond irradiation resulted in contamination in restricted andmore » unrestricted areas of the facility. The confiscation and decontamination activities required the combined efforts of NRC, Federal Bureau of Investigation, US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, the State of Ohio, and the US Environmental Protection Agency. The report describes the factual information and significant findings associated with the confiscation and decontamination activities.« less

Nanopore sequencing technology: a new route for the fast detection of unauthorized GMO.

PubMed

Fraiture, Marie-Alice; Saltykova, Assia; Hoffman, Stefan; Winand, Raf; Deforce, Dieter; Vanneste, Kevin; De Keersmaecker, Sigrid C J; Roosens, Nancy H C

2018-05-21

In order to strengthen the current genetically modified organism (GMO) detection system for unauthorized GMO, we have recently developed a new workflow based on DNA walking to amplify unknown sequences surrounding a known DNA region. This DNA walking is performed on transgenic elements, commonly found in GMO, that were earlier detected by real-time PCR (qPCR) screening. Previously, we have demonstrated the ability of this approach to detect unauthorized GMO via the identification of unique transgene flanking regions and the unnatural associations of elements from the transgenic cassette. In the present study, we investigate the feasibility to integrate the described workflow with the MinION Next-Generation-Sequencing (NGS). The MinION sequencing platform can provide long read-lengths and deal with heterogenic DNA libraries, allowing for rapid and efficient delivery of sequences of interest. In addition, the ability of this NGS platform to characterize unauthorized and unknown GMO without any a priori knowledge has been assessed.

Shallow velocity structure across the Mariana arc

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tait, S.; Kaminski, E. C.; Carazzo, G.; Limare, A.

2016-12-01

Atmospheric injection of volcanic ash during explosive eruptions is controlled by the dynamics of a volcanic column and associated umbrella cloud, which are subject to a wind field, and are connected by a turbulent fountain which initiates horizontal spreading at the neutral buoyancy level. We present a new theoretical and experimental study of an axisymmetric turbulent umbrella cloud intruding horizontally at its neutral buoyancy level into a static environment linearly stratified in density. The intrusion is fed by a constant horizontal volume flux (Q0) at a finite radius (R0), where it has a constant thickness (2H0). The characteristics of the fountain (R0, H0, Q0) derive from a vertical forced plume (source momentum and buoyancy fluxes Mi , Fi) and environmental stratification N. Buoyancy drives horizontal flow but, despite high Reynolds number, impedes entrainment of ambient fluid into the umbrella cloud. Turbulent stresses are nevertheless crucial in the momentum balance. Our theory highlights the vertical profiles of density and velocity within the current of which we present experimental measurements. Initially, current buoyancy is opposed by the inertia of the ambient fluid, and current radius (RN(t)) grows linearly in time. Subsequently, turbulent drag opposes buoyancy, and the current breaks down into two parts: i) between the source and a transition radius (R0T(t)), a steady region where current thickness (2H) and mean velocity (U) are time-independent and decreasing functions of r ; ii), a contiguous unsteady « frontal » region, between the transition radius and the front (RTN), in which the current thickens. The theory predicts current shape and an asymptotic spreading behaviour (RN t^5/9) which agree well with experimental data. Our analysis of satellite observations of several sustained plinian events including the Pinatubo 1991 climactic eruption shows that both the initial and asymptotic spreading regimes predicted by the model are present.

The Dynamics of Volcanic Umbrella Clouds

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tait, S.; Kaminski, E. C.; Carazzo, G.; Limare, A.

2017-12-01

Atmospheric injection of volcanic ash during explosive eruptions is controlled by the dynamics of a volcanic column and associated umbrella cloud, which are subject to a wind field, and are connected by a turbulent fountain which initiates horizontal spreading at the neutral buoyancy level. We present a new theoretical and experimental study of an axisymmetric turbulent umbrella cloud intruding horizontally at its neutral buoyancy level into a static environment linearly stratified in density. The intrusion is fed by a constant horizontal volume flux (Q0) at a finite radius (R0), where it has a constant thickness (2H0). The characteristics of the fountain (R0, H0, Q0) derive from a vertical forced plume (source momentum and buoyancy fluxes Mi , Fi) and environmental stratification N. Buoyancy drives horizontal flow but, despite high Reynolds number, impedes entrainment of ambient fluid into the umbrella cloud. Turbulent stresses are nevertheless crucial in the momentum balance. Our theory highlights the vertical profiles of density and velocity within the current of which we present experimental measurements. Initially, current buoyancy is opposed by the inertia of the ambient fluid, and current radius (RN(t)) grows linearly in time. Subsequently, turbulent drag opposes buoyancy, and the current breaks down into two parts: i) between the source and a transition radius (R0T(t)), a steady region where current thickness (2H) and mean velocity (U) are time-independent and decreasing functions of r ; ii), a contiguous unsteady « frontal » region, between the transition radius and the front (RTN), in which the current thickens. The theory predicts current shape and an asymptotic spreading behaviour (RN t^5/9) which agree well with experimental data. Our analysis of satellite observations of several sustained plinian events including the Pinatubo 1991 climactic eruption shows that both the initial and asymptotic spreading regimes predicted by the model are present.

48 CFR 1201.602-3 - Ratification of unauthorized commitments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... procurement decisions shall be made only by Government officials having authority to carry out such acquisitions. Procurement decisions made by other than authorized personnel are contrary to Departmental policy and may be considered matters of serious misconduct on the part of the employee making an unauthorized...

7 CFR 4288.135 - Unauthorized payments and offsets.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

...-COOPERATIVE SERVICE AND RURAL UTILITIES SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAYMENT PROGRAMS Advanced Biofuel... assistance has been made to an advanced biofuel producer under this Program, the Agency reserves the right to... determination that unauthorized assistance has been made to an advanced biofuel producer under this Program, the...

7 CFR 4288.135 - Unauthorized payments and offsets.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

...-COOPERATIVE SERVICE AND RURAL UTILITIES SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAYMENT PROGRAMS Advanced Biofuel... assistance has been made to an advanced biofuel producer under this Program, the Agency reserves the right to... determination that unauthorized assistance has been made to an advanced biofuel producer under this Program, the...

36 CFR 331.21 - Unauthorized structures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Unauthorized structures. 331.21 Section 331.21 Parks, Forests, and Public Property CORPS OF ENGINEERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE PROTECTION, USE AND MANAGEMENT OF THE FALLS OF THE OHIO NATIONAL WILDLIFE...

36 CFR 331.21 - Unauthorized structures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Unauthorized structures. 331.21 Section 331.21 Parks, Forests, and Public Property CORPS OF ENGINEERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE PROTECTION, USE AND MANAGEMENT OF THE FALLS OF THE OHIO NATIONAL WILDLIFE...

36 CFR 331.21 - Unauthorized structures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Unauthorized structures. 331.21 Section 331.21 Parks, Forests, and Public Property CORPS OF ENGINEERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE PROTECTION, USE AND MANAGEMENT OF THE FALLS OF THE OHIO NATIONAL WILDLIFE...

27 CFR 555.204 - Inspection of magazines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Inspection of magazines... of magazines. Any person storing explosive materials shall inspect his magazines at least every seven... been unauthorized entry or attempted entry into the magazines, or unauthorized removal of the contents...

36 CFR 261.7 - Livestock.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Livestock. 261.7 Section 261... Prohibitions § 261.7 Livestock. The following are prohibited: (a) Placing or allowing unauthorized livestock to... unauthorized livestock from the National Forest System or other lands under Forest Service control when...

Thou Shalt Not Dupe.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Association of Data Processing Service Organizations, Arlington, VA.

The problem of unauthorized computer software duplication impedes the production of upgraded products by software developers, who find thousands of illegal computer program copies have been made by customers who either innocently believe they are doing nothing wrong, or simply choose to ignore the law. Unauthorized duplication and use of software…

48 CFR 1501.602-3 - Ratification of unauthorized commitments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...) Paid Advertisements. (1) EPA is generally not authorized to ratify improperly ordered paid advertisements. The ratifying official, however, may determine payment is proper subject to the limitations in FAR 1.602-3(c) if the individual responsible for the unauthorized commitment acted in good faith to...

48 CFR 2901.602-3 - Ratification of unauthorized commitments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... preclude further unauthorized commitments (e.g., ethics, purchase card, or administrative procedures...) Steps to be followed Below the micro-purchase threshold Head of the Contracting Office 1 through 5 & 7... placed on notice by the contracting officer, in writing, that the purchase may be inappropriate because...

2 CFR 176.130 - Noncompliance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

...; (b) Unless fraud is suspected, notify the recipient of the apparent unauthorized use of foreign iron... the review reveals that a recipient or subrecipient has used foreign iron, steel, and/or manufactured... with § 176.120. (2) Consider requiring the removal and replacement of the unauthorized foreign iron...

Horizontal antimicrobial resistance transfer drives epidemics of multiple Shigella species.

PubMed

Baker, Kate S; Dallman, Timothy J; Field, Nigel; Childs, Tristan; Mitchell, Holly; Day, Martin; Weill, François-Xavier; Lefèvre, Sophie; Tourdjman, Mathieu; Hughes, Gwenda; Jenkins, Claire; Thomson, Nicholas

2018-04-13

Horizontal gene transfer has played a role in developing the global public health crisis of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). However, the dynamics of AMR transfer through bacterial populations and its direct impact on human disease is poorly elucidated. Here, we study parallel epidemic emergences of multiple Shigella species, a priority AMR organism, in men who have sex with men to gain insight into AMR emergence and spread. Using genomic epidemiology, we show that repeated horizontal transfer of a single AMR plasmid among Shigella enhanced existing and facilitated new epidemics. These epidemic patterns contrasted with slighter, slower increases in disease caused by organisms with vertically inherited (chromosomally encoded) AMR. This demonstrates that horizontal transfer of AMR directly affects epidemiological outcomes of globally important AMR pathogens and highlights the need for integration of genomic analyses into all areas of AMR research, surveillance and management.

Comparison of two-dimensional and three-dimensional simulations of dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs): Migration and entrapment in a nonuniform permeability field

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Christ, John A.; Lemke, Lawrence D.; Abriola, Linda M.

2005-01-01

The influence of reduced dimensionality (two-dimensional (2-D) versus 3-D) on predictions of dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) infiltration and entrapment in statistically homogeneous, nonuniform permeability fields was investigated using the University of Texas Chemical Compositional Simulator (UTCHEM), a 3-D numerical multiphase simulator. Hysteretic capillary pressure-saturation and relative permeability relationships implemented in UTCHEM were benchmarked against those of another lab-tested simulator, the Michigan-Vertical and Lateral Organic Redistribution (M-VALOR). Simulation of a tetrachloroethene spill in 16 field-scale aquifer realizations generated DNAPL saturation distributions with approximately equivalent distribution metrics in two and three dimensions, with 2-D simulations generally resulting in slightly higher maximum saturations and increased vertical spreading. Variability in 2-D and 3-D distribution metrics across the set of realizations was shown to be correlated at a significance level of 95-99%. Neither spill volume nor release rate appeared to affect these conclusions. Variability in the permeability field did affect spreading metrics by increasing the horizontal spreading in 3-D more than in 2-D in more heterogeneous media simulations. The assumption of isotropic horizontal spatial statistics resulted, on average, in symmetric 3-D saturation distribution metrics in the horizontal directions. The practical implication of this study is that for statistically homogeneous, nonuniform aquifers, 2-D simulations of saturation distributions are good approximations to those obtained in 3-D. However, additional work will be needed to explore the influence of dimensionality on simulated DNAPL dissolution.

Gene Transfer Efficiency in Gonococcal Biofilms: Role of Biofilm Age, Architecture, and Pilin Antigenic Variation.

PubMed

Kouzel, Nadzeya; Oldewurtel, Enno R; Maier, Berenike

2015-07-01

Extracellular DNA is an important structural component of many bacterial biofilms. It is unknown, however, to which extent external DNA is used to transfer genes by means of transformation. Here, we quantified the acquisition of multidrug resistance and visualized its spread under selective and nonselective conditions in biofilms formed by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The density and architecture of the biofilms were controlled by microstructuring the substratum for bacterial adhesion. Horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes between cocultured strains, each carrying a single resistance, occurred efficiently in early biofilms. The efficiency of gene transfer was higher in early biofilms than between planktonic cells. It was strongly reduced after 24 h and independent of biofilm density. Pilin antigenic variation caused a high fraction of nonpiliated bacteria but was not responsible for the reduced gene transfer at later stages. When selective pressure was applied to dense biofilms using antibiotics at their MIC, the double-resistant bacteria did not show a significant growth advantage. In loosely connected biofilms, the spreading of double-resistant clones was prominent. We conclude that multidrug resistance readily develops in early gonococcal biofilms through horizontal gene transfer. However, selection and spreading of the multiresistant clones are heavily suppressed in dense biofilms. Biofilms are considered ideal reaction chambers for horizontal gene transfer and development of multidrug resistances. The rate at which genes are exchanged within biofilms is unknown. Here, we quantified the acquisition of double-drug resistance by gene transfer between gonococci with single resistances. At early biofilm stages, the transfer efficiency was higher than for planktonic cells but then decreased with biofilm age. The surface topography affected the architecture of the biofilm. While the efficiency of gene transfer was independent of the architecture, spreading of double-resistant bacteria under selective conditions was strongly enhanced in loose biofilms. We propose that while biofilms help generating multiresistant strains, selection takes place mostly after dispersal from the biofilm. Copyright © 2015, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Geodetic investigation of plate spreading along a propagating ridge: the Eastern Volcanic Zone, Iceland

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Scheiber-Enslin, Stephanie E.; Lafemina, Peter C.; Sturkell, Erik; Hooper, Andrew J.; Webb, Susan J.

2011-12-01

Hotspot-ridge interactions lead to the dynamic evolution of divergent plate boundaries, including propagating and overlapping ridge segments. In southern Iceland, the Eastern Volcanic Zone (EVZ) formed approximately 2-3 Ma ago during the last eastward ridge jump from the Western Volcanic Zone (WVZ), and is propagating to the southwest into the Tertiary lithosphere of the Eastern Volcanic Flank Zone. North America-Eurasia relative plate motion is partitioned between the Eastern and WVZs. We utilize new terrestrial (dry-tilt) and space (GPS and InSAR) geodetic data to investigate the nature of plate spreading and magma-tectonic interaction at the southern terminus of this propagating ridge system. We present a new GPS derived horizontal velocity field covering the period 1994-2006, new InSAR analyses for the periods 1993-2000 and 2003-2007, and models of plate spreading across this region. The velocity field indicates horizontal surface deformation consistent with plate spreading across and the propagation of the EVZ. The dry-tilt and InSAR data show transient deformation signals associated with magmatic processes. The velocity field is corrected for these transient deformation sources in order to investigate the nature of secular plate motion. Our model results indicate a decrease in spreading rate from northeast (15 mm yr-1) to southwest (9 mm yr-1) across the Torfajökull caldera and the intersection of the South Iceland Seismic Zone and EVZ, consistent with the propagating ridge model. Plate spreading south of the intersection demonstrates that spreading must be partitioned with the Reykjanes Peninsula to the west at this latitude. Our results also constrain the minimum flux (0.05 km3 km-1 kyr-1) of magma to this segment of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and indicate that the Hekla magmatic system strains the Torfajökull caldera during pre- and co-eruptive periods.

37 CFR 10.47 - Aiding unauthorized practice of law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 37 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Aiding unauthorized practice of law. 10.47 Section 10.47 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE REPRESENTATION OF OTHERS BEFORE THE PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE Patent and...

12 CFR 205.6 - Liability of consumer for unauthorized transfers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... transfers. 205.6 Section 205.6 Banks and Banking FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM ELECTRONIC FUND TRANSFERS (REGULATION E) § 205.6 Liability of consumer for unauthorized transfers. (a) Conditions for liability. A consumer may be held liable, within the limitations described in...

12 CFR 205.6 - Liability of consumer for unauthorized transfers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... transfers. 205.6 Section 205.6 Banks and Banking FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM ELECTRONIC FUND TRANSFERS (REGULATION E) § 205.6 Liability of consumer for unauthorized transfers. (a) Conditions for liability. A consumer may be held liable, within the limitations described in...

14 CFR 1204.1005 - Unauthorized introduction of firearms or weapons, explosives, or other dangerous materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... weapons, explosives, or other dangerous materials. 1204.1005 Section 1204.1005 Aeronautics and Space... Weapons or Dangerous Materials § 1204.1005 Unauthorized introduction of firearms or weapons, explosives... or causing to be introduced, or using firearms or other dangerous weapons, explosives or other...

14 CFR 1204.1005 - Unauthorized introduction of firearms or weapons, explosives, or other dangerous materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... weapons, explosives, or other dangerous materials. 1204.1005 Section 1204.1005 Aeronautics and Space... Weapons or Dangerous Materials § 1204.1005 Unauthorized introduction of firearms or weapons, explosives... or causing to be introduced, or using firearms or other dangerous weapons, explosives or other...

14 CFR 1204.1005 - Unauthorized introduction of firearms or weapons, explosives, or other dangerous materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... weapons, explosives, or other dangerous materials. 1204.1005 Section 1204.1005 Aeronautics and Space... Weapons or Dangerous Materials § 1204.1005 Unauthorized introduction of firearms or weapons, explosives... or causing to be introduced, or using firearms or other dangerous weapons, explosives or other...

14 CFR 1204.1005 - Unauthorized introduction of firearms or weapons, explosives, or other dangerous materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... weapons, explosives, or other dangerous materials. 1204.1005 Section 1204.1005 Aeronautics and Space... Weapons or Dangerous Materials § 1204.1005 Unauthorized introduction of firearms or weapons, explosives... or causing to be introduced, or using firearms or other dangerous weapons, explosives or other...

8 CFR 274a.3 - Continuing employment of unauthorized aliens.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 8 Aliens and Nationality 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Continuing employment of unauthorized aliens. 274a.3 Section 274a.3 Aliens and Nationality DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY IMMIGRATION REGULATIONS CONTROL OF EMPLOYMENT OF ALIENS Employer Requirements § 274a.3 Continuing employment of...

8 CFR 274a.3 - Continuing employment of unauthorized aliens.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 8 Aliens and Nationality 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Continuing employment of unauthorized aliens. 274a.3 Section 274a.3 Aliens and Nationality DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY IMMIGRATION REGULATIONS CONTROL OF EMPLOYMENT OF ALIENS Employer Requirements § 274a.3 Continuing employment of...

8 CFR 274a.3 - Continuing employment of unauthorized aliens.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 8 Aliens and Nationality 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Continuing employment of unauthorized aliens. 274a.3 Section 274a.3 Aliens and Nationality DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY IMMIGRATION REGULATIONS CONTROL OF EMPLOYMENT OF ALIENS Employer Requirements § 274a.3 Continuing employment of...

8 CFR 274a.3 - Continuing employment of unauthorized aliens.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 8 Aliens and Nationality 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Continuing employment of unauthorized aliens. 274a.3 Section 274a.3 Aliens and Nationality DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY IMMIGRATION REGULATIONS CONTROL OF EMPLOYMENT OF ALIENS Employer Requirements § 274a.3 Continuing employment of...

8 CFR 274a.3 - Continuing employment of unauthorized aliens.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 8 Aliens and Nationality 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Continuing employment of unauthorized aliens. 274a.3 Section 274a.3 Aliens and Nationality DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY IMMIGRATION REGULATIONS CONTROL OF EMPLOYMENT OF ALIENS Employer Requirements § 274a.3 Continuing employment of...

14 CFR § 1204.1004 - Trespass.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Trespass. § 1204.1004 Section § 1204.1004... Inspection of Persons and Personal Effects at NASA Installations or on NASA Property; Trespass or Unauthorized Introduction of Weapons or Dangerous Materials § 1204.1004 Trespass. Unauthorized entry upon any...

32 CFR Appendix D to Part 552 - Unauthorized Activities in Fort Lewis Maneuver Areas

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Areas D Appendix D to Part 552 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY... Appendix D to Part 552—Unauthorized Activities in Fort Lewis Maneuver Areas Civilian paramilitary...-detecting, including recovery of ammunition residue of fragments, archaeological or cultural artifacts, or...

7 CFR 1962.4 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

...: Unauthorized sale of security. Purchase of security with intent to defraud and without payment of the purchase... loan funds for an unauthorized purpose; Decision after obtaining a loan to use and using the funds for... related instruments. Some examples of default or factors to consider in determining whether a borrower is...

9 CFR 592.330 - Unauthorized use or disposition of approved labels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 9 Animals and Animal Products 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Unauthorized use or disposition of approved labels. 592.330 Section 592.330 Animals and Animal Products FOOD SAFETY AND INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EGG PRODUCTS INSPECTION VOLUNTARY INSPECTION OF EGG PRODUCTS Identifying and...

37 CFR 10.47 - Aiding unauthorized practice of law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 37 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Aiding unauthorized practice of law. 10.47 Section 10.47 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE REPRESENTATION OF OTHERS BEFORE THE PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE Patent and...

Exploring Information Security Awareness Training to Reduce Unauthorized Disclosure of Information in Public Schools

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fleming, Antoine

2017-01-01

Advances in technological uses within public schools provide increased methods to collect and store non-public personal information (NPI) or personally identifiable information (PII) from both students and employees. Consequently, the sensitive information collected is susceptible to unauthorized disclosure, as various public school employees are…

32 CFR Appendix D to Part 552 - Unauthorized Activities in Fort Lewis Maneuver Areas

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Areas D Appendix D to Part 552 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY MILITARY RESERVATIONS AND NATIONAL CEMETERIES REGULATIONS AFFECTING MILITARY RESERVATIONS Pt. 552, App. D Appendix D to Part 552—Unauthorized Activities in Fort Lewis Maneuver Areas Civilian paramilitary...

12 CFR 205.6 - Liability of consumer for unauthorized transfers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... transfers. 205.6 Section 205.6 Banks and Banking FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM ELECTRONIC FUND TRANSFERS (REGULATION E) § 205.6 Liability of consumer for unauthorized transfers. (a) Conditions for liability. A consumer may be held liable, within the limitations described in...

12 CFR 205.6 - Liability of consumer for unauthorized transfers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... transfers. 205.6 Section 205.6 Banks and Banking FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM ELECTRONIC FUND TRANSFERS (REGULATION E) § 205.6 Liability of consumer for unauthorized transfers. (a) Conditions for liability. A consumer may be held liable, within the limitations described in...

12 CFR 205.6 - Liability of consumer for unauthorized transfers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... transfers. 205.6 Section 205.6 Banks and Banking FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM ELECTRONIC FUND TRANSFERS (REGULATION E) § 205.6 Liability of consumer for unauthorized transfers. (a) Conditions for liability. A consumer may be held liable, within the limitations described in...

Geological-morphological description of the Lakshmi planum (photomap of the Venusian surface sheet B-4)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pronin, A. A.

1987-01-01

The Lakshmi Planum and its surrounding area (together comprising a single structure) are described in morphological terms on the basis of Venera 15 and 16 photomap data. Plume ascent from the planetary interior and subsequent horizontal spreading represent the underlying mechanisms behind structural formation: folding and/or imbricating accompany these processes. In effect, the Laksmi structure can be regarded as a local spreading center. Its structural dimensions attest to the role that asthenospheric currents played in its formation.

A geological and morphological description of Lakshmi planum

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pronin, A.A.; Kadnichanskii, S.A.; Kotel'nikov, V.A.

A morphological description is presented of Lakshmi Planum and its setting, which are a single structure. It is assumed that a mechanism for lifting matter from the planet's interior and spreading it horizontally, which was accompanied by deformation of folding and/or by the formation of tectonic slivers, is the basis for the formation of structure. This allows one to speak of Lakshmi as a local center of radial spreading. The structural scales indicate the participation of asthenospheric flows in its formation.

Effects of vertical shear in modelling horizontal oceanic dispersion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lanotte, A. S.; Corrado, R.; Palatella, L.; Pizzigalli, C.; Schipa, I.; Santoleri, R.

2016-02-01

The effect of vertical shear on the horizontal dispersion properties of passive tracer particles on the continental shelf of the South Mediterranean is investigated by means of observation and model data. In situ current measurements reveal that vertical gradients of horizontal velocities in the upper mixing layer decorrelate quite fast ( ˜ 1 day), whereas an eddy-permitting ocean model, such as the Mediterranean Forecasting System, tends to overestimate such decorrelation time because of finite resolution effects. Horizontal dispersion, simulated by the Mediterranean sea Forecasting System, is mostly affected by: (1) unresolved scale motions, and mesoscale motions that are largely smoothed out at scales close to the grid spacing; (2) poorly resolved time variability in the profiles of the horizontal velocities in the upper layer. For the case study we have analysed, we show that a suitable use of deterministic kinematic parametrizations is helpful to implement realistic statistical features of tracer dispersion in two and three dimensions. The approach here suggested provides a functional tool to control the horizontal spreading of small organisms or substance concentrations, and is thus relevant for marine biology, pollutant dispersion as well as oil spill applications.

78 FR 19445 - Notice of Proposed New Fee Sites; Federal Lands Recreation Enhancement Act, (Title VIII, Pub. L...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-04-01

... services provided, cost of operation and maintenance, market assessment, and public comment. Funds from fees would be used for the continued operation and maintenance of these recreation sites. Lake Canyon... development of numerous unauthorized roads and camping. The restoration project has closed unauthorized trails...

75 FR 36461 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.; Notice of Filing of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-25

... information, is protected from unauthorized or other improper use.\\4\\ \\4\\ FINRA has emphasized that its... card, checking account, or savings account). If such personal information were to be intercepted by an... requests will help ensure that personal information is protected from improper use by unauthorized third...

76 FR 74017 - Empowering Consumers to Prevent and Detect Billing for Unauthorized Charges (“Cramming...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-30

... FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 47 CFR Part 64 [CG Docket Nos. 11-116 and 09-158; CC Docket No. 98-170; FCC 11-106; DA 11-1860] Empowering Consumers to Prevent and Detect Billing for Unauthorized Charges (``Cramming''); Consumer Information and Disclosure; Truth-in-Billing and Billing Format AGENCY...

77 FR 71353 - Empowering Consumers To Prevent and Detect Billing for Unauthorized Charges (“Cramming...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-11-30

... FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 47 CFR Part 64 [CG Docket Nos. 11-116 and 09-158; CC Docket No. 98-170; FCC 12-42] Empowering Consumers To Prevent and Detect Billing for Unauthorized Charges (``Cramming''); Consumer Information and Disclosure; Truth-in-Billing Format AGENCY: Federal Communications...

77 FR 71354 - Empowering Consumers To Prevent and Detect Billing for Unauthorized Charges (“Cramming...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-11-30

... FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 47 CFR Part 64 [CG Docket Nos. 11-116 and 09-158; CC Docket No. 98-170; FCC 12-42] Empowering Consumers To Prevent and Detect Billing for Unauthorized Charges (``Cramming''); Consumer Information and Disclosure; Truth-in-Billing Format AGENCY: Federal Communications...

43 CFR 9239.0-7 - Penalty for unauthorized removal of material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

...) BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR TECHNICAL SERVICES (9000) TRESPASS Kinds of Trespass § 9239.0-7 Penalty for unauthorized removal of material. The extraction, severance, injury, or... Department, is an act of trespass. Trespassers will be liable in damages to the United States, and will be...

43 CFR 9239.0-7 - Penalty for unauthorized removal of material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

...) BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR TECHNICAL SERVICES (9000) TRESPASS Kinds of Trespass § 9239.0-7 Penalty for unauthorized removal of material. The extraction, severance, injury, or... Department, is an act of trespass. Trespassers will be liable in damages to the United States, and will be...

43 CFR 9239.0-7 - Penalty for unauthorized removal of material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

...) BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR TECHNICAL SERVICES (9000) TRESPASS Kinds of Trespass § 9239.0-7 Penalty for unauthorized removal of material. The extraction, severance, injury, or... Department, is an act of trespass. Trespassers will be liable in damages to the United States, and will be...

25 CFR 161.707 - When will BIA impound unauthorized livestock or other property?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... WATER NAVAJO PARTITIONED LANDS GRAZING PERMITS Trespass Actions § 161.707 When will BIA impound... livestock or other property refuses to accept delivery of a written notice of trespass and the unauthorized... after 5 days of providing notice of impoundment if the trespasser failed to correct the trespass. ...

25 CFR 161.707 - When will BIA impound unauthorized livestock or other property?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... WATER NAVAJO PARTITIONED LANDS GRAZING PERMITS Trespass Actions § 161.707 When will BIA impound... livestock or other property refuses to accept delivery of a written notice of trespass and the unauthorized... after 5 days of providing notice of impoundment if the trespasser failed to correct the trespass. ...

25 CFR 161.707 - When will BIA impound unauthorized livestock or other property?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... WATER NAVAJO PARTITIONED LANDS GRAZING PERMITS Trespass Actions § 161.707 When will BIA impound... livestock or other property refuses to accept delivery of a written notice of trespass and the unauthorized... after 5 days of providing notice of impoundment if the trespasser failed to correct the trespass. ...

43 CFR 9239.0-7 - Penalty for unauthorized removal of material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

...) BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR TECHNICAL SERVICES (9000) TRESPASS Kinds of Trespass § 9239.0-7 Penalty for unauthorized removal of material. The extraction, severance, injury, or... Department, is an act of trespass. Trespassers will be liable in damages to the United States, and will be...

25 CFR 161.707 - When will BIA impound unauthorized livestock or other property?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... WATER NAVAJO PARTITIONED LANDS GRAZING PERMITS Trespass Actions § 161.707 When will BIA impound... livestock or other property refuses to accept delivery of a written notice of trespass and the unauthorized... after 5 days of providing notice of impoundment if the trespasser failed to correct the trespass. ...

25 CFR 161.707 - When will BIA impound unauthorized livestock or other property?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... WATER NAVAJO PARTITIONED LANDS GRAZING PERMITS Trespass Actions § 161.707 When will BIA impound... livestock or other property refuses to accept delivery of a written notice of trespass and the unauthorized... after 5 days of providing notice of impoundment if the trespasser failed to correct the trespass. ...

14 CFR 1213.107 - Preventing unauthorized release of sensitive but unclassified (SBU) information/material to the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... sensitive but unclassified (SBU) information/material to the news media. 1213.107 Section 1213.107... INFORMATION MEDIA § 1213.107 Preventing unauthorized release of sensitive but unclassified (SBU) information/material to the news media. (a) All NASA SBU information requires accountability and approval for release...

14 CFR 1213.107 - Preventing unauthorized release of sensitive but unclassified (SBU) information/material to the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... sensitive but unclassified (SBU) information/material to the news media. 1213.107 Section 1213.107... INFORMATION MEDIA § 1213.107 Preventing unauthorized release of sensitive but unclassified (SBU) information/material to the news media. (a) All NASA SBU information requires accountability and approval for release...

14 CFR 1213.107 - Preventing unauthorized release of sensitive but unclassified (SBU) information/material to the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... but unclassified (SBU) information/material to the news media. 1213.107 Section 1213.107 Aeronautics... MEDIA § 1213.107 Preventing unauthorized release of sensitive but unclassified (SBU) information/material to the news media. (a) All NASA SBU information requires accountability and approval for release...

14 CFR 1213.107 - Preventing unauthorized release of sensitive but unclassified (SBU) information/material to the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... sensitive but unclassified (SBU) information/material to the news media. 1213.107 Section 1213.107... INFORMATION MEDIA § 1213.107 Preventing unauthorized release of sensitive but unclassified (SBU) information/material to the news media. (a) All NASA SBU information requires accountability and approval for release...

77 FR 65320 - Empowering Consumers To Prevent and Detect Billing for Unauthorized Charges (“Cramming...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-10-26

.... 98-170; FCC 12-42] Empowering Consumers To Prevent and Detect Billing for Unauthorized Charges..., [email protected]fcc.gov or (202) 418-2887, of the Consumer and Governmental Affairs Bureau. SUPPLEMENTARY... information collection requirements contained in the Commission's Report and Order, FCC 12-42, published at 77...

32 CFR Appendix D to Subpart M of... - Unauthorized Activities in Maneuver Training Areas

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Areas D Appendix D to Subpart M of Part 552 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued.... D Appendix D to Subpart M of Part 552—Unauthorized Activities in Maneuver Training Areas 1. Fort... metal-detecting, including recovery of ammunition residue or fragments, archaeological or cultural...

18 CFR 1304.406 - Removal of unauthorized, unsafe, and derelict structures or facilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Removal of unauthorized, unsafe, and derelict structures or facilities. 1304.406 Section 1304.406 Conservation of Power and Water... flood control) is anchored, installed, constructed, or moored in a manner inconsistent with this part...

36 CFR 327.20 - Unauthorized structures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Unauthorized structures. 327.20 Section 327.20 Parks, Forests, and Public Property CORPS OF ENGINEERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY... nailed or screwed into trees and are removed at the end of a day's hunt may be used. [65 FR 6902, Feb. 11...

36 CFR 327.20 - Unauthorized structures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Unauthorized structures. 327.20 Section 327.20 Parks, Forests, and Public Property CORPS OF ENGINEERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY... nailed or screwed into trees and are removed at the end of a day's hunt may be used. [65 FR 6902, Feb. 11...

36 CFR 327.20 - Unauthorized structures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Unauthorized structures. 327.20 Section 327.20 Parks, Forests, and Public Property CORPS OF ENGINEERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY... nailed or screwed into trees and are removed at the end of a day's hunt may be used. [65 FR 6902, Feb. 11...

36 CFR 327.20 - Unauthorized structures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Unauthorized structures. 327.20 Section 327.20 Parks, Forests, and Public Property CORPS OF ENGINEERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY... nailed or screwed into trees and are removed at the end of a day's hunt may be used. [65 FR 6902, Feb. 11...

12 CFR 911.3 - Prohibition on unauthorized use and disclosure of unpublished information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 8 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Prohibition on unauthorized use and disclosure of unpublished information. 911.3 Section 911.3 Banks and Banking FEDERAL HOUSING FINANCE BOARD FEDERAL HOUSING FINANCE BOARD ORGANIZATION AND OPERATIONS AVAILABILITY OF UNPUBLISHED INFORMATION § 911.3...

12 CFR 911.3 - Prohibition on unauthorized use and disclosure of unpublished information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 8 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Prohibition on unauthorized use and disclosure of unpublished information. 911.3 Section 911.3 Banks and Banking FEDERAL HOUSING FINANCE BOARD FEDERAL HOUSING FINANCE BOARD ORGANIZATION AND OPERATIONS AVAILABILITY OF UNPUBLISHED INFORMATION § 911.3...

49 CFR 392.60 - Unauthorized persons not to be transported.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Unauthorized persons not to be transported. 392.60... transported. (a) Unless specifically authorized in writing to do so by the motor carrier under whose authority the commercial motor vehicle is being operated, no driver shall transport any person or permit any...

49 CFR 392.60 - Unauthorized persons not to be transported.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Unauthorized persons not to be transported. 392.60... transported. (a) Unless specifically authorized in writing to do so by the motor carrier under whose authority the commercial motor vehicle is being operated, no driver shall transport any person or permit any...

Piracy among Undergraduate and Graduate Students: Influences on Unauthorized Book Copies

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dionisio, Pedro; Leal, Carmo; Pereira, Helia; Salgueiro, Maria Fatima

2013-01-01

The unauthorized duplication of books through photocopies and Internet downloads, especially in the case of academic books, is currently one of the most challenging problems facing the publishing industry. Photocopying has become widespread with these texts, apparently without major ethical concerns on the part of students. The purpose of this…

Information Leaks and Limitations of Role-Based Access Control Mechanisms: A Qualitative Exploratory Single Case Study

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Antony, Laljith

2016-01-01

Failing to prevent leaks of confidential and proprietary information to unauthorized users from software applications is a major challenge that companies face. Access control policies defined in software applications with access control mechanisms are unable to prevent information leaks from software applications to unauthorized users. Role-based…

50 CFR 635.71 - Prohibitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...) Fish with bottom or pelagic longline and shark gillnet gear for HMS without adhering to the gear... workshop in violation of § 635.8. (12) Fish for Atlantic sharks with unauthorized gear or possess Atlantic sharks on board a vessel with unauthorized gear on board as specified in § 635.21(e)(3). (13) Fish for...

Consequences of Arizona's Immigration Policy on Social Capital among Mexican Mothers with Unauthorized Immigration Status

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Valdez, Carmen R.; Padilla, Brian; Valentine, Jessa Lewis

2013-01-01

This study explores the consequences of increasingly restrictive immigration policies on social capital among Mexican mothers with unauthorized immigrant status in Arizona. Three focus groups conducted in Arizona explore how mothers' experiences with immigration policies have affected their neighborhood, community, and family ties. Focus group…

Unauthorized Immigration to the United States: Annual Estimates and Components of Change, by State, 1990 to 2010.

PubMed

Warren, Robert; Warren, John Robert

2013-06-01

We describe a method for producing annual estimates of the unauthorized immigrant population in the United Sates and components of population change, for each state and D.C., for 1990 to 2010. We quantify a sharp drop in the number of unauthorized immigrants arriving since 2000, and we demonstrate the role of departures from the population (emigration, adjustment to legal status, removal by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and deaths) in reducing population growth from one million in 2000 to population losses in 2008 and 2009. The number arriving in the U.S. peaked at more than one million in 1999 to 2001, and then declined rapidly through 2009. We provide evidence that population growth stopped after 2007 primarily because entries declined and not because emigration increased during the economic crisis. Our estimates of the total unauthorized immigrant population in the U.S. and in the top ten states are comparable to those produced by DHS and the Pew Hispanic Center. For the remaining states and D.C., our data and methods produce estimates with smaller ranges of sampling error.

A passive RFID-based location system for personnel and asset monitoring.

PubMed

Hsiao, Rong-Shue; Kao, Chun-Hao; Chen, Tian-Xiang; Chen, Jui-Lun

2018-01-01

Typical radio frequency identification (RFID) access control system can be ineffective if an unauthorized person tailgates an authorized person through an access area. To propose a system by using indoor locating and tracking techniques address this problem, which is to prevent unauthorized Alzheimer's and dementia patients from getting lost including by tailgating. To achieve accurate target location, passive RFID deployment strategy is studied and a fingerprinting based passive RFID localization algorithm is proposed. The proposed system was evaluated in a building environment to simulate the performance of access control. RFID reader was installed on ceiling near the access area and tags were stitched on both shoulders of the experiment subject's garments. The probability of the error distance within 0.3 m achieved 97% in the warning area; the location precision achieved 97% within 0.4 m in the monitoring area. The result showed that if an unauthorized person enters the restricted area, the system can initiate an alert signal accurately. Therefore, the proposed system is very suitable to be used in nursing home or hospital to prevent unauthorized personnel and assets entering/exiting a confined location.

How is health-related "deservingness" reckoned? Perspectives from unauthorized im/migrants in Tel Aviv.

PubMed

Willen, Sarah S

2012-03-01

Do unauthorized im/migrants have a right to health? Do they deserve health care, or health protection, or access to the social determinants of good health? Are they party to prevailing social contracts, or does their exclusion from mainstream systems of health promotion, prevention, and care "make sense"? Questions like these, which generate considerable attention in multiple spheres of scholarship, policy, and public debate, revolve around an issue that merits substantially greater consideration among social scientists of health: health-related "deservingness." In addition to putting the issue of health-related deservingness squarely on the map as an object of analysis, this article further argues that we cannot focus solely on those with power, influence, and public voice. Rather, we also must investigate how deservingness is reckoned in relation to--and, furthermore, from the perspectives of-- unauthorized im/migrants and members of other groups commonly constructed in public and policy discourse as undeserving. Additionally, we must consider the complicated relationship between universalizing juridical arguments about formal entitlement to health rights, on one hand, and situationally specific, vernacular moral arguments about deservingness, on the other. The paper analyzes findings from a 29-month mixed-methods study conducted in Tel Aviv, Israel, that approached unauthorized im/migrants as subjects, rather than simply objects, of ethical deliberation. Participants' conceptions of health-related deservingness are investigated using two sources of data: (1) quantitative findings from a self-administered, closed-ended survey conducted with 170 im/migrant patients at an NGO-run Open Clinic (2002-2003), and (2) qualitative findings from the larger ethnographic study of which the survey was part (2000-2010). The study findings both (1) contradict commonly circulating assumptions that unauthorized im/migrants are "freeloaders," and (2) highlight the need for rigorous investigation of how unauthorized im/migrants, among other marginalized and vulnerable groups, conceptualize their own relative deservingness of health-related concern and investment. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Knowledge and use of unauthorized HIV self-test kits among men who have sex with men in Spain, following approval of an over-the-counter self-test in the U.S: a cross-sectional study.

PubMed

Koutentakis, Konstantinos; Rosales-Statkus, María Elena; Hoyos, Juan; Fernández-Balbuena, Sonia; Ruiz, Mónica; Agustí, Cristina; de la Fuente, Luis; Belza, María José

2016-07-08

Shortly after the approval of an over-the-counter HIV self-test in the US, we conducted a study to estimate the proportion of men who have sex with men (MSM) in Spain who knew that unauthorized HIV self-tests could be purchased online, and the proportion that had already used these tests, as well as their socio-demographic and behavioural correlates. Between September 2012 and February 2013, MSM users of gay dating websites were invited to complete an online questionnaire. We calculated estimates of the knowledge and use of unauthorized HIV self-testing and assessed the associated factors by rare event logit regression models. Among 8620 participants, 4.2 % (95 % CI:3.8-4.6) knew they could buy an unauthorized HIV self-test kit online, and 12.7 % (95 % CI:12.0-13.4) thought that such a test might exist, although they had never seen one. Only 0.7 % (95 % CI:0.5-0.9) had ever self-tested. In the multivariable analysis, knowledge of online availability of self-tests was associated with being a non-Latin American foreigner, having at least two previous HIV tests, intending to test for HIV in the next year, and knowing about U.S. approval of self-testing. Ever-use of HIV self-testing was associated with being over 34 years of age, living outside Spain during the last 12 months, and knowing about U.S. approval of self-testing. Both knowledge and use of unauthorized HIV self-testing among MSM in Spain was very low among HIV negative or untested MSM in Spain. The recent approval in the United Kingdom and France might increase the number of MSM seeking such testing and possibly using unauthorized test kits not meeting quality standards.

Spreading of a granular droplet.

PubMed

Sánchez, Iván; Raynaud, Franck; Lanuza, José; Andreotti, Bruno; Clément, Eric; Aranson, Igor S

2007-12-01

The influence of controlled vibrations on the granular rheology is investigated in a specifically designed experiment in which a granular film spreads under the action of horizontal vibrations. A nonlinear diffusion equation is derived theoretically that describes the evolution of the deposit shape. A self-similar parabolic shape (the "granular droplet") and a spreading dynamics are predicted that both agree quantitatively with the experimental results. The theoretical analysis is used to extract effective friction coefficients between the base and the granular layer under sustained and controlled vibrations. A shear thickening regime characteristic of dense granular flows is evidenced at low vibration energy, both for glass beads and natural sand. Conversely, shear thinning is observed at high agitation.

Spreading of a granular droplet

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Clement, Eric; Sanchez, Ivan; Raynaud, Franck; Lanuza, Jose; Andreotti, Bruno; Aranson, Igor

2008-03-01

The influence of controlled vibrations on the granular rheology is investigated in a specifically designed experiment in which a granular film spreads under the action of horizontal vibrations. A nonlinear diffusion equation is derived theoretically that describes the evolution of the deposit shape. A self-similar parabolic shape (the``granular droplet'') and a spreading dynamics are predicted that both agree quantitatively with the experimental results. The theoretical analysis is used to extract effective friction coefficients between the base and the granular layer under sustained and controlled vibrations. A shear thickening regime characteristic of dense granular flows is evidenced at low vibration energy, both for glass beads and natural sand. Conversely, shear thinning is observed at high agitation.

Spreading of a granular droplet

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sánchez, Iván; Raynaud, Franck; Lanuza, José; Andreotti, Bruno; Clément, Eric; Aranson, Igor S.

2007-12-01

The influence of controlled vibrations on the granular rheology is investigated in a specifically designed experiment in which a granular film spreads under the action of horizontal vibrations. A nonlinear diffusion equation is derived theoretically that describes the evolution of the deposit shape. A self-similar parabolic shape (the“granular droplet”) and a spreading dynamics are predicted that both agree quantitatively with the experimental results. The theoretical analysis is used to extract effective friction coefficients between the base and the granular layer under sustained and controlled vibrations. A shear thickening regime characteristic of dense granular flows is evidenced at low vibration energy, both for glass beads and natural sand. Conversely, shear thinning is observed at high agitation.

75 FR 28818 - Notice of Realty Action: Proposed Sale of Public Land, Wyoming

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-05-24

... the fair market value, to resolve an unintentional unauthorized use of public lands. DATES: Comments... these lands suitable for disposal. The lands contain no other known public values. Conveyance of the... unauthorized use of the property by other parties. No warranty of any kind, express or implied, is given by the...

43 CFR 9239.1-1 - Unauthorized cutting, removal, or injury.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

...) BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR TECHNICAL SERVICES (9000) TRESPASS Kinds of Trespass § 9239.1-1 Unauthorized cutting, removal, or injury. (a) All of the definitions in § 5400.0-5 of... this title constitutes a trespass. [56 FR 10176, Mar. 11, 1991, as amended at 60 FR 50451, Sept. 29...

43 CFR 9239.1-1 - Unauthorized cutting, removal, or injury.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

...) BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR TECHNICAL SERVICES (9000) TRESPASS Kinds of Trespass § 9239.1-1 Unauthorized cutting, removal, or injury. (a) All of the definitions in § 5400.0-5 of... this title constitutes a trespass. [56 FR 10176, Mar. 11, 1991, as amended at 60 FR 50451, Sept. 29...

43 CFR 9239.1-1 - Unauthorized cutting, removal, or injury.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

...) BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR TECHNICAL SERVICES (9000) TRESPASS Kinds of Trespass § 9239.1-1 Unauthorized cutting, removal, or injury. (a) All of the definitions in § 5400.0-5 of... this title constitutes a trespass. [56 FR 10176, Mar. 11, 1991, as amended at 60 FR 50451, Sept. 29...

43 CFR 9239.1-1 - Unauthorized cutting, removal, or injury.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

...) BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR TECHNICAL SERVICES (9000) TRESPASS Kinds of Trespass § 9239.1-1 Unauthorized cutting, removal, or injury. (a) All of the definitions in § 5400.0-5 of... this title constitutes a trespass. [56 FR 10176, Mar. 11, 1991, as amended at 60 FR 50451, Sept. 29...

Evolution of Biomedical Research During Combat Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-08-01

Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited. Report Documentation Page Form ApprovedOMB No. 0704-0188...2Hatzfeld et al. S116 * 2013 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Copyright © 2013 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is...N = 300 Data/samples collected Clinical data Clinical data Clinical data Neuropsychological tests Quantitative electroencephalogram In-theater

76 FR 58240 - Modoc National Forest, Alturas, CA, Supplemental Information for the Final Environmental Impact...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-20

... supports: The addition of 331 miles of unauthorized routes to the National Forest Transportation System... Maintenance Level 3 (ML3) roads to allow for mixed use by both highway legal and non-highway legal vehicles... proposes to add 331 miles of unauthorized routes to the National Forest Transportation System (NFTS) on the...

36 CFR § 327.20 - Unauthorized structures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2013-07-01 2012-07-01 true Unauthorized structures. § 327.20 Section § 327.20 Parks, Forests, and Public Property CORPS OF ENGINEERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE... not nailed or screwed into trees and are removed at the end of a day's hunt may be used. [65 FR 6902...

Addressing Postsecondary Access for Undocumented Students. ECS Education Trends

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Anderson, Lexi

2015-01-01

In 2012, there were an estimated 11.2 million undocumented individuals living in the United States. The peak of unauthorized immigrant population occurred in 2007 with 12.2 million, a stark rise from original estimates of 3.5 million in 1990. Although down from its peak, a sizeable and stable population of unauthorized individuals resides in the…

9 CFR 381.138 - Unauthorized use or disposition of approved labeling or devices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 9 Animals and Animal Products 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Unauthorized use or disposition of approved labeling or devices. 381.138 Section 381.138 Animals and Animal Products FOOD SAFETY AND INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AGENCY ORGANIZATION AND TERMINOLOGY; MANDATORY MEAT AND POULTRY PRODUCTS INSPECTION AND VOLUNTARY INSPECTION...

45 CFR 2540.520 - What are the consequences for unauthorized use of the Corporation's national service insignia?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false What are the consequences for unauthorized use of the Corporation's national service insignia? 2540.520 Section 2540.520 Public Welfare Regulations... ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS Restrictions on Use of National Service Insignia § 2540.520 What are the consequences...

32 CFR Appendix D to Subpart M of... - Unauthorized Activities in Maneuver Training Areas

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Areas D Appendix D to Subpart M of Part 552 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued.... D Appendix D to Subpart M of Part 552—Unauthorized Activities in Maneuver Training Areas 1. Fort... camping outside of DPCA sites (camping on DPCA sites is open to DoD members only, per above). Consumption...

Facial and Periorbital Cellulitis due to Skin Peeling with Jet Stream by an Unauthorized Person.

PubMed

Kaptanoglu, Asli Feride; Mullaaziz, Didem; Suer, Kaya

2014-01-01

Technologies and devices for cosmetic procedures are developing with each passing day. However, increased and unauthorized use of such emerging technologies may also lead to increases in unexpected results and complications as well. Here, we report a case of facial cellulitis after a "beauty parlor" session of skin cleaning with jet stream peeling device in 19-year old female patient for the first time. Complications due to improper and unauthorized use of jet stream peeling devices may also cause doubts about the safety and impair the reputation of the technology as well. In order to avoid irreversible complications, local authorities should follow the technology and update the regulations where the dermatologists should take an active role.

How Can We Better Detect Unauthorized GMOs in Food and Feed Chains?

PubMed

Fraiture, Marie-Alice; Herman, Philippe; De Loose, Marc; Debode, Frédéric; Roosens, Nancy H

2017-06-01

Current GMO detection systems have limited abilities to detect unauthorized genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Here, we propose a new workflow, based on next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology, to overcome this problem. In providing information about DNA sequences, this high-throughput workflow can distinguish authorized and unauthorized GMOs by strengthening the tools commonly used by enforcement laboratories with the help of NGS technology. In addition, thanks to its massive sequencing capacity, this workflow could be used to monitor GMOs present in the food and feed chain. In view of its potential implementation by enforcement laboratories, we discuss this innovative approach, its current limitations, and its sustainability of use over time. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Predictability of horizontal water vapor transport relative to precipitation: Enhancing situational awareness for forecasting western U.S. extreme precipitation and flooding

USGS Publications Warehouse

Lavers, David A.; Waliser, Duane E.; Ralph, F. Martin; Dettinger, Michael

2016-01-01

The western United States is vulnerable to socioeconomic disruption due to extreme winter precipitation and floods. Traditionally, forecasts of precipitation and river discharge provide the basis for preparations. Herein we show that earlier event awareness may be possible through use of horizontal water vapor transport (integrated vapor transport (IVT)) forecasts. Applying the potential predictability concept to the National Centers for Environmental Prediction global ensemble reforecasts, across 31 winters, IVT is found to be more predictable than precipitation. IVT ensemble forecasts with the smallest spreads (least forecast uncertainty) are associated with initiation states with anomalously high geopotential heights south of Alaska, a setup conducive for anticyclonic conditions and weak IVT into the western United States. IVT ensemble forecasts with the greatest spreads (most forecast uncertainty) have initiation states with anomalously low geopotential heights south of Alaska and correspond to atmospheric rivers. The greater IVT predictability could provide warnings of impending storminess with additional lead times for hydrometeorological applications.

A mechanism for decoupling within the oceanic lithosphere revealed in the Troodos ophiolite

USGS Publications Warehouse

Agar, Susan M.; Klitgord, Kim D.

1995-01-01

Contrasting kinematic histories recorded in the sheeted dykes and underlying plutonic rocks of the Troodos ophiolite provide a new perspective on the mechanical evolution of oceanic spreading centres. The kinematic framework of the decoupling zone that partitions deformation between the sheeted dykes and plutonics contrasts with low-angle detachment models for slow-spreading ridges based on continental-rift analogues. A model for the generation of multiple, horizontal decoupling horizons, linked by planar normal faults, demonstrates new possibilities for the kinematic and rheological significance of seismic reflectors in oceanic lithosphere.

Cooperative standing-horizontal-standing reentrant transition for numerous solid particles under external vibration.

PubMed

Takatori, Satoshi; Baba, Hikari; Ichino, Takatoshi; Shew, Chwen-Yang; Yoshikawa, Kenichi

2018-01-11

We report the collective behavior of numerous plastic bolt-like particles exhibiting one of two distinct states, either standing stationary or horizontal accompanied by tumbling motion, when placed on a horizontal plate undergoing sinusoidal vertical vibration. Experimentally, we prepared an initial state in which all of the particles were standing except for a single particle that was placed at the center of the plate. Under continuous vertical vibration, the initially horizontal particle triggers neighboring particles to fall over into a horizontal state through tumbling-induced collision, and this effect gradually spreads to all of the particles, i.e., the number of horizontal particles is increased. Interestingly, within a certain range of vibration intensity, almost all of the horizontal particles revert back to standing in association with the formation of apparent 2D hexagonal dense-packing. Thus, phase segregation between high and low densities, or crystalline and disperse domains, of standing particles is generated as a result of the reentrant transition. The essential features of such cooperative dynamics through the reentrant transition are elucidated with a simple kinetic model. We also demonstrate that an excitable wave with the reentrant transition is observed when particles are situated in a quasi-one-dimensional confinement on a vibrating plate.

77 FR 41955 - Empowering Consumers To Prevent and Detect Billing for Unauthorized Charges (“Cramming...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-17

... FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 47 CFR Part 64 [CG Docket Nos. 11-116 and 09-158; CC Docket No. 98-170; FCC 12-42; DA 12-1039] Empowering Consumers To Prevent and Detect Billing for Unauthorized..., which extends the reply comment filing deadline established in the FNPRM, FCC 12-42, published at 77 FR...

A Survey of University Students' Behavior, Knowledge, and Opinions Regarding Unauthorized Copies of Computer Software.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Glowacki, Margaret L.; And Others

The purpose of this study was to determine the nature and extent of unauthorized copying of microcomputer software by university students. The sample consisted of 392 university students ranging in age from 18 to 35. A survey instrument administered to all students contained 20 Likert-type questions designed to gather data on students' behavior,…

Growing up in the Shadows: The Developmental Implications of Unauthorized Status

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Suarez-Orozco, Carola; Yoshikawa, Hirokazu; Teranishi, Robert T.; Suarez-Orozco, Marcelo M.

2011-01-01

Unauthorized immigrants account for approximately one-fourth of all immigrants in the United States, yet they dominate public perceptions and are at the heart of a policy impasse. Caught in the middle are the children of these immigrants--youth who are coming of age and living in the shadows. An estimated 5.5 million children and adolescents are…

In-State-Tuition for Unauthorized Residents: Teaching a Person to Fish

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dryden, Joe; Martinez, Cristina

2014-01-01

Illegal immigration has become one of the most important issues we face as a nation, and as greater attention is focused on the sociological and economic impact of illegal immigration, policies related to in-state-tuition for unauthorized residents are in a state of flux. Since 2005, the number of states offering in-state-tuition for unauthorized…

78 FR 61250 - Empowering Consumers To Prevent and Detect Billing for Unauthorized Charges (“Cramming...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-10-03

.... 98-170; DA 13-1807] Empowering Consumers To Prevent and Detect Billing for Unauthorized Charges... Notice DA 13-1807, released August 27, 2013 in CG Docket Nos. 11-116 and 09-158, and CC Docket No. 98-170. The full text of document DA 13- 1807 and copies of any subsequently filed documents in this matter...

Unauthorized Immigrant Students in the United States: Educational Policies, Practices, and the Role of School Psychology

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sulkowski, Michael L.

2017-01-01

Overlooking Ellis Island, the famous port of entry for millions of U.S. immigrants, is the Statue of Liberty. Miss Liberty's lamp has welcomed millions of immigrants to the United States. However, in light of recent executive orders against immigration as well as efforts to detain and deport millions of unauthorized immigrants, one might wonder…

Attitudes toward unauthorized immigrants, authorized immigrants, and refugees.

PubMed

Murray, Kate E; Marx, David M

2013-07-01

Rates of human migration are steadily rising and have resulted in significant sociopolitical debates over how to best respond to increasing cultural diversity and changing migration patterns. Research on prejudicial attitudes toward immigrants has focused on the attitudes and beliefs that individuals in the receiving country hold about immigrants. The current study enhances this literature by examining how young adults view authorized and unauthorized immigrants and refugees. Using a between-groups design of 191 undergraduates, we found that participants consistently reported more prejudicial attitudes, greater perceived realistic threats, and greater intergroup anxiety when responding to questions about unauthorized compared with authorized immigrants. Additionally, there were differences in attitudes depending on participants' generational status, with older-generation participants reporting greater perceived realistic and symbolic threat, prejudice, and anxiety than newer-generation students. In some instances, these effects were moderated by participant race/ethnicity and whether they were evaluating authorized or unauthorized immigrants. Lastly, perceived realistic threat, symbolic threat, and intergroup anxiety were significant predictors of prejudicial attitudes. Overall, participants reported positive attitudes toward refugees and resettlement programs in the United States. These findings have implications for future research and interventions focused on immigration and prejudice toward migrant groups. PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved.

Unauthorized Immigration to the United States: Annual Estimates and Components of Change, by State, 1990 to 2010

PubMed Central

Warren, Robert; Warren, John Robert

2013-01-01

We describe a method for producing annual estimates of the unauthorized immigrant population in the United Sates and components of population change, for each state and D.C., for 1990 to 2010. We quantify a sharp drop in the number of unauthorized immigrants arriving since 2000, and we demonstrate the role of departures from the population (emigration, adjustment to legal status, removal by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and deaths) in reducing population growth from one million in 2000 to population losses in 2008 and 2009. The number arriving in the U.S. peaked at more than one million in 1999 to 2001, and then declined rapidly through 2009. We provide evidence that population growth stopped after 2007 primarily because entries declined and not because emigration increased during the economic crisis. Our estimates of the total unauthorized immigrant population in the U.S. and in the top ten states are comparable to those produced by DHS and the Pew Hispanic Center. For the remaining states and D.C., our data and methods produce estimates with smaller ranges of sampling error. PMID:23956482

Spreading volcanoes

USGS Publications Warehouse

Borgia, A.; Delaney, P.T.; Denlinger, R.P.

2000-01-01

As volcanoes grow, they become ever heavier. Unlike mountains exhumed by erosion of rocks that generally were lithified at depth, volcanoes typically are built of poorly consolidated rocks that may be further weakened by hydrothermal alteration. The substrates upon which volcanoes rest, moreover, are often sediments lithified by no more than the weight of the volcanic overburden. It is not surprising, therefore, that volcanic deformation includes-and in the long term is often dominated by-spreading motions that translate subsidence near volcanic summits to outward horizontal displacements around the flanks and peripheries. We review examples of volcanic spreading and go on to derive approximate expressions for the time volcanoes require to deform by spreading on weak substrates. We also demonstrate that shear stresses that drive low-angle thrust faulting from beneath volcanic constructs have maxima at volcanic peripheries, just where such faults are seen to emerge. Finally, we establish a theoretical basis for experimentally derived scalings that delineate volcanoes that spread from those that do not.

Consequences of Arizona's immigration policy on social capital among Mexican mothers with unauthorized immigration status

PubMed Central

Valdez, Carmen R.; Padilla, Brian; Valentine, Jessa Lewis

2013-01-01

This study explores the consequences of increasingly restrictive immigration policies on social capital among Mexican mothers with unauthorized immigrant status in Arizona. Three focus groups conducted in Arizona explore how mothers’ experiences with immigration policies have affected their neighborhood, community, and family ties. Focus group content and interactions revealed that perceived racial profiling was common among mothers and led to fear of family separation. Several described direct experiences with detention and deportation. Although detention and deportation strengthened social ties between mothers and other unauthorized immigrants, these experiences were detrimental to social ties between mothers and members of the mainstream society, including their children's teachers. Finally, immigration policies were perceived to affect parent-child ties negatively, as mothers reported family stress, financial hardship, and decreased parental availability. PMID:24371370

Numerical study of propagation of forest fires in the presence of fire breaks using an averaged setting

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Marzaeva, S. I.; Galtseva, O. V.

2018-05-01

The forest fires spread in the pine forests have been numerically simulated using a three-dimensional mathematical model. The model was integrated with respect to the vertical coordinate because horizontal sizes of forest are much greater than the heights of trees. In this paper, the assignment and theoretical investigations of the problems of crown forest fires spread pass the firebreaks were carried out. In this context, a study ( mathematical modeling) of the conditions of forest fire spreading that would make it possible to obtain a detailed picture of the change in the temperature and component concentration fields with time, and determine as well as the limiting condition of fire propagation in forest with these fire breaks.

An investigation of the effect of aspect and compression ratios on sediment dispersion using discrete element modelling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Dong; Tan, Danielle S.

2017-12-01

We use discrete element modelling to simulate a system of sand being released underwater, similar to the process of releasing sediment tailings back into the sea in nodule harvesting, in 2D. The force model includes concentration-dependent drag, buoyancy, `added mass' and Stokeslet disturbance. For a fixed number of uniform-sized particles, we vary the aspect ratio and the compression ratio of the rectangular mass of granular media pre-release. We observed that the spreading leads to a nonlinear increase with aspect ratio. On the other hand, when the compression ratio is increased, the total spreading increases; however the spread of the bulk of the sand decreases at small aspect ratios and increases at large aspect ratios. We proposed a simple theoretical model for the horizontal spreading which depends on both the aspect and compression ratios.

Computational predictions of flame spread over alcohol pools

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schiller, D. N.; Ross, H. D.; Sirignano, W. A.

1993-01-01

The effects of buoyancy and thermocapillarity on pulsating and uniform flame spread above n-propanol fuel pools have been studied using a numerical model. Data obtained indicate that the existence of pulsating flame spread is dependent upon the formation of a gas-phase recirculation cell which entrains evaporating fuel vapor in front of the leading edge of the flame. The size of the recirculation cell which is affected by the extent of liquid motion ahead of the flame, is shown to dictate whether flame spread is uniform or pulsating. The amplitude and period of the flame pulsations are found to be proportional to the maximum extent of the flow head. Under conditions considered, liquid motion was not affected appreciably by buoyancy. Horizontal convection in the liquid is the dominant mechanism for transporting heat ahead of the flame for both the pulsating and uniform regimes.

Low Reynolds number suspension gravity currents.

PubMed

Saha, Sandeep; Salin, Dominique; Talon, Laurent

2013-08-01

The extension of a gravity current in a lock-exchange problem, proceeds as square root of time in the viscous-buoyancy phase, where there is a balance between gravitational and viscous forces. In the presence of particles however, this scenario is drastically altered, because sedimentation reduces the motive gravitational force and introduces a finite distance and time at which the gravity current halts. We investigate the spreading of low Reynolds number suspension gravity currents using a novel approach based on the Lattice-Boltzmann (LB) method. The suspension is modeled as a continuous medium with a concentration-dependent viscosity. The settling of particles is simulated using a drift flux function approach that enables us to capture sudden discontinuities in particle concentration that travel as kinematic shock waves. Thereafter a numerical investigation of lock-exchange flows between pure fluids of unequal viscosity, reveals the existence of wall layers which reduce the spreading rate substantially compared to the lubrication theory prediction. In suspension gravity currents, we observe that the settling of particles leads to the formation of two additional fronts: a horizontal front near the top that descends vertically and a sediment layer at the bottom which aggrandises due to deposition of particles. Three phases are identified in the spreading process: the final corresponding to the mutual approach of the two horizontal fronts while the laterally advancing front halts indicating that the suspension current stops even before all the particles have settled. The first two regimes represent a constant and a decreasing spreading rate respectively. Finally we conduct experiments to substantiate the conclusions of our numerical and theoretical investigation.

10 CFR 74.11 - Reports of loss or theft or attempted theft or unauthorized production of special nuclear material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Reports of loss or theft or attempted theft or... Requirements § 74.11 Reports of loss or theft or attempted theft or unauthorized production of special nuclear... plutonium shall notify the NRC Operations Center within 1 hour of discovery of any loss or theft or other...

Antecedent control in the treatment of brain-injured clients.

PubMed

Zencius, A H; Wesolowski, M D; Burke, W H; McQuade, P

1989-01-01

Three brain-injured clients failed to respond significantly to consequence management programmes designed to increase attendance, use of a cane, and to reduce unauthorized breaks. When antecedent stimulus control procedures were applied, attendance and use of a cane increased and unauthorized breaks decreased. The study shows that antecedent control may be the treatment of choice when treating brain-injured clients with memory loss.

25 CFR 166.808 - How are trespassers notified if their unauthorized livestock or other property are to be impounded?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAND AND WATER GRAZING PERMITS Trespass Actions § 166.808 How are trespassers notified if their unauthorized livestock or other property are to be impounded? (a) If the trespass is not corrected in the time specified in the initial trespass notice, we will send written notice of our intent to...

25 CFR 166.808 - How are trespassers notified if their unauthorized livestock or other property are to be impounded?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAND AND WATER GRAZING PERMITS Trespass Actions § 166.808 How are trespassers notified if their unauthorized livestock or other property are to be impounded? (a) If the trespass is not corrected in the time specified in the initial trespass notice, we will send written notice of our intent to...

25 CFR 166.808 - How are trespassers notified if their unauthorized livestock or other property are to be impounded?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAND AND WATER GRAZING PERMITS Trespass Actions § 166.808 How are trespassers notified if their unauthorized livestock or other property are to be impounded? (a) If the trespass is not corrected in the time specified in the initial trespass notice, we will send written notice of our intent to...

25 CFR 166.808 - How are trespassers notified if their unauthorized livestock or other property are to be impounded?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAND AND WATER GRAZING PERMITS Trespass Actions § 166.808 How are trespassers notified if their unauthorized livestock or other property are to be impounded? (a) If the trespass is not corrected in the time specified in the initial trespass notice, we will send written notice of our intent to...

25 CFR 166.808 - How are trespassers notified if their unauthorized livestock or other property are to be impounded?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAND AND WATER GRAZING PERMITS Trespass Actions § 166.808 How are trespassers notified if their unauthorized livestock or other property are to be impounded? (a) If the trespass is not corrected in the time specified in the initial trespass notice, we will send written notice of our intent to...

Soldier Data Tag Study Effort.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-06-10

interested in protecting it. The tag itself is difficult--though not impossible--to counterfeit . Also, it (’• iii 71 -, potentially improves the data...attacks during the design, manufacture, and distribution processes, counterfeiting , unauthorized access/alteration of tag data, and use of the tag to...45 3.3.2 Hijacking of SOT System Shipments, or Large- Scale Counterfeit of SOT Systems ....................... 46 3.3.3 Unauthorized Alteration

Fluid dynamics structures in a fire environment observed in laboratory-scale experiments

Treesearch

J. Lozano; W. Tachajapong; D.R. Weise; S. Mahalingam; M. Princevac

2010-01-01

Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements were performed in laboratory-scale experimental fires spreading across horizontal fuel beds composed of aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx) excelsior. The continuous flame, intermittent flame, and thermal plume regions of a fire were investigated. Utilizing a PIV system, instantaneous velocity fields for...

Felling Infected Oaks in Natural Stands Reduces Dissemination of Polyporus Hispidus Spores

Treesearch

E. R. Toole; F. I. McCracken

1974-01-01

Felling or girdling willow oaks which exhibited Polyporus hispidus cankers reduced sporophore production within 3 yr. Since spore dissemination was horizontal and downward, spores produced on felled trees did not spread as far as those from standing trees. Felling, therefore, is a more advantageous means of control.

Plant-mediated interspecific horizontal transmission of an intracellular symbiont in insects

PubMed Central

Gonella, Elena; Pajoro, Massimo; Marzorati, Massimo; Crotti, Elena; Mandrioli, Mauro; Pontini, Marianna; Bulgari, Daniela; Negri, Ilaria; Sacchi, Luciano; Chouaia, Bessem; Daffonchio, Daniele; Alma, Alberto

2015-01-01

Intracellular reproductive manipulators, such as Candidatus Cardinium and Wolbachia are vertically transmitted to progeny but rarely show co-speciation with the host. In sap-feeding insects, plant tissues have been proposed as alternative horizontal routes of interspecific transmission, but experimental evidence is limited. Here we report results from experiments that show that Cardinium is horizontally transmitted between different phloem sap-feeding insect species through plants. Quantitative PCR and in situ hybridization experiments indicated that the leafhopper Scaphoideus titanus releases Cardinium from its salivary glands during feeding on both artificial media and grapevine leaves. Successional time-course feeding experiments with S. titanus initially fed sugar solutions or small areas of grapevine leaves followed by feeding by the phytoplasma vector Macrosteles quadripunctulatus or the grapevine feeder Empoasca vitis revealed that the symbionts were transmitted to both species. Explaining interspecific horizontal transmission through plants improves our understanding of how symbionts spread, their lifestyle and the symbiont-host intermixed evolutionary pattern. PMID:26563507

Plant-mediated interspecific horizontal transmission of an intracellular symbiont in insects.

PubMed

Gonella, Elena; Pajoro, Massimo; Marzorati, Massimo; Crotti, Elena; Mandrioli, Mauro; Pontini, Marianna; Bulgari, Daniela; Negri, Ilaria; Sacchi, Luciano; Chouaia, Bessem; Daffonchio, Daniele; Alma, Alberto

2015-11-13

Intracellular reproductive manipulators, such as Candidatus Cardinium and Wolbachia are vertically transmitted to progeny but rarely show co-speciation with the host. In sap-feeding insects, plant tissues have been proposed as alternative horizontal routes of interspecific transmission, but experimental evidence is limited. Here we report results from experiments that show that Cardinium is horizontally transmitted between different phloem sap-feeding insect species through plants. Quantitative PCR and in situ hybridization experiments indicated that the leafhopper Scaphoideus titanus releases Cardinium from its salivary glands during feeding on both artificial media and grapevine leaves. Successional time-course feeding experiments with S. titanus initially fed sugar solutions or small areas of grapevine leaves followed by feeding by the phytoplasma vector Macrosteles quadripunctulatus or the grapevine feeder Empoasca vitis revealed that the symbionts were transmitted to both species. Explaining interspecific horizontal transmission through plants improves our understanding of how symbionts spread, their lifestyle and the symbiont-host intermixed evolutionary pattern.

Domestic violence and immigration status among Latina mothers in the child welfare system: findings from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-being II (NSCAW II).

PubMed

Ogbonnaya, Ijeoma Nwabuzor; Finno-Velasquez, Megan; Kohl, Patricia L

2015-01-01

Many children involved with the child welfare system witness parental domestic violence. The association between children's domestic violence exposure and child welfare involvement may be influenced by certain socio-cultural factors; however, minimal research has examined this relationship. The current study compares domestic violence experiences and case outcomes among Latinas who are legal immigrants (n=39), unauthorized immigrants (n=77), naturalized citizens (n=30), and US-born citizen mothers (n=383) reported for child maltreatment. This analysis used data from the second round of the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-being. Mothers were asked about whether they experienced domestic violence during the past year. In addition, data were collected to assess if (a) domestic violence was the primary abuse type reported and, if so, (b) the maltreatment allegation was substantiated. Results show that naturalized citizens, legal residents, and unauthorized immigrants did not differ from US-born citizens in self-reports of domestic violence; approximately 33% of mothers reported experiences of domestic violence within the past year. Yet, unauthorized immigrants were 3.76 times more likely than US-born citizens to have cases with allegations of domestic violence as the primary abuse type. Despite higher rates of alleged domestic violence, unauthorized citizens were not more likely than US-born citizens to have these cases substantiated for domestic violence (F(2.26, 153.99)=0.709, p=.510). Findings highlight that domestic violence is not accurately accounted for in families with unauthorized immigrant mothers. We recommend child welfare workers are trained to properly assess and fulfill the needs of immigrant families, particularly as it relates to domestic violence. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Quality of sunglasses available in the Iranian market; a study with emphasis on sellers’ license

PubMed Central

Bazzazi, Nooshin; Heydarian, Samira; Vahabi, Reihaneh; Akbarzadeh, Siamak; Fouladi, Daniel F

2015-01-01

Context: Sunglasses should follow minimum requirements to sufficiently protect eyes. It is not known whether all items obtainable from the market are appropriately designed. Aims: To compare ultraviolet (UV)-protective properties of commercially available sunglasses obtained from authorized and unauthorized Iranian sellers. Settings and Study Design: An analytic-descriptive study performed in a metropolitan area (Tehran). Materials and Methods: Using a UV-visible standard spectrophotometer, the percentage transmittance was scanned between 280 and 400 nm in 348 pairs of nonprescription sunglasses (price range: 20–80 US$) obtained anonymously and randomly from authorized (permitted by the Ministry of Health, 189 pairs) and unauthorized (159 pairs) sellers in the Iranian capital city, Tehran. The Australian/New Zealand Standard (AS/NZS) and the American National Standards Institute [ANSI] standards were followed. Statistical Analysis: Chi-square test, independent samples t-test or Mann–Whitney U-test. Results: UV-protective properties of the sunglasses obtained from authorized sellers complied with AS/NZS and ANSI guidelines in 92.6% and 95.2% of items, respectively. The corresponding rates for sunglasses obtained from unauthorized sellers were 0% and 8.2%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). The rate of defective polarizing capability of lenses was 27.4% in sunglasses obtained from authorized sellers versus 90.4% in sunglasses obtained from unauthorized sellers (P < 0.001). Neither brand nor price played significant contributions to UV protection/lens polarizing capability of sunglasses obtained from authorized sellers. Conclusions: Sunglasses provided by unauthorized sellers are alarmingly unreliable and could be potentially hazardous for the eye. Brand and price do not guarantee optimal protection against UV radiation or polarizing performance of the lens. PMID:25827547

Leveraging Observations of Security Force Assistance in Afghanistan for Global Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-01-01

commercial use only. Unauthorized posting of RAND electronic documents to a non-RAND website is prohibited. RAND electronic documents are protected under...copyright law. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use . For...contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of

Wildland Arson as Clandestine Resource Management: A Space-Time Permutation Analysis and Classification of Informal Fire Management Regimes in Georgia, USA

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Coughlan, Michael R.

2016-05-01

Forest managers are increasingly recognizing the value of disturbance-based land management techniques such as prescribed burning. Unauthorized, "arson" fires are common in the southeastern United States where a legacy of agrarian cultural heritage persists amidst an increasingly forest-dominated landscape. This paper reexamines unauthorized fire-setting in the state of Georgia, USA from a historical ecology perspective that aims to contribute to historically informed, disturbance-based land management. A space-time permutation analysis is employed to discriminate systematic, management-oriented unauthorized fires from more arbitrary or socially deviant fire-setting behaviors. This paper argues that statistically significant space-time clusters of unauthorized fire occurrence represent informal management regimes linked to the legacy of traditional land management practices. Recent scholarship has pointed out that traditional management has actively promoted sustainable resource use and, in some cases, enhanced biodiversity often through the use of fire. Despite broad-scale displacement of traditional management during the 20th century, informal management practices may locally circumvent more formal and regionally dominant management regimes. Space-time permutation analysis identified 29 statistically significant fire regimes for the state of Georgia. The identified regimes are classified by region and land cover type and their implications for historically informed disturbance-based resource management are discussed.

Wildland Arson as Clandestine Resource Management: A Space-Time Permutation Analysis and Classification of Informal Fire Management Regimes in Georgia, USA.

PubMed

Coughlan, Michael R

2016-05-01

Forest managers are increasingly recognizing the value of disturbance-based land management techniques such as prescribed burning. Unauthorized, "arson" fires are common in the southeastern United States where a legacy of agrarian cultural heritage persists amidst an increasingly forest-dominated landscape. This paper reexamines unauthorized fire-setting in the state of Georgia, USA from a historical ecology perspective that aims to contribute to historically informed, disturbance-based land management. A space-time permutation analysis is employed to discriminate systematic, management-oriented unauthorized fires from more arbitrary or socially deviant fire-setting behaviors. This paper argues that statistically significant space-time clusters of unauthorized fire occurrence represent informal management regimes linked to the legacy of traditional land management practices. Recent scholarship has pointed out that traditional management has actively promoted sustainable resource use and, in some cases, enhanced biodiversity often through the use of fire. Despite broad-scale displacement of traditional management during the 20th century, informal management practices may locally circumvent more formal and regionally dominant management regimes. Space-time permutation analysis identified 29 statistically significant fire regimes for the state of Georgia. The identified regimes are classified by region and land cover type and their implications for historically informed disturbance-based resource management are discussed.

Fine structure of striations observed in barium plasma injections in the magnetospheric cleft

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Simons, D.J.; Eastman, T.E.; Pongratz, M.B.

1976-01-01

In January and November of 1975, the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory sponsored four high altitude shaped charge barium plasma injections in the magnetospheric cleft region. These experiments were TORDO UNO (January 6), TORDO DOS (January 11), PERIQUITO UNO (November 25), and PERIQUITO DOS (November 28). All four injections took place near 500 km altitude, and optical data were taken from two aircraft and a ground station. The TORDO DOS and the PERIQUITO experiments showed rapid formation of striations (within one minute after injection), and fast horizontal spreading in contrast with TORDO UNO. In PERIQUITO DOS, the debris cloud spread magneticallymore » east-west with a small net northerly motion. TORDO UNO shows very rapid poleward motion, and the remaining two events resulted in magnetically east-west horizontal spreading, with no noticeable poleward motion. Striations observed in the PERIQUITO DOS experiment separate in opposite directions with relative velocities of up to 3 km/sec. These field-aligned structures appear to form in sheets of approximately constant magnetic latitude. Significant spatial variations occur on a scale of less than 200 meters. Spatial frequency power spectra across these striations have been determined at various times. Observations of the debris cloud and the fast barium streak show strong field-aligned coherency of striation fine structure, indicating a field line mapping of transverse electric fields and gradients.« less

Hot-spot evolution and the global tectonics of Venus

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Phillips, R. J.; Grimm, R. E.; Malin, M. C.

1991-05-01

The global tectonics of Venus may be dominated by plumes rising from the mantle and impinging on the lithosphere, giving rise to hot spots. Global sea-floor spreading does not take place, but direct convective coupling of mantle flow fields to the lithosphere leads to regional-scale deformation and may allow lithospheric transport on a limited scale. A hot-spot evolutionary sequence comprises (1) a broad domal uplift resulting from a rising mantle plume, (2) massive partial melting in the plume head and generation of a thickened crust or crustal plateau, (3) collapse of dynamic topography, and (4) creep spreading of the crustal plateau. Crust on Venus is produced by gradual vertical differentiation with little recycling rather than by the rapid horizontal creation and consumption characteristic of terrestrial sea-floor spreading.

Hot-spot evolution and the global tectonics of Venus

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Phillips, Roger J.; Grimm, Robert E.; Malin, Michael C.

1991-01-01

The global tectonics of Venus may be dominated by plumes rising from the mantle and impinging on the lithosphere, giving rise to hot spots. Global sea-floor spreading does not take place, but direct convective coupling of mantle flow fields to the lithosphere leads to regional-scale deformation and may allow lithospheric transport on a limited scale. A hot-spot evolutionary sequence comprises (1) a broad domal uplift resulting from a rising mantle plume, (2) massive partial melting in the plume head and generation of a thickened crust or crustal plateau, (3) collapse of dynamic topography, and (4) creep spreading of the crustal plateau. Crust on Venus is produced by gradual vertical differentiation with little recycling rather than by the rapid horizontal creation and consumption characteristic of terrestrial sea-floor spreading.

Hot-spot evolution and the global tectonics of venus.

PubMed

Phillips, R J; Grimm, R E; Malin, M C

1991-05-03

The global tectonics of Venus may be dominated by plumes rising from the mantle and impinging on the lithosphere, giving rise to hot spots. Global sea-floor spreading does not take place, but direct convective coupling of mantle flow fields to the lithosphere leads to regional-scale deformation and may allow lithospheric transport on a limited scale. A hot-spot evolutionary sequence comprises (i) a broad domal uplift resulting from a rising mantle plume, (ii) massive partial melting in the plume head and generation of a thickened crust or crustal plateau, (iii) collapse of dynamic topography, and (iv) creep spreading of the crustal plateau. Crust on Venus is produced by gradual vertical differentiation with little recycling rather than by the rapid horizontal creation and consumption characteristic of terrestrial sea-floor spreading.

The Mack Lake fire.

Treesearch

Albert J. Simard; Donald A. Haines; Richard W. Blank; John S. Frost

1983-01-01

Describes the Mack Lake Fire near Mio, Michigan. Few documented wildfires have exceeded its average spread rate (2 mi/h) and energy release rate (8,800 Btu/ft/sec). The extreme behavior resulted from high winds, low humidity, low fuel moisture and jack pine fuels. Horizontal roll vortices may have contributed to the death of one firefighter.

Laboratory plate tectonics: a new experiment.

PubMed

Gans, R F

1976-03-26

A "continent" made of a layer of hexagonally packed black polyethylene spheres floating in clear silicon oil breaks into subcontinents when illuminated by an ordinary incandescent light bulb. This experiment may be a useful model of plate tectonics driven by horizontal temperature gradients. Measurements of the spreading rate are made to establish the feasibility of this model.

Characterization of tlr-4 in fathead minnow challenged with columnaris (flavobacterium columnare) in an ultra-low flow system

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Columnaris disease, caused by the bacteria Flavobacterium columnare, is one of the most serious bacterial infections affecting the aquaculture industry today. Columnaris is transmitted horizontally from fish to fish. The disease is highly contagious and may be spread through contaminated nets, speci...

NGA-West2 equations for predicting vertical-component PGA, PGV, and 5%-damped PSA from shallow crustal earthquakes

USGS Publications Warehouse

Stewart, Jonathan P.; Boore, David M.; Seyhan, Emel; Atkinson, Gail M.

2016-01-01

We present ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs) for computing natural log means and standard deviations of vertical-component intensity measures (IMs) for shallow crustal earthquakes in active tectonic regions. The equations were derived from a global database with M 3.0–7.9 events. The functions are similar to those for our horizontal GMPEs. We derive equations for the primary M- and distance-dependence of peak acceleration, peak velocity, and 5%-damped pseudo-spectral accelerations at oscillator periods between 0.01–10 s. We observe pronounced M-dependent geometric spreading and region-dependent anelastic attenuation for high-frequency IMs. We do not observe significant region-dependence in site amplification. Aleatory uncertainty is found to decrease with increasing magnitude; within-event variability is independent of distance. Compared to our horizontal-component GMPEs, attenuation rates are broadly comparable (somewhat slower geometric spreading, faster apparent anelastic attenuation), VS30-scaling is reduced, nonlinear site response is much weaker, within-event variability is comparable, and between-event variability is greater.

Improving Army Basic Research: Report of an Expert Panel on the Future of Army Laboratories

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-01-01

commercial use only. Unauthorized posting of RAND electronic documents to a non-RAND website is prohibited. RAND electronic documents are protected under...complete. Copies may not be duplicated for commercial purposes. Unauthorized posting of RAND documents to a non-RAND website is prohibited. RAND...Inspired senior scientists and technologists with vision will be essential in research as well as in the design , development, evaluation, and

Assessing the Cost-Effectiveness of Modernizing the KC-10 to Meet Global Air Traffic Management Mandates

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-01-01

representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non-commercial use only. Unauthorized posting of RAND PDFs to a non-RAND Web site is...duplicated for commercial purposes. Unauthorized posting of RAND documents to a non-RAND Web site is prohibited. RAND documents are protected under...Employment; Manpower, Personnel, and Train- ing; Resource Management; and Strategy and Doctrine. Additional information about PAF is available on our Web

Reflecting Warfighter Needs in Air Force Programs: Prototype Analysis

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-01-01

representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non -commercial use only. Unauthorized posting of RAND PDFs to a non -RAND Web site is prohibited...duplicated for commercial purposes. Unauthorized posting of RAND documents to a non -RAND website is prohibited. RAND documents are protected under...Secretary of Defense for Acqui- sition, Technology, and Logistics (USD/AT&L). Step One is to sharpen understanding of the mission area and its seams

Gambling with life: Masculinity, risk, and danger in the lives of unauthorized migrant roofers.

PubMed

Chávez, Sergio; Altman, Claire E

2017-06-01

This paper examines the occupational experiences of unauthorized immigrants employed in one of the most dangerous occupations in the United States: roofing. We draw on 40 in-depth interviews with return migrants in Guanajuato, Mexico, to examine how the adoption of masculinity, dangerous working conditions, the labor market structure, and absence of legal status exacerbates injuries for unauthorized roofers. Undocumented men return to Mexico injured with chronic pain, health complications, and trauma. We find that men "do gender" that is adopt masculine beliefs, when they skirt safety practices, police each other's behaviors, withhold their emotions, experience heightened stress, and engage in poor health behaviors. It is a combination of dangerous working conditions, economic insecurity, and men seeking to fulfill their masculine roles that all combine to create unsafe working conditions and lead to injuries. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The Migrant Border Crossing Study: A methodological overview of research along the Sonora-Arizona border.

PubMed

Martínez, Daniel E; Slack, Jeremy; Beyerlein, Kraig; Vandervoet, Prescott; Klingman, Kristin; Molina, Paola; Manning, Shiras; Burham, Melissa; Walzak, Kylie; Valencia, Kristen; Gamboa, Lorenzo

2017-07-01

Increased border enforcement efforts have redistributed unauthorized Mexican migration to the United States (US) away from traditional points of crossing, such as San Diego and El Paso, and into more remote areas along the US-Mexico border, including southern Arizona. Yet relatively little quantitative scholarly work exists examining Mexican migrants' crossing, apprehension, and repatriation experiences in southern Arizona. We contend that if scholars truly want to understand the experiences of unauthorized migrants in transit, such migrants should be interviewed either at the border after being removed from the US, or during their trajectories across the border, or both. This paper provides a methodological overview of the Migrant Border Crossing Study (MBCS), a unique data source on Mexican migrants who attempted an unauthorized crossing along the Sonora-Arizona border, were apprehended, and repatriated to Nogales, Sonora in 2007-09. We also discuss substantive and theoretical contributions of the MBCS.

Characterisation of the muon beams for the Muon Ionisation Cooling Experiment

DOE PAGES

Adams, D.; Adey, D.; Alekou, A.; ...

2013-10-01

A novel single-particle technique to measure emittance has been developed and used to characterise seventeen different muon beams for the Muon Ionisation Cooling Experiment (MICE). The muon beams, whose mean momenta vary from 171 to 281 MeV/c, have emittances of approximately 1.2-2.3 π mm-rad horizontally and 0.6-1.0 π mm-rad vertically, a horizontal dispersion of 90-190 mm and momentum spreads of about 25 MeV/c. There is reasonable agreement between the measured parameters of the beams and the results of simulations. The beams are found to meet the requirements of MICE.

Magma plumbing system and seismicity of an active mid-ocean ridge volcano.

PubMed

Schmid, Florian; Schlindwein, Vera; Koulakov, Ivan; Plötz, Aline; Scholz, John-Robert

2017-02-20

At mid-ocean ridges volcanism generally decreases with spreading rate but surprisingly massive volcanic centres occur at the slowest spreading ridges. These volcanoes can host unexpectedly strong earthquakes and vigorous, explosive submarine eruptions. Our understanding of the geodynamic processes forming these volcanic centres is still incomplete due to a lack of geophysical data and the difficulty to capture their rare phases of magmatic activity. We present a local earthquake tomographic image of the magma plumbing system beneath the Segment 8 volcano at the ultraslow-spreading Southwest Indian Ridge. The tomography shows a confined domain of partial melt under the volcano. We infer that from there melt is horizontally transported to a neighbouring ridge segment at 35 km distance where microearthquake swarms and intrusion tremor occur that suggest ongoing magmatic activity. Teleseismic earthquakes around the Segment 8 volcano, prior to our study, indicate that the current magmatic spreading episode may already have lasted over a decade and hence its temporal extent greatly exceeds the frequent short-lived spreading episodes at faster opening mid-ocean ridges.

Plasma Drift Rates During and Preceding Equatorial Spread F Inferred by the HF Doppler Technique

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Miller, E. S.; Hilton, A. J.; Chartier, A.

2017-12-01

The quiet time afternoon and evening equatorial and low-latitude ionosphere is characterized by increasing vertical drift and sharpening plasma density gradient in the lower F region. This combination of effects leads to the plasma instability cascade known imprecisely as "equatorial spread F." In this work, we utilize a simple transequatorial HF Doppler observation to infer the vertical and horizontal plasma drifts preceding and during spread-F conditions. The data exhibit three behavior regimes indicative of three different processes: The first is a slow vertical drift that may be due to either increasing vertical plasma drifts or recombination of the bottomside. The second is an explosive spread Doppler signature (indicating relative velocities of 600 m/s or more) that is associated with the initiation of the spread-F depletions. Finally, the third is a structure that represents a changing HF propagation channel as radio rays propagate through the regions of depleted-but still unstable-plasma. Observations of the March 2016 Pacific total solar eclipse will also be included as a test case for the effects of vertical drifts versus recombination.

In Vivo Voltage-Sensitive Dye Study of Lateral Spreading of Cortical Activity in Mouse Primary Visual Cortex Induced by a Current Impulse

PubMed Central

Fehérvári, Tamás Dávid; Sawai, Hajime; Yagi, Tetsuya

2015-01-01

In the mammalian primary visual cortex (V1), lateral spreading of excitatory potentials is believed to be involved in spatial integrative functions, but the underlying cortical mechanism is not well understood. Visually-evoked population-level responses have been shown to propagate beyond the V1 initial activation site in mouse, similar to higher mammals. Visually-evoked responses are, however, affected by neuronal circuits prior to V1 (retina, LGN), making the separate analysis of V1 difficult. Intracortical stimulation eliminates these initial processing steps. We used in vivo RH1691 voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) imaging and intracortical microstimulation in adult C57BL/6 mice to elucidate the spatiotemporal properties of population-level signal spreading in V1 cortical circuits. The evoked response was qualitatively similar to that measured in single-cell electrophysiological experiments in rodents: a fast transient fluorescence peak followed by a fast and a slow decrease or hyperpolarization, similar to EPSP and fast and slow IPSPs in single cells. The early cortical response expanded at speeds commensurate with long horizontal projections (at 5% of the peak maximum, 0.08–0.15 m/s) however, the bulk of the VSD signal propagated slowly (at half-peak maximum, 0.05–0.08 m/s) suggesting an important role of regenerative multisynaptic transmission through short horizontal connections in V1 spatial integrative functions. We also found a tendency for a widespread and fast cortical response suppression in V1, which was eliminated by GABAA-antagonists gabazine and bicuculline methiodide. Our results help understand the neuronal circuitry involved in lateral spreading in V1. PMID:26230520

A screening method for the detection of the 35S promoter and the nopaline synthase terminator in genetically modified organisms in a real-time multiplex polymerase chain reaction using high-resolution melting-curve analysis.

PubMed

Akiyama, Hiroshi; Nakamura, Fumi; Yamada, Chihiro; Nakamura, Kosuke; Nakajima, Osamu; Kawakami, Hiroshi; Harikai, Naoki; Furui, Satoshi; Kitta, Kazumi; Teshima, Reiko

2009-11-01

To screen for unauthorized genetically modified organisms (GMO) in the various crops, we developed a multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction high-resolution melting-curve analysis method for the simultaneous qualitative detection of 35S promoter sequence of cauliflower mosaic virus (35SP) and the nopaline synthase terminator (NOST) in several crops. We selected suitable primer sets for the simultaneous detection of 35SP and NOST and designed the primer set for the detection of spiked ColE1 plasmid to evaluate the validity of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses. In addition, we optimized the multiplex PCR conditions using the designed primer sets and EvaGreen as an intercalating dye. The contamination of unauthorized GMO with single copy similar to NK603 maize can be detected as low as 0.1% in a maize sample. Furthermore, we showed that the present method would be applicable in identifying GMO in various crops and foods like authorized GM soybean, authorized GM potato, the biscuit which is contaminated with GM soybeans and the rice which is contaminated with unauthorized GM rice. We consider this method to be a simple and reliable assay for screening for unauthorized GMO in crops and the processing food products.

The differing privacy concerns regarding exchanging electronic medical records of internet users in Taiwan.

PubMed

Hwang, Hsin-Ginn; Han, Hwai-En; Kuo, Kuang-Ming; Liu, Chung-Feng

2012-12-01

This study explores whether Internet users have different privacy concerns regarding the information contained in electronic medical records (EMRs) according to gender, age, occupation, education, and EMR awareness. Based on the Concern for Information Privacy (CFIP) scale developed by Smith and colleagues in 1996, we conducted an online survey using 15 items in four dimensions, namely, collection, unauthorized access, secondary use, and errors, to investigate Internet users' concerns regarding the privacy of EMRs under health information exchanges (HIE). We retrieved 213 valid questionnaires. The results indicate that the respondents had substantial privacy concerns regarding EMRs and their educational level and EMR awareness significantly influenced their privacy concerns regarding unauthorized access and secondary use of EMRs. This study recommends that the Taiwanese government organizes a comprehensive EMR awareness campaign, emphasizing unauthorized access and secondary use of EMRs. Additionally, to cultivate the public's understanding of EMRs, the government should employ various media, especially Internet channels, to promote EMR awareness, thereby enabling the public to accept the concept and use of EMRs. People who are highly educated and have superior EMR awareness should be given a comprehensive explanation of how hospitals protect patients' EMRs from unauthorized access and secondary use to address their concerns. Thus, the public can comprehend, trust, and accept the use of EMRs, reducing their privacy concerns, which should facilitate the future implementation of HIE.

Modelling the impact, spreading and freezing of a water droplet on horizontal and inclined superhydrophobic cooled surfaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yao, Yina; Li, Cong; Zhang, Hui; Yang, Rui

2017-10-01

It is quite important to clearly understand the dynamic and freezing process of water droplets impacting a cold substrate for the prevention of ice accretion. In this study, a three-dimensional model including an extended phase change method was developed on OpenFOAM platform to simulate the impact, spreading and freezing of a water droplet on a cooled solid substrate. Both normal and oblique impact conditions were studied numerically. The evolution of the droplet shape and dynamic characteristics such as area ratio and spread factor were compared between numerical and experimental results. Good agreements were obtained. The effects of Weber number and Ohnersorge number on the oblique impact and freezing process were investigated. A regime map which depicts the different responses of droplets as a function of normal Weber number and Ohnesorge number was obtained. Moreover, the impact, spreading and freezing behaviour of water droplets were analyzed in detail from the numerical results.

Impact of horizontal and vertical localization scales on microwave sounder SAPHIR radiance assimilation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Krishnamoorthy, C.; Balaji, C.

2016-05-01

In the present study, the effect of horizontal and vertical localization scales on the assimilation of direct SAPHIR radiances is studied. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) has been used as a surrogate for the forward radiative calculations. The training input dataset for ANN consists of vertical layers of atmospheric pressure, temperature, relative humidity and other hydrometeor profiles with 6 channel Brightness Temperatures (BTs) as output. The best neural network architecture has been arrived at, by a neuron independence study. Since vertical localization of radiance data requires weighting functions, a ANN has been trained for this purpose. The radiances were ingested into the NWP using the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) technique. The horizontal localization has been taken care of, by using a Gaussian localization function centered around the observed coordinates. Similarly, the vertical localization is accomplished by assuming a function which depends on the weighting function of the channel to be assimilated. The effect of both horizontal and vertical localizations has been studied in terms of ensemble spread in the precipitation. Aditionally, improvements in 24 hr forecast from assimilation are also reported.

Crosstalk between vertical and horizontal gene transfer: plasmid replication control by a conjugative relaxase

PubMed Central

Lorenzo-Díaz, Fabián; Fernández-López, Cris; Lurz, Rudi

2017-01-01

Abstract Horizontal gene transfer is a key process in the evolution of bacteria and also represents a source of genetic variation in eukaryotes. Among elements participating in gene transfer, thousands of small (<10 kb) mobile bacterial plasmids that replicate by the rolling circle mechanism represent a driving force in the spread of antibiotic resistances. In general, these plasmids are built as genetic modules that encode a replicase, an antibiotic-resistance determinant, and a relaxase that participates in their conjugative mobilization. Further, they control their relatively high copy number (∼30 copies per genome equivalent) by antisense RNAs alone or combined with a repressor protein. We report here that the MobM conjugative relaxase encoded by the promiscuous plasmid pMV158 participates in regulation of the plasmid copy number by transcriptional repression of the antisense RNA, thus increasing the number of plasmid molecules ready to be horizontally transferred (mobilization) and/or vertically inherited (replication). This type of crosstalk between genetic modules involved in vertical and horizontal gene flow has not been reported before. PMID:28525572

The role of vertical shear on the horizontal oceanic dispersion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lanotte, A. S.; Corrado, R.; Lacorata, G.; Palatella, L.; Pizzigalli, C.; Schipa, I.; Santoleri, R.

2015-09-01

The effect of vertical shear on the horizontal dispersion properties of passive tracer particles on the continental shelf of South Mediterranean is investigated by means of observative and model data. In-situ current measurements reveal that vertical velocity gradients in the upper mixed layer decorrelate quite fast (∼ 1 day), whereas basin-scale ocean circulation models tend to overestimate such decorrelation time because of finite resolution effects. Horizontal dispersion simulated by an eddy-permitting ocean model, like, e.g., the Mediterranean Forecasting System, is mosty affected by: (1) unresolved scale motions, and mesoscale motions that are largely smoothed out; (2) poorly resolved time variability of vertical velocity profiles in the upper layer. For the case study we have analysed, we show that a suitable use of kinematic parameterisations is helpful to implement realistic statistical features of tracer dispersion in two and three dimensions. The approach here suggested provides a functional tool to control the horizontal spreading of small organisms or substance concentrations, and is thus relevant for marine biology, pollutant dispersion as well as oil spill applications.

Nonlinear periodic wavetrains in thin liquid films falling on a uniformly heated horizontal plate

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Issokolo, Remi J. Noumana; Dikandé, Alain M.

2018-05-01

A thin liquid film falling on a uniformly heated horizontal plate spreads into fingering ripples that can display a complex dynamics ranging from continuous waves, nonlinear spatially localized periodic wave patterns (i.e., rivulet structures) to modulated nonlinear wavetrain structures. Some of these structures have been observed experimentally; however, conditions under which they form are still not well understood. In this work, we examine profiles of nonlinear wave patterns formed by a thin liquid film falling on a uniformly heated horizontal plate. For this purpose, the Benney model is considered assuming a uniform temperature distribution along the film propagation on the horizontal surface. It is shown that for strong surface tension but a relatively small Biot number, spatially localized periodic-wave structures can be analytically obtained by solving the governing equation under appropriate conditions. In the regime of weak nonlinearity, a multiple-scale expansion combined with the reductive perturbation method leads to a complex Ginzburg-Landau equation: the solutions of which are modulated periodic pulse trains which amplitude and width and period are expressed in terms of characteristic parameters of the model.

Nonlinear Equatorial Spread F: Spatially Large Bubbles Resulting from Large Horizontal Scale Initial Perturbations.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-02-06

Hk~ NAT;ONAL BUR[AUJ (1 STANDARDS 1%3-, $LEVE1 NR L Memomduum Report 4154 ILII Nonlinear Equatorial Spread F: Spatially Large Bubbles Resulting from...Washington, DC 20375 and 67-0883-0-0 _DNA qubtask S99OAXHC 41 II. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12 . REPORT DATE Defense Nuclear Agency, Washington...Perturbation A: n(yO) i-e 23 [CIDS ] 8 Ax <Jxj< 16Ax n(x,y,0) 1 1 x1 > 16 Ax n (y,O) ( 12 ) Perturbation B: n(%,y,0) 1 -e 3 cos ( (13) n 0 (y,) \\2xm 7

Unauthorized Disclosure: Can Behavioral Indicators Help Predict Who Will Commit Unauthorized Disclosure of Classified National Security Information?

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-06-01

Katherine Herbig, Espionage by the Numbers: A Statistical Overview, accessed April 14, 2015, http://www.wright.edu/rsp/Security/Treason/Numbers.htm 5...submitted for top-secret clearances with “derogatory financial information.”43 The debt amount reviewed was $500 in delinquency for at least 120 days, which...Investigative Service’s (DIS) “ delinquent debt criteria with amount of delinquent debt” and Defense Central Index of Investigation’s (DCII) final

The impact of horizontal gene transfer on the biology of Clostridium difficile.

PubMed

Roberts, Adam P; Allan, Elaine; Mullany, Peter

2014-01-01

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is now recognised as the main cause of healthcare associated diarrhoea. Over the recent years there has been a change in the epidemiology of CDI with certain related strains dominating infection. These strains have been termed hyper-virulent and have successfully spread across the globe. Many C. difficile strains have had their genomes completely sequenced allowing researchers to build up a very detailed picture of the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the adaptive potential, through the acquisition of mobile DNA, of this organism. Here, we review and discuss the contribution of mobile genetic elements to the biology of this clinically important pathogen. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.

Solid/melt interface studies of high-speed silicon sheet growth

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ciszek, T. F.

1984-01-01

Radial growth-rate anisotropies and limiting growth forms of point nucleated, dislocation-free silicon sheets spreading horizontally on the free surface of a silicon melt have been measured for (100), (110), (111), and (112) sheet planes. Sixteen-millimeter movie photography was used to record the growth process. Analysis of the sheet edges has lead to predicted geometries for the tip shape of unidirectional, dislocation-free, horizontally growing sheets propagating in various directions within the above-mentioned planes. Similar techniques were used to study polycrystalline sheets and dendrite propagation. For dendrites, growth rates on the order of 2.5 m/min and growth rate anisotropies on the order of 25 were measured.

Vertical and horizontal resolution dependency in the model representation of tracer dispersion along the continental slope in the northern Gulf of Mexico

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bracco, Annalisa; Choi, Jun; Kurian, Jaison; Chang, Ping

2018-02-01

A set of nine regional ocean model simulations at various horizontal (from 1 to 9 km) and vertical (from 25 to 150 layers) resolutions with different vertical mixing parameterizations is carried out to examine the transport and mixing of a passive tracer released near the ocean bottom over the continental slope in the northern Gulf of Mexico. The release location is in proximity to the Deepwater Horizon oil well that ruptured in April 2010. Horizontal and diapycnal diffusivities are calculated and their dependence on the model set-up and on the representation of mesoscale and submesoscale circulations is discussed. Horizontal and vertical resolutions play a comparable role in determining the modeled horizontal diffusivities. Vertical resolution is key to a proper representation of passive tracer propagation and - in the case of the Gulf of Mexico - contributes to both confining the tracer along the continental slope and limiting its vertical spreading. The choice of the tracer advection scheme is also important, with positive definiteness in the tracer concentration being achieved at the price of spurious mixing across density surfaces. In all cases, however, the diapycnal mixing coefficient derived from the model simulations overestimates the observed value, indicating an area where model improvement is needed.

The educational legacy of unauthorized migration: comparisons across U.S.-immigrant groups in how parents' status affects their offspring.

PubMed

Bean, Frank D; Leach, Mark A; Brown, Susan K; Bachmeier, James D; Hipp, John R

2011-01-01

This research compares several national-origin groups in terms of how parents’ entry, legalization and naturalization (i.e., membership) statuses relate to their children’s educational attainment. In the case of Asian groups, the members of which predominantly come to the United States as permanent legal migrants, we hypothesize (1) that father’s and mother’s statuses will be relatively homogenous and few in number and (2) that these will exert minimal net effects on second-generation attainment. For Mexicans, many of whom initially come as temporary unauthorized migrants, we hypothesize (1) that parental status combinations will be heterogeneous and greater in number and (2) that marginal membership statuses will exert negative net effects on education in the second generation. To assess these ideas, we analyze unique intergenerational data from Los Angeles on the young adult members of second-generation national-origin groups and their parents. The findings show that Asian immigrant groups almost universally exhibit similar father–mother migration statuses and high educational attainment among children. By contrast, Mexicans manifest more numerous discrepant father–mother combinations, with those in which the mother remains unauthorized carrying negative implications for children’s schooling. The paper discusses the theoretical and policy implications of the delays in incorporation that result from Mexican Americans needing extra time and resources compared to the members of other groups to overcome their handicap of marginal membership status (i.e., being more likely to enter and remain unauthorized).

Analysis of an ABE Scheme with Verifiable Outsourced Decryption.

PubMed

Liao, Yongjian; He, Yichuan; Li, Fagen; Jiang, Shaoquan; Zhou, Shijie

2018-01-10

Attribute-based encryption (ABE) is a popular cryptographic technology to protect the security of users' data in cloud computing. In order to reduce its decryption cost, outsourcing the decryption of ciphertexts is an available method, which enables users to outsource a large number of decryption operations to the cloud service provider. To guarantee the correctness of transformed ciphertexts computed by the cloud server via the outsourced decryption, it is necessary to check the correctness of the outsourced decryption to ensure security for the data of users. Recently, Li et al. proposed a full verifiability of the outsourced decryption of ABE scheme (ABE-VOD) for the authorized users and unauthorized users, which can simultaneously check the correctness of the transformed ciphertext for both them. However, in this paper we show that their ABE-VOD scheme cannot obtain the results which they had shown, such as finding out all invalid ciphertexts, and checking the correctness of the transformed ciphertext for the authorized user via checking it for the unauthorized user. We first construct some invalid ciphertexts which can pass the validity checking in the decryption algorithm. That means their "verify-then-decrypt" skill is unavailable. Next, we show that the method to check the validity of the outsourced decryption for the authorized users via checking it for the unauthorized users is not always correct. That is to say, there exist some invalid ciphertexts which can pass the validity checking for the unauthorized user, but cannot pass the validity checking for the authorized user.

Analysis of an ABE Scheme with Verifiable Outsourced Decryption

PubMed Central

He, Yichuan; Li, Fagen; Jiang, Shaoquan; Zhou, Shijie

2018-01-01

Attribute-based encryption (ABE) is a popular cryptographic technology to protect the security of users’ data in cloud computing. In order to reduce its decryption cost, outsourcing the decryption of ciphertexts is an available method, which enables users to outsource a large number of decryption operations to the cloud service provider. To guarantee the correctness of transformed ciphertexts computed by the cloud server via the outsourced decryption, it is necessary to check the correctness of the outsourced decryption to ensure security for the data of users. Recently, Li et al. proposed a full verifiability of the outsourced decryption of ABE scheme (ABE-VOD) for the authorized users and unauthorized users, which can simultaneously check the correctness of the transformed ciphertext for both them. However, in this paper we show that their ABE-VOD scheme cannot obtain the results which they had shown, such as finding out all invalid ciphertexts, and checking the correctness of the transformed ciphertext for the authorized user via checking it for the unauthorized user. We first construct some invalid ciphertexts which can pass the validity checking in the decryption algorithm. That means their “verify-then-decrypt” skill is unavailable. Next, we show that the method to check the validity of the outsourced decryption for the authorized users via checking it for the unauthorized users is not always correct. That is to say, there exist some invalid ciphertexts which can pass the validity checking for the unauthorized user, but cannot pass the validity checking for the authorized user. PMID:29320418

Screening for the presence of mcr-1/mcr-2 genes in Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli recovered from a major produce-production region in California

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The rapid spreading of polymyxin E (colistin) resistance among bacterial strains through the horizontally transmissible mcr-1 and mcr-2 plasmids has become a serious concern. The emergence of these genes in Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), a group of human pathogenic bacteria was even ...

Laser beam methane detector

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hinkley, E. D., Jr.

1981-01-01

Instrument uses infrared absorption to determine methane concentration in liquid natural gas vapor. Two sensors measure intensity of 3.39 mm laser beam after it passes through gas; absorption is proportional to concentration of methane. Instrument is used in modeling spread of LNG clouds and as leak detector on LNG carriers and installations. Unit includes wheels for mobility and is both vertically and horizontally operable.

Synthetic Fatty Acids Prevent Plasmid-Mediated Horizontal Gene Transfer

PubMed Central

Getino, María; Sanabria-Ríos, David J.; Fernández-López, Raúl; Campos-Gómez, Javier; Sánchez-López, José M.; Fernández, Antonio; Carballeira, Néstor M.

2015-01-01

ABSTRACT Bacterial conjugation constitutes a major horizontal gene transfer mechanism for the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes among human pathogens. Antibiotic resistance spread could be halted or diminished by molecules that interfere with the conjugation process. In this work, synthetic 2-alkynoic fatty acids were identified as a novel class of conjugation inhibitors. Their chemical properties were investigated by using the prototype 2-hexadecynoic acid and its derivatives. Essential features of effective inhibitors were the carboxylic group, an optimal long aliphatic chain of 16 carbon atoms, and one unsaturation. Chemical modification of these groups led to inactive or less-active derivatives. Conjugation inhibitors were found to act on the donor cell, affecting a wide number of pathogenic bacterial hosts, including Escherichia, Salmonella, Pseudomonas, and Acinetobacter spp. Conjugation inhibitors were active in inhibiting transfer of IncF, IncW, and IncH plasmids, moderately active against IncI, IncL/M, and IncX plasmids, and inactive against IncP and IncN plasmids. Importantly, the use of 2-hexadecynoic acid avoided the spread of a derepressed IncF plasmid into a recipient population, demonstrating the feasibility of abolishing the dissemination of antimicrobial resistances by blocking bacterial conjugation. PMID:26330514

Numerical modeling of solute transport in a sand tank physical model under varying hydraulic gradient and hydrological stresses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Atlabachew, Abunu; Shu, Longcang; Wu, Peipeng; Zhang, Yongjie; Xu, Yang

2018-03-01

This laboratory study improves the understanding of the impacts of horizontal hydraulic gradient, artificial recharge, and groundwater pumping on solute transport through aquifers. Nine experiments and numerical simulations were carried out using a sand tank. The variable-density groundwater flow and sodium chloride transport were simulated using the three-dimensional numerical model SEAWAT. Numerical modelling results successfully reproduced heads and concentrations observed in the sand tank. A higher horizontal hydraulic gradient enhanced the migration of sodium chloride, particularly in the groundwater flow direction. The application of constant artificial recharge increased the spread of the sodium chloride plume in both the longitudinal and lateral directions. In addition, groundwater pumping accelerated spreading of the sodium chloride plume towards the pumping well. Both higher hydraulic gradient and pumping rate generated oval-shaped plumes in the horizontal plane. However, the artificial recharge process produced stretched plumes. These effects of artificial recharge and groundwater pumping were greater under higher hydraulic gradient. The concentration breakthrough curves indicated that emerging solutions never attained the concentration of the originally injected solution. This is probably because of sorption of sodium chloride onto the silica sand and/or the exchange of sodium chloride between the mobile and immobile liquid domains. The fingering and protruding plume shapes in the numerical models constitute instability zones produced by buoyancy-driven flow. Overall, the results have substantiated the influences of hydraulic gradient, boundary condition, artificial recharge, pumping rate and density differences on solute transport through a homogeneous unconfined aquifer. The implications of these findings are important for managing liquid wastes.

Evidence for a recent horizontal transmission and spatial spread of Wolbachia from endemic Rhagoletis cerasi (Diptera: Tephritidae) to invasive Rhagoletis cingulata in Europe.

PubMed

Schuler, Hannes; Bertheau, Coralie; Egan, Scott P; Feder, Jeffrey L; Riegler, Markus; Schlick-Steiner, Birgit C; Steiner, Florian M; Johannesen, Jes; Kern, Peter; Tuba, Katalin; Lakatos, Ferenc; Köppler, Kirsten; Arthofer, Wolfgang; Stauffer, Christian

2013-08-01

The widespread occurrence of Wolbachia in arthropods and nematodes suggests that this intracellular, maternally inherited endosymbiont has the ability to cross species boundaries. However, direct evidence for such a horizontal transmission of Wolbachia in nature is scarce. Here, we compare the well-characterized Wolbachia infection of the European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi, with that of the North American eastern cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cingulata, recently introduced to Europe. Molecular genetic analysis of Wolbachia based on multilocus sequence typing and the Wolbachia surface protein wsp showed that all R. cingulata individuals are infected with wCin2 identical to wCer2 in R. cerasi. In contrast, wCin1, a strain identical to wCer1 in R. cerasi, was present in several European populations of R. cingulata, but not in any individual from the United States. Surveys of R. cingulata from Germany and Hungary indicated that in some populations, the frequency of wCin1 increased significantly in just a few years with at least two independent horizontal transmission events. This is corroborated by the analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase II gene that showed association of wCin1 with two distinct haplotypes in Germany, one of which is also infected with wCin1 in Hungary. In summary, our study provides strong evidence for a very recent inter-specific Wolbachia transmission with a subsequent spatial spread in field populations. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Transfer of Invasive Species Associated with the Movement of Military Equipment and Personnel

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-07-01

are examples of each type of violation, and what actions to take upon discovery of the violation. 3.7.1. Petty Violations: 3.7.1.1. Pornographic ...ERDC/EL TR-07-8 64 4.5.2.1. Pornographic magazines 4.5.2.2. A small quantity of an unauthorized war trophy. 4.5.2.3. Ammunition. 4.5.2.4. A...upon discovery of the violation. 5.6.2. Petty Violations: 5.6.2.1. Pornographic magazines 5.6.2.2. A small quantity of an unauthorized war trophy

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nakamura, K.; Jacob, K.

Flank eruptions of polygenetic volcanoes are regarded as surface expressions of radial dikes. Therefore, the approximate pattern of radial dikes is revealed by the distribution of sites of flank eruptions. Bending of radial dikes into a preferred orientation reveals the maximum horizontal compressive stress axis. The Aleutian and Alaskan volcanoes are studied using this concept and 28 orientations of the maximum horizontal compressive stress axis are obtained. Combined with the orientation of similar quality obtained from active faults in central Alaska the trajectories of the maximum horizontal stress for the entire area during recent 10,000 to 100,000 years or longermore » is depicted. Along the Aleutian-Alaska volcanic belt, the maximum horizontal compression parallels the direction of relative motion between the North American and Pacific plates. Seven roughly east-westerly orientations are obtained from west Alaskan and Bering Sea volcanoes. In central Alaska, the trajectories spread north-westward in a fan shape with axis of symmetry in a N25/sup 0/W direction passing through the easternmost part of the Aleutian trench. The trajectories continue westward onto the Bering Sea shelf with a generally westerly trend. The overall pattern of orientations of maximum horizontal compressive stresses seems to be explained by the convergent plate motions along. An exception is the high--angle relationship between the maximum horizontal stress orientation in the central Aleutians and the immediate back-arc region, which suggests that in the back-arc region the tectonic stress system has a different origin probably at considerable depth beneath the crust.« less

Evidence of Tectonic Rotations and Magmatic Flow Within the Sheeted Dike Complex of Super-Fast Spread Crust Exposed at the Pito Deep Rift

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Horst, A. J.; Varga, R. J.; Gee, J. S.; Karson, J. A.

2008-12-01

Escarpments bounding the Pito Deep Rift expose cross-sections into ~3 Ma oceanic crust accreted at a super-fast spreading (>140 mm/yr) segment of the East Pacific Rise (EPR). Dikes within the sheeted dike complex persistently strike NE, parallel to local abyssal hill lineaments and magnetic anomaly stripes, and dip SE, outward and away from the EPR. During the Pito Deep 2005 Cruise, both ALVIN and JASON II used the Geocompass to fully orient a total of 69 samples [63 basaltic dikes, 6 massive gabbros] collected in situ. Paleomagnetic analyses of these oriented samples provide a quantitative constraint of kinematics of structural rotations of dikes. Magnetic remanence of dike samples indicates a dominant normal polarity with almost all directions rotated clockwise from the expected direction. The most geologically plausible model to account for these dispersions using these data coupled with the general orientation of the dikes incorporates two different structural rotations: 1) A horizontal-axis rotation that occurred near the EPR axis, related to sub-axial subsidence, and 2) A clockwise vertical-axis rotation, associated with the rotation of the Easter microplate consistent with current models. Additionally, the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) of dike samples indicates rock fabric and magmatic flow direction within dikes. In most samples, two of three AMS eigenvectors lie near the dike plane orientations. Generally, Kmin lies perpendicular to dike planes, while Kmax is often shallow within the dike planes, indicating dominantly subhorizontal magma flow. Steep Kmax in a few samples indicates vertical flow directions that suggest either primary flow or gravitational back-flow during waning stages of dike intrusion. These results provide the first direct evidence for primarily horizontal magma flow in sheeted dikes of super-fast spread oceanic crust. Results for Pito Deep Rift and previous results for Hess Deep Rift reveal outward dipping dikes that are interpreted as a result of subaxial spreading processes that are not evident from surface studies of spreading centers. Both areas show evidence of subaxial subsidence during accretion and lateral magmatic flow in the sheeted dike complex.

Safety evaluation of a recombinant myxoma-RHDV virus inducing horizontal transmissible protection against myxomatosis and rabbit haemorrhagic disease.

PubMed

Torres, J M; Ramírez, M A; Morales, M; Bárcena, J; Vázquez, B; Espuña, E; Pagès-Manté, A; Sánchez-Vizcaíno, J M

2000-09-15

We have recently developed a transmissible vaccine to immunize rabbits against myxomatosis and rabbit haemorrhagic disease based on a recombinant myxoma virus (MV) expressing the rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) capsid protein [Bárcena et al. Horizontal transmissible protection against myxomatosis and rabbit haemorragic disease using a recombinant myxoma virus. J. Virol. 2000;74:1114-23]. Administration of the recombinant virus protects rabbits against lethal RHDV and MV challenges. Furthermore, the recombinant virus is capable of horizontal spreading promoting protection of contact animals, thus providing the opportunity to immunize wild rabbit populations. However, potential risks must be extensively evaluated before considering its field use. In this study several safety issues concerning the proposed vaccine have been evaluated under laboratory conditions. Results indicated that vaccine administration is safe even at a 100-fold overdose. No undesirable effects were detected upon administration to immunosuppressed or pregnant rabbits. The recombinant virus maintained its attenuated phenotype after 10 passages in vivo.

Characterising the Ionosphere (La caracterisation de l’ionosphere)

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-01-01

and these emissions are characteristic for proton precipitation. The hydrogen that is produced by charge exchange collisions has the kinetic energy ...the same kinetic energy as the original proton had, but does not gyrate around the magnetic field. The precipitation therefore spreads horizontally...latitudinal extend of the D-region ionization [Rodger et al., 2006]. Depending on their energy , these energetic protons also penetrate into the middle

First Characterization of Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Streptococcus suis▿

PubMed Central

Escudero, Jose Antonio; San Millan, Alvaro; Catalan, Ana; de la Campa, Adela G.; Rivero, Estefania; Lopez, Gema; Dominguez, Lucas; Moreno, Miguel Angel; Gonzalez-Zorn, Bruno

2007-01-01

We have identified and sequenced the genes encoding the quinolone-resistance determining region (QRDR) of ParC and GyrA in fluoroquinolone-susceptible and -resistant Streptococcus suis clinical isolates. Resistance is the consequence of single point mutations in the QRDRs of ParC and GyrA and is not due to clonal spread of resistant strains or horizontal gene transfer with other bacteria. PMID:17116660

Practitioner Perceptions of Patients Wearing Decorative Contact Lenses Purchased Through Unauthorized Sellers.

PubMed

Gaiser, Hilary; Ho, Connie; Janier, Nicole; Wee, Amy; Johnson, Catherine; Watanabe, Ronald

2017-03-01

To describe practitioner experiences regarding ocular complications in patients wearing decorative contact lenses, and to investigate the compliance of unauthorized distributors of decorative contact lenses to current Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Federal Trade Commission (FTC) regulations. Also, to provide data to support a more targeted public health approach to reducing the incidence of illegal contact lens sales and associated ocular complications. An institutional review board-approved online survey was distributed through mass email to a list of 98 optometrists in the Boston, MA area. Concurrently, an empirical evaluation of independent, online decorative contact lens sellers who were not associated with FDA-approved contact lens manufacturers was performed to determine their adherence to FDA and FTC guidelines. The first 18 noncoincidental websites that resulted from a Google search for "costume contact lens sellers" and "cosmetic contact lens sellers" were examined as to the brands and parameters of lenses being sold, whether or not a valid prescription was required or verified, and if consumer education was provided. Twenty-two optometrists completed the online survey. Seventy-seven percent of respondents reported having patients with complications from decorative contact lenses that were purchased both legally and illegally. The most common age group for complications was 18 to 25 years (61%). One third of complications were seen in first-time lens wearers, half of whom never received proper care instructions or were unaware that care instructions existed. One quarter of the lenses were purchased illegally with unlicensed stores being the most common place of purchase. Of the 18 online sites examined, 72% of sellers failed to adhere to FTC and FDA regulations. A significant number of individuals who obtain contact lenses illegally from unauthorized sources are young adults. Most unauthorized sellers reviewed did not adhere to the proper protocol for selling contact lenses or instruct their customers on proper lens wear and care. A significant percentage of optometrists responding to the survey reported complications associated with contact lenses purchased through unauthorized sources, suggesting that the risk of contact lens-related complications increases when the lenses are purchased from one of these sources.

The specific features of pollution spread in the northwest Pacific Ocean

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dianskii, N. A.; Gusev, A. V.; Fomin, V. V.

2012-04-01

We present two calculations of pollutant dispersal in the Pacific Ocean: (1) during possible ship-wrecks in the process of spent nuclear fuel transportation from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and (2) pollutant spread from the Japanese coast after the Fukushima-1 nuclear disaster on March 11, 2011. The circulation was calculated using a σ model of ocean hydrothermodynamics developed at the Institute of Numerical Mathematics (INM), Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS); it is adapted to cover the Pacific Ocean basin from the equator to the Bering Strait with a high (1/8)° spatial resolution and it is capable of reproducing the mesoscale ocean variations. The pollutant dispersal in the case of possible shipwrecks was estimated for currents characteristic for a statistically average year with atmospheric forcing in accordance with the so-called normal CORE year data. The pollution spread from the Fukushima-1 nuclear power plant (NPP) was estimated by calculating the circulation with the real atmospheric forcing in accordance with the NCEP analysis data obtained from the Hydrometeorological Centre of Russia. It is noteworthy that a simplified assimilation of the observed sea surface temperature (SST) was performed. In both cases the currents were calculated simultaneously with the transport calculation of the pollutant as a passive admixture, which corresponds to a real-time calculation of pollutant transport. A map analysis of pollution dispersal shows that the horizontal transport is substantially more intense in the upper ocean layers than in deep ones. Therefore, like in the North branch of Kuroshio, pollutants can be delivered to the deep layers not through deep-water horizontal transport, but rather as a result of vertical downwelling from the already contaminated upper layers. However, the complex three-dimensional structure of the horizontal and vertical transport may lead to reverse situations. A calculation of pollution transport from the Fukushima-1 NPP showed that radioactive pollution would propagate eastward and not present the danger for Russian territory. Moreover, even for an exaggerated scenario of pollution emission, the background pollution level will be exceeded only in a narrow region within 50 km of the Japanese coast.

Insights into recent and ancient trends in the co-evolution of Earth and life as revealed by microbial genomics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Anderson, R. E.; Huber, J. A.; Parsons, C.; Stüeken, E.

2017-12-01

Since the origin of life over 4 billion years ago, life has fundamentally altered the habitability of Earth. Similarly, the environment molds the evolutionary trajectory of life itself through natural selection. Microbial genomes retain a "memory" of the co-evolution of life and Earth and can be analyzed to better understand trends and events in both the recent and distant past. To examine evolutionary trends in the more recent past, we have used metagenomics analyses to investigate which environmental factors play the strongest role in driving the evolution of microbes in deep-sea hydrothermal vents, which are thought to have been important habitats in the earliest stages of life's evolution. We have shown that microbial populations in a deep, basalt-hosted system appear to be under stronger purifying selection than populations inhabiting a cooler serpentinizing system less than 20 km away, suggesting that environmental context and geochemistry have an important impact on evolutionary rates and trends. We also found evidence that viruses play an important role in driving evolution in these habitats. Changing environmental conditions may also effect long-term evolutionary trends in Earth's distant past, as revealed by comparative genomics. By reconciling phylogenetic trees for microbial species with trees of metabolic genes, we can determine approximately when crucial metabolic genes began to spread across the tree of life through horizontal gene transfer. Using these methods, we conducted an analysis of the relative timing of the spread of genes related to the nitrogen cycle. Our results indicate that the rate of horizontal gene transfer for important genes related to denitrification increased after the Great Oxidation Event, concurrent with geochemical evidence for increasing availability of nitrate, suggesting that the oxygenation of the atmosphere and surface ocean may have been an important determining factor for the spread of denitrification genes across the tree of life. In contrast, genes related to nitrogen fixation display much more consistent rates of horizontal gene transfer throughout Earth's history. Studies that couple genomics approaches with geochemistry have the potential to reveal insights into the co-evolution of life and Earth both in the recent and distant past.

Unauthorized border crossings and migrant deaths: Arizona, New Mexico, and El Paso, Texas, 2002-2003.

PubMed

Sapkota, Sanjeeb; Kohl, Harold W; Gilchrist, Julie; McAuliffe, Jay; Parks, Bruce; England, Bob; Flood, Tim; Sewell, C Mack; Perrotta, Dennis; Escobedo, Miguel; Stern, Corrine E; Zane, David; Nolte, Kurt B

2006-07-01

We examined the major causes of and risk factors for death among migrants who died while making unauthorized border crossings into the United States from Mexico. Decedents were included in the study if (1) their remains were found between January 1, 2002, and December 31, 2003, in any US county along the 650-mi (1040-km) section of the US-Mexican border from Yuma, Ariz, to El Paso, Tex; (2) their immigration status was unauthorized; and (3) they were believed to have died during transit from Mexico to the United States. Characteristics of the decedents and causes of and risk factors for their deaths were examined. Among the 409 decedents meeting our inclusion criteria, environmental heat exposure (n=250; 61.1%) was the leading cause of death, followed by vehicle crashes (n=33; 8.1%) and drownings (n=24; 5.9%). Male decedents (n= 298; 72.8%) outnumbered female decedents (n = 105; 25.6%) nearly 3 to 1. More than half of the decedents were known to be Mexican nationals (n=235; 57.5%) and were aged 20 to 39 years (n=213; 52.0%); the nationality of 148 (36.2%) decedents was undetermined. Deaths among migrants making unauthorized crossings of the US-Mexican border are due to causes that are largely preventable. Prevention strategies should target young Mexican men, and focus on preventing them from conceiving plans to cross the border, discouraging them from using dangerous routes as crossing points, and providing search-and-rescue teams to locate lost or injured migrant crossers.

Unauthorized Border Crossings and Migrant Deaths: Arizona, New Mexico, and El Paso, Texas, 2002–2003

PubMed Central

Sapkota, Sanjeeb; Kohl, Harold W.; Gilchrist, Julie; McAuliffe, Jay; Parks, Bruce; England, Bob; Flood, Tim; Sewell, C. Mack; Perrotta, Dennis; Escobedo, Miguel; Stern, Corrine E.; Zane, David; Nolte, Kurt B.

2006-01-01

Objectives. We examined the major causes of and risk factors for death among migrants who died while making unauthorized border crossings into the United States from Mexico. Methods. Decedents were included in the study if (1) their remains were found between January 1, 2002, and December 31, 2003, in any US county along the 650-mi (1040-km) section of the US–Mexican border from Yuma, Ariz, to El Paso, Tex; (2) their immigration status was unauthorized; and (3) they were believed to have died during transit from Mexico to the United States. Characteristics of the decedents and causes of and risk factors for their deaths were examined. Results. Among the 409 decedents meeting our inclusion criteria, environmental heat exposure (n=250; 61.1%) was the leading cause of death, followed by vehicle crashes (n=33; 8.1%) and drownings (n=24; 5.9%). Male decedents (n= 298; 72.8%) outnumbered female decedents (n = 105; 25.6%) nearly 3 to 1. More than half of the decedents were known to be Mexican nationals (n=235; 57.5%) and were aged 20 to 39 years (n=213; 52.0%); the nationality of 148 (36.2%) decedents was undetermined. Conclusions. Deaths among migrants making unauthorized crossings of the US–Mexican border are due to causes that are largely preventable. Prevention strategies should target young Mexican men, and focus on preventing them from conceiving plans to cross the border, discouraging them from using dangerous routes as crossing points, and providing search-and-rescue teams to locate lost or injured migrant crossers. PMID:16735618

Mercury Toxicity Following Unauthorized Siddha Medicine Intake – A Mimicker of Acquired Neuromyotonia - Report of 32 Cases

PubMed Central

Gnanashanmugam, G.; Balakrishnan, R.; Somasundaram, S. P.; Parimalam, N.; Rajmohan, P.; Pranesh, M. B.

2018-01-01

Context: Mercury is used extensively in the preparation of Siddha medicines, after purification. In this study, we present 32 patients of mercury toxicity following unauthorized Siddha medicine intake who mimicked neuromyotonia clinically. We analyzed the clinical features of these patients, the role of autoimmunity in etiopathology, and compared it with acquired neuromyotonia. Subjects and Methods: This is a retrospective study to analyze inpatients in a tertiary care center, admitted with mercury toxicity following Siddha medicine intake from August 2012 to October 2016. We analyzed the clinical features, laboratory data including mercury, arsenic and lead levels in blood, and serum voltage-gated potassium channels (VGKC)-CASPR2 Ab in selected patients. Results: Thirty-two patients who had high blood mercury levels following Siddha medicine intake were included in the study. All patients (100%) had severe intractable neuropathic pain predominantly involving lower limbs. Twenty-six (81.25%) patients had fasciculations and myokymia. Fifteen patients (46.86%) had autonomic dysfunction (postural hypotension and resting tachycardia). Nine (28.12%) patients had encephalopathic features such as dullness, apathy, drowsiness, or delirium. Anti-VGKC Ab was positive in 12 patients with myokymia. All the patients in the study consumed Siddha medicines obtained from unauthorized dealers. Conclusions: Mercury toxicity following Siddha medicine intake closely mimics acquired neuromyotonia; severe intolerable neuropathic pain is the hallmark feature; Positive VGKC-CASPR2 antibody in some patients must be due to triggered autoimmunity secondary to mercury toxicity due to Siddha medicine intake. The government should establish licensing system to prevent distribution of unauthorized Siddha medicines. PMID:29720798

Mercury Toxicity Following Unauthorized Siddha Medicine Intake - A Mimicker of Acquired Neuromyotonia - Report of 32 Cases.

PubMed

Gnanashanmugam, G; Balakrishnan, R; Somasundaram, S P; Parimalam, N; Rajmohan, P; Pranesh, M B

2018-01-01

Mercury is used extensively in the preparation of Siddha medicines, after purification. In this study, we present 32 patients of mercury toxicity following unauthorized Siddha medicine intake who mimicked neuromyotonia clinically. We analyzed the clinical features of these patients, the role of autoimmunity in etiopathology, and compared it with acquired neuromyotonia. This is a retrospective study to analyze inpatients in a tertiary care center, admitted with mercury toxicity following Siddha medicine intake from August 2012 to October 2016. We analyzed the clinical features, laboratory data including mercury, arsenic and lead levels in blood, and serum voltage-gated potassium channels (VGKC)-CASPR2 Ab in selected patients. Thirty-two patients who had high blood mercury levels following Siddha medicine intake were included in the study. All patients (100%) had severe intractable neuropathic pain predominantly involving lower limbs. Twenty-six (81.25%) patients had fasciculations and myokymia. Fifteen patients (46.86%) had autonomic dysfunction (postural hypotension and resting tachycardia). Nine (28.12%) patients had encephalopathic features such as dullness, apathy, drowsiness, or delirium. Anti-VGKC Ab was positive in 12 patients with myokymia. All the patients in the study consumed Siddha medicines obtained from unauthorized dealers. Mercury toxicity following Siddha medicine intake closely mimics acquired neuromyotonia; severe intolerable neuropathic pain is the hallmark feature; Positive VGKC-CASPR2 antibody in some patients must be due to triggered autoimmunity secondary to mercury toxicity due to Siddha medicine intake. The government should establish licensing system to prevent distribution of unauthorized Siddha medicines.

Mechanical conditions and modes of paraglacial deep-seated gravitational spreading in Valles Marineris, Mars

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Makowska, Magdalena; Mège, Daniel; Gueydan, Frédéric; Chéry, Jean

2016-09-01

Deep-seated gravitational spreading (DSGS) affects the slopes of formerly glaciated mountain ridges. On Mars, DSGS has played a key role in shaping the landforms of the giant Valles Marineris troughs. Though less spectacular, DSGS is common in terrestrial orogens, where understanding its mechanics is critical in the light of the ongoing climate change because it is a potential source of catastrophic landslides in deglaciated valleys. We conducted parametric numerical studies in order to identify important factors responsible for DSGS initiation. DSGS models are computed using an elastoviscoplastic finite element code. Using ADELI's software, we reproduce topographic ridge spreading under the effect of valley unloading. Two types of spreading topographic ridges are investigated, homogeneous or with horizontal rheological layering. We find that gravitational instabilities are enhanced by high slopes, which increase gravitational stress, and low friction and cohesion, which decrease yield stress. In the unlayered ridge, instability is triggered by glacial unloading with plastic strain concentration inside the ridge and at the base of the high slopes. Vertical fractures develop in the upper part of the slope, potentially leading to fault scarps. Ridge homogeneity promotes a deformation mode controlled by uphill-facing normal faulting and basal bulging. In the second case, the ridge encompasses horizontal geological discontinuities that induce rock mass anisotropy. Discontinuity located at the base of the slope accumulates plastic strain, leading to the formation of a sliding plane evolving into a landslide. The presence of a weak layer at ridge base therefore promotes another slope deformation mode ending up with catastrophic failure. Mechanical conditions and slope height being equal, these conclusions can probably be extrapolated to Earth. Compared with Mars, DSGS on Earth is inhibited because terrestrial topographic gradients are lower than in Valles Marineris, an effect counterbalanced by increased gravitational stress, where the intensity of deformation is enhanced because of the Earth gravity potential.

Ultra Safe And Secure Blasting System

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hart, M M

2009-07-27

The Ultra is a blasting system that is designed for special applications where the risk and consequences of unauthorized demolition or blasting are so great that the use of an extraordinarily safe and secure blasting system is justified. Such a blasting system would be connected and logically welded together through digital code-linking as part of the blasting system set-up and initialization process. The Ultra's security is so robust that it will defeat the people who designed and built the components in any attempt at unauthorized detonation. Anyone attempting to gain unauthorized control of the system by substituting components or tappingmore » into communications lines will be thwarted in their inability to provide encrypted authentication. Authentication occurs through the use of codes that are generated by the system during initialization code-linking and the codes remain unknown to anyone, including the authorized operator. Once code-linked, a closed system has been created. The system requires all components connected as they were during initialization as well as a unique code entered by the operator for function and blasting.« less

A simplified and accurate detection of the genetically modified wheat MON71800 with one calibrator plasmid.

PubMed

Kim, Jae-Hwan; Park, Saet-Byul; Roh, Hyo-Jeong; Park, Sunghoon; Shin, Min-Ki; Moon, Gui Im; Hong, Jin-Hwan; Kim, Hae-Yeong

2015-06-01

With the increasing number of genetically modified (GM) events, unauthorized GMO releases into the food market have increased dramatically, and many countries have developed detection tools for them. This study described the qualitative and quantitative detection methods of unauthorized the GM wheat MON71800 with a reference plasmid (pGEM-M71800). The wheat acetyl-CoA carboxylase (acc) gene was used as the endogenous gene. The plasmid pGEM-M71800, which contains both the acc gene and the event-specific target MON71800, was constructed as a positive control for the qualitative and quantitative analyses. The limit of detection in the qualitative PCR assay was approximately 10 copies. In the quantitative PCR assay, the standard deviation and relative standard deviation repeatability values ranged from 0.06 to 0.25 and from 0.23% to 1.12%, respectively. This study supplies a powerful and very simple but accurate detection strategy for unauthorized GM wheat MON71800 that utilizes a single calibrator plasmid. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Trusted Computing Technologies, Intel Trusted Execution Technology.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Guise, Max Joseph; Wendt, Jeremy Daniel

2011-01-01

We describe the current state-of-the-art in Trusted Computing Technologies - focusing mainly on Intel's Trusted Execution Technology (TXT). This document is based on existing documentation and tests of two existing TXT-based systems: Intel's Trusted Boot and Invisible Things Lab's Qubes OS. We describe what features are lacking in current implementations, describe what a mature system could provide, and present a list of developments to watch. Critical systems perform operation-critical computations on high importance data. In such systems, the inputs, computation steps, and outputs may be highly sensitive. Sensitive components must be protected from both unauthorized release, and unauthorized alteration: Unauthorizedmore » users should not access the sensitive input and sensitive output data, nor be able to alter them; the computation contains intermediate data with the same requirements, and executes algorithms that the unauthorized should not be able to know or alter. Due to various system requirements, such critical systems are frequently built from commercial hardware, employ commercial software, and require network access. These hardware, software, and network system components increase the risk that sensitive input data, computation, and output data may be compromised.« less

Lithospheric "corner flow" via extensional faulting and tectonic rotation at non-volcanic, slow-spreading ridges

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schroeder, T.; Cheadle, M. J.; Dick, H. J.; Faul, U.

2005-12-01

Large degrees (up to 90°) of tectonic rotation may be the norm at slow-spreading, non-volcanic ridges. Vertically upwelling mantle beneath all mid-ocean ridges must undergo corner flow to move horizontally with the spreading plate. Because little or no volcanic crust is produced at some slow-spreading ridges, the uppermost lithospheric mantle must undergo this rotation in the regime of localized, rather than distributed deformation. Anomalous paleomagnetic inclinations in peridotite and gabbro cores drilled near the 15-20 Fracture Zone (Mid-Atlantic Ridge, ODP Leg 209) support such large rotations, with sub-Curie-temperature rotations up to 90° (Garces et al., 2004). Here, we present two end-member tectonic mechanisms, with supporting data from Leg 209 cores and bathymetry, to show how rotation is accomplished via extensional faults and shear zones: 1) long-lived detachment faults, and 2) multiple generations of high-angle normal faults. Detachment faults accommodate rotation by having a moderate to steep dip at depth, and rotating to horizontal through a rolling hinge as the footwall is tectonically denuded. Multiple generations of high-angle normal faults accommodate large rotations in a domino fashion; early faults become inactive when rotated to inopportune slip angles, and are cut by younger high-angle faults. Thus, each generation of high-angle faults accommodates part of the total rotation. There is likely a gradation between the domino and detachment mechanisms; transition from domino to detachment faulting occurs when a single domino fault remains active at inopportune slip angles and evolves into a detachment that accommodates all corner flow for that region. In both cases, the original attitude of layering within mantle-emplaced gabbro bodies must be significantly different than present day observed attitudes; sub-horizontal bodies may have been formed sub-vertically and vice-versa. Leg 209 cores record an average major brittle fault spacing of approximately 100 m, suggesting that the width of individual rotating fault blocks may be on the order of 100-200 m. Numerous fault bounded domino slices could therefore be formed within a 10km wide axial valley, with large rotations (and commensurate extension) leading to the exposure of 1km wide shallow-dipping fault surfaces, as are seen in the 15-20 FZ region bathymetry. The region's bathymetry is dominated by irregular, low-relief ridges that were likely formed by domino faulting of lithosphere with a small elastic thickness. The region contains relatively few corrugated detachment fault domes, suggesting that domino faulting may be the normal mode of lithospheric corner flow at non-volcanic ridges.

Analysis of water application efficiency and emission uniformity of drip irrigation systems based on space-time analysis of soil moisture patterns in soils

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shabeeb, Ahmeed; Taha, Uday; dragonetti, giovanna; Lamaddalena, Nicola; Coppola, Antonio

2016-04-01

In order to evaluate how efficiently and uniformly drip irrigation systems can deliver water to emitters distributed around a field, we need some methods for measuring/calculating water application efficiency (WAE) and emission uniformity (EU). In general, the calculation of the WAE and of other efficiency indices requires the measurement of the water stored in the root zone. Measuring water storage in soils allows directly saying how much water a given location of the field retains having received a given amount of irrigation water. And yet, due to the difficulties of measuring water content variability under an irrigation system at field scale, it is quite common using EU as a proxy indicator of the irrigation performance. This implicitly means assuming that the uniformity of water application is immediately reflected in an uniformity of water stored in the root zone. In other words, that if a site receive more water it will store more water. Nevertheless, due to the heterogeneity of soil hydrological properties the same EU may correspond to very different distributions of water stored in the soil root zone. 1) In the case of isolated drippers, the storages measured in the soil root zone layer shortly after an irrigation event may be or not different from the water height applied at the surface depending on the vertical/horizontal development of the wetted bulbs. Specifically, in the case of dominant horizontal spreading the water storage is expected to reflect the distribution of water applied at the surface. To the contrary, in the case of relatively significant vertical spreading, deep percolation fluxes (fluxes leaving the root zone) may well induce water storages in the root zone significantly different from the water applied at the surface. 2) The drippers and laterals are close enough that the wetted bulbs below adjacent drippers may interact. In this case, lateral fluxes in the soil may well induce water storages in the root zone which may be significantly uncorrelated with the uniformity of the water applied at the surface. In both the cases, the size of lateral fluxes compared to the vertical ones throughout the rooting zone depends, besides the soil hydraulic properties, on the amount of water delivered to the soil. Larger water applications produce greater spreading, but in both the horizontal and vertical directions. Increased vertical spreading may be undesirable because water moving below the active root zone can result in wasted water, loss of nutrients, and groundwater pollution.

Development of unauthorized airborne emission source identification procedure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shtripling, L. O.; Bazhenov, V. V.; Varakina, N. S.; Kupriyanova, N. P.

2018-01-01

The paper presents the procedure for searching sources of unauthorized airborne emissions. To make reasonable regulation decisions on airborne pollutant emissions and to ensure the environmental safety of population, the procedure provides for the determination of a pollutant mass emission value from the source being the cause of high pollution level and the search of a previously unrecognized contamination source in a specified area. To determine the true value of mass emission from the source, the minimum of the mean-root-square mismatch criterion between the computed and measured pollutant concentration in the given location is used.

Self-control program in the treatment of obesity.

PubMed

Rosen, L W

1981-06-01

In a pilot study utilizing self-control techniques for the purpose of modifying the cue-reactive eating habits of obese patients, three subjects maintained a continuous weight loss throughout the first year of treatment. Techniques included goal setting, self-monitoring, brief delay and self-confrontation prior to eating unauthorized food and direct observation of oneself in a mirror when eating unauthorized food. All patients are expected to remain in treatment for the foreseeable future with no termination of the program despite apparent success with regard to control of their feeding disturbance. The rationale for this approach is discussed.

The role of viscous magma mush spreading in volcanic flank motion at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i

USGS Publications Warehouse

Plattner, C.; Amelung, F.; Baker, S.; Govers, R.; Poland, M.

2013-01-01

Multiple mechanisms have been suggested to explain seaward motion of the south flank of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i. The consistency of flank motion during both waxing and waning magmatic activity at Kīlauea suggests that a continuously acting force, like gravity body force, plays a substantial role. Using finite element models, we test whether gravity is the principal driver of long-term motion of Kīlauea's flank. We compare our model results to geodetic data from Global Positioning System and interferometric synthetic aperture radar during a time period with few magmatic and tectonic events (2000-2003), when deformation of Kīlauea was dominated by summit subsidence and seaward motion of the south flank. We find that gravity-only models can reproduce the horizontal surface velocities if we incorporate a regional décollement fault and a deep, low-viscosity magma mush zone. To obtain quasi steady state horizontal surface velocities that explain the long-term seaward motion of the flank, we find that an additional weak zone is needed, which is an extensional rift zone above the magma mush. The spreading rate in our model is mainly controlled by the magma mush viscosity, while its density plays a less significant role. We find that a viscosity of 2.5 × 1017–2.5 × 1019 Pa s for the magma mush provides an acceptable fit to the observed horizontal surface deformation. Using high magma mush viscosities, such as 2.5 × 1019 Pa s, the deformation rates remain more steady state over longer time scales. These models explain a significant amount of the observed subsidence at Kīlauea's summit. Some of the remaining subsidence is probably a result of magma withdrawal from subsurface reservoirs

Qualitative flow visualization of flame attachment on slopes

Treesearch

Torben P. Grumstrup; Sara S. McAllister; Mark A. Finney

2017-01-01

Heating of unburned fuel by attached flames and plume of a wildfire can produce high spread rates that have resulted in firefighter fatalities worldwide. Qualitative flow fields of the plume of a gas burner embedded in a table tilted to 0°, 10°, 20°, and 30° above horizontal were imaged using the retroreflective shadowgraph technique as a means to understand plume...

Gravity Wave Seeding of Equatorial Plasma Bubbles

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Singh, Sardul; Johnson, F. S.; Power, R. A.

1997-01-01

Some examples from the Atmosphere Explorer E data showing plasma bubble development from wavy ion density structures in the bottomside F layer are described. The wavy structures mostly had east-west wavelengths of 150-800 km, in one example it was about 3000 km. The ionization troughs in the wavy structures later broke up into either a multiple-bubble patch or a single bubble, depending upon whether, in the precursor wavy structure, shorter wavelengths were superimposed on the larger scale wavelengths. In the multiple bubble patches, intrabubble spacings vaned from 55 km to 140 km. In a fully developed equatorial spread F case, east-west wavelengths from 690 km down to about 0.5 km were present simultaneously. The spacings between bubble patches or between bubbles in a patch appear to be determined by the wavelengths present in the precursor wave structure. In some cases, deeper bubbles developed on the western edge of a bubble patch, suggesting an east-west asymmetry. Simultaneous horizontal neutral wind measurements showed wavelike perturbations that were closely associated with perturbations in the plasma horizontal drift velocity. We argue that the wave structures observed here that served as the initial seed ion density perturbations were caused by gravity waves, strengthening the view that gravity waves seed equatorial spread F irregularities.

Welfare and Generational Equity in Sustainable Unfunded Pension Systems

PubMed Central

Auerbach, Alan J.; Lee, Ronald

2011-01-01

Using stochastic simulations we analyze how public pension structures spread the risks arising from demographic and economic shocks across generations. We consider several actual and hypothetical sustainable PAYGO pension structures, including: (1) versions of the US Social Security system with annual adjustments of taxes or benefits to maintain fiscal balance; (2) Sweden’s Notional Defined Contribution system and several variants developed to improve fiscal stability; and (3) the German system, which also includes annual adjustments to maintain fiscal balance. For each system, we present descriptive measures of uncertainty in representative outcomes for a typical generation and across generations. We then estimate expected utility for generations based on simplifying assumptions and incorporate these expected utility calculations in an overall social welfare measure. Using a horizontal equity index, we also compare the different systems’ performance in terms of how neighboring generations are treated. While the actual Swedish system smoothes stochastic fluctuations more than any other and produces the highest degree of horizontal equity, it does so by accumulating a buffer stock of assets that alleviates the need for frequent adjustments. In terms of social welfare, this accumulation of assets leads to a lower average rate of return that more than offsets the benefits of risk reduction, leaving systems with more frequent adjustments that spread risks broadly among generations as those most preferred. PMID:21818166

Recurrent invasion and extinction of a selfish gene.

PubMed

Goddard, M R; Burt, A

1999-11-23

Homing endonuclease genes show super-Mendelian inheritance, which allows them to spread in populations even when they are of no benefit to the host organism. To test the idea that regular horizontal transmission is necessary for the long-term persistence of these genes, we surveyed 20 species of yeasts for the omega-homing endonuclease gene and associated group I intron. The status of omega could be categorized into three states (functional, nonfunctional, or absent), and status was not clustered on the host phylogeny. Moreover, the phylogeny of omega differed significantly from that of the host, strong evidence of horizontal transmission. Further analyses indicate that horizontal transmission is more common than transposition, and that it occurs preferentially between closely related species. Parsimony analysis and coalescent theory suggest that there have been 15 horizontal transmission events in the ancestry of our yeast species, through simulations indicate that this value is probably an underestimate. Overall, the data support a cyclical model of invasion, degeneration, and loss, followed by reinvasion, and each of these transitions is estimated to occur about once every 2 million years. The data are thus consistent with the idea that frequent horizontal transmission is necessary for the long-term persistence of homing endonuclease genes, and further, that this requirement limits these genes to organisms with easily accessible germ lines. The data also show that mitochondrial DNA sequences are transferred intact between yeast species; if other genes do not show such high levels of horizontal transmission, it would be due to lack of selection, rather than lack of opportunity.

Direct and Indirect Horizontal Transmission of the Antifungal Probiotic Bacterium Janthinobacterium lividum on Green Frog (Lithobates clamitans) Tadpoles

PubMed Central

Simonetti, Stephen J.; Shoemaker, William R.; Harris, Reid N.

2016-01-01

Amphibian populations worldwide are being threatened by the disease chytridiomycosis, which is caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. To mitigate the effects of B. dendrobatidis, bioaugmentation of antifungal bacteria has been shown to be a promising strategy. One way to implement bioaugmentation is through indirect horizontal transmission, defined as the transfer of bacteria from a host to the environment and to another host. In addition, direct horizontal transmission among individuals can facilitate the spread of a probiotic in a population. In this study, we tested whether the antifungal bacterium Janthinobacterium lividum could be horizontally transferred, directly or indirectly, in a laboratory experiment using Lithobates clamitans tadpoles. We evaluated the ability of J. lividum to colonize the tadpoles' skin and to persist through time using culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques. We also tested whether the addition of J. lividum affected the skin community in L. clamitans tadpoles. We found that transmission occurred rapidly by direct and indirect horizontal transmission, but indirect transmission that included a potential substrate was more effective. Even though J. lividum colonized the skin, its relative abundance on the tadpole skin decreased over time. The inoculation of J. lividum did not significantly alter the skin bacterial diversity of L. clamitans tadpoles, which was dominated by Pseudomonas. Our results show that indirect horizontal transmission can be an effective bioaugmentation method. Future research is needed to determine the best conditions, including the presence of substrates, under which a probiotic can persist on the skin so that bioaugmentation becomes a successful strategy to mitigate chytridiomycosis. PMID:26873311

The Multiple Stellar Populations in the Ancient LMC Globular Clusters Hodge 11 and NGC 2210

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chaboyer, Brian; Gilligan, Christina; Wagner-Kaiser, Rachel; Mackey, Dougal; Sarajedini, Ata; Cummings, Jeffrey; Grocholski, Aaron; Geisler, Doug; Cohen, Roger; Villanova, Sandro; Yang, Soung-Chul; Parisi, Celeste

2018-01-01

Hubble Space telescope images of the ancient LMC globular clusters Hodge 11 and NGC 2210 in the F336W, F606W and F814W filters were obtained between June 2016 and April 2017. These deep images has been analyzed with the Dolphot software package. High quality photometry has been obtained from three magnitudes brighter than the horizontal branch, to about four magnitudes fainter than the main sequence turn-off. Both clusters show an excess of red main sequence stars in the F336W filter, indicating that multiple stellar populations exist in both clusters. Hodge 11 shows irregularities in its horizontal branch morphology, which is indicative of the presence of an approximately 0.1 dex internal helium abundance spread.

The animal food supplement sepiolite promotes a direct horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance plasmids between bacterial species.

PubMed

Rodríguez-Beltrán, Jerónimo; Rodríguez-Rojas, Alexandro; Yubero, Elva; Blázquez, Jesús

2013-06-01

Animal fodder is routinely complemented with antibiotics together with other food supplements to improve growth. For instance, sepiolite is currently used as a dietary coadjuvant in animal feed, as it increases animal growth parameters and improves meat and derived final product quality. This type of food additive has so far been considered innocuous for the development and spread of antibiotic resistance. In this study, we demonstrate that sepiolite promotes the direct horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance plasmids between bacterial species. The conditions needed for plasmid transfer (sepiolite and friction forces) occur in the digestive tracts of farm animals, which routinely receive sepiolite as a food additive. Furthermore, this effect may be aggravated by the use of antibiotics supplied as growth promoters.

Detecting un-authorized genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and derived materials.

PubMed

Holst-Jensen, Arne; Bertheau, Yves; de Loose, Marc; Grohmann, Lutz; Hamels, Sandrine; Hougs, Lotte; Morisset, Dany; Pecoraro, Sven; Pla, Maria; Van den Bulcke, Marc; Wulff, Doerte

2012-01-01

Genetically modified plants, in the following referred to as genetically modified organisms or GMOs, have been commercially grown for almost two decades. In 2010 approximately 10% of the total global crop acreage was planted with GMOs (James, 2011). More than 30 countries have been growing commercial GMOs, and many more have performed field trials. Although the majority of commercial GMOs both in terms of acreage and specific events belong to the four species: soybean, maize, cotton and rapeseed, there are another 20+ species where GMOs are commercialized or in the pipeline for commercialization. The number of GMOs cultivated in field trials or for commercial production has constantly increased during this time period. So have the number of species, the number of countries involved, the diversity of novel (added) genetic elements and the global trade. All of these factors contribute to the increasing complexity of detecting and correctly identifying GMO derived material. Many jurisdictions, including the European Union (EU), legally distinguish between authorized (and therefore legal) and un-authorized (and therefore illegal) GMOs. Information about the developments, field trials, authorizations, cultivation, trade and observations made in the official GMO control laboratories in different countries around the world is often limited, despite several attempts such as the OECD BioTrack for voluntary dissemination of data. This lack of information inevitably makes it challenging to detect and identify GMOs, especially the un-authorized GMOs. The present paper reviews the state of the art technologies and approaches in light of coverage, practicability, sensitivity and limitations. Emphasis is put on exemplifying practical detection of un-authorized GMOs. Although this paper has a European (EU) bias when examples are given, the contents have global relevance. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The dynamics of the water droplet impacting onto hot solid surfaces at medium Weber numbers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mitrakusuma, Windy H.; Kamal, Samsul; Indarto; Dyan Susila, M.; Hermawan; Deendarlianto

2017-10-01

The effects of the wettability of a droplet impacting onto a hot solid surface under medium Weber numbers were studied experimentally. The Weber numbers used in the present experiment were 52.1, 57.6, and 63.1. Three kinds of solid surfaces with different wettability were used. These were normal stainless steel (NSS), TiO2 coated NSS, and TiO2 coated NSS radiated with ultraviolet rays. The surface temperatures were varied from 60 to 200 °C. The image of side the view and 30° from horizontal were taken to explain the spreading and the interfacial behavior of a single droplet during impact the hot solid surfaces. It was found that under medium Weber numbers, the surface wettability plays an important role on the droplet spreading and evaporation time during the impact on the hot solid surfaces. The higher the wettability, the larger the droplet spreading on the hot surface, and the lower the evaporation time.

Venusian tectonics: Convective coupling to the lithosphere?

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Phillips, R. J.

1987-01-01

The relationship between the dominant global heat loss mechanism and planetary size has motivated the search for tectonic style on Venus. Prior to the American and Soviet mapping missions of the past eight years, it was thought that terrestrial style plate tectonics was operative on Venus because this planet is approximately the size of the Earth and is conjectured to have about the same heat source content per unit mass. However, surface topography mapped by the altimeter of the Pioneer Venus spacecraft did not show any physiographic expression of terrestrial style spreading ridges, trenches, volcanic arcs or transform faults, although the horizontal resolution was questionable for detection of at least some of these features. The Venera 15 and 16 radar missions mapped the northern latitudes of Venus at 1 to 2 km resolution and showed that there are significant geographic areas of deformation seemingly created by large horizontal stresses. These same high resolution images show no evidence for plate tectonic features. Thus a fundamental problem for venusian tectonics is the origin of large horizontal stresses near the surface in the apparent absence of plate tectonics.

Direct and Indirect Horizontal Transmission of the Antifungal Probiotic Bacterium Janthinobacterium lividum on Green Frog (Lithobates clamitans) Tadpoles.

PubMed

Rebollar, Eria A; Simonetti, Stephen J; Shoemaker, William R; Harris, Reid N

2016-04-01

Amphibian populations worldwide are being threatened by the disease chytridiomycosis, which is caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis To mitigate the effects of B. dendrobatidis, bioaugmentation of antifungal bacteria has been shown to be a promising strategy. One way to implement bioaugmentation is through indirect horizontal transmission, defined as the transfer of bacteria from a host to the environment and to another host. In addition, direct horizontal transmission among individuals can facilitate the spread of a probiotic in a population. In this study, we tested whether the antifungal bacterium Janthinobacterium lividum could be horizontally transferred, directly or indirectly, in a laboratory experiment using Lithobates clamitans tadpoles. We evaluated the ability of J. lividumto colonize the tadpoles' skin and to persist through time using culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques. We also tested whether the addition of J. lividum affected the skin community in L. clamitans tadpoles. We found that transmission occurred rapidly by direct and indirect horizontal transmission, but indirect transmission that included a potential substrate was more effective. Even though J. lividum colonized the skin, its relative abundance on the tadpole skin decreased over time. The inoculation of J. lividum did not significantly alter the skin bacterial diversity of L. clamitans tadpoles, which was dominated by Pseudomonas Our results show that indirect horizontal transmission can be an effective bioaugmentation method. Future research is needed to determine the best conditions, including the presence of substrates, under which a probiotic can persist on the skin so that bioaugmentation becomes a successful strategy to mitigate chytridiomycosis. Copyright © 2016, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Micro-miniature radio frequency transmitter for communication and tracking applications

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Crutcher, R.I.; Emery, M.S.; Falter, K.G.

1996-12-31

A micro-miniature radio frequency (rf) transmitter has been developed and demonstrated by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The objective of the rf transmitter development was to maximize the transmission distance while drastically shrinking the overall transmitter size, including antenna. Based on analysis and testing, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) with a 16-GHz gallium arsenide (GaAs) oscillator and integrated on-chip antenna was designed and fabricated using microwave monolithic integrated circuit (MMIC) technology. Details of the development and the results of various field tests will be discussed. The rf transmitter is applicable to covert surveillance and tracking scenarios due to its smallmore » size of 2.2 x 2.2 mm, including the antenna. Additionally, the 16-GHz frequency is well above the operational range of consumer-grade radio scanners, providing a degree of protection from unauthorized interception. Variations of the transmitter design have been demonstrated for tracking and tagging beacons, transmission of digital data, and transmission of real-time analog video from a surveillance camera. Preliminary laboratory measurements indicate adaptability to direct-sequence spread-spectrum transmission, providing a low probability of intercept and/or detection. Concepts related to law enforcement applications will be presented.« less

The trade network in the dairy industry and its implication for the spread of contamination.

PubMed

Pinior, B; Konschake, M; Platz, U; Thiele, H D; Petersen, B; Conraths, F J; Selhorst, T

2012-11-01

In case of an outbreak of a foodborne disease, administrative decisions in the context of crisis management are only efficient if they follow standard practices and are specifically adapted to the outbreak situation in a timely manner. These goals are hard to achieve. The complexity of national and global trade structures obscures a clear view of trade flows and, consequently, it is often impossible to unravel complex trade links quickly. Furthermore, increasing public concerns about possible health hazards caused by global trade put additional pressure on decision makers. The aim of this paper was to unveil the specific trade structures of the German milk supply chain, to highlight how these structures could affect the spatial spread of a hypothetical contaminant, and to quantify the risk of the contaminant reaching the consumer. To achieve this goal, the vertical and horizontal trade links between milk producers, dairies, and consumers were taken into account. The horizontal flow of milk between dairies (inter-dairy trade), which is intended to compensate a temporary over- or undersupply of milk, is of special importance in this respect. We hypothesized that the extent of inter-dairy trade would significantly influence the spatial spread of contaminated milk and the contamination risk. This hypothesis was tested using a computer simulation model that predicts the hypothetical spread of a contaminant via trade of milk. The model parameters were estimated using trade data collected in 2004 and 2010. The results of our study indicate that inter-dairy trade significantly influenced the contamination risk. Compared with a scenario with no inter-dairy trade, the risk that contaminated milk will reach the consumer was up to 4 times higher, even with moderate inter-dairy trade. The contamination risk depended on the extent of inter-dairy trade in a nonlinear way and reached its maximum asymptotically when inter-dairy trade increased. The contamination risk exhibited considerable spatial variation, which could be utilized to implement more accurate food control interventions in times of crisis caused by a foodborne disease. Copyright © 2012 American Dairy Science Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Hilar cholangiocarcinoma: Cross sectional evaluation of disease spectrum

PubMed Central

Mahajan, Mangal S; Moorthy, Srikanth; Karumathil, Sreekumar P; Rajeshkannan, R; Pothera, Ramchandran

2015-01-01

Although hilar cholangiocarcinoma is relatively rare, it can be diagnosed on imaging by identifying its typical pattern. In most cases, the tumor appears to be centered on the right or left hepatic duct with involvement of the ipsilateral portal vein, atrophy of hepatic lobe on that side, and invasion of adjacent liver parenchyma. Multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) are commonly used imaging modalities to assess the longitudinal and horizontal spread of tumor. PMID:25969643

Broad-scale phylogenomics provides insights into retrovirus–host evolution

PubMed Central

Hayward, Alexander; Grabherr, Manfred; Jern, Patric

2013-01-01

Genomic data provide an excellent resource to improve understanding of retrovirus evolution and the complex relationships among viruses and their hosts. In conjunction with broad-scale in silico screening of vertebrate genomes, this resource offers an opportunity to complement data on the evolution and frequency of past retroviral spread and so evaluate future risks and limitations for horizontal transmission between different host species. Here, we develop a methodology for extracting phylogenetic signal from large endogenous retrovirus (ERV) datasets by collapsing information to facilitate broad-scale phylogenomics across a wide sample of hosts. Starting with nearly 90,000 ERVs from 60 vertebrate host genomes, we construct phylogenetic hypotheses and draw inferences regarding the designation, host distribution, origin, and transmission of the Gammaretrovirus genus and associated class I ERVs. Our results uncover remarkable depths in retroviral sequence diversity, supported within a phylogenetic context. This finding suggests that current infectious exogenous retrovirus diversity may be underestimated, adding credence to the possibility that many additional exogenous retroviruses may remain to be discovered in vertebrate taxa. We demonstrate a history of frequent horizontal interorder transmissions from a rodent reservoir and suggest that rats may have acted as important overlooked facilitators of gammaretrovirus spread across diverse mammalian hosts. Together, these results demonstrate the promise of the methodology used here to analyze large ERV datasets and improve understanding of retroviral evolution and diversity for utilization in wider applications. PMID:24277832

Broad-scale phylogenomics provides insights into retrovirus-host evolution.

PubMed

Hayward, Alexander; Grabherr, Manfred; Jern, Patric

2013-12-10

Genomic data provide an excellent resource to improve understanding of retrovirus evolution and the complex relationships among viruses and their hosts. In conjunction with broad-scale in silico screening of vertebrate genomes, this resource offers an opportunity to complement data on the evolution and frequency of past retroviral spread and so evaluate future risks and limitations for horizontal transmission between different host species. Here, we develop a methodology for extracting phylogenetic signal from large endogenous retrovirus (ERV) datasets by collapsing information to facilitate broad-scale phylogenomics across a wide sample of hosts. Starting with nearly 90,000 ERVs from 60 vertebrate host genomes, we construct phylogenetic hypotheses and draw inferences regarding the designation, host distribution, origin, and transmission of the Gammaretrovirus genus and associated class I ERVs. Our results uncover remarkable depths in retroviral sequence diversity, supported within a phylogenetic context. This finding suggests that current infectious exogenous retrovirus diversity may be underestimated, adding credence to the possibility that many additional exogenous retroviruses may remain to be discovered in vertebrate taxa. We demonstrate a history of frequent horizontal interorder transmissions from a rodent reservoir and suggest that rats may have acted as important overlooked facilitators of gammaretrovirus spread across diverse mammalian hosts. Together, these results demonstrate the promise of the methodology used here to analyze large ERV datasets and improve understanding of retroviral evolution and diversity for utilization in wider applications.

Unimodal primary sensory cortices are directly connected by long-range horizontal projections in the rat sensory cortex.

PubMed

Stehberg, Jimmy; Dang, Phat T; Frostig, Ron D

2014-01-01

Research based on functional imaging and neuronal recordings in the barrel cortex subdivision of primary somatosensory cortex (SI) of the adult rat has revealed novel aspects of structure-function relationships in this cortex. Specifically, it has demonstrated that single whisker stimulation evokes subthreshold neuronal activity that spreads symmetrically within gray matter from the appropriate barrel area, crosses cytoarchitectural borders of SI and reaches deeply into other unimodal primary cortices such as primary auditory (AI) and primary visual (VI). It was further demonstrated that this spread is supported by a spatially matching underlying diffuse network of border-crossing, long-range projections that could also reach deeply into AI and VI. Here we seek to determine whether such a network of border-crossing, long-range projections is unique to barrel cortex or characterizes also other primary, unimodal sensory cortices and therefore could directly connect them. Using anterograde (BDA) and retrograde (CTb) tract-tracing techniques, we demonstrate that such diffuse horizontal networks directly and mutually connect VI, AI and SI. These findings suggest that diffuse, border-crossing axonal projections connecting directly primary cortices are an important organizational motif common to all major primary sensory cortices in the rat. Potential implications of these findings for topics including cortical structure-function relationships, multisensory integration, functional imaging, and cortical parcellation are discussed.

Unimodal primary sensory cortices are directly connected by long-range horizontal projections in the rat sensory cortex

PubMed Central

Stehberg, Jimmy; Dang, Phat T.; Frostig, Ron D.

2014-01-01

Research based on functional imaging and neuronal recordings in the barrel cortex subdivision of primary somatosensory cortex (SI) of the adult rat has revealed novel aspects of structure-function relationships in this cortex. Specifically, it has demonstrated that single whisker stimulation evokes subthreshold neuronal activity that spreads symmetrically within gray matter from the appropriate barrel area, crosses cytoarchitectural borders of SI and reaches deeply into other unimodal primary cortices such as primary auditory (AI) and primary visual (VI). It was further demonstrated that this spread is supported by a spatially matching underlying diffuse network of border-crossing, long-range projections that could also reach deeply into AI and VI. Here we seek to determine whether such a network of border-crossing, long-range projections is unique to barrel cortex or characterizes also other primary, unimodal sensory cortices and therefore could directly connect them. Using anterograde (BDA) and retrograde (CTb) tract-tracing techniques, we demonstrate that such diffuse horizontal networks directly and mutually connect VI, AI and SI. These findings suggest that diffuse, border-crossing axonal projections connecting directly primary cortices are an important organizational motif common to all major primary sensory cortices in the rat. Potential implications of these findings for topics including cortical structure-function relationships, multisensory integration, functional imaging, and cortical parcellation are discussed. PMID:25309339

The unauthorized Mexican immigrant population and welfare in Los Angeles County: a comparative statistical analysis.

PubMed

Marcelli, E A; Heer, D M

1998-01-01

"Using a unique 1994 Los Angeles County Household Survey of foreign-born Mexicans and the March 1994 and 1995 Current Population Surveys, we estimate the number of unauthorized Mexican immigrants (UMIs) residing in Los Angeles County, and compare their use of seven welfare programs with that of other non-U.S. citizens and U.S. citizens. Non-U.S. citizens were found to be no more likely than U.S. citizens to have used welfare, and UMIs were 11% (14%) less likely than other non-citizens (U.S.-born citizens).... We demonstrate how results differ depending on the unit of analysis employed, and on which programs constitute ¿welfare'." excerpt

Slope effects on the fluid dynamics of a fire spreading across a fuel bed: PIV measurements and OH* chemiluminescence imaging

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Morandini, F.; Silvani, X.; Honoré, D.; Boutin, G.; Susset, A.; Vernet, R.

2014-08-01

Slope is among the most influencing factor affecting the spread of wildfires. A contribution to the understanding of the fluid dynamics of a fire spreading in these terrain conditions is provided in the present paper. Coupled optical diagnostics are used to study the slope effects on the flow induced by a fire at laboratory scale. Optical diagnostics consist of particle image velocimetry, for investigating the 2D (vertical) velocity field of the reacting flow and chemiluminescence imaging, for visualizing the region of spontaneous emission of OH radical occurring during gaseous combustion processes. The coupling of these two techniques allows locating accurately the contour of the reaction zone within the computed velocity field. The series of experiments are performed across a bed of vegetative fuel, under both no-slope and 30° upslope conditions. The increase in the rate of fire spread with increasing slope is attributed to a significant change in fluid dynamics surrounding the flame. For horizontal fire spread, flame fronts exhibit quasi-vertical plume resulting in the buoyancy forces generated by the fire. These buoyancy effects induce an influx of ambient fresh air which is entrained laterally into the fire, equitably from both sides. For upward flame spread, the induced flow is strongly influenced by air entrainment on the burnt side of the fire and fire plume is tilted toward unburned vegetation. A particular attention is paid to the induced air flow ahead of the spreading flame. With increasing the slope angle beyond a threshold, highly dangerous conditions arise because this configuration induces wind blows away from the fire rather than toward it, suggesting the presence of convective heat transfers ahead of the fire front.

Comparison of initial perturbation methods for the mesoscale ensemble prediction system of the Meteorological Research Institute for the WWRP Beijing 2008 Olympics Research and Development Project (B08RDP)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Saito, Kazuo; Hara, Masahiro; Kunii, Masaru; Seko, Hiromu; Yamaguchi, Munehiko

2011-05-01

Different initial perturbation methods for the mesoscale ensemble prediction were compared by the Meteorological Research Institute (MRI) as a part of the intercomparison of mesoscale ensemble prediction systems (EPSs) of the World Weather Research Programme (WWRP) Beijing 2008 Olympics Research and Development Project (B08RDP). Five initial perturbation methods for mesoscale ensemble prediction were developed for B08RDP and compared at MRI: (1) a downscaling method of the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)'s operational one-week EPS (WEP), (2) a targeted global model singular vector (GSV) method, (3) a mesoscale model singular vector (MSV) method based on the adjoint model of the JMA non-hydrostatic model (NHM), (4) a mesoscale breeding growing mode (MBD) method based on the NHM forecast and (5) a local ensemble transform (LET) method based on the local ensemble transform Kalman filter (LETKF) using NHM. These perturbation methods were applied to the preliminary experiments of the B08RDP Tier-1 mesoscale ensemble prediction with a horizontal resolution of 15 km. To make the comparison easier, the same horizontal resolution (40 km) was employed for the three mesoscale model-based initial perturbation methods (MSV, MBD and LET). The GSV method completely outperformed the WEP method, confirming the advantage of targeting in mesoscale EPS. The GSV method generally performed well with regard to root mean square errors of the ensemble mean, large growth rates of ensemble spreads throughout the 36-h forecast period, and high detection rates and high Brier skill scores (BSSs) for weak rains. On the other hand, the mesoscale model-based initial perturbation methods showed good detection rates and BSSs for intense rains. The MSV method showed a rapid growth in the ensemble spread of precipitation up to a forecast time of 6 h, which suggests suitability of the mesoscale SV for short-range EPSs, but the initial large growth of the perturbation did not last long. The performance of the MBD method was good for ensemble prediction of intense rain with a relatively small computing cost. The LET method showed similar characteristics to the MBD method, but the spread and growth rate were slightly smaller and the relative operating characteristic area skill score and BSS did not surpass those of MBD. These characteristic features of the five methods were confirmed by checking the evolution of the total energy norms and their growth rates. Characteristics of the initial perturbations obtained by four methods (GSV, MSV, MBD and LET) were examined for the case of a synoptic low-pressure system passing over eastern China. With GSV and MSV, the regions of large spread were near the low-pressure system, but with MSV, the distribution was more concentrated on the mesoscale disturbance. On the other hand, large-spread areas were observed southwest of the disturbance in MBD and LET. The horizontal pattern of LET perturbation was similar to that of MBD, but the amplitude of the LET perturbation reflected the observation density.

Strain Partitioning and Accumulation across Overlapping Spreading Centers: Geodetic GPS Measurements in South Iceland

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

La Femina, P. C.; Dixon, T. H.; Malservisi, R.; Árnadóttir, T.; Sigmundsson, F.; Sturkell, E.

2004-12-01

Overlapping spreading centers (OSCs) and propagating ridges are important classes of mid-ocean ridges. Kinematic models of OSCs predict along strike variability in spreading rate associated with the propagation of one center and deactivation of the other. Iceland offers a unique opportunity to investigate strain accumulation and partitioning across slow, overlapping spreading centers, and the influence of a ridge centered hotspot on ridge kinematics and morphology. We present results of detailed GPS observations across the Eastern and Western Volcanic Zones, south Iceland, spanning a seven to nine year inter-rifting period, and compare our observations with two-dimensional elastic half-space models that simulate the long-term spreading process. We then compare the elastic half-space models with simple viscoelastic coupling models. We model three velocity profiles across the EVZ-WVZ system, solving for the spreading rate, locking depth and horizontal location of each spreading center. Our spreading rate estimates indicate along strike variations as expected in an OSC system and total spreading rates consistent with geodetic and geologic plate motion models. Spreading rates in the WVZ increase from northeast (3 ±1 mm/yr) to southwest (7 ±1 mm/yr). Spreading rates in the southwest propagating EVZ decrease from northeast (17 ±1 mm/yr) to southwest (12 ±1 mm/yr). These results are consistent with a model whereby the WVZ is deactivating in the direction of EVZ propagation. The morphology of the two spreading centers reflects the spreading rate differences and their location relative to the Iceland hotspot. The predicted locations of the spreading axis for each zone are consistent with mapped Holocene fissure swarms. The neovolcanic zone of the slower WVZ consists of a narrow (10-20 km wide) axial graben and has had few Holocene eruptions. The faster EVZ consists of two parallel neovolcanic zones separated by a 20 km gap of inactivity, little normal faulting, higher topography and five historical fissure eruptions, reflecting its proximity to the hotspot. The maximum velocity gradient in the EVZ is located on the Veidivotn fissure swarm, which had a small volume eruption in 1864. The last major fissure eruption in the EVZ was the 1783 Lakagigar, located 20 km to the east. This pattern of current and past strain accumulation and release suggests intra-ridge jumping of activity and crustal accretion across a 60 km wide area.

Life inside a gall: closeness does not favour horizontal transmission of Rickettsia between a gall wasp and its parasitoid.

PubMed

Gualtieri, Liberata; Nugnes, Francesco; Nappo, Anna G; Gebiola, Marco; Bernardo, Umberto

2017-07-01

The incidence of horizontal transmission as a route for spreading symbiont infections is still being debated, but a common view is that horizontal transfers require intimate between-species relationships. Here we study a system that meets ideal requirements for horizontal transmission: the gall wasp Leptocybe invasa and its parasitoid Quadrastichus mendeli (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). These wasps belong to the same subfamily, spend most of their lives inside the same minute gall and are both infected by Rickettsia, a maternally inherited endosymbiotic bacteria that infects several arthropods, sometimes manipulating their reproduction, like inducing thelytokous parthenogenesis in L. invasa. Despite intimate contact, close phylogenetic relationship and the parasitoid's host specificity, we show that host and parasitoid do not share the same Rickettsia. We provide indirect evidence that Rickettsia infecting Q. mendeli may be inducing thelytokous parthenogenesis, as the symbiont is densely present in the reproductive apparatus and is vertically transmitted. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S and gltA placed this symbiont in the leech group. The confirmed and presumed parthenogenesis-inducing Rickettsia discovered so far only infect eulophid wasps, and belong to three different groups, suggesting multiple independent evolution of the parthenogenesis inducing phenotype. We also show some degree of cospeciation between Rickettsia and their eulophid hosts. © FEMS 2017. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Plate Kinematic model of the NW Indian Ocean and derived regional stress history of the East African Margin

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tuck-Martin, Amy; Adam, Jürgen; Eagles, Graeme

2015-04-01

Starting with the break up of Gondwana, the northwest Indian Ocean and its continental margins in Madagascar, East Africa and western India formed by divergence of the African and Indian plates and were shaped by a complicated sequence of plate boundary relocations, ridge propagation events, and the independent movement of the Seychelles microplate. As a result, attempts to reconcile the different plate-tectonic components and processes into a coherent kinematic model have so far been unsatisfactory. A new high-resolution plate kinematic model has been produced in an attempt to solve these problems, using seafloor spreading data and rotation parameters generated by a mixture of visual fitting of magnetic isochron data and iterative joint inversion of magnetic isochron and fracture zone data. Using plate motion vectors and plate boundary geometries derived from this model, the first-order regional stress pattern was modelled for distinct phases of margin formation. The stress pattern is correlated with the tectono-stratigraphic history of related sedimentary basins. The plate kinematic model identifies three phases of spreading, from the Jurassic to the Paleogene, which resulted in the formation of three main oceanic basins. Prior to these phases, intracontinental 'Karoo' rifting episodes in the late Carboniferous to late Triassic had failed to break up Gondwana, but initiated the formation of sedimentary basins along the East African and West Madagascan margins. At the start of the first phase of spreading (183 to 133 Ma) predominantly NW - SE extension caused continental rifting that separated Madagascar/India/Antarctica from Africa. Maximum horizontal stresses trended perpendicular to the local plate-kinematic vector, and parallel to the rift axes. During and after continental break-up and subsequent spreading, the regional stress regime changed drastically. The extensional stress regime became restricted to the active spreading ridges that in turn adopted trends normal to the plate divergence vector. Away from the active ridges, compressional horizontal stresses caused by ridge-push forces were transmitted through the subsiding oceanic lithosphere, with an SH max orientation parallel to plate divergence vectors. These changes are documented by the lower Bajocian continental breakup unconformity, which can be traced throughout East African basins. At 133 Ma, the plate boundary moved from north to south of Madagascar, incorporating it into the African plate and initiating its separation from Antarctica. The orientation of the plate divergence vector however did not change markedly. The second phase (89 - 61 Ma) led to the separation of India from Madagascar, initiating a new and dramatic change in stress orientation from N-S to ENE-WSW. This led to renewed tectonic activity in the sedimentary basins of western Madagascar. In the third phase (61 Ma to present) asymmetric spreading of the Carlsberg Ridge separated India from the Seychelles and the Mascarene Plateau via the southward propagation of the Carlsberg Ridge to form the Central Indian Ridge. The anti-clockwise rotation of the independent Seychelles microplate between chrons 28n (64.13 Ma) and 26n (58.38 Ma) and the opening of the short-lived Laxmi Basin (67 Ma to abandonment within chron 28n (64.13 - 63.10 Ma)) have been further constrained by the new plate kinematic model. Along the East African margin, SH max remained in a NE - SW orientation and the sedimentary basins experienced continued thick, deep water sediment deposition. Contemporaneously, in the sedimentary basins along East African passive margin, ridge-push related maximum horizontal stresses became progressively outweighed by local gravity-driven NE-SW maximum horizontal stresses trending parallel to the margin. These stress regimes are caused by sediment loading and extensional collapse of thick sediment wedges, predominantly controlled by margin geometry. Our study successfully integrates an interpretation of paleo-stress regimes constrained by the new high resolution plate kinematic and basin history to produce a margin scale tectono-stratigraphic framework that highlights the important interplay of plate boundary forces and basin formation events along the East African margin.

On the spreading and instability of gravity current fronts of arbitrary shape

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zgheib, N.; Bonometti, T.; Balachandar, S.

2012-11-01

Experiments, simulations and theoretical analysis were carried out to study the influence of geometry on the spreading of gravity currents. The horizontal spreading of three different intial planforms of initial release were investigated: an extended ellipse, a cross, and a circle. The experiments used a pulley system for a swift nearly instantaneous release. The case of the axisymmetric cylinder compared favorably with earlier simulations. We ran experiments for multiple aspect ratios for all three configurations. Perhaps the most intriguing of the three cases is the ``ellipse,'' which within a short period of release flipped the major and minor axes. This behavior cannot be captured by current theoretical methods (such as the Box Model). These cases have also been investigated using shallow water and direct numerical simulations. Also, in this study, we investigate the possibility of a Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) instability of the radially moving, but decelerating front. We present a simple theoretical framework based on the inviscid Shallow Water Equations. The theoretical results are supplemented and compared to highly resolved three-dimensional simulations with the Boussinesq approximation. Chateaubriand Fellowship - NSF PIRE grant OISE-0968313.

Amoxicillin effects on functional microbial community and spread of antibiotic resistance genes in amoxicillin manufacture wastewater treatment system.

PubMed

Meng, Lingwei; Li, Xiangkun; Wang, Xinran; Ma, Kaili; Liu, Gaige; Zhang, Jie

2017-11-01

This study aimed to reveal how amoxicillin (AMX) affected the microbial community and the spread mechanism of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the AMX manufacture wastewater treatment system. For this purpose, a 1.47 L expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor was designed and run for 241days treating artificial AMX manufacture wastewater. 454 pyrosequencing was applied to analyze functional microorganisms in the system. The antibiotic genes OXA- 1 , OXA -2 , OXA -10 , TEM -1 , CTX-M -1 , class I integrons (intI1) and 16S rRNA genes were also examined in sludge samples. The results showed that the genera Ignavibacterium, Phocoenobacter, Spirochaeta, Aminobacterium and Cloacibacillus contributed to the degradation of different organic compounds (such as various sugars and amines). And the relative quantification of each β-lactam resistance gene in the study was changed with the increasing of AMX concentration. Furthermore the vertical gene transfer was the main driver for the spread of ARGs rather than horizontal transfer pathways in the system. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Epidemiology of infections caused by carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae: reservoirs and transmission mechanisms.

PubMed

López-Cerero, Lorena; Almirante, Benito

2014-12-01

The dissemination of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae has occurred very quickly and has crossed borders rapidly between countries and continents. In some areas, it has exceeded the holding capacity of health systems, reaching epidemic proportions. This form of dissemination has not been the same for all enzymes, with KPC, NDM and OXA-48 genes having a greater ability to spread. These enzymes have primarily been spread clonally in the case of KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae from the initial epicenter located in New York, with a very small number of strains causing outbreaks. For NDM and OXA- 48, these resistance determinants have been vehiculized by clones with a high transmission capacity; however, simultaneous horizontal transmission is also playing an important role. The most important identified reservoirs are colonized or infected individuals from endemic areas or centers with outbreaks, but the contaminated goods from these endemic areas also play a part. An international effort is needed to control the spread of these multiresistant pathogens. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.

Measurement of ridge-spreading movements (Sackungen) at Bald Eagle Mountain, Lake County, Colorado, II : continuation of the 1975-1989 measurements using a Global Positioning System in 1997 and 1999

USGS Publications Warehouse

Varnes, David J.; Coe, J.A.; Godt, J.W.; Savage, W.Z.; Savage, J.E.

2000-01-01

Measurements of ridge-spreading movements at Bald Eagle Mountain in north-central Colorado were reported in USGS Open-File Report 90-543 for the years 1975-1989. Measurements were renewed in 1997 and 1999 using the Global Positioning System (GPS). Movements are generally away from a ridge-top graben and appear to be concentrated along 3 or 4 trenches with uphill facing scarps that are parallel with slope contours. A point just below the lowest trench has moved the most? a total of 8.3 cm horizontally and slightly downward from 1977 to 1999 relative to an assumed stable point on the periphery of the graben. Movements from 1997 to 1999 are less than 1 cm or within the error of measurement.

3D Indoor Positioning of UAVs with Spread Spectrum Ultrasound and Time-of-Flight Cameras

PubMed Central

Aguilera, Teodoro

2017-01-01

This work proposes the use of a hybrid acoustic and optical indoor positioning system for the accurate 3D positioning of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). The acoustic module of this system is based on a Time-Code Division Multiple Access (T-CDMA) scheme, where the sequential emission of five spread spectrum ultrasonic codes is performed to compute the horizontal vehicle position following a 2D multilateration procedure. The optical module is based on a Time-Of-Flight (TOF) camera that provides an initial estimation for the vehicle height. A recursive algorithm programmed on an external computer is then proposed to refine the estimated position. Experimental results show that the proposed system can increase the accuracy of a solely acoustic system by 70–80% in terms of positioning mean square error. PMID:29301211

Beekeeping from Antiquity Through the Middle Ages.

PubMed

Kritsky, Gene

2017-01-31

Beekeeping had its origins in honey hunting-the opportunistic stealing of honey from wild honey bee nests. True beekeeping began when humans started providing artificial cavities within which the bees could build comb for the queen to lay her eggs and the workers could process honey. By 2450 BCE, the Egyptians had developed sophisticated apiculture, and, within two millennia, beekeeping with horizontal hives had spread throughout the Mediterranean. During Europe's Middle Ages, honey and wax became important commodities for trade, and beekeeping in skep, log, box, and tree hives flourished to meet the demand. Other species of honey bees contributed to the development and spread of beekeeping in Asia beginning around 300 BCE. Meanwhile, beekeeping evolved independently in Mesoamerica with the stingless bee Melipona beecheii, as documented by archaeological finds and written accounts that survived Spanish conquest.

Structure et cinématique des peridotites feldspathiques du Cap Bougaroun (Algérie)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Misseri, M.

The Bougaroun Cape ultramafic body (Algeria) is located in the internal zone of the Maghrebine range. This body is similar to the ultramafic bodies of the Betico-Rifan range. Peridotites are associated with kinzigites. Observed structures and deformations correspond to a horizontal asthenospheric flow direction along a vertical plane. This could have been produced in the asthenosphere below a north-south rift or an incipient ocean spreading centre. The opening age is uncertain, hercynian or alpine.

Tectonics and volcanism of Eastern Aphrodite Terra, Venus - No subduction, no spreading

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hansen, Vicki L.; Phillips, Roger J.

1993-01-01

Eastern Aphrodite Terra, a deformed region with high topographic relief on Venus, has been interpreted as analogous to a terrestrial extensional or convergent plate boundary. However, analysis of geological and structural relations indicates that the tectonics of eastern Aphrodite Terra is dominated by blistering of the crust by magma diapirs. The findings imply that, within this region, vertical tectonism dominates over horizontal tectonism and, consequently, that this region is neither a divergent nor a convergent plate boundary.

Horizontal pollen transmission of Gentian ovary ring-spot virus is initiated during penetration of the stigma and style by infected pollen tubes.

PubMed

Isogai, Masamichi; Kamata, Yukie; Ando, Syunpei; Kamata, Misaki; Shirakawa, Asuka; Sekine, Ken-Taro; Yoshikawa, Nobuyuki

2017-03-01

Gentian ovary ring-spot virus (GORV) infected gentian plants by pollination with GORV-infected gentian pollen grains, but the virus was not horizontally transmitted to gentian plants by transfer of pollen from GORV-infected Nicotiana benthamiana plants. However, N. benthamiana plants were infected with the virus by pollination with infected gentian pollen as well as by pollination with infected N. benthamiana pollen. When infected gentian pollen grains were placed on N. benthamiana stigmas, germinating pollen tubes penetrated into the stigmas and the styles (stigma-style). Virus infection occurred during penetration of the stigma-style, and the virus subsequently spread systemically to the mother plant. On the other hand, most infected N. benthamiana pollen grains failed to germinate on gentian stigmas, and virus infections were not detected in the stigma-style. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Dynamic horizontal cultural transmission of humpback whale song at the ocean basin scale.

PubMed

Garland, Ellen C; Goldizen, Anne W; Rekdahl, Melinda L; Constantine, Rochelle; Garrigue, Claire; Hauser, Nan Daeschler; Poole, M Michael; Robbins, Jooke; Noad, Michael J

2011-04-26

Cultural transmission, the social learning of information or behaviors from conspecifics, is believed to occur in a number of groups of animals, including primates, cetaceans, and birds. Cultural traits can be passed vertically (from parents to offspring), obliquely (from the previous generation via a nonparent model to younger individuals), or horizontally (between unrelated individuals from similar age classes or within generations). Male humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) have a highly stereotyped, repetitive, and progressively evolving vocal sexual display or "song" that functions in sexual selection (through mate attraction and/or male social sorting). All males within a population conform to the current version of the display (song type), and similarities may exist among the songs of populations within an ocean basin. Here we present a striking pattern of horizontal transmission: multiple song types spread rapidly and repeatedly in a unidirectional manner, like cultural ripples, eastward through the populations in the western and central South Pacific over an 11-year period. This is the first documentation of a repeated, dynamic cultural change occurring across multiple populations at such a large geographic scale. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Vector independent transmission of the vector-borne bluetongue virus.

PubMed

van der Sluijs, Mirjam Tineke Willemijn; de Smit, Abraham J; Moormann, Rob J M

2016-01-01

Bluetongue is an economically important disease of ruminants. The causative agent, Bluetongue virus (BTV), is mainly transmitted by insect vectors. This review focuses on vector-free BTV transmission, and its epizootic and economic consequences. Vector-free transmission can either be vertical, from dam to fetus, or horizontal via direct contract. For several BTV-serotypes, vertical (transplacental) transmission has been described, resulting in severe congenital malformations. Transplacental transmission had been mainly associated with live vaccine strains. Yet, the European BTV-8 strain demonstrated a high incidence of transplacental transmission in natural circumstances. The relevance of transplacental transmission for the epizootiology is considered limited, especially in enzootic areas. However, transplacental transmission can have a substantial economic impact due to the loss of progeny. Inactivated vaccines have demonstrated to prevent transplacental transmission. Vector-free horizontal transmission has also been demonstrated. Since direct horizontal transmission requires close contact of animals, it is considered only relevant for within-farm spreading of BTV. The genetic determinants which enable vector-free transmission are present in virus strains circulating in the field. More research into the genetic changes which enable vector-free transmission is essential to better evaluate the risks associated with outbreaks of new BTV serotypes and to design more appropriate control measures.

Spreading dynamics of superposed liquid drops on a spinning disk

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sahoo, Subhadarshinee; Orpe, Ashish V.; Doshi, Pankaj

2018-01-01

We have experimentally studied simultaneous spreading of superposed drops of two Newtonian liquids on top of a horizontal spinning disk using the flow visualization technique. An inner drop of high surface tension liquid is placed centrally on the disk followed by a drop of outer liquid (lower surface tension) placed exactly above that. The disk is then rotated at a desired speed for a range of volume ratios of two liquids. Such an arrangement of two superposed liquid drops does not affect the spreading behavior of the outer liquid but influences that of the inner liquid significantly. The drop spreads to a larger extent and breaks into more fingers (Nf) as compared to the case where the same liquid is spreading in the absence of outer liquid. The experimentally observed number of fingers is compared with the prediction using available theory for single liquid. It is found that the theory over-predicts the value of Nf for the inner liquid while it is covered by an outer liquid. We provide a theoretical justification for this observation using linear stability analysis. Our analysis demonstrates that for small but finite surface tension ratio of the two liquids, the presence of the outer interface reduces the value of the most unstable wave number which is equivalent to the decrease in the number of fingers observed experimentally. Finally, sustained rotation of the disk leads to the formation of droplets at the tip of the fingers traveling outwards.

Cybersecurity for Connected Diabetes Devices

PubMed Central

Klonoff, David C.

2015-01-01

Diabetes devices are increasingly connected wirelessly to each other and to data-displaying reader devices. Threats to the accurate flow of information and commands may compromise the function of these devices and put their users at risk of health complications. Sound cybersecurity of connected diabetes devices is necessary to maintain confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the data and commands. Diabetes devices can be hacked by unauthorized agents and also by patients themselves to extract data that are not automatically provided by product software. Unauthorized access to connected diabetes devices has been simulated and could happen in reality. A cybersecurity standard designed specifically for connected diabetes devices will improve the safety of these products and increase confidence of users that the products will be secure. PMID:25883162

Cybersecurity for Connected Diabetes Devices.

PubMed

Klonoff, David C

2015-04-16

Diabetes devices are increasingly connected wirelessly to each other and to data-displaying reader devices. Threats to the accurate flow of information and commands may compromise the function of these devices and put their users at risk of health complications. Sound cybersecurity of connected diabetes devices is necessary to maintain confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the data and commands. Diabetes devices can be hacked by unauthorized agents and also by patients themselves to extract data that are not automatically provided by product software. Unauthorized access to connected diabetes devices has been simulated and could happen in reality. A cybersecurity standard designed specifically for connected diabetes devices will improve the safety of these products and increase confidence of users that the products will be secure. © 2015 Diabetes Technology Society.

Ability of an ensemble of regional climate models to reproduce weather regimes over Europe-Atlantic during the period 1961-2000

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sanchez-Gomez, Emilia; Somot, S.; Déqué, M.

2009-10-01

One of the main concerns in regional climate modeling is to which extent limited-area regional climate models (RCM) reproduce the large-scale atmospheric conditions of their driving general circulation model (GCM). In this work we investigate the ability of a multi-model ensemble of regional climate simulations to reproduce the large-scale weather regimes of the driving conditions. The ensemble consists of a set of 13 RCMs on a European domain, driven at their lateral boundaries by the ERA40 reanalysis for the time period 1961-2000. Two sets of experiments have been completed with horizontal resolutions of 50 and 25 km, respectively. The spectral nudging technique has been applied to one of the models within the ensemble. The RCMs reproduce the weather regimes behavior in terms of composite pattern, mean frequency of occurrence and persistence reasonably well. The models also simulate well the long-term trends and the inter-annual variability of the frequency of occurrence. However, there is a non-negligible spread among the models which is stronger in summer than in winter. This spread is due to two reasons: (1) we are dealing with different models and (2) each RCM produces an internal variability. As far as the day-to-day weather regime history is concerned, the ensemble shows large discrepancies. At daily time scale, the model spread has also a seasonal dependence, being stronger in summer than in winter. Results also show that the spectral nudging technique improves the model performance in reproducing the large-scale of the driving field. In addition, the impact of increasing the number of grid points has been addressed by comparing the 25 and 50 km experiments. We show that the horizontal resolution does not affect significantly the model performance for large-scale circulation.

49 CFR 806.3 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... designated. One of the following classifications will be shown: (1) Top secret means information, the... national security. (2) Secret means information, the unauthorized disclosure of which reasonably could be...

Magmatic architecture within a rift segment: Articulate axial magma storage at Erta Ale volcano, Ethiopia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Wenbin; Rivalta, Eleonora; Li, Xing

2017-10-01

Understanding the magmatic systems beneath rift volcanoes provides insights into the deeper processes associated with rift architecture and development. At the slow spreading Erta Ale segment (Afar, Ethiopia) transition from continental rifting to seafloor spreading is ongoing on land. A lava lake has been documented since the twentieth century at the summit of the Erta Ale volcano and acts as an indicator of the pressure of its magma reservoir. However, the structure of the plumbing system of the volcano feeding such persistent active lava lake and the mechanisms controlling the architecture of magma storage remain unclear. Here, we combine high-resolution satellite optical imagery and radar interferometry (InSAR) to infer the shape, location and orientation of the conduits feeding the 2017 Erta Ale eruption. We show that the lava lake was rooted in a vertical dike-shaped reservoir that had been inflating prior to the eruption. The magma was subsequently transferred into a shallower feeder dike. We also find a shallow, horizontal magma lens elongated along axis inflating beneath the volcano during the later period of the eruption. Edifice stress modeling suggests the hydraulically connected system of horizontal and vertical thin magmatic bodies able to open and close are arranged spatially according to stresses induced by loading and unloading due to topographic changes. Our combined approach may provide new constraints on the organization of magma plumbing systems beneath volcanoes in continental and marine settings.

Plasmid-Mediated Bioaugmentation for the Bioremediation of Contaminated Soils

PubMed Central

Garbisu, Carlos; Garaiyurrebaso, Olatz; Epelde, Lur; Grohmann, Elisabeth; Alkorta, Itziar

2017-01-01

Bioaugmentation, or the inoculation of microorganisms (e.g., bacteria harboring the required catabolic genes) into soil to enhance the rate of contaminant degradation, has great potential for the bioremediation of soils contaminated with organic compounds. Regrettably, cell bioaugmentation frequently turns into an unsuccessful initiative, owing to the rapid decrease of bacterial viability and abundance after inoculation, as well as the limited dispersal of the inoculated bacteria in the soil matrix. Genes that encode the degradation of organic compounds are often located on plasmids and, consequently, they can be spread by horizontal gene transfer into well-established, ecologically competitive, indigenous bacterial populations. Plasmid-mediated bioaugmentation aims to stimulate the spread of contaminant degradation genes among indigenous soil bacteria by the introduction of plasmids, located in donor cells, harboring such genes. But the acquisition of plasmids by recipient cells can affect the host’s fitness, a crucial aspect for the success of plasmid-mediated bioaugmentation. Besides, environmental factors (e.g., soil moisture, temperature, organic matter content) can play important roles for the transfer efficiency of catabolic plasmids, the expression of horizontally acquired genes and, finally, the contaminant degradation activity. For plasmid-mediated bioaugmentation to be reproducible, much more research is needed for a better selection of donor bacterial strains and accompanying plasmids, together with an in-depth understanding of indigenous soil bacterial populations and the environmental conditions that affect plasmid acquisition and the expression and functioning of the catabolic genes of interest. PMID:29062312

Scaling depth-induced wave-breaking in two-dimensional spectral wave models

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Salmon, J. E.; Holthuijsen, L. H.; Zijlema, M.; van Vledder, G. Ph.; Pietrzak, J. D.

2015-03-01

Wave breaking in shallow water is still poorly understood and needs to be better parameterized in 2D spectral wave models. Significant wave heights over horizontal bathymetries are typically under-predicted in locally generated wave conditions and over-predicted in non-locally generated conditions. A joint scaling dependent on both local bottom slope and normalized wave number is presented and is shown to resolve these issues. Compared to the 12 wave breaking parameterizations considered in this study, this joint scaling demonstrates significant improvements, up to ∼50% error reduction, over 1D horizontal bathymetries for both locally and non-locally generated waves. In order to account for the inherent differences between uni-directional (1D) and directionally spread (2D) wave conditions, an extension of the wave breaking dissipation models is presented. By including the effects of wave directionality, rms-errors for the significant wave height are reduced for the best performing parameterizations in conditions with strong directional spreading. With this extension, our joint scaling improves modeling skill for significant wave heights over a verification data set of 11 different 1D laboratory bathymetries, 3 shallow lakes and 4 coastal sites. The corresponding averaged normalized rms-error for significant wave height in the 2D cases varied between 8% and 27%. In comparison, using the default setting with a constant scaling, as used in most presently operating 2D spectral wave models, gave equivalent errors between 15% and 38%.

Antibiotic Resistance Genetic Markers and Integrons in White Soft Cheese: Aspects of Clinical Resistome and Potentiality of Horizontal Gene Transfer

PubMed Central

de Paula, Ana Caroline L.; Medeiros, Julliane D.; de Azevedo, Analice C.; Chagas, Jéssica M. de Assis; da Silva, Vânia L.

2018-01-01

Antibiotic resistance poses an important threat to global public health and has become a challenge to modern medicine. The occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in a broad range of foods has led to a growing concern about the impact that food may have as a reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes. Considering Minas Frescal Cheese (MFC)—a typical Brazilian white soft cheese—and its economic and cultural values, in this study, medically relevant antimicrobial-resistance genetic markers (AR genes) were screened, and the occurrence of integrons were evaluated in manufactured MFC using culture-independent approaches. Through a fingerprinting analysis, the tested MFCs were brand-clustered, indicating reproducibility along the production chain. A common core of resistance markers in all brands evaluated and related antimicrobials such as β-lactams, tetracyclines, quinolones, and sulfonamide was detected. Several other markers, including efflux pumps and aminoglycosides-resistance were distributed among brands. Class 1 and 2 integrons were observed, respectively, in 77% and 97% of the samples. The presence of AR genes is of special interest due to their clinical relevance. Taken together, the data may suggest that the production chain of MFC might contribute to the spread of putative drug-resistant bacteria, which could greatly impact human health. Furthermore, detection of class 1 and class 2 integrons in MFC has led to discussions about resistance gene spread in this traditional cheese, providing evidence of potential horizontal transfer of AR genes to human gut microbiota. PMID:29463055

Surface accumulation of low molecular weight dissolved organic matter in surface waters and horizontal off-shelf spreading of nutrients and humic-like fluorescence in the Chukchi Sea of the Arctic Ocean.

PubMed

Chen, Meilian; Jung, Jinyoung; Lee, Yun Kyung; Hur, Jin

2018-05-23

Polar regions play unique roles in global overturning circulation, carbon cycling, and climate change. In this study, seawater dissolved organic matter (DOM) was characterized for the Chukchi Sea in the Arctic Ocean in the summer season. The seawater generally contains high concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC, up to 92 μM C) and tyrosine-like fluorescence (up to 0.21 RU), and it was enriched with heteroatomic molecular formula with nitrogen-containing and sulfur-containing formulas counting 2246 (~41% of total identified molecular formula) and 1838 (~34%), respectively. Significant correlations were observed between salinity and the absorption coefficient at 254 nm, between chlorophyll-a and DOC as well as the tyrosine-like component, C 270/302 (C ex/em maxima), and between biological index and two protein-like components, C 275/338 and C 305/344 . A comparison between surface waters and close-to-seafloor deep waters suggested a trend of the accumulation of low molecular weight (LMW) fraction (~54-74%, nominal average molecular weight M n  < ~350 Da) in the surface waters. Another interesting finding from spatial data was an obvious horizontal off-shelf spreading of nutrients and humic-like fluorescence. This study sheds novel insights of DOM characteristics and dynamics in the highly productive polar sea. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Antibiotic Resistance Genetic Markers and Integrons in White Soft Cheese: Aspects of Clinical Resistome and Potentiality of Horizontal Gene Transfer.

PubMed

de Paula, Ana Caroline L; Medeiros, Julliane D; de Azevedo, Analice C; de Assis Chagas, Jéssica M; da Silva, Vânia L; Diniz, Cláudio G

2018-02-19

Antibiotic resistance poses an important threat to global public health and has become a challenge to modern medicine. The occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in a broad range of foods has led to a growing concern about the impact that food may have as a reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes. Considering Minas Frescal Cheese (MFC)-a typical Brazilian white soft cheese-and its economic and cultural values, in this study, medically relevant antimicrobial-resistance genetic markers (AR genes) were screened, and the occurrence of integrons were evaluated in manufactured MFC using culture-independent approaches. Through a fingerprinting analysis, the tested MFCs were brand-clustered, indicating reproducibility along the production chain. A common core of resistance markers in all brands evaluated and related antimicrobials such as β-lactams, tetracyclines, quinolones, and sulfonamide was detected. Several other markers, including efflux pumps and aminoglycosides-resistance were distributed among brands. Class 1 and 2 integrons were observed, respectively, in 77% and 97% of the samples. The presence of AR genes is of special interest due to their clinical relevance. Taken together, the data may suggest that the production chain of MFC might contribute to the spread of putative drug-resistant bacteria, which could greatly impact human health. Furthermore, detection of class 1 and class 2 integrons in MFC has led to discussions about resistance gene spread in this traditional cheese, providing evidence of potential horizontal transfer of AR genes to human gut microbiota.

Multiantenna Relay Beamforming Design for QoS Discrimination in Two-Way Relay Networks

PubMed Central

Xiong, Ke; Zhang, Yu; Li, Dandan; Zhong, Zhangdui

2013-01-01

This paper investigates the relay beamforming design for quality of service (QoS) discrimination in two-way relay networks. The purpose is to keep legitimate two-way relay users exchange their information via a helping multiantenna relay with QoS guarantee while avoiding the exchanged information overhearing by unauthorized receiver. To this end, we propose a physical layer method, where the relay beamforming is jointly designed with artificial noise (AN) which is used to interfere in the unauthorized user's reception. We formulate the joint beamforming and AN (BFA) design into an optimization problem such that the received signal-to-interference-ratio (SINR) at the two legitimate users is over a predefined QoS threshold while limiting the received SINR at the unauthorized user which is under a certain secure threshold. The objective of the optimization problem is to seek the optimal AN and beamforming vectors to minimize the total power consumed by the relay node. Since the optimization problem is nonconvex, we solve it by using semidefinite program (SDP) relaxation. For comparison, we also study the optimal relay beamforming without using AN (BFO) under the same QoS discrimination constraints. Simulation results show that both the proposed BFA and BFO can achieve the QoS discrimination of the two-way transmission. However, the proposed BFA yields significant power savings and lower infeasible rates compared with the BFO method. PMID:24391459

Practical experiences with an extended screening strategy for genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in real-life samples.

PubMed

Scholtens, Ingrid; Laurensse, Emile; Molenaar, Bonnie; Zaaijer, Stephanie; Gaballo, Heidi; Boleij, Peter; Bak, Arno; Kok, Esther

2013-09-25

Nowadays most animal feed products imported into Europe have a GMO (genetically modified organism) label. This means that they contain European Union (EU)-authorized GMOs. For enforcement of these labeling requirements, it is necessary, with the rising number of EU-authorized GMOs, to perform an increasing number of analyses. In addition to this, it is necessary to test products for the potential presence of EU-unauthorized GMOs. Analysis for EU-authorized and -unauthorized GMOs in animal feed has thus become laborious and expensive. Initial screening steps may reduce the number of GMO identification methods that need to be applied, but with the increasing diversity also screening with GMO elements has become more complex. For the present study, the application of an informative detailed 24-element screening and subsequent identification strategy was applied in 50 animal feed samples. Almost all feed samples were labeled as containing GMO-derived materials. The main goal of the study was therefore to investigate if a detailed screening strategy would reduce the number of subsequent identification analyses. An additional goal was to test the samples in this way for the potential presence of EU-unauthorized GMOs. Finally, to test the robustness of the approach, eight of the samples were tested in a concise interlaboratory study. No significant differences were found between the results of the two laboratories.

Cannabis for therapeutic purposes: patient characteristics, access, and reasons for use.

PubMed

Walsh, Zach; Callaway, Robert; Belle-Isle, Lynne; Capler, Rielle; Kay, Robert; Lucas, Philippe; Holtzman, Susan

2013-11-01

The authorized and unauthorized use of cannabis for therapeutic purposes (CTP) has increased dramatically in recent years, and physicians have called for further research to better clarify the parameters of effective and appropriate use. We report findings from a large cross-sectional study of the use of CTP in Canada and compare use across medical conditions and across authorized and unauthorized users. We examined cannabis use history, medical conditions and symptoms, patterns of current use of CTP, modes of access and perceived effectiveness among 628 self-selected Canadians consumers of CTP. Participants were recruited from medical cannabis dispensaries and from organizations that assist users of CTP. Patients reported using cannabis to treat multiple symptoms, with sleep, pain, and anxiety being the most common. Cannabis was perceived to provide effective symptoms relief across medical conditions. Patterns of use were also consistent across medical conditions. Notable differences were observed with regard to modes of access. Across medical conditions respondents reported using cannabis to effectively address diverse symptoms. Results indicate a substantial disconnect between the therapeutic use of cannabis and research on the risks and benefits of such use; particularly with regard to the anxiolytic and sedative use of cannabis. Authorized and unauthorized users exhibited few meaningful differences with regard to medical conditions and patterns of use, but faced substantial differences regarding access. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Genomic perspectives on the birth and spread of plastids

PubMed Central

Archibald, John M.

2015-01-01

The endosymbiotic origin of plastids from cyanobacteria was a landmark event in the history of eukaryotic life. Subsequent to the evolution of primary plastids, photosynthesis spread from red and green algae to unrelated eukaryotes by secondary and tertiary endosymbiosis. Although the movement of cyanobacterial genes from endosymbiont to host is well studied, less is known about the migration of eukaryotic genes from one nucleus to the other in the context of serial endosymbiosis. Here I explore the magnitude and potential impact of nucleus-to-nucleus endosymbiotic gene transfer in the evolution of complex algae, and the extent to which such transfers compromise our ability to infer the deep structure of the eukaryotic tree of life. In addition to endosymbiotic gene transfer, horizontal gene transfer events occurring before, during, and after endosymbioses further confound our efforts to reconstruct the ancient mergers that forged multiple lines of photosynthetic microbial eukaryotes. PMID:25902528

Genomic perspectives on the birth and spread of plastids.

PubMed

Archibald, John M

2015-08-18

The endosymbiotic origin of plastids from cyanobacteria was a landmark event in the history of eukaryotic life. Subsequent to the evolution of primary plastids, photosynthesis spread from red and green algae to unrelated eukaryotes by secondary and tertiary endosymbiosis. Although the movement of cyanobacterial genes from endosymbiont to host is well studied, less is known about the migration of eukaryotic genes from one nucleus to the other in the context of serial endosymbiosis. Here I explore the magnitude and potential impact of nucleus-to-nucleus endosymbiotic gene transfer in the evolution of complex algae, and the extent to which such transfers compromise our ability to infer the deep structure of the eukaryotic tree of life. In addition to endosymbiotic gene transfer, horizontal gene transfer events occurring before, during, and after endosymbioses further confound our efforts to reconstruct the ancient mergers that forged multiple lines of photosynthetic microbial eukaryotes.

Horizontal transmission of Salmonella Enteritidis in experimentally infected laying hens housed in conventional or enriched cages.

PubMed

Gast, Richard K; Guraya, Rupa; Jones, Deana R; Anderson, Kenneth E

2014-12-01

The majority of human illnesses caused by Salmonella Enteritidis are attributed to contaminated eggs, and the prevalence of this pathogen in commercial laying flocks has been identified as a leading epidemiologic risk factor. Flock housing and management systems can affect opportunities for the introduction, transmission, and persistence of foodborne pathogens in poultry. The animal welfare implications of different types of housing for laying hens have been widely discussed in recent years, but the food safety consequences of these production systems remain incompletely understood. The present study assessed the effects of 2 different housing systems (conventional cages and colony cages enriched with perching and nesting areas) on the horizontal transmission of experimentally introduced Salmonella Enteritidis infection within groups of laying hens. In each of 2 trials, 136 hens were distributed among cages of both housing systems and approximately one-third of the hens in each cage were orally inoculated with doses of 10(8) cfu of Salmonella Enteritidis (phage type 13a in one trial and phage type 4 in the other). At regular intervals through 23 d postinoculation, cloacal swabs were collected from all hens (inoculated and uninoculated) and cultured for Salmonella Enteritidis. Horizontal contact transmission of infection was observed for both Salmonella Enteritidis strains, reaching peak prevalence values of 27.1% of uninoculated hens in conventional cages and 22.7% in enriched cages. However, no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the overall frequencies of horizontal Salmonella Enteritidis transmission were evident between the 2 types of housing. These results suggest that opportunities for Salmonella Enteritidis infection to spread horizontally throughout laying flocks may be similar in conventional and enriched cage-based production systems. ©2014 Poultry Science Association Inc.

32 CFR 223.3 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... characteristics. (e) Information. Any fact or concept regardless of the physical form or characteristics of the... material control measures designed to deter, prevent, detect, and respond to unauthorized possession, use...

5 CFR 1312.4 - Classified designations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

...) Top Secret. This classification shall be applied only to information the unauthorized disclosure of... original classification authority is able to identify or describe. (2) Secret. This classification shall be...

6 CFR 27.230 - Risk-based performance standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... countersurveillance, frustration of opportunity to observe potential targets, surveillance and sensing systems, and..., including by preventing unauthorized onsite or remote access to critical process controls, such as...

6 CFR 27.230 - Risk-based performance standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... countersurveillance, frustration of opportunity to observe potential targets, surveillance and sensing systems, and..., including by preventing unauthorized onsite or remote access to critical process controls, such as...

6 CFR 27.230 - Risk-based performance standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... countersurveillance, frustration of opportunity to observe potential targets, surveillance and sensing systems, and..., including by preventing unauthorized onsite or remote access to critical process controls, such as...

6 CFR 27.230 - Risk-based performance standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... countersurveillance, frustration of opportunity to observe potential targets, surveillance and sensing systems, and..., including by preventing unauthorized onsite or remote access to critical process controls, such as...

6 CFR 27.230 - Risk-based performance standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... countersurveillance, frustration of opportunity to observe potential targets, surveillance and sensing systems, and..., including by preventing unauthorized onsite or remote access to critical process controls, such as...

33 CFR 51.8 - Relevant considerations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...; qualification for reenlistment; capability to adjust to military service; and family or personal problems. (c... received; promotions and demotions; prior military service and type of discharge; records of unauthorized...

Staphylococci on ICE: Overlooked agents of horizontal gene transfer.

PubMed

Sansevere, Emily A; Robinson, D Ashley

2017-01-01

Horizontal gene transfer plays a significant role in spreading antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes throughout the genus Staphylococcus , which includes species of clinical relevance to humans and animals. While phages and plasmids are the most well-studied agents of horizontal gene transfer in staphylococci, the contribution of integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) has been mostly overlooked. Experimental work demonstrating the activity of ICEs in staphylococci remained frozen for years after initial work in the 1980s that showed Tn 916 was capable of transfer from Enterococcus to Staphylococcus . However, recent work has begun to thaw this field. To date, 2 families of ICEs have been identified among staphylococci - Tn 916 that includes the Tn 5801 subfamily, and ICE 6013 that includes at least 7 subfamilies. Both Tn 5801 and ICE 6013 commonly occur in clinical strains of S. aureus . Tn 5801 is the most studied of the Tn 916 family elements in staphylococci and encodes tetracycline resistance and a protein that, when expressed in Escherichia coli , inhibits restriction barriers to incoming DNA. ICE 6013 is among the shortest known ICEs, but it still includes many uncharacterized open reading frames. This element uses an IS 30 -like transposase as its recombinase, providing some versatility in integration sites. ICE 6013 also conjugatively transfers among receptive S. aureus strains at relatively higher frequency than Tn 5801 . Continued study of these mobile genetic elements may reveal the full extent to which ICEs impact horizontal gene transfer and the evolution of staphylococci.

Horizontal Transfer of Diatomaceous Earth and Botanical Insecticides in the Common Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius L.; Hemiptera: Cimicidae

PubMed Central

Akhtar, Yasmin; Isman, Murray B.

2013-01-01

Background Horizontal transfer of insecticide occurs when insects contact or ingest an insecticide, return to an aggregation or a nest, and transfer the insecticide to other conspecific insects through contact. This phenomenon has been reported in a number of insects including social insects, however it has not been reported in bed bugs. Since horizontal transfer can facilitate the spread of insecticide into hard to reach spaces, it could contribute greatly to the management of these public health pests. Methodology/Results To demonstrate horizontal transfer of diatomaceous earth and botanical insecticides in C. lectularius, an exposed (donor) bed bug, following a 10-minute acquisition period, was placed with unexposed (recipient) bed bugs. Mortality data clearly demonstrates that diatomaceous earth (DE 51) was actively transferred from a single exposed bug to unexposed bugs in a concentration dependent manner. LC50 values varied from 24.4 mg at 48 h to 5.1 mg at 216 h when a single exposed bed bug was placed with 5 unexposed bed bugs. LT50 values also exhibited a concentration response. LT50 values varied from 1.8 days to 8.4 days when a ‘donor’ bug exposed to 20 and 5 mg of dust respectively was placed with 5 ‘recipient’ bugs. Dust was also actively transferred from adult bed bugs to the nymphs. In addition we observed horizontal transfer of botanical insecticides including neem, ryania, and rotenone to varying degrees. Conclusion/Significance Our data clearly demonstrate horizontal transfer of diatomaceous earth and botanical insecticides in the common bed bug, C. lectularius. Use of a fluorescent dust provided visual confirmation that contaminated bed bugs transfer dust to untreated bed bugs in harborage. This result is important because bedbugs live in hard-to-reach places and interaction between conspecifics can be exploited for delivery and dissemination of management products directed at this public health pest. PMID:24086593

Horizontal transfer of diatomaceous earth and botanical insecticides in the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius L.; hemiptera: cimicidae.

PubMed

Akhtar, Yasmin; Isman, Murray B

2013-01-01

Horizontal transfer of insecticide occurs when insects contact or ingest an insecticide, return to an aggregation or a nest, and transfer the insecticide to other conspecific insects through contact. This phenomenon has been reported in a number of insects including social insects, however it has not been reported in bed bugs. Since horizontal transfer can facilitate the spread of insecticide into hard to reach spaces, it could contribute greatly to the management of these public health pests. To demonstrate horizontal transfer of diatomaceous earth and botanical insecticides in C. lectularius, an exposed (donor) bed bug, following a 10-minute acquisition period, was placed with unexposed (recipient) bed bugs. Mortality data clearly demonstrates that diatomaceous earth (DE 51) was actively transferred from a single exposed bug to unexposed bugs in a concentration dependent manner. LC50 values varied from 24.4 mg at 48 h to 5.1 mg at 216 h when a single exposed bed bug was placed with 5 unexposed bed bugs. LT50 values also exhibited a concentration response. LT50 values varied from 1.8 days to 8.4 days when a 'donor' bug exposed to 20 and 5 mg of dust respectively was placed with 5 'recipient' bugs. Dust was also actively transferred from adult bed bugs to the nymphs. In addition we observed horizontal transfer of botanical insecticides including neem, ryania, and rotenone to varying degrees. Our data clearly demonstrate horizontal transfer of diatomaceous earth and botanical insecticides in the common bed bug, C. lectularius. Use of a fluorescent dust provided visual confirmation that contaminated bed bugs transfer dust to untreated bed bugs in harborage. This result is important because bedbugs live in hard-to-reach places and interaction between conspecifics can be exploited for delivery and dissemination of management products directed at this public health pest.

Mathematical models of Neospora caninum infection in dairy cattle: transmission and options for control.

PubMed

French, N P; Clancy, D; Davison, H C; Trees, A J

1999-10-01

The transmission and control of Neospora caninum infection in dairy cattle was examined using deterministic and stochastic models. Parameter estimates were derived from recent studies conducted in the UK and from the published literature. Three routes of transmission were considered: maternal vertical transmission with a high probability (0.95), horizontal transmission from infected cattle within the herd, and horizontal transmission from an independent external source. Putative infection via pooled colostrum was used as an example of within-herd horizontal transmission, and the recent finding that the dog is a definitive host of N. caninum supported the inclusion of an external independent source of infection. The predicted amount of horizontal transmission required to maintain infection at levels commonly observed in field studies in the UK and elsewhere, was consistent with that observed in studies of post-natal seroconversion (0.85-9.0 per 100 cow-years). A stochastic version of the model was used to simulate the spread of infection in herds of 100 cattle, with a mean infection prevalence similar to that observed in UK studies (around 20%). The distributions of infected and uninfected cattle corresponded closely to Normal distributions, with S.D.s of 6.3 and 7.0, respectively. Control measures were considered by altering birth, death and horizontal transmission parameters. A policy of annual culling of infected cattle very rapidly reduced the prevalence of infection, and was shown to be the most effective method of control in the short term. Not breeding replacements from infected cattle was also effective in the short term, particularly in herds with a higher turnover of cattle. However, the long-term effectiveness of these measures depended on the amount and source of horizontal infection. If the level of within-herd transmission was above a critical threshold, then a combination of reducing within-herd, and blocking external sources of transmission was required to permanently eliminate infection.

Horizontal DNA Transfer Mechanisms of Bacteria as Weapons of Intragenomic Conflict

PubMed Central

Croucher, Nicholas J.; Mostowy, Rafal; Wymant, Christopher; Turner, Paul; Bentley, Stephen D.; Fraser, Christophe

2016-01-01

Horizontal DNA transfer (HDT) is a pervasive mechanism of diversification in many microbial species, but its primary evolutionary role remains controversial. Much recent research has emphasised the adaptive benefit of acquiring novel DNA, but here we argue instead that intragenomic conflict provides a coherent framework for understanding the evolutionary origins of HDT. To test this hypothesis, we developed a mathematical model of a clonally descended bacterial population undergoing HDT through transmission of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and genetic transformation. Including the known bias of transformation toward the acquisition of shorter alleles into the model suggested it could be an effective means of counteracting the spread of MGEs. Both constitutive and transient competence for transformation were found to provide an effective defence against parasitic MGEs; transient competence could also be effective at permitting the selective spread of MGEs conferring a benefit on their host bacterium. The coordination of transient competence with cell–cell killing, observed in multiple species, was found to result in synergistic blocking of MGE transmission through releasing genomic DNA for homologous recombination while simultaneously reducing horizontal MGE spread by lowering the local cell density. To evaluate the feasibility of the functions suggested by the modelling analysis, we analysed genomic data from longitudinal sampling of individuals carrying Streptococcus pneumoniae. This revealed the frequent within-host coexistence of clonally descended cells that differed in their MGE infection status, a necessary condition for the proposed mechanism to operate. Additionally, we found multiple examples of MGEs inhibiting transformation through integrative disruption of genes encoding the competence machinery across many species, providing evidence of an ongoing “arms race.” Reduced rates of transformation have also been observed in cells infected by MGEs that reduce the concentration of extracellular DNA through secretion of DNases. Simulations predicted that either mechanism of limiting transformation would benefit individual MGEs, but also that this tactic’s effectiveness was limited by competition with other MGEs coinfecting the same cell. A further observed behaviour we hypothesised to reduce elimination by transformation was MGE activation when cells become competent. Our model predicted that this response was effective at counteracting transformation independently of competing MGEs. Therefore, this framework is able to explain both common properties of MGEs, and the seemingly paradoxical bacterial behaviours of transformation and cell–cell killing within clonally related populations, as the consequences of intragenomic conflict between self-replicating chromosomes and parasitic MGEs. The antagonistic nature of the different mechanisms of HDT over short timescales means their contribution to bacterial evolution is likely to be substantially greater than previously appreciated. PMID:26934590

7 CFR 3560.750 - OMB control number.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... AGRICULTURE DIRECT MULTI-FAMILY HOUSING LOANS AND GRANTS Unauthorized Assistance § 3560.750 OMB control number..., including time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the...

7 CFR 3560.750 - OMB control number.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... AGRICULTURE DIRECT MULTI-FAMILY HOUSING LOANS AND GRANTS Unauthorized Assistance § 3560.750 OMB control number..., including time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the...

7 CFR 3560.750 - OMB control number.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... AGRICULTURE DIRECT MULTI-FAMILY HOUSING LOANS AND GRANTS Unauthorized Assistance § 3560.750 OMB control number..., including time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the...

7 CFR 3560.750 - OMB control number.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... AGRICULTURE DIRECT MULTI-FAMILY HOUSING LOANS AND GRANTS Unauthorized Assistance § 3560.750 OMB control number..., including time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the...

7 CFR 3560.750 - OMB control number.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... AGRICULTURE DIRECT MULTI-FAMILY HOUSING LOANS AND GRANTS Unauthorized Assistance § 3560.750 OMB control number..., including time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the...

31 CFR 31.217 - Confidentiality of information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... facilities and storage containers where nonpublic information is stored. (2) Security measures to detect and prevent unauthorized access to computer equipment and data storage devices that store or transmit...

31 CFR 31.217 - Confidentiality of information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... facilities and storage containers where nonpublic information is stored. (2) Security measures to detect and prevent unauthorized access to computer equipment and data storage devices that store or transmit...

31 CFR 31.217 - Confidentiality of information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... facilities and storage containers where nonpublic information is stored. (2) Security measures to detect and prevent unauthorized access to computer equipment and data storage devices that store or transmit...

31 CFR 31.217 - Confidentiality of information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... facilities and storage containers where nonpublic information is stored. (2) Security measures to detect and prevent unauthorized access to computer equipment and data storage devices that store or transmit...

31 CFR 31.217 - Confidentiality of information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... facilities and storage containers where nonpublic information is stored. (2) Security measures to detect and prevent unauthorized access to computer equipment and data storage devices that store or transmit...

33 CFR 331.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... include, but are not limited to: indicators of wetland hydrology, hydric soils, and hydrophytic plant... any person who appeals an approved JD associated with an unauthorized activity or applies for an after...

33 CFR 331.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... include, but are not limited to: indicators of wetland hydrology, hydric soils, and hydrophytic plant... any person who appeals an approved JD associated with an unauthorized activity or applies for an after...

Fast Evaporation of Spreading Droplets of Colloidal Suspensions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Maki, Kara; Kumar, Satish

2011-11-01

When a coffee droplet dries on a countertop, a dark ring of coffee solute is left behind, a phenomenon often referred to as ``the coffee-ring effect.'' A closely related yet less-well-explored phenomenon is the formation of a layer of particles, or skin, at the surface of the droplet. In this work, we explore the behavior of a mathematical model that can qualitatively describe both phenomena. We consider a thin axisymmetric droplet of a colloidal suspension on a horizontal substrate undergoing spreading and rapid evaporation. The lubrication approximation is applied to simplify the mass and momentum conservation equations, and the colloidal particles are allowed to influence droplet rheology through their effect on the viscosity. By describing the transport of the colloidal particles with the full convection-diffusion equation, we are able to capture depthwise gradients in particle concentration and thus describe skin formation, a feature neglected in prior models of droplet evaporation. Whereas capillarity creates a flow that drives particles to the contact line to produce a coffee-ring, Marangoni flows can compete with this and promote skin formation. Increases in viscosity due to particle concentration slow down droplet dynamics, and can lead to a significant reduction in the spreading rate.

Divergent plate boundaries and crustal spreading on Venus: Evidence from Aphrodite Terra

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Crumpler, L. S.; Head, James W.

1989-01-01

The modes of lithospheric heat transfer and the tectonic styles may differ between Earth and Venus, depending on how the high surface temperature (700 K = 430 C), dense and opaque atmosphere (approx. 10 MPa = 100 bars), lack of water oceans, and the other known ways in which Venus differs from Earth, influence basic lithospheric processes, thermal gradient, upper mantle temperature, thermal and chemical evolution, and convection. A fundamental question is whether the lithosphere of Venus is horizontally stable, like the other terrestrial planets, or is mobile like that on Earth. The variety of characteristics, their integrated relationships, and their predictable behavior throughout Western Aphrodite Terra are similar to those features known to occur in association with the terrestrial seafloor at spreading centers and divergent plate boundaries. It is concluded that Western Aphrodite Terra represents the site of crustal spreading centers and divergent plate boundaries. The extent of similar characteristics and processes elsewhere on Venus outside of the 13,000 km long Western and Eastern Aphrodite Terra rise is unknown at the present, but their presence in other areas of the equatorial highlands, suggested from recent analysis, may be tested with forthcoming Magellan data.

Origin of the Norton-type wave scattered by a subwavelength metallic slit

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Le Perchec, Jérôme

2015-10-01

We clarify analytically and numerically the physical origin and the behavior of the Norton field scattered by a narrow slit, at optical frequencies. This apparent surface field, which comes in addition to the surface plasmon-polariton and classic cylindrical light waves, features its own radiation lobe associated with oscillating induced currents that spread over both horizontal metallic parts forming the slit. Theory is given taking into account the finite size of the aperture and is illustrated with materials such as gold and amorphous silicon in different spectral regions.

Conventional Cryptography.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wright, Marie A.

1993-01-01

Cryptography is the science that renders data unintelligible to prevent its unauthorized disclosure or modification. Presents an application of matrices used in linear transformations to illustrate a cryptographic system. An example is provided. (17 references) (MDH)

7 CFR 1980.398 - Unauthorized assistance and other deficiencies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... proper change orders. (3) Fraud or misrepresentation. A deficiency that involves an action by the Lender... debarment. Examples of this type of deficiency include falsified Verifications of Employment, false...

22 CFR 171.20 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... against unauthorized disclosure and is marked to indicate its classified status when in documentary form... documentary material, regardless of its physical form or characteristics that is owned by, produced by or for... Management. ...

77 FR 5778 - Proposed Collection; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-06

..., unauthorized destinations or sell to debarred/ Bidder Experience List firms or individuals. The EUC informs the... identified as Munitions List Items and Commerce Control List Items through: Purchase, exchange/trade, or...

7 CFR 3560.707 - Program participation and corrective actions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... tenant, who has received unauthorized assistance, may continue to participate in the project if they have the legal and financial capabilities to do so. Approval considerations for such forbearance and...

31 CFR 321.9 - Specific limitations on payment authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS OF UNITED STATES SAVINGS BONDS AND UNITED STATES SAVINGS NOTES (FREEDOM SHARES) Scope..., incomplete or unauthorized inscription, issue date, or issuing agent's validating data, or if any essential...

Performance of hydraulic fracturing and matrix acidizing in horizontal wellbores -- Offshore Qatar

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Edwards, M.G.R.; Pongratz, R.

Considerable debate in the Middle East has centered upon what was previously felt to be two separate methods of enhancing revenues and daily production; hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling. In an effort to maximize return on investment, these two issues have been successfully combined in other areas of the world. In order to establish the suitability of this technology in this area, two horizontal wells with over 3,050m (10,000ft) of lateral section were drilled into the Cretaceous Kharaib formation, overlying the North Field, Offshore Qatar. A massive stimulation program was performed in order to evaluate the most feasible stimulation methodmore » from both a technical and economical perspective for further field development considerations.Three propped hydraulic fracturing treatments were performed using 183, 500kg (403, 700lb) of 20/40 mesh sand, and seventeen acid matrix treatments placing over 3,217,250l (850,000gals) of HCL into the lateral sections of both wells. This paper describes the performance, operation and logistical support required to complete this offshore operation with join a minimal time frame. The use of a mobile offshore jack-up platform, whereby a land based fracturing spread was placed onto the deck of a converted drilling rig is described.« less

Monitoring of styrene oligomers as indicators of polystyrene plastic pollution in the North-West Pacific Ocean.

PubMed

Kwon, Bum Gun; Amamiya, Keiji; Sato, Hideto; Chung, Seon-Yong; Kodera, Yoichi; Kim, Seung-Kyu; Lee, Eung Jae; Saido, Katsuhiko

2017-08-01

Styrene oligomers (SOs) as global contaminants are an environmental concern. However, little is known on the distribution of SOs in the ocean. Here, we show the distribution of anthropogenic SOs generated from discarded polystyrene (PS) plastic monitored from the coastal ocean surface waters (horizontal distribution) and deep seawaters (vertical distribution) in the North-West Pacific Ocean. SOs concentrations in surface seawater and deep seawater ranged from 0.17 to 4.26 μg L -1 (total mean: 1.48 ± 1.23 μg L -1 ) and from 0.31 to 4.31 μg L -1 (total mean: 1.32 ± 0.87 μg L -1 ), respectively. Since there is no significant difference in the mean concentrations, SOs seems to be spread across marine environment selected in this study. Nevertheless, regional SOs appears to persist to varying degrees with their broad horizontal and vertical distribution in the ocean. Each horizontal and vertical distribution of SOs differs by approximately 1.95-2.57 times, probably depending on the events of weather and global ocean circulation. These results provide the distribution pattern of SOs for assessing environmental pollution arising from PS plastic. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

10 CFR Appendix G to Part 73 - Reportable Safeguards Events

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... vulnerability in a safeguard system that could allow unauthorized or undetected access to a protected area... the safeguards event log. (a) Any failure, degradation, or discovered vulnerability in a safeguards...

47 CFR 1.80 - Forfeiture proceedings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Unauthorized substantial transfer of control 8,000 Violation of children's television commercialization or.... 223(b) Dial-a-Porn 75,000/day. Sec. 227(e) 10,000/violation.30,000/day for each day of continuing...

47 CFR 1.80 - Forfeiture proceedings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... Unauthorized substantial transfer of control 8,000 Violation of children's television commercialization or.... Sec. 223(b) Dial-a-Porn 80,000/day. Sec. 227(e) 10,000/violation. 30,000/day for each day of...

47 CFR 1.80 - Forfeiture proceedings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... discrimination 9,000 Unauthorized substantial transfer of control 8,000 Violation of children's television...,320. Sec. 220(d) Common Carrier Records & Accounts 9,600/day. Sec. 223(b) Dial-a-Porn 75,000/day. Sec...

47 CFR 1.80 - Forfeiture proceedings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... discrimination 9,000 Unauthorized substantial transfer of control 8,000 Violation of children's television...,320. Sec. 220(d) Common Carrier Records & Accounts 9,600/day. Sec. 223(b) Dial-a-Porn 80,000/day. Sec...

5 CFR 1312.4 - Classified designations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... describe. (3) Confidential. This classification shall be applied only to information the unauthorized... 1312.4 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET OMB DIRECTIVES CLASSIFICATION, DOWNGRADING, DECLASSIFICATION AND SAFEGUARDING OF NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Classification and...

5 CFR 1312.4 - Classified designations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... describe. (3) Confidential. This classification shall be applied only to information the unauthorized... 1312.4 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET OMB DIRECTIVES CLASSIFICATION, DOWNGRADING, DECLASSIFICATION AND SAFEGUARDING OF NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Classification and...

5 CFR 1312.4 - Classified designations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... describe. (3) Confidential. This classification shall be applied only to information the unauthorized... 1312.4 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET OMB DIRECTIVES CLASSIFICATION, DOWNGRADING, DECLASSIFICATION AND SAFEGUARDING OF NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Classification and...

Make safety awareness a priority: Use a login software in your research facility

DOE PAGES

Camino, Fernando E.

2017-01-21

We report on a facility login software, whose objective is to improve safety in multi-user research facilities. Its most important safety features are: 1) blocks users from entering the lab after being absent for more than a predetermined number of days; 2) gives users a random safety quiz question, which they need to answer satisfactorily in order to use the facility; 3) blocks unauthorized users from using the facility afterhours; and 4) displays the current users in the facility. Besides restricting access to unauthorized users, the software keeps users mindful of key safety concepts. In addition, integration of the softwaremore » with a door controller system can convert it into an effective physical safety mechanism. Depending on DOE approval, the code may be available as open source.« less

Spy the Lie: Detecting Malicious Insiders

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Noonan, Christine F.

Insider threat is a hard problem. There is no ground truth, there are innumerable variables, and the data is sparse. The types of crimes and abuses associated with insider threats are significant; the most serious include espionage, sabotage, terrorism, embezzlement, extortion, bribery, and corruption. Malicious activities include an even broader range of exploits, such as negligent use of classified data, fraud, cybercrime, unauthorized access to sensitive information, and illicit communications with unauthorized recipients. Inadvertent action or inaction without malicious intent (e.g., disposing of sensitive documents incorrectly) can also cause harm to an organization. This review article will explore insider threat,more » specifically behaviors, beliefs, and current debates within the field. Additionally particular focus is given to deception, a significant behavioral component of the malicious insider. Finally, research and policy implications for law enforcement and the intelligence community are addressed.« less

Make safety awareness a priority: Use a login software in your research facility

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Camino, Fernando E.

We report on a facility login software, whose objective is to improve safety in multi-user research facilities. Its most important safety features are: 1) blocks users from entering the lab after being absent for more than a predetermined number of days; 2) gives users a random safety quiz question, which they need to answer satisfactorily in order to use the facility; 3) blocks unauthorized users from using the facility afterhours; and 4) displays the current users in the facility. Besides restricting access to unauthorized users, the software keeps users mindful of key safety concepts. In addition, integration of the softwaremore » with a door controller system can convert it into an effective physical safety mechanism. Depending on DOE approval, the code may be available as open source.« less

Wireless LAN security management with location detection capability in hospitals.

PubMed

Tanaka, K; Atarashi, H; Yamaguchi, I; Watanabe, H; Yamamoto, R; Ohe, K

2012-01-01

In medical institutions, unauthorized access points and terminals obstruct the stable operation of a large-scale wireless local area network (LAN) system. By establishing a real-time monitoring method to detect such unauthorized wireless devices, we can improve the efficiency of security management. We detected unauthorized wireless devices by using a centralized wireless LAN system and a location detection system at 370 access points at the University of Tokyo Hospital. By storing the detected radio signal strength and location information in a database, we evaluated the risk level from the detection history. We also evaluated the location detection performance in our hospital ward using Wi-Fi tags. The presence of electric waves outside the hospital and those emitted from portable game machines with wireless communication capability was confirmed from the detection result. The location detection performance showed an error margin of approximately 4 m in detection accuracy and approximately 5% in false detection. Therefore, it was effective to consider the radio signal strength as both an index of likelihood at the detection location and an index for the level of risk. We determined the location of wireless devices with high accuracy by filtering the detection results on the basis of radio signal strength and detection history. Results of this study showed that it would be effective to use the developed location database containing radio signal strength and detection history for security management of wireless LAN systems and more general-purpose location detection applications.

Who has housing affordability problems? Disparities in Housing Cost burden by Race, Nativity and Legal Status in Los Angeles

PubMed Central

McConnell, Eileen Diaz

2013-01-01

Housing costs are a substantial component of U.S. household expenditures. Those who allocate a large proportion of their income to housing often have to make difficult financial decisions with significant short-term and long-term implications for adults and children. This study employs cross-sectional data from the first wave of the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey (L.A.FANS) collected between 2000 and 2002 to examine the most common U.S. standard of housing affordability, the likelihood of spending thirty percent or more of income on shelter costs. Multivariate analyses of a low-income sample of U.S. born Latinos, Whites, African Americans, authorized Latino immigrants and unauthorized Latino immigrants focus on baseline and persistent differences in the likelihood of being cost burdened by race, nativity and legal status. Nearly half or more of each group of low-income respondents experience housing affordability problems. The results suggest that immigrants’ legal status is the primary source of disparities among those examined, with the multivariate analyses revealing large and persistent disparities for unauthorized Latino immigrants relative to most other groups. Moreover, the higher odds of housing cost burden observed for unauthorized immigrants compared with their authorized immigrant counterparts remains substantial, accounting for traditional indicators of immigrant assimilation. These results are consistent with emerging scholarship regarding the role of legal status in shaping immigrant outcomes in the United States. PMID:24077641

Model-Observation Comparisons of Biomass Burning Smoke and Clouds Over the Southeast Atlantic Ocean

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Doherty, S. J.; Saide, P.; Zuidema, P.; Shinozuka, Y.; daSilva, A.; McFarquhar, G. M.; Pfister, L.; Carmichael, G. R.; Ferrada, G. A.; Howell, S. G.; Freitag, S.; Dobracki, A. N.; Smirnow, N.; Longo, K.; LeBlanc, S. E.; Adebiyi, A. A.; Podolske, J. R.; Small Griswold, J. D.; Hekkila, A.; Ueyama, R.; Wood, R.; Redemann, J.

2017-12-01

From August through October, in the SE Atlantic a plume of biomass burning smoke from central Africa overlays a relatively persistent stratocumulus-to-cumulus cloud deck. These smoke aerosols are believed to have significant climate forcing via aerosol-radiation and aerosol-cloud interactions, though both the magnitude and sign of this forcing is highly uncertain. This is due to large model spread in simulated aerosol and cloud properties and, until now, a sparsity of observations to constrain the models. Here we will present a comparison of both aerosol and cloud properties over the region using data from the first deployment of the NASA ORACLES (ObseRvations of Aerosols above CLouds and their intEractionS) field experiment (August-September 2016). We examine both horizontal and geographic variations in a range of aerosol and cloud properties and their position relative to each other, since the degree to which aerosols and clouds coincide both horizontally and vertically is perhaps the greatest source of uncertainty in their climate forcing.

Identification of another module involved in the horizontal transfer of the Haemophilus genomic island ICEHin1056.

PubMed

Juhas, Mario; Dimopoulou, Ioanna; Robinson, Esther; Elamin, Abdel; Harding, Rosalind; Hood, Derek; Crook, Derrick

2013-09-01

A significant part of horizontal gene transfer is facilitated by genomic islands. Haemophilus influenzae genomic island ICEHin1056 is an archetype of a genomic island that accounts for pandemic spread of antibiotics resistance. ICEHin1056 has modular structure and harbors modules involved in type IV secretion and integration. Previous studies have shown that ICEHin1056 encodes a functional type IV secretion system; however, other modules have not been characterized yet. Here we show that the module on the 5' extremity of ICEHin1056 consists of 15 genes that are well conserved in a number of related genomic islands. Furthermore by disrupting six genes of the investigated module of ICEHin1056 by site-specific mutagenesis we demonstrate that in addition to type IV secretion system module, the investigated module is also important for the successful conjugal transfer of ICEHin1056 from donor to recipient cells. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Epidemiology of asexuality induced by the endosymbiotic Wolbachia across phytophagous wasp species: host plant specialization matters.

PubMed

Boivin, T; Henri, H; Vavre, F; Gidoin, C; Veber, P; Candau, J-N; Magnoux, E; Roques, A; Auger-Rozenberg, M-A

2014-05-01

Among eukaryotes, sexual reproduction is by far the most predominant mode of reproduction. However, some systems maintaining sexuality appear particularly labile and raise intriguing questions on the evolutionary routes to asexuality. Thelytokous parthenogenesis is a form of spontaneous loss of sexuality leading to strong distortion of sex ratio towards females and resulting from mutation, hybridization or infection by bacterial endosymbionts. We investigated whether ecological specialization is a likely mechanism of spread of thelytoky within insect communities. Focusing on the highly specialized genus Megastigmus (Hymenoptera: Torymidae), we first performed a large literature survey to examine the distribution of thelytoky in these wasps across their respective obligate host plant families. Second, we tested for thelytoky caused by endosymbionts by screening in 15 arrhenotokous and 10 thelytokous species for Wolbachia, Cardinium, Arsenophonus and Rickettsia endosymbionts and by performing antibiotic treatments. Finally, we performed phylogenetic reconstructions using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) to examine the evolution of endosymbiont-mediated thelytoky in Megastigmus and its possible connections to host plant specialization. We demonstrate that thelytoky evolved from ancestral arrhenotoky through the horizontal transmission and the fixation of the parthenogenesis-inducing Wolbachia. We find that ecological specialization in Wolbachia's hosts was probably a critical driving force for Wolbachia infection and spread of thelytoky, but also a constraint. Our work further reinforces the hypothesis that community structure of insects is a major driver of the epidemiology of endosymbionts and that competitive interactions among closely related species may facilitate their horizontal transmission. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Ocean convergence and the dispersion of flotsam.

PubMed

D'Asaro, Eric A; Shcherbina, Andrey Y; Klymak, Jody M; Molemaker, Jeroen; Novelli, Guillaume; Guigand, Cédric M; Haza, Angelique C; Haus, Brian K; Ryan, Edward H; Jacobs, Gregg A; Huntley, Helga S; Laxague, Nathan J M; Chen, Shuyi; Judt, Falco; McWilliams, James C; Barkan, Roy; Kirwan, A D; Poje, Andrew C; Özgökmen, Tamay M

2018-02-06

Floating oil, plastics, and marine organisms are continually redistributed by ocean surface currents. Prediction of their resulting distribution on the surface is a fundamental, long-standing, and practically important problem. The dominant paradigm is dispersion within the dynamical context of a nondivergent flow: objects initially close together will on average spread apart but the area of surface patches of material does not change. Although this paradigm is likely valid at mesoscales, larger than 100 km in horizontal scale, recent theoretical studies of submesoscales (less than ∼10 km) predict strong surface convergences and downwelling associated with horizontal density fronts and cyclonic vortices. Here we show that such structures can dramatically concentrate floating material. More than half of an array of ∼200 surface drifters covering ∼20 × 20 km 2 converged into a 60 × 60 m region within a week, a factor of more than 10 5 decrease in area, before slowly dispersing. As predicted, the convergence occurred at density fronts and with cyclonic vorticity. A zipperlike structure may play an important role. Cyclonic vorticity and vertical velocity reached 0.001 s -1 and 0.01 ms -1 , respectively, which is much larger than usually inferred. This suggests a paradigm in which nearby objects form submesoscale clusters, and these clusters then spread apart. Together, these effects set both the overall extent and the finescale texture of a patch of floating material. Material concentrated at submesoscale convergences can create unique communities of organisms, amplify impacts of toxic material, and create opportunities to more efficiently recover such material. Copyright © 2018 the Author(s). Published by PNAS.

Relative dispersion of clustered drifters in a small micro-tidal estuary

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Suara, Kabir; Chanson, Hubert; Borgas, Michael; Brown, Richard J.

2017-07-01

Small tide-dominated estuaries are affected by large scale flow structures which combine with the underlying bed generated smaller scale turbulence to significantly increase the magnitude of horizontal diffusivity. Field estimates of horizontal diffusivity and its associated scales are however rare due to limitations in instrumentation. Data from multiple deployments of low and high resolution clusters of GPS-drifters are used to examine the dynamics of a surface flow in a small micro-tidal estuary through relative dispersion analyses. During the field study, cluster diffusivity, which combines both large- and small-scale processes ranged between, 0.01 and 3.01 m2/s for spreading clusters and, -0.06 and -4.2 m2/s for contracting clusters. Pair-particle dispersion, Dp2, was scale dependent and grew as Dp2 ∼ t1.83 in streamwise and Dp2 ∼ t0.8 in cross-stream directions. At small separation scale, pair-particle (d < 0.5 m) relative diffusivity followed the Richardson's 4/3 power law and became weaker as separation scale increases. Pair-particle diffusivity was described as Kp ∼ d1.01 and Kp ∼ d0.85 in the streamwise and cross-stream directions, respectively for separation scales ranging from 0.1 to 10 m. Two methods were used to identify the mechanism responsible for dispersion within the channel. The results clearly revealed the importance of strain fields (stretching and shearing) in the spreading of particles within a small micro-tidal channel. The work provided input for modelling dispersion of passive particle in shallow micro-tidal estuaries where these were not previously experimentally studied.