Information fusion methods based on physical laws.

PubMed

Rao, Nageswara S V; Reister, David B; Barhen, Jacob

2005-01-01

We consider systems whose parameters satisfy certain easily computable physical laws. Each parameter is directly measured by a number of sensors, or estimated using measurements, or both. The measurement process may introduce both systematic and random errors which may then propagate into the estimates. Furthermore, the actual parameter values are not known since every parameter is measured or estimated, which makes the existing sample-based fusion methods inapplicable. We propose a fusion method for combining the measurements and estimators based on the least violation of physical laws that relate the parameters. Under fairly general smoothness and nonsmoothness conditions on the physical laws, we show the asymptotic convergence of our method and also derive distribution-free performance bounds based on finite samples. For suitable choices of the fuser classes, we show that for each parameter the fused estimate is probabilistically at least as good as its best measurement as well as best estimate. We illustrate the effectiveness of this method for a practical problem of fusing well-log data in methane hydrate exploration.

From entropy-maximization to equality-maximization: Gauss, Laplace, Pareto, and Subbotin

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Eliazar, Iddo

2014-12-01

The entropy-maximization paradigm of statistical physics is well known to generate the omnipresent Gauss law. In this paper we establish an analogous socioeconomic model which maximizes social equality, rather than physical disorder, in the context of the distributions of income and wealth in human societies. We show that-on a logarithmic scale-the Laplace law is the socioeconomic equality-maximizing counterpart of the physical entropy-maximizing Gauss law, and that this law manifests an optimized balance between two opposing forces: (i) the rich and powerful, striving to amass ever more wealth, and thus to increase social inequality; and (ii) the masses, struggling to form more egalitarian societies, and thus to increase social equality. Our results lead from log-Gauss statistics to log-Laplace statistics, yield Paretian power-law tails of income and wealth distributions, and show how the emergence of a middle-class depends on the underlying levels of socioeconomic inequality and variability. Also, in the context of asset-prices with Laplace-distributed returns, our results imply that financial markets generate an optimized balance between risk and predictability.

Covariance of fluid-turbulence theory.

PubMed

Ariki, Taketo

2015-05-01

Covariance of physical quantities in fluid-turbulence theory and their governing equations under generalized coordinate transformation is discussed. It is shown that the velocity fluctuation and its governing law have a covariance under far wider group of coordinate transformation than that of conventional Euclidean invariance, and, as a natural consequence, various correlations and their governing laws are shown to be formulated in covariant manners under this wider transformation group. In addition, it is also shown that the covariance of the Reynolds stress is tightly connected to the objectivity of the mean flow.

Implications of a new case law on the Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards.

PubMed

Shah, Ajit

2010-10-01

The Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards (DOLS), introduced into the Mental Capacity Act 2005 (MCA), were implemented in April 2009. Recent case law established several principles: the Mental Health Act (MHA) has primacy over the MCA and it is not appropriate for professionals to pick and choose which Act to use; the eligibility assessors for DOLS need to consider whether a hospital would detain the patient under the MHA. The eligibility assessors for DOLS need to apply a 'but for' test, whereby consideration would need to be given to the need for detention in hospital if it were not for the physical illness, and if the only reason for detention in hospital was the need for treatment of the physical disorder then detention under DOLS would be appropriate. This judgement clarifies that individuals with mental disorders who only require treatment in hospital for physical disorders should be detained under DOLS. The implications of this judgement are discussed in this paper.

A fragmentation model of earthquake-like behavior in internet access activity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Paguirigan, Antonino A.; Angco, Marc Jordan G.; Bantang, Johnrob Y.

We present a fragmentation model that generates almost any inverse power-law size distribution, including dual-scaled versions, consistent with the underlying dynamics of systems with earthquake-like behavior. We apply the model to explain the dual-scaled power-law statistics observed in an Internet access dataset that covers more than 32 million requests. The non-Poissonian statistics of the requested data sizes m and the amount of time τ needed for complete processing are consistent with the Gutenberg-Richter-law. Inter-event times δt between subsequent requests are also shown to exhibit power-law distributions consistent with the generalized Omori law. Thus, the dataset is similar to the earthquake data except that two power-law regimes are observed. Using the proposed model, we are able to identify underlying dynamics responsible in generating the observed dual power-law distributions. The model is universal enough for its applicability to any physical and human dynamics that is limited by finite resources such as space, energy, time or opportunity.

Human expunction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Klee, Robert

2017-10-01

Thomas Nagel in `The Absurd' (Nagel 1971) mentions the future expunction of the human species as a `metaphor' for our ability to see our lives from the outside, which he claims is one source of our sense of life's absurdity. I argue that the future expunction (not to be confused with extinction) of everything human - indeed of everything biological in a terran sense - is not a mere metaphor but a physical certainty under the laws of nature. The causal processes by which human expunction will take place are presented in some empirical detail, so that philosophers cannot dismiss it as merely speculative. I also argue that appeals to anthropic principles or to forms of mystical cosmology are of no plausible avail in the face of human expunction under the laws of physics.

Biological Determinism and the Concept of Mental Retardation: The Lesson of Carrie Buck.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Smith, J. David

This paper reviews the case of Carrie Buck, who was the first person sterilized (in 1927) under a Virginia law allowing sterilization of persons identified as incompetent and likely to genetically transmit physical, psychological, or social deficiencies to their offspring. This law was later upheld by the Supreme Court in Buck v. Bell, which…

Students with Prader-Willi Syndrome: Case Law under the IDEA

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zirkel, Perry A.

2017-01-01

Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) is one of the low-incidence physical disabilities that the literature has not addressed in relation to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act and its case law applications. To help fill the gap, this relatively brief article provides (a) an introduction of PWS from legal sources; (b) an overview of the IDEA,…

Statistics of premixed flame cells

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Noever, David A.

1991-01-01

The statistics of random cellular patterns in premixed flames are analyzed. Agreement is found with a variety of topological relations previously found for other networks, namely, Lewis's law and Aboav's law. Despite the diverse underlying physics, flame cells are shown to share a broad class of geometric properties with other random networks-metal grains, soap foams, bioconvection, and Langmuir monolayers.

Student-on-Student Assault: What You Need To Know about Peer Violence.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Furst, Lyndon G.

1996-01-01

Litigation regarding children assaulted by other children in public schools has produced two strands of case law: sex discrimination cases (based on federal law) and negligence cases. School personnel have a moral and legal responsibility to provide for the physical and emotional safety of children under their care. A Michigan middle-school…

Association between state physical education (PE) requirements and PE participation, physical activity, and body mass index change.

PubMed

Taber, Daniel R; Chriqui, Jamie F; Perna, Frank M; Powell, Lisa M; Slater, Sandy J; Chaloupka, Frank J

2013-11-01

To determine if state physical education (PE) laws are associated with student physical education attendance and physical activity (PA), and whether physical education and competitive food laws, in conjunction, are associated with lower BMI change. State laws regarding physical education time requirements and competitive foods in 2003 and 2006 were classified as strong, weak, or none, based on codified law ratings obtained from the Classification of Laws Associated with School Students. Laws were linked to student data on PE attendance and physical activity (8th grade, Spring 2007) and BMI change (5th-8th grade, 2004-2007), obtained from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (n=5510 students in 40 states). Girls reported 0.31 more days of activity (95% CI: 0.02, 0.61) and were more likely to attend physical education ≥ 3 days/week (74.1% versus 52.1%, difference=22.0, 95% CI: 2.1, 42.0) if they resided in states with strong physical education laws compared to no physical education laws. Weak physical education laws had modest associations with PE and activity, and there was no evidence that weak laws reduce BMI gain regardless of competitive food laws. Strong physical education laws with specific time requirements may increase physical education attendance and activity in girls. There is insufficient evidence that physical education laws reduce student weight gain. © 2013.

A physically based connection between fractional calculus and fractal geometry

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Butera, Salvatore, E-mail: sg.butera@gmail.com; Di Paola, Mario, E-mail: mario.dipaola@unipa.it

2014-11-15

We show a relation between fractional calculus and fractals, based only on physical and geometrical considerations. The link has been found in the physical origins of the power-laws, ruling the evolution of many natural phenomena, whose long memory and hereditary properties are mathematically modelled by differential operators of non integer order. Dealing with the relevant example of a viscous fluid seeping through a fractal shaped porous medium, we show that, once a physical phenomenon or process takes place on an underlying fractal geometry, then a power-law naturally comes up in ruling its evolution, whose order is related to the anomalousmore » dimension of such geometry, as well as to the model used to describe the physics involved. By linearizing the non linear dependence of the response of the system at hand to a proper forcing action then, exploiting the Boltzmann superposition principle, a fractional differential equation is found, describing the dynamics of the system itself. The order of such equation is again related to the anomalous dimension of the underlying geometry.« less

Is thinking computable?

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Denning, Peter J.

1990-01-01

Strong artificial intelligence claims that conscious thought can arise in computers containing the right algorithms even though none of the programs or components of those computers understand which is going on. As proof, it asserts that brains are finite webs of neurons, each with a definite function governed by the laws of physics; this web has a set of equations that can be solved (or simulated) by a sufficiently powerful computer. Strong AI claims the Turing test as a criterion of success. A recent debate in Scientific American concludes that the Turing test is not sufficient, but leaves intact the underlying premise that thought is a computable process. The recent book by Roger Penrose, however, offers a sharp challenge, arguing that the laws of quantum physics may govern mental processes and that these laws may not be computable. In every area of mathematics and physics, Penrose finds evidence of nonalgorithmic human activity and concludes that mental processes are inherently more powerful than computational processes.

Constructor theory of information

PubMed Central

Deutsch, David; Marletto, Chiara

2015-01-01

We propose a theory of information expressed solely in terms of which transformations of physical systems are possible and which are impossible—i.e. in constructor-theoretic terms. It includes conjectured, exact laws of physics expressing the regularities that allow information to be physically instantiated. Although these laws are directly about information, independently of the details of particular physical instantiations, information is not regarded as an a priori mathematical or logical concept, but as something whose nature and properties are determined by the laws of physics alone. This theory solves a problem at the foundations of existing information theory, namely that information and distinguishability are each defined in terms of the other. It also explains the relationship between classical and quantum information, and reveals the single, constructor-theoretic property underlying the most distinctive phenomena associated with the latter, including the lack of in-principle distinguishability of some states, the impossibility of cloning, the existence of pairs of variables that cannot simultaneously have sharp values, the fact that measurement processes can be both deterministic and unpredictable, the irreducible perturbation caused by measurement, and locally inaccessible information (as in entangled systems). PMID:25663803

42 CFR 440.130 - Diagnostic, screening, preventive, and rehabilitative services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...) Promote physical and mental health and efficiency. (d) “Rehabilitative services,” except as otherwise... reduction of physical or mental disability and restoration of a recipient to his best possible functional... under State law, to enable him to identify the existence, nature, or extent of illness, injury, or other...

Interface between Physics and Biology: Training a New Generation of Creative Bilingual Scientists.

PubMed

Riveline, Daniel; Kruse, Karsten

2017-08-01

Whereas physics seeks for universal laws underlying natural phenomena, biology accounts for complexity and specificity of molecular details. Contemporary biological physics requires people capable of working at this interface. New programs prepare scientists who transform respective disciplinary views into innovative approaches for solving outstanding problems in the life sciences. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Toward a physics-based rate and state friction law for earthquake nucleation processes in fault zones with granular gouge

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ferdowsi, B.; Rubin, A. M.

2017-12-01

Numerical simulations of earthquake nucleation rely on constitutive rate and state evolution laws to model earthquake initiation and propagation processes. The response of different state evolution laws to large velocity increases is an important feature of these constitutive relations that can significantly change the style of earthquake nucleation in numerical models. However, currently there is not a rigorous understanding of the physical origins of the response of bare rock or gouge-filled fault zones to large velocity increases. This in turn hinders our ability to design physics-based friction laws that can appropriately describe those responses. We here argue that most fault zones form a granular gouge after an initial shearing phase and that it is the behavior of the gouge layer that controls the fault friction. We perform numerical experiments of a confined sheared granular gouge under a range of confining stresses and driving velocities relevant to fault zones and apply 1-3 order of magnitude velocity steps to explore dynamical behavior of the system from grain- to macro-scales. We compare our numerical observations with experimental data from biaxial double-direct-shear fault gouge experiments under equivalent loading and driving conditions. Our intention is to first investigate the degree to which these numerical experiments, with Hertzian normal and Coulomb friction laws at the grain-grain contact scale and without any time-dependent plasticity, can reproduce experimental fault gouge behavior. We next compare the behavior observed in numerical experiments with predictions of the Dieterich (Aging) and Ruina (Slip) friction laws. Finally, the numerical observations at the grain and meso-scales will be used for designing a rate and state evolution law that takes into account recent advances in rheology of granular systems, including local and non-local effects, for a wide range of shear rates and slow and fast deformation regimes of the fault gouge.

Gender differences in delayed-type hypersensitivity response: effects of stress and coping in first-year law students.

PubMed

Flynn, Sarah McQueary; Schipper, Lindsey J; Roach, Abbey R; Segerstrom, Suzanne C

2009-07-01

Law students show significant deficits in emotional and physical well-being compared with groups of students in other areas of higher education. Furthermore, evidence suggests that these effects may be worse for women than for men. The use of active coping can positively affect immunity under stress, but this may be most true for men in the context of law school. The current study examined the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin responses of first-year law students (n=121) and a comparison group (n=30). Students' health behaviors, self-evaluative emotions, and coping strategies were also reported. Male law students had larger DTH responses than females, but this gender effect was not present in the comparison group. Endorsement of perseverance under stress (n=19), an active coping strategy, moderated the gender effect on immunity. Perseverance associated with larger DTH responses and more positive self-evaluative emotion, but only among men. These results indicate that active coping may be less efficacious for women than for men in law school, which in turn may limit women's opportunities to attenuate negative effects of law school.

20 CFR 404.957 - Dismissal of a request for a hearing before an administrative law judge.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... you a notice asking why you did not appear, you do not give a good reason for the failure to appear. (2) In determining good cause or good reason under this paragraph, we will consider any physical... time and place of hearing, and good cause has not been found by the administrative law judge for your...

20 CFR 416.1457 - Dismissal of a request for a hearing before an administrative law judge.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... judge mails you a notice asking why you did not appear, you do not give a good reason for the failure to appear. (2) In determining good cause or good reason under this paragraph, we will consider any physical... appear at the time and place of hearing, and good cause has not been found by the administrative law...

Project Physics Reader 1, Concepts of Motion.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA. Harvard Project Physics.

As a supplement to Project Physics Unit 1, 21 articles are presented in this reader. Concepts of motion are discussed under headings: motion, motion in words, representation of movement, introducing vectors, Galileo's discussion of projectile motion, Newton's laws of dynamics, the dynamics of a golf club, report on Tait's lecture on force, and bad…

The number comb for a soil physical properties dynamic measurement

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Olechko, K.; Patiño, P.; Tarquis, A. M.

2012-04-01

We propose the prime numbers distribution extracted from the soil digital multiscale images and some physical properties time series as the precise indicator of the spatial and temporal dynamics under soil management changes. With this new indicator the soil dynamics can be studied as a critical phenomenon where each phase transition is estimated and modeled by the graph partitioning induced phase transition. The critical point of prime numbers distribution was correlated with the beginning of Andosols, Vertisols and saline soils physical degradation under the unsustainable soil management in Michoacan, Guanajuato and Veracruz States of Mexico. The data banks corresponding to the long time periods (between 10 and 28 years) were statistically compared by RISK 5.0 software and our own algorithms. Our approach makes us able to distill free-form natural laws of soils physical properties dynamics directly from the experimental data. The Richter (1987) and Schmidt and Lipson (2009) original approaches were very useful to design the algorithms to identify Hamiltonians, Lagrangians and other laws of geometric and momentum conservation especially for erosion case.

The Tablecloth Trick, Take II.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ringlein, James

2003-01-01

Explores the basic physics behind pulling a tablecloth out from under a set of dishes, glassware, and utensils without disturbing them. Discusses terminology of Newton's laws of motion and illustrates them using three simple examples. (NB)

Equivalence of the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law and the principle of entropy increase

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sarasua, L. G.; Abal, G.

2016-09-01

We present a demonstration of the equivalence between the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law and the principle of entropy increase. Despite the fundamental importance of these two statements, a rigorous treatment to establish their equivalence is missing in standard physics textbooks. The argument is valid under very general conditions, but is simple and suited to an undergraduate course.

13 CFR 123.200 - Am I eligible to apply for a physical disaster business loan?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

..., corporation, limited liability company, or other legal entity recognized under State law. Your business' size... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Am I eligible to apply for a physical disaster business loan? 123.200 Section 123.200 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS...

Homotopy Perturbation Method for Creeping Flow of Non-Newtonian Power-Law Nanofluid in a Nonuniform Inclined Channel with Peristalsis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Abou-zeid, Mohamed Y.; Mohamed, Mona A. A.

2017-09-01

This article is an analytic discussion for the motion of power-law nanofluid with heat transfer under the effect of viscous dissipation, radiation, and internal heat generation. The governing equations are discussed under the assumptions of long wavelength and low Reynolds number. The solutions for temperature and nanoparticle profiles are obtained by using homotopy perturbation method. Results for the behaviours of the axial velocity, temperature, and nanoparticles as well as the skin friction coefficient, reduced Nusselt number, and Sherwood number with other physical parameters are obtained graphically and analytically. It is found that as the power-law exponent increases, both the axial velocity and temperature increase, whereas nanoparticles decreases. These results may have applicable importance in the research discussions of nanofluid flow in channels with small diameters under the effect of different temperature distributions.

LeChâtelier's Principle in the Sciences

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Thomsen, Volker B. E.

2000-02-01

LeChâtelier's principle of chemical equilibrium is actually a very general statement about systems in equilibrium and their behavior when subjected to external force or stress. Although one almost never finds mention of his name or law in other sciences, analogous principles and concepts do exist. In this note we examine some of the similar forms taken by this chemical principle in the fields of physics, geology, biology, and economics. Lenz's law in physics is an example of electromagnetic equilibrium and the geological principle of isostatic uplift concerns mechanical equilibrium. Both are strictly consequences of conservation of energy. LeChâtelier's principle deals with thermodynamic equilibrium and involves both the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The concept of homeostasis in biology and the economic law of supply and demand are both equilibrium-like principles, but involve systems in the steady state. However, all these principles involve the stability of the system under consideration and the analogies presented may be useful in the teaching of LeChâtelier's principle.

Zipf’s Law Arises Naturally When There Are Underlying, Unobserved Variables

PubMed Central

Corradi, Nicola

2016-01-01

Zipf’s law, which states that the probability of an observation is inversely proportional to its rank, has been observed in many domains. While there are models that explain Zipf’s law in each of them, those explanations are typically domain specific. Recently, methods from statistical physics were used to show that a fairly broad class of models does provide a general explanation of Zipf’s law. This explanation rests on the observation that real world data is often generated from underlying causes, known as latent variables. Those latent variables mix together multiple models that do not obey Zipf’s law, giving a model that does. Here we extend that work both theoretically and empirically. Theoretically, we provide a far simpler and more intuitive explanation of Zipf’s law, which at the same time considerably extends the class of models to which this explanation can apply. Furthermore, we also give methods for verifying whether this explanation applies to a particular dataset. Empirically, these advances allowed us extend this explanation to important classes of data, including word frequencies (the first domain in which Zipf’s law was discovered), data with variable sequence length, and multi-neuron spiking activity. PMID:27997544

Gender Differences in Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity Response: Effects of Stress and Coping in First Year Law Students

PubMed Central

Flynn, Sarah McQueary; Schipper, Lindsey J.; Roach, Abbey R.; Segerstrom, Suzanne C.

2009-01-01

Law students show significant deficits in emotional and physical well-being compared with groups of students in other areas of higher education. Furthermore, evidence suggests that these effects may be worse for women than for men. The use of active coping can positively affect immunity under stress, but this may be most true for men in the context of law school. The current study examined the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin responses of first year law students (n=121) and a comparison group (n=30). Students' health behaviors, self-evaluative emotions, and coping strategies were also reported. Male law students had larger DTH responses than females, but this gender effect was not present in the comparison group. Endorsement of perseverance under stress (n = 19), an active coping strategy, moderated the gender effect on immunity. Perseverance associated with larger DTH responses and more positive self-evaluative emotion, but only among men. These results indicate that active coping may be less efficacious for women than for men in law school, which in turn may limit women's opportunities to attenuate negative effects of law school. PMID:19162169

45 CFR 1703.202 - Provisions under which a meeting may be closed.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... COMMISSION ON LIBRARIES AND INFORMATION SCIENCE GOVERNMENT IN THE SUNSHINE ACT Procedures Governing Decisions...) Endanger the life or physical safety of law enforcement personnel; (8) Disclose information contained in or...

45 CFR 1703.202 - Provisions under which a meeting may be closed.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... COMMISSION ON LIBRARIES AND INFORMATION SCIENCE GOVERNMENT IN THE SUNSHINE ACT Procedures Governing Decisions...) Endanger the life or physical safety of law enforcement personnel; (8) Disclose information contained in or...

45 CFR 1703.202 - Provisions under which a meeting may be closed.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... COMMISSION ON LIBRARIES AND INFORMATION SCIENCE GOVERNMENT IN THE SUNSHINE ACT Procedures Governing Decisions...) Endanger the life or physical safety of law enforcement personnel; (8) Disclose information contained in or...

45 CFR 1703.202 - Provisions under which a meeting may be closed.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... COMMISSION ON LIBRARIES AND INFORMATION SCIENCE GOVERNMENT IN THE SUNSHINE ACT Procedures Governing Decisions...) Endanger the life or physical safety of law enforcement personnel; (8) Disclose information contained in or...

45 CFR 1703.202 - Provisions under which a meeting may be closed.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... COMMISSION ON LIBRARIES AND INFORMATION SCIENCE GOVERNMENT IN THE SUNSHINE ACT Procedures Governing Decisions...) Endanger the life or physical safety of law enforcement personnel; (8) Disclose information contained in or...

Goethe's Theory of Color and Scientific Intuition

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zajonc, Arthur G.

1976-01-01

Summarizes Goethe's color studies and his methods of study. It is proposed that the act of accurate qualitative observation creates the capability in the observer for an intuitive understanding of the physical laws underlying the phenomena under observation. The use of such a method as a basis for laboratory instruction is discussed. (Author/CP)

Using Case Studies in Calculus-based Physics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Katz, Debora M.

2006-12-01

Do your students believe that the physics only works in your classroom or laboratory? Or do they see that physics underlies their everyday experience? Case studies in physics help students connect physics principles to their everyday experience. For decades, case studies have been used to teach law, medicine and biology, but they are rarely used in physics. I am working on a calculus-based physics textbook for scientists and engineers. Case studies are woven into each chapter. Stop by and get a case study to test out in your classroom. I would love to get your feedback.

Probability of failure prediction for step-stress fatigue under sine or random stress

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lambert, R. G.

1979-01-01

A previously proposed cumulative fatigue damage law is extended to predict the probability of failure or fatigue life for structural materials with S-N fatigue curves represented as a scatterband of failure points. The proposed law applies to structures subjected to sinusoidal or random stresses and includes the effect of initial crack (i.e., flaw) sizes. The corrected cycle ratio damage function is shown to have physical significance.

25 CFR 20.401 - What is included under Services to Children, Elderly, and Families?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... family functioning and interpersonal relationships; (b) Referral to the appropriate resource for problems related to illness, physical or mental handicaps, drug abuse, alcoholism, and violation of the law; and (c...

25 CFR 20.401 - What is included under Services to Children, Elderly, and Families?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... family functioning and interpersonal relationships; (b) Referral to the appropriate resource for problems related to illness, physical or mental handicaps, drug abuse, alcoholism, and violation of the law; and (c...

25 CFR 20.401 - What is included under Services to Children, Elderly, and Families?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... family functioning and interpersonal relationships; (b) Referral to the appropriate resource for problems related to illness, physical or mental handicaps, drug abuse, alcoholism, and violation of the law; and (c...

25 CFR 20.401 - What is included under Services to Children, Elderly, and Families?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... family functioning and interpersonal relationships; (b) Referral to the appropriate resource for problems related to illness, physical or mental handicaps, drug abuse, alcoholism, and violation of the law; and (c...

25 CFR 224.137 - What must the Director do if a tribe's noncompliance has resulted in harm or the potential for...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... resulted in harm or the potential for harm to a physical trust asset? 224.137 Section 224.137 Indians... AGREEMENTS UNDER THE INDIAN TRIBAL ENERGY DEVELOPMENT AND SELF DETERMINATION ACT Periodic Reviews... potential for harm to a physical trust asset? If, because of the tribe's noncompliance with Federal law or...

Reconstruction of normal forms by learning informed observation geometries from data.

PubMed

Yair, Or; Talmon, Ronen; Coifman, Ronald R; Kevrekidis, Ioannis G

2017-09-19

The discovery of physical laws consistent with empirical observations is at the heart of (applied) science and engineering. These laws typically take the form of nonlinear differential equations depending on parameters; dynamical systems theory provides, through the appropriate normal forms, an "intrinsic" prototypical characterization of the types of dynamical regimes accessible to a given model. Using an implementation of data-informed geometry learning, we directly reconstruct the relevant "normal forms": a quantitative mapping from empirical observations to prototypical realizations of the underlying dynamics. Interestingly, the state variables and the parameters of these realizations are inferred from the empirical observations; without prior knowledge or understanding, they parametrize the dynamics intrinsically without explicit reference to fundamental physical quantities.

Anomalous Hall effect scaling in ferromagnetic thin films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Grigoryan, Vahram L.; Xiao, Jiang; Wang, Xuhui; Xia, Ke

2017-10-01

We propose a scaling law for anomalous Hall effect in ferromagnetic thin films. Our approach distinguishes multiple scattering sources, namely, bulk impurity, phonon for Hall resistivity, and most importantly the rough surface contribution to longitudinal resistivity. In stark contrast to earlier laws that rely on temperature- and thickness-dependent fitting coefficients, this scaling law fits the recent experimental data excellently with constant parameters that are independent of temperature and film thickness, strongly indicating that this law captures the underlying physical processes. Based on a few data points, this scaling law can even fit all experimental data in full temperature and thickness range. We apply this law to interpret the experimental data for Fe, Co, and Ni and conclude that (i) the phonon-induced skew scattering is unimportant as expected; (ii) contribution from the impurity-induced skew scattering is negative; (iii) the intrinsic (extrinsic) mechanism dominates in Fe (Co), and both the extrinsic and intrinsic contributions are important in Ni.

Measuring Ultraviolet Radiation Underwater: A Practical Application of the Beer-Lambert-Bouguer Law for High School Physics

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schouten, Peter; Parisi, Alfio; Downs, Nathan

2009-01-01

The measurement of solar UV under water is not a simple process. In the underwater environment the difficulty of obtaining useable data is greatly amplified due to the optically complicated and at times unpredictable nature of water itself. The following practical exercise designed for use in the Year 11 and Year 12 Physics classroom aims to…

38 CFR Appendix B to Subpart E of... - List of Age Distinctions Contained in Statutes and Regulations Governing Federal Financial...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

..., incurs a disabling illness or injury . . . which results in such child's inability to continue or resume... begin before the person's eighteenth birthday; (2) if the person has a mental or physical handicap, and... attendance age under State law; or (2) his or her 14th birthday and due to physical or mental handicap may...

38 CFR Appendix B to Subpart E of... - List of Age Distinctions Contained in Statutes and Regulations Governing Federal Financial...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

..., incurs a disabling illness or injury . . . which results in such child's inability to continue or resume... begin before the person's eighteenth birthday; (2) if the person has a mental or physical handicap, and... attendance age under State law; or (2) his or her 14th birthday and due to physical or mental handicap may...

Ensembles of physical states and random quantum circuits on graphs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hamma, Alioscia; Santra, Siddhartha; Zanardi, Paolo

2012-11-01

In this paper we continue and extend the investigations of the ensembles of random physical states introduced in Hamma [Phys. Rev. Lett.PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.109.040502 109, 040502 (2012)]. These ensembles are constructed by finite-length random quantum circuits (RQC) acting on the (hyper)edges of an underlying (hyper)graph structure. The latter encodes for the locality structure associated with finite-time quantum evolutions generated by physical, i.e., local, Hamiltonians. Our goal is to analyze physical properties of typical states in these ensembles; in particular here we focus on proxies of quantum entanglement as purity and α-Renyi entropies. The problem is formulated in terms of matrix elements of superoperators which depend on the graph structure, choice of probability measure over the local unitaries, and circuit length. In the α=2 case these superoperators act on a restricted multiqubit space generated by permutation operators associated to the subsets of vertices of the graph. For permutationally invariant interactions the dynamics can be further restricted to an exponentially smaller subspace. We consider different families of RQCs and study their typical entanglement properties for finite time as well as their asymptotic behavior. We find that area law holds in average and that the volume law is a typical property (that is, it holds in average and the fluctuations around the average are vanishing for the large system) of physical states. The area law arises when the evolution time is O(1) with respect to the size L of the system, while the volume law arises as is typical when the evolution time scales like O(L).

Conservation Laws in Weak Interactions

DOE R&D Accomplishments Database

Lee, T. D.

1957-03-01

Notes are presented on four lectures given at Harvard University in March 1957 on elementary particle physics, the theta-tau problem, validity of parity conservation, tests for invariance under P, C, and T, and the two-component theory of the neutrino. (W.D.M.)

On the applicability of Benford's Law in the Geosciences

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sambridge, M.; Tkalcic, H.; Jackson, A.

2009-12-01

Benford's Law is a curious property of numerous datasets whereby the frequency distribution of the first digit (i.e. first non zero number from the left) follows a well defined logarithmic function, namely P_D = log_b(1+1/D), where D is the first digit and b is the base of the data. This was initially observed by Newcomb (1881) and later quantified and expanded by Benford (1938). The latter author first put forward a set of 20 distinct data sets with differing physical dimension and character which collectively obeyed this 1st digit law. The nature of each data is the most startling feature of all in that they range from physical properties of matter such as molecular weight and specific heat capacity through river areas and drainage rates to population numbers in the USA as well as American baseball league averages of 1936. A universal law of digits was proposed by Benford and in recent times has been widely accepted. Investigations into the nature and use of Benford's Law have continued in multiple fields. Mathematicians have more recently proven the correctness of this universal law of digits under general conditions and Nigrini (1992) has made use of it for uncovering anomalous data errors and fraud in accountancy practices. To date Benford's Law appears to have received no attention within the Geosciences. Here we demonstrate its widespread applicability for geophysical data sets as well as models derived from data of varying type and physical dimension. Specifically we verify Benford's Law holds for a geomagnetic Field model of the Earth (gufm1), Seismic models obtained from tomography (including mantle shear wave and regional body wave P and S models for various parts of the globe), and the GRACE gravity model up to degree 160. It would appear that Benford's Law has widespread applicability to geoscience data. Departures from Benford's Law are of interest as they seem to indicate changes in the local character of data, possibly due to fraud, error, or influence from a secondary signal. To date practical applications of Benford's Law have been of a forensic nature, i.e. the detection of subtle effects in data which are inconsistent with the global statistics. Since signal detection is a central component in many areas of the geosciences, e.g. seismology, then Benford's Law may find novel applications. We present results of experiments which show that seismic noise in general does not obey Benford's Law whereas earthquake traces do, suggesting a potential role in seismic event detection. In addition when applied to seismicity catalogs artificially assigned earthquake depths clearly show up as anomalies to the 1st digit law. Our survey of the applicability of Benford's Law to various geophysical data sets has also lead to new theoretical insight on the conditions under which it will be satisfied. We present a new generalization of Benford's Law that has broader applicability. As awareness of `digit analysis' grows we expect Benford's Law to find new applications in the Earth Sciences.

A mathematical problem and a Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment (SCOLE) used to evaluate control laws for flexible spacecraft. NASA/IEEE design challenge

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Taylor, Lawrence W., Jr.; Balakrishnan, A. V.

1988-01-01

The problen of controlling large, flexible space systems has been evaluated using computer simulation. In several cases, ground experiments have also been used to validate system performance under more realistic conditions. There remains a need, however, to test additional control laws for flexible spacecraft and to directly compare competing design techniques. A program is discussed which has been initiated to make direct comparisons of control laws for, first, a mathematical problem, then and experimental test article being assembled under the cognizance of the Spacecraft Control Branch at the NASA Langley Research Center with the advice and counsel of the IEEE Subcommittee on Large Space Structures. The physical apparatus will consist of a softly supported dynamic model of an antenna attached to the Shuttle by a flexible beam. The control objective will include the task of directing the line-of-sight of the Shuttle antenna configuration toward a fixed target, under conditions of noisy data, control authority and random disturbances.

Recoverable information and emergent conservation laws in fracton stabilizer codes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schmitz, A. T.; Ma, Han; Nandkishore, Rahul M.; Parameswaran, S. A.

2018-04-01

We introduce a new quantity that we term recoverable information, defined for stabilizer Hamiltonians. For such models, the recoverable information provides a measure of the topological information as well as a physical interpretation, which is complementary to topological entanglement entropy. We discuss three different ways to calculate the recoverable information and prove their equivalence. To demonstrate its utility, we compute recoverable information for fracton models using all three methods where appropriate. From the recoverable information, we deduce the existence of emergent Z2 Gauss-law-type constraints, which in turn imply emergent Z2 conservation laws for pointlike quasiparticle excitations of an underlying topologically ordered phase.

English/Russian and Russian/English glossary of physical protection terms

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Soo Hoo, M.S.

1995-07-01

This glossary was prepared in fulfillment of the Glossary Preparation Task identified in the Program Plan for providing Assistance to the Russian Federation in Nuclear Material Control and Accounting and Physical Protection. The Program Plan is part of the Cooperative Threat Reduction Program as provided for under House Resolution (H.R.) 3807 (Title II, as referenced under Public Law (P.L.) 102-229. The terms in this glossary were derived from physical protection training material prepared at Sandia. The training material, and thus refinements to the glossary, has undergone years of development in presentation to both domestic and international audiences. Also, Russian Colleaguesmore » and interpreters have reviewed the translations for accuracy.« less

Lie symmetry analysis, conservation laws, solitary and periodic waves for a coupled Burger equation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Mei-Juan; Tian, Shou-Fu; Tu, Jian-Min; Zhang, Tian-Tian

2017-01-01

Under investigation in this paper is a generalized (2 + 1)-dimensional coupled Burger equation with variable coefficients, which describes lots of nonlinear physical phenomena in geophysical fluid dynamics, condense matter physics and lattice dynamics. By employing the Lie group method, the symmetry reductions and exact explicit solutions are obtained, respectively. Based on a direct method, the conservations laws of the equation are also derived. Furthermore, by virtue of the Painlevé analysis, we successfully obtain the integrable condition on the variable coefficients, which plays an important role in further studying the integrability of the equation. Finally, its auto-Bäcklund transformation as well as some new analytic solutions including solitary and periodic waves are also presented via algebraic and differential manipulation.

Occupational health nursing in hungary.

PubMed

Hirdi, Henriett Éva; Hong, OiSaeng

2014-10-01

This article is the first about occupational health nursing in Hungary. The authors describe the Hungarian health care and occupational health care systems, including nursing education and professional organizations for occupational health nurses. The Fundamental Law of Hungary guarantees the right of every employee to healthy and safe working conditions, daily and weekly rest times and annual paid leave, and physical and mental health. Hungary promotes the exercise of these rights by managing industrial safety and health care, providing access to healthy food, supporting sports and regular physical exercise, and ensuring environmental protection. According to the law, the responsibility for regulation of the occupational health service lies with the Ministry of Human Resources. Safety regulations are under the aegis of the Ministry of National Economy. Copyright 2014, SLACK Incorporated.

Role of theory in space science

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1983-01-01

The goal of theory is to understand how the fundamental laws of physics laws of physics and chemistry give rise to the features of the universe. It is recommended that NASA establish independent theoretical research programs in planetary sciences and in astrophysics similar to the solar-system plasma-physics theory program, which is characterized by stable, long-term support for theorists in university departments, NASA centers, and other organizations engaged in research in topics relevant to present and future space-derived data. It is recommended that NASA keep these programs under review to full benefit from the resulting research and to assure opportunities for inflow of new ideas and investigators. Also, provisions should be made by NASA for the computing needs of the theorists in the programs. Finally, it is recommended that NASA involve knowledgeable theorists in mission planning activities at all levels, from the formulation of long-term scientific strategies through the planning and operation of specific missions.

2 CFR 176.30 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Reserved AWARD TERMS FOR ASSISTANCE AGREEMENTS THAT INCLUDE FUNDS UNDER THE AMERICAN RECOVERY AND... or any documentary material, regardless of its physical form or characteristics, that— (1)(i) Is... American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, Public Law 111-5. Subaward means— (1) A legal instrument to...

7 CFR 1942.102 - Nondiscrimination.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) RURAL HOUSING SERVICE, RURAL BUSINESS..., religion, sex, national origin, marital status, age, or physical/mental handicap. The participants must... adequacy of FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354's security or the adequacy of service to...

The momentum of an electromagnetic wave inside a dielectric derived from the Snell refraction law

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Torchigin, V.P., E-mail: v_torchigin@mail.ru; Torchigin, A.V.

2014-12-15

Author of the paper [M. Testa, Ann. Physics 336 (2013) 1] has derived a conclusion that there is a connection between the Snell refraction law and the Abraham form of the momentum of light in matter. In other words, author derived the Snell law on assumption that the momentum of light in matter decreases by n times as compared with that in free space. The conclusion is derived under assumption that the forces exerted on an optical medium by an electromagnetic field do not distinguish between polarization and free charges. We show that, on the contrary, the Minkowski form ofmore » the momentum of light in matter directly follows from the Snell law. No previous assumption is required for this purpose.« less

Looking for scaling laws, or physics with nuts and shells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sheets, H. David; Lauffenburger, James C.

1999-09-01

Scaling laws relating the volume of a class of objects to a characteristic dimension of the object appear commonly in physics, chemistry, and biology. In this laboratory exercise for an introductory physics course scaling laws are derived for machine nuts and clam shells. In addition to covering a standard problem in physics, determining volume of the object by measuring the buoyant force on it, the biologically interesting idea of scaling laws are incorporated into the same lab.

Workplace accidents and self-organized criticality

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mauro, John C.; Diehl, Brett; Marcellin, Richard F.; Vaughn, Daniel J.

2018-09-01

The occurrence of workplace accidents is described within the context of self-organized criticality, a theory from statistical physics that governs a wide range of phenomena across physics, biology, geosciences, economics, and the social sciences. Workplace accident data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reveal a power-law relationship between the number of accidents and their severity as measured by the number of days lost from work. This power-law scaling is indicative of workplace accidents being governed by self-organized criticality, suggesting that nearly all workplace accidents have a common underlying cause, independent of their severity. Such power-law scaling is found for all labor categories documented by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Our results provide scientific support for the Heinrich accident triangle, with the practical implication that suppressing the rate of severe accidents requires changing the attitude toward workplace safety in general. By creating a culture that values safety, empowers individuals, and strives to continuously improve, accident rates can be suppressed across the full range of severities.

Beyond the constraints underlying Kolmogorov-Johnson-Mehl-Avrami theory related to the growth laws.

PubMed

Tomellini, M; Fanfoni, M

2012-02-01

The theory of Kolmogorov-Johnson-Mehl-Avrami for phase transition kinetics is subjected to severe limitations concerning the functional form of the growth law. This paper is devoted to sidestepping this drawback through the use of the correlation function approach. Moreover, we put forward an easy-to-handle formula, written in terms of the experimentally accessible actual extended volume fraction, which is found to match several types of growths. Computer simulations have been performed for corroborating the theoretical approach. © 2012 American Physical Society

Sexual Harassment: State of the Law.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Culverhouse, Renee D.

Sexual harassment under the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission guidelines involves unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, or other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature, as it applies to males or females in business situations. Harassment is discriminatory when females must act differently than males in order to…

Introduction to Electrical Science.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

LePage, Wilbur R.; Balabanian, Norman

This text (in mimeographed form) was developed under contract with the United States Office of Education and is intended as material of a first course in the electrical engineering sequence. Introductory concepts such as charge, fields, potential difference, current, and some of the basic physical laws are presented in Chapter I. Subsequent…

Student Understanding of the First Law of Thermodynamics: Relating Work to the Adiabatic Compression of an Ideal Gas.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Loverude, Michael E.; Kautz, Christian H.; Heron, Paula R. L.

2002-01-01

Reports on an investigation of student understanding of the first law of thermodynamics. Involves students from a first-year university physics course and a second-year thermal physics course. Focuses on the ability of students to relate the first law to the adiabatic physics course. Discusses implications for thermal physics and mechanics…

Nonlinear Viscoelastic Rheology and the Occurrence of Aftershocks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shcherbakov, R.; Zhang, X.

2017-12-01

Aftershocks are ubiquitous in nature. They are the manifestation of relaxation phenomena observed in various physical systems. In one prominent example, they typically occur after large earthquakes. The observed aftershock sequences usually obey several well defined non-trivial empirical laws in magnitude, temporal, and spatial domains. In many cases their characteristics follow scale-invariant distributions. The occurrence of aftershocks displays a prominent temporal behavior due to time-dependent mechanisms of stress and/or energy transfer. There are compelling evidences that the lower continental crust and upper mantle are governed by various solid state creep mechanisms. Among those mechanisms a power-law viscous flow was suggested to explain the postseismic surface deformation after large earthquakes. In this work, we consider a slider-block model to mimic the behavior of a seismogenic fault. In the model, we introduce a nonlinear viscoelastic coupling mechanism to capture the essential characteristics of crustal rheology and stress interaction between the blocks and the medium. For this purpose we employ nonlinear Kelvin-Voigt elements consisting of an elastic spring and a dashpot assembled in parallel to introduce viscoelastic coupling between the blocks and the driving plate. By mapping the model into a cellular automaton we derive the functional form of the stress transfer mechanism in the model. We show that the nonlinear viscoelasticity plays a critical role in triggering of aftershocks. It explains the functional form of the Omori-Utsu law and gives physical interpretation of its parameters. The proposed model also suggests that the power-law rheology of the fault gauge and underlying lower crust and upper mantle controls the decay rate of aftershocks. To verify this, we analyze several prominent aftershock sequences to estimate their decay rates and correlate with the rheological properties of the underlying lower crust and mantle, which were estimated from the postseismic surface deformation. Our modelling suggests that the power-law rheology exponent n controls the decay rate of aftershocks and is related to the parameter p of the Omori-Utsu law.

Optimal foraging, not biogenetic law, predicts spider orb web allometry.

PubMed

Gregorič, Matjaž; Kiesbüy, Heine C; Lebrón, Shakira G Quiñones; Rozman, Alenka; Agnarsson, Ingi; Kuntner, Matjaž

2013-03-01

The biogenetic law posits that the ontogeny of an organism recapitulates the pattern of evolutionary changes. Morphological evidence has offered some support for, but also considerable evidence against, the hypothesis. However, biogenetic law in behavior remains underexplored. As physical manifestation of behavior, spider webs offer an interesting model for the study of ontogenetic behavioral changes. In orb-weaving spiders, web symmetry often gets distorted through ontogeny, and these changes have been interpreted to reflect the biogenetic law. Here, we test the biogenetic law hypothesis against the alternative, the optimal foraging hypothesis, by studying the allometry in Leucauge venusta orb webs. These webs range in inclination from vertical through tilted to horizontal; biogenetic law predicts that allometry relates to ontogenetic stage, whereas optimal foraging predicts that allometry relates to gravity. Specifically, pronounced asymmetry should only be seen in vertical webs under optimal foraging theory. We show that, through ontogeny, vertical webs in L. venusta become more asymmetrical in contrast to tilted and horizontal webs. Biogenetic law thus cannot explain L. venusta web allometry, but our results instead support optimization of foraging area in response to spider size.

The emergence of time's arrows and special science laws from physics

PubMed Central

Loewer, Barry

2012-01-01

In this paper, I will argue that there is an important connection between two questions concerning how certain features of the macro world emerge from the laws and processes of fundamental microphysics and suggest an approach to answering these questions. The approach involves a kind of emergence but quite different from ‘top-down’ emergence discussed at the conference, for which an earlier version of this paper was written. The two questions are (i) How do ‘the arrows of time’ emerge from microphysics? (ii) How do macroscopic special science laws and causation emerge from microphysics? Answering these questions is especially urgent for those, who like myself, think that a certain version of physicalism, which I call ‘micro-physical completeness’ (MC), is true. According to MC, there are fundamental dynamical laws that completely govern (deterministically or probabilistically), the evolution of all micro-physical events and there are no additional ontologically independent dynamical or causal special science laws. In other words, there is no ontologically independent ‘top-down’ causation. Of course, MC does not imply that physicists now or ever will know or propose the complete laws of physics. Or even if the complete laws were known we would know how special science properties and laws reduce to laws and properties of fundamental physics. Rather, MC is a contingent metaphysical claim about the laws of our world. After a discussion of the two questions, I will argue the key to showing how it is possible for the arrows of time and the special science laws to emerge from microphysics and a certain account of how thermodynamics is related to fundamental dynamical laws. PMID:23386956

The emergence of time's arrows and special science laws from physics.

PubMed

Loewer, Barry

2012-02-06

In this paper, I will argue that there is an important connection between two questions concerning how certain features of the macro world emerge from the laws and processes of fundamental microphysics and suggest an approach to answering these questions. The approach involves a kind of emergence but quite different from 'top-down' emergence discussed at the conference, for which an earlier version of this paper was written. The two questions are (i) How do 'the arrows of time' emerge from microphysics? (ii) How do macroscopic special science laws and causation emerge from microphysics? Answering these questions is especially urgent for those, who like myself, think that a certain version of physicalism, which I call 'micro-physical completeness' (MC), is true. According to MC, there are fundamental dynamical laws that completely govern (deterministically or probabilistically), the evolution of all micro-physical events and there are no additional ontologically independent dynamical or causal special science laws. In other words, there is no ontologically independent 'top-down' causation. Of course, MC does not imply that physicists now or ever will know or propose the complete laws of physics. Or even if the complete laws were known we would know how special science properties and laws reduce to laws and properties of fundamental physics. Rather, MC is a contingent metaphysical claim about the laws of our world. After a discussion of the two questions, I will argue the key to showing how it is possible for the arrows of time and the special science laws to emerge from microphysics and a certain account of how thermodynamics is related to fundamental dynamical laws.

The Space-Time Conservation Element and Solution Element Method: A New High-Resolution and Genuinely Multidimensional Paradigm for Solving Conservation Laws. 1; The Two Dimensional Time Marching Schemes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chang, Sin-Chung; Wang, Xiao-Yen; Chow, Chuen-Yen

1998-01-01

A new high resolution and genuinely multidimensional numerical method for solving conservation laws is being, developed. It was designed to avoid the limitations of the traditional methods. and was built from round zero with extensive physics considerations. Nevertheless, its foundation is mathmatically simple enough that one can build from it a coherent, robust. efficient and accurate numerical framework. Two basic beliefs that set the new method apart from the established methods are at the core of its development. The first belief is that, in order to capture physics more efficiently and realistically, the modeling, focus should be placed on the original integral form of the physical conservation laws, rather than the differential form. The latter form follows from the integral form under the additional assumption that the physical solution is smooth, an assumption that is difficult to realize numerically in a region of rapid chance. such as a boundary layer or a shock. The second belief is that, with proper modeling of the integral and differential forms themselves, the resulting, numerical solution should automatically be consistent with the properties derived front the integral and differential forms, e.g., the jump conditions across a shock and the properties of characteristics. Therefore a much simpler and more robust method can be developed by not using the above derived properties explicitly.

Assessing the Parameters for Determining Mission Accomplishment of the Philippine Marine Corps in Internal Security Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-01-01

country in order to establish a physically and psychologically secured environment conducive to national development."g Challenges to Inter.naI Security...be accommodated under the present Constitution and laws particularly the powers conceded by the MOA-AD to the 5 Bangsamoro Juridical Entity (BJE, an...AFP under Magsaysay underwent organizational changes with the introduction of psychological warfare activities that .complemented the usual combat

Chemical Laws, Idealization and Approximation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tobin, Emma

2013-07-01

This paper examines the notion of laws in chemistry. Vihalemm ( Found Chem 5(1):7-22, 2003) argues that the laws of chemistry are fundamentally the same as the laws of physics they are all ceteris paribus laws which are true "in ideal conditions". In contrast, Scerri (2000) contends that the laws of chemistry are fundamentally different to the laws of physics, because they involve approximations. Christie ( Stud Hist Philos Sci 25:613-629, 1994) and Christie and Christie ( Of minds and molecules. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 34-50, 2000) agree that the laws of chemistry are operationally different to the laws of physics, but claim that the distinction between exact and approximate laws is too simplistic to taxonomise them. Approximations in chemistry involve diverse kinds of activity and often what counts as a scientific law in chemistry is dictated by the context of its use in scientific practice. This paper addresses the question of what makes chemical laws distinctive independently of the separate question as to how they are related to the laws of physics. From an analysis of some candidate ceteris paribus laws in chemistry, this paper argues that there are two distinct kinds of ceteris paribus laws in chemistry; idealized and approximate chemical laws. Thus, while Christie ( Stud Hist Philos Sci 25:613-629, 1994) and Christie and Christie ( Of minds and molecules. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 34--50, 2000) are correct to point out that the candidate generalisations in chemistry are diverse and heterogeneous, a distinction between idealizations and approximations can nevertheless be used to successfully taxonomise them.

5 CFR Appendix A to Subpart E of... - Schedule of Environmental Differentials Paid for Exposure to Various Degrees of Hazards, Physical...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... meters (200 feet) and under while conducting wildlife surveys and law enforcement activities, animal... the development, manufacturing, and processing of toxic or experimental chemical warfare agents... firefighting 8 11. Experimental landing/recovery equipment tests July 1, 1972. —Participating in tests of...

5 CFR Appendix A to Subpart E of... - Schedule of Environmental Differentials Paid for Exposure to Various Degrees of Hazards, Physical...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... meters (200 feet) and under while conducting wildlife surveys and law enforcement activities, animal... the development, manufacturing, and processing of toxic or experimental chemical warfare agents... firefighting 8 11. Experimental landing/recovery equipment tests July 1, 1972. —Participating in tests of...

5 CFR Appendix A to Subpart E of... - Schedule of Environmental Differentials Paid for Exposure to Various Degrees of Hazards, Physical...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... meters (200 feet) and under while conducting wildlife surveys and law enforcement activities, animal... the development, manufacturing, and processing of toxic or experimental chemical warfare agents... firefighting 8 11. Experimental landing/recovery equipment tests July 1, 1972. —Participating in tests of...

To b or not to b ?? A nonextensive view of b-value in the Gutenberg-Richter law.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vallianatos, Filippos

2014-05-01

The Gutenberg-Richter (GR) (Gutenberg and Richter, 1944) law one of the cornerstones of modern seismology has been considered as a paradigm of manifestation of self-organized criticality since the dependence of the cumulative number of earthquakes with energy, i.e., the number of earthquakes with energy greater than E, behaves as a power law with the b value related to the critical exponent. A great number of seismic hazard studies have been originated as a result of this law. The Gutenberg-Richter (GR) law is an empirical relationship, which recent efforts relate it with general physical principles (Kagan and Knopoff, 1981; Wesnousky, 1999; Sarlis et al., 2010; Telesca, 2012; Vallianatos and Sammonds, 2013). Nonextensive statistical mechanics pioneered by Tsallis (Tsallis, 2009) provides a consistent theoretical framework for the studies of complex systems in their nonequilibrium stationary states, systems with multi fractal and self-similar structures, long-range interacting systems, etc. Earth is such system. In the present work we analyze the different pathways (originated in Sotolongo-Costa, A. Posadas , 2004; Silva et al., 2006) to extract the generalization of the G-R law as obtained in the frame of non extensive statistical physics. We estimate the b-value and we discuss its underline physics. This research has been funded by the European Union (European Social Fund) and Greek national resources under the framework of the "THALES Program: SEISMO FEAR HELLARC" project of the "Education & Lifelong Learning" Operational Programme. References Gutenberg, B. and C. F. Richter (1944). Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 34, 185-188. Kagan, Y. Y. and L. Knopoff (1981). J. Geophys. Res. 86, 2853-2862. Sarlis, N., E. Skordas and P. Varotsos (2010). Physical Review E - Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics 82 (2) , 021110. Silva, R., G. Franca, C. Vilar and J. Alcaniz (2006). Phys. Rev. E, 73, 026102 Sotolongo-Costa, O. and A. Posadas (2004). Phys. Rev. Lett., 92, 048501 Telesca, L. (2012). Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer., 102,886-891. Tsallis, C. (2009). Introduction to Nonextensive Statistical Mechanics, Approaching a Complex World Springer, New York Vallianatos, F. and P. Sammonds, (2013). Tectonophysics 590, 52-58 Wesnousky, S. G. (1999). Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 89, 1131-1137.

Articulated Multimedia Physics, Lesson 14, Gases, The Gas Laws, and Absolute Temperature.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

New York Inst. of Tech., Old Westbury.

As the fourteenth lesson of the Articulated Multimedia Physics Course, instructional materials are presented in this study guide with relation to gases, gas laws, and absolute temperature. The topics are concerned with the kinetic theory of gases, thermometric scales, Charles' law, ideal gases, Boyle's law, absolute zero, and gas pressures. The…

Fluid Mechanics: The Pamphlet

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Variano, Evan

2012-11-01

One impediment to student learning in introductory fluid mechanics courses is that the fundamental laws of physics can become lost in the ``noise'' of dozens of semi-empirical equations describing special cases. This can be exacerbated by trends in textbooks and other teaching media. This talk will explore a minimalist approach, whereby the entire content of introductory fluids is distilled to a single 1-page pamphlet, designed to emphasize the governing equations and their near-universal applicability. We are particularly interested in hearing feedback from the audience on ways to further distill the content while keeping it accessible and useful. To further emphasize the difference between the fundamental laws and the many specific cases, we have begun assembling a complementary resource: a field guide to fluid phenomena, which mixes the approach of Van Dyke's book with a standard field guide. This is designed to emphasize that there is a ``zoology'' of fluid phenomena, to which the same small set of fundamental laws has been applied repeatedly. These materials may be useful in helping AP Physics teachers cover fluid mechanics, which is an under-utilized opportunity to introduce young scientists to our field of study.

Laws of spreading: When hydrodynamic equations are not enough

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kavehpour, Pirouz; Mohammad Karim, Alireza; Rothstein, Jonathan; Davis, Stephen

2017-11-01

For nearly 50 years, most of the researchers in the area of wetting and spreading have used a relationship between the dynamics contact angle and velocity and the equilibrium contact angle. Different forms of this relationship are known as Tanner's law, Hoffman-Voinov-Tanner law or Cox model, all of them are derived based on hydrodynamics assumptions. In this talk, we will discuss several common situations that this relationship is not valid and we propose a new way to look at spreading problem and its underlying physics. Our experimental result agrees with this interpretation of spreading dynamics. In addition, the experimental study has been performed using forced spreading with tensiometer to obtain the dependence of dynamic contact angle to the contact line velocity to describe the spreading dynamics of Newtonian liquids on the micro-textured surfaces. The effect of the geometrical descriptions of the micro-posts along with the physical properties of liquids on the spreading dynamics on micro-textured Teflon plates have been also studied. It was shown that hydrodynamic results are not valid for certain combination of fluid/solid systems.

A novel methodology for the objective ascertainment of psychic and existential damage.

PubMed

Ferrara, Santo Davide; Ananian, Viviana; Baccino, Eric; Boscolo-Berto, Rafael; Domenici, Ranieri; Hernàndez-Cueto, Claudio; Mendelson, George; Norelli, Gian Aristide; Ranavaya, Mohammed; Terranova, Claudio; Vieira, Duarte Nuno; Viel, Guido; Villanueva, Enrique; Zoia, Riccardo; Sartori, Giuseppe

2016-09-01

Personal injury is a legal term for a physical or psychic injury suffered by the plaintiff under civil and/or tort law. With reference to non-pecuniary damages, the evidence itself of physical and/or psychic injury is not sufficient for damage compensation. The process of ascertaining impairments and/or disabilities which pertain to the "personal sphere" of the individual, such as pain and suffering, loss of amenity, and/or psycho-existential damage, poses particular difficulties in relation to the obtainment of scientific evidence. The "immateriality" and the subjective connotation of the personal sphere are, in themselves, critical issues. The clinical data obtained from the neuropsychological ascertainment find their essential prerequisite in the active participation of the examinee who, in legally relevant contexts (criminal law, civil law, insurance), may be "affected" by personal interests. The present manuscript presents a novel interdisciplinary methodology, experimented on a series of judicial and extra-judicial cases, aimed at the attainment of objectivity and accuracy eligible in relation to the judicial settlement of cases and other matters involving the ascertainment of peculiar aspects of non-pecuniary damage.

On Time-II: Newton's Time.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Raju, C. K.

1991-01-01

A study of time in Newtonian physics is presented. Newton's laws of motion, falsifiability and physical theories, laws of motion and law of gravitation, and Laplace's demon are discussed. Short bibliographic sketches of Laplace and Karl Popper are included. (KR)

High resolution schemes and the entropy condition

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Osher, S.; Chakravarthy, S.

1983-01-01

A systematic procedure for constructing semidiscrete, second order accurate, variation diminishing, five point band width, approximations to scalar conservation laws, is presented. These schemes are constructed to also satisfy a single discrete entropy inequality. Thus, in the convex flux case, convergence is proven to be the unique physically correct solution. For hyperbolic systems of conservation laws, this construction is used formally to extend the first author's first order accurate scheme, and show (under some minor technical hypotheses) that limit solutions satisfy an entropy inequality. Results concerning discrete shocks, a maximum principle, and maximal order of accuracy are obtained. Numerical applications are also presented.

Dynamics of behavioral organization and its alteration in major depression

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nakamura, Toru; Kiyono, Ken; Yoshiuchi, Kazuhiro; Nakahara, Rika; Struzik, Zbigniew R.; Yamamoto, Yoshiharu

2007-07-01

We describe the nature of human behavioral organization, specifically how resting and active periods are interwoven throughout daily life. Active period durations with physical activity counts successively above a predefined threshold follow a stretched exponential (gamma-type) cumulative distribution with characteristic time, both in healthy individuals and in patients with major depressive disorder. On the contrary, resting period durations below the threshold for both groups obey a scale free power law cumulative distribution over two decades, with significantly lower scaling exponents in the patients. We thus find underlying robust laws governing human behavioral organization, with a parameter altered in depression.

Disability and accommodation in the healthcare workplace.

PubMed

Niccolini, Robert R; Basu, Nina

2009-04-01

Employers in the healthcare industry face unique challenges regarding compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Healthcare employers must reasonably accommodate employees in complex and often physically challenging positions, while ensuring safe and effective patient care. These challenges have become even more difficult with the recent passage of the ADA Amendments Act of 2008 (ADAAA), which significantly expands the definition and scope of "disability" under the ADA, and legislatively reverses several key Supreme Court decisions favorable to employers. Although the ultimate impact of the ADAAA remains to be determined, this article will help employers and their counsel understand how federal disability discrimination laws may affect their businesses going forward, with an analysis of the language of the ADAAA, case law under the ADA, and guidance from the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC).

Pore-scale simulation of calcium carbonate precipitation and dissolution under highly supersaturated conditions in a microfludic pore network

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yoon, H.; Dewers, T. A.; Valocchi, A. J.; Werth, C. J.

2011-12-01

Dissolved CO2 during geological CO2 storage may react with minerals in fractured rocks or confined aquifers and cause mineral precipitation. The overall rate of reaction can be affected by coupled processes among hydrodynamics, transport, and reactions at pore-scale. Pore-scale models of coupled fluid flow, reactive transport, and CaCO3 precipitation and dissolution are applied to account for transient experimental results of CaCO3 precipitation and dissolution under highly supersaturated conditions in a microfluidic pore network (i.e., micromodel). Pore-scale experiments in the micromodel are used as a basis for understanding coupled physics of systems perturbed by geological CO2 injection. In the micromodel, precipitation is induced by transverse mixing along the centerline in pore bodies. Overall, the pore-scale model qualitatively captured the governing physics of reactions such as precipitate morphology, precipitation rate, and maximum precipitation area in first few pore spaces. In particular, we found that proper estimation of the effective diffusion coefficient and the reactive surface area is necessary to adequately simulate precipitation and dissolution rates. As the model domain increases, the effect of flow patterns affected by precipitation on the overall reaction rate also increases. The model is also applied to account for the effect of different reaction rate laws on mineral precipitation and dissolution at pore-scale. Reaction rate laws tested include the linear rate law, nonlinear power law, and newly-developed rate law based on in-situ measurements at nano scale in the literature. Progress on novel methods for upscaling pore-scale models for reactive transport are discussed, and are being applied to mineral precipitation patterns observed in natural analogues. H.Y. and T. D. were supported as part of the Center for Frontiers of Subsurface Energy Security, an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences under Award Number DE-SC0001114. Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Massless charged particles: Cosmic censorship, and the third law of black hole mechanics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fairoos, C.; Ghosh, Avirup; Sarkar, Sudipta

2017-10-01

The formulation of the laws of Black hole mechanics assumes the stability of black holes under perturbations in accordance with the "cosmic censorship hypothesis" (CCH). CCH prohibits the formation of a naked singularity by a physical process from a regular black hole solution with an event horizon. Earlier studies show that naked singularities can indeed be formed leading to the violation of CCH if a near-extremal black hole is injected with massive charged particles and the backreaction effects are neglected. We investigate the validity of CCH by considering the infall of charged massless particles as well as a charged null shell. We also discuss the issue of the third law of Black hole mechanics in the presence of null charged particles by considering various possibilities.

Prediction of scaling physics laws for proton acceleration with extended parameter space of the NIF ARC

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bhutwala, Krish; Beg, Farhat; Mariscal, Derek; Wilks, Scott; Ma, Tammy

2017-10-01

The Advanced Radiographic Capability (ARC) laser at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is the world's most energetic short-pulse laser. It comprises four beamlets, each of substantial energy ( 1.5 kJ), extended short-pulse duration (10-30 ps), and large focal spot (>=50% of energy in 150 µm spot). This allows ARC to achieve proton and light ion acceleration via the Target Normal Sheath Acceleration (TNSA) mechanism, but it is yet unknown how proton beam characteristics scale with ARC-regime laser parameters. As theory has also not yet been validated for laser-generated protons at ARC-regime laser parameters, we attempt to formulate the scaling physics of proton beam characteristics as a function of laser energy, intensity, focal spot size, pulse length, target geometry, etc. through a review of relevant proton acceleration experiments from laser facilities across the world. These predicted scaling laws should then guide target design and future diagnostics for desired proton beam experiments on the NIF ARC. This work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344 and funded by the LLNL LDRD program under tracking code 17-ERD-039.

76 FR 802 - Florida Power and Light Company, Turkey Point, Units 3 and 4; Exemption

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-06

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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-02

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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-07-27

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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

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Evaluating the Effects of a Self-Advocacy Training Program for Undergraduates with Disabilities

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

White, Glen W.; Summers, Jean Ann; Zhang, E; Renault, Val

2014-01-01

The purpose of this study is to explore the efficacy of a training program with a group of college students who have physical, sensory, and/or learning disabilities regarding their acquisition of knowledge and skills related to their rights to reasonable accommodations under several disability-related federal laws (e.g., Section 504, Americans…

An Exact Solvable Model of Rocket Dynamics in Atmosphere

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rodrigues, H.; Pinho, M. O.; Portes, D., Jr.; Santiago, A.

2009-01-01

In basic physics courses at undergraduate level, the dynamics of self-propelled bodies is presented as an example of momentum conservation law applied to systems with time-varying mass. However, is often studied the simple situation of free motion or the motion under the action of a constant gravitational field. In this work, we investigate the…

Generating Students' Information Seeking Questions in the Scholar Lab: What Benefits Can We Expect from Inquiry Teaching Approaches?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Torres, Tarcilo; Milicic, Beatriz; Soto, Carlos; Sanjose, Vicente

2013-01-01

Physics teachers use experimental devices to show students how scientific concepts, principles, and laws are applied to understand the real world. This paper studies question generation of secondary and under-graduate university students when they are confronted with experimental devices in different but usual teaching situations: reading about…

8 CFR 232.2 - Examination in the United States of alien applicants for benefits under the immigration laws and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... where the applicant has been found to be afflicted with active or inactive tuberculosis or an infectious... Nationality DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY IMMIGRATION REGULATIONS DETENTION OF ALIENS FOR PHYSICAL AND..., including clinics and local, county and state health departments employing qualified civil surgeons, as he...

8 CFR 232.2 - Examination in the United States of alien applicants for benefits under the immigration laws and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... where the applicant has been found to be afflicted with active or inactive tuberculosis or an infectious... Nationality DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY IMMIGRATION REGULATIONS DETENTION OF ALIENS FOR PHYSICAL AND..., including clinics and local, county and state health departments employing qualified civil surgeons, as he...

8 CFR 232.2 - Examination in the United States of alien applicants for benefits under the immigration laws and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... where the applicant has been found to be afflicted with active or inactive tuberculosis or an infectious... Nationality DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY IMMIGRATION REGULATIONS DETENTION OF ALIENS FOR PHYSICAL AND..., including clinics and local, county and state health departments employing qualified civil surgeons, as he...

A Note on Weak Solutions of Conservation Laws and Energy/Entropy Conservation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gwiazda, Piotr; Michálek, Martin; Świerczewska-Gwiazda, Agnieszka

2018-03-01

A common feature of systems of conservation laws of continuum physics is that they are endowed with natural companion laws which are in such cases most often related to the second law of thermodynamics. This observation easily generalizes to any symmetrizable system of conservation laws; they are endowed with nontrivial companion conservation laws, which are immediately satisfied by classical solutions. Not surprisingly, weak solutions may fail to satisfy companion laws, which are then often relaxed from equality to inequality and overtake the role of physical admissibility conditions for weak solutions. We want to answer the question: what is a critical regularity of weak solutions to a general system of conservation laws to satisfy an associated companion law as an equality? An archetypal example of such a result was derived for the incompressible Euler system in the context of Onsager's conjecture in the early nineties. This general result can serve as a simple criterion to numerous systems of mathematical physics to prescribe the regularity of solutions needed for an appropriate companion law to be satisfied.

Unifying role of dissipative action in the dynamic failure of solids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Grady, Dennis E.

2015-04-01

A fourth-power law underlying the steady shock-wave structure and solid viscosity of condensed material has been observed for a wide range of metals and non-metals. The fourth-power law relates the steady-wave Hugoniot pressure to the fourth power of the strain rate during passage of the material through the structured shock wave. Preceding the fourth-power law was the observation in a shock transition that the product of the shock dissipation energy and the shock transition time is a constant independent of the shock pressure amplitude. Invariance of this energy-time product implies the fourth-power law. This property of the shock transition in solids was initially identified as a shock invariant. More recently, it has been referred to as the dissipative action, although no relationship to the accepted definitions of action in mechanics has been demonstrated. This same invariant property has application to a wider range of transient failure phenomena in solids. Invariance of this dissipation action has application to spall fracture, failure through adiabatic shear, shock compaction of granular media, and perhaps others. Through models of the failure processes, a clearer picture of the physics underlying the observed invariance is emerging. These insights in turn are leading to a better understanding of the shock deformation processes underlying the fourth-power law. Experimental result and material models encompassing the dynamic failure of solids are explored for the purpose of demonstrating commonalities leading to invariance of the dissipation action. Calculations are extended to aluminum and uranium metals with the intent of predicting micro-scale dynamics and spatial structure in the steady shock wave.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Grady, Dennis E.

A fourth-power law underlying the steady shock-wave structure and solid viscosity of condensed material has been observed for a wide range of metals and non-metals. The fourth-power law relates the steady-wave Hugoniot pressure to the fourth power of the strain rate during passage of the material through the structured shock wave. Preceding the fourth-power law was the observation in a shock transition that the product of the shock dissipation energy and the shock transition time is a constant independent of the shock pressure amplitude. Invariance of this energy-time product implies the fourth-power law. This property of the shock transition inmore » solids was initially identified as a shock invariant. More recently, it has been referred to as the dissipative action, although no relationship to the accepted definitions of action in mechanics has been demonstrated. This same invariant property has application to a wider range of transient failure phenomena in solids. Invariance of this dissipation action has application to spall fracture, failure through adiabatic shear, shock compaction of granular media, and perhaps others. Through models of the failure processes, a clearer picture of the physics underlying the observed invariance is emerging. These insights in turn are leading to a better understanding of the shock deformation processes underlying the fourth-power law. Experimental result and material models encompassing the dynamic failure of solids are explored for the purpose of demonstrating commonalities leading to invariance of the dissipation action. Calculations are extended to aluminum and uranium metals with the intent of predicting micro-scale dynamics and spatial structure in the steady shock wave.« less

Modeling reality

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Denning, Peter J.

1990-01-01

Although powerful computers have allowed complex physical and manmade hardware systems to be modeled successfully, we have encountered persistent problems with the reliability of computer models for systems involving human learning, human action, and human organizations. This is not a misfortune; unlike physical and manmade systems, human systems do not operate under a fixed set of laws. The rules governing the actions allowable in the system can be changed without warning at any moment, and can evolve over time. That the governing laws are inherently unpredictable raises serious questions about the reliability of models when applied to human situations. In these domains, computers are better used, not for prediction and planning, but for aiding humans. Examples are systems that help humans speculate about possible futures, offer advice about possible actions in a domain, systems that gather information from the networks, and systems that track and support work flows in organizations.

Distributed Coordination for Optimal Energy Generation and Distribution in Cyber-Physical Energy Networks.

PubMed

Ahn, Hyo-Sung; Kim, Byeong-Yeon; Lim, Young-Hun; Lee, Byung-Hun; Oh, Kwang-Kyo

2018-03-01

This paper proposes three coordination laws for optimal energy generation and distribution in energy network, which is composed of physical flow layer and cyber communication layer. The physical energy flows through the physical layer; but all the energies are coordinated to generate and flow by distributed coordination algorithms on the basis of communication information. First, distributed energy generation and energy distribution laws are proposed in a decoupled manner without considering the interactive characteristics between the energy generation and energy distribution. Second, a joint coordination law to treat the energy generation and energy distribution in a coupled manner taking account of the interactive characteristics is designed. Third, to handle over- or less-energy generation cases, an energy distribution law for networks with batteries is designed. The coordination laws proposed in this paper are fully distributed in the sense that they are decided optimally only using relative information among neighboring nodes. Through numerical simulations, the validity of the proposed distributed coordination laws is illustrated.

The Association of State Law to Physical Education Time Allocation in US Public Schools

PubMed Central

Oh, April; Chriqui, Jamie F.; Mâsse, Louise C.; Atienza, Audie A.; Nebeling, Linda; Agurs-Collins, Tanya; Moser, Richard P.; Dodd, Kevin W.

2012-01-01

Objectives. We examined whether public schools in states with specific and stringent physical education (PE) laws, as assessed by the Physical Education–Related State Policy Classification System (PERSPCS), available on the Classification of Laws Associated with School Students (C.L.A.S.S.) Web site, reported more weekly PE time in the most recent School Health Policies and Programs Survey (SHPPS). Methods. Schools (n = 410) were grouped by their state’s PERSPCS time requirement scores (none, nonspecific requirement, or specific requirement). Average weekly school-level PE was calculated using the SHPPS-reported PE minutes. Weighted analyses determined if PE minutes/week differed by PERSPCS group. Results. Schools in states with specific requirement laws averaged over 27 and 60 more PE minutes/week at the elementary and middle school levels, respectively, compared with schools within states with nonspecific laws and over 40 and 60 more PE minutes per week, respectively, compared with elementary and middle schools in states with no laws. High school results were nonsignificant. Conclusions. Public health guidelines recommend at least 60 minutes of daily physical activity for children, and PE may further this goal. Strong codified law with specific time requirements for PE may be an important tool contributing toward adequate PE time and daily physical activity recommendations. PMID:22594746

Towards physics of neural processes and behavior

PubMed Central

Latash, Mark L.

2016-01-01

Behavior of biological systems is based on basic physical laws, common across inanimate and living systems, and currently unknown physical laws that are specific for living systems. Living systems are able to unite basic laws of physics into chains and clusters leading to new stable and pervasive relations among variables (new physical laws) involving new parameters and to modify these parameters in a purposeful way. Examples of such laws are presented starting from the tonic stretch reflex. Further, the idea of control with referent coordinates is formulated and merged with the idea of hierarchical control and the principle of abundance. The notion of controlled stability of behaviors is linked to the idea of structured variability, which is a common feature across living systems and actions. The explanatory and predictive power of this approach is illustrated with respect to the control of both intentional and unintentional movements, the phenomena of equifinality and its violations, preparation to quick actions, development of motor skills, changes with aging and neurological disorders, and perception. PMID:27497717

Physics and the Art of Dance - Understanding Movement

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Swope, Kenneth Laws

2005-03-01

Written by a physicist with professional dance training, Physics and the Art of Dance explains how dancers can achieve better, safer performances through an understanding of physics in motion. Using simple, non-technical terms, Kenneth Laws combines his knowledge of both physics and dance to describe how the laws of gravity, momentum, and energy affect dancing bodies. The book explores the natural laws that govern the subtleties of balance, the techniques of leaps and pirouettes, and the impressive lifts and turns executed by ballet partners. Finally, Laws offers insight into two current discussions in the dance world--the effect of body size on ballet technique, and the relationship between science and the art of dance. Beautiful, original stop-action photographs by Martha Swope, along with clear diagrams, illustrate the concepts described in the text. Plus, an intriguing "puzzler" at the beginning of each chapter provides an engaging entree into the topics presented. For those who want a more advanced understanding of the physics, extensive appendices are provided. This new book combines the best features of Laws's widely acclaimed The Physics of Dance and Physics, Dance, and the Pas de Deux by Laws and Cynthia Harvey. Its expert application of the basic principles of physics to the art of dance will be an invaluable resource for dancers and dance instructors and will open a new level of appreciation for lovers of the form. It will also appeal to physicists who seek to include the arts in their scientific pursuits.

Orthopaedics in Germany under the influence of National-Socialist healt-politic in the years 1933-1945.

PubMed

von Grabowski, Michał T W

2015-01-01

In the paper the health-care of physically disabled patients in Germany before, during and after the II world war are discussed. The circumstances of introduction of "Racial-Hygiene" - laws and orthopedic indications for the sterilization and euthanasia are described. Patients with severe physical and mental disabilities were potential candidates for annihilation. The tragic fate of jewish physicians is remembered. The activity of board of the German Orthopeadic Society (DOG) in the years 1933-1945 is described and critically analysed.

THE FUNDAMENTAL SOLUTIONS FOR MULTI-TERM MODIFIED POWER LAW WAVE EQUATIONS IN A FINITE DOMAIN.

PubMed

Jiang, H; Liu, F; Meerschaert, M M; McGough, R J

2013-01-01

Fractional partial differential equations with more than one fractional derivative term in time, such as the Szabo wave equation, or the power law wave equation, describe important physical phenomena. However, studies of these multi-term time-space or time fractional wave equations are still under development. In this paper, multi-term modified power law wave equations in a finite domain are considered. The multi-term time fractional derivatives are defined in the Caputo sense, whose orders belong to the intervals (1, 2], [2, 3), [2, 4) or (0, n ) ( n > 2), respectively. Analytical solutions of the multi-term modified power law wave equations are derived. These new techniques are based on Luchko's Theorem, a spectral representation of the Laplacian operator, a method of separating variables and fractional derivative techniques. Then these general methods are applied to the special cases of the Szabo wave equation and the power law wave equation. These methods and techniques can also be extended to other kinds of the multi-term time-space fractional models including fractional Laplacian.

Fluctuations around equilibrium laws in ergodic continuous-time random walks.

PubMed

Schulz, Johannes H P; Barkai, Eli

2015-06-01

We study occupation time statistics in ergodic continuous-time random walks. Under thermal detailed balance conditions, the average occupation time is given by the Boltzmann-Gibbs canonical law. But close to the nonergodic phase, the finite-time fluctuations around this mean are large and nontrivial. They exhibit dual time scaling and distribution laws: the infinite density of large fluctuations complements the Lévy-stable density of bulk fluctuations. Neither of the two should be interpreted as a stand-alone limiting law, as each has its own deficiency: the infinite density has an infinite norm (despite particle conservation), while the stable distribution has an infinite variance (although occupation times are bounded). These unphysical divergences are remedied by consistent use and interpretation of both formulas. Interestingly, while the system's canonical equilibrium laws naturally determine the mean occupation time of the ergodic motion, they also control the infinite and Lévy-stable densities of fluctuations. The duality of stable and infinite densities is in fact ubiquitous for these dynamics, as it concerns the time averages of general physical observables.

The Cognitive and Perceptual Laws of the Inclined Plane.

PubMed

Masin, Sergio Cesare

2016-09-01

The study explored whether laypersons correctly tacitly know Galileo's law of the inclined plane and what the basis of such knowledge could be. Participants predicted the time a ball would take to roll down a slope with factorial combination of ball travel distance and slope angle. The resulting pattern of factorial curves relating the square of predicted time to travel distance for each slope angle was identical to that implied by Galileo's law, indicating a correct cognitive representation of this law. Intuitive physics research suggests that this cognitive representation may result from memories of past perceptions of objects rolling down a slope. Such a basis and the correct cognitive representation of Galileo's law led to the hypothesis that Galileo's law is also perceptually represented correctly. To test this hypothesis, participants were asked to judge the perceived travel time of a ball actually rolling down a slope, with perceived travel distance and perceived slope angle varied in a factorial design. The obtained pattern of factorial curves was equal to that implied by Galileo's law, indicating that the functional relationships defined in this law were perceptually represented correctly. The results foster the idea that laypersons may tacitly know both linear and nonlinear multiplicative physical laws of the everyday world. As a practical implication, the awareness of this conclusion may help develop more effective methods for teaching physics and for improving human performance in the physical environment.

Obtaining Laws through Quantifying Experiments: Justifications of Pre-Service Physics Teachers in the Case of Electric Current, Voltage and Resistance

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mäntylä, Terhi; Hämäläinen, Ari

2015-01-01

The language of physics is mathematics, and physics ideas, laws and models describing phenomena are usually represented in mathematical form. Therefore, an understanding of how to navigate between phenomena and the models representing them in mathematical form is important for a physics teacher so that the teacher can make physics understandable…

In defence of mandatory bicycle helmet legislation: response to Hooper and Spicer.

PubMed

Biegler, Paul; Johnson, Marilyn

2015-08-01

We invoke a triple rationale to rebut Hooper and Spicer's argument against mandatory helmet laws. First, we use the laws of physics and empirical studies to show how bicycle helmets afford substantial protection to the user. We show that Hooper and Spicer erroneously downplay helmet utility and that, as a result, their attack on the utilitarian argument for mandatory helmet laws is weakened. Next, we refute their claim that helmet legislation comprises unjustified paternalism. We show the healthcare costs of bareheaded riding to pose significant third party harms. It follows, we argue, that a utilitarian case for helmet laws can be sustained by appeal to Mill's Harm Principle. Finally, we reject Hooper and Spicer's claim that helmet laws unjustly penalise cyclists for their own health-affecting behaviour. Rather, we show their argument to suffer by disanalogy with medical cases where injustice may be more evident, for example, denial of bypass surgery to smokers. We conclude that mandatory helmet laws offer substantial utility and are entirely defensible within the framework of a liberal democracy. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.

The Use of Force by Public School Teachers as a Defense against Threatened Physical Harm.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Henderson, Donald H.; And Others

1989-01-01

In most cases of self-defense and defense of others, the defendant is required to affirmatively plead and prove that: (1) an apparent necessity to act in self-defense existed; (2) the force used was reasonable under the existing circumstances; and (3) the defendant had no time to resort to the law. (MLF)

Expeditionary Forensic Support to Joint Force Commanders: What Changes or Considerations are Warranted?

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-04-10

builders . Human Intelligence (HUMINT) and Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) could then also be prioritized and employed accordingly for optimal 8...responsibility for digital and multimedia forensics, and DIA responsibility for forensic intelligence activities and programs.31 The Army is also currently...aligning functional oversight of Forensics, Biometrics, Law Enforcement, Detainee Operations, and Physical Security 11 under one overarching

Lecturers' and Students' Conceptions of Authenticity in Teaching and Actual Teacher Actions and Attributes Students Perceive as Helpful

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kreber, Carolin; Klampfleitner, Monika

2013-01-01

This study investigated an under-explored area in the field of academic practice: the meaning of the complex notion of authenticity in teaching. Combining conceptual with empirical investigation, data included philosophical texts, repertory grid interviews with fifty-five lecturers and students from Law, Physics and English Literature, and…

Statistical physics of human beings in games: Controlled experiments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liang, Yuan; Huang, Ji-Ping

2014-07-01

It is important to know whether the laws or phenomena in statistical physics for natural systems with non-adaptive agents still hold for social human systems with adaptive agents, because this implies whether it is possible to study or understand social human systems by using statistical physics originating from natural systems. For this purpose, we review the role of human adaptability in four kinds of specific human behaviors, namely, normal behavior, herd behavior, contrarian behavior, and hedge behavior. The approach is based on controlled experiments in the framework of market-directed resource-allocation games. The role of the controlled experiments could be at least two-fold: adopting the real human decision-making process so that the system under consideration could reflect the performance of genuine human beings; making it possible to obtain macroscopic physical properties of a human system by tuning a particular factor of the system, thus directly revealing cause and effect. As a result, both computer simulations and theoretical analyses help to show a few counterparts of some laws or phenomena in statistical physics for social human systems: two-phase phenomena or phase transitions, entropy-related phenomena, and a non-equilibrium steady state. This review highlights the role of human adaptability in these counterparts, and makes it possible to study or understand some particular social human systems by means of statistical physics coming from natural systems.

Conservation laws in the quantum Hall Liouvillian theory and its generalizations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Moore, Joel E.

2003-06-01

It is known that the localization length scaling of noninteracting electrons near the quantum Hall plateau transition can be described in a theory of the bosonic density operators, with no reference to the underlying fermions. The resulting "Liouvillian" theory has a U(1|1) global supersymmetry as well as a hierarchy of geometric conservation laws related to the noncommutative geometry of the lowest Landau level (LLL). Approximations to the Liouvillian theory contain quite different physics from standard approximations to the underlying fermionic theory. Mean-field and large- N generalizations of the Liouvillian are shown to describe problems of noninteracting bosons that enlarge the U(1|1) supersymmetry to U(1|1)× SO( N) or U(1|1)× SU( N). These noninteracting bosonic problems are studied numerically for 2⩽ N⩽8 by Monte Carlo simulation and compared to the original N=1 Liouvillian theory. The N>1 generalizations preserve the first two of the hierarchy of geometric conservation laws, leading to logarithmic corrections at order 1/ N to the diffusive large- N limit, but do not preserve the remaining conservation laws. The emergence of nontrivial scaling at the plateau transition, in the Liouvillian approach, is shown to depend sensitively on the unusual geometry of Landau levels.

Accurate physical laws can permit new standard units: The two laws F→=ma→ and the proportionality of weight to mass

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Saslow, Wayne M.

2014-04-01

Three common approaches to F→=ma→ are: (1) as an exactly true definition of force F→ in terms of measured inertial mass m and measured acceleration a→; (2) as an exactly true axiom relating measured values of a→, F→ and m; and (3) as an imperfect but accurately true physical law relating measured a→ to measured F→, with m an experimentally determined, matter-dependent constant, in the spirit of the resistance R in Ohm's law. In the third case, the natural units are those of a→ and F→, where a→ is normally specified using distance and time as standard units, and F→ from a spring scale as a standard unit; thus mass units are derived from force, distance, and time units such as newtons, meters, and seconds. The present work develops the third approach when one includes a second physical law (again, imperfect but accurate)—that balance-scale weight W is proportional to m—and the fact that balance-scale measurements of relative weight are more accurate than those of absolute force. When distance and time also are more accurately measurable than absolute force, this second physical law permits a shift to standards of mass, distance, and time units, such as kilograms, meters, and seconds, with the unit of force—the newton—a derived unit. However, were force and distance more accurately measurable than time (e.g., time measured with an hourglass), this second physical law would permit a shift to standards of force, mass, and distance units such as newtons, kilograms, and meters, with the unit of time—the second—a derived unit. Therefore, the choice of the most accurate standard units depends both on what is most accurately measurable and on the accuracy of physical law.

Teaching Newton's Laws with the iPod Touch in Conceptual Physics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kelly, Angela M.

2011-04-01

One of the greatest challenges in teaching physics is helping students achieve a conceptual understanding of Newton's laws. I find that students fresh from middle school can sometimes recite the laws verbatim ("An object in motion stays in motion…" and "For every action…"), but they rarely demonstrate a working knowledge of how to apply them to observable phenomena. As a firm believer in inquiry-based teaching methods, I like to develop activities where students can experiment and construct understandings based on relevant personal experiences. Consequently, I am always looking for exciting new technologies that can readily demonstrate how physics affects everyday things. In a conceptual physics class designed for ninth-graders, I created a structured activity where students applied Newton's laws to a series of free applications downloaded on iPod Touches. The laws had been introduced during the prior class session with textual descriptions and graphical representations. The course is offered as part of the Enlace Latino Collegiate Society, a weekend enrichment program for middle and high school students in the Bronx. The majority of students had limited or no prior exposure to physics concepts, and many attended high schools where physics was not offered at all.

Abuse from in-laws during pregnancy and post-partum: qualitative and quantitative findings from low-income mothers of infants in Mumbai, India.

PubMed

Raj, Anita; Sabarwal, Shagun; Decker, Michele R; Nair, Saritha; Jethva, Meghna; Krishnan, Suneeta; Donta, Balaiah; Saggurti, Niranjan; Silverman, Jay G

2011-08-01

To examine experiences of perinatal (in pregnancy or post-partum) abuse from in-laws and to assess associations between such experiences and perinatal intimate partner violence (IPV) from husbands, as reported by Indian women residing in low-income communities in Mumbai. The present study includes both qualitative and quantitative research conducted across two phases of study. The qualitative phase involved face-to-face, semi-structured in-depth interviews (n = 32) with women seeking health care for their infants (6 months or younger) and self-reporting emotional or physical abuse from their husband. The quantitative arm involved survey data collection (n = 1,038) from mothers seeking immunization for their infants 6 months or younger at three large Urban Health Centers in Mumbai. Results of the qualitative study documented the occurrence of both non-physical and physical abuse from in-laws during pregnancy and post-partum. Non-physical forms of abuse included forced heavy domestic labor, food denial and efforts toward prevention of medical care acquisition. Quantitative results demonstrated that 26.3% of the sample reported perinatal abuse (non-physical and physical) from in-laws and that women experiencing perinatal sexual or physical IPV from husbands were significantly more likely to report perinatal abuse from in-laws (AOR = 5.33, 95% CI = 3.93-7.23). Perinatal abuse from in-laws is not uncommon among women in India and may be compromising maternal and child health in this context; such abuse is also linked to perinatal violence from husbands. Programs and interventions that screen and address IPV in pregnant and post-partum populations in India should be developed to include consideration of in-laws.

Geometry and symmetry in non-equilibrium thermodynamic systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sonnino, Giorgio

2017-06-01

The ultimate aim of this series of works is to establish the closure equations, valid for thermodynamic systems out from the Onsager region, and to describe the geometry and symmetry in thermodynamic systems far from equilibrium. Geometry of a non-equilibrium thermodynamic system is constructed by taking into account the second law of thermodynamics and by imposing the validity of the Glansdorff-Prigogine Universal Criterion of Evolution. These two constraints allow introducing the metrics and the affine connection of the Space of the Thermodynamic Forces, respectively. The Lie group associated to the nonlinear Thermodynamic Coordinate Transformations (TCT) leaving invariant both the entropy production σ and the Glansdorff-Prigogine dissipative quantity P, is also described. The invariance under TCT leads to the formulation of the Thermodynamic Covariance Principle (TCP): The nonlinear closure equations, i.e. the flux-force relations, must be covariant under TCT. In other terms, the fundamental laws of thermodynamics should be manifestly covariant under transformations between the admissible thermodynamic forces (i.e. under TCT). The symmetry properties of a physical system are intimately related to the conservation laws characterizing the thermodynamic system. Noether's theorem gives a precise description of this relation. The macroscopic theory for closure relations, based on this geometrical description and subject to the TCP, is referred to as the Thermodynamic Field Theory (TFT). This theory ensures the validity of the fundamental theorems for systems far from equilibrium.

Scale relativity theory and integrative systems biology: 1. Founding principles and scale laws.

PubMed

Auffray, Charles; Nottale, Laurent

2008-05-01

In these two companion papers, we provide an overview and a brief history of the multiple roots, current developments and recent advances of integrative systems biology and identify multiscale integration as its grand challenge. Then we introduce the fundamental principles and the successive steps that have been followed in the construction of the scale relativity theory, and discuss how scale laws of increasing complexity can be used to model and understand the behaviour of complex biological systems. In scale relativity theory, the geometry of space is considered to be continuous but non-differentiable, therefore fractal (i.e., explicitly scale-dependent). One writes the equations of motion in such a space as geodesics equations, under the constraint of the principle of relativity of all scales in nature. To this purpose, covariant derivatives are constructed that implement the various effects of the non-differentiable and fractal geometry. In this first review paper, the scale laws that describe the new dependence on resolutions of physical quantities are obtained as solutions of differential equations acting in the scale space. This leads to several possible levels of description for these laws, from the simplest scale invariant laws to generalized laws with variable fractal dimensions. Initial applications of these laws to the study of species evolution, embryogenesis and cell confinement are discussed.

Study Modules for Calculus-Based General Physics. [Includes Modules 21-23: Second Law and Entropy; Coulomb's Law and the Electric Field; and Flux and Gauss' Law].

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fuller, Robert G., Ed.; And Others

This is part of a series of 42 Calculus Based Physics (CBP) modules totaling about 1,000 pages. The modules include study guides, practice tests, and mastery tests for a full-year individualized course in calculus-based physics based on the Personalized System of Instruction (PSI). The units are not intended to be used without outside materials;…

Laws of physics help explain capillary non-perfusion in diabetic retinopathy.

PubMed

Stefánsson, E; Chan, Y K; Bek, T; Hardarson, S H; Wong, D; Wilson, D I

2018-02-01

The purpose is to use laws of physics to elucidate the mechanisms behind capillary non-perfusion in diabetic retinopathy. In diabetic retinopathy, loss of pericytes weakens capillary walls and the vessel dilates. A dilated capillary has reduced resistance to flow, therefore increased flow in that vessel and decreased in adjoining capillaries. A preferential shunt vessel is thus formed from the dilated capillary and the adjacent capillaries become non-perfused. We apply the laws of Laplace and Hagen-Poiseuille to better understand the phenomena that lead to capillary non-perfusion. These laws of physics can give a foundation for physical or mathematical models to further elucidate this field of study. The law of Laplace predicts that a weaker vessel wall will dilate, assuming constant transmural pressure. The Hagen-Poiseuille equation for flow and the Ostwald-de Waele relationship for viscosity predict that a dilated vessel will receive a higher portion of the fluid flow than the adjoining capillaries. Viscosity will decrease in the dilated vessel, furthering the imbalance and resulting in a patch of non-perfused capillaries next to the dilated 'preferential' shunt vessel. Physical principles support or inspire novel hypotheses to explain poorly understood phenomena in ophthalmology. This thesis of pericyte death and capillary remodelling, which was first proposed by Cogan and Kuwabara, already agrees with histological and angiographical observations in diabetic retinopathy. We have shown that it is also supported by classical laws of physics.

Teaching Newton's Laws with the iPod Touch in Conceptual Physics

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kelly, Angela M.

2011-01-01

One of the greatest challenges in teaching physics is helping students achieve a conceptual understanding of Newton's laws. I find that students fresh from middle school can sometimes recite the laws verbatim ("An object in motion stays in motion..." and "For every action..."), but they rarely demonstrate a working knowledge of…

Towards physics of neural processes and behavior.

PubMed

Latash, Mark L

2016-10-01

Behavior of biological systems is based on basic physical laws, common across inanimate and living systems, and currently unknown physical laws that are specific for living systems. Living systems are able to unite basic laws of physics into chains and clusters leading to new stable and pervasive relations among variables (new physical laws) involving new parameters and to modify these parameters in a purposeful way. Examples of such laws are presented starting from the tonic stretch reflex. Further, the idea of control with referent coordinates is formulated and merged with the idea of hierarchical control and the principle of abundance. The notion of controlled stability of behaviors is linked to the idea of structured variability, which is a common feature across living systems and actions. The explanatory and predictive power of this approach is illustrated with respect to the control of both intentional and unintentional movements, the phenomena of equifinality and its violations, preparation to quick actions, development of motor skills, changes with aging and neurological disorders, and perception. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Notions of Physical Laws in Childhood.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Von Pfuhl Rodrigues, Dulce Madalena Autran

1980-01-01

Presented is an experiment investigating children's awareness of regularities in physical phenomena and their capacity for expressing these regularities. Hypothesized and confirmed is that children can use statements with the form and purpose of a physical law. Cartoons related to Archimedes' principle (and connected gravitation and fluid…

Relativistic covariance of Ohm's law

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Starke, R.; Schober, G. A. H.

2016-04-01

The derivation of Lorentz-covariant generalizations of Ohm's law has been a long-term issue in theoretical physics with deep implications for the study of relativistic effects in optical and atomic physics. In this article, we propose an alternative route to this problem, which is motivated by the tremendous progress in first-principles materials physics in general and ab initio electronic structure theory in particular. We start from the most general, Lorentz-covariant first-order response law, which is written in terms of the fundamental response tensor χμ ν relating induced four-currents to external four-potentials. By showing the equivalence of this description to Ohm's law, we prove the validity of Ohm's law in every inertial frame. We further use the universal relation between χμ ν and the microscopic conductivity tensor σkℓ to derive a fully relativistic transformation law for the latter, which includes all effects of anisotropy and relativistic retardation. In the special case of a constant, scalar conductivity, this transformation law can be used to rederive a standard textbook generalization of Ohm's law.

Customary law row looming.

PubMed

Khumalo, B

1993-11-01

Married women under customary law in South Africa are perpetual minors; customary law marriages are not of equal status to civil law marriages; women are denied inheritance access to land and property and excluded from decision making in their homes and communities; and Muslim women do not have equal rights under Muslim personal law. As political and civil reforms loom on the horizon in South Africa, however, calls are being made for customary law to be included under the scrutiny of the Bill of Rights. Women under customary law would therefore be protected under an uniform Bill of Rights. Members of the Congress of Traditional Leaders are staunchly opposed to such a move. They argue instead that women under customary law should not be protected in the Bill of Rights. Customary law will therefore be insulated from legislative reform. This paper briefly presents segments of the ongoing debate between law academics, women's pressure groups, and religious and cultural bodies on the issue.

Bullard's Law

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sclater, J. G.

2002-12-01

The first scientist to measure heat flow through the floor of the oceans systematically, Teddy Bullard had received his Ph D in the thirties as a nuclear physicist under Rutherford at Cambridge University. Immediately before WWII and then entirely thereafter, Teddy Bullard devoted himself to better understanding the Earth, ending his career as the Head of the Department of Geodesy and Geophysics at Cambridge. However, he sometimes regretted that he had had to abandon nuclear physics to find a job. He especially bemoaned the fact that unlike, most of his contemporaries from the Cavendish, he had had no important physical law named after him. To rectify this oversight Maurice Hill, the leader of the marine group at the Department, formulated what came to be known Bullard's Law - "Never take a second heat flow measurement within 20 km of the original for fear that it differ from the first by two orders of magnitude". In this presentation, I review the background information that led to Bullard's Law, to the realization that the early workers (1949 - 1965: Maxwell, Von Herzen, Bullard, Day, Langseth, Gerard, Uyeda, Yasui, Vacquier, Reitzel, Nason and Lee amongst others) had measured the heat flow correctly and that they had observed a large but real variability in heat flow near the crest of the mid-ocean ridges. I discuss the early attempts to explain the variability, and, the various sedimentary observations (Skornyakova, Arrhenius, Bonatti and Bostrom), magnetic measurements (Irving) and physical inferences (Elder and Lister) that led to the realization that fluid flowing through the oceanic crust might have created the variability. I finish by discussing an expedition to the Galapagos Spreading Center where NSF funded Dick Von Herzen and I to prove Lister wrong. Instead our graduate student Dave Williams, to my surprise but not Dick's, observed the first deep sea hydrothermal plume. The rest is history.

[The notion of occupational skin disease. Medical and legal aspects].

PubMed

Elsner, P; Schliemann, S

2015-03-01

The different definitions of skin disease in medicine and in law are frequently confusing for dermatologists. While a skin disease may be defined medically referring to the definition of health by the WHO as a pathological condition of the skin leading to a disruption of the physical, mental and social well-being of the individual, legal definitions vary depending on the field of insurance law that is referred to. In the law of private health insurance, a skin disease is defined as an anomalous condition of the skin requiring medical treatment that exists independently of the subjective judgement of the insured person and needs to be objectively confirmed by a medical evaluation. In contrast, in the law of the social health insurance, the Federal Court of Social Justice defines disease as irregular physical or mental condition, deviating from the perception of a healthy human being that requires medical treatment or leads to inability to work. Substantial bodily disfigurement may be regarded as an irregular physical condition. In the law of the statutory accident insurance, occupational skin diseases are defined under clause 5101 of the occupational disease regulation as serious or repeatedly relapsing skin diseases that have forced a person to refrain from any work activities causal for the development, the aggravation or the recurrence of the disease. The Federal Court of Social Justice interprets the term "skin disease" from the protective purpose of the law, i.e. the protection against the economic and health consequences of the exposure to harmful agents and a thereby forced change of profession. This broad interpretation of the term "skin disease" leads to the recognition of diseases of the conjunctiva of the eye or diseases of the blood vessels of the skin due to cold damage as skin diseases according to clause 5101. For the correct treatment and possibly notification of occupational skin diseases in collaboration with various insurance carriers, dermatologists should be familiar not only with the medical definition, but also with these different legal definitions of skin disease.

Law for the Welfare of Physically Disabled Persons, 1949 (The Latest Amendment Was in 1986).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Japanese Society for Rehabilitation of the Disabled, Tokyo.

This document presents the text of the 1949 Japanese Law for the Welfare of Physically Disabled Persons and brief extracts of later amendments. Sections in Chapter 1 cover definitions, the Advisory Council on Welfare of Physically Disabled Persons, and service providers. Chapter II covers welfare measures such as the physically disabled person's…

Careers in Patent Law for Physics Majors

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Oliver, Douglas L.

2010-01-01

An important question that many undergraduate physics students ask is, "What can one do with a physics degree?" Of course there are many answers to this question. Often a general reference to becoming a lawyer is given as a possible answer. This paper is intended to explain the field of patent law and how a physics degree can lead to an…

The Phenomenal World of Physics. The Science Club. Ages 10-14. [CD-ROM].

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

1999

This CD-ROM allows students to learn about physics principles and the scientists who discovered them through genius or luck. The simplicity of these physical laws and how the discovery of these laws has improved the daily lives of humans is discussed. The computer program explores the physics behind the earth's rotation, Archimedes' Principles,…

Theories and applications of second-order correlation of longitudinal velocity increments at three points in isotropic turbulence

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, J. Z.; Fang, L.; Shao, L.; Lu, L. P.

2018-06-01

In order to introduce new physics to traditional two-point correlations, we define the second-order correlation of longitudinal velocity increments at three points and obtain the analytical expressions in isotropic turbulence. By introducing the Kolmogorov 4/5 law, this three-point correlation explicitly contains velocity second- and third-order moments, which correspond to energy and energy transfer respectively. The combination of them then shows additional information of non-equilibrium turbulence by comparing to two-point correlations. Moreover, this three-point correlation shows the underlying inconsistency between numerical interpolation and three-point scaling law in numerical calculations, and inspires a preliminary model to correct this problem in isotropic turbulence.

The rationale behind Pierre Duhem's natural classification.

PubMed

Bhakthavatsalam, Sindhuja

2015-06-01

The central concern of this paper is the interpretation of Duhem's attitude towards physical theory. Based on his view that the classification of experimental laws yielded by theory progressively approaches a natural classification-a classification reflecting that of underlying realities-Duhem has been construed as a realist of sorts in recent literature. Here I argue that his positive attitude towards the theoretic classification of laws had rather to do with the pragmatic rationality of the physicist. Duhem's idea of natural classification was an intuitive idea in the mind of the physicist that had to be affirmed in order to justify the physicist's pursuit of theory. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Between disorder and order: A case study of power law

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cao, Yong; Zhao, Youjie; Yue, Xiaoguang; Xiong, Fei; Sun, Yongke; He, Xin; Wang, Lichao

2016-08-01

Power law is an important feature of phenomena in long memory behaviors. Zipf ever found power law in the distribution of the word frequencies. In physics, the terms order and disorder are Thermodynamic or statistical physics concepts originally and a lot of research work has focused on self-organization of the disorder ingredients of simple physical systems. It is interesting what make disorder-order transition. We devise an experiment-based method about random symbolic sequences to research regular pattern between disorder and order. The experiment results reveal power law is indeed an important regularity in transition from disorder to order. About these results the preliminary study and analysis has been done to explain the reasons.

Distilling free-form natural laws from experimental data.

PubMed

Schmidt, Michael; Lipson, Hod

2009-04-03

For centuries, scientists have attempted to identify and document analytical laws that underlie physical phenomena in nature. Despite the prevalence of computing power, the process of finding natural laws and their corresponding equations has resisted automation. A key challenge to finding analytic relations automatically is defining algorithmically what makes a correlation in observed data important and insightful. We propose a principle for the identification of nontriviality. We demonstrated this approach by automatically searching motion-tracking data captured from various physical systems, ranging from simple harmonic oscillators to chaotic double-pendula. Without any prior knowledge about physics, kinematics, or geometry, the algorithm discovered Hamiltonians, Lagrangians, and other laws of geometric and momentum conservation. The discovery rate accelerated as laws found for simpler systems were used to bootstrap explanations for more complex systems, gradually uncovering the "alphabet" used to describe those systems.

Information, Physics, and Cancer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Adami, Chris

Many researchers have doubts that a ''theory of cancer'' can exist, given the fact that there are so many different cancer phenotypes. However, such a situation-many significantly different manifestations of an underlying law-is not at all uncommon in physics. I argue that a unified cause for all forms of cancer is possible, but that such a theory must be cast in terms of information and communication theory. I briefly revisit key concepts of that theory, then discuss possible applications to communication in game theory that could lead us to view cancer as a disease that, at its root, is a cellular failure to properly communicate.

Essays on symmetry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ismael, Jenann Tareq

1997-04-01

Structures of many different sorts arise in physics, e.g., the concrete structures of material bodies, the structure exemplified by the spatiotemporal configuration of a set of bodies, the structures of more abstract objects like states, state-spaces, laws, and so on. To each structure of any of these types there corresponds a set of transformations which map it onto itself. These are its symmetries. Increasingly ubiquitous in theoretical discussions in physics, the notion of symmetry is also at the root of some time-worn philosophical debates. This dissertation consists of a set of essays on topics drawn from places where the two fields overlap. The first essay is an informal introduction to the mathematical study of symmetry. The second essay defends a famous principle of Pierre Curie which states that the symmetries of a cause are always symmetries of its effect. The third essay takes up the case of reflection in space in the context of a controversy stemming from one of Kant's early arguments for the substantivality of space. The fourth essay is a discussion of the general conditions under which an asymmetry in a phenomenon suggests an asymmetry in the laws which govern it. The case of reflection in time-specifically, the theoretical strategy used in statistical mechanics to subsume the time-asymmetric phenomena of Thermodynamics under the time-symmetric classical dynamical laws-is used to illustrate the general points. The philosophical heart of the thesis lies in its fifth essay. Here a somewhat novel way of conceiving scientific theorizing is articulated, one suggested by the abstract mathematical perspective of symmetry.

Critical heat flux (CHF) phenomenon on a downward facing curved surface

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cheung, F.B.; Haddad, K.H.; Liu, Y.C.

1997-06-01

This report describes a theoretical and experimental study of the boundary layer boiling and critical heat flux phenomena on a downward facing curved heating surface, including both hemispherical and toroidal surfaces. A subscale boundary layer boiling (SBLB) test facility was developed to measure the spatial variation of the critical heat flux and observe the underlying mechanisms. Transient quenching and steady-state boiling experiments were performed in the SBLB facility under both saturated and subcooled conditions to obtain a complete database on the critical heat flux. To complement the experimental effort, an advanced hydrodynamic CHF model was developed from the conservation lawsmore » along with sound physical arguments. The model provides a clear physical explanation for the spatial variation of the CHF observed in the SBLB experiments and for the weak dependence of the CHF data on the physical size of the vessel. Based upon the CHF model, a scaling law was established for estimating the local critical heat flux on the outer surface of a heated hemispherical vessel that is fully submerged in water. The scaling law, which compares favorably with all the available local CHF data obtained for various vessel sizes, can be used to predict the local CHF limits on large commercial-size vessels. This technical information represents one of the essential elements that is needed in assessing the efficacy of external cooling of core melt by cavity flooding as a severe accident management strategy. 83 figs., 3 tabs.« less

25 CFR 11.440 - Tampering with or fabricating physical evidence.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Tampering with or fabricating physical evidence. 11.440 Section 11.440 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER COURTS OF INDIAN OFFENSES AND LAW AND ORDER CODE Criminal Offenses § 11.440 Tampering with or fabricating physical evidence...

25 CFR 11.440 - Tampering with or fabricating physical evidence.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Tampering with or fabricating physical evidence. 11.440 Section 11.440 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER COURTS OF INDIAN OFFENSES AND LAW AND ORDER CODE Criminal Offenses § 11.440 Tampering with or fabricating physical evidence...

Correlates of State Enactment of Elementary School Physical Education Laws

PubMed Central

Monnat, Shannon M.; Lounsbery, Monica A.F.; Smith, Nicole J.

2014-01-01

Objective To describe variation in U.S. state elementary school physical education (PE) policies and to assess associations between state PE policy enactment and education funding, academic achievement, sociodemographic disadvantage, and political characteristics. Methods U.S. state laws regarding school PE time, staffing, curriculum, fitness assessment, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in 2012 were classified as strong/specific, weak/nonspecific, or none based on codified law ratings within the Classification of Laws Associated with School Students (C.L.A.S.S.). Laws were merged with state-level data from multiple sources. Logistic regression was used to determine associations between state characteristics and PE laws (N=51). Results Laws with specific PE and MVPA time requirements and evidence-based curriculum standards were more likely in states with low academic performance and in states with sociodemographically disadvantaged populations. School day length was positively associated with enacting a PE curriculum that referenced evidence-based standards. School funding and political characteristics were not associated with PE laws. Conclusions Limited time and high-stakes testing requirements force schools to prioritize academic programs, posing barriers to state passage of specific PE laws. To facilitate PE policy enactment, it may be necessary to provide evidence of how PE policies can be implemented within existing time and staffing structures. PMID:25230368

Correlates of state enactment of elementary school physical education laws.

PubMed

Monnat, Shannon M; Lounsbery, Monica A F; Smith, Nicole J

2014-12-01

To describe variation in U.S. state elementary school physical education (PE) policies and to assess associations between state PE policy enactment and education funding, academic achievement, sociodemographic disadvantage, and political characteristics. U.S. state laws regarding school PE time, staffing, curriculum, fitness assessment, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in 2012 were classified as strong/specific, weak/nonspecific, or none based on codified law ratings within the Classification of Laws Associated with School Students (C.L.A.S.S.). Laws were merged with state-level data from multiple sources. Logistic regression was used to determine associations between state characteristics and PE laws (N=51). Laws with specific PE and MVPA time requirements and evidence-based curriculum standards were more likely in states with low academic performance and in states with sociodemographically disadvantaged populations. School day length was positively associated with enacting a PE curriculum that referenced evidence-based standards. School funding and political characteristics were not associated with PE laws. Limited time and high-stake testing requirements force schools to prioritize academic programs, posing barriers to state passage of specific PE laws. To facilitate PE policy enactment, it may be necessary to provide evidence on how PE policies can be implemented within existing time and staffing structures. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

[Effect of physical properties of respiratory gas on pneumotachographic measurement of ventilation in newborn infants].

PubMed

Foitzik, B; Schmalisch, G; Wauer, R R

1994-04-01

The measurement of ventilation in neonates has a number of specific characteristics; in contrast to lung function testing in adults, the inspiratory gas for neonates is often conditioned. In pneumotachographs (PNT) based on Hagen-Poiseuille's law, changes in physical characteristics of respiratory gas (temperature, humidity, pressure and oxygen fraction [FiO2]) produce a volume change as calculated with the ideal gas equation p*V/T = const; in addition, the viscosity of the gas is also changed, thus leading to measuring errors. In clinical practice, the effect of viscosity on volume measurement is often ignored. The accuracy of these empirical laws was investigated in a size 0 Fleisch-PNT using a flow-through technique and variously processed respiratory gas. Spontaneous breathing was simulated with the aid of a calibration syringe (20 ml) and a rate of 30 min-1. The largest change in viscosity (11.6% at 22 degrees C and dry gas) is found with an increase in FiO2 (21...100%). A rise in temperature from 24 to 35 degrees C (dry air) produced an increase in viscosity of 5.2%. An increase of humidity (0...90%, 35 degrees C) decreased the viscosity by 3%. A partial compensation of these viscosity errors is thus possible. Pressure change (0...50 mbar, under ambient conditions) caused no measurable viscosity error. With the exception of temperature, the measurements have shown good agreement between the measured volume measuring errors and those calculated from viscosity changes. If the respiratory gas differs from ambient air (e.g. elevated FiO2) or if the PNT is calibrated under BTPS conditions, changes in viscosity must not be neglected when performing accurate ventilation measurements. On the basis of the well-known physical laws of Dalton, Thiesen and Sutherland, a numerical correction of adequate accuracy is possible.

Dynamic weakening is limited by granular dynamics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kuwano, O.; Hatano, T.

2011-12-01

Earthquakes are the result of the frictional instability of faults containing fine rock powders called gouge derived from attrition in past fault motions. Understanding the frictional instability of granular matter in terms of constitutive laws is thus important. Because of the importance of granular matter for industries and engineering, the friction of granular matter has been studied in the field of solid earth science and other fields, such as statistical physics. In solid earth science, the rate- and state-dependent friction law was established by laboratory experiments at a very low sliding velocity (μm/s to mm/s). Recent experiments conducted at sub-seismic to seismic sliding velocities (mm/s to m/s), however, show that frictional properties are much richer than those predicted by the rate- and state-dependent friction law. One of the most important findings in such experiments is the remarkable weakening due to mechano-chemical effects by frictional heating [Tullis, 2007]. In statistical physics, another empirical law holds for much faster deformation than the former, showing positive shear-rate dependence. Until Recently, friction of granular matter has been investigated independently in the fields of solid earth science and statistical physics, and thus the relation between these distinct constitutive laws is not clear. Recently, some experimental studies have been reported to connect the achievements in these two fields. For example, a laboratory experiment on dry glass beads under very low normal stress (0.02 to 0.05 MPa) in which the frictional heat is negligible reveals the transition from velocity-weakening friction at low sliding velocities to velocity-strengthening friction at high sliding velocities [Kuwano et al., 2011]. Importantly, the velocity-strengthening nature at high sliding velocities is quantitatively the same as those observed in simulations. The inelastic deformation of the grains therefore plays a vital role at high sliding velocities. In this study, we report a friction experiment under higher pressure (0.1 to 0.9 MPa), in which the frictional heat is significant. To clarify the effect of frictional heat in high-speed friction systematically, we investigated both the pressure and the velocity dependence of the friction coefficient over a wide range of sliding velocities ranging from aseismic to seismic slip velocities. We observed considerable weakening, described well by a flash-heating theory, above the sliding velocity of 1 cm/s regardless of pressure. At higher velocities, the velocity strengthening behavior replaced the velocity weakening behavior. This strengthening at higher velocities agrees with data from numerical simulations on sheared granular matter and is therefore described in terms of energy dissipation due to the inelastic deformation of grains. We propose a unified steady-state friction law that well describes the velocity and pressure dependence of the steady-state friction coefficient.

Tiger beetles pursue prey using a proportional control law with a delay of one half-stride.

PubMed

Haselsteiner, Andreas F; Gilbert, Cole; Wang, Z Jane

2014-06-06

Tiger beetles are fast diurnal predators capable of chasing prey under closed-loop visual guidance. We investigated this control system using statistical analyses of high-speed digital recordings of beetles chasing a moving prey dummy in a laboratory arena. Correlation analyses reveal that the beetle uses a proportional control law in which the angular position of the prey relative to the beetle's body axis drives the beetle's angular velocity with a delay of about 28 ms. The proportionality coefficient or system gain, 12 s(-1), is just below critical damping. Pursuit simulations using the derived control law predict angular orientation during pursuits with a residual error of about 7°. This is of the same order of magnitude as the oscillation imposed by the beetle's alternating tripod gait, which was not factored into the control law. The system delay of 28 ms equals a half-stride period, i.e. the time between the touch down of alternating tripods. Based on these results, we propose a physical interpretation of the observed control law: to turn towards its prey, the beetle on average exerts a sideways force proportional to the angular position of the prey measured a half-stride earlier.

40 CFR 144.4 - Considerations under Federal law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 22 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Considerations under Federal law. 144... (CONTINUED) UNDERGROUND INJECTION CONTROL PROGRAM General Provisions § 144.4 Considerations under Federal law. The following is a list of Federal laws that may apply to the issuance of permits under these rules...

Chemical Laws, Idealization and Approximation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tobin, Emma

2013-01-01

This paper examines the notion of laws in chemistry. Vihalemm ("Found Chem" 5(1):7-22, 2003) argues that the laws of chemistry are fundamentally the same as the laws of physics they are all "ceteris paribus" laws which are true "in ideal conditions". In contrast, Scerri (2000) contends that the laws of chemistry are…

Critical Analysis of the Mathematical Formalism of Theoretical Physics. I. Foundations of Differential and Integral Calculus

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kalanov, Temur Z.

2013-04-01

Critical analysis of the standard foundations of differential and integral calculus -- as mathematical formalism of theoretical physics -- is proposed. Methodological basis of the analysis is the unity of formal logic and rational dialectics. It is shown that: (a) the foundations (i.e. d 1ptyd,;=;δ,;->;0,;δ,δ,, δ,;->;0;δ,δ,;=;δ,;->;0;f,( x;+;δ, );-;f,( x )δ,;, d,;=;δ,, d,;=;δ, where y;=;f,( x ) is a continuous function of one argument x; δ, and δ, are increments; d, and d, are differentials) not satisfy formal logic law -- the law of identity; (b) the infinitesimal quantities d,, d, are fictitious quantities. They have neither algebraic meaning, nor geometrical meaning because these quantities do not take numerical values and, therefore, have no a quantitative measure; (c) expressions of the kind x;+;d, are erroneous because x (i.e. finite quantity) and d, (i.e. infinitely diminished quantity) have different sense, different qualitative determinacy; since x;,;,,,,onst under δ,;,;,, a derivative does not contain variable quantity x and depends only on constant c. Consequently, the standard concepts ``infinitesimal quantity (uninterruptedly diminishing quantity)'', ``derivative'', ``derivative as function of variable quantity'' represent incorrect basis of mathematics and theoretical physics.

Principles of physics in surgery: the laws of flow dynamics physics for surgeons - Part 1.

PubMed

Srivastava, Anurag; Sood, Akshay; Joy, S Parijat; Woodcock, John

2009-08-01

In the field of medicine and surgery many principles of physics find numerous applications. In this article we have summarized some prominent applications of the laws of fluid mechanics and hydrodynamics in surgery. Poiseuille's law sets the limits of isovolaemic haemodilution, enumerates limiting factors during fluid resuscitation and is a guiding principle in surgery for vascular stenoses. The equation of continuity finds use in non-invasive measurement of blood flow. Bernoulli's theorem explains the formation of post-stenotic dilatation. Reynolds number explains the origin of murmurs, haemolysis and airflow disturbances. Various forms of oxygen therapy are a direct application of the gas laws. Doppler effect is used in ultrasonography to find the direction and velocity of blood flow. In this first part of a series of articles we describe some applications of the laws of hydrodynamics governing the flow of blood and other body fluids.

The Peculiar Status of the Second Law of Thermodynamics and the Quest for its Violation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

D'Abramo, Germano

2012-11-01

Even though the second law of thermodynamics holds the supreme position among the laws of nature, as stated by many distinguished scientists, notably Eddington and Einstein, its position appears to be also quite peculiar. Given the atomic nature of matter, whose behaviour is well described by statistical physics, the second law could not hold unconditionally, but only statistically. It is not an absolute law. As a result of this, in the present paper we try to argue that we have not yet any truly cogent argument (known fundamental physical laws) to exclude its possible macroscopic violation. Even Landauer's information-theoretic principle seems to fall short of the initial expectations of being the fundamental `physical' reason of all Maxwell's demons failure. Here we propose a modified Szilard engine which operates without any steps in the process resembling the creation or destruction of information. We argue that the information-based exorcisms must be wrong, or at the very least superfluous, and that the real physical reason why such engines cannot work lies in the ubiquity of thermal fluctuations (and friction). We see in the above peculiar features the main motivation and rationale for pursuing exploratory research to challenge the second law, which is still ongoing and probably richer than ever. A quite thorough (and critical) description of some of these challenges is also given.

The peculiar status of the second law of thermodynamics and the quest for its violation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

D'Abramo, Germano

2012-11-01

Even though the second law of thermodynamics holds the supreme position among the laws of nature, as stated by many distinguished scientists, notably Eddington and Einstein, its position appears to be also quite peculiar. Given the atomic nature of matter, whose behavior is well described by statistical physics, the second law could not hold unconditionally, but only statistically. It is not an absolute law. As a result of this, in the present paper we try to argue that we have not yet any truly cogent argument (known fundamental physical laws) to exclude its possible macroscopic violation. Even Landauer's information-theoretic principle seems to fall short of the initial expectations of being the fundamental 'physical' reason of all Maxwell's demons failure. Here we propose a modified Szilard engine which operates without any steps in the process resembling the creation or destruction of information. We argue that the information-based exorcisms must be wrong, or at the very least superfluous, and that the real physical reason why such engines cannot work lies in the ubiquity of thermal fluctuations (and friction). We see in the above peculiar features the main motivation and rationale for pursuing exploratory research to challenge the second law, which is still ongoing and probably richer than ever. A quite thorough (and critical) description of some of these challenges is also given.

Newton-Cartan Gravity in Noninertial Reference Frames

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rodriguez, Leo; St. Germaine-Fuller, James; Wickramasekara, Sujeev

2015-03-01

We study Newton-Cartan gravity under transformations into all noninertial, nonrelativistic reference frames. These transformations form an infinite dimensional Lie group, called the Galilean line group, which contains as a subgroup the Galilei group. The fictitious forces of noninertial reference frames are encoded in the Cartan connection transformed under the Galilean line group. These fictitious forces, which are coordinate effects, do not contribute to the Ricci tensor. Only the 00-component of the Ricci tensor is non-zero and equals (4 π times) the matter density in all reference frames. While the Ricci field equation and Gauss' law are fulfilled by the physical matter density in inertial and linearly accelerating reference frames, in rotating reference frames Gauss' law holds for an effective mass density that differs from the physical matter density. This effective density has its origin in the simulated magnetic field of rotating frames, highlighting a striking difference between linearly and rotationally accelerating frames. The equations governing the simulated fields have the same form as Maxwell's equations, a surprising result given that these equations obey special relativity (and U (1) -gauge symmetry), rather than Galilean symmetry. This work was supported in part by the HHMI Undergraduate Science Education Award 52006298 and the Grinnell College Academic Affairs' CSFS and MAP programs.

MCAT, LSAT and Physics Bachelor's. Focus On

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Statistical Research Center of the American Institute of Physics, 2013

2013-01-01

Physics majors pursue a wide variety of career paths, many of which are not what you might expect. Some pursue advanced training by applying to graduate schools, medical schools, or law schools. The Medical College Admissions Test (MCAT) and Law School Admission Test (LSAT) data in this report show that the physics majors who applied to either…

Applications of the First Law to Ecological Systems. Physical Processes in Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems, Thermodynamics.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stevenson, R. D.

These materials were designed to be used by life science students for instruction in the application of physical theory to ecosystem operation. Most modules contain computer programs which are built around a particular application of a physical process. This report describes concepts presented in another module called "The First Law of…

Apparatus for Teaching Physics.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Connolly, Walter, Ed.

1989-01-01

Describes three activities: "Solar Approach to Ohm's Law," dealing with the Ohm's law and the inverse square law; "Using LED's to Demonstrate Induced Current," showing Faraday's law and Lenz's law by using light emitting diodes (LEDs); and "The Helium-Filled Organ Pipe," discussing a discrepancy between theory and experiment. (YP)

Scaling and scale invariance of conservation laws in Reynolds transport theorem framework

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Haltas, Ismail; Ulusoy, Suleyman

2015-07-01

Scale invariance is the case where the solution of a physical process at a specified time-space scale can be linearly related to the solution of the processes at another time-space scale. Recent studies investigated the scale invariance conditions of hydrodynamic processes by applying the one-parameter Lie scaling transformations to the governing equations of the processes. Scale invariance of a physical process is usually achieved under certain conditions on the scaling ratios of the variables and parameters involved in the process. The foundational axioms of hydrodynamics are the conservation laws, namely, conservation of mass, conservation of linear momentum, and conservation of energy from continuum mechanics. They are formulated using the Reynolds transport theorem. Conventionally, Reynolds transport theorem formulates the conservation equations in integral form. Yet, differential form of the conservation equations can also be derived for an infinitesimal control volume. In the formulation of the governing equation of a process, one or more than one of the conservation laws and, some times, a constitutive relation are combined together. Differential forms of the conservation equations are used in the governing partial differential equation of the processes. Therefore, differential conservation equations constitute the fundamentals of the governing equations of the hydrodynamic processes. Applying the one-parameter Lie scaling transformation to the conservation laws in the Reynolds transport theorem framework instead of applying to the governing partial differential equations may lead to more fundamental conclusions on the scaling and scale invariance of the hydrodynamic processes. This study will investigate the scaling behavior and scale invariance conditions of the hydrodynamic processes by applying the one-parameter Lie scaling transformation to the conservation laws in the Reynolds transport theorem framework.

Physics That Textbook Writers Usually Get Wrong: II. Heat and Energy.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bauman, Robert P.

1992-01-01

Examines problems that occur with the vocabulary used in physics textbooks related to heat and energy. Discusses the concepts of thermal energy and temperature, conservation of energy laws, and the first law of thermodynamics. (MDH)

Meeting moved due to discriminatory law

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kruesi, Liz

2016-09-01

The American Physical Society (APS) has relocated the 2018 annual meeting of the Division of Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics (DAMOP) over concerns about a new state law that discriminates against members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community.

Lenz's Law Magic Trick

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ruiz, Michael J.

2006-02-01

The demonstration of Lenz's law by dropping a powerful magnet down a nonmagnetic metal pipe has become a classic lecture-hall demonstration.1,2 An inexpensive version is packaged as a professional magic trick3 called "Newton's Nightmare." Combining sleight-of-hand with a demonstration of Lenz's law is a surefire way to heighten student interest. The subsequent student discussion motivated by a desire to understand the magic trick can lead to a memorable physics lesson. This paper will discuss Lenz's law magic and review literature that reveals the subtlety of the physics.

On improving the algorithm efficiency in the particle-particle force calculations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kozynchenko, Alexander I.; Kozynchenko, Sergey A.

2016-09-01

The problem of calculating inter-particle forces in the particle-particle (PP) simulation models takes an important place in scientific computing. Such simulation models are used in diverse scientific applications arising in astrophysics, plasma physics, particle accelerators, etc., where the long-range forces are considered. The inverse-square laws such as Coulomb's law of electrostatic forces and Newton's law of universal gravitation are the examples of laws pertaining to the long-range forces. The standard naïve PP method outlined, for example, by Hockney and Eastwood [1] is straightforward, processing all pairs of particles in a double nested loop. The PP algorithm provides the best accuracy of all possible methods, but its computational complexity is O (Np2), where Np is a total number of particles involved. Too low efficiency of the PP algorithm seems to be the challenging issue in some cases where the high accuracy is required. An example can be taken from the charged particle beam dynamics where, under computing the own space charge of the beam, so-called macro-particles are used (see e.g., Humphries Jr. [2], Kozynchenko and Svistunov [3]).

Episodic Memory Does Not Add Up: Verbatim-Gist Superposition Predicts Violations of the Additive Law of Probability

PubMed Central

Brainerd, C. J.; Wang, Zheng; Reyna, Valerie. F.; Nakamura, K.

2015-01-01

Fuzzy-trace theory’s assumptions about memory representation are cognitive examples of the familiar superposition property of physical quantum systems. When those assumptions are implemented in a formal quantum model (QEMc), they predict that episodic memory will violate the additive law of probability: If memory is tested for a partition of an item’s possible episodic states, the individual probabilities of remembering the item as belonging to each state must sum to more than 1. We detected this phenomenon using two standard designs, item false memory and source false memory. The quantum implementation of fuzzy-trace theory also predicts that violations of the additive law will vary in strength as a function of reliance on gist memory. That prediction, too, was confirmed via a series of manipulations (e.g., semantic relatedness, testing delay) that are thought to increase gist reliance. Surprisingly, an analysis of the underlying structure of violations of the additive law revealed that as a general rule, increases in remembering correct episodic states do not produce commensurate reductions in remembering incorrect states. PMID:26236091

Careers in Patent Law for Physics Majors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Oliver, Douglas L.

2010-11-01

An important question that many undergraduate physics students ask is, "What can one do with a physics degree?" Of course there are many answers to this question. Often a general reference to becoming a lawyer is given as a possible answer. This paper is intended to explain the field of patent law and how a physics degree can lead to an interesting and potentially lucrative career as a patent examiner, a patent agent, or a patent attorney. This information may be of interest to physics students as well as those who recruit or counsel physics students.

23 CFR 1225.3 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... above a specified level. (e) Citations to State law means citations to all sections of the State's law... suspension. (c) BAC means either blood or breath alcohol concentration. (d) BAC per se law means a law that... begun to implement the law. (g) Operating a motor vehicle means driving or being in actual physical...

21 CFR 1307.02 - Application of State law and other Federal law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 9 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Application of State law and other Federal law... MISCELLANEOUS General Information § 1307.02 Application of State law and other Federal law. Nothing in this... authorized or permitted to do under other Federal laws or obligations under international treaties...

21 CFR 1307.02 - Application of State law and other Federal law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 9 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Application of State law and other Federal law... MISCELLANEOUS General Information § 1307.02 Application of State law and other Federal law. Nothing in this... authorized or permitted to do under other Federal laws or obligations under international treaties...

21 CFR 1307.02 - Application of State law and other Federal law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 9 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Application of State law and other Federal law... MISCELLANEOUS General Information § 1307.02 Application of State law and other Federal law. Nothing in this... authorized or permitted to do under other Federal laws or obligations under international treaties...

21 CFR 1307.02 - Application of State law and other Federal law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 9 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Application of State law and other Federal law... MISCELLANEOUS General Information § 1307.02 Application of State law and other Federal law. Nothing in this... authorized or permitted to do under other Federal laws or obligations under international treaties...

21 CFR 1307.02 - Application of State law and other Federal law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 9 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Application of State law and other Federal law... MISCELLANEOUS General Information § 1307.02 Application of State law and other Federal law. Nothing in this... authorized or permitted to do under other Federal laws or obligations under international treaties...

7 CFR Exhibit C to Subpart A of... - Memorandum of Understanding Between Farmers Home Administration or its successor agency under...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Administration or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 and Commodity Credit Corporation C Exhibit C to... Understanding Between Farmers Home Administration or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 and Commodity... Administration or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 (FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law...

Ontology of physics for biology: representing physical dependencies as a basis for biological processes.

PubMed

Cook, Daniel L; Neal, Maxwell L; Bookstein, Fred L; Gennari, John H

2013-12-02

In prior work, we presented the Ontology of Physics for Biology (OPB) as a computational ontology for use in the annotation and representations of biophysical knowledge encoded in repositories of physics-based biosimulation models. We introduced OPB:Physical entity and OPB:Physical property classes that extend available spatiotemporal representations of physical entities and processes to explicitly represent the thermodynamics and dynamics of physiological processes. Our utilitarian, long-term aim is to develop computational tools for creating and querying formalized physiological knowledge for use by multiscale "physiome" projects such as the EU's Virtual Physiological Human (VPH) and NIH's Virtual Physiological Rat (VPR). Here we describe the OPB:Physical dependency taxonomy of classes that represent of the laws of classical physics that are the "rules" by which physical properties of physical entities change during occurrences of physical processes. For example, the fluid analog of Ohm's law (as for electric currents) is used to describe how a blood flow rate depends on a blood pressure gradient. Hooke's law (as in elastic deformations of springs) is used to describe how an increase in vascular volume increases blood pressure. We classify such dependencies according to the flow, transformation, and storage of thermodynamic energy that occurs during processes governed by the dependencies. We have developed the OPB and annotation methods to represent the meaning-the biophysical semantics-of the mathematical statements of physiological analysis and the biophysical content of models and datasets. Here we describe and discuss our approach to an ontological representation of physical laws (as dependencies) and properties as encoded for the mathematical analysis of biophysical processes.

State and district policy influences on district-wide elementary and middle school physical education practices.

PubMed

Chriqui, Jamie F; Eyler, Amy; Carnoske, Cheryl; Slater, Sandy

2013-01-01

To examine the influence of state laws and district policies on district-wide elementary school and middle school practices related to physical education (PE) time and the percentage of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) time during PE. Multivariate, cross-sectional analysis of state laws, district wellness and PE policies, and district PE practices for school year 2010-2011 controlling for district-level urbanicity, region, size, race/ethnicity of students, and socioeconomic status and clustered on state. One hundred ninety-five public school districts located in 42 states. District-level PE coordinators for the included districts who responded to an online survey. Minutes and days of PE per week and percent time spent in MVPA during PE time. District PE coordinators reported significantly less PE time than national standards-82.9 and 189.6 minutes at the elementary school and middle school levels, respectively. Physical education was provided an average of 2.5 and 3.7 days per week, respectively; and the percentage of MVPA time in PE was 64.4% and 65.7%, respectively. At the elementary school level, districts in either states with laws governing PE time or in a state and district with a law/policy reported significantly more days of PE (0.63 and 0.67 additional days, respectively), and districts in states with PE time laws reported 18 more minutes of PE per week. At the middle school level, state laws were associated with 0.73 more days of PE per week. Neither state laws nor district policies were positively associated with percent MVPA time in PE. State laws and district policies can influence district-level PE practices-particularly those governing the frequency and duration of PE-although opportunities exist to strengthen PE-related laws, policies, and practices.

Quixotic medicine: physical and economic laws perilously disregarded in health care and medical education.

PubMed

Haburchak, David R; Mitchell, Bradford C; Boomer, Craig J

2008-12-01

Wise medical practice requires balancing the idealistic goals of medicine with the physical and economic realities of their application. Clinicians should know and employ the rules, maxims, and heuristics that summarize these goals and constraints. There has been little formal study of rules or laws pertaining to therapeutics and prognosis, so the authors postulate four physical and four economic laws that apply to health care: the laws of (1) finitude, (2) inertia, (3) entropy, and (4) the uncertainty principle; and the laws of (5) diminishing returns, (6) unintended consequences, (7) distribution, and (8) economizing. These laws manifest themselves in the absence of health, the pathogenesis of disease, prognosis, and the behaviors of participants in the health care enterprise. Physicians and the public perilously disregard these laws, frequently producing misdiagnoses, distraction, false expectations, unanticipated and undesirable outcomes, inequitable distribution of scarce resources, distrust, and cynicism: in short, quixotic medicine. The origins and public reinforcement of quixotic medicine make it deaf to calls for pragmatism. To achieve the Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education competency of systems-based practice, the authors recommend that premedical education return to a broader liberal arts curriculum and that medical education and training foster didactic and experiential knowledge of these eight laws.

22 CFR 92.4 - Authority of notarizing officers of the Department of State under Federal law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... Department of State under Federal law. 92.4 Section 92.4 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE LEGAL AND... Department of State under Federal law. (a) All notarizing officers are required, when application is made to... authority under Federal law to perform notarial acts except in connection with the authentication of...

22 CFR 92.4 - Authority of notarizing officers of the Department of State under Federal law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... Department of State under Federal law. 92.4 Section 92.4 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE LEGAL AND... Department of State under Federal law. (a) All notarizing officers are required, when application is made to... authority under Federal law to perform notarial acts except in connection with the authentication of...

22 CFR 92.4 - Authority of notarizing officers of the Department of State under Federal law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... Department of State under Federal law. 92.4 Section 92.4 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE LEGAL AND... Department of State under Federal law. (a) All notarizing officers are required, when application is made to... authority under Federal law to perform notarial acts except in connection with the authentication of...

22 CFR 92.4 - Authority of notarizing officers of the Department of State under Federal law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... Department of State under Federal law. 92.4 Section 92.4 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE LEGAL AND... Department of State under Federal law. (a) All notarizing officers are required, when application is made to... authority under Federal law to perform notarial acts except in connection with the authentication of...

22 CFR 92.4 - Authority of notarizing officers of the Department of State under Federal law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... Department of State under Federal law. 92.4 Section 92.4 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE LEGAL AND... Department of State under Federal law. (a) All notarizing officers are required, when application is made to... authority under Federal law to perform notarial acts except in connection with the authentication of...

A Law of Physics in the Classroom: The Case of Ohm's Law

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kipnis, Nahum

2009-01-01

Difficulties in learning Ohm's Law suggest a need to refocus it from the law for a part of the circuit to the law for the whole circuit. Such a revision may improve understanding of Ohm's Law and its practical applications. This suggestion comes from an analysis of the history of the law's discovery and its teaching. The historical materials this…

The Physics of Earthquakes: In the Quest for a Unified Theory (or Model) That Quantitatively Describes the Entire Process of an Earthquake Rupture, From its Nucleation to the Dynamic Regime and to its Arrest

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ohnaka, M.

2004-12-01

For the past four decades, great progress has been made in understanding earthquake source processes. In particular, recent progress in the field of the physics of earthquakes has contributed substantially to unraveling the earthquake generation process in quantitative terms. Yet, a fundamental problem remains unresolved in this field. The constitutive law that governs the behavior of earthquake ruptures is the basis of earthquake physics, and the governing law plays a fundamental role in accounting for the entire process of an earthquake rupture, from its nucleation to the dynamic propagation to its arrest, quantitatively in a unified and consistent manner. Therefore, without establishing the rational constitutive law, the physics of earthquakes cannot be a quantitative science in a true sense, and hence it is urgent to establish the rational constitutive law. However, it has been controversial over the past two decades, and it is still controversial, what the constitutive law for earthquake ruptures ought to be, and how it should be formulated. To resolve the controversy is a necessary step towards a more complete, unified theory of earthquake physics, and now the time is ripe to do so. Because of its fundamental importance, we have to discuss thoroughly and rigorously what the constitutive law ought to be from the standpoint of the physics of rock friction and fracture on the basis of solid evidence. There are prerequisites for the constitutive formulation. The brittle, seismogenic layer and individual faults therein are characterized by inhomogeneity, and fault inhomogeneity has profound implications for earthquake ruptures. In addition, rupture phenomena including earthquakes are inherently scale dependent; indeed, some of the physical quantities inherent in rupture exhibit scale dependence. To treat scale-dependent physical quantities inherent in the rupture over a broad scale range quantitatively in a unified and consistent manner, it is critical to formulate the governing law properly so as to incorporate the scaling property. Thus, the properties of fault inhomogeneity and physical scaling are indispensable prerequisites to be incorporated into the constitutive formulation. Thorough discussion in this context necessarily leads to the consistent conclusion that the constitutive law must be formulated in such a manner that the shear traction is a primary function of the slip displacement, with the secondary effect of slip rate or stationary contact time. This constitutive formulation makes it possible to account for the entire process of an earthquake rupture over a broad scale range quantitatively in a unified and consistent manner.

Does section 63 of the Mental Health Act 1983 disempower patients with mental illness? Analysis of the case law.

PubMed

Senasinghe, Bhanuka

2018-03-01

In England and Wales, detained psychiatric inpatients are treated under section 63 of the Mental Health Act 1983. This paper critically analyses the relevant law and considers the arbitrary distinctions between consent for treatments for mental illnesses and physical conditions, which may disempower patients with mental illness. Section 63 states that (for detained psychiatric patients) consent for medical treatment for patients' mental disorder is not required. The treating clinician responsible for a patient decides what this medical treatment entails. This article focuses on three main legal cases: B v Croydon Health Authority, Tameside and Glossop v CH and Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust v RC and considers whether s 63 disempowers patients with mental illnesses.

Shock Structure Analysis and Aerodynamics in a Weakly Ionized Gas Flow

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Saeks, R.; Popovic, S.; Chow, A. S.

2006-01-01

The structure of a shock wave propagating through a weakly ionized gas is analyzed using an electrofluid dynamics model composed of classical conservation laws and Gauss Law. A viscosity model is included to correctly model the spatial scale of the shock structure, and quasi-neutrality is not assumed. A detailed analysis of the structure of a shock wave propagating in a weakly ionized gas is presented, together with a discussion of the physics underlying the key features of the shock structure. A model for the flow behind a shock wave propagating through a weakly ionized gas is developed and used to analyze the effect of the ionization on the aerodynamics and performance of a two-dimensional hypersonic lifting body.

Infinite Conservation Laws, Continuous Symmetries and Invariant Solutions of Some Discrete Integrable Equations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Yu-Feng; Zhang, Xiang-Zhi; Dong, Huan-He

2017-12-01

Two new shift operators are introduced for which a few differential-difference equations are generated by applying the R-matrix method. These equations can be reduced to the standard Toda lattice equation and (1+1)-dimensional and (2+1)-dimensional Toda-type equations which have important applications in hydrodynamics, plasma physics, and so on. Based on these consequences, we deduce the Hamiltonian structures of two discrete systems. Finally, we obtain some new infinite conservation laws of two discrete equations and employ Lie-point transformation group to obtain some continuous symmetries and part of invariant solutions for the (1+1) and (2+1)-dimensional Toda-type equations. Supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central University under Grant No. 2017XKZD11

Introducing the Notion of Bare and Effective Mass via Newton's Second Law of Motion

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pinto, Marcus Benghi

2007-01-01

The concepts of bare and effective mass are widely used within modern physics. Their meaning is discussed in advanced undergraduate and graduate courses such as solid state physics, nuclear physics and quantum field theory. Here I discuss how these concepts may be introduced together with the discussion of Newton's second law of motion. The…

Conservation laws for waves on a string from isometries and conformal isometries of the Minkowski metric

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Miller, Brandon; Menon, Balraj

Noether's theorems describe the interplay between variational symmetries (symmetries of the action functional) and local conservation laws admitted by a physical system. In Lagrangian field theories defined on a differentiable manifold  endowed with a metric g, the variational symmetries are intimately tied to the isometries of the metric g. We highlight this connection by relating the variational symmetries of waves on a string to the isometries and conformal isometries of the Minkowski metric. The associated local conservation laws and conserved quantities for this physical system are determined and their physical significance discussed. The geometric nature of these conservation laws are further elucidated by discussing their Poisson bracket formulation in the Hamiltonian framework. This work was partially supported by the UCA Robert Noyce Scholars Program.

Towards a Universal Biology: Is the Origin and Evolution of Life Predictable?

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rothschild, Lynn J.

2017-01-01

The origin and evolution of life seems an unpredictable oddity, based on the quirks of contingency. Celebrated by the late Stephen Jay Gould in several books, "evolution by contingency" has all the adventure of a thriller, but lacks the predictive power of the physical sciences. Not necessarily so, replied Simon Conway Morris, for convergence reassures us that certain evolutionary responses are replicable. The outcome of this debate is critical to Astrobiology. How can we understand where we came from on Earth without prophesy? Further, we cannot design a rational strategy for the search for life elsewhere - or to understand what the future will hold for life on Earth and beyond - without extrapolating from pre-biotic chemistry and evolution. There are several indirect approaches to understanding, and thus describing, what life must be. These include philosophical approaches to defining life (is there even a satisfactory definition of life?), using what we know of physics, chemistry and life to imagine alternate scenarios, using different approaches that life takes as pseudoreplicates (e.g., ribosomal vs non-ribosomal protein synthesis), and experimental approaches to understand the art of the possible. Given that: (1) Life is a process based on physical components rather than simply an object; (2). Life is likely based on organic carbon and needs a solvent for chemistry, most likely water, and (3) Looking for convergence in terrestrial evolution we can predict certain tendencies, if not quite "laws", that provide predictive power. Biological history must obey the laws of physics and chemistry, the principles of natural selection, the constraints of an evolutionary past, genetics, and developmental biology. This amalgam creates a surprising amount of predictive power in the broad outline. Critical is the apparent prevalence of organic chemistry, and uniformity in the universe of the laws of chemistry and physics. Instructive is the widespread occurrence of convergent or parallel evolution, which suggests that under certain conditions similar solutions are arrived at independently.

The Project LITE Spectrum Explorer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brecher, K.; Carr, P.; Garik, P.; Weeks, E.

2002-12-01

We are developing a powerful new software tool which can help students at all levels understand the spectral properties of light. As a recent AAS survey of astronomy faculty members found (The Physics Teacher, 39, 52, 2001), essentially all introductory astronomy courses spend a significant amount of time dealing with the nature of light. Among the most difficult concepts for students to master are Kirchhoff's laws, blackbody radiation, the Stefan-Boltzmann law, Wien's law, the nature and causes of emission and absorption lines, and the relation of spectra to the underlying astronomical and physical processes producing them. Students often seem baffled by the connection between a spectrum seen visually as a color band and the same spectrum plotted graphically as intensity versus wavelength or frequency. The "Spectrum Explorer", a JAVA applet, is being developed as part of "Project LITE: Light Inquiry Through Experiments" to address these issues. It can be used by instructors in lecture presentations and by students learning at home or working in laboratory settings. We will show some of the current capabilities of the software which include simultaneous display of multiple spectra (normalized and non-normalized as a function of either wavelength or frequency) and the ability to manipulate blackbody spectra. Our future development plans include the addition of a variety of spectral data sets (from physics and chemistry as well as from astronomy); computed inputs from basic quantum mechanics (e.g. Zeeman effect in hydrogen) and from astronomical models (e.g. time varying spectra in binary stars); and the ability to test the effect of filters and physical processes (e.g. Rayleigh scattering) on input spectra. The Spectrum Explorer (along with many other applets about both the physical and perceptual nature of light) can be found on the Project LITE web site http://lite.bu.edu. Project LITE is supported by Grant #DUE-0125992 from the National Science Foundation Division of Undergraduate Education.

Can physics help to explain embryonic development? An overview.

PubMed

Fleury, V

2013-10-01

Recent technical advances including digital imaging and particle image velocimetry can be used to extract the full range of embryonic movements that constitute the instantaneous 'morphogenetic fields' of a developing animal. The final shape of the animal results from the sum over time (integral) of the movements that make up the velocity fields of all the tissue constituents. In vivo microscopy can be used to capture the details of vertebrate development at the earliest embryonic stages. The movements thus observed can be quantitatively compared to physical models that provide velocity fields based on simple hypotheses about the nature of living matter (a visco-elastic gel). This approach has cast new light on the interpretation of embryonic movement, folding, and organisation. It has established that several major discontinuities in development are simple physical changes in boundary conditions. In other words, with no change in biology, the physical consequences of collisions between folds largely explain the morphogenesis of the major structures (such as the head). Other discontinuities result from changes in physical conditions, such as bifurcations (changes in physical behaviour beyond specific yield points). For instance, beyond a certain level of stress, a tissue folds, without any new gene being involved. An understanding of the physical features of movement provides insights into the levers that drive evolution; the origin of animals is seen more clearly when viewed under the light of the fundamental physical laws (Newton's principle, action-reaction law, changes in symmetry breaking scale). This article describes the genesis of a vertebrate embryo from the shapeless stage (round mass of tissue) to the development of a small, elongated, bilaterally symmetric structure containing vertebral precursors, hip and shoulder enlarges, and a head. Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.

Discussion on ``Foundations of the Second Law''

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Silbey, Robert; Ao, Ping; Beretta, Gian Paolo; Cengel, Yunus; Foley, Andrew; Freedman, Steven; Graeff, Roderich; Keck, James C.; Lloyd, Seth; Maroney, Owen; Nieuwenhuizen, Theodorus M.; Weissman, Michael

2008-08-01

This article reports an open discussion that took place during the Keenan Symposium "Meeting the Entropy Challenge" (held in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on October 4, 2007) following the short presentations—each reported as a separate article in the present volume—by Seth Lloyd, Owen Maroney, Silviu Guiasu, Ping Ao, Jochen Gemmer, Bernard Guy, Gian Paolo Beretta, Speranta Gheorghiu-Svirschevski, and Dorion Sagan. All panelists and the audience were asked to address the following questions • Why is the second law true? Is it an inviolable law of nature? If not, is it possible to develop a perpetual motion machine of the second kind? • Are second law limitations objective or subjective, real or apparent, due to the nature of physical states or the representation and manipulation of information? Is entropy a physical property in the same sense as energy is universally understood to be an intrinsic property of matter? • Does the second law conflict with quantum mechanics? Are the differences between mechanical and thermodynamic descriptions of physical phenomena reconcilable? Does the reversible law of motion of hamiltonian mechanics and quantum mechanics conflict with the empirical observation of irreversible phenomena?

78 FR 45051 - Unincorporated Business Entities; Effective Date

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-26

... under State law for certain business activities. In accordance with the law, the effective date of the...) institutions' use of unincorporated business entities (UBEs) organized under State law for certain business... business entities, such as unincorporated business trusts, organized under State law. The final rule does...

Supercritical entanglement in local systems: Counterexample to the area law for quantum matter.

PubMed

Movassagh, Ramis; Shor, Peter W

2016-11-22

Quantum entanglement is the most surprising feature of quantum mechanics. Entanglement is simultaneously responsible for the difficulty of simulating quantum matter on a classical computer and the exponential speedups afforded by quantum computers. Ground states of quantum many-body systems typically satisfy an "area law": The amount of entanglement between a subsystem and the rest of the system is proportional to the area of the boundary. A system that obeys an area law has less entanglement and can be simulated more efficiently than a generic quantum state whose entanglement could be proportional to the total system's size. Moreover, an area law provides useful information about the low-energy physics of the system. It is widely believed that for physically reasonable quantum systems, the area law cannot be violated by more than a logarithmic factor in the system's size. We introduce a class of exactly solvable one-dimensional physical models which we can prove have exponentially more entanglement than suggested by the area law, and violate the area law by a square-root factor. This work suggests that simple quantum matter is richer and can provide much more quantum resources (i.e., entanglement) than expected. In addition to using recent advances in quantum information and condensed matter theory, we have drawn upon various branches of mathematics such as combinatorics of random walks, Brownian excursions, and fractional matching theory. We hope that the techniques developed herein may be useful for other problems in physics as well.

12 CFR 303.15 - Certain limited liability companies deemed incorporated under State law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Certain limited liability companies deemed... liability companies deemed incorporated under State law. (a) For purposes of the definition of “State bank... liability company (LLC) under the law of any State is deemed to be “incorporated” under the law of the State...

Omori’s law: a note on the history of geophysics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guglielmi, A. V.

2017-06-01

In the late nineteenth century, the Japanese seismologist Omori discovered the first law of earthquake physics, which states that the rate of aftershocks decreases hyperbolically with time. Over the years since then, there has been a vast amount of literature on this law, and the significance of its discovery has been universally recognized. There is, however, a profound division of opinion as to the interpretation of the law. Some argue that Omori just proposed a simple data-fitting formula and replace this formula by a power-law one with a negative fractional exponent, whereas for others the Omori law makes physical sense. The paper describes the history and essence of Omori’s discovery, with special attention paid to interpretational questions. It is shown that Omori’s original formulation of the law correlates well with the current understanding of the rock destruction mechanism at the earthquake focus.

Nonlinear Viscoelastic Mechanism for Aftershock Triggering and Decay

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shcherbakov, R.; Zhang, X.

2016-12-01

Aftershocks are ubiquitous in nature. They are the manifestation of relaxation phenomena observed in various physical systems. In one prominent example, they typically occur after large earthquakes. They also occur in other natural or experimental systems, for example, in solar flares, in fracture experiments on porous materials and acoustic emissions, after stock market crashes, in the volatility of stock prices returns, in internet traffic variability and e-mail spamming, to mention a few. The observed aftershock sequences usually obey several well defined non-trivial empirical laws in magnitude, temporal, and spatial domains. In many cases their characteristics follow scale-invariant distributions. The occurrence of aftershocks displays a prominent temporal behavior due to time-dependent mechanisms of stress and/or energy transfer. In this work, we consider a slider-block model to mimic the behavior of a seismogenic fault. In the model, we introduce a nonlinear viscoelastic coupling mechanism to capture the essential characteristics of crustal rheology and stress interaction between the blocks and the medium. For this purpose we employ nonlinear Kelvin-Voigt elements consisting of an elastic spring and a dashpot assembled in parallel to introduce viscoelastic coupling between the blocks and the driving plate. By mapping the model into a cellular automaton we derive the functional form of the stress transfer mechanism in the model. We show that the nonlinear viscoelasticity plays a critical role in triggering of aftershocks. It explains the functional form of the Omori-Utsu law and gives physical interpretation of its parameters. The proposed model also suggests that the power-law rheology of the fault gauge and underlying lower crust and upper mantle control the decay rate of aftershocks. To verify this, we analyze several prominent aftershock sequences to estimate their decay rates and correlate with the rheological properties of the underlying lower crust and mantle.

Classical and Quantum Thermal Physics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Prasad, R.

2016-11-01

List of figures; List of tables; Preface; Acknowledgement; Dedication; 1. The kinetic theory of gases; 2. Ideal to real gas, viscosity, conductivity and diffusion; 3. Thermodynamics: definitions and Zeroth law; 4. First Law of Thermodynamics and some of its applications; 5. Second Law of Thermodynamics and some of its applications; 6. TdS equations and their applications; 7. Thermodynamic functions, potentials, Maxwell equations, the Third Law and equilibrium; 8. Some applications of thermodynamics to problems of physics and engineering; 9. Application of thermodynamics to chemical reactions; 10. Quantum thermodynamics; 11. Some applications of quantum thermodynamics; 12. Introduction to the thermodynamics of irreversible processes; Index.

The Tortured History of Gauss's Law

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Spencer, Ross

2009-10-01

American physics textbooks contain the following equation, which is called Gauss's law: E .d S = qenclosed ɛ0 It is odd, however, that biographies of Karl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855) contain no mention of this law. A brief history of this important result will be presented in which it will be shown that what we call Gauss's law today was originally guessed at by Joseph Priestly (1733-1804) after he read a letter from Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790), then was derived, forgotten, and re-derived several times in two different contexts by many of the luminaries of physics in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

Large & Small: Exploring the Laws of Nature

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Creutz, E.

1976-01-01

Illustrates how both large entities (such as stars and galaxies) and small entities (such as fundamental particles) obey the same physical laws. Discusses quantum mechanics, Newton's laws, and general relativity. (MLH)

Learning Physics in a Water Park

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cabeza, Cecilia; Rubido, Nicolás; Martí, Arturo C.

2014-01-01

Entertaining and educational experiments that can be conducted in a water park, illustrating physics concepts, principles and fundamental laws, are described. These experiments are suitable for students ranging from senior secondary school to junior university level. Newton's laws of motion, Bernoulli's equation, based on the conservation of…

Scientific explanations in Greek upper secondary physics textbooks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Velentzas, Athanasios; Halkia, Krystallia

2018-01-01

In this study, an analysis of the structure of scientific explanations included in physics textbooks of upper secondary schools in Greece was completed. In scientific explanations for specific phenomena found in the sample textbooks, the explanandum is a logical consequence of the explanans, which in all cases include at least one scientific law (and/or principle, model or rule) previously presented, as well as statements concerning a specific case or specific conditions. The same structure is also followed in most of the cases in which the textbook authors explain regularities (i.e. laws, rules) as consequences of one or more general law or principle of physics. Finally, a number of the physics laws and principles presented in textbooks are not deduced as consequences from other, more general laws, but they are formulated axiomatically or inductively derived and the authors argue for their validity. Since, as it was found, the scientific explanations presented in the textbooks used in the study have similar structures to the explanations in internationally known textbooks, the findings of the present work may be of interest not only to science educators in Greece, but also to the community of science educators in other countries.

Morphing Continuum Theory: A First Order Approximation to the Balance Laws

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wonnell, Louis; Cheikh, Mohamad Ibrahim; Chen, James

2017-11-01

Morphing Continuum Theory is constructed under the framework of Rational Continuum Mechanics (RCM) for fluid flows with inner structure. This multiscale theory has been successfully emplyed to model turbulent flows. The framework of RCM ensures the mathematical rigor of MCT, but contains new material constants related to the inner structure. The physical meanings of these material constants have yet to be determined. Here, a linear deviation from the zeroth-order Boltzmann-Curtiss distribution function is derived. When applied to the Boltzmann-Curtiss equation, a first-order approximation of the MCT governing equations is obtained. The integral equations are then related to the appropriate material constants found in the heat flux, Cauchy stress, and moment stress terms in the governing equations. These new material properties associated with the inner structure of the fluid are compared with the corresponding integrals, and a clearer physical interpretation of these coefficients emerges. The physical meanings of these material properties is determined by analyzing previous results obtained from numerical simulations of MCT for compressible and incompressible flows. The implications for the physics underlying the MCT governing equations will also be discussed. This material is based upon work supported by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research under Award Number FA9550-17-1-0154.

Theoretical predicting of permeability evolution in damaged rock under compressive stress

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vu, M. N.; Nguyen, S. T.; To, Q. D.; Dao, N. H.

2017-05-01

This paper outlines an analytical model of crack growth induced permeability changes. A theoretical solution of effective permeability of cracked porous media is derived. The fluid flow obeys Poisseuille's law along the crack and Darcy's law in the porous matrix. This solution exhibits a percolation threshold for any type of crack distribution apart from a parallel crack distribution. The physical behaviour of fluid flow through a cracked porous material is well reproduced by the proposed model. The presence of this effective permeability coupling to analytical expression of crack growth under compression enables the modelling of the permeability variation due to stress-induced cracking in a porous rock. This incorporation allows the prediction of the permeability change of a porous rock embedding an anisotropic crack distribution from any initial crack density, that is, lower, around or upper to percolation threshold. The interaction between cracks is not explicitly taken into account. The model is well applicable both to micro- and macrocracks.

Ontology of physics for biology: representing physical dependencies as a basis for biological processes

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

Background In prior work, we presented the Ontology of Physics for Biology (OPB) as a computational ontology for use in the annotation and representations of biophysical knowledge encoded in repositories of physics-based biosimulation models. We introduced OPB:Physical entity and OPB:Physical property classes that extend available spatiotemporal representations of physical entities and processes to explicitly represent the thermodynamics and dynamics of physiological processes. Our utilitarian, long-term aim is to develop computational tools for creating and querying formalized physiological knowledge for use by multiscale “physiome” projects such as the EU’s Virtual Physiological Human (VPH) and NIH’s Virtual Physiological Rat (VPR). Results Here we describe the OPB:Physical dependency taxonomy of classes that represent of the laws of classical physics that are the “rules” by which physical properties of physical entities change during occurrences of physical processes. For example, the fluid analog of Ohm’s law (as for electric currents) is used to describe how a blood flow rate depends on a blood pressure gradient. Hooke’s law (as in elastic deformations of springs) is used to describe how an increase in vascular volume increases blood pressure. We classify such dependencies according to the flow, transformation, and storage of thermodynamic energy that occurs during processes governed by the dependencies. Conclusions We have developed the OPB and annotation methods to represent the meaning—the biophysical semantics—of the mathematical statements of physiological analysis and the biophysical content of models and datasets. Here we describe and discuss our approach to an ontological representation of physical laws (as dependencies) and properties as encoded for the mathematical analysis of biophysical processes. PMID:24295137

7 CFR 1901.506 - Book-entry procedure for FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 securities...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... under Public Law 103-354 securities-issuance and redemption of certificate by Reserve bank. 1901.506... applied to such FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 securities, the Reserve bank is... successor agency under Public Law 103-354 securities. (3) A Reserve bank as fiscal agent of the United...

7 CFR 1901.507 - Certificates of beneficial ownership issued by the FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

...HA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 Finance Office. 1901.507 Section 1901.507... successor agency under Public Law 103-354 Finance Office. No assignments or evidence in support of them will... Certificates of beneficial ownership issued by the FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354...

7 CFR 1901.507 - Certificates of beneficial ownership issued by the FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

...HA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 Finance Office. 1901.507 Section 1901.507... successor agency under Public Law 103-354 Finance Office. No assignments or evidence in support of them will... Certificates of beneficial ownership issued by the FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354...

7 CFR 1901.507 - Certificates of beneficial ownership issued by the FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

...HA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 Finance Office. 1901.507 Section 1901.507... successor agency under Public Law 103-354 Finance Office. No assignments or evidence in support of them will... Certificates of beneficial ownership issued by the FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354...

Force, torque, linear momentum, and angular momentum in classical electr odynamics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mansuripur, Masud

2017-10-01

The classical theory of electrodynamics is built upon Maxwell's equations and the concepts of electromagnetic (EM) field, force, energy, and momentum, which are intimately tied together by Poynting's theorem and by the Lorentz force law. Whereas Maxwell's equations relate the fields to their material sources, Poynting's theorem governs the flow of EM energy and its exchange between fields and material media, while the Lorentz law regulates the back-and-forth transfer of momentum between the media and the fields. An alternative force law, first proposed by Einstein and Laub, exists that is consistent with Maxwell's equations and complies with the conservation laws as well as with the requirements of special relativity. While the Lorentz law requires the introduction of hidden energy and hidden momentum in situations where an electric field acts on a magnetized medium, the Einstein-Laub (E-L) formulation of EM force and torque does not invoke hidden entities under such circumstances. Moreover, total force/torque exerted by EM fields on any given object turns out to be independent of whether the density of force/torque is evaluated using the law of Lorentz or that of Einstein and Laub. Hidden entities aside, the two formulations differ only in their predicted force and torque distributions inside matter. Such differences in distribution are occasionally measurable, and could serve as a guide in deciding which formulation, if either, corresponds to physical reality.

Principles and equations for measuring and interpreting protein stability: From monomer to tetramer.

PubMed

Bedouelle, Hugues

2016-02-01

The ability to measure the thermodynamic stability of proteins with precision is important for both academic and applied research. Such measurements rely on mathematical models of the protein denaturation profile, i.e. the relation between a global protein signal, corresponding to the folding states in equilibrium, and the variable value of a denaturing agent, either heat or a chemical molecule, e.g. urea or guanidinium hydrochloride. In turn, such models rely on a handful of physical laws: the laws of mass action and conservation, the law that relates the protein signal and concentration, and the one that relates stability and denaturant value. So far, equations have been derived mainly for the denaturation profiles of homomeric proteins. Here, we review the underlying basic physical laws and show in detail how to derive model equations for the unfolding equilibria of homomeric or heteromeric proteins up to trimers and potentially tetramers, with or without folding intermediates, and give full demonstrations. We show that such equations cannot be derived for pentamers or higher oligomers except in special degenerate cases. We expand the method to signals that do not correspond to extensive protein properties. We review and expand methods for uncovering hidden intermediates of unfolding. Finally, we review methods for comparing and interpreting the thermodynamic parameters that derive from stability measurements for cognate wild-type and mutant proteins. This work should provide a robust theoretical basis for measuring the stability of complex proteins. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. and Société Française de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire (SFBBM). All rights reserved.

Legal priorities for prevention of non-communicable diseases: innovations from WHO's Eastern Mediterranean region.

PubMed

Gostin, L O; Abou-Taleb, H; Roache, S A; Alwan, A

2017-03-01

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of death globally and in the World Health Organization's (WHO) Eastern Mediterranean region (EMR). This paper reports on a research collaboration between the WHO's Eastern Mediterranean Office (EMRO) and the O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law at Georgetown University that aims to identify (1) regionally relevant, cost-effective and affordable legal interventions to prevent NCDs, and (2) methods to strengthen implementation and enforcement. Comparative analysis of >200 international, regional and domestic interventions addressing key NCD risk factors, including tobacco, alcohol, diet and physical inactivity. Researchers searched legal and policy databases including the WHO Nutrition, Obesity and Physical Activity Database and drew upon academic commentary and 'grey' literature. Measures included evidence of impact; evidence of cost-effectiveness; and monitoring and enforcement mechanisms. Researchers identified many examples of legal interventions effectively reducing NCD risk factors. Key enabling factors for effective NCD-related laws include regulatory capacity; governance mechanisms promoting multisectoral collaboration and accountability; and tailoring interventions to local legal, economic and social contexts. In the EMR, and globally, law can be a cost-effective and affordable means of curbing underlying drivers of the NCD pandemic, such as rampant junk food marketing. Building upon this research, together with international and regional experts, EMRO has identified 10 priority interventions in the areas of tobacco control, unhealthy diets and NCD governance. The EMRO/O'Neill Institute partnership will develop guidance tools and capacity building initiatives to support Member States to harness the power of law to achieve population health improvements. Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

13 CFR 109.440 - Requirements imposed under other laws and orders.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... laws and orders. 109.440 Section 109.440 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION... Requirements imposed under other laws and orders. Loans made by the ILP Intermediary under this program must comply with all applicable laws, including §§ 120.170 (Flood insurance), 120.172 (Flood-plain and...

13 CFR 109.440 - Requirements imposed under other laws and orders.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... laws and orders. 109.440 Section 109.440 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION... Requirements imposed under other laws and orders. Loans made by the ILP Intermediary under this program must comply with all applicable laws, including §§ 120.170 (Flood insurance), 120.172 (Flood-plain and...

13 CFR 109.440 - Requirements imposed under other laws and orders.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... laws and orders. 109.440 Section 109.440 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION... Requirements imposed under other laws and orders. Loans made by the ILP Intermediary under this program must comply with all applicable laws, including §§ 120.170 (Flood insurance), 120.172 (Flood-plain and...

Scaling the Laws of Science.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jones, Richard C.; Jones, Richard N.

1994-01-01

Explores the effects of the square-cube law that predicts the physical consequences of increasing or decreasing an object's size. Uses examples to discuss the economy of scales, common misconceptions, and applications of scaling laws. (JRH)

Turning around Newton's Second Law

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Goff, John Eric

2004-01-01

Conceptual and quantitative difficulties surrounding Newton's second law often arise among introductory physics students. Simply turning around how one expresses Newton's second law may assist students in their understanding of a deceptively simple-looking equation.

Principles of physics in surgery: the laws of mechanics and vectors physics for surgeons-part 2.

PubMed

Srivastava, Anurag; Sood, Akshay; Joy, Parijat S; Mandal, Shubhyan; Panwar, Rajesh; Ravichandran, Suresh; Sarangi, Sasmit; Woodcock, John

2010-10-01

In this sequel, to an earlier article, we discuss the laws of Mechanics, Thermodynamics and Vectors as they apply to soft and bony tissues. These include the Laplace's Law as applied to colonic perforation, compression therapy, parturition, variceal rupture, disc herniations etc. The Pascal's Law finds use in hernia repair and the Heimlich maneuver. Trigonometrically derived components of forces, acting after suturing, show ways to reduce cut-through; the thickness and the bite of suture determines the extent of tissue reaction. The heating effect of current explains the optimum gap between the prongs of a bipolar cautery and the use of law of transfer of heat in determining relation between healthy wound healing and ambient temperature.

Tiger beetles pursue prey using a proportional control law with a delay of one half-stride

PubMed Central

Haselsteiner, Andreas F.; Gilbert, Cole; Wang, Z. Jane

2014-01-01

Tiger beetles are fast diurnal predators capable of chasing prey under closed-loop visual guidance. We investigated this control system using statistical analyses of high-speed digital recordings of beetles chasing a moving prey dummy in a laboratory arena. Correlation analyses reveal that the beetle uses a proportional control law in which the angular position of the prey relative to the beetle's body axis drives the beetle's angular velocity with a delay of about 28 ms. The proportionality coefficient or system gain, 12 s−1, is just below critical damping. Pursuit simulations using the derived control law predict angular orientation during pursuits with a residual error of about 7°. This is of the same order of magnitude as the oscillation imposed by the beetle's alternating tripod gait, which was not factored into the control law. The system delay of 28 ms equals a half-stride period, i.e. the time between the touch down of alternating tripods. Based on these results, we propose a physical interpretation of the observed control law: to turn towards its prey, the beetle on average exerts a sideways force proportional to the angular position of the prey measured a half-stride earlier. PMID:24718454

Self-organised criticality and 1/f noise in single-channel current of voltage-dependent anion channel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Banerjee, J.; Verma, M. K.; Manna, S.; Ghosh, S.

2006-02-01

Noise profile of Voltage Dependent Anion Channel (VDAC) is investigated in open channel state. Single-channel currents through VDAC from mitochondria of rat brain reconstituted into a planar lipid bilayer are recorded under different voltage clamped conditions across the membrane. Power spectrum analysis of current indicates power law noise of 1/f nature. Moreover, this 1/f nature of the open channel noise is seen throughout the range of applied membrane potential from -30 to +30 mV. It is being proposed that 1/f noise in open ion channel arises out of obstruction in the passage of ions across the membrane. The process is recognised as a phenomenon of self-organized criticality (SOC) like sandpile avalanche and other physical systems. Based on SOC it has been theoretically established that the system of ion channel follows power law noise as observed in our experiments. We also show that the first-time return probability of current fluctuations obeys a power law distribution.

Rehabilitating the regulative use of reason: Kant on empirical and chemical laws.

PubMed

McNulty, Michael Bennett

2015-12-01

In his Kritik der reinen Vernunft, Kant asserts that laws of nature "carry with them an expression of necessity" (A159/B198). There is, however, widespread interpretive disagreement regarding the nature and source of the necessity of empirical laws of natural sciences in Kant's system. It is especially unclear how chemistry-a science without a clear, straightforward connection to the a priori principles of the understanding-could contain such genuine, empirical laws. Existing accounts of the necessity of causal laws unfortunately fail to illuminate the possibility of non-physical laws. In this paper, I develop an alternative, 'ideational' account of natural laws, according to which ideas of reason necessitate the laws of some non-physical sciences. Chemical laws, for instance, are grounded on ideas of the elements, and the chemist aims to reduce her phenomena to these elements via experimentation. Although such ideas are beyond the possibility of experience, their postulation is necessary for the achievement of reason's theoretical ends: the unification and explanation of the cognitions of science. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

7 CFR 1940.325 - FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 as a cooperating Agency.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 13 2011-01-01 2009-01-01 true FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354... Environmental Program § 1940.325 FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 as a cooperating Agency. (a) FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 will serve as a cooperating Agency when...

7 CFR 1940.325 - FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 as a cooperating Agency.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Environmental Program § 1940.325 FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 as a cooperating Agency. (a) FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 will serve as a cooperating Agency when... successor agency under Public Law 103-354 action. An example of the latter would be a request from EPA to...

Didactical Reconstruction of Processes in Knowledge Construction: Pre-Service Physics Teachers Learning the Law of Electromagnetic Induction

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mantyla, Terhi

2012-01-01

In physics teacher education, two central goals are first to learn the structures of physics knowledge, and second the processes of its construction. To know the structure is to know the framework of concepts and laws; to know the processes is to know where the knowledge comes from, how the framework is constructed, and how it can be justified.…

Talking Back: Weapons, Warfare, and Feedback

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-04-01

realize that these laws are not laws of physics . They don’t allow for performance or effectiveness comparisons either as they don’t have a common...the weapon’s next software update. Software updates are done by physical connections like most legacy systems as well as by secure data link...Generally the land based Air Force squadrons use physical connections due to the increased reliability, while sea based squadrons use the wireless

Study Modules for Calculus-Based General Physics. [Includes Modules 27-30: Direct-Current Circuits; Magnetic Forces; Ampere's Law; and Faraday's Law].

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fuller, Robert G., Ed.; And Others

This is part of a series of 42 Calculus Based Physics (CBP) modules totaling about 1,000 pages. The modules indlude study guides, practice tests, and mastery tests for a full-year individualized course in calculus-based physics based on the Personalized System of Instruction (PSI). The units are not intended to be used without outside materials;…

Relaxation model for extended magnetohydrodynamics: Comparison to magnetohydrodynamics for dense Z-pinches

DOE PAGES

Seyler, C. E.; Martin, M. R.

2011-01-14

In this study, it is shown that the two-fluid model under a generalized Ohm’s law formulation and the resistive magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) can both be described as relaxation systems. In the relaxation model, the under-resolved stiff source terms constrain the dynamics of a set of hyperbolic equations to give the correct asymptotic solution. When applied to the collisional two-fluid model, the relaxation of fast time scales associated with displacement current and finite electron mass allows for a natural transition from a system where Ohm’s law determines the current density to a system where Ohm’s law determines the electric field. This resultmore » is used to derive novel algorithms, which allow for multiscale simulation of low and high frequency extended-MHD physics. This relaxation formulation offers an efficient way to implicitly advance the Hall term and naturally simulate a plasma-vacuum interface without invoking phenomenological models. The relaxation model is implemented as an extended-MHD code, which is used to analyze pulsed power loads such as wire arrays and ablating foils. Two-dimensional simulations of pulsed power loads are compared for extended-MHD and MHD. For these simulations, it is also shown that the relaxation model properly recovers the resistive-MHD limit.« less

Self-Paced Physics, Segments 37-40.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

New York Inst. of Tech., Old Westbury.

Four study segments of the Self-Paced Physics Course materials are presented in this eighth problems and solutions book used as a part of course assignments. The content is related to magnetic induction, Faraday's law, induced currents, Lenz's law, induced electromotive forces, time-varying magnetic fields, self-inductance, inductors,…

Does Stevens's Power Law for Brightness Extend to Perceptual Brightness Averaging?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bauer, Ben

2009-01-01

Stevens's power law ([Psi][infinity][Phi][beta]) captures the relationship between physical ([Phi]) and perceived ([Psi]) magnitude for many stimulus continua (e.g., luminance and brightness, weight and heaviness, area and size). The exponent ([beta]) indicates whether perceptual magnitude grows more slowly than physical magnitude ([beta] less…

Project Physics Tests 3, The Triumph of Mechanics.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA. Harvard Project Physics.

Test items relating to Project Physics Unit 3 are presented in this booklet. Included are 70 multiple-choice and 20 problem-and-essay questions. Concepts of mechanics are examined on energy, momentum, kinetic theory of gases, pulse analyses, "heat death," water waves, power, conservation laws, normal distribution, thermodynamic laws, and…

Students' Concepts of Force: The Importance of Understanding Newton's Third Law.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brown, David E.

1989-01-01

Reports various misconceptions of Newton's third law obtained from interviews and written tests of high school students. Suggests putting emphasis on the third law in physics teaching. Ten references are listed. (YP)

78 FR 3913 - Public Land Order No. 7807: Withdrawal of Public Lands for the Camp Michael Monsoor Mountain...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-17

..., location, and entry under the general land laws, including the United States mining laws, for a period of... Training Facility. This withdrawal also transfers administrative jurisdiction of the lands to the... entry under the general land laws, including the United States mining laws, but not from leasing under...

77 FR 65905 - Notice of Proposed Withdrawal Extension and Opportunity for Public Meeting; OR

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-10-31

..., or entry under the general land laws, including the United States mining laws, but not from leasing under the mineral leasing laws, to protect the natural values of the Florence Sand Dunes (FSD). This... leasing under the mineral leasing laws, to protect the existing natural values of the FSD. This notice...

Conservation laws and conserved quantities for (1+1)D linearized Boussinesq equations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Carvalho, Cindy; Harley, Charis

2017-05-01

Conservation laws and physical conserved quantities for the (1+1)D linearized Boussinesq equations at a constant water depth are presented. These equations describe incompressible, inviscid, irrotational fluid flow in the form of a non steady solitary wave. A systematic multiplier approach is used to obtain the conservation laws of the system of third order partial differential equations (PDEs) in dimensional form. Physical conserved quantities are derived by integrating the conservation laws in the direction of wave propagation and imposing decaying boundary conditions in the horizontal direction. One of these is a newly discovered conserved quantity which relates to an energy flux density.

Further investigation of examining students understanding of Lenz's law and Faraday's law

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sanchez, Casey W.; Loverude, Michael E.

2012-02-01

Magnetic induction has been known to be a particularly difficult concept in introductory physics. In this project, we build upon our previous research on probing the difficulties students have with magnetic flux in regards to Lenz's Law and Faraday's Law. This presentation will explore student responses when the format of the instrument was reversed, so that students had to use a flux vs. time graph to infer details of the physical situation. Although the newer version of the survey identifies other difficulties students have, the student responses suggest the value of this reverse process in both probing student thinking and in instruction on magnetic flux.

Scaling laws for coastal overwash morphology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lazarus, Eli D.

2016-12-01

Overwash is a physical process of coastal sediment transport driven by storm events and is essential to landscape resilience in low-lying barrier environments. This work establishes a comprehensive set of scaling laws for overwash morphology: unifying quantitative descriptions with which to compare overwash features by their morphological attributes across case examples. Such scaling laws also help relate overwash features to other morphodynamic phenomena. Here morphometric data from a physical experiment are compared with data from natural examples of overwash features. The resulting scaling relationships indicate scale invariance spanning several orders of magnitude. Furthermore, these new relationships for overwash morphology align with classic scaling laws for fluvial drainages and alluvial fans.

7 CFR 1940.326 - FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 as a lead Agency.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 13 2010-01-01 2009-01-01 true FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354... Environmental Program § 1940.326 FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 as a lead Agency. (a) When other Federal agencies are involved in an FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354...

7 CFR 1940.326 - FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 as a lead Agency.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 13 2011-01-01 2009-01-01 true FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354... Environmental Program § 1940.326 FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 as a lead Agency. (a) When other Federal agencies are involved in an FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354...

The Contingency of Laws of Nature in Science and Theology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jaeger, Lydia

2010-10-01

The belief that laws of nature are contingent played an important role in the emergence of the empirical method of modern physics. During the scientific revolution, this belief was based on the idea of voluntary creation. Taking up Peter Mittelstaedt’s work on laws of nature, this article explores several alternative answers which do not overtly make use of metaphysics: some laws are laws of mathematics; macroscopic laws can emerge from the interplay of numerous subsystems without any specific microscopic nomic structures (John Wheeler’s “law without law”); laws are the preconditions of scientific experience (Kant); laws are theoretical abstractions which only apply in very limited circumstances (Nancy Cartwright). Whereas Cartwright’s approach is in tension with modern scientific methodology, the first three strategies count as illuminating, though partial answers. It is important for the empirical method of modern physics that these three strategies, even when taken together, do not provide a complete explanation of the order of nature. Thus the question of why laws are valid is still relevant. In the concluding section, I argue that the traditional answer, based on voluntary creation, provides the right balance of contingency and coherence which is in harmony with modern scientific method.

Evaluation of permeability and non-Darcy flow in vuggy macroporous limestone aquifer samples with lattice Boltzmann methods

USGS Publications Warehouse

Sukop, Michael C.; Huang, Haibo; Alvarez, Pedro F.; Variano, Evan A.; Cunningham, Kevin J.

2013-01-01

Lattice Boltzmann flow simulations provide a physics-based means of estimating intrinsic permeability from pore structure and accounting for inertial flow that leads to departures from Darcy's law. Simulations were used to compute intrinsic permeability where standard measurement methods may fail and to provide better understanding of departures from Darcy's law under field conditions. Simulations also investigated resolution issues. Computed tomography (CT) images were acquired at 0.8 mm interscan spacing for seven samples characterized by centimeter-scale biogenic vuggy macroporosity from the extremely transmissive sole-source carbonate karst Biscayne aquifer in southeastern Florida. Samples were as large as 0.3 m in length; 7–9 cm-scale-length subsamples were used for lattice Boltzmann computations. Macroporosity of the subsamples was as high as 81%. Matrix porosity was ignored in the simulations. Non-Darcy behavior led to a twofold reduction in apparent hydraulic conductivity as an applied hydraulic gradient increased to levels observed at regional scale within the Biscayne aquifer; larger reductions are expected under higher gradients near wells and canals. Thus, inertial flows and departures from Darcy's law may occur under field conditions. Changes in apparent hydraulic conductivity with changes in head gradient computed with the lattice Boltzmann model closely fit the Darcy-Forchheimer equation allowing estimation of the Forchheimer parameter. CT-scan resolution appeared adequate to capture intrinsic permeability; however, departures from Darcy behavior were less detectable as resolution coarsened.

"Here, There, and Everywhere": Connecting Science Across The Universe

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Watzke, Megan; Slane, P. O.; Arcand, K. K.; Lestition, K.; Edmonds, P.; Tucker, W. H.

2013-04-01

"Here, There, and Everywhere" (HTE) is a program -- conceived and developed by the Chandra Education and Public Outreach group -- that consists of a series of exhibitions, posters, and supporting hands-on activities that utilize analogies in the teaching of science, engineering, and technology to provide multi-generational and family-friendly content in English and Spanish to small community centers, libraries, under-resourced small science centers. The purpose of the program is to connect crosscutting science content (in Earth, atmospheric and planetary sciences and astrophysics) with everyday phenomena, helping to demonstrate the universality of physical laws and the connection between our everyday world and the universe as a whole to members of the public who may not identify strongly with science. The program utilizes multimodal content delivery (physical exhibits and handouts, interpretive stations, facilitated activities for educators as well as online materials) hosted by under-served locations as identified by previous partnerships as well as through advertisement of opportunities.

Russian Contract Procurement Document

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tobin, J G

2010-03-29

This contract supports the enhancement of physical protection or nuclear material control and accounting systems at institutes or enterprises of the newly independent states under the material protection control and accounting (MPC&A) program. The contract is entered into pursuant to the MPC&A Program, a gratuitous technical assistance program, in accordance with the bilateral Agreements between the Russian Federation and the United States of America concerning the Safe and Secure Transportation, Storage and Destruction of Weapons and the Prevention of Weapons Proliferation of June 1992, as extended and amended by Protocol signed of June 1999, Agreement between the Government of themore » Russian Federation regarding Cooperation in the Area of Nuclear Materials Physical Protection, Control and Accounting of October 1999 and the Russian Federation law of May 1999 on the taxation exemption of gratuitous technical assistance with Russian Federation under registration No.DOE001000.« less

Demonstrating Newton's Third Law: Changing Aristotelian Viewpoints.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Roach, Linda E.

1992-01-01

Suggests techniques to help eliminate students' misconceptions involving Newton's Third Law. Approaches suggested include teaching physics from a historical perspective, using computer programs with simulations, rewording the law, drawing free-body diagrams, and using demonstrations and examples. (PR)

32 CFR 552.150 - Purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... criminal prosecution under the Uniform Code of Military Justice, applicable Federal Law, other regulations... Jackson and prosecuted under appropriate Federal laws. The enumeration of prohibited activities in this part is not intended to preclude prosecution under other provisions of law or regulation. ...

17 CFR 270.7d-2 - Definition of “public offering” as used in section 7(d) of the Act with respect to certain...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... savings accounts. (a) Definitions. As used in this section: (1) Canadian law means the federal laws of... Retirement Savings Plan” or “Registered Retirement Income Fund” administered under Canadian law, that is...) Established in Canada, administered under Canadian law, and qualified for tax-deferred treatment under...

42 CFR 411.7 - Services that must be furnished at public expense under a Federal law or Federal Government...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... under a Federal law or Federal Government contract. 411.7 Section 411.7 Public Health CENTERS FOR....7 Services that must be furnished at public expense under a Federal law or Federal Government... services that any provider or supplier is obligated to furnish at public expense, in accordance with a law...

42 CFR 411.7 - Services that must be furnished at public expense under a Federal law or Federal Government...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... under a Federal law or Federal Government contract. 411.7 Section 411.7 Public Health CENTERS FOR....7 Services that must be furnished at public expense under a Federal law or Federal Government... services that any provider or supplier is obligated to furnish at public expense, in accordance with a law...

42 CFR 411.7 - Services that must be furnished at public expense under a Federal law or Federal Government...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... under a Federal law or Federal Government contract. 411.7 Section 411.7 Public Health CENTERS FOR....7 Services that must be furnished at public expense under a Federal law or Federal Government... services that any provider or supplier is obligated to furnish at public expense, in accordance with a law...

24 CFR 578.89 - Limitation on use of grant funds to serve persons defined as homeless under other federal laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... serve persons defined as homeless under other federal laws. 578.89 Section 578.89 Housing and Urban... persons defined as homeless under other federal laws. (a) Application requirement. Applicants that intend... federal laws in paragraph (3) of the homeless definition in § 576.2 must demonstrate in their application...

24 CFR 578.89 - Limitation on use of grant funds to serve persons defined as homeless under other federal laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... serve persons defined as homeless under other federal laws. 578.89 Section 578.89 Housing and Urban... persons defined as homeless under other federal laws. (a) Application requirement. Applicants that intend... federal laws in paragraph (3) of the homeless definition in § 576.2 must demonstrate in their application...

42 CFR 411.7 - Services that must be furnished at public expense under a Federal law or Federal Government...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... under a Federal law or Federal Government contract. 411.7 Section 411.7 Public Health CENTERS FOR....7 Services that must be furnished at public expense under a Federal law or Federal Government... services that any provider or supplier is obligated to furnish at public expense, in accordance with a law...

The role of law in the control of obesity in England: looking at the contribution of law to a healthy food culture

PubMed Central

Martin, Robyn

2008-01-01

Obesity levels in England are significantly higher than in much of the rest of Europe. This article examines aspects of the physical and cultural context of food consumption in England, and the evolution of government policy on obesity, as a background to an analysis of how law might play a role in obesity prevention. Research suggests that individual food choices are associated with cultural and socio-economic circumstances and that they can be manipulated by advertising, food packaging and presentation. This suggests that there might be ways of using law to manage the influences on food choices, and of using law in support of strategies to redirect food choices towards healthy food products. Law is a particularly useful tool in the protection of the individual against the economic power of the food industry, and there is much that law can do to change the physical, economic and social environment of food consumption. PMID:18854038

Phase Equilibrium, Chemical Equilibrium, and a Test of the Third Law: Experiments for Physical Chemistry.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dannhauser, Walter

1980-01-01

Described is an experiment designed to provide an experimental basis for a unifying point of view (utilizing theoretical framework and chemistry laboratory experiments) for physical chemistry students. Three experiments are described: phase equilibrium, chemical equilibrium, and a test of the third law of thermodynamics. (Author/DS)

From Universal Laws of Cognition to Specific Cognitive Models

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Chater, Nick; Brown, Gordon D. A.

2008-01-01

The remarkable successes of the physical sciences have been built on highly general quantitative laws, which serve as the basis for understanding an enormous variety of specific physical systems. How far is it possible to construct universal principles in the cognitive sciences, in terms of which specific aspects of perception, memory, or decision…

Patterns in Nature: Challenging Secondary Students to Learn about Physical Laws

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Taber, Keith S.

2011-01-01

Teaching about the nature of science is seen as a priority within science education, and has also been highlighted as a suitable context for challenging the most able ("gifted") learners at secondary school level. This article discusses a practical session designed to introduce the idea of physical (natural) laws. The session asks…

The physics of ice cream

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Clarke, Chris

2003-05-01

Almost everybody likes ice cream, so it can provide an excellent vehicle for discussing and demonstrating a variety of physical phenomena, such as Newton's law of cooling, Boyle's law and the relationship between microstructure and macroscopic properties (e.g. Young's modulus). Furthermore, a demonstration of freezing point depression can be used to make ice cream in the classroom!

A Quantitative Examination Whether Education Mitigates Stress Levels among Law Enforcement Officers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Metts, Gary A.

2012-01-01

Stress is damaging if it is continual, overwhelming. and prolonged. Law enforcement officers face stressful events daily. A relationship exists between stress levels and the physical and psychological effects to the human body. Although there is a general understanding of the damage stress can do physically and psychologically, many elements that…

Increasing the Drive of Your Physics Class

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Eisenstein, Stanley

2008-01-01

First-year physics students often have a difficult time grasping Newton's laws of motion and recognizing the forces that these laws depend on. The "Paper Car" project is an experiential activity that is rich in application of force principles. It is also simple enough that students are able to integrate straightforward but non-trivial physics…

Kepler's Third Law Without a Calculator

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ruiz, Michael J.

2004-12-01

At the University of North Carolina at Asheville (UNC-A) we have used Kepler's third law in a liberal-arts conceptual astronomy course to help students sharpen their quantitative skills without using a calculator. Doing quantitative physics without a calculator represents one of the many ways we can study the physical world. Furthermore, it is fun.

An Analysis of the Ontological Causal Relation in Physics and Its Educational Implications

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cheong, Yong Wook

2016-01-01

An ontological causal relation is a quantified relation between certain interactions and changes in corresponding properties. Key ideas in physics, such as Newton's second law and the first law of thermodynamics, are representative examples of these relations. In connection with the teaching and learning of these relations, this study investigated…

Linear Response Laws and Causality in Electrodynamics

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Yuffa, Alex J.; Scales, John A.

2012-01-01

Linear response laws and causality (the effect cannot precede the cause) are of fundamental importance in physics. In the context of classical electrodynamics, students often have a difficult time grasping these concepts because the physics is obscured by the intermingling of the time and frequency domains. In this paper, we analyse the linear…

Learning, Retention, and Forgetting of Newton's Third Law throughout University Physics

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sayre, Eleanor C.; Franklin, Scott V.; Dymek, Stephanie; Clark, Jessica; Sun, Yifei

2012-01-01

We present data from a between-student study on student response to questions on Newton's third law given in two introductory calculus-based physics classes (Mechanics and Electromagnetism) at a large northeastern university. Construction of a response curve reveals subtle dynamics in student learning not capturable by pretesting and post-testing.…

More on Systematic Error in a Boyle's Law Experiment

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McCall, Richard P.

2012-01-01

A recent article in "The Physics Teacher" describes a method for analyzing a systematic error in a Boyle's law laboratory activity. Systematic errors are important to consider in physics labs because they tend to bias the results of measurements. There are numerous laboratory examples and resources that discuss this common source of error.

Using Physics Principles in the Teaching of Chemistry.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gulden, Warren

1996-01-01

Presents three examples that show how students can use traditional physics principles or laws for the purpose of understanding chemistry better. Examples include Coulomb's Law and melting points, the Faraday Constant, and the Rydberg Constant. Presents a list of some other traditional topics in a chemistry course that could be enhanced by the…

Check the Lambert-Beer-Bouguer law: a simple trick to boost the confidence of students toward both exponential laws and the discrete approach to experimental physics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Di Capua, R.; Offi, F.; Fontana, F.

2014-07-01

Exponential decay is a prototypical functional behaviour for many physical phenomena, and therefore it deserves great attention in physics courses at an academic level. The absorption of the electromagnetic radiation that propagates in a dissipative medium provides an example of the decay of light intensity, as stated by the law of Lambert-Beer-Bourguer. We devised a very simple experiment to check this law. The experimental setup, its realization, and the data analysis of the experiment are definitely simple. Our main goal was to create an experiment that is accessible to all students, including those in their first year of academic courses and those with poorly equipped laboratories. As illustrated in this paper, our proposal allowed us to develop a deep discussion about some general mathematical and numerical features of exponential decay. Furthermore, the special setup of the absorbing medium (sliced in finite thickness slabs) and the experimental outcomes allow students to understand the transition from the discrete to the continuum approach in experimental physics.

Dynamic principle for ensemble control tools.

PubMed

Samoletov, A; Vasiev, B

2017-11-28

Dynamical equations describing physical systems in contact with a thermal bath are commonly extended by mathematical tools called "thermostats." These tools are designed for sampling ensembles in statistical mechanics. Here we propose a dynamic principle underlying a range of thermostats which is derived using fundamental laws of statistical physics and ensures invariance of the canonical measure. The principle covers both stochastic and deterministic thermostat schemes. Our method has a clear advantage over a range of proposed and widely used thermostat schemes that are based on formal mathematical reasoning. Following the derivation of the proposed principle, we show its generality and illustrate its applications including design of temperature control tools that differ from the Nosé-Hoover-Langevin scheme.

Instructional Liability in Physical Education Teacher Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Drowatzky, John N.

A summary is presented of some of the ways that judicial decisions and laws have an impact on higher education and on public education. The sources of legal obligation that impose duties and responsibilities on teachers are discussed. These are: common law, contractual obligations, state laws, and federal laws. The legal definitions are given of…

Supercritical entanglement in local systems: Counterexample to the area law for quantum matter

PubMed Central

Movassagh, Ramis; Shor, Peter W.

2016-01-01

Quantum entanglement is the most surprising feature of quantum mechanics. Entanglement is simultaneously responsible for the difficulty of simulating quantum matter on a classical computer and the exponential speedups afforded by quantum computers. Ground states of quantum many-body systems typically satisfy an “area law”: The amount of entanglement between a subsystem and the rest of the system is proportional to the area of the boundary. A system that obeys an area law has less entanglement and can be simulated more efficiently than a generic quantum state whose entanglement could be proportional to the total system’s size. Moreover, an area law provides useful information about the low-energy physics of the system. It is widely believed that for physically reasonable quantum systems, the area law cannot be violated by more than a logarithmic factor in the system’s size. We introduce a class of exactly solvable one-dimensional physical models which we can prove have exponentially more entanglement than suggested by the area law, and violate the area law by a square-root factor. This work suggests that simple quantum matter is richer and can provide much more quantum resources (i.e., entanglement) than expected. In addition to using recent advances in quantum information and condensed matter theory, we have drawn upon various branches of mathematics such as combinatorics of random walks, Brownian excursions, and fractional matching theory. We hope that the techniques developed herein may be useful for other problems in physics as well. PMID:27821725

Coexistence of a well-determined kinetic law and a scale-invariant power law during the same physical process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zreihan, Noam; Faran, Eilon; Vives, Eduard; Planes, Antoni; Shilo, Doron

2018-01-01

It is generally claimed that physical processes which display scale-invariant power-law distributions are subjected to a dynamic criticality that prohibits a well-defined kinetic law. In this paper, we demonstrate the coexistence of these two apparently contradicting behaviors during the same physical process—the motion of type-II twin boundaries in martensite Ni-Mn-Ga. The process is investigated by combined measurements of the temporal twin-boundary velocity and the acoustic emitted energy. Velocity values are extracted from high-resolution force measurements taken during displacement-driven mechanical tests, as well as from force-driven magnetic tests, and cover an overall range of six orders of magnitude. Acoustic emission (AE) is measured during mechanical tests. Velocity values follow a normal distribution whose characteristic value is determined by the material's kinetic relation, and its width scales with the average velocity. In addition, it is observed that velocity distributions are characterized by a heavy tail at the right (i.e., faster) end that exhibits a power law over more than one and a half orders of magnitude. At the same time, the AE signals follow a scale-invariant power-law distribution, which is not sensitive to the average twin-boundary velocity. The coexistence of these two different statistical behaviors reflects the complex nature of twin-boundary motion and suggests the possibility that the transformation proceeds through physical subprocesses that are close to criticality alongside other processes that are not.

Studying Scientific Discovery by Computer Simulation.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-03-30

Mendel’s laws of inheritance, the law of Gay- Lussac for gaseous reactions, tile law of Dulong and Petit, the derivation of atomic weights by Avogadro...neceseary mid identify by block number) scientific discovery -ittri sic properties physical laws extensive terms data-driven heuristics intensive...terms theory-driven heuristics conservation laws 20. ABSTRACT (Continue on revere. side It necessary and identify by block number) Scientific discovery

76 FR 81525 - Notice of Proposed Withdrawal Extension and Notification of a Public Meeting; Utah

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-28

....56 acres of public land from settlement, sale, location, or entry under the general land laws, including the United States mining laws, to protect the Bonneville Salt Flats (BSF). This notice also... laws, including the United States mining laws, but not from leasing under the mineral leasing laws, to...

Laws, causation, and explanation in the special sciences.

PubMed

Kim, Jaegwon

2005-01-01

There is the general philosophical question concerning the relationship between physics, which is often taken to be our fundamental and all-encompassing science, on one hand and the special sciences, such as biology and psychology, each of which deals with phenomena in some specially restricted domain, on the other. This paper deals with a narrower question: Are there laws in the special sciences, laws like those we find, or expect to find, in basic physics? Three arguments that are intended to show that there are no such laws are presented and examined. The paper ends with brief remarks concerning the implications of these arguments for explanation and causation in the special sciences.

Scaling laws for ignition at the National Ignition Facility from first principles.

PubMed

Cheng, Baolian; Kwan, Thomas J T; Wang, Yi-Ming; Batha, Steven H

2013-10-01

We have developed an analytical physics model from fundamental physics principles and used the reduced one-dimensional model to derive a thermonuclear ignition criterion and implosion energy scaling laws applicable to inertial confinement fusion capsules. The scaling laws relate the fuel pressure and the minimum implosion energy required for ignition to the peak implosion velocity and the equation of state of the pusher and the hot fuel. When a specific low-entropy adiabat path is used for the cold fuel, our scaling laws recover the ignition threshold factor dependence on the implosion velocity, but when a high-entropy adiabat path is chosen, the model agrees with recent measurements.

Laboratory Activity: Specific Heat by Change in Internal Energy of Silly Putty

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Koser, John

2011-12-01

Students in introductory physics courses often don't study thermodynamics or thermodynamic events. If any thermal physics is taught in introductory courses (e.g., Physics 101 for Liberal Arts Majors), it usually involves the concepts of specific heat and various temperature scales. Seldom are the first and second laws of thermodynamics taught in detail. In this article, we look at a means to obtain real-time data that will lead to clarifying the first law.

Cross-scale morphology

USGS Publications Warehouse

Allen, Craig R.; Holling, Crawford S.; Garmestani, Ahjond S.; El-Shaarawi, Abdel H.; Piegorsch, Walter W.

2013-01-01

The scaling of physical, biological, ecological and social phenomena is a major focus of efforts to develop simple representations of complex systems. Much of the attention has been on discovering universal scaling laws that emerge from simple physical and geometric processes. However, there are regular patterns of departures both from those scaling laws and from continuous distributions of attributes of systems. Those departures often demonstrate the development of self-organized interactions between living systems and physical processes over narrower ranges of scale.

Occupational health policies on risk assessment in Japan.

PubMed

Horie, Seichi

2010-09-01

Industrial Safety and Health Law (ISH Law) of Japan requires abnormalities identified in evaluations of worker health and working environments are reported to occupational physicians, and employers are advised of measures to ensure appropriate accommodations in working environments and work procedures. Since the 1980s, notions of a risk assessment and occupational safety and health management system were expected to further prevent industrial accidents. In 2005, ISH Law stipulated workplace risk assessment using the wording "employers shall endeavor." Following the amendment, multiple documents and guidelines for risk assessment for different work procedures were developed. They require ISH Laws to be implemented fully and workplaces to plan and execute measures to reduce risks, ranking them from those addressing potential hazards to those requiring workers to wear protective articles. A governmental survey in 2005 found the performance of risk assessment was 20.4% and common reasons for not implementing risk assessments were lack of adequate personnel or knowledge. ISH Law specifies criminal penalties for both individuals and organizations. Moreover, under the Labor Contract Law promulgated in 2007, employers are obliged to make reasonable efforts to ensure employee health for foreseeable and avoidable risks. Therefore, enterprises neglecting even the non-binding provisions of guidelines are likely to suffer significant business impact if judged to be responsible for industrial accidents or occupational disease. To promote risk assessment, we must strengthen technical, financial, and physical support from public-service organizations, encourage the dissemination of good practices to reduce risks, and consider additional employer incentives, including relaxed mandatory regulations.

5 CFR 330.1106 - Appointment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... receive noncompetitive appointments to the competitive service under the authority of Public Law 105-274... excepted appointments made under section 11203(b) of Public Law 105-33 to competitive service appointments under Public Law 105-274. For employees appointed before October 21, 1998, the conversion will be...

5 CFR 330.1106 - Appointment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... receive noncompetitive appointments to the competitive service under the authority of Public Law 105-274... excepted appointments made under section 11203(b) of Public Law 105-33 to competitive service appointments under Public Law 105-274. For employees appointed before October 21, 1998, the conversion will be...

From metallurgy to modelling of electrical steels: A multiple approach to their behaviour and use based on physics and experimental investigations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cornut, B.; Kedous-Lebouc, A.; Waeckerlé, Th.

1996-07-01

Research on SiFe is a busy field which corresponds to the main soft magnetic materials interests of the Laboratoire d'Electrotechnique de Grenoble. Three mutually enriched areas are being explored: metallurgical research towards the production of cube textured sheets, instrumentation research allowing precise measurements of magnetic properties under extreme conditions, and models of magnetization vectorial laws or loss prediction to be included in computer aided design.

Hydrologic data for Cow Bayou, Brazos River Basin, Texas, 1975

USGS Publications Warehouse

Mitchell, R.N.; Wehmeyer, E.E.

1977-01-01

The U.S. Soil Conservation Service is actively engaged in the implementation of flood- and soil-erosion reducing measures in Texas under the authority of. "The Flood Control Act of 1936 and 1944" and "Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act" (Public Law 566), as amended. The Soil Conservation Service has found a total of approximately 3,500 floodwater~retarding structures to be physically and economically feasible in Texas. As of September 30, 1975, 1,680 of these structures had been built.

University Physics, Study Guide, Revised Edition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Benson, Harris

1996-01-01

Partial table of contents: Vectors. One-Dimensional Kinematics. Particle Dynamics II. Work and Energy. Linear Momentum. Systems of Particles. Angular Momentum and Statics. Gravitation. Solids and Fluids. Oscillations. Mechanical Waves. Sound. First Law of Thermodynamics. Kinetic Theory. Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Electrostatics. The Electric Field. Gauss's Law. Electric Potential. Current and Resistance. The Magnetic Field. Sources of the Magnetic Field. Electromagnetic Induction. Light: Reflection and Refraction. Lenses and Optical Instruments. Wave Optics I. Special Relativity. Early Quantum Theory. Nuclear Physics. Appendices. Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Problems. Index.

3 CFR 13496 - Executive Order 13496 of January 30, 2009. Notification of Employee Rights Under Federal Labor Laws

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

...' productivity is enhanced when workers are well informed of their rights under Federal labor laws, including the... are informed of such rights under Federal labor laws facilitates the efficient and economical... collective bargaining agreements as defined in 5 U.S.C. 7103(a)(8) and purchases under the simplified...

46 CFR 356.27 - Mortgage Trustee requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... and is doing business in the United States; (2) Is authorized under those laws to exercise corporate... or of a State, and is doing business under the laws of the United States or of a State; (ii) Is authorized under those laws to exercise corporate trust powers; (iii) Is qualified under 46 CFR. 356.19(a) to...

Relating triggering processes in lab experiments with earthquakes.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Baro Urbea, J.; Davidsen, J.; Kwiatek, G.; Charalampidou, E. M.; Goebel, T.; Stanchits, S. A.; Vives, E.; Dresen, G.

2016-12-01

Statistical relations such as Gutenberg-Richter's, Omori-Utsu's and the productivity of aftershocks were first observed in seismology, but are also common to other physical phenomena exhibiting avalanche dynamics such as solar flares, rock fracture, structural phase transitions and even stock market transactions. All these examples exhibit spatio-temporal correlations that can be explained as triggering processes: Instead of being activated as a response to external driving or fluctuations, some events are consequence of previous activity. Although different plausible explanations have been suggested in each system, the ubiquity of such statistical laws remains unknown. However, the case of rock fracture may exhibit a physical connection with seismology. It has been suggested that some features of seismology have a microscopic origin and are reproducible over a vast range of scales. This hypothesis has motivated mechanical experiments to generate artificial catalogues of earthquakes at a laboratory scale -so called labquakes- and under controlled conditions. Microscopic fractures in lab tests release elastic waves that are recorded as ultrasonic (kHz-MHz) acoustic emission (AE) events by means of piezoelectric transducers. Here, we analyse the statistics of labquakes recorded during the failure of small samples of natural rocks and artificial porous materials under different controlled compression regimes. Temporal and spatio-temporal correlations are identified in certain cases. Specifically, we distinguish between the background and triggered events, revealing some differences in the statistical properties. We fit the data to statistical models of seismicity. As a particular case, we explore the branching process approach simplified in the Epidemic Type Aftershock Sequence (ETAS) model. We evaluate the empirical spatio-temporal kernel of the model and investigate the physical origins of triggering. Our analysis of the focal mechanisms implies that the occurrence of the empirical laws extends well beyond purely frictional sliding events, in contrast to what is often assumed.

20 CFR 10.735 - When is a non-Federal law enforcement officer (LEO) covered under the FECA?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false When is a non-Federal law enforcement officer... EMPLOYEES' COMPENSATION ACT, AS AMENDED Special Provisions Non-Federal Law Enforcement Officers § 10.735 When is a non-Federal law enforcement officer (LEO) covered under the FECA? (a) A law enforcement...

20 CFR 10.735 - When is a non-Federal law enforcement officer (LEO) covered under the FECA?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2013-04-01 2012-04-01 true When is a non-Federal law enforcement officer... EMPLOYEES' COMPENSATION ACT, AS AMENDED Special Provisions Non-Federal Law Enforcement Officers § 10.735 When is a non-Federal law enforcement officer (LEO) covered under the FECA? (a) A law enforcement...

20 CFR 10.735 - When is a non-Federal law enforcement officer (LEO) covered under the FECA?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2014-04-01 2012-04-01 true When is a non-Federal law enforcement officer... EMPLOYEES' COMPENSATION ACT, AS AMENDED Special Provisions Non-Federal Law Enforcement Officers § 10.735 When is a non-Federal law enforcement officer (LEO) covered under the FECA? (a) A law enforcement...

20 CFR 10.735 - When is a non-Federal law enforcement officer (LEO) covered under the FECA?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false When is a non-Federal law enforcement officer... EMPLOYEES' COMPENSATION ACT, AS AMENDED Special Provisions Non-Federal Law Enforcement Officers § 10.735 When is a non-Federal law enforcement officer (LEO) covered under the FECA? (a) A law enforcement...

20 CFR 10.735 - When is a non-Federal law enforcement officer (LEO) covered under the FECA?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false When is a non-Federal law enforcement officer... EMPLOYEES' COMPENSATION ACT, AS AMENDED Special Provisions Non-Federal Law Enforcement Officers § 10.735 When is a non-Federal law enforcement officer (LEO) covered under the FECA? (a) A law enforcement...

7 CFR 1950.104 - Borrower owing FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 loans which are secured by...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... Public Law 103-354 loans which are secured by real estate. 1950.104 Section 1950.104 Agriculture... owing FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 loans which are secured by real estate... borrowers with FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 loans secured by real estate who may...

The power laws of nanoscale forces in ambient conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chiesa, Matteo; Santos, Sergio; Lai, Chia-Yun

Power laws are ubiquitous in the physical sciences and indispensable to qualitatively and quantitatively describe physical phenomena. A nanoscale force law that accurately describes the phenomena observed in ambient conditions at several nm or fractions of a nm above a surface however is still lacking. Here we report a power law derived from experimental data and describing the interaction between an atomic force microscope AFM tip modelled as a sphere and a surface in ambient conditions. By employing a graphite surface as a model system the resulting effective power is found to be a function of the tip radius and the distance. The data suggest a nano to mesoscale transition in the power law that results in relative agreement with the distance-dependencies predicted by the Hamaker and Lifshitz theories for van der Waals forces for the larger tip radii only

Special Relativity in Week One: 1) The Principle of Relativity

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Huggins, Elisha

2011-01-01

We like to begin an introductory physics course with a law of physics that applies to everything, has no known exceptions, and whose consequences are already familiar to students. That law is the principle of relativity. By focusing on the principle of relativity itself, and a careful selection of the thought experiments, we can comfortably…

The Strange World of Classical Physics

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Green, David

2010-01-01

We have heard many times that the commonsense world of classical physics was shattered by Einstein's revelation of the laws of relativity. This is certainly true; the shift from our everyday notions of time and space to those revealed by relativity is one of the greatest stretches the mind can make. What is seldom appreciated is that the laws of…

Physical analysis of an electric resistor heating

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Perea Martins, J. E. M.

2018-05-01

This work describes a simple experiment to measure the resistor temperature as a function of the applied power and proves that it is an efficient way to introduce some important physical concepts in classroom, including the Joule’s first law, hot-spot temperature, thermal resistance, thermal dissipation constant, time constant and the Newton’s law of cooling.

Air-Sea Interaction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Csanady, G. T.

2001-03-01

In recent years air-sea interaction has emerged as a subject in its own right, encompassing small-scale and large-scale processes in both air and sea. Air-Sea Interaction: Laws and Mechanisms is a comprehensive account of how the atmosphere and the ocean interact to control the global climate, what physical laws govern this interaction, and its prominent mechanisms. The topics covered range from evaporation in the oceans, to hurricanes, and on to poleward heat transport by the oceans. By developing the subject from basic physical (thermodynamic) principles, the book is accessible to graduate students and research scientists in meteorology, oceanography, and environmental engineering. It will also be of interest to the broader physics community involved in the treatment of transfer laws, and thermodynamics of the atmosphere and ocean.

43 CFR 2742.5 - Consistency with other laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Consistency with other laws. 2742.5... Recreation and Public Purposes Act: Omitted Lands and Unsurveyed Islands § 2742.5 Consistency with other laws... under any other law does not apply to conveyances under this subpart. ...

43 CFR 2742.5 - Consistency with other laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Consistency with other laws. 2742.5... Recreation and Public Purposes Act: Omitted Lands and Unsurveyed Islands § 2742.5 Consistency with other laws... under any other law does not apply to conveyances under this subpart. ...

20 CFR 615.5 - Definition of “exhaustee.”

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... unemployment compensation under the unemployment compensation law of Canada, unless the Canadian agency finally determines that the individual is not entitled to unemployment compensation under the Canadian law for such... applicable State law or any other State law (including regular compensation payable to Federal civilian...

77 FR 56571 - Unincorporated Business Entities

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-09-13

... under State law for certain business activities. For purposes of this proposed rule, a UBE includes... unincorporated business trusts, organized under State law. This rule does not apply to UBEs that one or more... System institutions to organize entities under State law to engage in business activity. However...

8 CFR 245.9 - Adjustment of status of certain nationals of the People's Republic of China under Public Law 102...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... of the People's Republic of China under Public Law 102-404. 245.9 Section 245.9 Aliens and... of China under Public Law 102-404. (a) Principal applicant status. All nationals of the People's Republic of China who qualify under the provisions of paragraph (b) of this section may apply for...

8 CFR 245.9 - Adjustment of status of certain nationals of the People's Republic of China under Public Law 102...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... of the People's Republic of China under Public Law 102-404. 245.9 Section 245.9 Aliens and... of China under Public Law 102-404. (a) Principal applicant status. All nationals of the People's Republic of China who qualify under the provisions of paragraph (b) of this section may apply for...

Understanding and Observing Subglacial Friction Using Seismology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tsai, V. C.

2017-12-01

Glaciology began with a focus on understanding basic mechanical processes and producing physical models that could explain the principal observations. Recently, however, more attention has been paid to the wealth of recent observations, with many modeling efforts relying on data assimilation and empirical scalings, rather than being based on first-principles physics. Notably, ice sheet models commonly assume that subglacial friction is characterized by a "slipperiness" coefficient that is determined by inverting surface velocity observations. Predictions are usually then made by assuming these slipperiness coefficients are spatially and temporally fixed. However, this is only valid if slipperiness is an unchanging material property of the bed and, despite decades of work on subglacial friction, it has remained unclear how to best account for such subglacial physics in ice sheet models. Here, we describe how basic seismological concepts and observations can be used to improve our understanding and determination of subglacial friction. First, we discuss how standard models of granular friction can and should be used in basal friction laws for marine ice sheets, where very low effective pressures exist. We show that under realistic West Antarctic Ice Sheet conditions, standard Coulomb friction should apply in a relatively narrow zone near the grounding line and that this should transition abruptly as one moves inland to a different, perhaps Weertman-style, dependence of subglacial stress on velocity. We show that this subglacial friction law predicts significantly different ice sheet behavior even as compared with other friction laws that include effective pressure. Secondly, we explain how seismological observations of water flow noise and basal icequakes constrain subglacial physics in important ways. Seismically observed water flow noise can provide constraints on water pressures and channel sizes and geometry, leading to important data on subglacial friction. Basal icequake mechanisms also provide unique constraints on subglacial stress state as well as variations in water pressures. Together, the use of standard seismological concepts and new observations thus promises to provide new constraints on subglacial mechanics and focus attention back on the basic physical processes involved.

28 CFR 65.60 - Repayment of funds.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) EMERGENCY FEDERAL LAW ENFORCEMENT ASSISTANCE Repayment of Funds § 65.60 Repayment of funds. (a) If Federal law enforcement assistance provided under this... repaid under law. ...

28 CFR 65.60 - Repayment of funds.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) EMERGENCY FEDERAL LAW ENFORCEMENT ASSISTANCE Repayment of Funds § 65.60 Repayment of funds. (a) If Federal law enforcement assistance provided under this... repaid under law. ...

28 CFR 65.60 - Repayment of funds.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) EMERGENCY FEDERAL LAW ENFORCEMENT ASSISTANCE Repayment of Funds § 65.60 Repayment of funds. (a) If Federal law enforcement assistance provided under this... repaid under law. ...

28 CFR 65.60 - Repayment of funds.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) EMERGENCY FEDERAL LAW ENFORCEMENT ASSISTANCE Repayment of Funds § 65.60 Repayment of funds. (a) If Federal law enforcement assistance provided under this... repaid under law. ...

28 CFR 65.60 - Repayment of funds.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) EMERGENCY FEDERAL LAW ENFORCEMENT ASSISTANCE Repayment of Funds § 65.60 Repayment of funds. (a) If Federal law enforcement assistance provided under this... repaid under law. ...

Two-Layer Viscous Shallow-Water Equations and Conservation Laws

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kanayama, Hiroshi; Dan, Hiroshi

In our previous papers, the two-layer viscous shallow-water equations were derived from the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations under the hydrostatic assumption. Also, it was noted that the combination of upper and lower equations in the two-layer model produces the classical one-layer equations if the density of each layer is the same. Then, the two-layer equations were approximated by a finite element method which followed our numerical scheme established for the one-layer model in 1978. Also, it was numerically demonstrated that the interfacial instability generated when the densities are the same can be eliminated by providing a sufficient density difference. In this paper, we newly show that conservation laws are still valid in the two-layer model. Also, we show results of a new physical experiment for the interfacial instability.

Dimensional analysis, similarity, analogy, and the simulation theory

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Davis, A.A.

1978-01-01

Dimensional analysis, similarity, analogy, and cybernetics are shown to be four consecutive steps in application of the simulation theory. This paper introduces the classes of phenomena which follow the same formal mathematical equations as models of the natural laws and the interior sphere of restraints groups of phenomena in which one can introduce simplfied nondimensional mathematical equations. The simulation by similarity in a specific field of physics, by analogy in two or more different fields of physics, and by cybernetics in nature in two or more fields of mathematics, physics, biology, economics, politics, sociology, etc., appears as a unique theorymore » which permits one to transport the results of experiments from the models, convenably selected to meet the conditions of researches, constructions, and measurements in the laboratories to the originals which are the primary objectives of the researches. Some interesting conclusions which cannot be avoided in the use of simplified nondimensional mathematical equations as models of natural laws are presented. Interesting limitations on the use of simulation theory based on assumed simplifications are recognized. This paper shows as necessary, in scientific research, that one write mathematical models of general laws which will be applied to nature in its entirety. The paper proposes the extent of the second law of thermodynamics as the generalized law of entropy to model life and its activities. This paper shows that the physical studies and philosophical interpretations of phenomena and natural laws cannot be separated in scientific work; they are interconnected and one cannot be put above the others.« less

Charles' Law of Gases.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Petty, John T.

1995-01-01

Describes an experiment that uses air to test Charles' law. Reinforces the student's intuitive feel for Charles' law with quantitative numbers they can see, introduces the idea of extrapolating experimental data to obtain a theoretical value, and gives a physical quantitative meaning to the concept of absolute zero. (JRH)

Hint of Universal Law for the Financial Gains of Competitive Sport Teams. The case of Tour de France cycle race.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ausloos, Marcel

2017-12-01

This short note is intended as a "Letter to the Editor" Perspective in order that it serves as a contribution, in view of reaching the physics community caring about rare events and scaling laws and unexpected findings, on a domain of wide interest: sport and money. It is apparent from the data reported and discussed below that the scarcity of such data does not allow to recommend a complex elaboration of an agent based model, - at this time. In some sense, this also means that much data on sport activities is not necessarily given in terms of physics prone materials, but it could be, and would then attract much attention. Nevertheless the findings tie the data to well known scaling laws and physics processes. It is found that a simple scaling law describes the gains of teams in recent bicycle races, like the Tour de France. An analogous case, ranking teams in Formula 1 races, is shown in an Appendix

Are there laws of genome evolution?

PubMed

Koonin, Eugene V

2011-08-01

Research in quantitative evolutionary genomics and systems biology led to the discovery of several universal regularities connecting genomic and molecular phenomic variables. These universals include the log-normal distribution of the evolutionary rates of orthologous genes; the power law-like distributions of paralogous family size and node degree in various biological networks; the negative correlation between a gene's sequence evolution rate and expression level; and differential scaling of functional classes of genes with genome size. The universals of genome evolution can be accounted for by simple mathematical models similar to those used in statistical physics, such as the birth-death-innovation model. These models do not explicitly incorporate selection; therefore, the observed universal regularities do not appear to be shaped by selection but rather are emergent properties of gene ensembles. Although a complete physical theory of evolutionary biology is inconceivable, the universals of genome evolution might qualify as "laws of evolutionary genomics" in the same sense "law" is understood in modern physics.

Analysis of Newton's Third Law Questions on the Force Concepts Inventory at Georgia State University

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Oakley, Christopher; Thoms, Brian

2012-03-01

A major emphasis of the Physics Education Research program at Georgia State University is an effort to assess and improve students' understanding of Newton's Laws concepts. As part of these efforts the Force Concepts Inventory (FCI) has been given to students in both the algebra-based and calculus-based introductory physics sequences. In addition, the algebra-based introductory physics sequence is taught in both a SCALE-UP and a traditional lecture format. The results of the FCI have been analyzed by individual question and also as categorized by content. The analysis indicates that students in both algebra and calculus-based courses are successful at overcoming Aristotelian misconceptions regarding Newton's Third Law (N3) in the context of a stationary system. However, students are less successful on N3 questions involving objects in constant motion or accelerating. Interference between understanding of Newton's Second and Third Laws as well as other possible explanations for lower student performance on N3 questions involving non-stationary objects will be discussed.

Fitness to stand trial under international criminal law: the historical context.

PubMed

Freckelton, Ian; Karagiannakis, Magda

2014-06-01

Decision-making about fitness to stand trial and the consequences of a finding of unfitness are fundamental to the integrity of any criminal justice system. They create thresholds for when mentally and physically unwell people are mandated to participate in criminal proceedings and they address the outcomes of such decisions for unwell accused persons. The jurisprudence relating to fitness to stand trial under international criminal law has particular challenges and complexities. The origins of contemporary controversies and the bases for modern decisions lie in rulings by the Nuremberg and Tokyo tribunals in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War. The decisions relating to Gustav Krupp, Rudolf Hess, Julius Streicher and Shumei Okawa wrestled with issues that have since recurred in respect of how trial systems should respond to unwellness going to the heart of whether persons can participate meaningfully in their own trials but dealing too with the temptation for persons accused of matters as serious as crimes against humanity and genocide to malinger, exaggerate symptomatology and to generate delays for strategic objectives.

Physical Laws for Mechanobiology

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Freed, Alan D.

2007-01-01

Higher-level physical laws applicable to biological tissues are presented that will permit the modeling of metabolic activity at the cellular level, including variations in the mass of a tissue. Here the tissue is represented as a fluid/solid mixture, wherein molecular solutes transport within the fluid, and cells can migrate throughout the porous solid. Variations in mass can arise via exchanges in mass between the constituent phases within a control volume such that mass is conserved in the tissue overall. The governing balance laws for mass, momentum, energy, and entropy are a special case of those describing a chemically reacting mixture with diffusion. Thermodynamic constraints on the constitutive structure are addressed. Biophysics; Biomechanics; Brownian motion; Cell migration; Mixture theory; Thermodynamic laws; Tissue mechanics

Experiments and Demonstrations in Physics: Bar-Ilan Physics Laboratory (2nd Edition)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kraftmakher, Yaakov

2014-08-01

The following sections are included: * Data-acquisition systems from PASCO * ScienceWorkshop 750 Interface and DataStudio software * 850 Universal Interface and Capstone software * Mass on spring * Torsional pendulum * Hooke's law * Characteristics of DC source * Digital storage oscilloscope * Charging and discharging a capacitor * Charge and energy stored in a capacitor * Speed of sound in air * Lissajous patterns * I-V characteristics * Light bulb * Short time intervals * Temperature measurements * Oersted's great discovery * Magnetic field measurements * Magnetic force * Magnetic braking * Curie's point I * Electric power in AC circuits * Faraday's law of induction I * Self-inductance and mutual inductance * Electromagnetic screening * LCR circuit I * Coupled LCR circuits * Probability functions * Photometric laws * Kirchhoff's rule for thermal radiation * Malus' law * Infrared radiation * Irradiance and illuminance

Derivation of the Biot-Savart Law from Ampere's Law Using the Displacement Current

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Buschauer, Robert

2013-01-01

The equation describing the magnetic field due to a single, nonrelativistic charged particle moving at constant velocity is often referred to as the "Biot-Savart law for a point charge." Introductory calculus-based physics books usually state this law without proof. Advanced texts often present it either without proof or as a special…

Using a Physics Experiment in a Lecture Setting to Engage Biology Students with the Concepts of Poiseuille's Law

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Breckler, Jennifer L.; Christensen, Tina; Sun, Wendy

2013-01-01

Biology students enrolled in a typical undergraduate physiology course encounter Poiseuille's law, a physics equation that describes the properties governing the flow of blood through the circulation. According to the equation, a small change in vessel radius has an exponential effect on resistance, resulting in a larger than expected change in…

Scaling and universality in the human voice.

PubMed

Luque, Jordi; Luque, Bartolo; Lacasa, Lucas

2015-04-06

Speech is a distinctive complex feature of human capabilities. In order to understand the physics underlying speech production, in this work, we empirically analyse the statistics of large human speech datasets ranging several languages. We first show that during speech, the energy is unevenly released and power-law distributed, reporting a universal robust Gutenberg-Richter-like law in speech. We further show that such 'earthquakes in speech' show temporal correlations, as the interevent statistics are again power-law distributed. As this feature takes place in the intraphoneme range, we conjecture that the process responsible for this complex phenomenon is not cognitive, but it resides in the physiological (mechanical) mechanisms of speech production. Moreover, we show that these waiting time distributions are scale invariant under a renormalization group transformation, suggesting that the process of speech generation is indeed operating close to a critical point. These results are put in contrast with current paradigms in speech processing, which point towards low dimensional deterministic chaos as the origin of nonlinear traits in speech fluctuations. As these latter fluctuations are indeed the aspects that humanize synthetic speech, these findings may have an impact in future speech synthesis technologies. Results are robust and independent of the communication language or the number of speakers, pointing towards a universal pattern and yet another hint of complexity in human speech. © 2015 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.

Disclosing food allergy status in schools: health-related stigma among school children in Ontario.

PubMed

Dean, Jennifer; Fenton, Nancy E; Shannon, Sara; Elliott, Susan J; Clarke, Ann

2016-09-01

In 2006, 3 years after the tragic death of 13-year-old Sabrina Shannon, the Province of Ontario (Canada) passed Sabrina's Law ushering in a new era of focus and concern for severe food allergic children at risk of anaphylaxis. Questions were raised at the time regarding the potential of doing more harm than good with the new legislation. This paper reports the experiences of health-related stigma among food allergic children at risk of anaphylaxis who were required to disclose their health status under this new legislation. In 2008, in-depth interviews were conducted with 20 children and youth and their parents in order to explore the experiences living with a severe food allergy. This particular study explores their experiences of felt and enacted stigma in the school setting as a result of the disclosure process. Interviews were tape recorded with permission and transcribed for subsequent thematic analysis using NVIVO, a qualitative analysis software package. Results indicate that participants were stigmatised as a result of protective school policies under the law, and that created tension between their physical safety and social well-being. Sabrina's Law also led to a cultural shift in awareness of food allergies that resulted in some participants normalising their health status, offering promising directions for the future. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Phototransduction early steps model based on Beer-Lambert optical law.

PubMed

Salido, Ezequiel M; Servalli, Leonardo N; Gomez, Juan Carlos; Verrastro, Claudio

2017-02-01

The amount of available rhodopsin on the photoreceptor outer segment and its change over time is not considered in classic models of phototransduction. Thus, those models do not take into account the absorptance variation of the outer segment under different brightness conditions. The relationship between the light absorbed by a medium and its absorptance is well described by the Beer-Lambert law. This newly proposed model implements the absorptance variation phenomenon in a set of equations that admit photons per second as input and results in active rhodopsins per second as output. This study compares the classic model of phototransduction developed by Forti et al. (1989) to this new model by using different light stimuli to measure active rhodopsin and photocurrent. The results show a linear relationship between light stimulus and active rhodopsin in the Forti model and an exponential saturation in the new model. Further, photocurrent values have shown that the new model behaves equivalently to the experimental and theoretical data as published by Forti in dark-adapted rods, but fits significantly better under light-adapted conditions. The new model successfully introduced a physics optical law to the standard model of phototransduction adding a new processing layer that had not been mathematically implemented before. In addition, it describes the physiological concept of saturation and delivers outputs in concordance to input magnitudes. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Supporting the learning of Newton's laws with graphical data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Piggott, David

Teaching physics provides the opportunity for a very unique interaction between students and instructor that is not found in chemistry or biology. Physics has a heavy emphasis on trying to alter students' misconceptions about how things work in the real word. In chemistry and microbiology this is not an issue because the topics of discussion in those classes are a new experience for the students. In the case of physics the students have everyday experience with the different concepts discussed. This causes the students to build incorrect mental models explaining how different things work. In order to correct these mental models physics teachers must first get the students to vocalize these misconceptions. Then the teacher must confront the students with an example that exposes the false nature of their model. Finally, the teacher must help the student resolve these discrepancies and form the correct model. This study attempts to resolve these discrepancies by giving the students concrete evidence via graphs of Newton's laws. The results reported here indicate that this method of eliciting the misconception, confronting the misconception, and resolving the misconception is successful with Newton's third law, but only marginally successful for first and second laws.

Contingency and the order of nature.

PubMed

Cartwright, Nancy

2016-08-01

Many profess faith in the universal rule of deterministic law. I urge remaining agnostic, putting into nature only what we need to account for what we know to be the case: order where, and to the extent that, we see it. Powers and mechanisms can do that job. Embracing contingency and deriving order from powers and mechanisms reduces three kinds of problems: ontological, theological, and epistemological. Ontologically, there is no puzzle about why models from various branches of natural and social science, daily life, and engineering serve us in good stead if all that's happening is physics laws playing themselves out. Also, when universal laws are replaced with a power/mechanism ontology, nothing is set irredeemably by the Big Bang or at some hyper-surface in space-time. What happens can depend on how we arrange things to exploit the powers of their parts. That may be put to significant theological advantage. The epistemological problem comes from philosopher of physics, Erhard Scheibe. Given what we take physics to teach about the universality of interaction, there is just one very large object - the entire universe - to be governed by laws of nature. How then do we ever learn those laws? Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Benford’s Law: Textbook Exercises and Multiple-Choice Testbanks

PubMed Central

Slepkov, Aaron D.; Ironside, Kevin B.; DiBattista, David

2015-01-01

Benford’s Law describes the finding that the distribution of leading (or leftmost) digits of innumerable datasets follows a well-defined logarithmic trend, rather than an intuitive uniformity. In practice this means that the most common leading digit is 1, with an expected frequency of 30.1%, and the least common is 9, with an expected frequency of 4.6%. Currently, the most common application of Benford’s Law is in detecting number invention and tampering such as found in accounting-, tax-, and voter-fraud. We demonstrate that answers to end-of-chapter exercises in physics and chemistry textbooks conform to Benford’s Law. Subsequently, we investigate whether this fact can be used to gain advantage over random guessing in multiple-choice tests, and find that while testbank answers in introductory physics closely conform to Benford’s Law, the testbank is nonetheless secure against such a Benford’s attack for banal reasons. PMID:25689468

Benford's Law: textbook exercises and multiple-choice testbanks.

PubMed

Slepkov, Aaron D; Ironside, Kevin B; DiBattista, David

2015-01-01

Benford's Law describes the finding that the distribution of leading (or leftmost) digits of innumerable datasets follows a well-defined logarithmic trend, rather than an intuitive uniformity. In practice this means that the most common leading digit is 1, with an expected frequency of 30.1%, and the least common is 9, with an expected frequency of 4.6%. Currently, the most common application of Benford's Law is in detecting number invention and tampering such as found in accounting-, tax-, and voter-fraud. We demonstrate that answers to end-of-chapter exercises in physics and chemistry textbooks conform to Benford's Law. Subsequently, we investigate whether this fact can be used to gain advantage over random guessing in multiple-choice tests, and find that while testbank answers in introductory physics closely conform to Benford's Law, the testbank is nonetheless secure against such a Benford's attack for banal reasons.

8 CFR 1245.9 - Adjustment of status of certain nationals of the People's Republic of China under Public Law 102...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... of the People's Republic of China under Public Law 102-404. 1245.9 Section 1245.9 Aliens and... nationals of the People's Republic of China under Public Law 102-404. (a) Principal applicant status. All nationals of the People's Republic of China who qualify under the provisions of paragraph (b) of this...

8 CFR 1245.9 - Adjustment of status of certain nationals of the People's Republic of China under Public Law 102...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... of the People's Republic of China under Public Law 102-404. 1245.9 Section 1245.9 Aliens and... nationals of the People's Republic of China under Public Law 102-404. (a) Principal applicant status. All nationals of the People's Republic of China who qualify under the provisions of paragraph (b) of this...

Systematic harmonic power laws inter-relating multiple fundamental constants

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chakeres, Donald; Buckhanan, Wayne; Andrianarijaona, Vola

2017-01-01

Power laws and harmonic systems are ubiquitous in physics. We hypothesize that 2, π, the electron, Bohr radius, Rydberg constant, neutron, fine structure constant, Higgs boson, top quark, kaons, pions, muon, Tau, W, and Z when scaled in a common single unit are all inter-related by systematic harmonic powers laws. This implies that if the power law is known it is possible to derive a fundamental constant's scale in the absence of any direct experimental data of that constant. This is true for the case of the hydrogen constants. We created a power law search engine computer program that randomly generated possible positive or negative powers searching when the product of logical groups of constants equals 1, confirming they are physically valid. For 2, π, and the hydrogen constants the search engine found Planck's constant, Coulomb's energy law, and the kinetic energy law. The product of ratios defined by two constants each was the standard general format. The search engine found systematic resonant power laws based on partial harmonic fraction powers of the neutron for all of the constants with products near 1, within their known experimental precision, when utilized with appropriate hydrogen constants. We conclude that multiple fundamental constants are inter-related within a harmonic power law system.

78 FR 19069 - Southfield Coinvest Holdings, LLC; Southfield Hallcon Investment Corp. and Hallcon Crew Transport...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-28

... indirectly. Southfield is the majority shareholder of SHIC, which is incorporated under Canadian law and... noncarrier holding company incorporated under Canadian law. HHC directly owns 100% of HC. HC is incorporated under Canadian law and headquartered in Toronto, Ont., Can. HC is a noncarrier that provides facility...

Impact of phenomenological theory of turbulence on pragmatic approach to fluvial hydraulics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ali, Sk Zeeshan; Dey, Subhasish

2018-04-01

The phenomenological theory of turbulence (PTT) remains a long-standing and fascinating theory in turbulence research. In this review article, we highlight the state-of-the-science of the impact of the PTT on the pragmatic approach to fluvial hydraulics, explored over recent decades, discussing the salient and the subtle roles that the turbulence plays in governing many physical processes. To acquire a theoretical explanation of this pragmatic approach necessitates an intuitive thought that can bring together the background mechanisms of all the physical processes under one law—a thought that is capable of finding their inextricable links with the turbulent energy spectrum. We begin here with emphasizing the spectral and the co-spectral origin of the well-recognized laws of the wall, the resistance equation, and the turbulence intensities by portraying the typical momentum transfer mechanism of eddies in a turbulent flow. Next, we focus on the scaling laws of key fluvial processes derived from the perspective of the PTT, enlightening their physical insight and ability to judge how far the so-called empirical formulas can be used with confidence. The PTT has been able to disclose the origin of several primeval empirical formulas that have been used over many years without having any theoretical clarification and confirmation. Finally, we make an effort to describe some unsolved issues to be resolved as a future scope of research.

Upper-Division Students' Difficulties with Ampere's Law

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wallace, Colin S.; Chasteen, Stephanie V.

2010-01-01

This study presents and interprets some conceptual difficulties junior-level physics students experience with Ampere's law. We present both quantitative data, based on students' written responses to conceptual questions, and qualitative data, based on interviews of students solving Ampere's law problems. We find that some students struggle to…

Student's preconception and anxiety when they solve multi representation concepts in Newton laws and it's application

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cari, C.; Suparmi, A.; Handhika, J.

2016-11-01

The purpose of this study was to describe of preconceptions and anxieties students in solving the representation concepts in newton laws and it's application. This research was conducted for junior undergraduate student's in physics department (36 Students) and physics education (31 Students). The method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive. The data was collection using test for multirepresentation concept, questionnaires for anxiety, and interviews. Based on the analysis it can be concluded that (1) the higher is anxiety, the higher is unconsistency (67,16%), (2) the higher is anxiety, the higher is consistency but wrong answer (29,85%), (3) the lower is anxiety, the higher is consistency of right answer (2,98%). Mostly students have understood fewer physics concept in newtons laws.

Effects of mass variation on structures of differentially rotating polytropic stars

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kumar, Sunil; Saini, Seema; Singh, Kamal Krishan

2018-07-01

A method is proposed for determining equilibrium structures and various physical parameters of differentially rotating polytropic models of stars, taking into account the effect of mass variation inside the star and on its equipotential surfaces. The law of differential rotation has been assumed to be the form of ω2(s) =b1 +b2s2 +b3s4 . The proposed method utilizes the averaging approach of Kippenhahn and Thomas and concepts of Roche-equipotential to incorporate the effects of differential rotation on the equilibrium structures of polytropic stellar models. Mathematical expressions of determining the equipotential surfaces, volume, surface area and other physical parameters are also obtained under the effects of mass variation inside the stars. Some significant conclusions are also drawn.

Speed of transverse waves in a string revisited

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rizcallah, Joseph A.

2017-11-01

In many introductory-level physics textbooks, the derivation of the formula for the speed of transverse waves in a string is either omitted altogether or presented under physically overly idealized assumptions about the shape of the considered wave pulse and the related velocity and acceleration distributions. In this paper, we derive the named formula by applying Newton’s second law or the work-energy theorem to a finite element of the string, making no assumptions about the shape of the wave. We argue that the suggested method can help the student gain a deeper insight into the nature of waves and the related process of energy transport, as well as provide a new experience with the fundamental principles of mechanics as applied to extended and deformable bodies.

Stochastic Processes in Physics: Deterministic Origins and Control

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Demers, Jeffery

Stochastic processes are ubiquitous in the physical sciences and engineering. While often used to model imperfections and experimental uncertainties in the macroscopic world, stochastic processes can attain deeper physical significance when used to model the seemingly random and chaotic nature of the underlying microscopic world. Nowhere more prevalent is this notion than in the field of stochastic thermodynamics - a modern systematic framework used describe mesoscale systems in strongly fluctuating thermal environments which has revolutionized our understanding of, for example, molecular motors, DNA replication, far-from equilibrium systems, and the laws of macroscopic thermodynamics as they apply to the mesoscopic world. With progress, however, come further challenges and deeper questions, most notably in the thermodynamics of information processing and feedback control. Here it is becoming increasingly apparent that, due to divergences and subtleties of interpretation, the deterministic foundations of the stochastic processes themselves must be explored and understood. This thesis presents a survey of stochastic processes in physical systems, the deterministic origins of their emergence, and the subtleties associated with controlling them. First, we study time-dependent billiards in the quivering limit - a limit where a billiard system is indistinguishable from a stochastic system, and where the simplified stochastic system allows us to view issues associated with deterministic time-dependent billiards in a new light and address some long-standing problems. Then, we embark on an exploration of the deterministic microscopic Hamiltonian foundations of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, and we find that important results from mesoscopic stochastic thermodynamics have simple microscopic origins which would not be apparent without the benefit of both the micro and meso perspectives. Finally, we study the problem of stabilizing a stochastic Brownian particle with feedback control, and we find that in order to avoid paradoxes involving the first law of thermodynamics, we need a model for the fine details of the thermal driving noise. The underlying theme of this thesis is the argument that the deterministic microscopic perspective and stochastic mesoscopic perspective are both important and useful, and when used together, we can more deeply and satisfyingly understand the physics occurring over either scale.

The relationship between the Maria da Penha Law and intimate partner violence in two Brazilian states.

PubMed

Gattegno, Mariana V; Wilkins, Jasmine D; Evans, Dabney P

2016-11-17

Globally, inequality between men and women manifests in a variety of ways. In particular, gender inequality increases the risk of perpetration of violence against women (VAW), especially intimate partner violence (IPV), by males. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 35 % of women have experienced physical, psychological and/or sexual IPV at least once in their lives, making IPV unacceptably common. In 2006, the Maria da Penha Law on Domestic and Family Violence, became the first federal law to regulate VAW and punish perpetrators in Brazil. This study examines the relationship between Brazilian VAW legislation and male perpetration of VAW by comparing reported prevalence of IPV before and after the enactment of the Maria da Penha Law. To assess changes in magnitude of IPV before and after the law, we used data from the 2013 Brazilian National Health Survey; we replicated the analyses conducted for the WHO Multi-Country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence Against Women-whose data were collected before the passage of the Maria da Penha Law. We compare findings from the two studies. Our analyses show an increase in the reported prevalence of physical violence, and a decrease in the reported prevalence of sexual and psychological violence. The increase may result from an actual increase in physical violence, increased awareness and reporting of physical violence, or a combination of both factors. Additionally, our analysis revealed that in the urban setting of São Paulo, physical violence was more likely to be severe and occur in the home; meanwhile, in the rural state of Pernambuco, physical violence was more likely to be moderate in nature and occur in public. The Maria da Penha Law increased attention and resources for VAW response and prevention; however, its true impact remains unmeasured. Our data suggest a need for regular, systematic collection of comparable population-based data to accurately estimate the true prevalence of IPV in Brazil. Furthermore, such data may inform policy and program planning to address specific needs across diverse settings including rural and urban communities. If routinely collected over time, such data can be used to develop policies and programs that address all forms of IPV, as well as evidence-based programs that address the social and cultural norms that support other forms of VAW and gender inequality.

Decree-Law No. 482/88, 26 December 1988.

PubMed

1988-01-01

This Decree-Law adopts measures aimed at resolving land use matters that remained following the implementation of the Portuguese land reform policy under Law No. 2014 of 27 May 1946. The two principal measures introduced by the Decree-Law are 1) the lifting of legal impediments to the use of land acquired by the Colonization Agency under the 1946 statutes, but not redistributed under that policy and 2) the granting of full property rights to settlers who have paid and/or do not default on future payments of annuities owed pursuant to land distribution plans under the land reform policy. full text

Critical phenomena at a first-order phase transition in a lattice of glow lamps: Experimental findings and analogy to neural activity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Minati, Ludovico; de Candia, Antonio; Scarpetta, Silvia

2016-07-01

Networks of non-linear electronic oscillators have shown potential as physical models of neural dynamics. However, two properties of brain activity, namely, criticality and metastability, remain under-investigated with this approach. Here, we present a simple circuit that exhibits both phenomena. The apparatus consists of a two-dimensional square lattice of capacitively coupled glow (neon) lamps. The dynamics of lamp breakdown (flash) events are controlled by a DC voltage globally connected to all nodes via fixed resistors. Depending on this parameter, two phases having distinct event rate and degree of spatiotemporal order are observed. The transition between them is hysteretic, thus a first-order one, and it is possible to enter a metastability region, wherein, approaching a spinodal point, critical phenomena emerge. Avalanches of events occur according to power-law distributions having exponents ≈3/2 for size and ≈2 for duration, and fractal structure is evident as power-law scaling of the Fano factor. These critical exponents overlap observations in biological neural networks; hence, this circuit may have value as building block to realize corresponding physical models.

Women in Physics in Estonia: Many Duties, One Life

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kaasik, Helle

2009-04-01

In Estonia, women and men have equal legal rights. Women are expected to earn their living like men—and unlike men, to be the main (often the only) caregiver for the children. In the family women do most of the unpaid work, spending twice the amount of time on household duties as men. Laws about public preschool child care and child support obligations for noncustodial parents exist, but these laws are not always realized in practice. A generous policy of benefits for children under 1.5 years provides some relief for mothers. It is a challenge to balance a woman's traditional load of unpaid duties with the high demands of a science career. As in many other countries, with every step up the academic ladder the underrepresentation of women in science becomes more evident. Physics and engineering are perceived as male areas and women active in these areas are often treated as exceptions. Most obstacles met by women in science are difficult to recognize and neutralize because they are deeply informal. Activities for "gender and science" that exceed the limits of sociological study have no long tradition here and are yet finding their place in Estonian society.

Critical phenomena at a first-order phase transition in a lattice of glow lamps: Experimental findings and analogy to neural activity

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Minati, Ludovico, E-mail: lminati@ieee.org, E-mail: ludovico.minati@unitn.it, E-mail: ludovico.minati@ifj.edu; Complex Systems Theory Department, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków; Candia, Antonio de

2016-07-15

Networks of non-linear electronic oscillators have shown potential as physical models of neural dynamics. However, two properties of brain activity, namely, criticality and metastability, remain under-investigated with this approach. Here, we present a simple circuit that exhibits both phenomena. The apparatus consists of a two-dimensional square lattice of capacitively coupled glow (neon) lamps. The dynamics of lamp breakdown (flash) events are controlled by a DC voltage globally connected to all nodes via fixed resistors. Depending on this parameter, two phases having distinct event rate and degree of spatiotemporal order are observed. The transition between them is hysteretic, thus a first-ordermore » one, and it is possible to enter a metastability region, wherein, approaching a spinodal point, critical phenomena emerge. Avalanches of events occur according to power-law distributions having exponents ≈3/2 for size and ≈2 for duration, and fractal structure is evident as power-law scaling of the Fano factor. These critical exponents overlap observations in biological neural networks; hence, this circuit may have value as building block to realize corresponding physical models.« less

The continuity of bacterial and physicochemical evolution: theory and experiments.

PubMed

Spitzer, Jan

2014-01-01

The continuity of chemical and biological evolution, incorporating life's emergence, can be explored experimentally by energizing 'dead' bacterial biomacromolecules with nutrients under cycling physicochemical gradients. This approach arises from three evolutionary principles rooted in physical chemistry: (i) broken bacterial cells cannot spontaneously self-assemble into a living state without the supply of external energy - 2nd law of thermodynamics, (ii) the energy delivery must be cycling - the primary mechanism of chemical evolution at rotating planetary surfaces under solar irradiation, (iii) the cycling energy must act on chemical mixtures of high molecular diversity and crowding - provided by dead bacterial populations. Copyright © 2014 Institut Pasteur. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Quantum mechanics from Newton's second law and the canonical commutation relation [X, P] = i

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Palenik, Mark C.

2014-07-01

Despite the fact that it has been known since the time of Heisenberg that quantum operators obey a quantum version of Newton's laws, students are often told that derivations of quantum mechanics must necessarily follow from the Hamiltonian or Lagrangian formulations of mechanics. Here, we first derive the existing Heisenberg equations of motion from Newton's laws and the uncertainty principle using only the equations F=\\frac{dP}{dt}, P=m\\frac{dV}{dt}, and [X, P] = i. Then, a new expression for the propagator is derived that makes a connection between time evolution in quantum mechanics and the motion of a classical particle under Newton's laws. The propagator is solved for three cases where an exact solution is possible: (1) the free particle; (2) the harmonic oscillator; and (3) a constant force, or linear potential in the standard interpretation. We then show that for a general for a general force F(X), by Taylor expanding X(t) in time, we can use this methodology to reproduce the Feynman path integral formula for the propagator. Such a picture may be useful for students as they make the transition from classical to quantum mechanics and help solidify the equivalence of the Hamiltonian, Lagrangian, and Newtonian pictures of physics in their minds.

A non-local structural derivative model for characterization of ultraslow diffusion in dense colloids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liang, Yingjie; Chen, Wen

2018-03-01

Ultraslow diffusion has been observed in numerous complicated systems. Its mean squared displacement (MSD) is not a power law function of time, but instead a logarithmic function, and in some cases grows even more slowly than the logarithmic rate. The distributed-order fractional diffusion equation model simply does not work for the general ultraslow diffusion. Recent study has used the local structural derivative to describe ultraslow diffusion dynamics by using the inverse Mittag-Leffler function as the structural function, in which the MSD is a function of inverse Mittag-Leffler function. In this study, a new stretched logarithmic diffusion law and its underlying non-local structural derivative diffusion model are proposed to characterize the ultraslow diffusion in aging dense colloidal glass at both the short and long waiting times. It is observed that the aging dynamics of dense colloids is a class of the stretched logarithmic ultraslow diffusion processes. Compared with the power, the logarithmic, and the inverse Mittag-Leffler diffusion laws, the stretched logarithmic diffusion law has better precision in fitting the MSD of the colloidal particles at high densities. The corresponding non-local structural derivative diffusion equation manifests clear physical mechanism, and its structural function is equivalent to the first-order derivative of the MSD.

A Predictive Model for Chemically-Induced Fracture

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Carter, Emily

2004-03-01

Mechanical properties of bulk solids are affected not only by macroscopic external loads, but also by chemical reactions, typically at surfaces and interfaces. For example, impurities in metals often coalesce at grain boundaries, leading to weakening of the sample under stress. Atmospheric corrosion is another example that, when combined with external loads, leads to stress-corrosion cracking. These are inherently multiscale phenomena, where the chemistry occurring at the atomic scale profoundly affects the mechanical properties at the micron to millimeter scale. Here we discuss a multiscale model of environmentally-assisted fracture. This involves coupling periodic density functional theory (DFT) at the atomic scale to a finite element continuum mechanics description of the coarser scale. A key component is the cohesive law, which we have shown takes on a universal form distinct from the generally used UBER model. Further, we propose a scheme to calculate physically realistic cohesive laws in the presence of mobile impurities. This cohesive law is then used to in a continuum model that couples stress-assisted diffusion with cohesive zone models of fracture to describe hydrogen embrittlement in metals. We show that this model, with a first principles-based cohesive law, provides insight into the observed intermittent cracking in steel, as well as good quantitative agreement with experiment.

Fundamentals of Physics, Part 3 (Chapters 22-33)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Halliday, David; Resnick, Robert; Walker, Jearl

2004-03-01

Chapter 21. Electric Charge. Why do video monitors in surgical rooms increase the risk of bacterial contamination? 21-1 What Is Physics? 21-2 Electric Charge. 21-3 Conductors and Insulators. 21-4 Coulomb's Law. 21-5 Charge Is Quantized. 21-6 Charge Is Conserved. Review & Summary. Questions. Problems. Chapter 22. Electric Fields. What causes sprites, those brief .ashes of light high above lightning storms? 22-1 What Is Physics? 22-2 The Electric Field. 22-3 Electric Field Lines. 22-4 The Electric Field Due to a Point Charge. 22-5 The Electric Field Due to an Electric Dipole. 22-6 The Electric Field Due to a Line of Charge. 22-7 The Electric Field Due to a Charged Disk. 22-8 A Point Charge in an Electric Field. 22-9 A Dipole in an Electric Field. Review & Summary. Questions. Problems. Chapter 23. Gauss' Law. How can lightning harm you even if it do es not strike you? 23-1 What Is Physics? 23-2 Flux. 23-3 Flux of an Electric Field. 23-4 Gauss' Law. 23-5 Gauss' Law and Coulomb's Law. 23-6 A Charged Isolated Conductor. 23-7 Applying Gauss' Law: Cylindrical Symmetry. 23-8 Applying Gauss' Law: Planar Symmetry. 23-9 Applying Gauss' Law: Spherical Symmetry. Review & Summary. Questions. Problems. Chapter 24. Electric Potential. What danger does a sweater pose to a computer? 24-1 What Is Physics? 24-2 Electric Potential Energy. 24-3 Electric Potential. 24-4 Equipotential Surfaces. 24-5 Calculating the Potential from the Field. 24-6 Potential Due to a Point Charge. 24-7 Potential Due to a Group of Point Charges. 24-8 Potential Due to an Electric Dipole. 24-9 Potential Due to a Continuous Charge Distribution. 24-10 Calculating the Field from the Potential. 24-11 Electric Potential Energy of a System of Point Charges. 24-12 Potential of a Charged Isolated Conductor. Review & Summary. Questions. Problems. Chapter 25. Capacitance. How did a fire start in a stretcher being withdrawn from an oxygen chamber? 25-1 What Is Physics? 25-2 Capacitance. 25-3 Calculating the Capacitance. 25-4 Capacitors in Parallel and in Series. 25-5 Energy Stored in an Electric Field. 25-6 Capacitor with a Dielectric. 25-7 Dielectrics: An Atomic View. 25-8 Dielectrics and Gauss' Law. Review & Summary. Questions. Problems. Chapter 26. Current and Resistance. What precaution should you take if caught outdoors during a lightning storm? 26-1 What Is Physics? 26-2 Electric Current. 26-3 Current Density. 26-4 Resistance and Resistivity. 26-5 Ohm's Law. 26-6 A Microscopic View of Ohm's Law. 26-7 Power in Electric Circuits. 26-8 Semiconductors. 26-9 Superconductors. Review & Summary. Questions. Problems. Chapter 27. Circuits. How can a pit crew avoid a fire while fueling a charged race car? 27-1 What Is Physics? 27-2 "Pumping" Charges. 27-3 Work, Energy, and Emf. 27-4 Calculating the Current in a Single-Loop Circuit. 27-5 Other Single-Loop Circuits. 27-6 Potential Difference Between Two Points. 27-7 Multiloop Circuits. 27-8 The Ammeter and the Voltmeter. 27-9 RC Circuits. Review & Summary. Questions. Problems. Chapter 28. Magnetic Fields. How can a beam of fast neutrons, which are electrically neutral, be produced in a hospital to treat cancer patients? 28-1 What Is Physics? 28-2 What Produces a Magnetic Field? 28-3 The Definition of 736 :B. 28-4 Crossed Fields: Discovery of the Electron . 28-5 Crossed Fields: The Hall Effect. 28-6 A Circulating Charged Particle. 28-7 Cyclotrons and Synchrotrons. 28-8 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Wire. 28-9 Torque on a Current Loop. 28-10 The Magnetic Dipole Moment. Review & Summary. Questions. Problems. Chapter 29. Magnetic Fields Due to Currents. How can the human brain produce a detectable magnetic field without any magnetic material? 29-1 What Is Physics? 29-2 Calculating the Magnetic Field Due to a Current. 29-3 Force Between Two Parallel Currents. 29-4 Ampere's Law. 29-5 Solenoids and Toroids. 29-6 A Current-Carrying Coil as a Magnetic Dipole. Review & Summary. Questions. Problems. Chapter 30. Induction and Inductance. How can the magnetic .eld used in an MRI scan cause a patient to be burned? 30-1 What Is Physics? 30-2 Two Experiments. 30-3 Faraday's Law of Induction. 30-4 Lenz's Law. 30-5 Induction and Energy Transfers. 30-6 Induced Electric Fields. 30-7 Inductors and Inductance. 30-8 Self-Induction. 30-9 RL Circuits. 30-10 Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field. 30-11 Energy Density of a Magnetic Field. 30-12 Mutual Induction. Review & Summary. Questions. Problems. Chapter 31. Electromagnetic Oscillations and Alternating Current. How did a solar eruption knock out the power-grid system of Quebec? 31-1 What Is Physics? 31-2 LC Oscillations, Qualitatively. 31-3 The Electrical-Mechanical Analogy. 31-4 LC Oscillations, Quantitatively. 31-5 Damped Oscillations in an RLC Circuit. 31-6 Alternating Current. 31-7 Forced Oscillations. 31-8 Three Simple Circuits. 31-9 The Series RLC Circuit. 31-10 Power in Alternating-Current Circuits. 31-11 Transformers. Review & Summary. Questions. Problems. Chapter 32. Maxwell's Equations; Magnetism of Matter. How can a mural painting record the direction of Earth's magnetic field? 32-1 What Is Physics? 32-2 Gauss' Law for Magnetic Fields. 32-3 Induced Magnetic Fields. 32-4 Displacement Current. 32-5 Maxwell's Equations. 32-6 Magnets. 32-7 Magnetism and Electrons. 32-8 Magnetic Materials. 32-9 Diamagnetism. 32-10 Paramagnetism. 32-11 Ferromagnetism. Review & Summary. Questions. Problems. Appendices. A. The International System of Units (SI). B. Some Fundamental Constants of Physics. C. Some Astronomical Data. D. Conversion Factors. E. Mathematical Formulas. F. Properties of the Elements. G. Periodic Table of the Elements. Answers to Checkpoints and Odd-Numbered Questions and Problems. Index.

Fundamental properties of fracture and seismicity in a non extensive statistical physics framework.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vallianatos, Filippos

2010-05-01

A fundamental challenge in many scientific disciplines concerns upscaling, that is, of determining the regularities and laws of evolution at some large scale, from those known at a lower scale. Earthquake physics is no exception, with the challenge of understanding the transition from the laboratory scale to the scale of fault networks and large earthquakes. In this context, statistical physics has a remarkably successful work record in addressing the upscaling problem in physics. It is natural then to consider that the physics of many earthquakes has to be studied with a different approach than the physics of one earthquake and in this sense we can consider the use of statistical physics not only appropriate but necessary to understand the collective properties of earthquakes [see Corral 2004, 2005a,b,c;]. A significant attempt is given in a series of works [Main 1996; Rundle et al., 1997; Main et al., 2000; Main and Al-Kindy, 2002; Rundle et al., 2003; Vallianatos and Triantis, 2008a] that uses classical statistical physics to describe seismicity. Then a natural question arises. What type of statistical physics is appropriate to commonly describe effects from fracture level to seismicity scale?? The application of non extensive statistical physics offers a consistent theoretical framework, based on a generalization of entropy, to analyze the behavior of natural systems with fractal or multi-fractal distribution of their elements. Such natural systems where long - range interactions or intermittency are important, lead to power law behavior. We note that this is consistent with a classical thermodynamic approach to natural systems that rapidly attain equilibrium, leading to exponential-law behavior. In the frame of non extensive statistical physics approach, the probability function p(X) is calculated using the maximum entropy formulation of Tsallis entropy which involves the introduction of at least two constraints (Tsallis et al., 1998). The first one is the classical normalization of p(X). The second one is based on the definition of the expectation value which has to be generalized to the "q-expectation value", according to the generalization of the entropy [Abe and Suzuki, 2003]. In order to calculate p(X) we apply the technique of Langrange multipliers maximizing an appropriate functional and leading tο maximization of the Tsallis entropy under the constraints on the normalization and the q-expectation value. It is well known that the Gutenberg-Richter (G-R) power law distribution has to be modified for large seismic moments because of energy conservation and geometrical reasons. Several models have been proposed, either in terms of a second power law with a larger b value beyond a crossover magnitude, or based on a magnidute cut-off using an exponential taper. In the present work we point out that the non extensivity viewpoint is applicable to seismic processes. In the frame of a non-extensive approach which is based on Tsallis entropy we construct a generalized expression of Gutenberg-Richter (GGR) law [Vallianatos, 2008]. The existence of lower or/and upper bound to magnitude is discussed and the conditions under which GGR lead to classical GR law are analysed. For the lowest earthquake size (i.e., energy level) the correlation between the different parts of elements involved in the evolution of an earthquake are short-ranged and GR can be deduced on the basis of the maximum entropy principle using BG statistics. As the size (i.e., energy) increases, long range correlation becomes much more important, implying the necessity of using Tsallis entropy as an appropriate generalization of BG entropy. The power law behaviour is derived as a special case, leading to b-values being functions of the non-extensivity parameter q. Furthermore a theoretical analysis of similarities presented in stress stimulated electric and acoustic emissions and earthquakes are discussed not only in the frame of GGR but taking into account a universality in the description of intrevent times distribution. Its particular form can be well expressed in the frame of a non extensive approach. This formulation is very different from an exponential distribution expected for simple random Poisson processes and indicates the existence of a nontrivial universal mechanism in the generation process. All the aforementioned similarities within stress stimulated electrical and acoustic emissions and seismicity suggests a connection with fracture phenomena at much larger scales implying that a basic general mechanism is "actively hidden" behind all this phenomena [Vallianatos and Triantis, 2008b]. Examples from S.Aegean seismicity are given. Acknowledgements: This work is partially supported by the "NEXT EARTH" project FP7-PEOPLE, 2009-2011 References Abe S. and Suzuki N., J. Goephys. Res. 108 (B2), 2113, 2003. Corral A., Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 108501, 2004. Corral A., Nonlinear Proc. Geophys. 12, 89, 2005a. Corral A., Phys. Rev. E 71, 017101, 2005b. Corral A., Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 028501, 2005c. Main I. G., Rev. of Geoph., 34, 433, 1996. Main I. G., O' Brien G. And Henderson R., J. Geoph. Res., 105, 6105, 2000. Main I. G. and Al-Kindy F. H., Geoph. Res. Let., 29, 7, 2002. Rundle J. B., Gross S., Klein W., Fergunson C. and Turcotte D., Tectonophysics, 277, 147-164, 1997. Rundle J. B., Turcotte D. L., Shcherbakov R., Klein W. and Sammis C., Rev. Geophys. 41, 1019, 2003. Tsallis C., J. Stat. Phys. 52, 479, 1988; See also http://tsallis.cat.cbpf.br/biblio.htm for an updated bibliography. Vallianatos, F., 2th IASME/WSEAS International Conference on Geology and Seismology (GES08), Cambridge, U.K, 2008. Vallianatos F. and Triantis D., Physica A, 387, 4940-4946, 2008a.

An Integrated Approach to Thermodynamics in the Introductory Physics Course.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Alonso, Marcelo; Finn, Edward J.

1995-01-01

Presents an approach to combine the empirical approach of classical thermodynamics with the structural approach of statistical mechanics. Topics covered include dynamical foundation of the first law; mechanical work, heat, radiation, and the first law; thermal equilibrium; thermal processes; thermodynamic probability; entropy; the second law;…

Statistical Diversions

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Petocz, Peter; Sowey, Eric

2008-01-01

When people speak of "the Law of Gravity" they are generally referring to what is more specifically known as "Newton's Law of Gravitation." This law states that the gravitational force (that is, the mutual attraction) between any two physical bodies is directly proportional to the product of their individual masses and inversely proportional to…

A General Approach to Kirchhoff's Laws

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Quintela, F. R.; Redondo, R. C.; Melchor, N. R.; Redondo, M.

2009-01-01

Kirchhoff's laws are usually considered as electrical current and voltage properties. Nevertheless, they are sometimes applied to nonelectrical systems. One way to increase their efficacy and range of applicability would be to show Kirchhoff's laws, and the properties deriving from them, as being independent of any physical system as far as…

Governmental Immunity: Legal Basis and Implications for Public Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Connors, Eugene T.

The concept of sovereign immunity in English law originated in both early canon law and the feudal system, became formalized in case law under King Henry II, and as the royal prerogative, became established into statutory law under King Henry VIII. This concept of governmental immunity was adopted by the states when the union was founded. The case…

16 CFR 682.4 - Relation to other laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Relation to other laws. 682.4 Section 682.4... INFORMATION AND RECORDS § 682.4 Relation to other laws. Nothing in the rule in this part shall be construed... imposed under other law; or (b) To alter or affect any requirement imposed under any other provision of...

16 CFR 682.4 - Relation to other laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Relation to other laws. 682.4 Section 682.4... INFORMATION AND RECORDS § 682.4 Relation to other laws. Nothing in the rule in this part shall be construed... imposed under other law; or (b) To alter or affect any requirement imposed under any other provision of...

25 CFR 12.34 - Do minimum salaries and position classifications apply to a tribe that has contracted or...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... a tribe that has contracted or compacted law enforcement under self-determination? 12.34 Section 12.34 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER INDIAN COUNTRY LAW... apply to a tribe that has contracted or compacted law enforcement under self-determination? Any contract...

76 FR 16858 - Proposed Information Collection (Statement of Marital Relationship); Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-25

... validity of a common law marriage. DATES: Written comments and recommendations on the proposed collection.... VA uses the information collected to determine whether a common law marriage was valid under the law of the place where the parties resided at the time of the marriage or under the law of the place...

7 CFR 1940.334 - Direct participation of State Agencies in the preparation of FmHA or its successor agency under...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... successor agency under Public Law 103-354 provides, early in the planning stages of the project... preparation of FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 EISs. 1940.334 Section 1940.334... Agencies in the preparation of FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 EISs. FmHA or its...

7 CFR 1940.334 - Direct participation of State Agencies in the preparation of FmHA or its successor agency under...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... successor agency under Public Law 103-354 provides, early in the planning stages of the project... preparation of FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 EISs. 1940.334 Section 1940.334... Agencies in the preparation of FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 EISs. FmHA or its...

7 CFR 1940.334 - Direct participation of State Agencies in the preparation of FmHA or its successor agency under...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... successor agency under Public Law 103-354 provides, early in the planning stages of the project... preparation of FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 EISs. 1940.334 Section 1940.334... Agencies in the preparation of FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 EISs. FmHA or its...

7 CFR 1940.334 - Direct participation of State Agencies in the preparation of FmHA or its successor agency under...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... successor agency under Public Law 103-354 provides, early in the planning stages of the project... preparation of FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 EISs. 1940.334 Section 1940.334... Agencies in the preparation of FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 EISs. FmHA or its...

7 CFR 1940.334 - Direct participation of State Agencies in the preparation of FmHA or its successor agency under...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... successor agency under Public Law 103-354 provides, early in the planning stages of the project... preparation of FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 EISs. 1940.334 Section 1940.334... Agencies in the preparation of FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 EISs. FmHA or its...

7 CFR 1950.103 - Borrower owing FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 loans which are secured by...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 14 2010-01-01 2009-01-01 true Borrower owing FmHA or its successor agency under... owing FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 loans which are secured by chattels. (a... actions to take in connection with the FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 loan...

7 CFR 1948.88 - Direct land acquisition by FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 13 2011-01-01 2009-01-01 true Direct land acquisition by FmHA or its successor... by FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354. (a) FmHA or its successor agency under... Governor of the State in which the real property is located. FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law...

7 CFR 1950.103 - Borrower owing FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 loans which are secured by...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 14 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Borrower owing FmHA or its successor agency under... owing FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 loans which are secured by chattels. (a... actions to take in connection with the FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 loan...

7 CFR 1948.88 - Direct land acquisition by FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 13 2010-01-01 2009-01-01 true Direct land acquisition by FmHA or its successor... by FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354. (a) FmHA or its successor agency under... Governor of the State in which the real property is located. FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law...

What is life? Bio-physical perspectives.

PubMed

Gladyshev, G P

2009-01-01

Life arises and develops in gravitationally bound atomic systems, under certain conditions, in the presence of the inflow of energy. A condition of structural dynamic reactivity to the energy inflow qualifies what are anthropomorphically considered as "alive objects". Alive objects, in this perspective, include such rudimentary animate atomic structures as the retinal molecule C20H28o to the herpes simplex virus C102H152N26o29 to the human being, a twenty-six element atomic structure, which can be quantified further as thermodynamic quasi-closed supramolecular systems, which are part of natural open systems. These systems appear and evolve in periodic conditions near to internal equilibrium. This systems attribute of dynamic life can be understood further by the determination and use of mathematical "state functions", which are functions that quantify the state of a system defined by the ensemble of physical quantities: temperature, pressure, composition, etc., which characterize the system, but neither by its surroundings nor by its history. In this view, the phenomenon of a life is easily understood as a general consequence of the laws of the universe, in particular, the laws of thermodynamics, which in the geocentric perspective translate to a formulation of "hierarchical thermodynamics" and a "principle of substance stability". The formation of living thermodynamic structures, in short, arises on the nanolevel by a constantly varying environment that causes variety of living forms. The definition of a life as the bio-chemical-physical phenomenon can thus be given on the basis of the exact sciences, i. e. chemistry, physics, and thermodynamics, without mention of numerous private attributes of a living substance and without physically baseless models of mathematical modeling, such as Prigoginean thermodynamics.

7 CFR Exhibit A to Subpart B of... - Memorandum of Understanding Between the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the Farmers Home...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Emergency Management Agency and the Farmers Home Administration or Its Successor Agency under Public Law 103... Emergency Management Agency and the Farmers Home Administration or Its Successor Agency under Public Law 103... any FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 County Office. ...

7 CFR 1955.135 - Taxes on inventory real property.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... General § 1955.135 Taxes on inventory real property. Where FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law... between FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 and the purchaser as of the date the title is conveyed in accordance with the conditions of Forms FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law...

7 CFR 1948.90 - Land transfers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... § 1948.90 Land transfers. (a) Transfers of real property acquired by FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354. (1) A request for FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 acquisition... property and to reimburse FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 for the fair market value...

7 CFR 1957.2 - Transfer with assumptions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Rural Housing Trust 1987-1, and who are eligible for an FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 § 502 loan will be given the same priority by FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law.... FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 regulations governing transfers and assumptions...

22 CFR 92.5 - Acceptability of notarial acts under State or territorial law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Acceptability of notarial acts under State or territorial law. 92.5 Section 92.5 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE LEGAL AND RELATED SERVICES NOTARIAL AND RELATED SERVICES Introduction § 92.5 Acceptability of notarial acts under State or territorial law...

42 CFR 422.400 - State licensure requirement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... by Federal Law § 422.400 State licensure requirement. Except in the case of a PSO granted a waiver under subpart H of this part, each MA organization must— (a) Be licensed under State law, or otherwise authorized to operate under State law, as a risk-bearing entity (as defined in § 422.2) eligible to offer...

32 CFR 536.77 - Applicable law for claims under the Military Claims Act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... subpart C claims. (i) Interpretation of meanings and construction of questions of law under the MCA will... 32 National Defense 3 2011-07-01 2009-07-01 true Applicable law for claims under the Military Claims Act. 536.77 Section 536.77 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE...

Teaching Notes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

2001-11-01

Where teachers share ideas and teaching solutions with the wider physics teaching community: contact ped@iop.org. Contents: Technical Trimmings: The ALBA interface and logger Technical Trimmings: A constant velocity apparatus based on Lenz's Law On the Map: Ashfield School: A Technology College Let's Investigate: Microwave frustration Physics on a Shoestring: Variation of pressure with depth Starting Out: First Year Fun! My Way: Grüneisen's law for the classroom Curiosity: Aqua-Magic

Media Tort Liability for Physical Harm: Problems in Legal Duty and Cause.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Drechsel, Robert

Although the media has long been familiar with the tort law of libel and invasion of privacy, they may not be aware that the law of torts reaches more broadly. This paper examines legal developments in cases where actions of the media are alleged either to have caused the plaintiff to do something resulting in physical harm or financial loss, or…

Simulation and Visualization of Chaos in a Driven Nonlinear Pendulum -- An Aid to Introducing Chaotic Systems in Physics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Akpojotor, Godfrey; Ehwerhemuepha, Louis; Amromanoh, Ogheneriobororue

2013-03-01

The presence of physical systems whose characteristics change in a seemingly erratic manner gives rise to the study of chaotic systems. The characteristics of these systems are due to their hypersensitivity to changes in initial conditions. In order to understand chaotic systems, some sort of simulation and visualization is pertinent. Consequently, in this work, we have simulated and graphically visualized chaos in a driven nonlinear pendulum as a means of introducing chaotic systems. The results obtained which highlight the hypersensitivity of the pendulum are used to discuss the effectiveness of teaching and learning the physics of chaotic system using Python. This study is one of the many studies under the African Computational Science and Engineering Tour Project (PASET) which is using Python to model, simulate and visualize concepts, laws and phenomena in Science and Engineering to compliment the teaching/learning of theory and experiment.

Physics overview of AVLIS

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Solarz, R. W.

1985-02-01

Atomic vapor laster isotope separation (AVLIS) represents the largest-scale potential application of tunable lasers that has received serious attention. The underlying physical principles were identified and optimized, the major technology components were developed, and the integrated enrichment performance of the process was tested. The central physical processes are outlined, progress to date on the technology elements is reviewed, and scaling laws are fomulated. Two primary applications are the production of light-water reactor fuel and the conversion of fuel-grade plutonium to weapons-grade material. A variety of applications exist that all potentially use a common base of AVLIS technology. These include missions such as the enrichment of mercury isotopes to improve fluorescent lamp efficiency, the enrichment of iodine isotopes for medical isotope use, and the cleanup of strontium from defense waste for recovering strontium isotopes for radiothermal mechanical generators. The ability to radidly assess the economic and technical feasibility of each mission is derived from the general applicability of AVLIS physics and AVLIS technology.

H-theorem in quantum physics.

PubMed

Lesovik, G B; Lebedev, A V; Sadovskyy, I A; Suslov, M V; Vinokur, V M

2016-09-12

Remarkable progress of quantum information theory (QIT) allowed to formulate mathematical theorems for conditions that data-transmitting or data-processing occurs with a non-negative entropy gain. However, relation of these results formulated in terms of entropy gain in quantum channels to temporal evolution of real physical systems is not thoroughly understood. Here we build on the mathematical formalism provided by QIT to formulate the quantum H-theorem in terms of physical observables. We discuss the manifestation of the second law of thermodynamics in quantum physics and uncover special situations where the second law can be violated. We further demonstrate that the typical evolution of energy-isolated quantum systems occurs with non-diminishing entropy.

From Rational Numbers to Dirac's Bra and Ket: Symbolic Representation of Physical Laws

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

D'Agostino, Salvo

2002-05-01

Beginning at least in the nineteenth century, symbols used by physicists in their equations interacted with their physical concepts. In the 1850s, Wilhelm Eduard Weber introduced a more rational order into symbolization by adopting an absolute system of units, and thus expressing electrodynamic laws in the form of algebraic equations instead of proportionality relationships, the formerly accepted representation of physical laws. In the 1860s, James Clerk Maxwell made a further advance by using dimensional quantities, and more complex symbolic forms such as gradient, convergence, rotor, and the like, in his electromagnetic and kinetic theories. In the twentieth century, Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, Erwin Schrödinger, and others introduced new symbols for complex numbers, operators, and matrices, thus passing from the representation of metrical properties of physical systems to higher-level mathematical objects. This process was enhanced in modern theoretical physics through the introduction of matrices, creation and destruction operators, Paul A. M. Dirac's q and c numbers, and so on. In the 1930s, Dirac radicalized this transformation of symbols, being aware of the profound modification in the method and scope of the mathematical-physical relationship it entailed.

Are attractors 'strange', or is life more complicated than the simple laws of physics?

PubMed

Pogun, S

2001-01-01

Interesting and intriguing questions involve complex systems whose properties cannot be explained fully by reductionist approaches. Last century was dominated by physics, and applying the simple laws of physics to biology appeared to be a practical solution to understand living organisms. However, although some attributes of living organisms involve physico-chemical properties, the genetic program and evolutionary history of complex biological systems make them unique and unpredictable. Furthermore, there are and will be 'unobservable' phenomena in biology which have to be accounted for.

Computer Animation with Adobe Flash Professional Cs6 in Newton’s Law

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aji, S. D.; Hudha, M. N.; Huda, C.; Gufran, G.

2018-01-01

The purpose of this research is to develop computer-based physics learning media with Adobe Flash Professional CS6 on Newton’s Law of physics subject for senior high school (SMA / MA) class X. Type of research applied is Research and Development with ADDIE development model covering 5 stages: Analysis (Analysis), Design (Design), Development (Production), Implementation (Implementation) and Evaluation (Evaluation). The results of this study were tested toward media experts, media specialists, physics teachers, and students test results with media outcomes that are declared very feasible.

A statistical physics view of pitch fluctuations in the classical music from Bach to Chopin: evidence for scaling.

PubMed

Liu, Lu; Wei, Jianrong; Zhang, Huishu; Xin, Jianhong; Huang, Jiping

2013-01-01

Because classical music has greatly affected our life and culture in its long history, it has attracted extensive attention from researchers to understand laws behind it. Based on statistical physics, here we use a different method to investigate classical music, namely, by analyzing cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) and autocorrelation functions of pitch fluctuations in compositions. We analyze 1,876 compositions of five representative classical music composers across 164 years from Bach, to Mozart, to Beethoven, to Mendelsohn, and to Chopin. We report that the biggest pitch fluctuations of a composer gradually increase as time evolves from Bach time to Mendelsohn/Chopin time. In particular, for the compositions of a composer, the positive and negative tails of a CDF of pitch fluctuations are distributed not only in power laws (with the scale-free property), but also in symmetry (namely, the probability of a treble following a bass and that of a bass following a treble are basically the same for each composer). The power-law exponent decreases as time elapses. Further, we also calculate the autocorrelation function of the pitch fluctuation. The autocorrelation function shows a power-law distribution for each composer. Especially, the power-law exponents vary with the composers, indicating their different levels of long-range correlation of notes. This work not only suggests a way to understand and develop music from a viewpoint of statistical physics, but also enriches the realm of traditional statistical physics by analyzing music.

Roles and strategies of state organizations related to school-based physical education and physical activity policies.

PubMed

Cradock, Angie L; Barrett, Jessica L; Carnoske, Cheryl; Chriqui, Jamie F; Evenson, Kelly R; Gustat, Jeanette; Healy, Isobel B; Heinrich, Katie M; Lemon, Stephenie C; Tompkins, Nancy Oʼhara; Reed, Hannah L; Zieff, Susan G

2013-01-01

School-based physical education (PE) and physical activity (PA) policies can improve PA levels of students and promote health. Studies of policy implementation, communication, monitoring, enforcement, and evaluation are lacking. To describe how states implement, communicate, monitor, enforce, and evaluate key school-based PE and PA policies, researchers interviewed 24 key informants from state-level organizations in 9 states, including representatives from state departments of health and education, state boards of education, and advocacy/professional organizations. These states educate 27% of the US student population. Key informants described their organizations' roles in addressing 14 school-based PE and PA state laws and regulations identified by the Bridging the Gap research program and the National Cancer Institute's Classification of Laws Associated with School Students (C.L.A.S.S.) system. On average, states had 4 of 14 school-based PE and PA laws and regulations, and more than one-half of respondents reported different policies in practice besides the "on the books" laws. Respondents more often reported roles implementing and communicating policies compared with monitoring, enforcing, and evaluating them. Implementation and communication strategies used included training, technical assistance, and written communication of policy to local education agency administrators and teachers. State-level organizations have varying roles in addressing school-based PE and PA policies. Opportunities exist to focus state-level efforts on compliance with existing laws and regulations and evaluation of their impact.

Twenty-eight years after the complete ban on the physical punishment of children in Finland: trends and psychosocial concomitants.

PubMed

Österman, Karin; Björkqvist, Kaj; Wahlbeck, Kristian

2014-01-01

In 1983 Finland became the second country in the world, after Sweden, to adopt a law prohibiting all kinds of physical punishment towards children, also by parents. The present investigation was carried out in 2011, 28 years after the law was adopted. Changes in exposure to various types of physical punishment towards respondents born between 1931 and 1996 are presented. A representative sample from Western Finland, consisting of 4,609 respondents (2,632 females, 1,977 males) between 15 and 80 years, filled in a paper-and-pencil questionnaire. A number of psychosocial concomitants were measured. The results showed a significant drop in reports of being slapped and beaten with an object among respondents who were born after the law was adopted. The decline in physical punishment was associated with a similar decline in the number of murdered children. Respondents who had been exposed to higher amounts of physical punishment than average scored significantly higher on alcohol abuse, depression, mental health problems, and schizotypal personality. Divorced respondents had been significantly more physically punished than others. Respondents who had attempted suicide during the last 12 months had been exposed to physical punishment during childhood significantly more often than those who had not attempted suicide. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Microphysically derived expressions for rate-and-state friction and fault stability parameters

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Jianye; Niemeijer, Andre; Spiers, Christopher

2017-04-01

Rate-and-state friction (RSF) laws and associated parameters are extensively applied to fault mechanics, mainly on an empirical basis with a limited understanding of the underlying physical mechanisms. We recently established a general microphysical model [Chen and Spiers, 2016], for describing both steady-state and transient frictional behavior of any granular fault gouge material undergoing deformation by granular flow plus an arbitrary creep mechanism at grain contacts, such as pressure solution. We further showed that the model is able to reproduce typical experimental frictional results, namely "velocity stepping" and "slide-hold-slide" sequences, in satisfactory agreement with the main features and trends observed. Here, we extend our model, which we explored only numerically thus far, to obtain analytical solutions for the classical rate and state friction parameters from a purely microphysical modelling basis. By analytically solving the constitutive equations of the model under various boundary conditions, physically meaningful, theoretical expressions for the RSF parameters, i.e. a, b and Dc, are obtained. We also apply linear stability analysis to a spring-slider system, describing interface friction using our model, to yield analytical expressions of the critical stiffness (Kc) and critical recurrence wavelength (Wc) of the system. The values of a , b and Dc, as well as Kc and Wc, predicted by these expressions agree well with the numerical modeling results and acceptably with values obtained from experiments, on calcite for instance. Inserting the parameters obtained into classical RSF laws (slowness and slip laws) and conducting forward modelling gives simulated friction behavior that is fully consistent with the direct predictions of our numerically implemented model. Numerical tests with friction obeying our model show that the slip stability of fault motion exhibits a transition from stable sliding, via self-sustained oscillations, to stick slips with decreasing elastic stiffness, decreasing loading rate, and increasing normal stress, which is fully consistent with our linear stability analysis and also with previous RSF models that employed constant values of the RSF parameters. Importantly, our analytical expressions for. a, b, Dc, Kc and Wc, are functions of the internal microstructure of the fault (porosity, grain size and shear zone thickness), the material properties of the fault gouge (e.g. creep law parameters like activation energy, stress sensitivity, grain size sensitivity), and the ambient conditions the fault is subjected to (temperature and normal stress). The expressions obtained thus have clear physical meaning allowing a more meaningful extrapolation to natural conditions. On the basis of these physics-based expressions, seismological implications for slip on natural faults (e.g. subduction zone interfaces, faults in carbonate terrains) are discussed. Reference Chen, J., and C. J. Spiers (2016), Rate and state frictional and healing behavior of carbonate fault gouge explained using microphysical model, J. Geophys. Res., 121, doi:10.1002/2016JB013470.

7 CFR Exhibit A to Subpart A of... - Notice to FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 Borrowers

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 14 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Notice to FmHA or its successor agency under Public... Part 1951—Notice to FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 Borrowers FmHA or its... statements through their local FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 office. [54 FR 10270...

7 CFR Exhibit A to Subpart A of... - Notice to FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 Borrowers

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 14 2010-01-01 2009-01-01 true Notice to FmHA or its successor agency under Public... Part 1951—Notice to FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 Borrowers FmHA or its... statements through their local FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 office. [54 FR 10270...

Theory of Space Charge Limited Current in Fractional Dimensional Space

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zubair, Muhammad; Ang, L. K.

The concept of fractional dimensional space has been effectively applied in many areas of physics to describe the fractional effects on the physical systems. We will present some recent developments of space charge limited (SCL) current in free space and solid in the framework of fractional dimensional space which may account for the effect of imperfectness or roughness of the electrode surface. For SCL current in free space, the governing law is known as the Child-Langmuir (CL) law. Its analogy in a trap-free solid (or dielectric) is known as Mott-Gurney (MG) law. This work extends the one-dimensional CL Law and MG Law for the case of a D-dimensional fractional space with 0 < D <= 1 where parameter D defines the degree of roughness of the electrode surface. Such a fractional dimensional space generalization of SCL current theory can be used to characterize the charge injection by the imperfectness or roughness of the surface in applications related to high current cathode (CL law), and organic electronics (MG law). In terms of operating regime, the model has included the quantum effects when the spacing between the electrodes is small.

Fundamental Physical Limits for the Size of Future Planetary Surface Exploration Systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Andrews, F.; Hobbs, S. E.; Honstvet, I.; Snelling, M.

2004-04-01

With the current interest in the potential use of Nanotechnology for spacecraft, it becomes increasingly likely that environmental sensor probes, such as the "lab-on-a-chip" concept, will take advantage of this technology and become orders of magnitude smaller than current sensor systems. This paper begins to investigate how small these systems could theoretically become, and what are the governing laws and limiting factors that determine that minimum size. The investigation focuses on the three primary subsystems for a sensor network of this nature Sensing, Information Processing and Communication. In general, there are few fundamental physical laws that limit the size of the sensor system. Limits tend to be driven by factors other than the laws of physics. These include user requirements, such as the acceptable probability of error, and the potential external environment.

42 CFR 411.7 - Services that must be furnished at public expense under a Federal law or Federal Government...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... under a Federal law or Federal Government contract. 411.7 Section 411.7 Public Health CENTERS FOR....7 Services that must be furnished at public expense under a Federal law or Federal Government contract. (a) Basic rule. Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, payment may not be made for...

Entropy in universes evolving from initial to final de Sitter eras

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mimoso, José P.; Pavón, Diego

2014-05-01

This work studies the behavior of entropy in recent cosmological models that start with an initial de Sitter expansion phase, go through the conventional radiation and matter dominated eras to be followed by a final de Sitter epoch. In spite of their seemingly similarities (observationally they are close to the Λ-CDM model), different models deeply differ in their physics. The second law of thermodynamics encapsulates the underlying microscopic, statistical description, and hence we investigate it in the present work. Our study reveals that the entropy of the apparent horizon plus that of matter and radiation inside it, increases and is a concave function of the scale factor. Thus thermodynamic equilibrium is approached in the last de Sitter era, and this class of models is thermodynamically correct. Cosmological models that do not approach equilibrium appear in conflict with the second law of thermodynamics. (Based on Mimoso & Pavon 2013)

[The role of ancient astrology in preparation for a secular natural science and medicine].

PubMed

Geller, Markham J

2011-01-01

The Persian period in the Near East (from c. 500 BCE) represented the first example of globalisation, during which advanced cultural centres from Egypt to Afghanistan were united under a single rule and common language. Paul Unschuld has drawn attention to a scientific revolution in the late first millennium BC, extending from Greece to China, from Thales to Confucius, which saw natural law replace the divine law in scientific thinking. This paper argues for new advances in astronomy as the specific motor which motivated changes in scientific thinking and influenced other branches of science, including medicine, just as the new science of astrology, which replaced divination, fundamentally changed the nature of medical prognoses. The secularisation of science was not universally accepted among ancient scholars, and the irony is that somewhat similar reservations accompanied the reception of modern quantum physics.

Design of optical transmitting antenna with enhance performance in visible light communication

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kuang, Dang; Wang, Jianping; Lu, Huimin

2016-10-01

An optical transmitting antenna for visible light communication(VLC) is designed in this work, in which the antenna is positioned before the light-emitting diodes (LED) source to change the lighting distribution, in order to achieve uniform received power effect. The method to design antenna is introduced into physical optical lens principle. According to the energy conservation law and Snell law, the antenna is designed via establishing energy mapping between the luminous flux emitted by a LED source with Lambertian distribution and the target plane. The coordinates of the antenna model are obtained under matrix laboratory (MATLAB). The antenna model entity is generated through three dimensional (3D) composition software AutoCAD with the coordinates of antenna. Ray-tracing software Tracepro is used to trace the ray which through antenna, and validate the irradiance maps. The uniformity of illumination and received power of the designed VLC is improved from approximately 35% to over 83%.

Pair-collision between heterogeneous capsules in simple shear: Effect of membrane stiffness and membrane constitutive laws

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Singh, Rajesh; Sarkar, Kausik

2012-11-01

Deformability of red blood cells affects hydrodynamic properties of blood and thereby physiological functions in many cardiovascular diseases, e.g. in sickle cell anemia and malaria, the cell membrane becomes stiff affecting their circulation through microvessels. Here, we numerically simulate the hydrodynamic interaction between a pair of cell-like capsules in a free shear flow, using a front-tracking method. The membrane is modeled using various constitutive equations. By varying the stiffness of one capsule (C2) and keeping all other parameters constant, we find a significant effect on the deformation and trajectory of the other (C1) . Increasing the stiffness of C2 surprisingly increases the peak deformation of C1 while decreasing the cross-stream shift in its trajectory However, the relative trajectory between capsules remains the same. Effects of constitutive laws and difference in behaviors between capsules and drops are investigated explaining underlying physics. partial support from NSF.

High contrast two-photon imaging of fingermarks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stoltzfus, Caleb R.; Rebane, Aleksander

2016-04-01

Optically-acquired fingermarks are widely used as evidence across law enforcement agencies as well as in the courts of law. A common technique for visualizing latent fingermarks on nonporous surfaces consists of cyanoacrylate fuming of the fingerprint material, followed by impregnation with a fluorescent dye, which under ultra violet (UV) illumination makes the fingermarks visible and thus accessible for digital recording. However, there exist critical circumstances, when the image quality is compromised due to high background scattering, high auto-fluorescence of the substrate material, or other detrimental photo-physical and photo-chemical effects such as light-induced damage to the sample. Here we present a novel near-infrared (NIR), two-photon induced fluorescence imaging modality, which significantly enhances the quality of the fingermark images, especially when obtained from highly reflective and/or scattering surfaces, while at the same time reducing photo-damage to sensitive forensic samples.

Correlating the internal length in strain gradient plasticity theory with the microstructure of material

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, Jianfeng; Zhang, Xu; Konstantinidis, Avraam A.; Kang, Guozheng

2015-06-01

The internal length is the governing parameter in strain gradient theories which among other things have been used successfully to interpret size effects at the microscale. Physically, the internal length is supposed to be related with the microstructure of the material and evolves during the deformation. Based on Taylor hardening law, we propose a power-law relationship to describe the evolution of the variable internal length with strain. Then, the classical Fleck-Hutchinson strain gradient theory is extended with a strain-dependent internal length, and the generalized Fleck-Hutchinson theory is confirmed here, by comparing our model predictions to recent experimental data on tension and torsion of thin wires with varying diameter and grain size. Our work suggests that the internal length is a configuration-dependent parameter, closely related to dislocation characteristics and grain size, as well as sample geometry when this affects either the underlying microstructure or the ductility of the material.

Ultra-thin smart acoustic metasurface for low-frequency sound insulation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Hao; Xiao, Yong; Wen, Jihong; Yu, Dianlong; Wen, Xisen

2016-04-01

Insulating low-frequency sound is a conventional challenge due to the high areal mass required by mass law. In this letter, we propose a smart acoustic metasurface consisting of an ultra-thin aluminum foil bonded with piezoelectric resonators. Numerical and experimental results show that the metasurface can break the conventional mass law of sound insulation by 30 dB in the low frequency regime (<1000 Hz), with an ultra-light areal mass density (<1.6 kg/m2) and an ultra-thin thickness (1000 times smaller than the operating wavelength). The underlying physical mechanism of such extraordinary sound insulation performance is attributed to the infinite effective dynamic mass density produced by the smart resonators. It is also demonstrated that the excellent sound insulation property can be conveniently tuned by simply adjusting the external circuits instead of modifying the structure of the metasurface.

Rheological behavior of mammalian cells.

PubMed

Stamenović, D

2008-11-01

Rheological properties of living cells determine how cells interact with their mechanical microenvironment and influence their physiological functions. Numerous experimental studies have show that mechanical contractile stress borne by the cytoskeleton and weak power-law viscoelasticity are governing principles of cell rheology, and that the controlling physics is at the level of integrative cytoskeletal lattice properties. Based on these observations, two concepts have emerged as leading models of cytoskeletal mechanics. One is the tensegrity model, which explains the role of the contractile stress in cytoskeletal mechanics, and the other is the soft glass rheology model, which explains the weak power-law viscoelasticity of cells. While these two models are conceptually disparate, the phenomena that they describe are often closely associated in living cells for reasons that are largely unknown. In this review, we discuss current understanding of cell rheology by emphasizing the underlying biophysical mechanism and critically evaluating the existing rheological models.

Deep learning and model predictive control for self-tuning mode-locked lasers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Baumeister, Thomas; Brunton, Steven L.; Nathan Kutz, J.

2018-03-01

Self-tuning optical systems are of growing importance in technological applications such as mode-locked fiber lasers. Such self-tuning paradigms require {\\em intelligent} algorithms capable of inferring approximate models of the underlying physics and discovering appropriate control laws in order to maintain robust performance for a given objective. In this work, we demonstrate the first integration of a {\\em deep learning} (DL) architecture with {\\em model predictive control} (MPC) in order to self-tune a mode-locked fiber laser. Not only can our DL-MPC algorithmic architecture approximate the unknown fiber birefringence, it also builds a dynamical model of the laser and appropriate control law for maintaining robust, high-energy pulses despite a stochastically drifting birefringence. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this method on a fiber laser which is mode-locked by nonlinear polarization rotation. The method advocated can be broadly applied to a variety of optical systems that require robust controllers.

Bio-inspired Murray materials for mass transfer and activity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zheng, Xianfeng; Shen, Guofang; Wang, Chao; Li, Yu; Dunphy, Darren; Hasan, Tawfique; Brinker, C. Jeffrey; Su, Bao-Lian

2017-04-01

Both plants and animals possess analogous tissues containing hierarchical networks of pores, with pore size ratios that have evolved to maximize mass transport and rates of reactions. The underlying physical principles of this optimized hierarchical design are embodied in Murray's law. However, we are yet to realize the benefit of mimicking nature's Murray networks in synthetic materials due to the challenges in fabricating vascularized structures. Here we emulate optimum natural systems following Murray's law using a bottom-up approach. Such bio-inspired materials, whose pore sizes decrease across multiple scales and finally terminate in size-invariant units like plant stems, leaf veins and vascular and respiratory systems provide hierarchical branching and precise diameter ratios for connecting multi-scale pores from macro to micro levels. Our Murray material mimics enable highly enhanced mass exchange and transfer in liquid-solid, gas-solid and electrochemical reactions and exhibit enhanced performance in photocatalysis, gas sensing and as Li-ion battery electrodes.

On a New Theory of the System of Reference

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kalanov, Temur Z.

2003-04-01

A new theory of the system of reference is suggested. It represents the new point of view which has arisen from the critical analysis of the foundations of physics (in particular, the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics), mathematics, cosmology and philosophy. The main idea following from the analysis is that the correct concept of system of reference represents a key to comprehension of many basic logic errors which are in modern physics. The starting point of the theory is represented by the philosophical (dialectical materialistic) principles, in particular, the gnosiological principle. (The gnosiological principle is briefly formulated as follows. The purpose of a science is to know the laws of the Nature. The law is a form of scientific knowledge of the essence and the phenomenon. The essence is the internal basis of the phenomenon, and the phenomenon is the manifestation of the essence. Human practice is a basis of knowledge and a criterion of truth). These principles lead to the following statements. (1) The reality is the dialectical unity of the opposites: the objective reality and the non-objective (subjective) reality. (2) The system mankind + means of knowledge belongs to the subjective reality and is called system of reference. In this wide sense, the system of reference is the universal informational gnostic basis (i.e. the system consisting of natural objects and processes, of constructed devices and instruments, of sum of human knowledge and skills) created and used by mankind for the purpose of knowledge of the world. (3) The opposites are bounds of each other. Hence, the principle of objectivity of the physical laws is formulated as follows: the objective physical laws must not contain mentions of system of reference (in particular, references to procedure of measurement or of calculation). (4) The main informational property of the unitary system set of researches physical objects + system of reference is that the system of reference determines (measures, calculates) the parameters of the subsystem set of researched physical objects (for example, the coordinates x_M, y_M, zM of the object M); the parameters characterize the system of reference (for example, the system of coordinates). (5) The main gnostic property of the unitary system set of researches physical objects + system of reference is that the system of reference defines (formulates) the physical laws (i.e. creates the theories); the physical laws characterize the system of reference. (6) The parameters which take on values independently of existence of the researched physical objects characterize the system of reference. For example, the clock C, a part of the system of reference S, determines (but it does not measure!) the time t_C; the time tC characterizes the clock C. If all clocks have been synchronized, the universal time tS characterizes the system of reference S. (7) Researched physical object M and a clock are mutually independent objects. Hence, the coordinates x_M, y_M, zM and the time tS are mutually independent parameters. (8) The informational one-to-one correspondence between motion of object M and physical clock-process in clock is established (is defined) by man. For example, it has a form: dx_M/dtS ≡ v_x_M. Consequences: (a) information about the world is an ordered information because the system of reference S is an ordered and universal system. This information is an objective one if it does not depend on a system of reference; (b) mathematical operations on physical quantities with the coordinates and with the time are allowed by the laws of logic because the set of researches physical objects + system of reference is a unitary system; (c) the principle of existence and of transformation of coordinates: there are no coordinates and no transformation of coordinates in general, and there exist the coordinates x_M, y_M, zM and transformation of the coordinates x_M, y_M, zM of the object M only; (d) the special and general theories of relativity are an erroneous theories because their foundations, firstly, do not satisfy the principle of objectivity of the physical laws, secondly, they contradict the principle of transformation of coordinates and, thirdly, they assume mutual dependence between the researched physical object and a clock (i.e. between coordinates and time); (e) quantum mechanics does not satisfy the principle of objectivity of the physical laws.

Bus driver sues.

PubMed

1996-09-06

A bus driver, known as John Doe, sued his employer, alleging that he was fired when he voluntarily disclosed that he was HIV-positive and needed a rest from the long hours of driving. The driver sued for back wages, benefits, and compensatory and punitive damages under the New Jersey Law Against Discrimination. Academy Bus tours told the driver he could not return to work without a doctor's examination. Doe has an excellent driving record and was certified as physically fit to work as a bus driver 14 months prior to his termination.

3, 2, 1 ... Discovering Newton's Laws

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lutz, Joe; Sylvester, Kevin; Oliver, Keith; Herrington, Deborah

2017-01-01

"For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction." "Except when a bug hits your car window, the car must exert more force on the bug because Newton's laws only apply in the physics classroom, right?" Students in our classrooms were able to pick out definitions as well as examples of Newton's three laws; they could…

Newton's Laws, Euler's Laws and the Speed of Light

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Whitaker, Stephen

2009-01-01

Chemical engineering students begin their studies of mechanics in a department of physics where they are introduced to the mechanics of Newton. The approach presented by physicists differs in both perspective and substance from that encountered in chemical engineering courses where Euler's laws provide the foundation for studies of fluid and solid…

On the Law of Intelligence

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lichten, William

2004-01-01

The law of intelligence is presented in test independent form. Mental abilities, physical brain size, and infant motor capacity follow the same law of growth from birth to adolescence. Mental growth is independent of race, "SES" or the Flynn effect. The vitality of the mental age scale calls for a reexamination of Wechsler's deviation IQ. This…

42 CFR 485.707 - Condition of participation: Compliance with Federal, State, and local laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Agencies as Providers of Outpatient Physical Therapy and Speech-Language Pathology Services § 485.707 Condition of participation: Compliance with Federal, State, and local laws. The organization and its staff...: Licensure of organization. In any State in which State or applicable local law provides for the licensing of...

A quantum diffusion law

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Satpathi, Urbashi; Sinha, Supurna; Sorkin, Rafael D.

2017-12-01

We analyse diffusion at low temperature by bringing the fluctuation-dissipation theorem (FDT) to bear on a physically natural, viscous response-function R(t) . The resulting diffusion-law exhibits several distinct regimes of time and temperature, each with its own characteristic rate of spreading. As with earlier analyses, we find logarithmic spreading in the quantum regime, indicating that this behavior is robust. A consistent R(t) must satisfy the key physical requirements of Wightman positivity and passivity, and we prove that ours does so. We also prove in general that these two conditions are equivalent when the FDT holds. Given current technology, our diffusion law can be tested in a laboratory with ultra cold atoms.

Does Hooke's law work in helical nanosprings?

PubMed

Ben, Sudong; Zhao, Junhua; Rabczuk, Timon

2015-08-28

Hooke's law is a principle of physics that states that the force needed to extend a spring by some distance is proportional to that distance. The law is always valid for an initial portion of the elastic range for nearly all helical macrosprings. Here we report the sharp nonlinear force-displacement relation of tightly wound helical carbon nanotubes at even small displacement via a molecular mechanics model. We demonstrate that the van der Waals (vdW) interaction between the intertube walls dominates the nonlinear relation based on our analytical expressions. This study provides physical insights into the origin of huge nonlinearity of the helical nanosprings.

Experimental modelling of fragmentation applied to volcanic explosions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Haug, Øystein Thordén; Galland, Olivier; Gisler, Galen R.

2013-12-01

Explosions during volcanic eruptions cause fragmentation of magma and host rock, resulting in fragments with sizes ranging from boulders to fine ash. The products can be described by fragment size distributions (FSD), which commonly follow power laws with exponent D. The processes that lead to power-law distributions and the physical parameters that control D remain unknown. We developed a quantitative experimental procedure to study the physics of the fragmentation process through time. The apparatus consists of a Hele-Shaw cell containing a layer of cohesive silica flour that is fragmented by a rapid injection of pressurized air. The evolving fragmentation of the flour is monitored with a high-speed camera, and the images are analysed to obtain the evolution of the number of fragments (N), their average size (A), and the FSD. Using the results from our image-analysis procedure, we find transient empirical laws for N, A and the exponent D of the power-law FSD as functions of the initial air pressure. We show that our experimental procedure is a promising tool for unravelling the complex physics of fragmentation during phreatomagmatic and phreatic eruptions.

DOES A SCALING LAW EXIST BETWEEN SOLAR ENERGETIC PARTICLE EVENTS AND SOLAR FLARES?

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kahler, S. W., E-mail: AFRL.RVB.PA@kirtland.af.mil

2013-05-20

Among many other natural processes, the size distributions of solar X-ray flares and solar energetic particle (SEP) events are scale-invariant power laws. The measured distributions of SEP events prove to be distinctly flatter, i.e., have smaller power-law slopes, than those of the flares. This has led to speculation that the two distributions are related through a scaling law, first suggested by Hudson, which implies a direct nonlinear physical connection between the processes producing the flares and those producing the SEP events. We present four arguments against this interpretation. First, a true scaling must relate SEP events to all flare X-raymore » events, and not to a small subset of the X-ray event population. We also show that the assumed scaling law is not mathematically valid and that although the flare X-ray and SEP event data are correlated, they are highly scattered and not necessarily related through an assumed scaling of the two phenomena. An interpretation of SEP events within the context of a recent model of fractal-diffusive self-organized criticality by Aschwanden provides a physical basis for why the SEP distributions should be flatter than those of solar flares. These arguments provide evidence against a close physical connection of flares with SEP production.« less

Earthquake cycles and physical modeling of the process leading up to a large earthquake

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ohnaka, Mitiyasu

2004-08-01

A thorough discussion is made on what the rational constitutive law for earthquake ruptures ought to be from the standpoint of the physics of rock friction and fracture on the basis of solid facts observed in the laboratory. From this standpoint, it is concluded that the constitutive law should be a slip-dependent law with parameters that may depend on slip rate or time. With the long-term goal of establishing a rational methodology of forecasting large earthquakes, the entire process of one cycle for a typical, large earthquake is modeled, and a comprehensive scenario that unifies individual models for intermediate-and short-term (immediate) forecasts is presented within the framework based on the slip-dependent constitutive law and the earthquake cycle model. The earthquake cycle includes the phase of accumulation of elastic strain energy with tectonic loading (phase II), and the phase of rupture nucleation at the critical stage where an adequate amount of the elastic strain energy has been stored (phase III). Phase II plays a critical role in physical modeling of intermediate-term forecasting, and phase III in physical modeling of short-term (immediate) forecasting. The seismogenic layer and individual faults therein are inhomogeneous, and some of the physical quantities inherent in earthquake ruptures exhibit scale-dependence. It is therefore critically important to incorporate the properties of inhomogeneity and physical scaling, in order to construct realistic, unified scenarios with predictive capability. The scenario presented may be significant and useful as a necessary first step for establishing the methodology for forecasting large earthquakes.

8 CFR 1101.3 - Creation of record of lawful permanent resident status for person born under diplomatic status in...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 8 Aliens and Nationality 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Creation of record of lawful permanent resident status for person born under diplomatic status in the United States. 1101.3 Section 1101.3 Aliens... PRESUMPTION OF LAWFUL ADMISSION § 1101.3 Creation of record of lawful permanent resident status for person...

8 CFR 1101.3 - Creation of record of lawful permanent resident status for person born under diplomatic status in...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 8 Aliens and Nationality 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Creation of record of lawful permanent resident status for person born under diplomatic status in the United States. 1101.3 Section 1101.3 Aliens... PRESUMPTION OF LAWFUL ADMISSION § 1101.3 Creation of record of lawful permanent resident status for person...

8 CFR 1101.3 - Creation of record of lawful permanent resident status for person born under diplomatic status in...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 8 Aliens and Nationality 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Creation of record of lawful permanent resident status for person born under diplomatic status in the United States. 1101.3 Section 1101.3 Aliens... PRESUMPTION OF LAWFUL ADMISSION § 1101.3 Creation of record of lawful permanent resident status for person...

8 CFR 1101.3 - Creation of record of lawful permanent resident status for person born under diplomatic status in...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 8 Aliens and Nationality 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Creation of record of lawful permanent resident status for person born under diplomatic status in the United States. 1101.3 Section 1101.3 Aliens... PRESUMPTION OF LAWFUL ADMISSION § 1101.3 Creation of record of lawful permanent resident status for person...

8 CFR 1101.3 - Creation of record of lawful permanent resident status for person born under diplomatic status in...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 8 Aliens and Nationality 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Creation of record of lawful permanent resident status for person born under diplomatic status in the United States. 1101.3 Section 1101.3 Aliens... PRESUMPTION OF LAWFUL ADMISSION § 1101.3 Creation of record of lawful permanent resident status for person...

Examining the spatial distribution of law enforcement encounters among people who inject drugs after implementation of Mexico's drug policy reform.

PubMed

Gaines, Tommi L; Beletsky, Leo; Arredondo, Jaime; Werb, Daniel; Rangel, Gudelia; Vera, Alicia; Brouwer, Kimberly

2015-04-01

In 2009, Mexico decriminalized the possession of small amounts of illicit drugs for personal use in order to refocus law enforcement resources on drug dealers and traffickers. This study examines the spatial distribution of law enforcement encounters reported by people who inject drugs (PWID) in Tijuana, Mexico to identify concentrated areas of policing activity after implementation of the new drug policy. Mapping the physical location of law enforcement encounters provided by PWID (n = 461) recruited through targeted sampling, we identified hotspots of extra-judicial encounters (e.g., physical/sexual abuse, syringe confiscation, and money extortion by law enforcement) and routine authorized encounters (e.g., being arrested or stopped but not arrested) using point density maps and the Getis-Ord Gi* statistic calculated at the neighborhood-level. Approximately half of the participants encountered law enforcement more than once in a calendar year and nearly one third of these encounters did not result in arrest but involved harassment or abuse by law enforcement. Statistically significant hotspots of law enforcement encounters were identified in a limited number of neighborhoods located in areas with known drug markets. At the local-level, law enforcement activities continue to target drug users despite a national drug policy that emphasizes drug treatment diversion rather than punitive enforcement. There is a need for law enforcement training and improved monitoring of policing tactics to better align policing with public health goals.

5 CFR 2421.9 - Administrative Law Judge.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Administrative Law Judge. 2421.9 Section... Administrative Law Judge. Administrative Law Judge means the Chief Administrative Law Judge or any Administrative Law Judge designated by the Chief Administrative Law Judge to conduct a hearing in cases under 5 U.S.C...

Probing solvation decay length in order to characterize hydrophobicity-induced bead-bead attractive interactions in polymer chains.

PubMed

Das, Siddhartha; Chakraborty, Suman

2011-08-01

In this paper, we quantitatively demonstrate that exponentially decaying attractive potentials can effectively mimic strong hydrophobic interactions between monomer units of a polymer chain dissolved in aqueous solvent. Classical approaches to modeling hydrophobic solvation interactions are based on invariant attractive length scales. However, we demonstrate here that the solvation interaction decay length may need to be posed as a function of the relative separation distances and the sizes of the interacting species (or beads or monomers) to replicate the necessary physical interactions. As an illustrative example, we derive a universal scaling relationship for a given solute-solvent combination between the solvation decay length, the bead radius, and the distance between the interacting beads. With our formalism, the hydrophobic component of the net attractive interaction between monomer units can be synergistically accounted for within the unified framework of a simple exponentially decaying potential law, where the characteristic decay length incorporates the distinctive and critical physical features of the underlying interaction. The present formalism, even in a mesoscopic computational framework, is capable of incorporating the essential physics of the appropriate solute-size dependence and solvent-interaction dependence in the hydrophobic force estimation, without explicitly resolving the underlying molecular level details.

[Physics of materials and female stress urinary continence: New concepts: I) Elasticity under bladder].

PubMed

Guerquin, B

2015-09-01

Improving the understanding of the adaptation to stress of urinary continence. A transversal analysis between physics of materials and the female anatomy. Laws of physics of the materials and of their viscoelastic behavior are applied to the anatomy of the anterior vaginal wall. The anterior vaginal wall may be divided into two segments of different viscoelastic behavior, the vertical segment below the urethra and the horizontal segment below the bladder. If the urethra gets crushed on the first segment according to the hammock theory, the crushing of the bladder on the second segment is, on the other hand, damped by its important elasticity. The importance of this elasticity evokes an unknown function: damping under the bladder that moderates and delays the increase of intravesical pressure. This damping function below the bladder is increased in the cystocele, which is therefore a continence factor; on the other hand, it is impaired in obesity, which is therefore a factor of SUI. It is necessary to include in the theory of stress continence, the notion of a damping function below the bladder. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

7 CFR 1956.145 - Disposition of essential FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 records.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 14 2010-01-01 2009-01-01 true Disposition of essential FmHA or its successor agency... SETTLEMENT Debt Settlement-Community and Business Programs § 1956.145 Disposition of essential FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 records. FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354...

7 CFR 1956.145 - Disposition of essential FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 records.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 14 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Disposition of essential FmHA or its successor agency... SETTLEMENT Debt Settlement-Community and Business Programs § 1956.145 Disposition of essential FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 records. FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354...

7 CFR 1944.660 - Authorized representative of the HPG applicant and FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 13 2011-01-01 2009-01-01 true Authorized representative of the HPG applicant and Fm... of the HPG applicant and FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 point of contact. (a) FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 will deal only with authorized representatives...

7 CFR 1944.660 - Authorized representative of the HPG applicant and FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 13 2010-01-01 2009-01-01 true Authorized representative of the HPG applicant and Fm... of the HPG applicant and FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 point of contact. (a) FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 will deal only with authorized representatives...

8 CFR 101.3 - Creation of record of lawful permanent resident status for person born under diplomatic status in...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 8 Aliens and Nationality 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Creation of record of lawful permanent resident status for person born under diplomatic status in the United States. 101.3 Section 101.3 Aliens... ADMISSION § 101.3 Creation of record of lawful permanent resident status for person born under diplomatic...

8 CFR 101.3 - Creation of record of lawful permanent resident status for person born under diplomatic status in...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 8 Aliens and Nationality 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Creation of record of lawful permanent resident status for person born under diplomatic status in the United States. 101.3 Section 101.3 Aliens... ADMISSION § 101.3 Creation of record of lawful permanent resident status for person born under diplomatic...

8 CFR 101.3 - Creation of record of lawful permanent resident status for person born under diplomatic status in...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 8 Aliens and Nationality 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Creation of record of lawful permanent resident status for person born under diplomatic status in the United States. 101.3 Section 101.3 Aliens... ADMISSION § 101.3 Creation of record of lawful permanent resident status for person born under diplomatic...

8 CFR 101.3 - Creation of record of lawful permanent resident status for person born under diplomatic status in...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 8 Aliens and Nationality 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Creation of record of lawful permanent resident status for person born under diplomatic status in the United States. 101.3 Section 101.3 Aliens... ADMISSION § 101.3 Creation of record of lawful permanent resident status for person born under diplomatic...

8 CFR 101.3 - Creation of record of lawful permanent resident status for person born under diplomatic status in...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 8 Aliens and Nationality 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Creation of record of lawful permanent resident status for person born under diplomatic status in the United States. 101.3 Section 101.3 Aliens... ADMISSION § 101.3 Creation of record of lawful permanent resident status for person born under diplomatic...

3 CFR - Delegation of Certain Functions Under Section 6 of Public Law 112-150

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 3 The President 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Delegation of Certain Functions Under Section 6 of Public Law 112-150 Presidential Documents Other Presidential Documents Memorandum of January 15, 2013 Delegation of Certain Functions Under Section 6 of Public Law 112-150 Memorandum for the Secretary of State By the authority vested in me as...

3 CFR - Delegation of Certain Functions Under Section 201 of Public Law 110-429

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 3 The President 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Delegation of Certain Functions Under Section 201 of Public Law 110-429 Presidential Documents Other Presidential Documents Memorandum of June 8, 2009 Delegation of Certain Functions Under Section 201 of Public Law 110-429 Memorandum for the Secretary of State By the authority vested in me as...

3 CFR - Delegation of Functions Under Sections 404 and 406 of Public Law 112-208

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 3 The President 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Delegation of Functions Under Sections 404 and 406 of Public Law 112-208 Presidential Documents Other Presidential Documents Memorandum of April 5, 2013 Delegation of Functions Under Sections 404 and 406 of Public Law 112-208 Memorandum for the Secretary of State [and] the Secretary of the Treasury B...

46 CFR 221.15 - Approval for transfer of registry or operation under authority of a foreign country or for...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... endorsement revoked pursuant to Appendix D of Public Law 106-554, 114 Stat 2763. Subject to this exclusion... Documented Vessels or vessels the last documentation of which was under the laws of the United States and... vessels the last documentation of which was under the laws of the United States and which are of 1,000...

Development of a representational conceptual evaluation in the first law of thermodynamics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sriyansyah, S. P.; Suhandi, A.

2016-08-01

As part of an ongoing research to investigate student consistency in understanding the first law of thermodynamics, a representational conceptual evaluation (RCET) has been developed to assess student conceptual understanding, representational consistency, and scientific consistency in the introductory physics course. Previous physics education research findings were used to develop the test. RCET items were 30 items which designed as an isomorphic multiple-choice test with three different representations concerning the concept of work, heat, first law of thermodynamics, and its application in the thermodynamic processes. Here, we present preliminary measures of the validity and reliability of the instrument, including the classical test statistics. This instrument can be used to measure the intended concept in the first law of thermodynamics and it will give the consistent results with the ability to differentiate well between high-achieving students and low-achieving students and also students at different level. As well as measuring the effectiveness of the learning process in the concept of the first law of thermodynamics.

Fun-Filled Physics.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dana, Thomas M.; And Others

1993-01-01

Presents a unit of three lessons to teach Newton's Laws of Motion. After rotating through learning centers, answering questions, and recording observations, students are asked to generate a "class law" that explains the scientific phenomenon they observed. (MDH)

A Unified Multi-scale Model for Cross-Scale Evaluation and Integration of Hydrological and Biogeochemical Processes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, C.; Yang, X.; Bailey, V. L.; Bond-Lamberty, B. P.; Hinkle, C.

2013-12-01

Mathematical representations of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in soil, plant, aquatic, and atmospheric systems vary with scale. Process-rich models are typically used to describe hydrological and biogeochemical processes at the pore and small scales, while empirical, correlation approaches are often used at the watershed and regional scales. A major challenge for multi-scale modeling is that water flow, biogeochemical processes, and reactive transport are described using different physical laws and/or expressions at the different scales. For example, the flow is governed by the Navier-Stokes equations at the pore-scale in soils, by the Darcy law in soil columns and aquifer, and by the Navier-Stokes equations again in open water bodies (ponds, lake, river) and atmosphere surface layer. This research explores whether the physical laws at the different scales and in different physical domains can be unified to form a unified multi-scale model (UMSM) to systematically investigate the cross-scale, cross-domain behavior of fundamental processes at different scales. This presentation will discuss our research on the concept, mathematical equations, and numerical execution of the UMSM. Three-dimensional, multi-scale hydrological processes at the Disney Wilderness Preservation (DWP) site, Florida will be used as an example for demonstrating the application of the UMSM. In this research, the UMSM was used to simulate hydrological processes in rooting zones at the pore and small scales including water migration in soils under saturated and unsaturated conditions, root-induced hydrological redistribution, and role of rooting zone biogeochemical properties (e.g., root exudates and microbial mucilage) on water storage and wetting/draining. The small scale simulation results were used to estimate effective water retention properties in soil columns that were superimposed on the bulk soil water retention properties at the DWP site. The UMSM parameterized from smaller scale simulations were then used to simulate coupled flow and moisture migration in soils in saturated and unsaturated zones, surface and groundwater exchange, and surface water flow in streams and lakes at the DWP site under dynamic precipitation conditions. Laboratory measurements of soil hydrological and biogeochemical properties are used to parameterize the UMSM at the small scales, and field measurements are used to evaluate the UMSM.

H-theorem in quantum physics

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lesovik, G. B.; Lebedev, A. V.; Sadovskyy, I. A.

Remarkable progress of quantum information theory (QIT) allowed to formulate mathematical theorems for conditions that data-transmitting or data-processing occurs with a non-negative entropy gain. However, relation of these results formulated in terms of entropy gain in quantum channels to temporal evolution of real physical systems is not thoroughly understood. Here we build on the mathematical formalism provided by QIT to formulate the quantum H-theorem in terms of physical observables. We discuss the manifestation of the second law of thermodynamics in quantum physics and uncover special situations where the second law can be violated. Lastly, we further demonstrate that the typicalmore » evolution of energy-isolated quantum systems occurs with non-diminishing entropy.« less

H-theorem in quantum physics

PubMed Central

Lesovik, G. B.; Lebedev, A. V.; Sadovskyy, I. A.; Suslov, M. V.; Vinokur, V. M.

2016-01-01

Remarkable progress of quantum information theory (QIT) allowed to formulate mathematical theorems for conditions that data-transmitting or data-processing occurs with a non-negative entropy gain. However, relation of these results formulated in terms of entropy gain in quantum channels to temporal evolution of real physical systems is not thoroughly understood. Here we build on the mathematical formalism provided by QIT to formulate the quantum H-theorem in terms of physical observables. We discuss the manifestation of the second law of thermodynamics in quantum physics and uncover special situations where the second law can be violated. We further demonstrate that the typical evolution of energy-isolated quantum systems occurs with non-diminishing entropy. PMID:27616571

H-theorem in quantum physics

DOE PAGES

Lesovik, G. B.; Lebedev, A. V.; Sadovskyy, I. A.; ...

2016-09-12

Remarkable progress of quantum information theory (QIT) allowed to formulate mathematical theorems for conditions that data-transmitting or data-processing occurs with a non-negative entropy gain. However, relation of these results formulated in terms of entropy gain in quantum channels to temporal evolution of real physical systems is not thoroughly understood. Here we build on the mathematical formalism provided by QIT to formulate the quantum H-theorem in terms of physical observables. We discuss the manifestation of the second law of thermodynamics in quantum physics and uncover special situations where the second law can be violated. Lastly, we further demonstrate that the typicalmore » evolution of energy-isolated quantum systems occurs with non-diminishing entropy.« less

Bespoke physics for living technology.

PubMed

Ackley, David H

2013-01-01

In the physics of the natural world, basic tasks of life, such as homeostasis and reproduction, are extremely complex operations, requiring the coordination of billions of atoms even in simple cases. By contrast, artificial living organisms can be implemented in computers using relatively few bits, and copying a data structure is trivial. Of course, the physical overheads of the computers themselves are huge, but since their programmability allows digital "laws of physics" to be tailored like a custom suit, deploying living technology atop an engineered computational substrate might be as or more effective than building directly on the natural laws of physics, for a substantial range of desirable purposes. This article suggests basic criteria and metrics for bespoke physics computing architectures, describes one such architecture, and offers data and illustrations of custom living technology competing to reproduce while collaborating on an externally useful computation.

20 CFR 410.219 - Filing a claim under State workmen's compensation law; when filing such claim shall be considered...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

...' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION FEDERAL COAL MINE HEALTH AND SAFETY ACT OF 1969, TITLE IV-BLACK... matter of law in a denial of his claim for compensation under such law. (c) To be considered to have...

20 CFR 410.219 - Filing a claim under State workmen's compensation law; when filing such claim shall be considered...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

...' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION FEDERAL COAL MINE HEALTH AND SAFETY ACT OF 1969, TITLE IV-BLACK... matter of law in a denial of his claim for compensation under such law. (c) To be considered to have...

Scale relativity: from quantum mechanics to chaotic dynamics.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nottale, L.

Scale relativity is a new approach to the problem of the origin of fundamental scales and of scaling laws in physics, which consists in generalizing Einstein's principle of relativity to the case of scale transformations of resolutions. We recall here how it leads one to the concept of fractal space-time, and to introduce a new complex time derivative operator which allows to recover the Schrödinger equation, then to generalize it. In high energy quantum physics, it leads to the introduction of a Lorentzian renormalization group, in which the Planck length is reinterpreted as a lowest, unpassable scale, invariant under dilatations. These methods are successively applied to two problems: in quantum mechanics, that of the mass spectrum of elementary particles; in chaotic dynamics, that of the distribution of planets in the Solar System.

Caffeine-based food supplements and beverages: Trends of consumption for performance purposes and safety concerns.

PubMed

Bessada, Sílvia M F; Alves, Rita C; Oliveira, M Beatriz P P

2018-07-01

Nowadays, daily food supplementation regarding the improvement of physical and mental performance is a growing trend in sport practitioners, young students and active people. Food supplements are foodstuffs, labeled under food law and not obliged to safety assessments before their commercialization. Several products are commercialized claiming ergogenic effects as marketing strategies. Caffeine is often one of their main ingredients, as it increases both physical performance and concentration. This manuscript presents a general overview of the current caffeine-based food supplements and energy drinks available in the Portuguese market, as well as the consuming trends regarding their ergogenic effects, performance purposes, and active ingredients. Product claims, recommended daily intakes, caffeine pharmacology, and safety concerns aspects are also discussed aspects. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Enhanced Schapery Theory Software Development for Modeling Failure of Fiber-Reinforced Laminates

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pineda, Evan J.; Waas, Anthony M.

2013-01-01

Progressive damage and failure analysis (PDFA) tools are needed to predict the nonlinear response of advanced fiber-reinforced composite structures. Predictive tools should incorporate the underlying physics of the damage and failure mechanisms observed in the composite, and should utilize as few input parameters as possible. The purpose of the Enhanced Schapery Theory (EST) was to create a PDFA tool that operates in conjunction with a commercially available finite element (FE) code (Abaqus). The tool captures the physics of the damage and failure mechanisms that result in the nonlinear behavior of the material, and the failure methodology employed yields numerical results that are relatively insensitive to changes in the FE mesh. The EST code is written in Fortran and compiled into a static library that is linked to Abaqus. A Fortran Abaqus UMAT material subroutine is used to facilitate the communication between Abaqus and EST. A clear distinction between damage and failure is imposed. Damage mechanisms result in pre-peak nonlinearity in the stress strain curve. Four internal state variables (ISVs) are utilized to control the damage and failure degradation. All damage is said to result from matrix microdamage, and a single ISV marks the micro-damage evolution as it is used to degrade the transverse and shear moduli of the lamina using a set of experimentally obtainable matrix microdamage functions. Three separate failure ISVs are used to incorporate failure due to fiber breakage, mode I matrix cracking, and mode II matrix cracking. Failure initiation is determined using a failure criterion, and the evolution of these ISVs is controlled by a set of traction-separation laws. The traction separation laws are postulated such that the area under the curves is equal to the fracture toughness of the material associated with the corresponding failure mechanism. A characteristic finite element length is used to transform the traction-separation laws into stress-strain laws. The ISV evolution equations are derived in a thermodynamically consistent manner by invoking the stationary principle on the total work of the system with respect to each ISV. A novel feature is the inclusion of both pre-peak damage and appropriately scaled, post-peak strain softening failure. Also, the characteristic elements used in the failure degradation scheme are calculated using the element nodal coordinates, rather than simply the square root of the area of the element.

29 CFR 471.13 - Under what circumstances, and how, will enforcement proceedings under Executive Order 13496 be...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Labor OFFICE OF LABOR-MANAGEMENT STANDARDS, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR NOTIFICATION OF EMPLOYEE RIGHTS UNDER FEDERAL LABOR LAWS OBLIGATIONS OF FEDERAL CONTRACTORS AND SUBCONTRACTORS; NOTIFICATION OF EMPLOYEE RIGHTS UNDER FEDERAL LABOR LAWS General Enforcement; Compliance Review and Complaint Procedures § 471.13 Under...

Derivation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics from Boltzmann's Distribution Law.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nelson, P. G.

1988-01-01

Shows how the thermodynamic condition for equilibrium in an isolated system can be derived by the application of Boltzmann's law to a simple physical system. States that this derivation could be included in an introductory course on chemical equilibrium to help prepare students for a statistical mechanical treatment presented in the curriculum.…

Point of View: Ethics in the Classroom--Morality and the Laws of Thermodynamics.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Saperstein, Alvin M.

1982-01-01

The first/second laws of thermodynamics are usually presented as straight physics. Local problems (such as heat engines) may be assigned but seldom is any effort made to examine universal human problems. Considering moral implications of these laws makes them relevant to students, gaining their attention and easing instruction. (Author/JN)

Microphysically Derived Expressions for Rate-and-State Friction Parameters, a, b, and Dc

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Jianye; Niemeijer, A. R.; Spiers, Christopher J.

2017-12-01

Rate-and-state friction (RSF) laws are extensively applied in fault mechanics but have a largely empirical basis reflecting only limited understanding of the underlying physical mechanisms. We recently proposed a microphysical model describing the frictional behavior of a granular fault gouge undergoing deformation in terms of granular flow accompanied by thermally activated creep and intergranular sliding at grain contacts. Numerical solutions reproduced typical experimental results well. Here we extend our model to obtain physically meaningful, analytical expressions for the steady state frictional strength and standard RSF parameters, a, b, and Dc. The frictional strength contains two components, namely, grain boundary friction and friction due to intergranular dilatation. The expressions obtained for a and b linearly reflect the rate dependence of these two terms. Dc scales with slip band thickness and varies only slightly with velocity. The values of a, b, and Dc predicted show quantitative agreement with previous experimental results, and inserting their values into classical RSF laws gives simulated friction behavior that is consistent with the predictions of our numerically implemented model for small departures from steady state. For large velocity steps, the model produces mixed RSF behavior that falls between the Slowness and Slip laws, for example, with an intermediate equivalent slip(-weakening) distance d0. Our model possesses the interesting property not only that a and b are velocity dependent but also that Dc and d0 scale differently from classical RSF models, potentially explaining behaviour seen in many hydrothermal friction experiments and having substantial implications for natural fault friction.

Universal characteristics of fractal fluctuations in prime number distribution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Selvam, A. M.

2014-11-01

The frequency of occurrence of prime numbers at unit number spacing intervals exhibits self-similar fractal fluctuations concomitant with inverse power law form for power spectrum generic to dynamical systems in nature such as fluid flows, stock market fluctuations and population dynamics. The physics of long-range correlations exhibited by fractals is not yet identified. A recently developed general systems theory visualizes the eddy continuum underlying fractals to result from the growth of large eddies as the integrated mean of enclosed small scale eddies, thereby generating a hierarchy of eddy circulations or an inter-connected network with associated long-range correlations. The model predictions are as follows: (1) The probability distribution and power spectrum of fractals follow the same inverse power law which is a function of the golden mean. The predicted inverse power law distribution is very close to the statistical normal distribution for fluctuations within two standard deviations from the mean of the distribution. (2) Fractals signify quantum-like chaos since variance spectrum represents probability density distribution, a characteristic of quantum systems such as electron or photon. (3) Fractal fluctuations of frequency distribution of prime numbers signify spontaneous organization of underlying continuum number field into the ordered pattern of the quasiperiodic Penrose tiling pattern. The model predictions are in agreement with the probability distributions and power spectra for different sets of frequency of occurrence of prime numbers at unit number interval for successive 1000 numbers. Prime numbers in the first 10 million numbers were used for the study.

Prescription opioid forgery: reporting to law enforcement and protection of medical information.

PubMed

Singh, Naileshni; Fishman, Scott; Rich, Ben; Orlowski, Anna

2013-06-01

To review confidentiality requirements of prescribers who become aware of a forged prescription. A case is reviewed in which a prescriber believes that a prescription has been forged. The literature and law related to prescription forgery and confidentiality are reviewed. Although prescription forgery is a crime, the prescriber's responsibility for reporting to law enforcement is not clear under current state and federal law. Federal laws and regulations, including the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), do not permit prescribers in all circumstances to disclose prescription fraud to law enforcement. Under common circumstances, HIPAA may prohibit prescribers from reporting prescription forgery to law enforcement. However, collaborating with a dispensing pharmacist may offer a lawful pathway to reporting prescription forgery. State legislature may consider laws that clarify the reporting responsibilities of prescribers in cases of prescription forgery. Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

42 CFR 422.402 - Federal preemption of State law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 42 Public Health 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Federal preemption of State law. 422.402 Section... State Law and Preemption by Federal Law § 422.402 Federal preemption of State law. The standards established under this part supersede any State law or regulation (other than State licensing laws or State...

Consolidating Pre-Service Physics Teachers' Subject Matter Knowledge Using Didactical Reconstructions

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mäntylä, T.; Nousiainen, M.

2014-01-01

In the Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, there are advanced physics courses designed for the needs of pre-service physics teachers. The starting point is that after introductory and intermediate physics courses, pre-service physics teachers know laws and definitions but the knowledge is quite fragmented and does not form coherent…

7 CFR Exhibit E to Subpart K of... - Guide Letter to Delinquent FmHA or Its Successor Agency Under Public Law 103-354 Single Family...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... Agency Under Public Law 103-354 Single Family Housing Loan Borrowers E Exhibit E to Subpart K of Part... Agency Under Public Law 103-354 Single Family Housing Loan Borrowers Dear (name of borrower): This is to.... Their counseling services include advice on debt levels and credit purchases, consumer and cost...

7 CFR 1901.506 - Book-entry procedure for FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 securities...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 12 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Book-entry procedure for FmHA or its successor agency... and Insured Notes § 1901.506 Book-entry procedure for FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law...) Issue book-entry FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 securities by means of entries on...

7 CFR Exhibit B to Subpart A of... - Memorandum of Understanding and Blanket Commodity Lien Waiver

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... conducts price support programs. FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 will try to furnish... of FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 shall be subordinated to the rights of CCC... right to that of FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 and that, on purchase of a...

7 CFR Exhibit B to Subpart A of... - Memorandum of Understanding and Blanket Commodity Lien Waiver

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... conducts price support programs. FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 will try to furnish... of FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 shall be subordinated to the rights of CCC... right to that of FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 and that, on purchase of a...

7 CFR Exhibit B to Subpart A of... - Memorandum of Understanding and Blanket Commodity Lien Waiver

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... conducts price support programs. FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 will try to furnish... of FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 shall be subordinated to the rights of CCC... right to that of FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 and that, on purchase of a...

7 CFR Exhibit B to Subpart A of... - Memorandum of Understanding and Blanket Commodity Lien Waiver

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... conducts price support programs. FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 will try to furnish... of FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 shall be subordinated to the rights of CCC... right to that of FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 and that, on purchase of a...

Reinforcing historic distinctions between mental and physical injury: the impact of the civil liability reforms.

PubMed

Forster, Christine; Engel, Jeni

2012-03-01

Mental injury has been differentiated from physical injury since its entry into Australian tort law, with mental injury consistently subject to the most onerous regime. In 2002 in its Review of the Law of Negligence, the Ipp Panel supported the historic distinction between physical and mental injury and recommended further (restrictive) changes to the common law rules in relation to mental injury. This article considers and evaluates the reforms which were introduced into six Australian jurisdictions in relation to mental injury in the tort of negligence in response to the Ipp Panel's recommendations arguing that the rationale for differentiating pure mental injury from physical injury and consequential mental injury is nebulous. It argues that the reforms operate to reinforce and magnify historic distinctions between physical and mental harm despite increasing recognition in the medical literature of the interrelationship between physical and psychiatric injury; despite the recognition of the professional ability of psychiatrists and psychologists to accurately pinpoint and diagnose mental injury; despite extensive documentation of the far-reaching and devastating impact that psychiatric injury has on victims, families and the community; and despite evidence that early and adequate treatment of mental injury can prevent a raft of damaging and costly personal and societal consequences.

The principle of finiteness - a guideline for physical laws

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sternlieb, Abraham

2013-04-01

I propose a new principle in physics-the principle of finiteness (FP). It stems from the definition of physics as a science that deals with measurable dimensional physical quantities. Since measurement results including their errors, are always finite, FP postulates that the mathematical formulation of legitimate laws in physics should prevent exactly zero or infinite solutions. I propose finiteness as a postulate, as opposed to a statement whose validity has to be corroborated by, or derived theoretically or experimentally from other facts, theories or principles. Some consequences of FP are discussed, first in general, and then more specifically in the fields of special relativity, quantum mechanics, and quantum gravity. The corrected Lorentz transformations include an additional translation term depending on the minimum length epsilon. The relativistic gamma is replaced by a corrected gamma, that is finite for v=c. To comply with FP, physical laws should include the relevant extremum finite values in their mathematical formulation. An important prediction of FP is that there is a maximum attainable relativistic mass/energy which is the same for all subatomic particles, meaning that there is a maximum theoretical value for cosmic rays energy. The Generalized Uncertainty Principle required by Quantum Gravity is actually a necessary consequence of FP at Planck's scale. Therefore, FP may possibly contribute to the axiomatic foundation of Quantum Gravity.

Levels of theory and types of theoretical explanation in theoretical physics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Flores, Francisco J.

In Newtonian physics, there is a clear distinction between a 'framework theory', a collection of general physical principles and definitions of physical terms, and theories that describe specific causal interactions such as gravitation, i.e., 'interaction theories'. I argue that this distinction between levels of theory can also be found in the context of Special Relativity and that recognizing it is essential for a philosophical account of how laws are explained in this theory. As a case study, I consider the history of derivations of mass-energy equivalence which shows, I argue, that there are two distinct types of theoretical explanations (i.e., explanations of laws) in physics. One type is best characterized by the 'top-down' account of scientific explanation, while the other is more accurately described by the 'bottom-up' account. What is significant, I argue, is that the type of explanation a law receives depends on whether it is part of the framework theory or part of an interaction theory. The former only receive 'top-down' explanations while the latter can also receive 'bottom- up' explanations. Thus, I argue that current debates regarding 'top-down' vs 'bottom-up' views of scientific explanation can be clarified by recognizing the distinction between two levels of physical theory.

28 CFR 1100.29 - The roles and responsibilities of federal law enforcement, immigration, and Department of State...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... law enforcement, immigration, and Department of State officials under the Trafficking Victims... and responsibilities of federal law enforcement, immigration, and Department of State officials under... trafficking in persons as early as possible in the investigation and prosecution process, to ensure efforts...

28 CFR 1100.29 - The roles and responsibilities of federal law enforcement, immigration, and Department of State...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... law enforcement, immigration, and Department of State officials under the Trafficking Victims... and responsibilities of federal law enforcement, immigration, and Department of State officials under... trafficking in persons as early as possible in the investigation and prosecution process, to ensure efforts...

28 CFR 1100.29 - The roles and responsibilities of federal law enforcement, immigration, and Department of State...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... law enforcement, immigration, and Department of State officials under the Trafficking Victims... and responsibilities of federal law enforcement, immigration, and Department of State officials under... trafficking in persons as early as possible in the investigation and prosecution process, to ensure efforts...

28 CFR 1100.29 - The roles and responsibilities of federal law enforcement, immigration, and Department of State...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... law enforcement, immigration, and Department of State officials under the Trafficking Victims... and responsibilities of federal law enforcement, immigration, and Department of State officials under... trafficking in persons as early as possible in the investigation and prosecution process, to ensure efforts...

13 CFR 107.500 - Lawful operations under the Act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Lawful operations under the Act. 107.500 Section 107.500 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION SMALL BUSINESS INVESTMENT COMPANIES Managing the Operations of a Licensee General Requirements § 107.500 Lawful operations...

42 CFR 422.400 - State licensure requirement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... (CONTINUED) MEDICARE PROGRAM (CONTINUED) MEDICARE ADVANTAGE PROGRAM Organization Compliance With State Law and Preemption by Federal Law § 422.400 State licensure requirement. Except in the case of a PSO granted a waiver under subpart H of this part, each MA organization must— (a) Be licensed under State law...

36 CFR 1005.14 - Prospecting, mining, and mineral leasing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... location of mining claims under the general mining laws and leasing under the mineral leasing laws are prohibited in the area administered by the Presidio Trust except as authorized by law. ... mineral leasing. 1005.14 Section 1005.14 Parks, Forests, and Public Property PRESIDIO TRUST COMMERCIAL AND...

43 CFR 2091.1 - Action on applications and mining claims.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Segregation and Opening of Lands § 2091.1 Action on applications and mining claims. (a) Except where the law... lessee exclusive use of the lands; (4) Classifications existing under appropriate law: (5) Segregation due to an application previously filed under appropriate law and regulations; (6) Segregation...

16 CFR 304.4 - Application of other law or regulation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Application of other law or regulation. 304.4 Section 304.4 Commercial Practices FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION REGULATIONS UNDER SPECIFIC ACTS OF CONGRESS RULES AND REGULATIONS UNDER THE HOBBY PROTECTION ACT § 304.4 Application of other law or...

[Girls detained under civil and criminal law in juvenile detention centres; psychiatric disorders, trauma and psychosocial problems].

PubMed

Hamerlynck, S M J J; Doreleijers, Th A H; Vermeiren, R R J M; Cohen-Kettenis, P T

2009-01-01

As from 2008, juveniles sentenced under civil law and juveniles sentenced under criminal law can no longer be assigned to the same juvenile detention centres. The reasoning runs as follows: the centres are unlikely to provide adequate treatment for the 'civil' group, and the 'criminal' group may exert a negative influence on the 'civil' group. Hitherto, there has been no research into the question of whether the problems and treatment requirements of girls in the two categories call for detention in the same detention centres or in different ones. The aim of this study is to investigate differences between the two groups of girls with regard to offence history, sociodemographic characteristics, contact with the social services, psychiatric disorders and trauma. Investigation of a representative sample of 211 female minors in three juvenile detention centres using standard instruments. results 82% of the girls were detained under civil law, 18% under criminal law. There were strong similarities between the groups. However, the 'criminal' group more often had a violent history of delinquency and a non-Dutch background, whereas the 'civil' group more often had a background of residential placements, oppositional-defiant disorder, suicidality and self-harm. Girls detained under civil and under criminal law differed in characteristics such as criminal record, but there were striking similarities in the girls' behavioural problems and psychiatric disorders. It is argued that assignment to a particular type of detention centre should depend on treatment requirements rather than on measures imposed by civil or criminal law.

Physically-Derived Dynamical Cores in Atmospheric General Circulation Models

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rood, Richard B.; Lin, Shian-Jiann

1999-01-01

The algorithm chosen to represent the advection in atmospheric models is often used as the primary attribute to classify the model. Meteorological models are generally classified as spectral or grid point, with the term grid point implying discretization using finite differences. These traditional approaches have a number of shortcomings that render them non-physical. That is, they provide approximate solutions to the conservation equations that do not obey the fundamental laws of physics. The most commonly discussed shortcomings are overshoots and undershoots which manifest themselves most overtly in the constituent continuity equation. For this reason many climate models have special algorithms to model water vapor advection. This talk focuses on the development of an atmospheric general circulation model which uses a consistent physically-based advection algorithm in all aspects of the model formulation. The shallow-water model is generalized to three dimensions and combined with the physics parameterizations of NCAR's Community Climate Model. The scientific motivation for the development is to increase the integrity of the underlying fluid dynamics so that the physics terms can be more effectively isolated, examined, and improved. The expected benefits of the new model are discussed and results from the initial integrations will be presented.

Physically-Derived Dynamical Cores in Atmospheric General Circulation Models

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rood, Richard B.; Lin, Shian-Kiann

1999-01-01

The algorithm chosen to represent the advection in atmospheric models is often used as the primary attribute to classify the model. Meteorological models are generally classified as spectral or grid point, with the term grid point implying discretization using finite differences. These traditional approaches have a number of shortcomings that render them non-physical. That is, they provide approximate solutions to the conservation equations that do not obey the fundamental laws of physics. The most commonly discussed shortcomings are overshoots and undershoots which manifest themselves most overtly in the constituent continuity equation. For this reason many climate models have special algorithms to model water vapor advection. This talk focuses on the development of an atmospheric general circulation model which uses a consistent physically-based advection algorithm in all aspects of the model formulation. The shallow-water model of Lin and Rood (QJRMS, 1997) is generalized to three dimensions and combined with the physics parameterizations of NCAR's Community Climate Model. The scientific motivation for the development is to increase the integrity of the underlying fluid dynamics so that the physics terms can be more effectively isolated, examined, and improved. The expected benefits of the new model are discussed and results from the initial integrations will be presented.

The Physics of Protoplanetesimal Dust Agglomerates. IX. Mechanical Properties of Dust Aggregates Probed by a Solid-projectile Impact

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Katsuragi, Hiroaki; Blum, Jürgen

2017-12-01

Dynamic characterization of mechanical properties of dust aggregates has been one of the most important problems to quantitatively discuss the dust growth in protoplanetary disks. We experimentally investigate the dynamic properties of dust aggregates by low-speed (≤slant 3.2 m s-1) impacts of solid projectiles. Spherical impactors made of glass, steel, or lead are dropped onto a dust aggregate with a packing fraction of ϕ = 0.35 under vacuum conditions. The impact results in cratering or fragmentation of the dust aggregate, depending on the impact energy. The crater shape can be approximated by a spherical segment and no ejecta are observed. To understand the underlying physics of impacts into dust aggregates, the motion of the solid projectile is acquired by a high-speed camera. Using the obtained position data of the impactor, we analyze the drag-force law and dynamic pressure induced by the impact. We find that there are two characteristic strengths. One is defined by the ratio between impact energy and crater volume and is ≃120 kPa. The other strength indicates the fragmentation threshold of dynamic pressure and is ≃10 kPa. The former characterizes the apparent plastic deformation and is consistent with the drag force responsible for impactor deceleration. The latter corresponds to the dynamic tensile strength to create cracks. Using these results, a simple model for the compaction and fragmentation threshold of dust aggregates is proposed. In addition, the comparison of drag-force laws for dust aggregates and loose granular matter reveals the similarities and differences between the two materials.

[Opinion of medical and law students of Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte about abortion in Brazil].

PubMed

Medeiros, Robinson Dias de; Azevedo, George Dantas de; Oliveira, Emilly Auxiliadora Almeida de; Araújo, Fábio Aires; Cavalcanti, Francisco Jakson Benigno; Araújo, Gabriela Lucena de; Castro, Igor Rebouças

2012-01-01

To analyze and compare the knowledge and opinions of Law and Medical students regarding the issue of abortion in Brazil. This was a cross-sectional study involving 125 graduate students from the class of 2010. Of these, 52 were medical students (MED group) and 73 law students (LAW group). A questionnaire was applied based on published research about the topic. Dependent variables were: monitoring the abortion debate, knowledge concerning situations where abortion is permitted under Brazilian law, opinion about situations that agree with extending legal permission to terminate pregnancy and prior knowledge of someone who has undergone induced abortion. Independent variables were: sex, age, household income and graduation course. χ² and Fisher's exact tests, with the level of significance set at 5%. Most interviewees reported monitoring the debate on abortion in Brazil (67.3% of the MED group and 70.2% of the LAW group, p>0.05). When assessing knowledge on the subject, medical students had a significantly higher percentage of correct answers than law students (100.0 and 87.5%, respectively; p=0.005) regarding the legality of abortion for pregnancies resulting from rape. Elevated percentages of correct responses were also recorded for both groups in relation to pregnancies that threaten the life of the mother (94.2 and 87.5% for MED and LAW groups, respectively), but without statistical significance. A significant percentage of respondents declared they were in favor of extending legal abortion to other situations, primarily in cases of anencephaly (68%), pregnancy severely harming the mother's physical health (42.1%) or that of the fetus in cases of severe congenital malformation (33.7%). Results showed a satisfactory knowledge on the part of law and medical school graduate students regarding the legality of abortion in Brazil, combined with a favorable trend towards extending legal permission to other situations not covered by the law. It is important to underscore the inclusion of this topic in the undergraduate curriculum and the development of inter-professional teaching strategies.

The physics and chemistry of Earth's dynamic surface (Ralph Alger Bagnold Medal Lecture)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kirchner, James W.

2013-04-01

Ralph Alger Bagnold became a Fellow of the Royal Society and one of the founders of modern geomorphology despite having no formal academic affiliation, no cadre of students or postdocs under his command, no steady financial support, and no scientific training beyond a second-class honors degree in engineering. What he did have, and used to great effect, were a deep curiosity about natural phenomena, a powerful physical intellect, a talent for clever experimentation, extensive opportunities to observe geomorphic processes at work in the field, and - perhaps most important of all - the time and freedom to focus his energies on significant scientific challenges. A hallmark of Bagnold's work is the artful compromise between the goal of simple, general, physical laws describing natural phenomena, and the practical necessity for observational empiricisms to account for the real-world complexities that cannot be incorporated explicitly into such simple laws. Efforts to find these sorts of artful compromises continue to the present day. Typically, both in Bagnold's work and in present-day geomorphology, one seeks mathematical process laws whose form embodies the "pure physics" of the problem, and whose coefficients subsume the inevitable observational empiricisms. Present-day geomorphologists have an array of new tools that open our eyes to temporal and spatial scales that were invisible to Bagnold and his contemporaries. These observations, in turn, have yielded new surprises and challenges, sometimes confounding our intuition about how geomorphic systems "should" behave. One surprise has been that decadal-scale erosion rates, as reflected in stream sediment loads and reservoir sedimentation rates, often differ from longer-term erosion rates by large multiples. In some agricultural landscapes, modern-day erosion rates greatly exceed the long-term background rate, as one might intuitively expect. In other landscapes, however, contemporary erosion rates can be a small fraction of the long-term average, suggesting that average erosion rates are dominated by erosional events that are too large or too rare to be captured in present-day measurements. Recent observations have also spurred new insights into geomorphic process laws. For example, one might intuitively expect that downslope transport rates should be proportional to hillslope gradients, and that as a result, hillslope cross-sections should be parabolic. Instead, cosmogenic nuclide measurements in tectonically active landscapes show that erosion rates increase nonlinearly with hillslope gradients, and hillslope profiles show marked deviations from the expected parabolic form. These observations have motivated a reconsideration of the basic physics of downslope transport, yielding a nonlinear hillslope transport law that is broadly consistent with the hillslope profiles that are observed in steep terrain, and with the observed nonlinear slope-dependence of long-term erosion rates. The need for artful compromises between pure physics and empiricism is even more evident in current efforts to understand how hydrological, geochemical, and geomorphological processes interact to regulate weathering rates, and thereby long-term consumption of atmospheric CO2. One might expect that chemical weathering rates should be strongly dependent on the supply of weatherable minerals from physical erosion - or conversely, that physical erosion should be strongly dependent on the weakening of rock by chemical weathering. One might further expect that weathering rates should be strongly dependent on the availability of moisture, and on the temperature-dependent chemical kinetics of weathering reactions themselves. All of these expectations are borne out in field data, but none individually provides a facile explanation for the observed variation in erosion and weathering rates. This lecture will review recent efforts to understand landscape evolution as a coupled physical and chemical process, and to clarify its implications for long-term environmental change.

A New Microscopic Model of the Rate- and State- Friction Evolution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, T.; Rubin, A. M.

2016-12-01

The Slip (Ruina) law and the Aging (Dieterich) law are the two most common descriptions of the evolution of "state" in rate- and state-dependent friction, behind which are the ideas of slip-dependent and time-dependent fault healing, respectively. Since the mid-1990's, friction experiments have been interpreted as demonstrating that fault healing in rock is primarily time-dependent, and that frictional strength is proportional to contact area (Dieterich and Kilgore, 1994; Beeler et al., 1994). However, a recent re-examination of the data of Beeler et al. (1994) suggests that the evidence for time-dependent healing is equivocal, while large step velocity decreases provide unequivocal evidence of slip-dependent healing (Bhattacharya et al., AGU 2016). Nonetheless, unlike the Aging law, for which see-through experiments showing growing contacts could serve as a physical model, there has been no corresponding physical picture for the Slip law. In this study, we develop a new microscopic model of friction in which each asperity has a heterogeneous strength, with individual portions "remembering" the velocity at which they came into existence. Such a scenario could arise via processes that are more efficient at the margin of a contact than within the interior (e.g., chemical diffusion). A numerical kernel for friction evolution is developed for arbitrary slip histories and an exponential distribution of asperity sizes. For velocity steps we derive an analytical expression that is essentially the Slip law. Numerical inversions show that this model performs as well as the Slip law when fitting velocity step data, but (unfortunately) without improving much the fit to slide-hold-slide data. Because "state" as defined by the Aging law has traditionally been interpreted as contact age, we also use our model to determine whether the "Aging law" actually tracks contact age for general velocity histories. As is traditional, we assume that strength increases logarithmically with age. For reasonable definitions of "age" we obtain results significantly different from the Aging law for velocity step increases. Interestingly, we can obtain an analytical solution for velocity steps that is very close to the Aging law if we adopt a definition of age that we consider to be non-physical.

Health and human rights of women imprisoned in Zambia

PubMed Central

2011-01-01

Background The healthcare needs and general experience of women in detention in sub-Saharan Africa are rarely studied and poorly understood. Methods A mixed-methods study was conducted including in-depth interviews with 38 adult female prisoners and 21 prison officers in four Zambian prisons to assess the health and human rights concerns of female detainees. Key informant interviews with 46 officials from government and non-governmental organizations and a legal and policy review were also conducted. Results Despite special protection under international and regional law, incarcerated women's health needs–including prenatal care, prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, and nutritional support during pregnancy and breastfeeding–are not being adequately met in Zambian prisons. Women are underserved by general healthcare programs including those offering tuberculosis and HIV testing, and reported physical and sexual abuse conducted by police and prison officers that could amount to torture under international law. Conclusions There is an urgent need for women's healthcare services to be expanded, and for general prison health campaigns, including HIV and tuberculosis testing and treatment, to ensure the inclusion of female inmates. Abuses against women in Zambian police and prison custody, which violate their rights and compromise their health, must be halted immediately. PMID:21696625

Health and human rights of women imprisoned in Zambia.

PubMed

Todrys, Katherine W; Amon, Joseph J

2011-06-22

The healthcare needs and general experience of women in detention in sub-Saharan Africa are rarely studied and poorly understood. A mixed-methods study was conducted including in-depth interviews with 38 adult female prisoners and 21 prison officers in four Zambian prisons to assess the health and human rights concerns of female detainees. Key informant interviews with 46 officials from government and non-governmental organizations and a legal and policy review were also conducted. Despite special protection under international and regional law, incarcerated women's health needs-including prenatal care, prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, and nutritional support during pregnancy and breastfeeding-are not being adequately met in Zambian prisons. Women are underserved by general healthcare programs including those offering tuberculosis and HIV testing, and reported physical and sexual abuse conducted by police and prison officers that could amount to torture under international law. There is an urgent need for women's healthcare services to be expanded, and for general prison health campaigns, including HIV and tuberculosis testing and treatment, to ensure the inclusion of female inmates. Abuses against women in Zambian police and prison custody, which violate their rights and compromise their health, must be halted immediately.

Energy laws in human travel behaviour

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kölbl, Robert; Helbing, Dirk

2003-05-01

We show that energy concepts can contribute to the understanding of human travel behaviour. First, the average journey times for different modes of transport are inversely proportional to the energy consumption rates measured for the respective human physical activities. Second, when daily travel-time distributions for different modes of transport such as walking, cycling, bus or car travel are appropriately scaled, they turn out to have a universal functional relationship. This corresponds to a canonical-like energy distribution with exceptions for short trips, which can be theoretically explained. Combined, this points to a law of constant average energy consumption for the physical activity of daily travel. Applying these natural laws could help to improve long-term urban and transport planning.

From First Principles: The Application of Quantum Mechanics to Complex Molecules and Solvated Systems

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Freitag, Mark A.

2001-12-31

The major title of this dissertation, 'From first principles,' is a phase often heard in the study of thermodynamics and quantum mechanics. These words embody a powerful idea in the physical sciences; namely, that it is possible to distill the complexities of nature into a set of simple, well defined mathematical laws from which specific relations can then be derived . In thermodynamics, these fundamental laws are immediately familiar to the physical scientist by their numerical order: the First, Second and Third Laws. However, the subject of the present volume is quantum mechanics-specifically, non-relativistic quantum mechanics, which is appropriate formore » most systems of chemical interest.« less

The constructal law of design and evolution in nature

PubMed Central

Bejan, Adrian; Lorente, Sylvie

2010-01-01

Constructal theory is the view that (i) the generation of images of design (pattern, rhythm) in nature is a phenomenon of physics and (ii) this phenomenon is covered by a principle (the constructal law): ‘for a finite-size flow system to persist in time (to live) it must evolve such that it provides greater and greater access to the currents that flow through it’. This law is about the necessity of design to occur, and about the time direction of the phenomenon: the tape of the design evolution ‘movie’ runs such that existing configurations are replaced by globally easier flowing configurations. The constructal law has two useful sides: the prediction of natural phenomena and the strategic engineering of novel architectures, based on the constructal law, i.e. not by mimicking nature. We show that the emergence of scaling laws in inanimate (geophysical) flow systems is the same phenomenon as the emergence of allometric laws in animate (biological) flow systems. Examples are lung design, animal locomotion, vegetation, river basins, turbulent flow structure, self-lubrication and natural multi-scale porous media. This article outlines the place of the constructal law as a self-standing law in physics, which covers all the ad hoc (and contradictory) statements of optimality such as minimum entropy generation, maximum entropy generation, minimum flow resistance, maximum flow resistance, minimum time, minimum weight, uniform maximum stresses and characteristic organ sizes. Nature is configured to flow and move as a conglomerate of ‘engine and brake’ designs. PMID:20368252

The constructal law of design and evolution in nature.

PubMed

Bejan, Adrian; Lorente, Sylvie

2010-05-12

Constructal theory is the view that (i) the generation of images of design (pattern, rhythm) in nature is a phenomenon of physics and (ii) this phenomenon is covered by a principle (the constructal law): 'for a finite-size flow system to persist in time (to live) it must evolve such that it provides greater and greater access to the currents that flow through it'. This law is about the necessity of design to occur, and about the time direction of the phenomenon: the tape of the design evolution 'movie' runs such that existing configurations are replaced by globally easier flowing configurations. The constructal law has two useful sides: the prediction of natural phenomena and the strategic engineering of novel architectures, based on the constructal law, i.e. not by mimicking nature. We show that the emergence of scaling laws in inanimate (geophysical) flow systems is the same phenomenon as the emergence of allometric laws in animate (biological) flow systems. Examples are lung design, animal locomotion, vegetation, river basins, turbulent flow structure, self-lubrication and natural multi-scale porous media. This article outlines the place of the constructal law as a self-standing law in physics, which covers all the ad hoc (and contradictory) statements of optimality such as minimum entropy generation, maximum entropy generation, minimum flow resistance, maximum flow resistance, minimum time, minimum weight, uniform maximum stresses and characteristic organ sizes. Nature is configured to flow and move as a conglomerate of 'engine and brake' designs.