Sample records for unequal educational opportunities

  1. Equal Opportunity for Women. Regents Policy Paper and Action Plan for the 1990s.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    New York State Education Dept., Albany.

    This document contains a policy paper and an accompanying background paper that documents the persistence in New York State educational institutions of unequal treatment and unequal achievement between the sexes--inequities that contribute to unequal career opportunities later on. The background paper reviews in detail the progress of New York…

  2. Unequal Schools, Unequal Chances: The Challenges to Equal Opportunity in the Americas. The David Rockefeller Center Series on Latin American Studies.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Reimers, Fernando, Ed.

    This book aims to unveil some of the intricacies and paradoxes in the links among education, poverty, and inequality in the Americas by offering a current account of the status of educational opportunities for low-income groups. The goal is to offer various frameworks to conceptualize the dynamics of educational inequality at the micro-level and…

  3. Unequal Distribution of Resources for K-12 Science Instruction: Data from the 2012 National Survey of Science and Mathematics Education

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Smith, P. Sean; Nelson, Michele M.; Trygstad, Peggy J.; Banilower, Eric R.

    2013-01-01

    Equitable science education opportunities are shaped by factors originating inside and outside schools. Resources for science instruction--for example, laboratory equipment and course offerings--have historically been allocated unequally across schools serving different student communities. This paper addresses the equity of instructional resource…

  4. Enabling Spaces in Education Research: An Agenda for Impactful, Collective Evidence to Support All to Be First among Un-Equals

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Ebersohn, Liesel

    2016-01-01

    Single case studies are prolific in South African education research. I equate the abundance of case studies to the urgency for evidence to transform the highly unequal landscape of education opportunities. In contrast however, stand-alone case study evidence does not offer much impact in building an evidence-based body of knowledge for education…

  5. Equal Educational Opportunity: Hearings Before the Select Committee on Equal Educational Opportunity of the United States Senate, Ninety-Second Congress, First Session on Equal Educational Opportunity, Part 20--Unequal School Practices. Washington, D.C., November 8, 1971.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Congress of the U.S., Washington, DC. Senate Select Committee on Equal Educational Opportunity.

    Contents of these hearings include the following: (1) the testimony and prepared statements of Dr. Mark Lohman, assistant professor, School of Education, University of California, Riverside; (2) "On the road to educational failure: a lawyer's guide to tracking,"--Em Hall, reprinted from "Inequality in Education," No. 5, Harvard Center for Law and…

  6. Unequal Opportunities: A Profile of the Distribution of Special Education Teachers

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Mason-Williams, Loretta

    2015-01-01

    This study profiles the qualifications and preparation of special educators from the 2003--2004 Schools and Staffing Survey and investigates their relationship with teaching in a high-poverty school. Based on Berne and Stiefel's (1984) equal opportunity standard, students with disabilities in high-poverty schools are not provided an equitable…

  7. Social Justice Language Teacher Education

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Hawkins, Margaret R.

    2011-01-01

    Social justice language teacher education conceptualizes language teacher education as responding to social and societal inequities that result in unequal access to educational and life opportunities. In this volume authors articulate a global view of Social Justice Language Teacher Education, with authors from 7 countries offering a theorized…

  8. Sunbelt States Reap GI Bill Bonanza. Eastern and Midwestern Vietnam Veterans Lose Scholarship Opportunities.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Feldman, Stuart F.

    The major issue covered in this report involves the unequal distribution of GI Bill education benefits in different states. It is noted that since differences in state tuition charges are not recognized, veterans in Eastern and Midwestern high-tuition states have a harder time using education and training opportunities than veterans in Sunbelt…

  9. Unequal Chances: Race, Class and Schooling

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Satz, Debra

    2012-01-01

    This article compares a demanding conception of educational adequacy with the Rawlsian idea of fair equality of opportunity. It defends fair equality of opportunity against criticisms, but argues that it needs to be explicitly anchored in a theory of equal citizenship. (Contains 11 notes.)

  10. Physical Education Teacher Educators' Professional Identities, Continuing Professional Development and the Issue of Gender Equality

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Dowling, Fiona

    2006-01-01

    Background: Despite the evidence that many girls and some boys are regularly subjected to inequalities within school physical education (PE) in Norway today, and international research showing how physical education teacher education (PETE) courses often construct unequal learning opportunities for their students on the basis of gender, few…

  11. Unequal Opportunities: The Recruitment, Selection and Promotion Prospects for Black Teachers.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Brar, Harbhajan Singh

    1991-01-01

    The 1988 Education Reform Act greatly impacted equal opportunities in recruitment and selection of black teachers in the United Kingdom. A case study examines recruitment and selection in London, noting that ad hoc practices (encouraged by the 1988 Act) perpetuates the poor position of black teachers. (SM)

  12. On measuring and decomposing inequality of opportunity in access to health services among Tunisian children: a new approach for public policy.

    PubMed

    Saidi, Anis; Hamdaoui, Mekki

    2017-10-25

    The early years in children's life are the key to physical, cognitive-language, and, socio-emotional skills development. So, it is of paramount importance in this period to be interested in different indicators that would influence the child's health. This paper measures inequality of opportunities among Tunisian children concerning access to nutritional and healthy services using Human Opportunity-Index and Shapely decomposition methods. Many disparities between regions have been detected since 1982 until 2012. Tunisian children face unequal opportunities to develop in terms of health, nutrition, cognitive, social, and emotional development. Likewise, we found that, parents' education, wealth, age of household head and geographic factors as key factors determining child development outcomes. Our findings suggested that childhood unequal opportunities in Tunisia are explained by pension funds deficiency and structural problem in the labor market. The results of a health care intervention on human participants "retrospectively registered".

  13. Unequal Education: Federal Loophole Enables Lower Spending on Students of Color

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Spatig-Amerikaner, Ary

    2012-01-01

    In 1954 the Supreme Court declared that public education is "a right which must be made available to all on equal terms." That landmark decision in "Brown v. Board of Education" stood for the proposition that the federal government would no longer allow states and municipalities to deny equal educational opportunity to a…

  14. Separate Is Inherently Unequal: Rethinking Commonly Held Wisdom

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Lightfoot, Jonathan D.

    2006-01-01

    Modern educational reform owes much to the legal team and educational leaders who fought to make equal educational opportunity a reality for Black students in the United States of America. Their efforts helped to dismantle American apartheid; a.k.a. Jim Crow, a system of allocating human and civil rights according to assigned or assumed…

  15. Unfinished Business: Addressing Unequal Opportunities in Education

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Cookson, Peter W., Jr.

    2015-01-01

    In October 2014, the US Department of Education's Office of Civil Rights issued a clarion call to school districts and states to review their policies and practices in order to ensure they are equitably providing educational resources to their schools. The quality of classroom instruction and the quality of the organizational systems supporting…

  16. Inequality for All: The Challenge of Unequal Opportunity in American Schools

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Schmidt, William; McKnight, Curtis

    2012-01-01

    "Inequality for All" makes an important contribution to current debates about economic inequalities and the growing achievement gap, particularly in mathematics and science education. The authors argue that the greatest source of variation in opportunity to learn is not between local communities, or even schools, but between classrooms.…

  17. The Real Issue: Need for Tax Reform

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Hall, David

    1973-01-01

    The Rodriguez decision simply points up the fact that the answer to unequal educational opportunity is not to be found in the federal constitution but in the reform of property assessment and property taxation. (Author/JN)

  18. Attitudes toward Education Expenditures in Japan: Comparisons with Social Security and Welfare Services Expenditures

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Nakazawa, Wataru

    2015-01-01

    This paper examines people's attitudes toward public spending on education in Japan. It is well known that Japan has the smallest public education expenditure relative to GDP among the OECD countries, and this may yield unequal opportunities in education. The tax burden in Japan is small compared to those in OECD countries, and there may be no…

  19. Guatemala, the Peace Accords and Education: A Post-Conflict Struggle for Equal Opportunities, Cultural Recognition and Participation in Education

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Poppema, Margriet

    2009-01-01

    The Guatemalan educational system has been the most unequal system in the Latin American region ever since the 1950s. The indigenous Maya people, who constitute around half of the population, experienced the state mainly through repression, exploitative labour relationships and exclusion from education. The return to democracy and the peace…

  20. Is Desegregation Dead? Parsing the Relationship between Achievement and Demographics

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Eaton, Susan; Rivkin, Steven

    2010-01-01

    The Supreme Court declared in 1954 that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." Into the 1970s, urban education reform focused predominantly on making sure that African American students had the opportunity to attend school with their white peers. Now, however, most reformers take as a given that the typical low-income minority…

  1. "When I Am a President of Guinea": Resettled Refugees Traversing Education in Search of a Future

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Dryden-Peterson, Sarah; Reddick, Celia

    2017-01-01

    This article explores how resettled refugees' aspirations cultivated through education collide with postschooling realities. We find that post-graduation barriers of financial insecurity, housing insecurity, violence and discrimination, and lack of critical awareness of unequal opportunity structures stand in the way of resettlement aspirations.…

  2. Cross-National Patterns of Participation in Adult Education and Policy Trends in Korea, Norway, and Vietnam

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Desjardins, Richard; Melo, Veriene; Lee, Jeongwoo

    2016-01-01

    Using comparative data, this article examines the level and distribution of participation in adult education (AE) opportunities among countries that participated in PIAAC (Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies). It considers observed cross-country patterns in relation to some mechanisms that drive unequal chances to…

  3. Counseling Girls for Equal Opportunity.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Gaskell, Jane

    1983-01-01

    Suggests that the unequal position of women in the labor force is a critical issue for guidance counselors. Counselors should encourage girls to try different areas and counteract stereotypes that both students and teachers have concerning education and careers for girls. (JAC)

  4. Race and the Metropolitan Origins of Postsecondary Access to Four Year Colleges: The Case of Greater Boston

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Berger, Joseph B.; Smith, Suzanne M.; Coelen, Stephen P.

    2004-01-01

    The inequities of residential segregation and their impact on educational opportunity are a national problem, but greater metropolitan Boston has a particularly problematic history in terms of the extent to which racial segregation has deeply divided the city into separate and unequal systems of opportunity. Despite decades of policy efforts to…

  5. Improving Ethnic Balance and Intergroup Relations; An Advisory Report to the Board of Education, Santa Barbara City Schools.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    California State Dept. of Education, Sacramento. Bureau of Intergroup Relations.

    Drawing on field observations and a review of data, this report presents the findings of a study of the ethnic and racial composition and intergroup relations in the Santa Barbara Unified District schools. These findings are information on (1) unequal educational opportunities, (2) the district's policy in intergroup relations, (3) staff…

  6. Technology: Education and Training Needs of Older Adults

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Huber, Lesa; Watson, Carol

    2014-01-01

    The impact of the global aging of the population on social, economic, political, and health care institutions is unequaled. Parallel to this, evolving developments in technology promise opportunities for sales and product development to support positive aging. Older adults are excited to utilize technologies that they perceive as practical.…

  7. Commentary: The American Tradition of Inequality: Neighborhoods and Schools

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Lareau, Annette; Jo, Hyejeong

    2017-01-01

    This article is a commentary on "Unwrapping the Suburban "Package Deal": Race, Class, and School Access," by Anna Rhodes and Siri Warkentien. Although guided by powerful ideals of equal opportunity, American schools are deeply unequal. As historians of education have taught, children of different racial, ethnic, and class…

  8. Cyberspace, Distance Learning, and Higher Education in Developing Countries: Old and Emergent Issues of Access, Pedagogy, and Knowledge Production. International Studies in Sociology and Social Anthropology, 94

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Assie-Lumumba, N'Dri T., Ed.

    2004-01-01

    Amidst the euphoria about the new frontiers of technology sometimes perceived as a panacea for expansion of higher education in developing countries, there is a need to analyze persistent and new grounds of unequal opportunity for access, learning, and the production of knowledge. This volume addresses fundamental questions about the educational…

  9. Teacher Quality: Equalizing Educational Opportunities and Outcomes

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Sunderman, Gail L.; Kim, Jimmy

    2005-01-01

    The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) teacher quality provisions recognize both the importance of teacher quality for improving student achievement and the unequal distribution of teachers across districts and schools. But the question of how to achieve the goal of a high quality teacher in every classroom is complicated because of the challenges of…

  10. Equity and Local Participation in VET: Some Preliminary Findings in Sydney Postcodes. Working Paper.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    McIntyre, John

    More attention should be given to the local dimension of equity research. A question that must be asked is to what extent there is an unequal distribution of opportunities to participate in vocational education and training (VET) that is mirrored by area of residence in both urban and rural localities. Questions must also be asked about the extent…

  11. Individual Choice and Unequal Participation in Higher Education

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Voigt, Kristin

    2007-01-01

    Does the unequal participation of non-traditional students in higher education indicate social injustice, even if it can be traced back to individuals' choices? Drawing on luck egalitarian approaches,this article suggests that an answer to this question must take into account the effects of unequal brute luck on educational choices. I use a…

  12. Unequal Access, Unequal Participation: Some Spatial and Socio-Economic Dimensions of the Gender Gap in Education in Africa with Special Reference to Ghana, Zimbabwe and Kenya

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Shabaya, Judith; Konadu-Agyemang, Kwadwo

    2004-01-01

    The question of unequal access to education among males and females appears to be universal in the developing world. However, females in Africa seem to suffer more discrimination in terms of access to education. This study revisits the question of gender disparities in educational access in Africa by analyzing data from recent comparative national…

  13. Public opinion about doctors' pay.

    PubMed Central

    Ross, C E; Lauritsen, J

    1985-01-01

    Public opinion about doctors' incomes was examined in a national random sample of 843 respondents; 70.1 per cent of those questioned felt physicians are overpaid. There was a high degree of agreement among various groups that physicians are overpaid, but older people and Whites were more likely to think so than younger people and other ethnic groups. People who believe that the United States is characterized by unequal educational opportunity, unfair income distribution, and limited resources were also more likely to think physicians are overpaid. PMID:4003637

  14. Public opinion about doctors' pay.

    PubMed

    Ross, C E; Lauritsen, J

    1985-06-01

    Public opinion about doctors' incomes was examined in a national random sample of 843 respondents; 70.1 per cent of those questioned felt physicians are overpaid. There was a high degree of agreement among various groups that physicians are overpaid, but older people and Whites were more likely to think so than younger people and other ethnic groups. People who believe that the United States is characterized by unequal educational opportunity, unfair income distribution, and limited resources were also more likely to think physicians are overpaid.

  15. Thirteenth Annual Brown Lecture in Education Research: Public Education and the Social Contract: Restoring the Promise in an Age of Diversity and Division.

    PubMed

    Tienda, Marta

    2017-01-01

    Building on the premise that closing achievement gaps is an economic imperative both to regain international educational supremacy and to maintain global economic competitiveness, I ask whether it is possible to rewrite the social contract so that education is a fundamental right-a statutory guarantee-that is both uniform across states and federally enforceable. I argue that the federal government was complicit in aggravating educational inequality by not guaranteeing free, public education as a basic right during propitious political moments; by enabling the creation of a segregated public higher education system; by relegating the Department of Education and its predecessors to a secondary status in the federal administration, thereby compromising its enforcement capability; and by proliferating incremental reforms while ignoring the unequal institutional arrangements that undermine equal opportunity to learn. History shows that a strong federal role can potentially strengthen the educational social contract.

  16. Cross-Country Variation in Adult Skills Inequality: Why Are Skill Levels and Opportunities so Unequal in Anglophone Countries?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Green, Andy; Green, Francis; Pensiero, Nicola

    2015-01-01

    This article examines cross-country variations in adult skills inequality and asks why skills in Anglophone countries are so unequal. Drawing on the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development's recent Survey of Adult Skills and other surveys, it investigates the differences across countries and country groups in inequality in both…

  17. The "Two-Way Street" of Having an Impact: A Democratic School's Attempt to Build a Broad Counterhegemonic Alternative

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Meshulam, Assaf

    2015-01-01

    Background/Context: Critical education studies tries to make sense of the relationship between education and differential power in an unequal society and to what degree schools impact the social order. A premise in this field is that a fundamental aim of critical education is exposing unequal social, cultural, and economic power relations and…

  18. The school curriculum for ethnic minority pupils: A contribution to a debate

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Saunders, Malcolm

    1980-03-01

    This paper discusses some of the canicular needs of children of migrant parents in the United Kingdom (in particular those of South Asian and West Indian origins), against the background of current provision. The author argues the merits of a "cultural accommodation" strategy and outlines the "human rights" model of education which that strategy implies. He then analyses three major problem areas faced by children of migrant workers: conflicts of identity, communication difficulties, and unequal access to employment opportunities. In a final section, tentative but practical suggestions are given of how the school curriculum can address these problems.

  19. Education, Inequality and Erosion of Social Cohesion

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Green, Andy

    2009-01-01

    Income inequality has been rising in Britain for two decades and wealth is also more unequally distributed now than when New Labour first came to power. Various factors have contributed to this, including education which, according to the PISA 2006 data, has more unequal outcomes in the UK than in all but 2 of the 29 tested countries. Comparative…

  20. A focus on pleasure? Desire and disgust in group work with young men

    PubMed Central

    McGeeney, Ester

    2015-01-01

    There are a number of persuasive arguments as to why sexual pleasure should be included in sexual health work with young people, including the suggestion that this would provide young people with accounts of gender and sexuality that are more critical and holistic than those presented in the popular media, pornography and current sex education curricula. This paper considers the possibilities for engaging young men in critical group work about sexual pleasure in research and education contexts, drawing on a mixed-methods study of young people's understandings and experiences of ‘good sex’. The paper provides a reflexive account of one focus group conducted with a group of heterosexual young men and two youth educators. It explores some of the challenges to building relationships with young men and creating ‘safe spaces’ in which to engage in critical sexuality education in socially unequal contexts. In this case study, adult-led discussion elicits rebellious, ‘hyper-masculine’ performances that close down opportunities for critical or reflective discussion. Although there are some opportunities for critical work that move beyond limited public health or school-based sex education agendas, there is also space for collusion and the reinforcement of oppressive social norms. The paper concludes by imagining possibilities for future research and practice. PMID:25985279

  1. A focus on pleasure? Desire and disgust in group work with young men.

    PubMed

    McGeeney, Ester

    2015-01-01

    There are a number of persuasive arguments as to why sexual pleasure should be included in sexual health work with young people, including the suggestion that this would provide young people with accounts of gender and sexuality that are more critical and holistic than those presented in the popular media, pornography and current sex education curricula. This paper considers the possibilities for engaging young men in critical group work about sexual pleasure in research and education contexts, drawing on a mixed-methods study of young people's understandings and experiences of 'good sex'. The paper provides a reflexive account of one focus group conducted with a group of heterosexual young men and two youth educators. It explores some of the challenges to building relationships with young men and creating 'safe spaces' in which to engage in critical sexuality education in socially unequal contexts. In this case study, adult-led discussion elicits rebellious, 'hyper-masculine' performances that close down opportunities for critical or reflective discussion. Although there are some opportunities for critical work that move beyond limited public health or school-based sex education agendas, there is also space for collusion and the reinforcement of oppressive social norms. The paper concludes by imagining possibilities for future research and practice.

  2. Globalization as Continuing Colonialism: Critical Global Citizenship Education in an Unequal World

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Mikander, Pia

    2016-01-01

    In an unequal world, education about global inequality can be seen as a controversial but necessary topic for social science to deal with. Even though the world no longer consists of colonies and colonial powers, many aspects of the global economy follow the same patterns as during colonial times, with widening gaps between the world's richest and…

  3. Legal Marriage, Unequal Recognition, and Mental Health among Same-Sex Couples.

    PubMed

    LeBlanc, Allen J; Frost, David M; Bowen, Kayla

    2018-04-01

    The authors examined whether the perception of unequal relationship recognition, a novel, couple-level minority stressor, has negative consequences for mental health among same-sex couples. Data came from a dyadic study of 100 ( N = 200) same-sex couples in the U.S. Being in a legal marriage was associated with lower perceived unequal recognition and better mental health; being in a registered domestic partnership or civil union - not also legally married - was associated with greater perceived unequal recognition and worse mental health. Actor Partner Interdependence Models tested associations between legal relationship status, unequal relationship recognition, and mental health (nonspecific psychological distress, depressive symptomatology, and problematic drinking), net controls (age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, and income). Unequal recognition was consistently associated with worse mental health, independent of legal relationship status. Legal changes affecting relationship recognition should not be seen as simple remedies for addressing the mental health effects of institutionalized discrimination.

  4. Health sector reform in Brazil: a case study of inequity.

    PubMed

    Almeida, C; Travassos, C; Porto, S; Labra, M E

    2000-01-01

    Health sector reform in Brazil built the Unified Health System according to a dense body of administrative instruments for organizing decentralized service networks and institutionalizing a complex decision-making arena. This article focuses on the equity in health care services. Equity is defined as a principle governing distributive functions designed to reduce or offset socially unjust inequalities, and it is applied to evaluate the distribution of financial resources and the use of health services. Even though in the Constitution the term "equity" refers to equal opportunity of access for equal needs, the implemented policies have not guaranteed these rights. Underfunding, fiscal stress, and lack of priorities for the sector have contributed to a progressive deterioration of health care services, with continuing regressive tax collection and unequal distribution of financial resources among regions. The data suggest that despite regulatory measures to increase efficiency and reduce inequalities, delivery of health care services remains extremely unequal across the country. People in lower income groups experience more difficulties in getting access to health services. Utilization rates vary greatly by type of service among income groups, positions in the labor market, and levels of education.

  5. Opportunities and Challenges Facing NGOs Using Sport as a Vehicle for Development in Post-Apartheid South Africa

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Sanders, Ben; Phillips, Julie; Vanreusel, Bart

    2014-01-01

    Post-apartheid South Africa manifests poor social indicators with over half the population living below the poverty line and the worst levels of inequality in the world, with much work needed to overcome the skewed legacy of apartheid. Sport suffered in this system resulting in unequal access to sporting facilities and opportunities, meaning many…

  6. Unequal Access to Rigorous High School Curricula: An Exploration of the Opportunity to Benefit from the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme (IBDP)

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Perna, Laura W.; May, Henry; Yee, April; Ransom, Tafaya; Rodriguez, Awilda; Fester, Rachél

    2015-01-01

    This study explores whether students from low-income families and racial/ethnic minority groups have the opportunity to benefit in what is arguably the most rigorous type of credit-based transition program: the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme (IBDP). The analyses first describe national longitudinal trends in characteristics of…

  7. Unequal Funding: Leveling the Playing Field for Families in the Poorest School Districts. Family Review.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Lindjord, Denise

    2002-01-01

    Argues that recent federal education legislation will not eliminate unequal funding, school performance inequities, and student achievement gaps that have persisted in the poorest school districts. Asserts that adequate, equitable, and targeted human and financial resources and standards are necessary, and that the slight increases in federal…

  8. Selections from Unequal Partners: Teaching about Power, Consent, and Healthy Relationships

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    deFur, Kirsten

    2016-01-01

    The Center for Sex Education recently published the fourth edition of "Unequal Partners: Teaching about Power, Consent, and Healthy Relationships, Volumes 1 and 2." Included here are two lesson plans about sexual consent selected from each volume. "What does it take … to give sexual consent?" [Sue Montfort and Peggy Brick] is…

  9. Ahead of the Pack? Explaining the Unequal Distribution of Scholarships in Germany

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Haas, Christina; Van De Werfhorst, Herman

    2017-01-01

    This article investigates to what extent scholarships are unequally distributed among students in Germany and how these inequalities can be explained. Following sociological theory, the article argues that elites seek qualitative ways of distinguishing themselves in a mass higher education system. Using student surveys, we demonstrate that class…

  10. Cultural hegemony? Educators' perspectives on facilitating cross-cultural dialogue.

    PubMed

    Zaidi, Zareen; Verstegen, Daniëlle; Vyas, Rashmi; Hamed, Omayma; Dornan, Tim; Morahan, Page

    2016-01-01

    We live in an age when education is being internationalized. This can confront students with 'cultural hegemony' that can result from the unequal distribution of power and privilege in global society. The name that is given to awareness of social inequality is 'critical consciousness'. Cross-cultural dialogue provides an opportunity for learners to develop critical consciousness to counter cultural hegemony. The purpose of this research was to understand how learners engage with cross-cultural dialogue, so we can help them do so more effectively in the future. The setting for this research was an online discussion in an international health professions educator fellowship program. We introduced scenarios with cultural references to study the reaction of participants to cultural conversation cues. We used an inductive thematic analysis to explore power and hegemony issues. Participants reflected that personally they were more likely to take part in cross-cultural discussions if they recognized the context discussed or had prior exposure to educational settings with cultural diversity. They identified barriers as lack of skills in facilitating cross-cultural discussions and fear of offending others. They suggested deliberately introducing cultural issues throughout the curriculum. Our results indicate that developing critical consciousness and cross-cultural competency will require instructional design to identify longitudinal opportunities to bring up cross-cultural issues, and training facilitators to foster cross-cultural discussions by asking clarifying questions and navigating crucial/sensitive conversations.

  11. People with disabilities in the labor market: facilitators and barriers.

    PubMed

    Toldrá, Rosé Colom; Santos, Maria Conceição

    2013-01-01

    Participation in the workforce is one of the main social evaluations all individuals are subject to in modern society. Public policies supporting social justice for persons with disabilities have gained prominence in several nations in the last decades and it is critical to ensure that those who want to work are afforded the opportunity to do so. Meanwhile they remain under represented in the labor market within the contemporary world. The purpose of this study was to identify facilitators or barriers faced by people with disability within the workforce. Ten workers with disabilities from various companies and performing diverse professional job functions participated in semi-structured interviews. The Discourse of the Collective Subject method was employed as a means to organize and analyze qualitative data of a verbal nature. Reasonable work conditions, adjustments, and accommodations facilitate performance and job retention. Social participation through employment leads to social recognition and the feeling of citizenship. On the other hand prejudice, unequal opportunities, workers' low educational attainment, and lack of training opportunities lead to employment exclusion. To include people with disabilities in the workforce, it is necessary to focus on attaining equal levels of education, an unbiased and inclusive process for entering the labor market, and continued management of disability issues within the workplace. Together, these elements create equal opportunities for workers with disabilities to advance in their careers, which in turn enables participation, social recognition and guaranties their rights as citizens.

  12. Engaging students in STEM outside the classroom walls: preliminary evaluation of two informal science education programs at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Robbins, G.; Delaney, M. P.; Conaty, C.

    2011-12-01

    "School is not where most Americans learn most of their science" (Falk, Dierking). With a recent focus on summer learning and the understanding that much of the achievement gap may be directly related to "unequal access to summer learning opportunities" (Russo), educators are targeting after-school and summer times to fill the gap. For those students who "don't get it" during the day, a longer school day may not be the solution. More of the same is not always better. Different, on the other hand, may well be the key to improved learning. The nature of this investigation was to identify those informal science education programs at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center that instilled STEM inspiration and engagement in participants. During 2011, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center hosted two such programs: an open house event for the general public and a museum educators' workshop. The open house drew approximately 15,000 people and the workshop supported 30 participants from museums across the United States. Each was a very unique experience. Formative evaluation of these programs was implemented and preliminary results indicated high level of engagement, desire for follow-on learning, and interest in additional hands-on, internship or partnership opportunities. These results confirmed the design of the museum workshop and lead to the development of a new student summer experience and educator professional development, planned for 2012.

  13. The Spatial Geography of Teacher Labor Markets: Evidence from a Developing Country

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Jaramillo, Miguel

    2012-01-01

    An unequal distribution of teacher quality is a problem underlying the unequal distribution of educational outcomes in developing countries. However, we know little about how the labor market produces such a distribution. Using data from two regions in Peru, we investigate whether there is a national teacher market or smaller regional markets. We…

  14. 'The Devil has entered you': A qualitative study of Men Who Have Sex With Men (MSM) and the stigma and discrimination they experience from healthcare professionals and the general community in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

    PubMed

    Stojisavljevic, Stela; Djikanovic, Bosiljka; Matejic, Bojana

    2017-01-01

    Men who have sex with men (MSM) are often exposed to unequal treatment in societies worldwide as well as to various forms of stigma and discrimination in healthcare services. Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) is a postconflict developing country located in Southeast Europe and the Western Balkans, where little is known about the experiences of MSM regarding their communities and interactions with healthcare services. The aim of this study was to explore the types of experiences MSM face and to assess the level of stigma and discrimination they are exposed to in this setting. We conducted twelve in-depth face-to-face interviews with MSM who were 16 to 45 years old and residing in B&H. The main findings indicated that they all experienced various levels of stigma, discrimination, prejudice and inequities in treatment and attitudes from different segments of society, including the health care sector, that prevented them from fully developing their human and health potential. Additionally, these experiences were adversely related to opportunities to receive good quality health care services due to the insufficiently educated and old-fashioned health professionals who sometimes believed in black magic practices. The findings present numerous opportunities for educational trainings and structural reform to create a society that provides and guarantees equal opportunities for all.

  15. Unequal Chances to Participate in Adult Learning: International Perspectives. Fundamentals of Educational Planning 83

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Desjardins, Richard; Rubenson, Kjell; Milana, Marcella

    2006-01-01

    The purpose of this booklet is to document cross-national patterns of adult learning, and in particular the unequal chances to participate in adult learning. In so doing, an effort is made to identify important motivating factors for participating in adult learning. The specific objectives of the booklet are to: (1) make available the…

  16. Student and Field Instructor as Group Cotherapists: Equalizing an Unequal Relationship.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Schlenoff, Marjorie Litwin; Busa, Sandra Hricko

    1981-01-01

    In the training situation, the inherent inequality of the field instructor and social work student as group cotherapists can be improved. A variety of techniques can improve the feeling of mutuality and provide opportunities for student participation in the team effort. (MSE)

  17. 29 CFR 1620.23 - Collective bargaining agreements not a defense.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... Section 1620.23 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION THE EQUAL PAY ACT § 1620.23 Collective bargaining agreements not a defense. The establishment by collective bargaining or inclusion in a collective bargaining agreement of unequal rates of pay does not...

  18. ‘The Devil has entered you’: A qualitative study of Men Who Have Sex With Men (MSM) and the stigma and discrimination they experience from healthcare professionals and the general community in Bosnia and Herzegovina

    PubMed Central

    Stojisavljevic, Stela; Djikanovic, Bosiljka; Matejic, Bojana

    2017-01-01

    Men who have sex with men (MSM) are often exposed to unequal treatment in societies worldwide as well as to various forms of stigma and discrimination in healthcare services. Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) is a postconflict developing country located in Southeast Europe and the Western Balkans, where little is known about the experiences of MSM regarding their communities and interactions with healthcare services. The aim of this study was to explore the types of experiences MSM face and to assess the level of stigma and discrimination they are exposed to in this setting. We conducted twelve in-depth face-to-face interviews with MSM who were 16 to 45 years old and residing in B&H. The main findings indicated that they all experienced various levels of stigma, discrimination, prejudice and inequities in treatment and attitudes from different segments of society, including the health care sector, that prevented them from fully developing their human and health potential. Additionally, these experiences were adversely related to opportunities to receive good quality health care services due to the insufficiently educated and old-fashioned health professionals who sometimes believed in black magic practices. The findings present numerous opportunities for educational trainings and structural reform to create a society that provides and guarantees equal opportunities for all. PMID:28591214

  19. Middle Class Education Strategies and Residential Segregation in Athens

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Maloutas, Thomas

    2007-01-01

    This paper uses census data to investigate educational inequality in different types of residential areas in Athens, focusing on drop-out rates from secondary education, access to higher education and to particular degrees within it. The unequal socio-spatial distribution of educational attainment is linked to antagonistic middle class education…

  20. National Minority Health Month Spotlight: Career Development

    Cancer.gov

    April is National Minority Health Month and in support of the 2016 theme, Accelerating Health Equity for the Nation, the NCI Center to Reduce Cancer Health Disparities (CRCHD) is highlighting how diversity training and career development opportunities are contributing to efforts to reduce the unequal burden of cancer in our society.

  1. Entitled: Confessions of a Model Meritocrat.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Platt, Anthony M.

    1998-01-01

    Describes the entitlements and privileges received by a British immigrant to the United States on the strength of his perceived white upper-class background. Notes that the "meritocracy" of the past revered by many writers was, in fact, a system of unequal opportunity based on race, class, and gender. (SLD)

  2. Creating equal opportunities: the social accountability of medical education.

    PubMed

    Gibbs, Trevor; McLean, Michelle

    2011-01-01

    As new developments in medical education move inexorably forward, medical schools are being encouraged to revisit their curricula to ensure quality graduates and match their outcomes against defined standards. These standards may eventually be transferred into global accreditation standards, which allow 'safe passage' of graduates from one country to another [Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG) 2010. Requiring medical school accreditation for ECFMG certification--moving accreditation forward. Available from: http://www.ecfmg.org/accreditation/rationale.pdf]. Gaining much attention is the important standard of social accountability--ensuring that graduates' competencies are shaped by the health and social needs of the local, national and even international communities in which they will serve. But, in today's 'global village', if medical schools address the needs of their immediate community, who should address the needs of the wider global community? Should medical educators and their associations be looking beyond national borders into a world of very unequal opportunities in terms of human and financial resources; a world in which distant countries and populations are very quickly affected by medical and social disasters; a world in which the global playing field of medical education is far from level? With medical schools striving to produce fit-for-purpose graduates who will hopefully address the health needs of their country, is it now time for the medical education fraternity to extend their roles of social accountability to level this unlevel playing field? We believe so: the time has come for the profession to embrace a global accountability model and those responsible for all aspects of healthcare professional development to recognise their place within the wider global community.

  3. Empowerment through Sex Education? Rethinking Paradoxical Policies

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Naezer, Marijke; Rommes, Els; Jansen, Willy

    2017-01-01

    Youth empowerment is the main goal of sex education according to Dutch Government and NGO policies. Academics from different disciplines have argued, however, that the ideal of empowerment through education is problematic, because of the unequal power relations implicated in educational practices. Building on one-and-a-half years of online and…

  4. Unequal Education, Poverty and Low Growth--A Theoretical Framework for Rural Education of China

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Wu, Fangwei; Zhang, Deyuan; Zhang, Jinghua

    2008-01-01

    This paper constructs an intertemporal substitution educational model based on endogenous growth theory and examines the rural education, farmer income and rural economic growth problems in China. It shows that the households originally with the same economic endowment but different education endowment take different growth routes, the income…

  5. Unequal Classrooms: Online Higher Education and Non-Cognitive Skills

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Morton, Jennifer M.

    2016-01-01

    In this paper, I reflect on the changing role of higher education by focusing on the case of online education. I consider the promise of online education as a means to mitigate educational inequalities. Based on the available empirical evidence, I argue that this promise is unlikely to be fulfilled because online education is not well-suited to…

  6. Cultural hegemony? Educators’ perspectives on facilitating cross-cultural dialogue

    PubMed Central

    Zaidi, Zareen; Verstegen, Daniëlle; Vyas, Rashmi; Hamed, Omayma; Dornan, Tim; Morahan, Page

    2016-01-01

    Background We live in an age when education is being internationalized. This can confront students with ‘cultural hegemony’ that can result from the unequal distribution of power and privilege in global society. The name that is given to awareness of social inequality is ‘critical consciousness’. Cross-cultural dialogue provides an opportunity for learners to develop critical consciousness to counter cultural hegemony. The purpose of this research was to understand how learners engage with cross-cultural dialogue, so we can help them do so more effectively in the future. Method The setting for this research was an online discussion in an international health professions educator fellowship program. We introduced scenarios with cultural references to study the reaction of participants to cultural conversation cues. We used an inductive thematic analysis to explore power and hegemony issues. Results Participants reflected that personally they were more likely to take part in cross-cultural discussions if they recognized the context discussed or had prior exposure to educational settings with cultural diversity. They identified barriers as lack of skills in facilitating cross-cultural discussions and fear of offending others. They suggested deliberately introducing cultural issues throughout the curriculum. Conclusion Our results indicate that developing critical consciousness and cross-cultural competency will require instructional design to identify longitudinal opportunities to bring up cross-cultural issues, and training facilitators to foster cross-cultural discussions by asking clarifying questions and navigating crucial/sensitive conversations. PMID:27890048

  7. Engaging learners outside the classroom walls: Preliminary evaluation of three informal STEM education programs at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA 20771

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Robbins, G.; Delaney, M.; Conaty, C.; Gabrys, R.

    2012-04-01

    Tomorrow's classroom may not be a classroom. In fact, it may not be a room at all. With a recent focus on summer learning and the understanding that much of the achievement gap may be directly related to "unequal access to summer learning opportunities" (National Summer Learning Association, 2011 & Russo, 2011), educators are targeting after-school and summer-times to fill the gap. For those students who "don't get it" during the day, a longer school day may not be the solution. More of the same is not always better. Different, on the other hand, may well be the key to improved learning and may drive the model of education in the future. The nature of this investigation was to identify those informal education programs at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (Greenbelt, Maryland USA) that instilled inspiration and engagement in participants. During 2011, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center hosted two such programs and supported a third: an open house event for the general public, a museum educators' workshop, and NASA's BEST Students (NBS) educator professional development at the Los Angeles, California Unified School District (LAUSD) "Beyond the Bell" after-school program. Each was a unique experience. The open house drew approximately 15,000 with over 4,000 taking part in structured informal educational programs, the workshop supported 30 informal educators from museums across the United States, and NBS hosted 33 after-school coach-educators from LAUSD. Formative evaluation of these programs was carried out and preliminary results indicate high levels of engagement, desire for follow-on learning, and interest in additional hands-on and partnership opportunities. Each event enjoyed positive reviews and each served to further deploy high-quality NASA STEM content to learners. This work was first presented at the American Geophysical Union 2011 Fall Meeting in San Francisco, California. Since then, additional museum educators' workshop data has been collected and NBS has been added.

  8. Counterpoint: Special Education--Ineffective? Immoral?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Fuchs, Douglas; Fuchs, Lynn S.

    1995-01-01

    This counterpoint to a critique of the authors' paper, which argued against full inclusion of students with disabilities, offers evidence of the effectiveness of special education and notes court litigation that has recognized that separate is not always unequal. (JDD)

  9. Children in Bulgaria: Growing Impoverishment and Unequal Opportunities. Innocenti Working Papers.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Gantcheva, Roumiana; Kolev, Alexandre

    Many investigations of children's rights and child development in Bulgaria have not addressed the overall deterioration of the social environment that may have disproportionately affected children. This paper investigates the changes that occurred in Bulgaria over the past decade of transition from a totalitarian government to a democracy in three…

  10. Nondiscrimination under Federal Grants--Striving toward Equal Employment Opportunities for Handicapped Individuals.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    O'Donnell, Garry W.

    1978-01-01

    Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 prohibits discrimination by any recipient of federal assistance on the basis of a person's handicap. Discussion centers on claiming protection under Section 504, a court case illustrating affirmative duty, and private right of action and standards for scrutinizing unequal treatment. (AF)

  11. Inequality in Preschool Quality? Community-Level Disparities in Access to High-Quality Learning Environments

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Bassok, Daphna; Galdo, Eva

    2016-01-01

    In recent years, unequal access to high-quality preschool has emerged as a growing public policy concern. Because of data limitations, it is notoriously difficult to measure disparities in access to early learning opportunities across communities and particularly challenging to quantify gaps in access to "high-quality" programs. Research…

  12. Unequal Opportunity and the Chicana

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Aguilar, Linda Peralta

    1977-01-01

    Practically no one has ventured to write about employment discrimination directed at Chicanas, not only from male Anglo employers, but potential Chicano employers as well. I use the word potential because in my own experiences I have found that a Chicana has a better chance of being employed by an Anglo if she seeks any type of administrative…

  13. Intensive Training in Youth Sport: An Example of Unequal Opportunity.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Rowley, Stephen R. W.; Graham, Philip J.

    1999-01-01

    Examined the social composition of an unselected sample of 282 English 8- to 16-year olds involved in intensive training in football, swimming, tennis, and gymnastics. Found that working-class children and those from single-parent families were underrepresented in all sports. Concluded that financial considerations and difficulties in accessing…

  14. Male-Female Salary Differentials in Educational Compensation: Problems in the Economics of Education.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Kustaa, Friedrich Freddy

    This paper provides a synthesis of literature pertaining to differentials in earnings between male and female teachers at the elementary, secondary, and higher levels of education. In addition to sex discrimination, other factors of unequal compensation are examined, some of which include teaching experience, educational preparation, teacher…

  15. The Unequal Structure of the German Education System: Structural Reasons for Educational Failures of Turkish Youth in Germany.

    PubMed

    Fernandez-Kelly, Patricia

    The paper examines the educational experiences of Turkish youth in Germany with special references to the statistical data of Educational Report, PISA surveys. The results of the educational statistics of Germany show that more than group characteristics like social and cultural capital, structural and institutional factors (multi-track system with its selective mechanism, education policy, context of negative reception of Germany, institutional discrimination, and lack of intercultural curriculum) could have a decisive role in hampering the educational and labor market integration and social mobility of Turkish youth. This can be explained by a mix of factors: the education system which does not foster the educational progress of children from disadvantaged families; the high importance of school degrees for accessing to the vocational training system and the labor market; and direct and indirect institutional discrimination in educational area in Germany. Thus, this work suggests that the nature of the education system in Germany remains deeply "unequal," "hierarchical" and "exclusive." This study also demonstrates maintaining the marginalized position of Turkish children in Germany means that the country of origin or the immigrants' background is still a barrier to having access to education and the labor market of Germany.

  16. ALTERNATIVE PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEMS--A RESPONSE TO AMERICA'S EDUCATIONAL EMERGENCY.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    CLARK, KENNETH B.

    AMERICAN PUBLIC EDUCATION HAS BEEN INEFFICIENT AND UNEQUAL AND HAS EFFECTIVELY BLOCKED ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL MOBILITY FOR NEGROES. CHANGE AND IMPROVEMENT HAVE BEEN IMPEDED BY DOGMAS ABOUT THE INVIOLABILITY OF THE NEIGHBORHOOD SCHOOL, BY ADMINISTRATIVE BARRIERS, AND BY DEEP-SEATED PSYCHOLOGICAL PREJUDICES. COMPENSATORY EDUCATION PROGRAMS IN…

  17. G. Stanley Hall and Edward Thorndike on the Education of Women: Theory and Policy in the Progressive Era.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Seller, Maxine S.

    During the Progressive Era (late 19th and early 20th Centuries), the theories of educational psychologists G. Stanley Hall and Edward L. Thorndike provided a basis for educational policy formation. It is hypothesized that their educational policies led to separate and unequal educational programs for women. Review of their writing indicates that…

  18. Building on Success: Educational Diversity and Equity in Kentucky Higher Education. Choices before the Commonwealth. Final Report

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Ancheta, Angelo; Ledesma, Maria; Trent, William; Kurlaender, Michal; Yun, John; Lee, Chungmei; Siegel-Hawley, Genevieve; Driscoll, Anne; Orfield, Gary

    2008-01-01

    This report is an effort to assess what has been accomplished in successfully diversifying and desegregating historically segregated and unequal higher educational institutions across Kentucky, and how this was done. The report discusses the changing legal setting for these initiatives, analyzes the educational achievements and challenges, and…

  19. Study on the Intramunicipal Inequality in Financing Basic Education in Shanghai (2001-2006)

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Lin, Tingjin; Zhang, Shujian; Shi, Shuai

    2009-01-01

    Comparative analyses of basic education financing among districts and counties within Shanghai municipality show that basic education in the developed city is as fiscally unequal as it is in other provincial administrative areas. But the tendency to expand education disparities in Shanghai has been reversed since 2005 owing to the education…

  20. Comparing the Effect of Two Types of Computer Screen Background Lighting on Students' Reading Engagement and Achievement

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Botello, Jennifer A.

    2014-01-01

    With increased dependence on computer-based standardized tests to assess academic achievement, technological literacy has become an essential skill. Yet, because students have unequal access to technology, they may not have equal opportunities to perform well on these computer-based tests. The researcher had observed students taking the STAR…

  1. 29 CFR 36.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... Secretary of Labor NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities... unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors separate teams will not...

  2. 10 CFR 1042.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... ENERGY (GENERAL PROVISIONS) NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or... unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors separate teams will not...

  3. 22 CFR 229.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education... of each sex or unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors...

  4. 44 CFR 19.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... SECURITY GENERAL NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities... unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors separate teams will not...

  5. 10 CFR 1042.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... ENERGY (GENERAL PROVISIONS) NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or... unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors separate teams will not...

  6. 44 CFR 19.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... SECURITY GENERAL NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities... unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors separate teams will not...

  7. 22 CFR 229.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education... of each sex or unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors...

  8. 29 CFR 36.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... Secretary of Labor NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities... unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors separate teams will not...

  9. 7 CFR 15a.41 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... the Secretary of Agriculture EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING OR BENEFITTING FROM FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs and Activities Prohibited... unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors separate teams will not...

  10. 7 CFR 15a.41 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... the Secretary of Agriculture EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING OR BENEFITTING FROM FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs and Activities Prohibited... unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors separate teams will not...

  11. 44 CFR 19.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... SECURITY GENERAL NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities... unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors separate teams will not...

  12. 10 CFR 1042.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... ENERGY (GENERAL PROVISIONS) NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or... unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors separate teams will not...

  13. 44 CFR 19.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... SECURITY GENERAL NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities... unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors separate teams will not...

  14. 7 CFR 15a.41 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... the Secretary of Agriculture EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING OR BENEFITTING FROM FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs and Activities Prohibited... unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors separate teams will not...

  15. 22 CFR 229.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education... of each sex or unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors...

  16. 36 CFR § 1211.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... RULES NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Prohibited... unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors separate teams will not...

  17. 22 CFR 229.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education... of each sex or unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors...

  18. 7 CFR 15a.41 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... the Secretary of Agriculture EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING OR BENEFITTING FROM FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs and Activities Prohibited... unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors separate teams will not...

  19. 10 CFR 1042.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... ENERGY (GENERAL PROVISIONS) NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or... unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors separate teams will not...

  20. 44 CFR 19.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... SECURITY GENERAL NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities... unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors separate teams will not...

  1. 7 CFR 15a.41 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... the Secretary of Agriculture EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING OR BENEFITTING FROM FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs and Activities Prohibited... unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors separate teams will not...

  2. 29 CFR 36.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... Secretary of Labor NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities... unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors separate teams will not...

  3. 22 CFR 229.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education... of each sex or unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors...

  4. International Human Rights, Citizenship Education, and Critical Realism

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Alderson, Priscilla

    2016-01-01

    Citizenship education invokes dilemmas even for the most committed teachers and students, researchers, and innovators. How can citizenship education advance equity and equal rights within highly unequal schools and societies? How can it support young people to feel they have the competence, confidence, and right to vote and to challenge injustice?…

  5. Management Development for Education: The Changing Role of Higher Education.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Watson, Leonard E.

    This paper considers trends in the relationship between English institutions of higher education and those who participate in them. It is suggested that a move from a client-professional toward a customer-provider relationship has occurred. A drawback of the client-professional model is the creation of unequal power relationships; the…

  6. Social Inequality and Access to Schooling in the Third World: An African Case. Monograph 83-4.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Assie-Lumumba, N'Dri

    This paper investigates patterns of distribution of formal secondary education among different social groups in the Ivory Coast. It reviews educational growth in less developed countries (LDC's) and the questions of unequal distribution of education (many LDC's have not reached universal primary enrollment). Reviewing research on educational…

  7. A Resilience, Health and Well-Being Lens for Education and Poverty

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Ebersöhn, Liesel

    2017-01-01

    In this paper I argue that the health and well-being outcomes of people at different levels of a social hierarchy, as studied by epidemiologists and psychologists has relevance for educational research, especially in unequal societies. When addressing poverty-associated risk, the educational emphasis need not only be on attaining more individual…

  8. Sources of career disadvantage in nursing. A study of NHS Wales.

    PubMed

    Lane, N

    1999-01-01

    Despite the numerical predominance of women in nursing there is a marked concentration of women, especially those working part-time, in the lower echelons of the profession. The paper presents survey data and interview material from a study of qualified nurses in NHS Wales. By controlling for differences in education and experience in nursing work, it was found that comparable groups of female nurses received unequal employment opportunities. Women with dependent children were primarily located in the lower nurse grades irrespective of their qualifications and experience. Much of this was associated with inflexible working practices, and the low status of part-time work. Occupational downgrading for female returners was also a significant barrier to career advancement. However, these problems were not recognised by management. Management failed to evaluate the mechanics of their human resource policies in terms which matter to many nurses, in particular with regard to the management of diversity.

  9. Special Education Costs and the Impact on Illinois School District Financial Operations. MacArthur/Spencer Series Number 10.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Arnold, Robert; And Others

    This study began as a cost study of special education programs in Illinois public education. An attempt was made to determine if the burden of extraordinary, nonreimbursed costs for special education programs was divided equally or unequally among school districts in Illinois. However, two problems with the data source were discovered. Illinois…

  10. 2002 Industry Studies: Education

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2002-01-01

    1 EDUCATION ABSTRACT United States schools are better than ever, but they are not assuring competitive advantage . Unequal access to quality...competitive advantage , and promote national security. • Demand for education continues to grow as the US transitions from an industrial to a knowledge... international assessments, pose challenges. With human capital constituting our most critical national resource, a world-class education system is vital to

  11. Strategy for Promoting the Equitable Development of Basic Education in Underdeveloped Counties as Seen from Cili County

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Shihua, Peng; Rihui, Tan

    2009-01-01

    Employing statistical analysis, this study has made a preliminary exploration of promoting the equitable development of basic education in underdeveloped counties through the case study of Cili county. The unequally developed basic education in the county has been made clear, the reasons for the inequitable education have been analyzed, and,…

  12. 14 CFR 1253.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Prohibited § 1253.450 Athletics. (a) General. No person shall, on... of each sex or unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors...

  13. 49 CFR 25.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... Office of the Secretary of Transportation NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or... unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors separate teams will not...

  14. 6 CFR 17.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Prohibited § 17.450 Athletics. (a) General. No person shall, on... of each sex or unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors...

  15. 45 CFR 86.41 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Prohibited § 86.41 Athletics. (a) General. No person shall, on... expenditures for members of each sex or unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates...

  16. 43 CFR 41.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Prohibited § 41.450 Athletics. (a) General. No person shall, on... of each sex or unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors...

  17. 43 CFR 41.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Prohibited § 41.450 Athletics. (a) General. No person shall, on... of each sex or unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors...

  18. 49 CFR 25.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... Office of the Secretary of Transportation NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or... unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors separate teams will not...

  19. 31 CFR 28.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Prohibited § 28.450 Athletics. (a) General. No person... of each sex or unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors...

  20. 28 CFR 54.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or... unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors separate teams will not...

  1. 45 CFR 618.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... OF SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Prohibited § 618.450 Athletics. (a) General. No... aggregate expenditures for members of each sex or unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a...

  2. 40 CFR 5.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Prohibited § 5.450 Athletics. (a) General. No person shall, on... of each sex or unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors...

  3. 49 CFR 25.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... Office of the Secretary of Transportation NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or... unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors separate teams will not...

  4. 45 CFR 86.41 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Prohibited § 86.41 Athletics. (a) General. No person shall, on... expenditures for members of each sex or unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates...

  5. 14 CFR 1253.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Prohibited § 1253.450 Athletics. (a) General. No person shall, on... of each sex or unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors...

  6. 43 CFR 41.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Prohibited § 41.450 Athletics. (a) General. No person shall, on... of each sex or unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors...

  7. 10 CFR 5.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... COMMISSION NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Prohibited § 5... unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors separate teams will not...

  8. 6 CFR 17.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Prohibited § 17.450 Athletics. (a) General. No person shall, on... of each sex or unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors...

  9. 45 CFR 618.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... OF SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Prohibited § 618.450 Athletics. (a) General. No... aggregate expenditures for members of each sex or unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a...

  10. 22 CFR 146.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE CIVIL RIGHTS NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or... unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors separate teams will not...

  11. 22 CFR 146.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE CIVIL RIGHTS NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or... unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors separate teams will not...

  12. 28 CFR 54.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or... unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors separate teams will not...

  13. 14 CFR 1253.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Prohibited § 1253.450 Athletics. (a) General. No person shall, on... of each sex or unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors...

  14. 43 CFR 41.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Prohibited § 41.450 Athletics. (a) General. No person shall, on... of each sex or unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors...

  15. 40 CFR 5.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Prohibited § 5.450 Athletics. (a) General. No person shall, on... of each sex or unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors...

  16. 49 CFR 25.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... Office of the Secretary of Transportation NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or... unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors separate teams will not...

  17. 31 CFR 28.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Prohibited § 28.450 Athletics. (a) General. No person... of each sex or unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors...

  18. 22 CFR 146.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE CIVIL RIGHTS NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or... unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors separate teams will not...

  19. 28 CFR 54.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or... unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors separate teams will not...

  20. 28 CFR 54.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or... unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors separate teams will not...

  1. 14 CFR 1253.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Prohibited § 1253.450 Athletics. (a) General. No person shall, on... of each sex or unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors...

  2. 6 CFR 17.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Prohibited § 17.450 Athletics. (a) General. No person shall, on... of each sex or unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors...

  3. 22 CFR 146.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE CIVIL RIGHTS NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or... unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors separate teams will not...

  4. 10 CFR 5.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... COMMISSION NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Prohibited § 5... unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors separate teams will not...

  5. 10 CFR 5.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... COMMISSION NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Prohibited § 5... unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors separate teams will not...

  6. 31 CFR 28.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Prohibited § 28.450 Athletics. (a) General. No person... of each sex or unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors...

  7. 6 CFR 17.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Prohibited § 17.450 Athletics. (a) General. No person shall, on... of each sex or unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors...

  8. 6 CFR 17.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Prohibited § 17.450 Athletics. (a) General. No person shall, on... of each sex or unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors...

  9. 45 CFR 86.41 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Prohibited § 86.41 Athletics. (a) General. No person shall, on... expenditures for members of each sex or unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates...

  10. 10 CFR 5.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... COMMISSION NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Prohibited § 5... unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors separate teams will not...

  11. 10 CFR 5.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... COMMISSION NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Prohibited § 5... unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors separate teams will not...

  12. 40 CFR 5.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Prohibited § 5.450 Athletics. (a) General. No person shall, on... of each sex or unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors...

  13. 45 CFR 618.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... OF SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Prohibited § 618.450 Athletics. (a) General. No... aggregate expenditures for members of each sex or unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a...

  14. 31 CFR 28.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Prohibited § 28.450 Athletics. (a) General. No person... of each sex or unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors...

  15. 45 CFR 618.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... OF SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Prohibited § 618.450 Athletics. (a) General. No... aggregate expenditures for members of each sex or unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a...

  16. 31 CFR 28.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Prohibited § 28.450 Athletics. (a) General. No person... of each sex or unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors...

  17. 40 CFR 5.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Prohibited § 5.450 Athletics. (a) General. No person shall, on... of each sex or unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors...

  18. 22 CFR 146.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE CIVIL RIGHTS NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or... unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors separate teams will not...

  19. The Unequal Structure of the German Education System: Structural Reasons for Educational Failures of Turkish Youth in Germany

    PubMed Central

    Fernandez-Kelly, Patricia

    2014-01-01

    The paper examines the educational experiences of Turkish youth in Germany with special references to the statistical data of Educational Report, PISA surveys. The results of the educational statistics of Germany show that more than group characteristics like social and cultural capital, structural and institutional factors (multi-track system with its selective mechanism, education policy, context of negative reception of Germany, institutional discrimination, and lack of intercultural curriculum) could have a decisive role in hampering the educational and labor market integration and social mobility of Turkish youth. This can be explained by a mix of factors: the education system which does not foster the educational progress of children from disadvantaged families; the high importance of school degrees for accessing to the vocational training system and the labor market; and direct and indirect institutional discrimination in educational area in Germany. Thus, this work suggests that the nature of the education system in Germany remains deeply “unequal,” “hierarchical” and “exclusive.” This study also demonstrates maintaining the marginalized position of Turkish children in Germany means that the country of origin or the immigrants’ background is still a barrier to having access to education and the labor market of Germany. PMID:26719817

  20. Equal Talents, Unequal Opportunities: A Report Card on State Support for Academically Talented Low-Income Students

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Plucker, Jonathan; Giancola, Jennifer; Healey, Grace; Arndt, Daniel; Wang, Chen

    2015-01-01

    Year after year, in every state and community in our nation, students from low-income families are less likely than other students to reach advanced levels of academic performance, even when demonstrating the potential to do so. These income-based "excellence gaps" appear in elementary school and continue through high school. It is a…

  1. State Policy Responses to Ensuring Excellent Educators in Rural Schools

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Gagnon, Douglas J.; Mattingly, Marybeth J.

    2015-01-01

    The Excellent Educators for All initiative is the most recent federal policy effort to address unequal access to teacher quality in the United States. States were required to submit equity plans to the U.S. Department of Education that detailed how to ensure that poor and minority children do not receive instruction from less qualified teachers.…

  2. Regional Inequality of Higher Education in China and the Role of Unequal Economic Development

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Bickenbach, Frank; Liu, Wan-Hsin

    2013-01-01

    Over the past decade the scale of higher education in China has expanded substantially. Regional development policies have attempted to make use of scale expansion as a tool to reduce inequality of higher education among regions with different development levels by providing poor regions with preferential treatment and support. This paper analyzes…

  3. A Capabilities-Friendly Conceptualisation of Flourishing in and through Education

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Wilson-Strydom, Merridy; Walker, Melanie

    2015-01-01

    This article explores what it means to flourish in and through education and why we should position such flourishing as an issue of morality. We draw on the capabilities approach (CA) advanced by Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum and locate the argument in the practical context of higher education (HE) in unequal societies. We use qualitative data…

  4. Institutional, Material and Economic Constraints in Languages Education: Unequal Provision of Linguistic Resources in Early Childhood and Primary Settings in Australia

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Jones Díaz, Criss

    2014-01-01

    In Australia, languages education in early childhood and primary education includes three main approaches: transitional, enrichment and full bilingual programmes. This article proposes that transitional and enrichment programmes in Australia are constituted and shaped by competing and contested institutional, material, discursive and economic…

  5. Unequal Socialization: Interrogating the Chicano/Latino(a) Doctoral Education Experience

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Ramirez, Elvia

    2017-01-01

    This article examines the experiences of Chicano/Latino(a) doctoral students at a research-intensive doctorate-granting institution. Based on in-depth qualitative interviews with 24 Chicano/Latino(a) doctoral students across social science, humanities, education, and science disciplines, this qualitative investigation analyzed how disciplinary…

  6. 15 CFR 8a.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Prohibited § 8a.450 Athletics. (a) General. No person shall, on... of each sex or unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors...

  7. 14 CFR § 1253.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Prohibited § 1253.450 Athletics. (a) General. No person shall, on... of each sex or unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors...

  8. 41 CFR 101-4.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... FEDERAL PROPERTY MANAGEMENT REGULATIONS GENERAL 4-NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION... Education Programs or Activities Prohibited § 101-4.450 Athletics. (a) General. No person shall, on the... of each sex or unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors...

  9. 41 CFR 101-4.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... FEDERAL PROPERTY MANAGEMENT REGULATIONS GENERAL 4-NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION... Education Programs or Activities Prohibited § 101-4.450 Athletics. (a) General. No person shall, on the... of each sex or unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors...

  10. 15 CFR 8a.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Prohibited § 8a.450 Athletics. (a) General. No person shall, on... of each sex or unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors...

  11. 15 CFR 8a.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Prohibited § 8a.450 Athletics. (a) General. No person shall, on... of each sex or unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors...

  12. 41 CFR 101-4.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... FEDERAL PROPERTY MANAGEMENT REGULATIONS GENERAL 4-NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION... Education Programs or Activities Prohibited § 101-4.450 Athletics. (a) General. No person shall, on the... of each sex or unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors...

  13. 41 CFR 101-4.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... FEDERAL PROPERTY MANAGEMENT REGULATIONS GENERAL 4-NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION... Education Programs or Activities Prohibited § 101-4.450 Athletics. (a) General. No person shall, on the... of each sex or unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors...

  14. 15 CFR 8a.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Prohibited § 8a.450 Athletics. (a) General. No person shall, on... of each sex or unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors...

  15. 15 CFR 8a.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Prohibited § 8a.450 Athletics. (a) General. No person shall, on... of each sex or unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors...

  16. 41 CFR 101-4.450 - Athletics.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... FEDERAL PROPERTY MANAGEMENT REGULATIONS GENERAL 4-NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION... Education Programs or Activities Prohibited § 101-4.450 Athletics. (a) General. No person shall, on the... of each sex or unequal expenditures for male and female teams if a recipient operates or sponsors...

  17. Discovering the Unequal Interest in Popular Online Educational Games and Its Implications: A Case Study

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Zhang, Meilan

    2016-01-01

    Despite the growing scholarly interest in educational computer games, research on popular online educational games is rare. Little is known about which online educational games are popular and to what extent, what kind of users are more interested in these games and how interest in the games is related to academic performance. To fill this gap,…

  18. A Tale of Two Bridges: Educational Reform in the Lao People's Democratic Republic.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Giacchino-Baker, Rosalie

    1994-01-01

    Educational systems in the Lao People's Democratic Republic are experiencing many problems, including inadequate facilities and equipment, a teacher shortage, a high dropout rate, unequal access for minorities, and precarious financing. Innovative projects sponsored by Ecoles Sans Frontieres, Japan Sotoshu Relief Committee, UNICEF, the Save the…

  19. School Inequality and the Welfare State.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Owen, John D.

    This book begins with an examination of school inequality in the United States. The discussion focuses successively on the issues of: the paradox of unequal schools in a welfare state, the distribution of educational resources in American cities: some new empirical evidence, inequalities in the allocation of educational resources among cities and…

  20. Bourdieu and Interprofessional Education: What's the Relevance?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Bonello, Marjorie; Wright, Jon; Morris, Jane; Sadlo, Gaynor

    2018-01-01

    Interprofessional education (IPE) is perceived to be one strategy to reduce professional compartmentalisation and improve collaborative practices. The unequal power relations existing between the various professions who need to collaborate for IPE remains largely unexamined and it is only in recent years that sociological theories have been…

  1. Gender, Religion, and Sociopolitical Issues in Cross-Cultural Online Education

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Zaidi, Zareen; Verstegen, Daniëlle; Naqvi, Rahat; Morahan, Page; Dornan, Tim

    2016-01-01

    Cross-cultural education is thought to develop critical consciousness of how unequal distributions of power and privilege affect people's health. Learners in different sociopolitical settings can join together in developing critical consciousness--awareness of power and privilege dynamics in society--by means of communication technology. The aim…

  2. The State of Teacher Diversity in American Education

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Albert Shanker Institute, 2015

    2015-01-01

    More than 60 years after the ruling in "Brown v. Board of Education" was handed down, its promise remains unfulfilled. In many respects, America's public schools continue to be "separate and unequal." Indeed, the growing re-segregation of American schools by race and ethnicity, compounded by economic class segregation, has…

  3. The Social Inclusion Meme in Higher Education: Are Universities Doing Enough?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Hughes, Katie

    2015-01-01

    Universities in the developed world have engaged in many attempts to transform unequal social relations, inherited from the past, through restructuring their tertiary education systems. On the whole, this endeavour has been generated by national governments. Discourses about "diversity" and "social inclusion" have driven this…

  4. Black Athletes; Educational, Economic, and Political Considerations

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Green, Robert L.; And Others

    1974-01-01

    This issue focuses on racial discrimination in athletic competition in the United States. Data supports the contention that the employment of Blacks in Big Ten universities in virtually nonexistent at every level of athletics. Articles document the unequal treatment and exploitation of Black athletes in the areas of education, academic advising,…

  5. Private Education in the Absence of a Public Option: The Cases of the United Arab Emirates and Qatar

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Ridge, Natasha Y.; Shami, Soha; Kippels, Susan M.

    2016-01-01

    In the face of rising demand for private schooling in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Qatar, a lack of affordable schooling options, monopolistic behavior of private education providers, and unpredictable government regulations have created a complex and unequal education sector. This research employs a mixed methods comparative approach to…

  6. Unequal Pieces of a Shrinking Pie: The Struggle between African Americans and Latinos over Education, Employment, and Empowerment in Compton, California

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Straus, Emily E.

    2009-01-01

    This article discusses the role of education within communities and underscores the changing nature of minority groups in the United States. It specifically examines the struggle between African Americans and Latinos over education, employment, and empowerment in Compton, California. The story of Compton and its school district exposes…

  7. Social Justice and School Improvement: Improving the Quality of Schooling in the Poorest Neighbourhoods

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Lupton, Ruth

    2005-01-01

    Social justice in education demands, at the very least, that all students should have access to the same quality of educational processes, even if their outcomes turn out to be unequal. Yet schools in the poorest neighbourhoods are consistently adjudged to provide a lower quality of education than those in more advantaged areas. Based on a…

  8. Economic violence to women and girls: is it receiving the necessary attention?

    PubMed

    Fawole, Olufunmilayo I

    2008-07-01

    Most studies on gender-based violence (GBV) have focused on its physical, sexual, and psychological manifestations. This paper seeks to draw attention to the types of economic violence experienced by women, and describes its consequences on health and development. Economic violence experienced included limited access to funds and credit; controlling access to health care, employment, education, including agricultural resources; excluding from financial decision making; and discriminatory traditional laws on inheritance, property rights, and use of communal land. At work women experienced receiving unequal remuneration for work done equal in value to the men's, were overworked and underpaid, and used for unpaid work outside the contractual agreement. Some experienced fraud and theft from some men, illegal confiscation of goods for sale, and unlawful closing down of worksites. At home, some were barred from working by partners; while other men totally abandoned family maintenance to the women. Unfortunately, economic violence results in deepening poverty and compromises educational attainment and developmental opportunities for women. It leads to physical violence, promotes sexual exploitation and the risk of contracting HIV infection, maternal morbidity and mortality, and trafficking of women and girls. Economic abuse may continue even after the woman has left the abusive relationship. There is need for further large-scale studies on economic violence to women. Multi-strategy interventions that promote equity between women and men, provide economic opportunities for women, inform them of their rights, reach out to men and change societal beliefs and attitudes that permit exploitative behavior are urgently required.

  9. [Impairment - disability - participation for all : New federal reporting in light of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities].

    PubMed

    Wacker, Elisabeth

    2016-09-01

    The new Federal Government's Report on Participation explores the contexts in which impairments become disabilities for those individuals who experience them. In parallel, it outlines the factors that foster inclusion and opportunities to act for everyone in society - despite existing impairments.From a sociopolitical and health policy perspective, disability refers to unequal opportunities based on impairment. Hence, the focus here is on the equalisation of these participation opportunities to match those of the entire population - but always from differentiated perspectives on the various social arenas. The human rights approach stresses protection against discrimination as well as dignity and self-determination for all. From a human resources angle, the emphasis is on the performance of individuals in favourable conditions and the attainment of personal goals within their actual everyday circumstances.The new reporting concept is indebted to these perspectives and thus focuses on individual life circumstances, while referring to the WHO's International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) - an approach now validated on a global scale. Therefore, it does not only report on measures provided by services for persons with disabilities but, more crucially, investigates determinants on the personal and environmental levels, unequal opportunities and the interdependency between context and competence for particular sections of the population. Two groups are singled out in the process: elderly persons and individuals with mental health impairments.The participation report is part of the National Action Plan to implement the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD). An independent scientific committee conceptualises the design of the report while accompanying and commenting upon its realisation. Currently, a second federal report on participation is emerging from the new concept.

  10. On Campus with Women. Spring 1987 and Summer 1987.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    On Campus with Women, 1987

    1987-01-01

    Developments in education, employment, and the courts concerning the status of women are covered in two newsletter issues. Topics include the following: Black women's educational history, Hispanic women in psychology, the effect of race and sex on wages, results of surveys on attitudes about sex roles, unequal financial aid awards to women, prizes…

  11. Two Aspects of the Rural-Urban Divide and Educational Stratification in China: A Trajectory Analysis

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Hao, Lingxin; Hu, Alfred; Lo, Jamie

    2014-01-01

    Contextualized in China's social change of the past half-century, this article conceptualizes the two aspects of China's rural-urban divide in educational inequality--the household registration system ("hukou") assigns people to a hierarchy, and the rural-urban schooling system institutionalizes unequal resource distribution and diverse…

  12. Decomposing Inequalities in Performance Scores: The Role of Student Background, Peer Effects and School Characteristics

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Mostafa, Tarek

    2010-01-01

    This paper analyses the mechanisms of stratification and inequalities in educational achievements. The main objective is to determine how stratification leads to unequal educational outcomes and how inequalities are channelled through student characteristics, school characteristics and peer effects. This analysis is undertaken in five countries…

  13. Financing Schools in the New South Africa

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Reschovsky, Andrew

    2006-01-01

    In almost every dimension, South Africa has undergone dramatic changes since the end of apartheid. Public education in South Africa has been completely transformed from an amalgam of separate and highly unequal educational systems, defined in terms of the race and place of residence of students, into a unified system based on the principle of…

  14. Factors that Influence College Choice and Pathways among Vietnamese American High School Students

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Tran, Huy

    2012-01-01

    Asian Americans are often depicted as a highly successful group, attaining advanced levels of education and upward mobility. However, research indicates Southeast Asian Americans are underrepresented in higher education and earn less bachelor degrees than East Asian Americans. To explore the phenomenon of unequal representation between Southeast…

  15. Access to health care and equal protection of the law: the need for a new heightened scrutiny.

    PubMed

    Mariner, W K

    1986-01-01

    Proposals to reduce national expenditures for health care under Medicare and other programs raise questions about the limits on legislative power to distribute health care benefits. The constitutional guarantee of equal protection has been a weak source of protection for the sick, largely because they fail to qualify for special scrutiny under traditional equal protection analysis. Recent decisions of the United States Supreme Court suggest that the Justices seek a newer, more flexible approach to reviewing claims of unequal protection. This Article examines the application of the equal protection guarantee to health-related claims. It argues that traditional equal protection analysis is too rigid and newer rationality review too imprecise to provide just eligibility determinations. The Article concludes that courts should subject claims of unequal protection in the health care context to heightened scrutiny, as health care plays a special role in assuring equality of opportunity.

  16. "Capital Cities Centrism" as the Cause of Social Inequality in the Russian System of Higher Education

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Latova, N. V.; Latov, Iu. V.

    2013-01-01

    Social inequality in access to superior quality higher education in Russia is due to the unequal development of the regions of Russia. The country's two biggest cities and the areas adjacent to them account for a quarter of Russia's infrastructure that offers young people an access to a higher education. The regional colleges and universities in…

  17. Early Childhood Reform in Seven Communities: Front-Line Practice, Agency Management, and Public Policy. [Volume I: Final Technical Report.] Studies of Education Reform.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Schultz, Tom; And Others

    An era of substantial growth in investment of resources, program development, and research has led to tangible gains in the scope and quality of early childhood education programs. However, the system of early childhood education programs is plagued by unequal access and inconsistent, inadequate levels of quality. Additionally, the focus of…

  18. Sixty Years after "Brown v. Board of Education": Legal and Policy Fictions in School Desegregation, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, and No Child Left Behind

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Walker, Brenda L. Townsend

    2014-01-01

    The "Brown v. Board of Education" (1954) Supreme Court decision ruled that segregated schools were unequal and unconstitutional. Since Brown's ruling, scholars have questioned whether African American children have benefitted from school desegregation and subsequent school reform initiatives. In spite of several post-Brown school reform…

  19. High economic inequality leads higher-income individuals to be less generous

    PubMed Central

    Côté, Stéphane; House, Julian; Willer, Robb

    2015-01-01

    Research on social class and generosity suggests that higher-income individuals are less generous than poorer individuals. We propose that this pattern emerges only under conditions of high economic inequality, contexts that can foster a sense of entitlement among higher-income individuals that, in turn, reduces their generosity. Analyzing results of a unique nationally representative survey that included a real-stakes giving opportunity (n = 1,498), we found that in the most unequal US states, higher-income respondents were less generous than lower-income respondents. In the least unequal states, however, higher-income individuals were more generous. To better establish causality, we next conducted an experiment (n = 704) in which apparent levels of economic inequality in participants’ home states were portrayed as either relatively high or low. Participants were then presented with a giving opportunity. Higher-income participants were less generous than lower-income participants when inequality was portrayed as relatively high, but there was no association between income and generosity when inequality was portrayed as relatively low. This research finds that the tendency for higher-income individuals to be less generous pertains only when inequality is high, challenging the view that higher-income individuals are necessarily more selfish, and suggesting a previously undocumented way in which inequitable resource distributions undermine collective welfare. PMID:26598668

  20. High economic inequality leads higher-income individuals to be less generous.

    PubMed

    Côté, Stéphane; House, Julian; Willer, Robb

    2015-12-29

    Research on social class and generosity suggests that higher-income individuals are less generous than poorer individuals. We propose that this pattern emerges only under conditions of high economic inequality, contexts that can foster a sense of entitlement among higher-income individuals that, in turn, reduces their generosity. Analyzing results of a unique nationally representative survey that included a real-stakes giving opportunity (n = 1,498), we found that in the most unequal US states, higher-income respondents were less generous than lower-income respondents. In the least unequal states, however, higher-income individuals were more generous. To better establish causality, we next conducted an experiment (n = 704) in which apparent levels of economic inequality in participants' home states were portrayed as either relatively high or low. Participants were then presented with a giving opportunity. Higher-income participants were less generous than lower-income participants when inequality was portrayed as relatively high, but there was no association between income and generosity when inequality was portrayed as relatively low. This research finds that the tendency for higher-income individuals to be less generous pertains only when inequality is high, challenging the view that higher-income individuals are necessarily more selfish, and suggesting a previously undocumented way in which inequitable resource distributions undermine collective welfare.

  1. "Unequal Diversity" as a Knowledge Alliance: An Encounter of Paulo Freire's Dialogical Approach and Transdisciplinarity

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Novy, Andreas

    2012-01-01

    Purpose: The purpose of this self-reflective paper is to focus on practical efforts to combat inequality and foster intercultural dialogue in education. It introduces "knowledge alliances", a type of social practice open for education technologies. Design/methodology/approach: The paper is structured in a theoretical and an empirical…

  2. Accessibility of Early Childhood Education and Care: A State of Affairs

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Vandenbroeck, Michel; Lazzari, Arianna

    2014-01-01

    We analyse both academic literature and practice reports to discover the main causes for unequal accessibility of high quality early childhood care and education (ECEC). In order to understand and to remedy this inequality we need to consider the interplay between elements of governance, of the management of services and elements on the level of…

  3. Unrealized Promises: Unequal Access, Affordability, and Excellence at Community Colleges in Southern California

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Martinez-Wenzl, Mary; Marquez, Rigoberto

    2012-01-01

    California community colleges are, by design, the only entry point to four-year institutions for the majority of students in the state. Yet, many of these institutions perpetuate racial and class segregation, thus disrupting the California Master Plan for Higher Education's promise of access, equity, and excellence in higher education. This report…

  4. Educating the Elite: A Social Justice Education for the Privileged Class

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Wheeler-Bell, Quentin

    2017-01-01

    America is witnessing a new gilded age. Since the 1970s, inequality in wealth and income has soared within the United States--and globally (Piketty, 2014; Sayer, 2016; Therborn, 2013). Such inequalities affect human flourishing because they allow the privileged class to convert their wealth into different, and unequal, lifestyles and life chances.…

  5. Limiting Student Speech: A Narrow Path toward Success. A Response to "Challenging the Common Guidelines in Social Justice Education"

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Minnick, Marissa C. A.

    2015-01-01

    In this response, Minnick asserts that unequal representation of students' voices, an idea presented in Sensoy and DiAngelo's "Challenging the Common Guidelines in Social Justice Education," presents multiple negative classroom implications. Foremost, Minnick argues that Sensoy and DiAngelo's lack of clarity regarding when a teacher…

  6. Racial Segregation and Educational Outcomes in Metropolitan Boston. Metro Boston Equity Initiative. Issue Summary No.6

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Lee, Chungmei

    2004-01-01

    This report takes a look at the issues concerning racial segregation and educational outcomes in Metropolitan Boston. Despite the fact that metro Boston is overwhelmingly white, its public schools are highly segregated by race and language. Segregated minority schools in metro Boston are profoundly unequal, with high poverty levels, with lower…

  7. Unequally Safe: The Race Gap in School Safety. Working Paper #01-13

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Lacoe, Johanna

    2013-01-01

    Inequality in educational outcomes is a frequent topic of policy debate. This paper investigates one potential source of educational inequality--school safety. With panel survey data of middle school students, this paper estimates racial gaps in student feelings of safety in the classroom, in the hallways, and outside the school building, and how…

  8. ICT and Educational (Dis)advantage: Families, Computers and Contemporary Social and Educational Inequalities

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Angus, Lawrence; Snyder, Ilana; Sutherland-Smith, Wendy

    2004-01-01

    Because access to new technologies is unequally distributed, there has been considerable debate about the growing gap between the so-called information-rich and information-poor. Such concerns have led to high-profile information technology policy initiatives in many countries. In Australia, in an attempt to 'redress the balance between the…

  9. For Public Libraries the Poor Pay More.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Weaver, Frederick Stirton; Weaver, Serena Arpene

    1979-01-01

    Compares the sources of library income and the user characteristics of education, occupation, and income to assess who pays for the library and who uses it. Unequal tax-to-tax ratios throughout the population are discussed. (JVP)

  10. Ubiquitous Multicriteria Clinic Recommendation System.

    PubMed

    Chen, Toly

    2016-05-01

    Advancements in information, communication, and sensor technologies have led to new opportunities in medical care and education. Patients in general prefer visiting the nearest clinic, attempt to avoid waiting for treatment, and have unequal preferences for different clinics and doctors. Therefore, to enable patients to compare multiple clinics, this study proposes a ubiquitous multicriteria clinic recommendation system. In this system, patients can send requests through their cell phones to the system server to obtain a clinic recommendation. Once the patient sends this information to the system, the system server first estimates the patient's speed according to the detection results of a global positioning system. It then applies a fuzzy integer nonlinear programming-ordered weighted average approach to assess four criteria and finally recommends a clinic with maximal utility to the patient. The proposed methodology was tested in a field experiment, and the experimental results showed that it is advantageous over two existing methods in elevating the utilities of recommendations. In addition, such an advantage was shown to be statistically significant.

  11. JPRS Report Soviet Union Political Affairs.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1990-07-19

    the American firm Abbott to pur- chase large batches of children’s dairy products. They, like the meat and fruit - vegetable products, mixes, juices ...technical needs. Or if one speaks about working condi- tions, again the opportunities are unequal. At Central Television, journalists spend 30 - 40 days to...today it is recommended not to catch fish in many canals, lakes and reservoirs and use them for food. Practically all vegetables and fruits grown in

  12. Break-ups Before Marriage: The End of 103 Affairs

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Hill, Charles T.; And Others

    1976-01-01

    Factors that predicted breakups before marriage, investigated as part of a two-year study of dating relationships among college students include unequal involvement in the relationship and discrepant age, educational aspirations, intelligence, and physical attractiveness. (Author/AM)

  13. Separate and Unequal at Hillsborough High: A Principal's Challenges in Integrating "Academic" and Career and Technical Education Coursework

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Malin, Joel R.; Hackmann, Donald G.

    2015-01-01

    Dr. Edward White, Hillsborough High School principal, has decided to allocate faculty in-service time to address an unproductive chasm between academic and career and technical education programming within the school, which has created tensions among the faculty. On returning to his office after the professional development session, which was…

  14. Leaving Equity Behind? A Quantitative Analysis of Fiscal Equity in Nevada's Public Education Finance System

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Verstegen, Deborah A.

    2013-01-01

    Over time, issues of justice and fairness in education finance have been addressed by the courts in all but five states. The key focus has been on illegitimate disparities in funding between rich and poor school districts caused by the happenstance of unequal local wealth. Recently, attention has turned to the relationship between funding gaps and…

  15. Apartheid's Legacy to Black Children.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Murphy, Jerome T.

    1992-01-01

    Segregated and unequal education, the main instrument for sorting children into their color-coded societal niches, is deeply embedded in South Africa. Despite obstacles such as inadequate funding, a tough, Eurocentric curriculum, and a bewildering school management bureaucracy nearing collapse, South Africa's general prosperity and political…

  16. Land of Promise, Cities of Despair: Blacks in Urban America.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Staples, Robert

    1978-01-01

    This article discusses the current effect on Blacks of unequal political and economic power in American cities. Some of the issues examined include: Black migration; employment status; education; socioeconomic status; Black suicide; Black political power; housing; health; and racism. (EB)

  17. "Facilis Descensus Averni" Mind, Brain, Education, and Ethics: Highway to Hell, Stairway to Heaven, or Passing Dead End?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    della Chiesa, Bruno

    2010-01-01

    Are human beings born unequal when it comes to ethics? Or are ethical standards acquired? Or both nature and nurture? Neuroscience is on its way to discovering biological underpinnings of ethics in our brains. Whatever the upcoming findings on this front will be, our philosophical, political, and educational views, and even the way we look at…

  18. Preventing Ageing Unequally

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    OECD Publishing, 2017

    2017-01-01

    This report examines how the two global mega-trends of population ageing and rising inequalities have been developing and interacting, both within and across generations. Taking a life-course perspective the report shows how inequalities in education, health, employment and earnings compound, resulting in large differences in lifetime earnings…

  19. Enhancing choices is the key to improking reproductive health.

    PubMed

    Jejeebhoy, S

    1998-01-01

    The importance of women's empowerment in reducing maternal mortality and morbidity is highlighted by the strong association between the UN's Gender Development Index and at least two indicators of safe motherhood (only a modest association is found with per capita income). Powerlessness limits women's exposure to information, new ideas, and options; limits women's control over their own lives; and leads to poor perceived quality of interaction with service providers. Women also face barriers in reaching appropriate health facilities and in receiving appropriate treatment at the health facilities. Unequal family dynamics limit women's mobility and access to economic resources for health care. Women-centered strategies to empower women in the area of health include giving women access to education and economic opportunities as well as passing favorable legislation. In addition, women's groups help empower women through participatory activities and through leadership training. Additional strategies include development of life skills for adolescent girls, community education efforts, attempts to change male attitudes and behaviors, and training or retraining of health care providers. Nongovernmental organizations (NGO) play an important role in carrying out these activities and in providing the link between women and governments. It is important to conduct research to address these issues and to document government and NGO experiences.

  20. Pregnancy threat to adolescent health.

    PubMed

    1995-01-01

    The International Center for Research on Women (ICRW) is investigating factors which affect the nutritional status of adolescent girls in Benin, Cameroon, Ecuador, Guatemala, India, Jamaica, Mexico, Nepal, and the Philippines. The research is funded through the US Agency for International Development's Office of Nutrition. 22.5% of women in Nepal marry before they reach age 14 years, with most marrying before age 18. The research in the country has found pregnancy to be a burden among these young women which threatens their nutritional and health status as well as that of their offspring. Unequal distribution of food in the household and heavy workloads increase the level of risk faced by adolescent females. Postponing pregnancy in adolescents, however, delays the onset of increased nutritional needs in girls who are already likely to be undernourished. Delayed pregnancy also gives girls more time to complete their physical growth and avoids the risk of medical emergencies in childbirth, such as hemorrhage which, if survived, can lead to anemia which is aggravated by nutritional deficiencies. The ICRW has therefore proposed four strategies for postponing first births among female adolescents: encouraging later marriage, providing family planning and reproductive health services specially for adolescents, providing family life education about options for the future, and increasing educational opportunities for girls.

  1. Results and implications of the EU-project CARERS ‘Content materials to raise employability and reinforce skills of carers’

    PubMed Central

    Weber, Germain; Zeilinger, Elisabeth; Oppenauer, Claudia; Brehmer, Barbara

    2009-01-01

    Purpose The population, and needs, of informal carers is changing, reflecting not only the changing demographics across Europe, but also the unequal challenges and opportunities for education and training—and official approval of competences—across Europe for people involved in the care sector, formal as well as informal carers. Theory The objective of this European project (Austria, France, Lithuania Luxembourg, Poland and Spain) was to create, offer and evaluate an education and training programme specifically aimed at informal carers (e.g. family members), providing answers to meet their real needs in their support work as well as for their own emotional well-being. Therefore, project partners produced six innovative, online supported training modules (total 60 hours) for face-to-face delivery. Methods The presentation will highlight the development and the content of one training Module for older people with ‘intellectual disabilities’ more detailed. Results and conclusions All trainings were evaluated by the participants through pre/post questionnaires. The results of the trainings will be presented. Discussion The importance of trainings and support for informal carers will be discussed with special emphasis given on the fact that informal carers represent a most substantial economic resource for every country and its care system.

  2. Civic engagement and the transition to adulthood.

    PubMed

    Flanagan, Constance; Levine, Peter

    2010-01-01

    Constance Flanagan and Peter Levine survey research on civic engagement among U.S. adolescents and young adults. Civic engagement, they say, is important both for the functioning of democracies and for the growth and maturation it encourages in young adults, but opportunities for civic engagement are not evenly distributed by social class or race and ethnicity. Today's young adults, note the authors, are less likely than those in earlier generations to exhibit many important characteristics of citizenship, raising the question of whether these differences represent a decline or simply a delay in traditional adult patterns of civic engagement. Flanagan and Levine also briefly discuss the civic and political lives of immigrant youth in the United States, noting that because these youth make up a significant share of the current generation of young adults, their civic engagement is an important barometer of the future of democracy. The authors next survey differences in civic participation for youth from different social, racial, and ethnic backgrounds. They explore two sets of factors that contribute to a lower rate of civic engagement among low-income and minority young adults. The first is cumulative disadvantage-unequal opportunities and influences before adulthood, especially parental education. The second is different institutional opportunities for civic engagement among college and non-college youth during the young-adult years. Flanagan and Levine survey various settings where young adults spend time-schools and colleges, community organizations, faith-based institutions, community organizing and activism projects, and military and other voluntary service programs-and examine the opportunities for civic engagement that each affords. As the transition to adulthood has lengthened, say the authors, colleges have become perhaps the central institution for civic incorporation of younger generations. But no comparable institution exists for young adults who do not attend college. Opportunities for sustained civic engagement by year-long programs such as City Year could provide an alternative opportunity for civic engagement for young adults from disadvantaged families, allowing them to stay connected to mainstream opportunities and to adults who could mentor and guide their way.

  3. "Do You Want Me to Translate This in English or in a Better Mandinka Language?": Unequal Literacy Regimes and Grassroots Spelling Practices in Peri-Urban Gambia

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Juffermans, Kasper

    2011-01-01

    This paper presents a comparative ethnographic analysis of two versions of a grassroots text in Mandinka language, one written by a non-formally educated man, the other a respelling by a formally educated urbanite. The analysis points at a crucial difference in spelling practices and inequality in literacy regimes, i.e., between established…

  4. Teacher Directed Behavior Toward Individual Students.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Oien, Fred M.

    A study of five teachers and 316 junior high school physical education students reveals an unequal distribution of positive reinforcement teacher behavior among individual students. Factors influencing the amount of rewarding behavior directed to students include elements such as student gender, teacher perception of student skill level, student…

  5. A Look at Teacher Diversity

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    American Educator, 2016

    2016-01-01

    More than 60 years after the ruling in "Brown v. Board of Education" was handed down, its promise remains unfulfilled. In many respects, America's public schools continue to be "separate and unequal." Indeed, the growing resegregation of American schools by race and ethnicity, compounded by economic class segregation, has…

  6. Aikido Politics in Interview Interaction.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Chew, Phyllis Ghim Lian

    1995-01-01

    Analyzes how less powerful subjects in an unequal encounter, an admission interview in an educational institution, were able to counter the power directed at them by the more powerful subject through "aikido" strategies. In the context of the interview, harmonizing with the ideological discursive formation of the institution in question…

  7. Navigating the Intricate Web of America's Teacher Education

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Obi, Sunday

    2010-01-01

    Experiences presented in this article suggest that the extension of U.S. citizenship or permanent residency to a foreign-born African American plays out itself as a product of an unequal relationship between the dominant American (White & Black) citizens and the subordinated, subjugated, colonized, and racialized foreign born African…

  8. Litigation and School Finance: A Cautionary Tale

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Russo, Charles J.

    2010-01-01

    Beginning in the early 1970s, plaintiffs initiated a veritable tidal wave of litigation over financing public education in states with unequal funding for students in poor school systems. In the only case on school finance to reach the United States Supreme Court, "San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez" (1973), the…

  9. A Feminist Perspective on the School-to-Labor Pipeline

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Hextrum, Kirsten

    2014-01-01

    Today, women across race and class categories graduate high school and college at higher rates than men (U.S. Census Bureau, 2012). According to Marxist reproduction theories, schools maintain social hierarchies by academically rewarding the elite. Yet, despite educational gains, women remain materially and symbolically unequal, proving to be…

  10. Turning Students into Voters: What Teachers Can Do

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Lavine, Peter

    2014-01-01

    Political participation is seriously unequal. For example, young adults who finish college vote at almost three times the rate of contemporaries who have dropped out of high school. That gap translates into disparities by race and class. Effective civic education can reduce such inequality and make our democracy more representative. Teaching…

  11. Reading Gender Relations and Sexuality: Preteens Speak Out

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Moffatt, Lyndsay; Norton, Bonny

    2008-01-01

    Recent research has documented the persistence of unequal gender relations and homophobia in young people's lives. Feminist post-structural theories of gender and socio-cultural theories of learning suggest educators need to understand students' constructions of gender relations, masculine/feminine desires, and sexuality if they hope to challenge…

  12. Unequal Partners? Networks, Centrality, and Aid to International Education

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Menashy, Francine; Shields, Robin

    2017-01-01

    Following the 2005 Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness, international development policy discourses have focused on partnership as an overarching principle. With a focus on participation and non-hierarchical relationships, new partnerships aim to reconstitute the aid relationship in a way that obviates power inequality and hegemony. However,…

  13. School Integration Matters: Research-Based Strategies to Advance Equity

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Frankenberg, Erica, Ed.; Garces, Liliana M., Ed.; Hopkins, Megan, Ed.

    2016-01-01

    More than 60 years after the "Brown v. Board of Education" decision declared segregated schooling inherently unequal, this timely book sheds light on how and why U.S. schools are experiencing increasing segregation along racial, socioeconomic, and linguistic lines. It offers policy and programmatic alternatives for advancing equity and…

  14. Experiences of Faculty Women of Color: A Literature Review

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Abdalla, Sarah

    2018-01-01

    The purpose of this literature review is to examine the experiences and representation of minority women in United States higher education faculty positions. There are a multitude of issues that derive from the lack of diversification in the workforce: unequal representation, a lack of cultural-social understanding and insufficient relationship…

  15. Globalisation and Higher Education Development: A Critical Analysis

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yang, Rui

    2003-07-01

    This article sets out to analyse critically the nature of globalisation and how it is affecting higher education. The author first reviews the nature of globalisation, and then examines its international impact on higher education development. He contends that globalisation is predominantly economic, and points out that global exchanges in the economic, cultural and educational domains continue to be unequal. At the same time, education is increasingly treated as a business. By exposing the negative side of globalisation and its effects on universities, the author aims to counter the uncritical acceptance of globalisation as a positive force for higher education and society as a whole.

  16. Understanding determinants of unequal distribution of stillbirth in Tehran, Iran: a concentration index decomposition approach.

    PubMed

    Almasi-Hashiani, Amir; Sepidarkish, Mahdi; Safiri, Saeid; Khedmati Morasae, Esmaeil; Shadi, Yahya; Omani-Samani, Reza

    2017-05-17

    The present inquiry set to determine the economic inequality in history of stillbirth and understanding determinants of unequal distribution of stillbirth in Tehran, Iran. A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 5170 pregnancies in Tehran, Iran, since 2015. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to measure the asset-based economic status. Concentration index was used to measure socioeconomic inequality in stillbirth and then decomposed into its determinants. The concentration index and its 95% CI for stillbirth was -0.121 (-0.235 to -0.002). Decomposition of the concentration index showed that mother's education (50%), mother's occupation (30%), economic status (26%) and father's age (12%) had the highest positive contributions to measured inequality in stillbirth history in Tehran. Mother's age (17%) had the highest negative contribution to inequality. Stillbirth is unequally distributed among Iranian women and is mostly concentrated among low economic status people. Mother-related factors had the highest positive and negative contributions to inequality, highlighting specific interventions for mothers to redress inequality. © Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2017. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.

  17. Bridging the Higher Education Divide: Strengthening Community Colleges and Restoring the American Dream. The Report of The Century Foundation Task Force on Preventing Community Colleges from Becoming Separate and Unequal

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Century Foundation, 2013

    2013-01-01

    American community colleges stand at the confluence of four mighty rivers that are profoundly influencing all of American life. At a time of growing economic globalization, community colleges are a critical element in the strategy to address the skills and education gap to meet the emerging needs of industries in the new knowledge economy. In…

  18. Intervening in Alienation: The Outcomes for Urban Youth of Participating in School Activism

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Taines, Cynthia

    2012-01-01

    This article investigates whether school activism diminishes the alienation that accompanies urban youths' observations of unequal educational conditions, and often leads to underachievement and school rejection. The study is based on interviews with 13 urban youth about their participation in a community-based program that supports education…

  19. The Mating Gradient: Alive and Well on the College Campus.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Makosky, Vivian Parker; Sholley, Barbara K.

    Traditionally, members of couples are similar in age, race, class, appearance and education. But within that common background, men tend to marry women slightly below themselves, a phenomenon known in sociology as the marriage gradient. To determine the extent to which students are comfortable with unequal relationships and traditional and…

  20. Universal Patterns or the Tale of Two Systems? Mathematics Achievement and Educational Expectations in Post-Socialist Europe

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Bodovski, Katerina; Kotok, Stephen; Henck, Adrienne

    2014-01-01

    Although communist ideology claimed to destroy former class stratification based on labour market capitalist relationships, "de facto" during socialism one social class hierarchy was substituted for another that was equally unequal. The economic transition during the 1990s increased stratification by wealth, which affected educational…

  1. Relation of Instruction and Poverty to Mathematics Achievement Gains during Kindergarten

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Georges, Annie

    2009-01-01

    Background: Policy discussion to change the nature of teaching practices overshadows how social and economic inequalities contribute to unequal education outcomes. Research on how teaching practices contribute to the variance in test scores on a broad scale or on whether the relation of instruction to test scores is moderated by social and…

  2. Equality, Justice and Gender: Barriers to the Ethical University for Women

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Aiston, Sarah Jane

    2011-01-01

    Academic women experience working in higher education differently to their male counterparts. This article argues that the unequal position of women academics is unethical, irrespective of whether one takes a consequentialist or deontological ethical position. By drawing on a range of international studies, the article explores the reasons for…

  3. New Approaches for Moving Upstream: How State and Local Health Departments Can Transform Practice to Reduce Health Inequalities

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Freudenberg, Nicholas; Franzosa, Emily; Chisholm, Janice; Libman, Kimberly

    2015-01-01

    Growing evidence shows that unequal distribution of wealth and power across race, class, and gender produces the differences in living conditions that are "upstream" drivers of health inequalities. Health educators and other public health professionals, however, still develop interventions that focus mainly on "downstream"…

  4. Examination of Achievement Gaps among Fourth Grade Students in a Selected Louisiana School District

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    LeJeune, Kevin Scott

    2010-01-01

    A major concern for educators is that student achievement is disproportionate and not increasing for all groups at the same rate. This applied dissertation addressed the problem of unequal achievement for African American, economically disadvantaged, and academically at-risk students. This quantitative study utilized a correlational design to…

  5. The gendered character of the African petty bourgeoisie.

    PubMed

    Mcfadden, P

    1994-02-01

    An African feminist states her states her views on the conditions of women in Africa. Changes have occurred within the middle class, which are reflected in the Women's Movement and in relations between men and women. Women are taking much stronger positions and challenging the African male dominance. Men now speak with reservation about the interact with feminists. African men tend to marry down to women of lesser social and educational class, or to marry non-African women to avoid the issue of equality as Africans. The African middle class is now composed of a sufficient number of women in site of unequal gender relations. Men now ask women about gender issues, albeit for ulterior motives: to avoid feminist backlash in the presentation of papers, or to fulfill a donor requirement. An annoying Change is men's identification of themselves as feminists. The question is raised as to why men cannot think of another term to describe their inherited socialization as oppressors. This acquisition of the term "feminist" becomes just another appropriation to enhance their power or resources. Universal and free education has opened doors for women over the past 30 years. The women's fight against colonialism was a fight for women's opportunities. A disturbing trend is for women to argue for a return to "true" African traditions, when no one today would ever accept life as peasant women did 500 years ago. All African traditions are patriarchal. African feminist traditions need to be reclaimed and resurfaced from under the "layers of male defined and male reconstructed charades." A dangerous precedent is taking place in South Africa, since the International Monetary Fund (IMR) and the World Bank are preempting the opportunities gained by women through liberal state policies. Acceptance of IMF/World Bank terms means lost opportunity to education, to professions, and to economic resources gained in the post-independence era. IMF/World Bank policies are "racist, classiest, and have a gendered character." There is already evidence of men taking over positions previously held by women in this structural adjustment period. There is still the constant harassment by men, but African women want to be free of patriarchal definition and constraints. There are many difficulties in balancing power in intimate relationships.

  6. The association between unequal parental treatment and the sibling relationship in Finland: The difference between full and half-siblings.

    PubMed

    Danielsbacka, Mirkka; Tanskanen, Antti O

    2015-06-24

    Studies have shown that unequal parental treatment is associated with relationship quality between siblings. However, it is unclear how it affects the relationship between full and half-siblings. Using data from the Generational Transmissions in Finland project (n = 1,537 younger adults), we study whether those who have half-siblings perceive more unequal parental treatment than those who have full siblings only. In addition, we study how unequal parental treatment is associated with sibling relationship between full, maternal, and paternal half-siblings. First, we found that individuals who have maternal and/or paternal half-siblings are more likely to have encountered unequal maternal treatment than individuals who have full siblings only. Second, we found that unequal parental treatment impairs full as well as maternal and paternal half-sibling relations in adulthood. Third, unequal parental treatment mediates the effect of genetic relatedness on sibling relations in the case of maternal half-siblings, but not in the case of paternal half-siblings. After controlling for unequal parental treatment, the quality of maternal half-sibling relationships did not differ from that of full siblings, whereas the quality of paternal half-sibling relationships still did. Fourth, the qualitative comments (n = 206) from the same population reveal that unequal parental treatment presents itself several ways, such as differential financial, emotional, or practical support.

  7. Unequal Cell Frequencies in Analysis of Variance: A Review and Extension of Methodology for Multiple Missing Observations.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Proger, Barton B.; And Others

    Many researchers assume that unequal cell frequencies in analysis of variance (ANOVA) designs result from poor planning. However, there are several valid reasons why one might have to analyze an unequal-n data matrix. The present study reviewed four categories of methods for treating unequal-n matrices by ANOVA: (a) unaltered data (least-squares…

  8. Job mismatching, unequal opportunities and long-term sickness absence in female white-collar workers in Sweden.

    PubMed

    Sandmark, Hélène

    2009-01-01

    To investigate associations between long-term sick-listing and factors at work and in family life. Associations were investigated in a cross-sectional case-referent study. The study base included women in white-collar jobs, aged 30-55 years, living in three urban areas in Sweden between February 2004 and October 2004. A postal questionnaire was constructed with questions on occupational and family circumstances, and sent to 513 randomly selected female white-collar workers, of whom 233 had ongoing sick-leave of 90 days or more. The response rate was 81% (n = 413). Most of the women in this study were in managerial positions. The unadjusted associations showed that sick-listed women with children showed the highest estimates regarding reported long working hours, bullying, high mental strain, low control and low influence at work, and work-family imbalance. In a regression model, the strongest associations were: experiencing too high mental strain in work tasks (odds ratio (OR) = 2.57, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.09-3.15) and low control and influence at work (OR=2.17, 95% CI= 1.60-2.94). Sick-listed women reported an overall higher dissatisfaction with their workplace and working life. There seems to be a greater tendency for the sick-listed women in this study to experience low control and too high mental strain at work and to live in traditional family relationships with unequal opportunities. The women who were sick-listed were probably less able to cope with work stress and to find a balance between work and family life.

  9. Trends in Pre-School Enrolment in Turkey: Unequal Access and Differential Consequences

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Agirdag, Orhan; Yazici, Zeliha; Sierens, Sven

    2015-01-01

    In this study, a historical and international analysis of early childhood education in Turkey is made. More specifically, we explore the trend in pre-school enrolment, compare Turkey's enrolment rate with other countries, study whether access to pre-school is related to social class and gender, and investigate the impact of pre-school attendance…

  10. Addressing the Social Determinants of Health of Children and Youth: A Role for SOPHE Members

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Allensworth, Diane D.

    2011-01-01

    The determinants of youth health disparities include poverty, unequal access to health care, poor environmental conditions, and educational inequities. Poor and minority children have more health problems and less access to health care than their higher socioeconomic status cohorts. Having more health problems leads to more absenteeism in school,…

  11. Separate, Unequal, But More Autonomous: Technology, Equity and World Order in the Millennial Transition.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Morehouse, Ward

    Part of a series of working papers intended to stimulate research, education, dialogue, and political action in favor of a more just world order, this monograph relates technology to four major global issues--energy, environment, employment, and equity. The objective is to determine the kinds of technological choices that can be made regarding…

  12. Fulfilling the Promise: African American Educators Teach for Democracy in Jim Crow's South

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Preston-Grimes, Patrice

    2010-01-01

    America's civic community from the end of the Great Depression through the post World War II years was hardly rational or racially neutral in its uneven and unequal treatment of African Americans and other underrepresented groups. Conventional civic scholarship of the era has ignored the complexities of a racially segregated society that in theory…

  13. Cognitive Abilities That Mediate SES's Effect on Elementary Mathematics Learning: The Uruguayan Tablet-Based Intervention

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Valle-Lisboa, Juan; Cabana, Álvaro; Eisinger, Robert; Mailhos, Álvaro; Luzardo, Mario; Halberda, Justin; Maiche, Alejandro

    2016-01-01

    In unequal societies the effectiveness of formal education depends on the socioeconomic status (SES) of students. Studies have shown that poverty affects the development of the brain in ways that might compromise future learning, thus increasing the differences between groups with different SES. Interest is growing in the development of tools that…

  14. Unequal Schooling: How the School Curriculum Keeps Students from Low Socio-Economic Backgrounds out of University

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Tranter, Deborah

    2012-01-01

    The Australian higher education sector has grappled, with little success, to increase the participation of students from lower socio‐economic status (SES) backgrounds. In this article I identify the ways in which the secondary school curriculum contributes to this outcome, and how universities are complicit in this process. Using data…

  15. Strategies for Student Attendance and School Climate in Baltimore's Community Schools

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Durham, Rachel E.; Connolly, Faith

    2017-01-01

    In 2012, the Community School Engagement Strategy was adopted by the Family League of Baltimore as a way to address historical racial and structural inequalities that have produced unequal educational outcomes among the city's children and youth. The goals of community schools include integrating health and social supports for children and their…

  16. Segregation, Desegregation, Segregation: Charter School Options as a Return to Separate and Unequal Schools for Urban Families

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Chapman, Thandeka K.

    2018-01-01

    The controversial glory of the "Brown" decisions and the retraction of court-ordered reforms represent the limited gains of racial justice in education and the protection of white privilege through law and policy. The return to segregation, as propagated through the rise of racially and economically segregated charter schools, exhibits…

  17. Unequal Pathways through American Universities. Discussion Paper No. 1391-11

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Pfeffer, Fabian T.; Goldrick-Rab, Sara

    2011-01-01

    Student pathways through the American higher education system are complex and entail more than the choice between continuation and dropout. The four-year college system requires students seeking a bachelor's degree to pass through a series of transitions that are marked by the achievement of credit thresholds in each year of study. At those…

  18. Democracy, Diversity, & Presidential Leadership

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Garcia, Mildred

    2007-01-01

    Growing up in the late 1960s and 1970s, the author learned about inequality and slavery, about how the poor were treated, and about the role played by skin color in dividing the haves from the have-nots. She also learned about separate and unequal schools and how privileged whites received a better education. From the very beginning, the United…

  19. The Educational Potential of Blue-Collar Workers in Udmurtia

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Makarova, M. N.

    2007-01-01

    A strategically essential area for Russia's economy in the transition to market relations and the unequal development of the sectorial structure is the development of the sphere of production, which is now in a state of instability. The forecasted decline of manpower resources, the aging of blue-collar cadres, and the slump in the number of those…

  20. Separate and Unequal: America's Children, Race, and Poverty

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Edelman, Marian Wright; Jones, James M.

    2004-01-01

    Fifty years ago, the Supreme Court ruled in "Brown v. Board of Education" that: "Segregation of white and Negro children in the public schools of a State solely on the basis of race, pursuant to state laws permitting or requiring such segregation, denies to Negro children the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth…

  1. Who Attends Work-Related Training Five Years after Graduation? A Comparison across European Countries

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Storen, Liv Anne

    2013-01-01

    What are the driving forces behind the unequal distribution of training after graduation among higher education graduates? Participation in lifelong learning is restricted here to work-related training. The paper aims at examining the mechanisms that cause variation in training rates, by taking into account fields of study, personal competency…

  2. Color-Blind Racism, Color-Blind Theology, and Church Practices

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Hearn, Mark

    2009-01-01

    Color-blind racism develops when persons ignore color in people and see them simply as individuals. As persons of color in racialized societies such as the United States are unequally treated on account of their color, the issue becomes a matter of faith and religious experience as religious leaders and educators, who disregard color, overlook…

  3. Mentoring as It Relates to Persistence in Associate Degree Nursing Students

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Peltz, Caroline M.

    2013-01-01

    Students who are preparing to become registered nurses are more likely to attend community colleges due to the unequal distribution of financial resources to educational systems that have evolved from the impact of globalization. The purpose of this descriptive cross-sectional study was to increase the understanding of mentoring as it relates to…

  4. Black Hope, White Power: Emancipation, Reconstruction and the Legacy of Unequal Schooling in the US South, 1861-1880

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Butchart, Ronald E.

    2010-01-01

    Current explanations for the gap between African-American and white school achievement are inadequate; most cannot explain the high level of black school achievement in the decade after Emancipation. Further, traditional accounts of the origins of educational discrimination against African-Americans are inaccurate. The roots of educational…

  5. Globalisation and the University: Myths and Realities in an Unequal World

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Altbach, Philip G.

    2004-01-01

    Much has been said about the impact of globalisation on higher education. Some have argued that globalisation, the Internet and the scientific community will level the playing field in the new age of knowledge interdependence. Others claim that globalisation means both worldwide inequality and the McDonaldisation of the university. It is argued…

  6. Experiences of the gender climate in clinical training - a focus group study among Swedish medical students.

    PubMed

    Kristoffersson, Emelie; Andersson, Jenny; Bengs, Carita; Hamberg, Katarina

    2016-10-26

    Research shows that medical education is characterized by unequal conditions for women and men, but there is a lack of qualitative studies investigating the social processes that enable and maintain gender inequalities that include both male and female students. In this focus group study, we therefore explored male as well as female medical students' experiences of the gender climate - i.e., how beliefs, values, and norms about gender were communicated - during clinical training and how the students dealt with these experiences. Focus group interviews were conducted with 24 medical students (nine men) at Umeå University, Sweden. The interviews were structured around personal experiences in clinical training where the participants perceived that gender had mattered. Data were analysed using qualitative content analysis. The students described gender-stereotyped expectations, discriminatory treatment, compliments, comments, and demeaning jargon. Female students gave more personal and varied examples than the men. The students' ways of handling their experiences were marked by efforts to fit in, for example, by adapting their appearance and partaking in the prevailing jargon. They felt dependent on supervisors and staff, and due to fear of repercussions they kept silent and avoided unpleasant situations and people rather than challenging humiliating jargon or supervisors who were behaving badly. Everyday communication of gender beliefs combined with students' adaptation to stereotyped expectations and discrimination came across as fundamental features through which unequal conditions for male and female students are reproduced and maintained in the clinic. Because they are in a dependent position, it is often difficult for students to challenge problematic gender attitudes. The main responsibility for improvements, therefore, lies with medical school leadership who need to provide students and supervisors with knowledge about gendered processes, discrimination, and sexism and to organize reflection groups about the gender climate in order to improve students' opportunities to discuss their experiences, and hopefully find ways to protest and actively demand change.

  7. [4th World Conference on Women].

    PubMed

    1995-06-01

    The World Platform of Action is a document prepared by the secretary of the UN Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) that acknowledges commitments made by the subscribing governments. In the final preparatory meeting for the Fourth International Conference on Women in Beijing, official delegations of the world's governments discussed the draft of the Platform of Action. Throughout the Platform, there is evidence of a retreat from concepts internationally recognized at other conferences. The Vatican, in alliance with countries like Honduras, Argentina, and Guatemala, and with fundamentalist religious groups, is largely responsible for the obstruction. The draft indicates which topics have failed to gain consensus and require discussion at the full Conference. The Platform is defined as an agenda for seeking empowerment of women, an objective necessitating removal of obstacles to active participation by women in all spheres of public life. The Platform defines the critical areas for action as the persistent increase in poverty among women, unequal access to education and training, unequal access to health care, violence against women and girls, effects of persecution and armed conflicts, unequal access to productive processes, and unequal power and influence in decision making at all levels. Insufficient mechanisms for promoting women, protection of the human rights of women, women and communication, and women and the environment are other priority topics. Problems are discussed in each of these areas, and objectives and concrete actions are proposed. The work describes the types of institutional changes that will be needed if the objectives are to be achieved; defines sex, gender, and other relevant terms; and analyses some of the strategic objectives in greater detail. The final section contains recommendations for women's groups and other lobbyists in Colombia to present to the government.

  8. The myth of meritocracy and African American health.

    PubMed

    Kwate, Naa Oyo A; Meyer, Ilan H

    2010-10-01

    Recent theoretical and empirical studies of the social determinants of health inequities have shown that economic deprivation, multiple levels of racism, and neighborhood context limit African American health chances and that African Americans' poor health status is predicated on unequal opportunity to achieve the American Dream. President Obama's election has been touted as a demonstration of American meritocracy-the belief that all may obtain the American Dream-and has instilled hope in African Americans. However, we argue that in the context of racism and other barriers to success, meritocratic ideology may act as a negative health determinant for African Americans.

  9. A Social History of Disease: Contextualizing the Rise and Fall of Social Inequalities in Cause-Specific Mortality.

    PubMed

    Clouston, Sean A P; Rubin, Marcie S; Phelan, Jo C; Link, Bruce G

    2016-10-01

    Fundamental cause theory posits that social inequalities in health arise because of unequal access to flexible resources, including knowledge, money, power, prestige, and beneficial social connections, which allow people to avoid risk factors and adopt protective factors relevant in a particular place. In this study, we posit that diseases should also be put into temporal context. We characterize diseases as transitioning through four stages at a given time: (1) natural mortality, characterized by no knowledge about risk factors, preventions, or treatments for a disease in a population; (2) producing inequalities, characterized by unequal diffusion of innovations; (3) reducing inequalities, characterized by increased access to health knowledge; and (4) reduced mortality/disease elimination, characterized by widely available prevention and effective treatment. For illustration, we pair an ideal-types analysis with mortality data to explore hypothesized incidence rates of diseases. Although social inequalities exist in incidence rates of many diseases, the cause, extent, and direction of inequalities change systematically in relation to human intervention. This article highlights opportunities for further development, specifically highlighting the role of stage duration in maintaining social inequalities in cause-specific mortality.

  10. The Return to Separate and Unequal: Metropolitan Milwaukee School Funding through a Racial Lens.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Rethinking Schools, Ltd. Milwaukee, WI.

    Two papers in this report document that as the percentage of African American students and students of color has risen in the Milwaukee Public Schools, funding per pupil has plummeted compared to funding in predominantly white suburban districts. It underscores that school funding reform is not only an educational necessity, but also a matter of…

  11. Democratic Education through the Eyes of the Poor: Appraising the Post-Apartheid Experience

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Msila, Vuyisile

    2013-01-01

    Arguably, one of the major achievements in the 1990s in South Africa was the final toppling of apartheid government and the triumph of democracy over the unjust and unequal past legislation. Since then schools are some of the institutions that have infused democracy ideals into their policies, curriculum and other aspects of school life. The…

  12. The Urban High School's Challenge: Ensuring Literacy for Every Child. 2002 Carnegie Challenge.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    de Leon, Anne Grosso

    As demands for more complex literacy skills have increased, and competition in economic and technological arenas at home and abroad have grown more intense, many U.S. students enter high school with literacy skills unequal to this challenge. In U.S. society, where the information base doubles every 5 years, an educated citizenry is essential.…

  13. Peer Relations and Access to Capital in the Mathematics Classroom: A Bourdieusian Social Network Analysis

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Choudry, Sophina; Williams, Julian; Black, Laura

    2017-01-01

    The aim of this article is to explore the structure of social capital in peer networks and its relation to the unequal access of educational resources within mathematics classrooms. We hypothesise that learners can gain access to mathematics through friendship networks which provide more or less help from peers that might sustain (or curtail)…

  14. The Effect of High School Socioeconomic, Racial, and Linguistic Segregation on Academic Performance and School Behaviors

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Palardy, Gregory J.; Rumberger, Russell W.; Butler, Truman

    2015-01-01

    Background/Context: The 1954 U.S. Supreme Court decision on Brown v. Board of Education concluded that segregated schools were inherently unequal and therefore unlawful. That decision was not based solely upon the notion that segregated black schools were inferior in terms of academic instruction, curricular rigor, resources, etc., but also on…

  15. Public Reason and Child Rearing: What's a Liberal Parent to Do?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Arjo, Dennis

    2014-01-01

    The ways in we raise and educate children can appear to be at odds with basic liberal values. Relationships between parents and children are unequal, parents routinely control children's behaviour in various ways, and they use their authority to shape children's beliefs and values. Whether and how such practices can be made to accord…

  16. "One Equal Music": An Exploration of Gender Perceptions and the Fair Assessment by Beginning Music Teachers of Musical Compositions

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Legg, Robert

    2010-01-01

    Previous research in education has investigated the relationship between gender and perceptions of musicality, suggesting that teachers' assessments of boys' and girls' achievements in music are different and unequal. This empirical study attempts to explore that relationship in more detail, building on research from the late 1990s, by asking…

  17. Learning Competencies in Action: Tenth Grade Students' Investment in Accumulating Human Capital under the Influence of the Upper Secondary Education System in Japan

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Ryogi, Matsuoka

    2013-01-01

    Kariya (2009) proposes a concept of learning competencies to understand how social reproduction occurs in the current context of Japanese society; he argues that students learning competencies are not equally distributed but shaped by their family background, a foundation of unequal socioeconomic inequality. While he contends that learning…

  18. Hometown Disadvantage? It Depends on Where You're from: Teachers' Location Preferences and the Implications for Staffing Schools

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Reininger, Michelle

    2012-01-01

    This article focuses on an overlooked factor in the unequal sorting of teachers across schools: the geographic preferences of teachers. Using data from the National Education Longitudinal Study, the author examines the patterns of geographic mobility of new teachers and compares them to the patterns of other college graduates. Specifically, the…

  19. (De)Constructing the #FeesMustFall Campaign in South African Higher Education

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    CMoloi, Kholeka; Makgoba, Malegapuru W.; Ogutu Miruka, Collins

    2017-01-01

    South Africans live in one of the most unequal societies in the world where squalor and abject poverty live side by side with abundant wealth. The challenge of inequality is captured eloquently in the National Development Plan (NDP), the government's roadmap of South African economic future. It has become obvious that the new generation of student…

  20. Pocket School: Exploring Mobile Technology as a Sustainable Literacy Education Option for Underserved Indigenous Children in Latin America

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Kim, Paul; Miranda, Talia; Olaciregui, Claudia

    2008-01-01

    Literacy is a human right unequally distributed among the world's population. Despite global efforts to fight illiteracy, high illiteracy rates continue to jeopardize access for many to basic schooling, life-long learning, health, and environment safety. Illiteracy also hinders the economic prosperity of the poorest societies in this digital age.…

  1. Individualised and personalised QALYs in exceptional treatment decisions.

    PubMed

    Heale, Warwick

    2016-10-01

    Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) are used to determine how to allocate resources to health programmes or to treatments within those programmes in order to gain maximum utility from those limited, shared healthcare resources. However, if we use those same population- based QALYs when faced with individual treatment decisions we may act unjustly in relation to that individual or in relation to the wider population. A treatment with a population-based incremental cost-effectiveness ratio beyond our willingness to pay threshold may be denied to a patient even if, for that particular patient, the QALYs gained for the cost would fall within that threshold. When considering individual cases, it is proposed that we should take an individualised approach to the cost of treatment and response to treatment ('individualised QALYs') and a personalised approach to the valuation of health states ('personalised QALYs'). Only if we do this, can we maximise utility and give the patient a fair opportunity to benefit. Individualised and personalised QALYs also allow us to express patient choice and religious treatment preferences in terms of utility. Individualised and personalised QALYs are explored in the context of individual funding requests in the National Health Service. In preference to the concept of 'clinical exceptionality', individualised and personalised QALYs provide the potential for better and more consistent decisions and improved utility. Rather than treating unequal patients as if they were equal, individualised and personalised QALYs promote fair and unequal access to resources for some of our most unequal patients. Potential challenges are also considered. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/

  2. "Unequal opportunity": neighbourhood disadvantage and the chance to buy illegal drugs.

    PubMed

    Storr, C L; Chen, C-Y; Anthony, J C

    2004-03-01

    This study investigates whether subgroups of people living in disadvantaged neighbourhoods may be more likely to come into contact with drug dealers as compared with persons living in more advantaged areas, with due attention to male-female and race-ethnicity differences. Standardised survey data collected using stratified, multistage area probability sampling. United States of America, 1998. Nationally representative sample of household residents age 12 or older (n = 25 500). Evidence supports an inference that women are less likely to be approached by someone selling illegal drugs. The study found no more than modest and generally null racial and ethnicity differences, even for residents living within socially disadvantaged neighbourhoods, where chances to buy illegal drugs are found to be more common. Limitations of survey data always merit attention, but this study evidence lends support to the inference that physical and social characteristics of a neighbourhood can set the stage for opportunities to become involved with drugs.

  3. 2013 Center for Army Leadership Annual Survey of Army Leadership (CASAL): Army Civilian Leaders

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2014-05-30

    Army civilian workforce with regard to gender and ethnic origin (Office of the Assistant G-1 for Civilian Personnel, 2013). The reported education...climates of perceived inequality . Civilian leader comments frequently referenced favoritism as reflecting cronyism, unfair personnel actions, and...interests of others, unequal enforcement of standards and discipline, and use of discretion in workplace justice. As demonstrated in previous CASAL

  4. The Long March to Educational Inequality in Illinois: Financial Facts for "The Committee versus Edgar." MacArthur-Spencer Series Number 18.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Hickrod, G. Alan; And Others

    The equity of public school funding in Illinois is investigated in this report. A longitudinal, cartographic methodology examines the county as the unit of analysis for the school years 1972-73 through 1990-91. Findings indicate that Illinois school districts are currently more unequal than when the state equalization aid formula state was adopted…

  5. An Empirical Analysis of Economic and Racial Bias in the Distribution of Educational Resources in Nine Large American Cities.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Owen, John D.

    Empirical evidence is presented consistent with the hypothesis that instructional expenditures are distributed unequally, and that less is spent on non-white and poor students than on others in large American cities. The most experienced teachers are generally to be found in schools attended by the less poor white children. More important, the…

  6. Separate and Unequal: Students with HIV/AIDS and Mathematics Education

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Nickels, Megan

    2017-01-01

    Adolescents and youth represent a substantial number of individuals living with HIV/AIDS (hereinafter HIV) in the United States. Infected youth and young adults aged 13-29 (n = 100,724) made up 10% of all U.S. individuals living with HIV at the end of 2014 (Center for Disease Control [CDC], 2016). This same age group comprises 42% of all new HIV…

  7. The impact of socioeconomic factors on municipal solid waste generation in São Paulo, Brazil.

    PubMed

    Vieira, Victor H Argentino de Morais; Matheus, Dácio R

    2018-01-01

    Social factors have not been sufficiently explored in municipal solid waste management studies. Latin America has produced even fewer studies with this approach; technical and economic investigations have prevailed. We explored the impacts of socioeconomic factors on municipal solid waste generation in Greater Sao Paulo, which includes 39 municipalities. We investigated the relations between municipal solid waste generation and social factors by Pearson's correlation coefficient. The Student's t-test (at p ← 0.01) proved significance, and further regression analysis was performed with significant factors. We considered 10 socioeconomic factors: population, rural population, density, life expectancy, education (secondary, high and undergraduate level), income per capita, inequality and human development. A later multicollinearity analysis resulted in the determination of inequality (r p = 0.625) and income per capita (r p = 0.607) as major drivers. The results showed the relevance of considering social aspects in municipal solid waste management and isolated inequality as an important factor in planning. Inequality must be used as a complementary factor to income, rather than being used exclusively. Inequality may explain differences of waste generation between areas with similar incomes because of consumption patterns. Therefore, unequal realities demand unequal measures to avoid exacerbation, for example, pay-as-you-throw policies instead of uniform fees. Unequal realities also highlight the importance of tiering policies beyond the waste sector, such as sustainable consumption.

  8. This new field of inclusive education: beginning a dialogue on conceptual foundations.

    PubMed

    Danforth, Scot; Naraian, Srikala

    2015-02-01

    Numerous scholars have suggested that the standard knowledge base of the field of special education is not a suitable intellectual foundation for the development of research, policy, and practice in the field of inclusive education. Still, we have yet to have a dialogue on what conceptual foundations may be most generative for the growth and development of the field of inclusive education. This article imagines and initiates such a new dialogue among educational researchers and teacher educators about the intellectual resources that can best support inclusive educators everywhere. As inclusive education gets increasingly taken up within international policy discourses, it may be imperative to explore and identify theories and ideas that can be responsive to diverse and hugely unequal contexts of schooling. This article forwards an initial collection of intellectual resources for an inclusive education that can accommodate such complex schooling conditions and invites rich scholarly exchange on this issue.

  9. An Unequal Information Society: How Information Access Initiatives Contribute to the Construction of Inequality

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Sanfilippo, Madelyn Rose

    2016-01-01

    Unequal access to information has significant social and political consequences, and is itself a consequence of sociotechnical systems born of social, cultural, economic, and institutional context. Information is unequally distributed both within and between communities. While many factors that shape information inequality shift subtly over time,…

  10. Occupy Higher Education: Why Colleges Should Own the Effort to Improve Student Success

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Cruz, Jose L.; Haycock, Kati

    2012-01-01

    As a new round of cross-national studies is showing, the US is now one of the most economically unequal of all developed countries. The top 5 percent of Americans now take home 21.3 percent of total income, while the bottom 40 percent takes home only 11.8 percent. Among OECD nations, the US has the fourth highest income inequality, exceeded only…

  11. Problems in Determining School District Need for Hurd Aid and Alternatives to the Revenue Shortfall Approach for Determining Need.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Curley, John R.

    In New York State there is an uneven distribution of wealth and an unequal tax burden among the small city school districts. Because of the tax limits and rising costs for goods and services, many of these school districts have found it difficult to support their educational programs without emergency aid from the state. Such aid is frequently…

  12. Unequal Burden of Disease, Unequal Participation in Clinical Trials: Solutions from African American and Latino Community Members

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Ford, Marvella E.; Siminoff, Laura A.; Pickelsimer, Elisabeth; Mainous, Arch G.; Smith, Daniel W.; Diaz, Vanessa A.; Soderstrom, Lea H.; Jefferson, Melanie S.; Tilley, Barbara C.

    2013-01-01

    African Americans and Latinos are underrepresented in clinical trials. The purpose of this study was to elicit solutions to participation barriers from African Americans and Latinos. Fifty-seven adults (32 African Americans, 25 Latinos) ages 50 years and older participated. The Institute of Medicine's "Unequal Treatment" conceptual framework was…

  13. Whose Freedom and Equity in Public Relations? The Gender Balance Argument.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Toth, Elizabeth Lance

    Unequal treatment, unequal value and unequal power are three aspects of the gender balance argument in public relations. The few models describing how public relations is practiced do not distinguish the component parts on the basis of gender. Such models do not consider the men and women in the intra-institutional processes as processors of…

  14. Procedural justice in children: Preschoolers accept unequal resource distributions if the procedure provides equal opportunities.

    PubMed

    Grocke, Patricia; Rossano, Federico; Tomasello, Michael

    2015-12-01

    When it is not possible to distribute resources equitably to everyone, people look for an equitable or just procedure. In the current study, we investigated young children's sense of procedural justice. We tested 32 triads of 5-year-olds in a new resource allocation game. Triads were confronted with three unequal reward packages and then agreed on a procedure to allocate them among themselves. To allocate the rewards, they needed to use a "wheel of fortune." Half of the groups played with a fair wheel (where each child had an equal chance of obtaining each reward package), and the other half played with an unfair wheel. We analyzed children's interactions when using the wheel and conducted an interview with each child after the game was over. Children using the unfair wheel often decided to change the rules of the game, and they also rated it as an unfair procedure in the interview. In contrast, children who played with the fair wheel were mostly accepting of both the outcome and the procedure. Overall, we found that children as young as preschool age are already sensitive not only to distributive justice but to procedural justice as well. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  15. Universal patterns or the tale of two systems? Mathematics achievement and educational expectations in post-socialist Europe

    PubMed Central

    Bodovski, Katerina; Kotok, Stephen; Henck, Adrienne

    2014-01-01

    Although communist ideology claimed to destroy former class stratification based on labor market capitalist relationships, de facto during socialism one social class hierarchy was substituted for another that was equally unequal. The economic transition during the 1990s increased stratification by wealth, which affected educational inequality. This study examines the relationships among parental education, gender, educational expectations, and mathematics achievement of youths in five post-socialist Eastern European countries, comparing them with three Western countries. We employed the 8th-grade data from the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) 1995 and 2007. The findings point to the universal associations between parental education and student outcomes, whereas gender comparisons present interesting East-West differences. The theoretical and policy implications of these findings are discussed. PMID:25346564

  16. Early Education Gaps by Social Class and Race Start U.S. Children Out on Unequal Footing: A Summary of the Major Findings in "Inequalities at the Starting Gate"

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    García, Emma; Weiss, Elaine

    2015-01-01

    Understanding disparities in school readiness among America's children when they begin kindergarten is critically important, now more than ever. In today's 21st century global economy, it is expected that the great majority of children will complete high school ready to enter college or begin a career, and assume their civic responsibilities. This…

  17. A culture of future planning: perceptions of sexual risk among educated young adults.

    PubMed

    Cheney, Ann M; Ostrach, Bayla; Marcus, Ruthanne; Frank, Cynthia; Ball, Cassandra; Erickson, Pamela I

    2014-10-01

    In this study we examined how social processes, specifically the acquisition of postsecondary education and capital, shaped perceptions of sexual risk and impacted sexual practices and sexual health among young adults. Using qualitative research methods we collected and analyzed data among students attending a 4-year university in the northeastern region of the United States over a 1-year period. By analyzing participants' narratives, we found that the reproduction of shared norms and values encouraged educated young adults to focus on educational and professional success, pressing many of them to be concerned about preventing pregnancy rather than preventing disease transmission, and increasing their risk for sexually transmitted infections, including HIV/AIDS. Sexual-health educators need to address how social processes shape sexual practices, encourage educated young adults to challenge unequal gender expectations, and consider how sexually transmitted infections might also interfere with life plans. © The Author(s) 2014.

  18. Performance Analysis of Hybrid PON (WDM-TDM) with Equal and Unequal Channel Spacing

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sharma, Ramandeep; Dewra, Sanjeev; Rani, Aruna

    2016-06-01

    In this hybrid WDM-TDM PON has been evaluated and compared the downstream wavelengths with equal and unequal channel spacing at 5 Gbit/s per wavelength in the scenario of triple play services with 128 optical network units (ONUs). The triple play services: data, voice and video signals are transmitted up to 50 km distance having Q factor of 6.68 and BER of 3.64e-012 with unequal channel spacing and 45 km distance having Q factor of 6.33 and BER of 2.40e-011 with equal channel spacing in downstream direction. It has been observed that downstream wavelengths with unequal channel spacing provide better results than equal channel spacing.

  19. Equal Educational Opportunity: Hearings Before the Select Committee on Equal Educational Opportunity of the United States Senate, Ninety-Second Congress, First Session on Equal Educational Opportunity. Part 19A-1--Equal Educational Opportunity in Michigan: U.S. Senate Select Committee on Equal Educational Opportunity Staff Charts on Michigan's Educational Assessment Program.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Congress of the U.S., Washington, DC. Senate Select Committee on Equal Educational Opportunity.

    The Staff of the Select Committee on Equal Educational Opportunity spent several months, during 1971, examining the Michigan Department of Education records of the Michigan Educational Assessment program--as well as visiting in various school districts of the State. The charts presented in this volume of the Committee's hearings are the result of…

  20. 34 CFR 644.1 - What is the Educational Opportunity Centers program?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 34 Education 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false What is the Educational Opportunity Centers program? 644.1 Section 644.1 Education Regulations of the Offices of the Department of Education (Continued) OFFICE OF POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION, DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITY CENTERS General § 644.1 What is the Educational Opportunity Centers...

  1. Concurrent schedules of wheel-running reinforcement: choice between different durations of opportunity to run in rats.

    PubMed

    Belke, Terry W

    2006-02-01

    How do animals choose between opportunities to run of different durations? Are longer durations preferred over shorter durations because they permit a greater number of revolutions? Are shorter durations preferred because they engender higher rates of running? Will longer durations be chosen because running is less constrained? The present study reports on three experiments that attempted to address these questions. In the first experiment, five male Wistar rats chose between 10-sec and 50-sec opportunities to run on modified concurrent variable-interval (VI) schedules. Across conditions, the durations associated with the alternatives were reversed. Response, time, and reinforcer proportions did not vary from indifference. In a second experiment, eight female Long-Evans rats chose between opportunities to run of equal (30 sec) and unequal durations (10 sec and 50 sec) on concurrent variable-ratio (VR) schedules. As in Experiment 1, between presentations of equal duration conditions, 10-sec and 50-sec durations were reversed. Results showed that response, time, and reinforcer proportions on an alternative did not vary with reinforcer duration. In a third experiment, using concurrent VR schedules, durations were systematically varied to decrease the shorter duration toward 0 sec. As the shorter duration decreased, response, time, and reinforcer proportions shifted toward the longer duration. In summary, differences in durations of opportunities to run did not affect choice behavior in a manner consistent with the assumption that a longer reinforcer is a larger reinforcer.

  2. Computer search for binary cyclic UEP codes of odd length up to 65

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Lin, Mao-Chao; Lin, Chi-Chang; Lin, Shu

    1990-01-01

    Using an exhaustive computation, the unequal error protection capabilities of all binary cyclic codes of odd length up to 65 that have minimum distances at least 3 are found. For those codes that can only have upper bounds on their unequal error protection capabilities computed, an analytic method developed by Dynkin and Togonidze (1976) is used to show that the upper bounds meet the exact unequal error protection capabilities.

  3. Accessibility and socio-economic development of human settlements.

    PubMed

    Hasan, Samiul; Wang, Xiaoming; Khoo, Yong Bing; Foliente, Greg

    2017-01-01

    Access to facilities, services and socio-economic opportunities plays a critical role in the growth and decline of cities and human settlements. Previous attempts to explain changes in socio-economic indicators by differences in accessibility have not been convincing as countries with highly developed transport infrastructure have only seen marginal benefits of infrastructure improvements. Australia offers an ideal case for investigating the effects of accessibility on development since it is seen as home to some of the most liveable cities in the world while, at the same time, it also has some of the most isolated settlements. We investigate herein the connectivity and accessibility of all 1814 human settlements (population centers exceeding 200 persons) in Australia, and how they relate to the socio-economic characteristics of, and opportunities in, each population center. Assuming population as a proxy indicator of available opportunities, we present a simple ranking metric for a settlement using the number of population and the distance required to access all other settlements (and the corresponding opportunities therein). We find a strikingly unequal distribution of access to opportunities in Australia, with a marked prominence of opportunities in capital cities in four of the eight states. The two largest cities of Sydney and Melbourne have a dominant position across all socio-economic indicators, compared to all the other cities. In general, we observe across all the settlements that a decrease in access to opportunities is associated with relatively greater socio-economic disadvantage including increased median age and unemployment rate and decreased median household income. Our methodology can be used to better understand the potential benefits of improved accessibility based on infrastructure development, especially for remote areas and for cities and towns with many socio-economically disadvantaged population.

  4. Accessibility and socio-economic development of human settlements

    PubMed Central

    Wang, Xiaoming; Khoo, Yong Bing; Foliente, Greg

    2017-01-01

    Access to facilities, services and socio-economic opportunities plays a critical role in the growth and decline of cities and human settlements. Previous attempts to explain changes in socio-economic indicators by differences in accessibility have not been convincing as countries with highly developed transport infrastructure have only seen marginal benefits of infrastructure improvements. Australia offers an ideal case for investigating the effects of accessibility on development since it is seen as home to some of the most liveable cities in the world while, at the same time, it also has some of the most isolated settlements. We investigate herein the connectivity and accessibility of all 1814 human settlements (population centers exceeding 200 persons) in Australia, and how they relate to the socio-economic characteristics of, and opportunities in, each population center. Assuming population as a proxy indicator of available opportunities, we present a simple ranking metric for a settlement using the number of population and the distance required to access all other settlements (and the corresponding opportunities therein). We find a strikingly unequal distribution of access to opportunities in Australia, with a marked prominence of opportunities in capital cities in four of the eight states. The two largest cities of Sydney and Melbourne have a dominant position across all socio-economic indicators, compared to all the other cities. In general, we observe across all the settlements that a decrease in access to opportunities is associated with relatively greater socio-economic disadvantage including increased median age and unemployment rate and decreased median household income. Our methodology can be used to better understand the potential benefits of improved accessibility based on infrastructure development, especially for remote areas and for cities and towns with many socio-economically disadvantaged population. PMID:28636630

  5. Motivational factors, gender and engineering education

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kolmos, Anette; Mejlgaard, Niels; Haase, Sanne; Egelund Holgaard, Jette

    2013-06-01

    Based on survey data covering the full population of students enrolled in Danish engineering education in autumn 2010, we explore the motivational factors behind educational choice, with a particular aim of comparing male and female students1 reasons for choosing a career in engineering. We find that women are significantly more influenced by mentors than men, while men tend to be more motivated by intrinsic and financial factors, and by the social importance of the engineering profession. Parental influence is low across all programmes and by differentiating between specific clusters of engineering programmes, we further show that these overall gender differences are subtle and that motivational factors are unequally important across the different educational programmes. The findings from this study clearly indicate that intrinsic and social motivations are the most important motivational factors; however, gender and programme differentiation needs to be taken into account, and points towards diverse future strategies for attracting students to engineering education.

  6. Les Disparités d'alphabétisation et de scolarisation en Turquie

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Arayıcı, Ali

    2000-05-01

    The struggle against illiteracy is a problem of great importance in Turkey as in many other countries. In Turkey the democratisation and secularisation of education have been a difficult process. Despite strong educational efforts in recent years, the country still presents various forms of inequality, such as considerable disparities between women and men, between town and country and between different regions. Unequal socio-economic, cultural and educational development, and attachment to cultural traditions are some of the factors that influence these inequalities. At the same time, Turkey is confronted by the sore problem of the education of linguistic minorities (especially the Kurds), who are not officially recognised as the cultural policy of Turkey aims to assimilate them. Thus, in the 1920s the Kurdish language was forbidden along with all languages other than Turkish, the official national language.

  7. Health education in Cuba: a preface.

    PubMed

    Tesh, S

    1986-01-01

    Critics of health education policy in the United States fault it for ignoring the unequal ability of Americans to adopt more healthy behavior and for underestimating the social, economic, and political causes of disease. Many critics hypothesize that health education in a less bourgeois society would be more equitable and less individualistic. This article tests that hypothesis by analyzing the current Cuban health education program aimed at the reduction of chronic diseases. It argues that while the Cuban program appears to be every bit as individualistic as the North American program, theirs may not be comparable to ours because Cubans are less likely than Americans to reify the state. At least among supporters of the revolution, Cubans do not automatically make a conceptual distinction between the individual and the society. Discussions about responsibility for disease prevention take on new meaning in this light.

  8. Some Memories are Odder than Others: Judgments of Episodic Oddity Violate Known Decision Rules

    PubMed Central

    O’Connor, Akira R.; Guhl, Emily N.; Cox, Justin C.; Dobbins, Ian G.

    2011-01-01

    Current decision models of recognition memory are based almost entirely on one paradigm, single item old/new judgments accompanied by confidence ratings. This task results in receiver operating characteristics (ROCs) that are well fit by both signal-detection and dual-process models. Here we examine an entirely new recognition task, the judgment of episodic oddity, whereby participants select the mnemonically odd members of triplets (e.g., a new item hidden among two studied items). Using the only two known signal-detection rules of oddity judgment derived from the sensory perception literature, the unequal variance signal-detection model predicted that an old item among two new items would be easier to discover than a new item among two old items. In contrast, four separate empirical studies demonstrated the reverse pattern: triplets with two old items were the easiest to resolve. This finding was anticipated by the dual-process approach as the presence of two old items affords the greatest opportunity for recollection. Furthermore, a bootstrap-fed Monte Carlo procedure using two independent datasets demonstrated that the dual-process parameters typically observed during single item recognition correctly predict the current oddity findings, whereas unequal variance signal-detection parameters do not. Episodic oddity judgments represent a case where dual- and single-process predictions qualitatively diverge and the findings demonstrate that novelty is “odder” than familiarity. PMID:22833695

  9. Dental practitioner rural work movements: a systematic review.

    PubMed

    Godwin, Diana M; Hoang, Ha; Crocombe, Leonard A; Bell, Erica

    2014-01-01

    There is a globally observed unequal distribution of dental and other health practitioners between urban and rural areas in OECD countries. Dental practitioners provide important primary healthcare services to rural populations. Workforce shortages and stability issues in underserved areas can have negative effects on rural communities. Strategies used to fix the dental practitioner workforce maldistribution need to be investigated. The study had primary focus on Australia and included relevant international literature. Databases used were PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Informit, Web of Science, Scopus and Summon. Search terms included dental practitioner, rural, remote, retention, recruitment and strategies. Sixteen articles met the inclusion criteria. The articles described a total of eight different positive factors and 12 negative factors towards rural practice. The positive factors related to the nature of the type of clinical work being a 'challenge', close social and professional support networks, enjoyment of rural lifestyle and successful integration into the rural community. The negative factors mentioned included social and professional isolation, workload and type of clinical work, access to further education opportunities, access to facilities, education for children and job opportunities for a partner, and inability to integrate into the rural community. The articles that analysed recruitment incentives described three strategies currently used to influence recruitment, all of which were financial or contractual in nature. Articles mentioning retention factors described seven long-term retention motivators; of these, six of them were personal reasons. The most commonly mentioned motivational factor for recruitment and retention of the rural dental practitioner workforce was the effect of prior rural exposure for dental practitioners. The results of this review indicate that the most important influences on rural dental practitioner workforce recruitment and retention were a combination of financial reimbursement and personal reasons. There was also a large influence of rural medical workforce research on untested assumptions and drivers of the rural dental practitioner workforce. The high recruitment rate compared with the low retention rate indicates that current strategies were not effective in addressing rural dental practitioner workforce shortages in the long term.

  10. Models for Serially Correlated Over or Underdispersed Unequally Spaced Longitudinal Count Data with Applications to Asthma Inhaler Use

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2007-08-01

    the gamma prior and Poisson counts are conditioned on an unobserved AR( 1 ) process that accounts for the time since the last observation . This model did...to the observation equation. For unequally spaced observations the AR( 1 ) errors are replaced by a continuous time AR( 1 ) process , and the distance...unequal spaced observations are handled in the XJG model by assuming an underlying continuous time AR( 1 ) (CAR(l)) process . It is implemented by

  11. New and Stronger Remedies Are Needed To Reduce Gender-Based Wage Discrimination. Testimony of Heidi I. Hartmann, Ph.D., Director, Institute for Women's Policy Research, Before the U.S. Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Hearing on Gender-Based Wage Discrimination.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Hartmann, Heidi I.

    Studies indicate these potential sources of wage differentials between women and men: women have different skills and qualifications; they work in the same jobs and establishments and have equal qualifications but receive unequal pay; and they work in different jobs or establishments, where pay is low, but have qualifications similar to men…

  12. Unequal School Funding in the United States.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Biddle, Bruce J.; Berliner, David C.

    2002-01-01

    Reviews research on the extent, causes, and consequences of the unequal funding of public schools within and among states. Describes state legal and legislative efforts to improve funding equity. (Contains 41 references.) (PKP)

  13. Achieving unequal error protection with convolutional codes

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Mills, D. G.; Costello, D. J., Jr.; Palazzo, R., Jr.

    1994-01-01

    This paper examines the unequal error protection capabilities of convolutional codes. Both time-invariant and periodically time-varying convolutional encoders are examined. The effective free distance vector is defined and is shown to be useful in determining the unequal error protection (UEP) capabilities of convolutional codes. A modified transfer function is used to determine an upper bound on the bit error probabilities for individual input bit positions in a convolutional encoder. The bound is heavily dependent on the individual effective free distance of the input bit position. A bound relating two individual effective free distances is presented. The bound is a useful tool in determining the maximum possible disparity in individual effective free distances of encoders of specified rate and memory distribution. The unequal error protection capabilities of convolutional encoders of several rates and memory distributions are determined and discussed.

  14. Changes in Urban-Rural Social Structure and Distribution of High School Educational Opportunities--An Analysis Based on Middle School Graduation Education Tracking in Q County, Gansu

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Baoyan, Yang; Minggang, Wan

    2015-01-01

    To a certain extent, the distribution of high school education opportunities among the population determines the stratification of high school education opportunities. The researchers examined the distribution of high school education opportunities within the county region based on survey data on middle school graduation education tracking in Q…

  15. New perspectives for Secondary School: The Case of Brazil

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gomes, Candido Alberto

    1999-01-01

    Despite its importance in relation to social mobility, secondary education is characterised by an unequal distribution of knowledge among different groups of students, and a hierarchy in which some types of knowledge are valued more than others. In comparing secondary education in different countries, two main systems are apparent: "sponsored mobility" and "competitive mobility". In the former, students are divided into different groups according to ability at an early stage in their schooling. In the latter, the selection process is postponed until the final phase. Brazil, in its recent history, has moved from sponsored mobility to competitive mobility. The author explores some of the lessons during this process and examines their implications for the future.

  16. Unequal Gain of Equal Resources across Racial Groups

    PubMed Central

    Assari, Shervin

    2018-01-01

    The health effects of economic resources (eg, education, employment, and living place) and psychological assets (eg, self-efficacy, perceived control over life, anger control, and emotions) are well-known. This article summarizes the results of a growing body of evidence documenting Blacks’ diminished return, defined as a systematically smaller health gain from economic resources and psychological assets for Blacks in comparison to Whites. Due to structural barriers that Blacks face in their daily lives, the very same resources and assets generate smaller health gain for Blacks compared to Whites. Even in the presence of equal access to resources and assets, such unequal health gain constantly generates a racial health gap between Blacks and Whites in the United States. In this paper, a number of public policies are recommended based on these findings. First and foremost, public policies should not merely focus on equalizing access to resources and assets, but also reduce the societal and structural barriers that hinder Blacks. Policy solutions should aim to reduce various manifestations of structural racism including but not limited to differential pay, residential segregation, lower quality of education, and crime in Black and urban communities. As income was not found to follow the same pattern demonstrated for other resources and assets (ie, income generated similar decline in risk of mortality for Whites and Blacks), policies that enforce equal income and increase minimum wage for marginalized populations are essential. Improving quality of education of youth and employability of young adults will enable Blacks to compete for high paying jobs. Policies that reduce racism and discrimination in the labor market are also needed. Without such policies, it will be very difficult, if not impossible, to eliminate the sustained racial health gap in the United States. PMID:29325397

  17. Recent Suicide Attempts Across Multiple Social Identities Among Gay and Bisexual Men: An Intersectionality Analysis.

    PubMed

    Ferlatte, Olivier; Salway, Travis; Hankivsky, Olena; Trussler, Terry; Oliffe, John L; Marchand, Rick

    2017-09-08

    This study draws from intersectionality to describe variations in recent suicide attempts (RSA) among gay and bisexual men (GBM) across sociodemographics. Using survey data, logistic regression modeling explored RSA in two analytical stages: (1) the individual effects of each sociodemographic were measured; (2) two-way interaction terms between sociodemographics were tested and added to the models created in stage A. In stage A, only education and income achieved significance. In stage B, the study found that (a) education and income interacted significantly such that the odds of RSA increased for those with a lower income and a lower education; (b) sexual orientation and partnership status interacted, resulting in decreased odds among bisexual men in heterosexual partnerships; and (c) income and education interacted with geography; the effects of these variables were significant only among urban men. These findings suggest that GBM are at unequal risk of RSA according to intersecting sociodemographics.

  18. HIV / AIDS: An Unequal Burden

    MedlinePlus

    Skip Navigation Bar Home Current Issue Past Issues HIV / AIDS HIV / AIDS: An Unequal Burden Past Issues / Summer 2009 ... high-risk category, emphasizes Dr. Cargill. Photo: iStock HIV and Pregnancy Are there ways to help HIV- ...

  19. Women's employment transitions around child bearing.

    PubMed

    Dex, S; Joshi, H; Macran, S; Mcculloch, A

    1998-02-01

    Women's increasing participation in the labor force since the 1950s demands that knowledge about their labor supply needs to keep pace with the changing world. One important change has occurred among mothers of small children, they are increasingly working for pay in successive generations, as the break in their employment has become increasingly shorter. Legislation was enacted in the UK to outlaw unequal pay and discrimination in employment on the basis of gender, while statutory maternity leave was introduced in 1976 and extended in 1986. The proportion of mothers taking maternity leave has since increased, as has full-time employment among mothers. The authors examine the transitions into and out of paid work which women make after childbirth, helping to determine whether recent generations of mothers have benefitted from the policy changes, whether all have benefitted equally, and whether any effects persist beyond the period around the first childbirth. Study data are drawn from the fifth sweep of the National Child Development Study (NCDS) 1958 birth cohort at age 33. The experiences of mothers in the 1958 generation suggests that women have begun to benefit from the equal opportunities provisions enacted in Britain during the 1970s. The age of the youngest child is the most important determinant of women's participation over the preschool years, and relatively better educated women have the highest degree of continuity in employment across childbirth.

  20. Postsecondary Education Opportunity. The Mortenson Report on Public Policy Analysis of Opportunity for Postsecondary Education, 1995.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Mortenson, Thomas G., Ed.

    1995-01-01

    This document is a collection of 12 issues of a monthly publication on public policy and postsecondary education opportunity. Each issue contains one or two main articles providing an analysis of research on trends in postsecondary education. The major articles in these issues are: (1) "The Challenge of Educational Opportunity in Public…

  1. Resonant pairing between fermions with unequal masses

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Wu, Shin-Tza; Pao, C.-H.; Yip, S.-K.

    We study via mean-field theory the pairing between fermions of different masses, especially at the unitary limit. At equal populations, the thermodynamic properties are identical with the equal mass case provided an appropriate rescaling is made. At unequal populations, for sufficiently light majority species, the system does not phase separate. For sufficiently heavy majority species, the phase separated normal phase have a density larger than that of the superfluid. For atoms in harmonic traps, the density profiles for unequal mass fermions can be drastically different from their equal-mass counterparts.

  2. Using the PLUM procedure of SPSS to fit unequal variance and generalized signal detection models.

    PubMed

    DeCarlo, Lawrence T

    2003-02-01

    The recent addition of aprocedure in SPSS for the analysis of ordinal regression models offers a simple means for researchers to fit the unequal variance normal signal detection model and other extended signal detection models. The present article shows how to implement the analysis and how to interpret the SPSS output. Examples of fitting the unequal variance normal model and other generalized signal detection models are given. The approach offers a convenient means for applying signal detection theory to a variety of research.

  3. Why Should We Demand Equality of Educational Opportunity?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Meyer, Kirsten

    2016-01-01

    This paper reveals how equal educational opportunities, equal job opportunities and equality of opportunity for welfare are related to each other, and how they are related to other demands for justice. There are several important objections to the emphasis on equal educational opportunities. Nevertheless, this paper shows that demanding equal…

  4. Breakdown of Universality for Unequal-Mass Fermi Gases with Infinite Scattering Length

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Blume, D.; Daily, K. M.

    We treat small trapped unequal-mass two-component Fermi gases at unitarity within a nonperturbative microscopic framework and investigate the system properties as functions of the mass ratio {kappa}, and the numbers N{sub 1} and N{sub 2} of heavy and light fermions. While equal-mass Fermi gases with infinitely large interspecies s-wave scattering length a{sub s} are universal, we find that unequal-mass Fermi gases are, for sufficiently large {kappa} and in the regime where Efimov physics is absent, not universal. In particular, the (N{sub 1},N{sub 2})=(2,1) and (3, 1) systems exhibit three-body and four-body resonances at {kappa}=12.314(2) and 10.4(2), respectively, as well asmore » surprisingly large finite-range effects. These findings have profound implications for ongoing experimental efforts and quantum simulation proposals that utilize unequal-mass atomic Fermi gases.« less

  5. Fermion Cooper pairing with unequal masses: Standard field theory approach

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    He Lianyi; Jin Meng; Zhuang Pengfei

    Fermion Cooper pairing with unequal masses is investigated in a standard field theory approach. We derived the superfluid density and Meissner mass squared of the U(1) gauge field in a general two-species model and found that the often used proportional relation between the two quantities is broken when the fermion masses are unequal. In the weak-coupling region, the superfluid density is always negative but the Meissner mass squared becomes mostly positive when the mass ratio between the pairing fermions is large enough. We established a proper momentum configuration of the LOFF pairing with unequal masses and showed that the LOFFmore » state is energetically favored due to the negative superfluid density. The single-plane-wave LOFF state is physically equivalent to an anisotropic state with a spontaneously generated superflow. The extension to a finite-range interaction is briefly discussed.« less

  6. A procedure of multiple period searching in unequally spaced time-series with the Lomb-Scargle method

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Van Dongen, H. P.; Olofsen, E.; VanHartevelt, J. H.; Kruyt, E. W.; Dinges, D. F. (Principal Investigator)

    1999-01-01

    Periodogram analysis of unequally spaced time-series, as part of many biological rhythm investigations, is complicated. The mathematical framework is scattered over the literature, and the interpretation of results is often debatable. In this paper, we show that the Lomb-Scargle method is the appropriate tool for periodogram analysis of unequally spaced data. A unique procedure of multiple period searching is derived, facilitating the assessment of the various rhythms that may be present in a time-series. All relevant mathematical and statistical aspects are considered in detail, and much attention is given to the correct interpretation of results. The use of the procedure is illustrated by examples, and problems that may be encountered are discussed. It is argued that, when following the procedure of multiple period searching, we can even benefit from the unequal spacing of a time-series in biological rhythm research.

  7. Interventions for enhancing the distribution of dental professionals: a concise systematic review.

    PubMed

    Jäger, Ralf; van den Berg, Neeltje; Schwendicke, Falk

    2017-10-01

    A spatially unequal distribution of dentists or dental care professionals (D/DCPs), such as therapists or hygienists, could reduce the quality of health services and increase health inequities. This review describes the interventions available to enhance this spatial distribution and systematically assesses their effectiveness. Electronic databases (Cochrane CENTRAL, Medline, Embase, CINAHL) were searched and cross-referencing was performed using a standardised searching algorithm. Randomised and non-randomised controlled trials, controlled before-and-after studies and interrupted time series were included. Studies investigating a minimum of one of four interventions (educational, financial, regulatory and supportive) were included. The primary outcome was the spatial distribution of D/DCPs. Secondary outcomes were access, quality of services and equity or adverse effects. This review was registered (CRD42015026265). Of 4,885 articles identified, the full text of 201 was assessed and three (all investigating national policy interventions originally not aiming to change the distribution of D/DCPs) were included. In one Japanese study spanning 1980 to 2000, the unequal spatial distribution of dentists decreased alongside a general increase in the number of dentists. It remained unclear if these findings were associated. In a second Japanese study, an increase in the number of dentists was found in combination with a postgraduate training programme implemented in 2006, and this occurred alongside an increasingly unequal distribution of dentists, again without proof of cause and consequence. A third study from Taiwan found the introduction of a national universal-coverage health insurance to equalise the distribution of dentists, with statistical association between this equalisation and the introduction of the insurance. The effectiveness of interventions to enhance the spatial distribution of D/DCPs remains unclear. © 2017 FDI World Dental Federation.

  8. Career advancement and educational opportunities: experiences and perceptions of internationally educated nurses.

    PubMed

    Salma, Jordana; Hegadoren, Kathleen M; Ogilvie, Linda

    2012-01-01

    The number of internationally educated nurses is increasing in the Canadian workforce. Recruitment of internationally educated nurses is often seen as a solution to ongoing nursing shortages. However, international recruitment needs to be accompanied by strategies to ensure long-term retention. One of the criteria for successful retention is the availability and accessibility of career advancement and educational opportunities. Little research exists on the opportunities for career advancement and education for internationally educated nurses in Canada. This interpretive descriptive study was conducted to look at the perceptions of internationally educated nurses regarding career advancement and educational opportunities in Alberta, Canada. Eleven internationally educated nurses, working as registered nurses in Alberta, were interviewed using semi-structured interviews. Five themes were identified: motherhood as a priority, communication and cultural challenges, process of skill recognition, perceptions of opportunity and need for mentorship.

  9. Postsecondary Education Opportunity, 1999.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Postsecondary Education Opportunity, 1999

    1999-01-01

    Each of the 12 issues of this 1999 publication contains 1 or more analyses of postsecondary educational opportunities. Titles of the individual analyses are: (1) Parental Educational Attainment and Higher Educational Opportunity (number 79); (2) Refinancing Higher Education, 1952 to 1997 (number 79); (3) State Outreach Efforts to Students from Low…

  10. Equal Educational Opportunity: Hearings Before the Select Committee on Equal Educational Opportunity of the United States Senate, Ninety-Second Congress First Session on Equal Educational Opportunity. Parts 9A and 9B.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Congress of the U.S., Washington, DC. Senate Select Committee on Equal Educational Opportunity.

    These hearings before the Senate Select Committee on Equal Educational Opportunity focusing on "San Francisco and Berkeley, California" are organized in two parts. The contents of Part 9A include all of the statements by educational administrators, teachers, and students; as well as by representatives of involved minority communities and…

  11. Still Not Equal: Expanding Educational Opportunity in Society

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Brown, M. Christopher, II, Ed.

    2007-01-01

    "Still Not Equal: Expanding Educational Opportunity in Society" addresses the successes and failures of "Brown v. Board of Education" and the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as well as the continuing challenge of expanding educational opportunity in the United States and across the Black diaspora. The educational, political, and social influence…

  12. Closing the Civic Opportunity Gap: The Imperative for Teacher Education

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Marri, Anand Reddy

    2011-01-01

    In teacher education, the key concern must be inequitable civic education, which includes economic education and opportunities available for underserved students. Inequitable civic education opportunities reinforce already-widening disparities between groups of citizens. This bodes ill for democracy and the ability to wrestle with the complex…

  13. Educational background: different processes and consequences on health and physical and mental exposures among women and men.

    PubMed

    Dahlberg, Raymond; Bildt, Carina; Vingård, Eva; Karlqvist, Lena

    2007-01-01

    To compare health and exposures at work and at home of women and men with the same educational background. The study group consisted of 3831 individuals, grouped into three educational categories based on length of education. Category 1, which represents 9-year compulsory school; Category 2, which includes 3-year upper secondary school, i.e. in total 12 years of education; and Category 3, which includes post-secondary school, such as university. They responded to a questionnaire that included questions on health and exposures at work and at home. Significant differences were shown in health outcomes between women and men with the same educational background and also in exposures in their professional and private lives. Associations between educational background and health were found and analyses revealed that men with a university education run the lowest risk of developing ill health. Women with the same educational background as men are differently exposed, both in paid and unpaid work, due to the segregated labour market and the unequal distribution of domestic duties. Men in all educational categories studied had better health compared to women with the same educational background.

  14. Ethnical discrimination in Europe: Field evidence from the finance industry

    PubMed Central

    Stefan, Matthias; Holzmeister, Felix; Müllauer, Alexander

    2018-01-01

    The integration of ethnical minorities has been a hotly discussed topic in the political, societal, and economic debate. Persistent discrimination of ethnical minorities can hinder successful integration. Given that unequal access to investment and financing opportunities can cause social and economic disparities due to inferior economic prospects, we conducted a field experiment on ethnical discrimination in the finance sector with 1,218 banks in seven European countries. We contacted banks via e-mail, either with domestic or Arabic sounding names, asking for contact details only. We find pronounced discrimination in terms of a substantially lower response rate to e-mails from Arabic senders. Remarkably, the observed discrimination effect is robust for loan- and investment-related requests, across rural and urban locations of banks, and across countries. PMID:29377964

  15. Ethnical discrimination in Europe: Field evidence from the finance industry.

    PubMed

    Stefan, Matthias; Holzmeister, Felix; Müllauer, Alexander; Kirchler, Michael

    2018-01-01

    The integration of ethnical minorities has been a hotly discussed topic in the political, societal, and economic debate. Persistent discrimination of ethnical minorities can hinder successful integration. Given that unequal access to investment and financing opportunities can cause social and economic disparities due to inferior economic prospects, we conducted a field experiment on ethnical discrimination in the finance sector with 1,218 banks in seven European countries. We contacted banks via e-mail, either with domestic or Arabic sounding names, asking for contact details only. We find pronounced discrimination in terms of a substantially lower response rate to e-mails from Arabic senders. Remarkably, the observed discrimination effect is robust for loan- and investment-related requests, across rural and urban locations of banks, and across countries.

  16. Multiple dimensions of climate change and their implications for biodiversity.

    PubMed

    Garcia, Raquel A; Cabeza, Mar; Rahbek, Carsten; Araújo, Miguel B

    2014-05-02

    The 21st century is projected to witness unprecedented climatic changes, with greater warming often reported for high latitudes. Yet, climate change can be measured in a variety of ways, reflecting distinct dimensions of change with unequal spatial patterns across the world. Polar climates are projected to not only warm, but also to shrink in area. By contrast, today's hot and arid climates are expected to expand worldwide and to reach climate states with no current analog. Although rarely appreciated in combination, these multiple dimensions of change convey complementary information. We review existing climate change metrics and discuss how they relate to threats and opportunities for biodiversity. Interpreting climate change metrics is particularly useful for unknown or poorly described species, which represent most of Earth's biodiversity.

  17. Addressing Breast Cancer's Unequal Burden | NIH MedlinePlus the Magazine

    MedlinePlus

    ... of this page please turn JavaScript on. Feature: Breast Cancer Addressing Breast Cancer's Unequal Burden Past Issues / Winter 2017 Table of ... What are trends in African-American women and breast cancer? Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer ...

  18. Attempt to accelerate asymmetric species with unequal frequencies in RHIC

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Liu, C.; Luo, Y.; Marusic, A.

    This report summarizes the beam studies on accelerating asymmetric beams with unequal frequencies, during the proton-Gold/Aluminum run in 2015. The experiment failed due to modulated beam-beam effects even though the beams were separated by at least 15 mm.

  19. [Environmental health and inequalities: building indicators for sustainable development].

    PubMed

    Carneiro, Fernando Ferreira; Franco Netto, Guilherme; Corvalan, Carlos; de Freitas, Carlos Machado; Sales, Luiz Belino Ferreira

    2012-06-01

    Despite its progress in terms of socio-economic indicators, Brazil is still unequal, which is due to an unequal and exclusionary historical process. In this paper we selected the Human Development Index - HDI and other social, economic, environmental and health indicators to exemplify this situation. We selected the municipalities that had the lowest HDI in the country in 2000 comparing their evolution over time between 2000 and 2010 by means of indicators linked to the economic, environmental and social pillars of sustainable development. These municipalities have an HDI classified as low (<0.500), and correspond to countries such as Laos, Yemen, Haiti and Madagascar. At national level, data for the decade show a significant improvement in economic indicators (decrease from 23% to 8.9% of people living on less than a quarter of the minimum wage); social indicators (increase from 86.5% to 90.2% of literacy in women), and the environmental indicator associated with access to the water grid, which also improved to a lesser extent (increase from 81% to 85%). It was concluded that in order to achieve sustainable development with quality of life, the improvement of sanitation and education indicators should be a priority for Brazil.

  20. Equality, Adequacy, and Stakes Fairness: Retrieving the Equal Opportunities in Education Approach

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Jacobs, Lesley A.

    2010-01-01

    Two approaches to making judgments about moral urgency in educational policy have prevailed in American law and public policy. One approach holds that educational policy should aspire to realizing equal opportunities in education for all. The other approach holds that educational policy should aspire to realizing adequate opportunities in…

  1. Postsecondary Education Opportunity. The Mortenson Research Seminar on Public Policy Analysis of Opportunity for Postsecondary Education, 1996.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Mortenson, Thomas G., Ed.

    1996-01-01

    This document is a collection of 12 issues of a monthly report on public policy and programs affecting postsecondary educational opportunity. Each issue contains two or three research articles analyzing postsecondary educational trends. Titles of articles include: "Students with Educational Disabilities"; "Bureau of Labor Statistics…

  2. Analyses of mean and turbulent motion in the tropics with the use of unequally spaced data

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Kao, S. K.; Nimmo, E. J.

    1979-01-01

    Wind velocities from 25 km to 60 km over Ascension Island, Fort Sherman and Kwajalein for the period January 1970 to December 1971 are analyzed in order to achieve a better understanding of the mean flow, the eddy kinetic energy and the Eulerian time spectra of the eddy kinetic energy. Since the data are unequally spaced in time, techniques of one-dimensional covariance theory were utilized and an unequally spaced time series analysis was accomplished. The theoretical equations for two-dimensional analysis or wavenumber frequency analysis of unequally spaced data were developed. Analysis of the turbulent winds and the average seasonal variance and eddy kinetic energy of the turbulent winds indicated that maximum total variance and energy is associated with the east-west velocity component. This is particularly true for long period seasonal waves which dominate the total energy spectrum. Additionally, there is an energy shift for the east-west component into the longer period waves with altitude increasing from 30 km to 50 km.

  3. Unequal power allocation for JPEG transmission over MIMO systems.

    PubMed

    Sabir, Muhammad Farooq; Bovik, Alan Conrad; Heath, Robert W

    2010-02-01

    With the introduction of multiple transmit and receive antennas in next generation wireless systems, real-time image and video communication are expected to become quite common, since very high data rates will become available along with improved data reliability. New joint transmission and coding schemes that explore advantages of multiple antenna systems matched with source statistics are expected to be developed. Based on this idea, we present an unequal power allocation scheme for transmission of JPEG compressed images over multiple-input multiple-output systems employing spatial multiplexing. The JPEG-compressed image is divided into different quality layers, and different layers are transmitted simultaneously from different transmit antennas using unequal transmit power, with a constraint on the total transmit power during any symbol period. Results show that our unequal power allocation scheme provides significant image quality improvement as compared to different equal power allocations schemes, with the peak-signal-to-noise-ratio gain as high as 14 dB at low signal-to-noise-ratios.

  4. Equal Educational Opportunity: Hearings Before the Select Committee on Equal Educational Opportunity of the United States Senate, Ninety-Second Congress, First Session on Equal Educational Opportunity. Part 19A--Equal Educational Opportunity in Michigan. Hearings Held Washington, D.C., Oct 26, and Nov 1-2, 1971.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Congress of the U.S., Washington, DC. Senate Select Committee on Equal Educational Opportunity.

    Testimony was presented at these hearings by the following witnesses: Ronald Edmonds, assistant superintendent, School and Community Affairs, Michigan Department of Education; Dr. Daniel H. Kruger, professor, School of Labor and Industrial Relations, Michigan State University; Robert McKerr, associate superintendent, Business and Finance, Michigan…

  5. Postsecondary Education Opportunity. The Mortenson Research Seminar on Public Policy Analysis of Opportunity for Postsecondary Education, 1998.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Mortenson, Thomas G., Ed.

    1998-01-01

    The 12 issues of this 1998 publication each contain one or more analyses of postsecondary educational opportunities, including tables and charts. Titles of the individual analytical articles are: "Pell Grant Program Participation, FFY 1974 to FFY 1999"; "Poverty Rates by Educational Attainment, 1996"; "Refinancing Higher Education, 1952 to 1996";…

  6. Educational Opportunity: El Salvador's Barriers to Achieving Equality Persist.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Rosekrans, Kristin

    This paper analyzes barriers to educational equality in El Salvador, using a multi-layered framework of educational opportunity. To improve educational opportunity and give the most marginalized sectors of society the possibility of changing their life circumstances requires policies that go beyond mere access to formal schooling. The model…

  7. Wide brick tunnel randomization - an unequal allocation procedure that limits the imbalance in treatment totals.

    PubMed

    Kuznetsova, Olga M; Tymofyeyev, Yevgen

    2014-04-30

    In open-label studies, partial predictability of permuted block randomization provides potential for selection bias. To lessen the selection bias in two-arm studies with equal allocation, a number of allocation procedures that limit the imbalance in treatment totals at a pre-specified level but do not require the exact balance at the ends of the blocks were developed. In studies with unequal allocation, however, the task of designing a randomization procedure that sets a pre-specified limit on imbalance in group totals is not resolved. Existing allocation procedures either do not preserve the allocation ratio at every allocation or do not include all allocation sequences that comply with the pre-specified imbalance threshold. Kuznetsova and Tymofyeyev described the brick tunnel randomization for studies with unequal allocation that preserves the allocation ratio at every step and, in the two-arm case, includes all sequences that satisfy the smallest possible imbalance threshold. This article introduces wide brick tunnel randomization for studies with unequal allocation that allows all allocation sequences with imbalance not exceeding any pre-specified threshold while preserving the allocation ratio at every step. In open-label studies, allowing a larger imbalance in treatment totals lowers selection bias because of the predictability of treatment assignments. The applications of the technique in two-arm and multi-arm open-label studies with unequal allocation are described. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  8. Urban school leadership for elementary science instruction: Identifying and activating resources in an undervalued school subject

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Spillane, James P.; Diamond, John B.; Walker, Lisa J.; Halverson, Rich; Jita, Loyiso

    2001-10-01

    This article explores school leadership for elementary school science teaching in an urban setting. We examine how school leaders bring resources together to enhance science instruction when there appear to be relatively few resources available for it. From our study of 13 Chicago elementary (K-8) schools' efforts to lead instructional change in mathematics, language arts, and science education, we show how resources for leading instruction are unequally distributed across subject areas. We also explore how over time leaders in one school successfully identified and activated resources for leading change in science education. The result has been a steady, although not always certain, development of science as an instructional area in the school. We argue that leading change in science education involves the identification and activation of material resources, the development of teachers' and school leaders' human capital, and the development and use of social capital.

  9. Two Aspects of the Rural-Urban Divide and Educational Stratification in China: A Trajectory Analysis*

    PubMed Central

    Hao, Lingxin; Hu, Alfred; Lo, Jamie

    2015-01-01

    Contextualized in China’s social change of the past half-century, this paper develops the notion of dichotomous inequality to conceptualize the two aspects of China’s rural-urban divide in educational inequality—the household registration system (hukou) assigns people to a top-bottom hierarchy, and the rural-urban schooling system institutionalizes unequal resource distribution and diverse school mission. Based on this conceptualization, we formulate a Chinese version of the maximally maintained inequality (MMI) hypothesis. We capitalize on individual educational history data from the China General Social Survey (CGSS) 2008 and conduct a trajectory analysis using the generalized mixture modeling to estimate the differential effects of the two aspects of rural-urban divide on educational inequality in China. Findings indicate that (1) the sorting mechanism of the rural hukou places rural-hukou people in the very bottom of educational stratification, (2) the penalty of attending rural pre-tertiary school increases with educational stages, and (3) there is a cumulative disadvantage of rural hukou and rural school. Overall, our findings attest to the Chinese-version MMI and the behind principle of inequality reproduction. PMID:26166835

  10. Two Aspects of the Rural-Urban Divide and Educational Stratification in China: A Trajectory Analysis.

    PubMed

    Hao, Lingxin; Hu, Alfred; Lo, Jamie

    2014-08-01

    Contextualized in China's social change of the past half-century, this paper develops the notion of dichotomous inequality to conceptualize the two aspects of China's rural-urban divide in educational inequality-the household registration system ( hukou ) assigns people to a top-bottom hierarchy, and the rural-urban schooling system institutionalizes unequal resource distribution and diverse school mission. Based on this conceptualization, we formulate a Chinese version of the maximally maintained inequality (MMI) hypothesis. We capitalize on individual educational history data from the China General Social Survey (CGSS) 2008 and conduct a trajectory analysis using the generalized mixture modeling to estimate the differential effects of the two aspects of rural-urban divide on educational inequality in China. Findings indicate that (1) the sorting mechanism of the rural hukou places rural- hukou people in the very bottom of educational stratification, (2) the penalty of attending rural pre-tertiary school increases with educational stages, and (3) there is a cumulative disadvantage of rural hukou and rural school. Overall, our findings attest to the Chinese-version MMI and the behind principle of inequality reproduction.

  11. The relationship between educational attainment and waiting time among the elderly in Norway.

    PubMed

    Carlsen, Fredrik; Kaarboe, Oddvar Martin

    2015-11-01

    We investigate whether educational attainment affects waiting time of elderly patients in somatic hospitals. We consider three distinct pathways; that patients with different educational attainment have different disease patterns, that patients with different levels of education receive treatments at different hospitals, and that patient choice and supply of local health services within hospital catchment areas explain unequal waiting time of different educational groups. We find evidence of an educational gradient in waiting time for male patients, but not for female patients. Conditional on age, male patients with tertiary education wait 45% shorter than male patients with secondary or primary education. The first pathway is not quantitatively important as controlling for disease patters has little effect on relative waiting times. The second pathway is important. Relative to patients with primary education, variation in waiting time and education level across local hospitals contributes to higher waiting time for male patients with secondary education and female patients with secondary or tertiary education and lower waiting time for male patients with tertiary education. These effects are in the order of 15-20%. The third pathway is also quantitatively important. The educational gradients within catchment areas disappear when we control for travel distance and supply of private specialists. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

  12. Examining how youth of color engage youth participatory action research to interrogate racism in their science experiences

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sato, Takumi C.

    While many researchers have worked to address the unequal educational outcomes between White and non-White students, there are few signs of progress for people of color seeking entry into a STEM career trajectory. Starting from high school, the number of students who persist to complete a STEM bachelor's degree and obtaining a job in science or engineering continues to indicate that people of color are underrepresented. I suggest that research must consider the role of race and racism in the education of youth of color. Especially in science education, there is very little work addressing how racism may present barriers that impede progress for students along the STEM trajectory. This study is informed by critical race theory (CRT) that posits racism is endemic in society. White privilege enables the dominant group to maintain inequitable advantages that marginalizes populations of color. CRT also puts forth that counter narratives of the marginalized groups is essential to challenge the institutionalized forms of oppression. Using CRT and youth participatory action research (YPAR), this investigation re-imagines youth as capable of transforming their own social and political condition through research and action. This project asked youth of color to interrogate their own experiences as science learners, engage in research on structural inequities of STEM trajectories, plan strategic moves to challenge power structures, and take action for social justice. The youth started by exploring the concept of race and instances where racism was found in public spaces and in their personal experiences. They examined their experiences in science as a student more generally and then for racism. Then, the focus turned to conducting research with peers, observing science classrooms in another school, and using online information to compare schools. The youth planned strategic action against the racism they found in the analysis of the data that included conference presentations, using social media to communicate with peers, and teaching a science unit for middle grades peers using lessons that incorporated engaging teaching practices lacking in their student experiences. YPAR resulted in counternarratives that exposed youth encounters with systemic racism and their efforts to positively change STEM trajectories for themselves and their peers. Through YPAR, youth gained research tools and skills to critically examine the world and expose racism. While schools are purported to be places of equal opportunity for all students to learn and find success, the youth showed that institutionalized racism in schools created barriers to STEM aspirations. By planning and teaching a food and nutrition unit, the youth took aim at the institutionalized racism by taking on the role of teacher and expert while improving the science learning opportunities for their middle grades peers and themselves. In addition, planning the unit enabled the youth to conduct all of the activities before teaching the unit. Thus, the youth supplemented their own science learning. YPAR provided an empowering opportunity to challenge racism along their STEM trajectories and fight for social justice.

  13. Building integrated pathways to independence for diverse biomedical researchers: Project Pathways, the BUILD program at Xavier University of Louisiana.

    PubMed

    Foroozesh, Maryam; Giguette, Marguerite; Morgan, Kathleen; Johanson, Kelly; D'Amour, Gene; Coston, Tiera; Wilkins-Green, Clair

    2017-01-01

    Xavier University of Louisiana is a historically Black and Catholic university that is nationally recognized for its science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) curricula. Approximately 73% of Xavier's students are African American, and about 77% major in the biomedical sciences. Xavier is a national leader in the number of STEM majors who go on to receive M.D. degrees and Ph.D. degrees in science and engineering. Despite Xavier's advances in this area, African Americans still earn about 7.5% of the Bachelor's degrees, less than 8% of the Master's degrees, and less than 5% of the doctoral degrees conferred in STEM disciplines in the United States. Additionally, although many well-prepared, highly-motivated students are attracted by Xavier's reputation in the sciences, many of these students, though bright and capable, come from underperforming public school systems and receive substandard preparation in STEM disciplines. The purpose of this article is to describe how Xavier works to overcome unequal education backgrounds and socioeconomic challenges to develop student talent through expanding biomedical training opportunities and build on an established reputation in science education. The National Institutes of Health (NIH)/National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)-funded BUILD (Building Infrastructure Leading to Diversity) Program at Xavier University of Louisiana, Project Pathways , is a highly-innovative program designed to broaden the career interests of students early on, and to engage them in activities that entice them to continue their education towards biomedical research careers. Project strategies involve a transformation of Xavier's academic and non-academic programs through the redesign, supplementation and integration of academic advising, tutoring, career services, personal counseling, undergraduate research training, faculty research mentoring, and development of new biomedical and research skills courses. The Program also focuses on mentor training and providing faculty members with opportunities to improve their teaching skills as well as their research competitiveness. In addition to the wide range of activities supported by BUILD within the institution, Xavier University is partnering with a number of major research universities across the nation to achieve Project Pathways' goals. The strategies developed by Project Pathways are designed to address the challenges and barriers Xavier students face as they work towards graduate studies and entering the biomedical workforce. Xavier University of Louisiana has a long history of providing high quality, rigorous education to African American students in a very supportive environment with highly dedicated faculty and staff. The program highlighted here could be used by other institutions as a model program for assisting students in STEM and other biomedical fields of study to successfully matriculate through college and graduate school and develop their research careers.

  14. Latino Educational Opportunity in Discourse and Policy: A Critical and Policy Discourse Analysis of the White House Initiative on Educational Excellence for Hispanics

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Hernandez, Susana

    2013-01-01

    This study interrogates how federal policy discursively shapes Latino educational opportunity and equity. The White House Initiative on Educational Excellence for Hispanics (WHIEEH) represents the pre-eminent federal discourse on Latino educational opportunity, and sets the parameters by which institutions are able to be informed and respond to…

  15. Threshold resummation S factor in QCD: The case of unequal masses

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Solovtsova, O. P., E-mail: olsol@theor.jinr.r; Chernichenko, Yu. D., E-mail: chern@gstu.gomel.b

    A new relativistic Coulomb-like threshold resummation S factor in quantum chromodynamics is obtained. The analysis in question is performed within the quantum-field-theory quasipotential approach formulated in the relativistic configuration representation for the case of interaction between two relativistic particles that have unequal masses.

  16. Are Universities Becoming More Unequal?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Yan, Lau; Rosen, Harvey S.

    2016-01-01

    Observers have expressed concern about growing inequality in resources across universities. But are universities really becoming more unequal? We argue that the typical approach of examining endowment growth alone is not sensible. In line with the literature on household inequality, we focus instead on a comprehensive income measure. We find that…

  17. 7 CFR 762.145 - Restructuring guaranteed loans.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ...) Loans secured by real estate and/or equipment can be restructured using a balloon payment, equal installments, or unequal installments. Under no circumstances may livestock or crops alone be used as security... is rescheduled with unequal installments, a feasible plan, as defined in § 762.102(b), must be...

  18. Ecological Unequal Exchange: International Trade and Uneven Utilization of Environmental Space in the World System

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Rice, James

    2007-01-01

    We evaluate the argument that international trade influences disproportionate cross-national utilization of global renewable natural resources. Such uneven dynamics are relevant to the consideration of inequitable appropriation of environmental space in particular and processes of ecological unequal exchange more generally. Using OLS regression…

  19. APPLICATION OF A MULTIPURPOSE UNEQUAL-PROBABILITY STREAM SURVEY IN THE MID-ATLANTIC COASTAL PLAIN

    EPA Science Inventory

    A stratified random sample with unequal-probability selection was used to design a multipurpose survey of headwater streams in the Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain. Objectives for data from the survey include unbiased estimates of regional stream conditions, and adequate coverage of un...

  20. Integration of Field Geophysics and Geology in an International Setting: Multidisciplinary Geoscience Field Experience at the University of Western Ontario

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Brenders, A. J.; Banerjee, N.; Pratt, R. G.

    2010-12-01

    The pedagogical value of the field experience is unequaled: students, teaching assistants, and professors alike return with a renewed sense of purpose, community, and the context in which to place classroom education. It is widely regarded as valuable to personal development, and is required by the Canadian Council of Professional Geoscientists for professional registration. As part of our ongoing International Geoscience Field Experience Initiative, Earth Sciences students at the University of Western Ontario have the opportunity to enhance their education through a study abroad program. The focus is on a residential field experience to world-class localities, offered with the collaboration of internationally recognized academic researchers, government survey personnel, and industry leaders. Recent trips have included the Sn-W mineralization in the Cornwall district of the U.K., the Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB) in Portugal and Spain, and the metallogenic belts of Western Turkey. The integration of geological knowledge with geophysical data was one of the key organizing principles of our recent field trips to the IPB and Western Turkey. This integration is a foundation of modern Earth Sciences, and common practice in industry, it is relatively rare in classroom settings. Lectures before departure and evening exercises during the field trip supplemented the core undergraduate curriculum in geophysics, reviewing gravity, DC resistivity, induced polarization (IP), and magnetotelluric methods, focusing on application to mineral exploration. During our trip to the IPB, partnership with industry allowed students the opportunity to work with state of the art geophysical data, acquired on an exploration prospect visited during the field trip. Multi-parameter geophysical inversions of the IP and MT data produced cross-sections in depth - results interpretable by the students in the complex geological environment of the Iberian Pyrite Belt. Although the students gained valuable geological insight, the lack of practical experience in the acquisition and processing of geophysical data was identified in course evaluations. To address this, in Western Turkey, students had the opportunity to design and acquire total magnetic field surveys using a walking magnetometer, combining a GPS receiver and proton-precession magnetometer. Using this instrument, students identified the geophysical response of subsurface features, visible in both outcrop and during traverse through open pit mines. A transect across a buried basalt - limestone contact was made, and the strike of the contact identified during subsequent data processing. Students also had the opportunity to visit an active IP-resistivity survey, observing the acquisition of this data in the field, and learn how project geologists integrate this data with geological drill cores. Finally, students designed and acquired a total magnetic field survey over an archaeological site: the Acropolis at Pergamon. By integrating data acquisition, processing, and interpretation with field visits to sites of both geological and archaeological interest, students acquired field and technical skills that ideally prepared them for a future in research or industry.

  1. The War and Post-War Impact on the Educational System of Bosnia and Herzegovina

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kreso, Adila Pašalić

    2008-07-01

    Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), much like other eastern-European countries, has faced a brief period of transition from the socialist system to capitalism. However, this was interrupted in BiH by a brutal war lasting four years. Social systems and infrastructure were damaged or destroyed, including education, which was harnessed during the war to divide the country and then perpetuate these divisions. The author deals with some of the strongest and most enduring impacts that the war has had on education, which even now, more than 10 years after the war, pose a serious threat to this young country. The most obvious include the division of youth according to nationality, religion or language, the unequal positions of certain groups in education, and very clear segregation and discrimination. She points out some of the most frequent and overt ways in which intolerance towards other nationalities is displayed through textbooks, especially those used in parts of BiH subject to a struggle for independence during the war.

  2. Unequally Distributed Psychological Assets: Are There Social Disparities in Optimism, Life Satisfaction, and Positive Affect?

    PubMed Central

    Boehm, Julia K.; Chen, Ying; Williams, David R.; Ryff, Carol; Kubzansky, Laura D.

    2015-01-01

    Socioeconomic status is associated with health disparities, but underlying psychosocial mechanisms have not been fully identified. Dispositional optimism may be a psychosocial process linking socioeconomic status with health. We hypothesized that lower optimism would be associated with greater social disadvantage and poorer social mobility. We also investigated whether life satisfaction and positive affect showed similar patterns. Participants from the Midlife in the United States study self-reported their optimism, satisfaction, positive affect, and socioeconomic status (gender, race/ethnicity, education, occupational class and prestige, income). Social disparities in optimism were evident. Optimistic individuals tended to be white and highly educated, had an educated parent, belonged to higher occupational classes with more prestige, and had higher incomes. Findings were generally similar for satisfaction, but not positive affect. Greater optimism and satisfaction were also associated with educational achievement across generations. Optimism and life satisfaction are consistently linked with socioeconomic advantage and may be one conduit by which social disparities influence health. PMID:25671665

  3. Unequally distributed psychological assets: are there social disparities in optimism, life satisfaction, and positive affect?

    PubMed

    Boehm, Julia K; Chen, Ying; Williams, David R; Ryff, Carol; Kubzansky, Laura D

    2015-01-01

    Socioeconomic status is associated with health disparities, but underlying psychosocial mechanisms have not been fully identified. Dispositional optimism may be a psychosocial process linking socioeconomic status with health. We hypothesized that lower optimism would be associated with greater social disadvantage and poorer social mobility. We also investigated whether life satisfaction and positive affect showed similar patterns. Participants from the Midlife in the United States study self-reported their optimism, satisfaction, positive affect, and socioeconomic status (gender, race/ethnicity, education, occupational class and prestige, income). Social disparities in optimism were evident. Optimistic individuals tended to be white and highly educated, had an educated parent, belonged to higher occupational classes with more prestige, and had higher incomes. Findings were generally similar for satisfaction, but not positive affect. Greater optimism and satisfaction were also associated with educational achievement across generations. Optimism and life satisfaction are consistently linked with socioeconomic advantage and may be one conduit by which social disparities influence health.

  4. Access to Higher Education in China: Differences in Opportunity

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Wang, Houxiong

    2011-01-01

    Access to higher education in China has opened up significantly in the move towards a mass higher education system. However, aggregate growth does not necessarily imply fair or reasonable distribution of opportunity. In fact, the expansion of higher education has a rather more complex influence on opportunity when admissions statistics are viewed…

  5. Big Opportunities and Big Concerns of Big Data in Education

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Wang, Yinying

    2016-01-01

    Against the backdrop of the ever-increasing influx of big data, this article examines the opportunities and concerns over big data in education. Specifically, this article first introduces big data, followed by delineating the potential opportunities of using big data in education in two areas: learning analytics and educational policy. Then, the…

  6. Equal Educational Opportunity. The Status of Black Americans in Higher Education, 1975-1977. ISEP Third Status Report.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Howard Univ., Washington, DC. Inst. for the Study of Educational Policy.

    This report analyzes the status of black Americans in higher education from 1975-1977. The book opens with a review of basic concepts of equal educational opportunity and the Federal role in guaranteeing equal opportunity. The social and economic context for higher education is then examined with a focus on the national commitment to higher…

  7. Path integral for equities: Dynamic correlation and empirical analysis

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Baaquie, Belal E.; Cao, Yang; Lau, Ada; Tang, Pan

    2012-02-01

    This paper develops a model to describe the unequal time correlation between rate of returns of different stocks. A non-trivial fourth order derivative Lagrangian is defined to provide an unequal time propagator, which can be fitted to the market data. A calibration algorithm is designed to find the empirical parameters for this model and different de-noising methods are used to capture the signals concealed in the rate of return. The detailed results of this Gaussian model show that the different stocks can have strong correlation and the empirical unequal time correlator can be described by the model's propagator. This preliminary study provides a novel model for the correlator of different instruments at different times.

  8. [Simulation-based learning and internal medicine: Opportunities and current perspectives for a national harmonized program].

    PubMed

    Galland, J; Abbara, S; Terrier, B; Samson, M; Tesnières, A; Fournier, J P; Braun, M

    2018-06-01

    Simulation-based learning (SBL) is developing rapidly in France and the question of its use in the teaching of internal medicine (IM) is essential. While HAS encourages its integration into medical education, French Young Internists (AJI) set up a working group to reflect on the added-value of this tool in our specialty. Different sorts of SBL exist: human, synthetic and electronic. It enables student to acquire and evaluate technical skills (strengths, invasive procedures, etc.) and non-technical skills (relational, reasoning…). The debriefing that follows the simulation session is an essential time in pedagogical terms. It enables the acquisition of knowledge by encouraging the students' reflection to reshape their reasoning patterns by self-correcting. IM interns are supportive of its use. The simulation would allow young internists to acquire skills specific to our specialty such as certain gestures, complex consulting management, the synthesis of difficult clinical cases. SBL remains confronted with human and financial cost issues. The budgets allocated to the development and maintenance of simulation centres are uneven, making the supply of training unequal on the territory. Simulation sessions are time-consuming and require teacher training. Are faculties ready to train and invest their time in simulation, even though the studies do not allow us to conclude on its pedagogical validity? Copyright © 2018 Société Nationale Française de Médecine Interne (SNFMI). Published by Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.

  9. Navigating the transition to college: First-generation undergraduates negotiate identities and search for success in STEM and non-STEM fields

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mussey, Season Shelly

    2009-12-01

    Historically, racial and ethnic minority students from low income backgrounds have faced unequal access to colleges and universities. Recently, both K-12 and higher education institutions, specifically the University of California, in response to Proposition 209, have made efforts to increase access and opportunities for all students. Similarly, female minority students are underrepresented in selected science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) majors and careers. Using a qualitative research design, this study investigates how first generation, low income, underrepresented minority students who graduated from an innovative college preparatory high school enact coping strategies that they were explicitly taught to achieve success within the context of university science and math courses. The presence of a unique, college-prep high school on the campus of UC San Diego, which accepts exclusively low-income students through a randomized lottery system, creates an unusual opportunity to study the transition from high school to college for this population, a cohort of underrepresented students who were taught similar academic coping strategies for success in college. This study aims to understand how students develop their college-going, academic identities within the context of their colleges and universities. Furthermore, this study intends to understand the phenomenon of "transition to college" as a lived experience of first-generation, low income, minority students, who all share a similar college preparatory, high school background. The main research questions are: (1) How do underrepresented students experience the transition from a college preparatory high school to college? (2) How are students developing their college-going, academic identities in the context of their educational institutions? and (3) What factors support or constrain student participation and success in college science courses? Twenty-eight students participated in this study. Based on surveys and individual interviews with the participants, twenty student narratives were written and analyzed. The students' narratives provide a picture of how these underrepresented students are experiencing the transition to college. In this sample, five factors impact the students' college-going academic identity development, major choice, and career path: (1) college preparation in high school, (2) self-efficacy, (3) success in college academics, (4) affinity group participation, and (5) interaction with college faculty.

  10. Equal Educational Opportunity: Hearings Before the Select Committee on Equal Educational Opportunity of the United States Senate, Nine-Second Congress, First Session on Equal Educational Opportunity. Part 19B--Equal Educational Opportunity in Michigan. Hearings Held Washington, D.C., September 29, October 1, and November 3-4, 1971.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Congress of the U.S., Washington, DC. Senate Select Committee on Equal Educational Opportunity.

    In these hearings, the following witnesses presented testimony: Dr. Edward B. Fort, superintendent, Inkster Public Schools; Dr. Norman Drachler, former school superintendent, Detroit; Raymond Sreboth, superintendent, Benton Harbor Area Schools; Richard Ziehmer, superintendent, Covert Public Schools; Edward C. McKinney, superintendent, Baldwin…

  11. Engineering electric and magnetic dipole coupling in arrays of dielectric nanoparticles

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Li, Jiaqi; Verellen, Niels; Van Dorpe, Pol

    2018-02-01

    Dielectric nanoparticles with both strong electric and magnetic dipole (ED and MD) resonances offer unique opportunities for efficient manipulation of light-matter interactions. Here, based on numerical simulations, we show far-field diffractive coupling of the ED and MD modes in a periodic rectangular array. By using unequal periodicities in the orthogonal directions, each dipole mode is separately coupled and strongly tuned. With this method, the electric and magnetic response of the dielectric nanoparticles can be deliberately engineered to accomplish various optical functionalities. Remarkably, an ultra-sharp MD resonance with sub-10 nm linewidth is achieved with a large enhancement factor for the magnetic field intensity on the order of ˜103. Our results will find useful applications for the detection of chemical and biological molecules as well as the design of novel photonic metadevices.

  12. Learning about population-health through a community practice learning project: An evaluation study.

    PubMed

    Davenport, Maggie; Ooms, Ann; Marks-Maran, Di

    2016-03-01

    Increasing student nurse numbers requiring community placement learning opportunities has led to insufficient numbers of community nurses being available to support student nurses in the community. Although the study presented in the article is based in the UK this issue is reported widely in the literature across the globe. Universities in many countries have had to find innovative ways of providing community health learning opportunities for student nurses. This article reports on how one university in the UK has approached this challenge through students engaging in a population-based study in the community through group work. A research study was undertaken into this innovation which found that the student nurses engaged well with the project and with their groups and undertaking the project had positive value and impact on them and their understanding of population-health. Issues that arose for them largely focused on unequal participation in the group work by some with many participants perceiving that they had done more work on the group project and presentation than others in their group. However, working in this way was perceived to be a good learning experience for the majority of participants. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  13. The Geography of Inequality: Why Separate Means Unequal in American Public Schools

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Logan, John R.; Minca, Elisabeta; Adar, Sinem

    2012-01-01

    Persistent school segregation means not only that children of different racial and ethnic backgrounds attend different schools but also that their schools are unequal in performance. This study documents the extent of disparities nationally in school performance between schools attended by whites and Asians compared with those attended by blacks,…

  14. A "Second Wave of Feminism"

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Elfman, Lois

    2009-01-01

    In the aftermath of the Vietnam War, many campuses across the United States were relatively quiet while new political ideas were taking shape. The women's movement was gaining momentum as issues of unequal pay for men and women, unequal access to managerial jobs and other aspects of gender inequality and sex discrimination became national issues.…

  15. Equilibrium vortex lattices of a binary rotating atomic Bose–Einstein condensate with unequal atomic masses

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Dong, Biao; Wang, Lin-Xue; Chen, Guang-Ping

    We perform a detailed numerical study of the equilibrium ground-state structures of a binary rotating Bose–Einstein condensate with unequal atomic masses. Our results show that the ground-state distribution and its related vortex configurations are complex events that differ markedly depending strongly on the strength of rotation frequency, as well as on the ratio of atomic masses. We also discuss the structures and radii of the clouds, the number and the size of the core region of the vortices, as a function of the rotation frequency, and of the ratio of atomic masses, and the analytical results agree well with ourmore » numerical simulations. This work may open an alternate way in the quantum control of the binary rotating quantum gases with unequal atomic masses. - Highlights: • A binary quantum gases with unequal atomic masses is considered. • Effects of the ratio of atomic masses and rotation frequency are discussed in full parameter space. • The detailed information about both the cloud and vortices are also discussed.« less

  16. Video Transmission for Third Generation Wireless Communication Systems

    PubMed Central

    Gharavi, H.; Alamouti, S. M.

    2001-01-01

    This paper presents a twin-class unequal protected video transmission system over wireless channels. Video partitioning based on a separation of the Variable Length Coded (VLC) Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) coefficients within each block is considered for constant bitrate transmission (CBR). In the splitting process the fraction of bits assigned to each of the two partitions is adjusted according to the requirements of the unequal error protection scheme employed. Subsequently, partitioning is applied to the ITU-T H.263 coding standard. As a transport vehicle, we have considered one of the leading third generation cellular radio standards known as WCDMA. A dual-priority transmission system is then invoked on the WCDMA system where the video data, after being broken into two streams, is unequally protected. We use a very simple error correction coding scheme for illustration and then propose more sophisticated forms of unequal protection of the digitized video signals. We show that this strategy results in a significantly higher quality of the reconstructed video data when it is transmitted over time-varying multipath fading channels. PMID:27500033

  17. Asymmetric Distribution of GFAP in Glioma Multipotent Cells

    PubMed Central

    Guichet, Pierre-Olivier; Guelfi, Sophie; Ripoll, Chantal; Teigell, Marisa; Sabourin, Jean-Charles; Bauchet, Luc; Rigau, Valérie; Rothhut, Bernard; Hugnot, Jean-Philippe

    2016-01-01

    Asymmetric division (AD) is a fundamental mechanism whereby unequal inheritance of various cellular compounds during mitosis generates unequal fate in the two daughter cells. Unequal repartitions of transcription factors, receptors as well as mRNA have been abundantly described in AD. In contrast, the involvement of intermediate filaments in this process is still largely unknown. AD occurs in stem cells during development but was also recently observed in cancer stem cells. Here, we demonstrate the asymmetric distribution of the main astrocytic intermediate filament, namely the glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), in mitotic glioma multipotent cells isolated from glioblastoma (GBM), the most frequent type of brain tumor. Unequal mitotic repartition of GFAP was also observed in mice non-tumoral neural stem cells indicating that this process occurs across species and is not restricted to cancerous cells. Immunofluorescence and videomicroscopy were used to capture these rare and transient events. Considering the role of intermediate filaments in cytoplasm organization and cell signaling, we propose that asymmetric distribution of GFAP could possibly participate in the regulation of normal and cancerous neural stem cell fate. PMID:26953813

  18. Distribution of Economic Benefits from Ecotourism: A Case Study of Wolong Nature Reserve for Giant Pandas in China

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    He, Guangming; Chen, Xiaodong; Liu, Wei; Bearer, Scott; Zhou, Shiqiang; Cheng, Lily Yeqing; Zhang, Hemin; Ouyang, Zhiyun; Liu, Jianguo

    2008-12-01

    Ecotourism is widely promoted as a conservation tool and actively practiced in protected areas worldwide. Theoretically, support for conservation from the various types of stakeholder inside and outside protected areas is maximized if stakeholders benefit proportionally to the opportunity costs they bear. The disproportional benefit distribution among stakeholders can erode their support for or lead to the failure of ecotourism and conservation. Using Wolong Nature Reserve for Giant Pandas (China) as an example, we demonstrate two types of uneven distribution of economic benefits among four major groups of stakeholders. First, a significant inequality exists between the local rural residents and the other types of stakeholder. The rural residents are the primary bearers of the cost of conservation, but the majority of economic benefits (investment, employment, and goods) in three key ecotourism sectors (infrastructural construction, hotels/restaurants, and souvenir sales) go to other stakeholders. Second, results show that the distribution of economic benefits is unequal among the rural residents inside the reserve. Most rural households that benefit from ecotourism are located near the main road and potentially have less impact on panda habitat than households far from the road and closer to panda habitats. This distribution gap is likely to discourage conservation support from the latter households, whose activities are the main forces degrading panda habitats. We suggest that the unequal distribution of the benefits from ecotourism can be lessened by enhancing local participation, increasing the use of local goods, and encouraging relocation of rural households closer to ecotourism facilities.

  19. Distribution of economic benefits from ecotourism: a case study of Wolong Nature Reserve For Giant Pandas in China.

    PubMed

    He, Guangming; Chen, Xiaodong; Liu, Wei; Bearer, Scott; Zhou, Shiqiang; Cheng, Lily Yeqing; Zhang, Hemin; Ouyang, Zhiyun; Liu, Jianguo

    2008-12-01

    Ecotourism is widely promoted as a conservation tool and actively practiced in protected areas worldwide. Theoretically, support for conservation from the various types of stakeholder inside and outside protected areas is maximized if stakeholders benefit proportionally to the opportunity costs they bear. The disproportional benefit distribution among stakeholders can erode their support for or lead to the failure of ecotourism and conservation. Using Wolong Nature Reserve for Giant Pandas (China) as an example, we demonstrate two types of uneven distribution of economic benefits among four major groups of stakeholders. First, a significant inequality exists between the local rural residents and the other types of stakeholder. The rural residents are the primary bearers of the cost of conservation, but the majority of economic benefits (investment, employment, and goods) in three key ecotourism sectors (infrastructural construction, hotels/restaurants, and souvenir sales) go to other stakeholders. Second, results show that the distribution of economic benefits is unequal among the rural residents inside the reserve. Most rural households that benefit from ecotourism are located near the main road and potentially have less impact on panda habitat than households far from the road and closer to panda habitats. This distribution gap is likely to discourage conservation support from the latter households, whose activities are the main forces degrading panda habitats. We suggest that the unequal distribution of the benefits from ecotourism can be lessened by enhancing local participation, increasing the use of local goods, and encouraging relocation of rural households closer to ecotourism facilities.

  20. The School-to-Work Opportunities Act: An Opportunity To Serve All Students. Women's Educational Equity Act Publishing Center Digest.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Wiberg, Mary

    This digest consists of two brief articles. The lead article, "The School-to-Work Opportunities Act: An Opportunity To Serve All Students" (Mary Wiberg) tells how the STW Act differs from vocational education by expanding the traditional programs and reflecting the constructivist model of education reform and how STW meets the needs of…

  1. What Is Opportunity? Defining, Operationalizing, and Measuring the Goal of Postsecondary Educational Opportunity. A Concept Paper.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    O'Brien, Colleen; Redmond, Christina; Cunningham, Alisa Federico; Wolanin, Thomas; Merisotis, Jamie

    Asserting that there is so little understanding of what "opportunity" means within the context of access to higher education that use of the word may cloud rather than clarify policy debate, this concept paper served as a resource document to aid participants at a 1999 seminar sponsored by the Council for Opportunity in Education. The paper…

  2. Brain Activity in Fairness Consideration during Asset Distribution: Does the Initial Ownership Play a Role?

    PubMed Central

    Wu, Yin; Hu, Jie; van Dijk, Eric; Leliveld, Marijke C.; Zhou, Xiaolin

    2012-01-01

    Previous behavioral studies have shown that initial ownership influences individuals’ fairness consideration and other-regarding behavior. However, it is not entirely clear whether initial ownership influences the brain activity when a recipient evaluates the fairness of asset distribution. In this study, we randomly assigned the bargaining property (monetary reward) to either the allocator or the recipient in the ultimatum game and let participants of the study, acting as recipients, receive either disadvantageous unequal, equal, or advantageous unequal offers from allocators while the event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded. Behavioral results showed that participants were more likely to reject disadvantageous unequal and equal offers when they initially owned the property as compared to when they did not. The two types of unequal offers evoked more negative going ERPs (the MFN) than the equal offers in an early time window and the differences were not modulated by the initial ownership. In a late time window, however, the P300 responses to division schemes were affected not only by the type of unequal offers but also by whom the property was initially assigned to. These findings suggest that while the MFN may function as a general mechanism that evaluates whether the offer is consistent or inconsistent with the equity rule, the P300 is sensitive to top-down controlled processes, into which factors related to the allocation of attentional resources, including initial ownership and personal interests, come to play. PMID:22761850

  3. Social Exclusion, and Educational Opportunity: The Case of British Education Policies within a European Union Context

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Alexiadou, Nafsika

    2005-01-01

    This paper first examines the New Labour government's redefinition of equality of opportunity in Britain, mainly with regard to education and the ways in which it mediates "opportunity". In doing so, it also draws on wider social policy issues, such as the use of education policies to combat social exclusion. Second, the paper reviews…

  4. Providing Comprehensive Educational Opportunity to Low Income Students. Part 5: A Proposal for Essential Standards and Resources. A Report of the Task Force on Comprehensive Educational Opportunity

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Rebell, Michael A.; Wolff, Jessica R.

    2011-01-01

    This fifth in a five part series, states that, if comprehensive educational opportunity is conceived as a right, then the state must commit to providing it and must develop a policy infrastructure to assure broad access, uniform quality, regularized funding, and firm accountability strictures to ensure all students a meaningful opportunity to…

  5. Fostering Students' Competence in Identifying Business Opportunities in Entrepreneurship Education

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Karimi, Saeid; Biemans, Harm J. A.; Lans, Thomas; Aazami, Mousa; Mulder, Martin

    2016-01-01

    Opportunity identification and, in particular, the generation of new business ideas is becoming an important element of entrepreneurship education. Researchers and educators, however, struggle with how opportunity identification competence can be enhanced. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to test the ability of students to generate new…

  6. Cascading in Higher Education: Investigating the Impact of Institutional Stratification on Educational Opportunity in America

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Bastedo, Michael N.; Jaquette, Ozan; Harris, Nathan F.

    2009-01-01

    Among scholars of social stratification, the most important question about expanding postsecondary education is whether it reduces inequality by creating opportunities for disadvantaged students or whether it increases inequality by concentrating opportunities among those already privileged (Shavit, 2007). This discussion is important because of…

  7. Opportunities to Align California's PreK-3 Education System

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Policy Analysis for California Education, PACE, 2016

    2016-01-01

    "PreK-3 Alignment in California's Education System: Obstacles and Opportunities" by Rachel Valentino and Deborah J. Stipek reviews the opportunities and challenges that must be addressed to better align PreK-3 education in California. The report describes policies and practices that districts have implemented to strengthen alignment, and…

  8. Equal Educational Opportunity: Hearings Before the Select Committee on Equal Educational Opportunity of the United States Senate, Ninety-First Congress, Second Session on Equal Educational Opportunity. Parts 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B, 3C, and 3D.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Congress of the U.S., Washington, DC. Senate Select Committee on Equal Educational Opportunity.

    These hearings before the Senate Select Committee on Equal Educational Opportunity are organized in three parts, the contents of which are as follows: Part 1A and Part 2 comprise the "Introduction," with opening statements by a number of Senators, followed by the presentations of other witnesses. The focus of these two parts is on such…

  9. Critical Multimodal Literacy: How Nigerian Female Students Critique Texts and Reconstruct Unequal Social Structures

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Ajayi, Lasisi

    2015-01-01

    This research investigates how three female Nigerian high school students were taught to deploy critical multimodal literacy to interrogate texts and reconstruct unequal social structures. A class of ninth-grade students in an all-women school was given instruction through the analysis of how multiple modes were used to represent meanings in…

  10. On Two-Stage Multiple Comparison Procedures When There Are Unequal Sample Sizes in the First Stage.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Wilcox, Rand R.

    1984-01-01

    Two stage multiple-comparison procedures give an exact solution to problems of power and Type I errors, but require equal sample sizes in the first stage. This paper suggests a method of evaluating the experimentwise Type I error probability when the first stage has unequal sample sizes. (Author/BW)

  11. Lot sizing and unequal-sized shipment policy for an integrated production-inventory system

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Giri, B. C.; Sharma, S.

    2014-05-01

    This article develops a single-manufacturer single-retailer production-inventory model in which the manufacturer delivers the retailer's ordered quantity in unequal shipments. The manufacturer's production process is imperfect and it may produce some defective items during a production run. The retailer performs a screening process immediately after receiving the order from the manufacturer. The expected average total cost of the integrated production-inventory system is derived using renewal theory and a solution procedure is suggested to determine the optimal production and shipment policy. An extensive numerical study based on different sets of parameter values is conducted and the optimal results so obtained are analysed to examine the relative performance of the models under equal and unequal shipment policies.

  12. Design and analysis of unequal split Bagley power dividers

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Abu-Alnadi, Omar; Dib, Nihad; Al-Shamaileh, Khair; Sheta, Abdelfattah

    2015-03-01

    In this article, we propose a general design procedure to develop unequal split Bagley power dividers (BPDs). Based on the mathematical approach carried out in the insight of simple circuit and transmission line theories, exact design equations for 3-way and 5-way BPDs are derived. Utilising the developed equations leads to power dividers with the ability of offering different output power ratios through a suitable choice of the characteristic impedances of the interconnecting transmission lines. For verification purposes, a 1:2:1 3-way, 1:2:1:2:1 5-way and 1:3:1:3:1 5-way BPDs are designed and fabricated. The experimental and full-wave simulation results prove the validity of the designed unequal split BPDs.

  13. Approximate sample size formulas for the two-sample trimmed mean test with unequal variances.

    PubMed

    Luh, Wei-Ming; Guo, Jiin-Huarng

    2007-05-01

    Yuen's two-sample trimmed mean test statistic is one of the most robust methods to apply when variances are heterogeneous. The present study develops formulas for the sample size required for the test. The formulas are applicable for the cases of unequal variances, non-normality and unequal sample sizes. Given the specified alpha and the power (1-beta), the minimum sample size needed by the proposed formulas under various conditions is less than is given by the conventional formulas. Moreover, given a specified size of sample calculated by the proposed formulas, simulation results show that Yuen's test can achieve statistical power which is generally superior to that of the approximate t test. A numerical example is provided.

  14. The rich get richer, the poor get even: Perceived socioeconomic position influences micro-social distributions of wealth.

    PubMed

    Bratanova, Boyka; Loughnan, Steve; Klein, Olivier; Wood, Robert

    2016-06-01

    Economic inequality has a robust negative effect on a range of important societal outcomes, including health, wellbeing, and education. Yet, it remains insufficiently understood why, how, and by whom unequal systems tend to be perpetuated. In two studies we examine whether psychological mindsets adopted by the wealthy and the poor in their micro-social transactions act to perpetuate or challenge inequality. We hypothesized that occupying a wealthier socioeconomic position promotes the pursuit of self-interest and contributes to inequality maintenance; poorer socioeconomic position, on the other hand, should promote the pursuit of fairness and equality restoration. In Study 1, participants completed an ultimatum game as proposers after being primed to believe they are wealthier or poorer, offering money to either poor or wealthy responders. As expected, the wealthy pursued their self-interest and the net effect of this behavior contributes to the maintenance of inequality. Conversely, the poor pursued fairness and the net effect of this behavior challenges inequality. In Study 2, participants were responders deciding whether to accept or reject unfair distributions. Compared to the wealthier, the poorer challenged inequality by rejecting unequal offers. The links between micro-social processes and macro-societal inequality are discussed. © 2016 Scandinavian Psychological Associations and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  15. Inclusive health.

    PubMed

    Maclachlan, Malcolm; Khasnabis, Chapal; Mannan, Hasheem

    2012-01-01

    We propose the concept of Inclusive Health to encapsulate the Health for All ethos; to build on the rights-based approach to health; to promote the idea of inclusion as a verb, where a more proactive approach to addressing distinctive and different barriers to inclusion is needed; and to recognise that new initiatives in human resources for health can offer exciting and innovative ways of healthcare delivery. While Inclusive Education has become a widely recognised and accepted concept, Health for All is still contested, and new thinking is required to develop its agenda in line with contemporary developments. Inclusive Health refers both to who gets health care and to who provides it; and its ethos resonates strongly with Jefferson's assertion that 'there is nothing more unequal, than the equal treatment of unequal people'. We situate the timeliness of the Inclusive Health concept with reference to recent developments in the recognition of the rights of people with disability, in the new guidelines for community-based rehabilitation and in the World Report on Disability. These developments offer a more inclusive approach to health and, more broadly, its inter-connected aspects of wellbeing. A concept which more proactively integrates United Nations conventions that recognise the importance of difference - disability, ethnicity, gender, children - could be of benefit for global healthcare policy and practice. © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

  16. [Individual social factors and their association with environmental socioeconomic factors--a descriptive small-area analysis in the city of Dortmund].

    PubMed

    Neuner, B; Berger, K

    2010-11-01

    Apart from individual resources and individual risk factors, environmental socioeconomic factors are determinants of individual health and illness. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the association of small-area environmental socioeconomic parameters (proportion of 14-year-old and younger population, proportion of married citizens, proportion of unemployed, and the number of private cars per inhabitant) with individual socioeconomic parameters (education, income, unemployment, social class and the country of origin) in Dortmund, a major city in Germany. After splitting the small-area environmental socioeconomic parameters of 62 statistical administration units into quintiles, differences in the distribution of individual social parameters were evaluated using adjusted tests for trend. Overall, 1,312 study participants (mean age 53.6 years, 52.9% women) were included. Independently of age and gender, individual social parameters were unequally distributed across areas with different small-area environmental socioeconomic parameters. A place of birth abroad and social class were significantly associated with all small-area environmental socioeconomic parameters. If the impact of environmental socioeconomic parameters on individual health or illness is determined, the unequal small-area distribution of individual social parameters should be considered. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.

  17. 34 CFR 300.109 - Full educational opportunity goal (FEOG).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... EDUCATION OF CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES State Eligibility Other Fape Requirements § 300.109 Full educational... 34 Education 2 2011-07-01 2010-07-01 true Full educational opportunity goal (FEOG). 300.109 Section 300.109 Education Regulations of the Offices of the Department of Education (Continued) OFFICE OF...

  18. 34 CFR 300.109 - Full educational opportunity goal (FEOG).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... EDUCATION OF CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES State Eligibility Other Fape Requirements § 300.109 Full educational... 34 Education 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Full educational opportunity goal (FEOG). 300.109 Section 300.109 Education Regulations of the Offices of the Department of Education (Continued) OFFICE OF...

  19. Dealing Fairly with Winners and Losers in School: Reframing How to Think about Equality of Educational Opportunity 50 Years after the Coleman Report

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Jacobs, Lesley A.

    2016-01-01

    Although the policy and methodological legacy of "Equality of Educational Opportunity," the so-called Coleman Report published by the US Department of Education in 1966, is widely recognized, the way in which it played a role in shaping theorizing about equality of educational opportunity has been less well-explored. This article…

  20. Earning a Living Wage: Metro Differences in Opportunity and Inequality for Adult Males with Low Education Levels. Working Papers on Regional Economic Opportunities.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Foster-Bey, John; Rubin, Mark; Temkin, Kenneth

    This paper measures the relationship between employment growth and employment opportunities for noncollege-educated males, examining variations across metropolitan areas in the living-wage employment ratio for prime-aged males with at most a high school education (less educated). Living-wage employment is full-time, year-round employment yielding…

  1. All connected? Geographies of race, death, wealth, votes and births.

    PubMed

    Dorling, Danny

    2010-01-01

    In January 2010 we learnt that within London the best-off 10th of the population each had recourse to 273 times the wealth of the worse-off 10th of that population (Hills et al. 2010, An anatomy of economic inequality in the UK Report of the National Equality Panel, Government Equalities Office, London). It is hard to find any city in an affluent country that is more unequal. This wealth gap did not include the assets of the UK super-rich, who mostly live in or near London. In April 2010 the Sunday Times newspaper reported the wealth of the richest 1000 people in the UK had risen by an average of £77 million each in just one year, to now stand at £335.5 billion. Today in the UK we are again as unequal as we were around 1918. For 60 years we became more equal, but for the last 30 years, more unequal. Looking at inequality trends it is very hard, initially, to notice when the party of government changed. However, closer inspection of the time series suggests there were key times when the trends changed direction, when the future was much less like the past and when how people voted and acted appeared to matter more than at other times. With all three main parties offering what may appear to be very similar solutions to the issue of reducing inequality it seems unlikely that voting in 2010 will make much of a difference. However, today inequalities are now at unsustainable extremes. Action has been taken such that some inequalities, especially in education, have begun to shrink. The last two times that the direction of trends in inequalities changed, in the 1920s and 1970s, there were several general elections held within a relatively short time period. Inequality is expensive. The UK is not as well-off as it once was. It could be time for a change again. Which way will we go?

  2. From the USDA: Educating the Next Generation: Funding Opportunities in Food, Agricultural, Natural Resources, and Social Sciences Education

    PubMed Central

    Parker, Joyce E.; Wagner, David J.

    2016-01-01

    The National Institute of Food and Agriculture within the U.S. Department of Agriculture provides leadership, capacity, and funds to support the continuing development of a safe and competitive agricultural system. Many of the agency’s educational programs are led by the Division of Community and Education (DOCE). These programs span agricultural education, enhancing agricultural literacy through both formal and nonformal education. Here, we have highlighted funding opportunities within DOCE that enhance agricultural education and literacy by supporting the improvement of students’ critical communication, leadership skills, and experiential learning opportunities. Some of these programs include opportunities for which students can apply, while others focus on faculty applications. Opportunities faculty can apply for may support student-recruitment and student-retention techniques, curriculum development, innovative teaching methods, and institutional capacity-building programs. Overall, these programs foster a diverse workforce in agricultural science that matches the increasing diversity of the country. PMID:27587851

  3. 34 CFR 106.31 - Education programs or activities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... provide opportunities to study abroad, and which are awarded to students who are already matriculating at..., or opportunity. (c) Assistance administered by a recipient educational institution to study at a... opportunities for similar studies for members of the other sex. Such opportunities may be derived from either...

  4. 36 CFR 1211.400 - Education programs or activities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... provide opportunities to study abroad, and that are awarded to students who are already matriculating at..., or opportunity. (c) Assistance administered by a recipient educational institution to study at a... opportunities for similar studies for members of the other sex. Such opportunities may be derived from either...

  5. 34 CFR 106.31 - Education programs or activities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... provide opportunities to study abroad, and which are awarded to students who are already matriculating at..., or opportunity. (c) Assistance administered by a recipient educational institution to study at a... opportunities for similar studies for members of the other sex. Such opportunities may be derived from either...

  6. 34 CFR 106.31 - Education programs or activities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... provide opportunities to study abroad, and which are awarded to students who are already matriculating at..., or opportunity. (c) Assistance administered by a recipient educational institution to study at a... opportunities for similar studies for members of the other sex. Such opportunities may be derived from either...

  7. 45 CFR 2555.400 - Education programs or activities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... provide opportunities to study abroad, and that are awarded to students who are already matriculating at..., or opportunity. (c) Assistance administered by a recipient educational institution to study at a... opportunities for similar studies for members of the other sex. Such opportunities may be derived from either...

  8. 45 CFR 2555.400 - Education programs or activities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... provide opportunities to study abroad, and that are awarded to students who are already matriculating at..., or opportunity. (c) Assistance administered by a recipient educational institution to study at a... opportunities for similar studies for members of the other sex. Such opportunities may be derived from either...

  9. 36 CFR 1211.400 - Education programs or activities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... provide opportunities to study abroad, and that are awarded to students who are already matriculating at..., or opportunity. (c) Assistance administered by a recipient educational institution to study at a... opportunities for similar studies for members of the other sex. Such opportunities may be derived from either...

  10. 45 CFR 2555.400 - Education programs or activities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... provide opportunities to study abroad, and that are awarded to students who are already matriculating at..., or opportunity. (c) Assistance administered by a recipient educational institution to study at a... opportunities for similar studies for members of the other sex. Such opportunities may be derived from either...

  11. 34 CFR 682.214 - Compliance with equal credit opportunity requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 34 Education 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Compliance with equal credit opportunity requirements. 682.214 Section 682.214 Education Regulations of the Offices of the Department of Education (Continued) OFFICE OF POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION, DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION FEDERAL FAMILY EDUCATION LOAN (FFEL) PROGRAM...

  12. The Puerto Rican Involvement in Educational Opportunity Fund Programs for the Disadvantaged.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Madeira, Eugene L.

    The purpose of this study was to analyze Puerto Rican response to the opportunities for higher education and to survey the prospects of recruiting more Puerto Ricans in "Educational Opportunity Fund Programs." Camden, New Jersey was chosen as a representative medium-sized city with a Puerto Rican Community. (JW)

  13. Equal Opportunity in Higher Education: The Past and Future of California's Proposition 209

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Grodsky, Eric, Ed.; Kurlaender, Michal, Ed.

    2010-01-01

    This timely book examines issues pertaining to equal opportunity--affirmative action, challenges to it, and alternatives for improving opportunities for underrepresented groups--in higher education today. Its starting point is California's Proposition 209, which ended race-based affirmative action in public education and the workplace in 1996. The…

  14. The Politics of Parental Involvement: How Opportunity Hoarding and Prying Shape Educational Opportunity

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Lyken-Segosebe, Dawn; Hinz, Serena E.

    2015-01-01

    As more state legislatures join the debate on school-choice and parent-trigger legislation, their discussions draw attention to an evolving landscape outside school walls where parental action shapes educational opportunity. Parents wield their political, social, economic, and cultural capital to secure the best educational outcomes for their…

  15. The Opportunity Gap Achievement and Inequality in Education. Harvard Educational Review Reprint Series

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    da Silva, Carol DeShano, Ed.; Huguley, James Philip, Ed.; Kakli, Zenub, Ed.; Rao, Radhika, Ed.

    2007-01-01

    "The Opportunity Gap" aims to shift attention from the current overwhelming emphasis on schools in discussions of the achievement gap to more fundamental questions about social and educational opportunity. The achievement gap looms large in the current era of high-stakes testing and accountability. Yet questions persist: Has the…

  16. Welfare Reform and Postsecondary Education: Research and Policy Update. TANF Requirements Limit Welfare Recipients' Educational Opportunities.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Finney, Johanna

    1998-01-01

    The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Program work requirements, part of the 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) drastically limit women's opportunities to participate in postsecondary education programs while receiving TANF funds. Unlike previous laws governing Aid to Families with Dependent…

  17. Opportunities for Students with Disabilities in Higher Education Institutions in Turkey: Where Is ICT?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Kurt, A. Askim; Çolak, Canan; Dönmez, Pelin; Filiz, Ozan; Türkan, Fatih; Odabasi, H. Ferhan

    2016-01-01

    Students with disabilities should have equal opportunities to participate in higher education as well as students without disabilities. These opportunities are mentioned in a number of various international conventions within a growing attention. According to this growing attention, Higher Education Council in Turkey, determined the Counseling and…

  18. Unequal Distribution of Overweight Adolescents in Immigrant-Rich Areas: Analysis of Disparities among Public and Private School Students in Shanghai, China

    PubMed Central

    Shi, Jianwei; Tan, Duxun; Xie, Huilin; Yang, Beilei; Liu, Rui; Yu, Dehua; Lu, Yuan; Mei, Bing; Wang, Zhaoxin

    2017-01-01

    Accelerated urbanization and rising immigration to the big cities in China has resulted in education policies that produce disparate treatment of immigrant and non-immigrant students. The two types of students frequently wind up in different types of junior high schools. However, there is little research on whether disparities exist between students in public and private schools with regard to overweight. This study aims to address this gap through a comparison of the overweight status of junior high school students in public and private schools in Shanghai and explore the possible reasons for the observed differences. Students from two public and two private junior high schools were measured. In order to determine what factors might shape overweight among adolescents. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess associations between overweight and personal characteristics, birth-related factors, levels of physical activity, diet, family socioeconomic status and school environment. Students in private schools proved more likely to be overweight (15.20%, p < 0.05) than public school students (10.18%). Similarly, gender, breastfeeding, parental care and number of classes excluding physical education per day were found to be significant factors. However, private school students were also influenced by gestational age (yes/no: OR = 4.50, p < 0.001), frequency of snacks (sometimes/often: OR = 0.53, p < 0.01) and family income (¥6001–12,000/below ¥6000: OR = 3.27, p < 0.05). Time for lunch was the sole risk factor for public school students in the study (p < 0.05). To reduce the unequal distribution of overweight students between the two types of schools, interventions that consider different multiple risk factors should be implemented. PMID:28257123

  19. Social inequality in adolescents' healthy food intake: the interplay between economic, social and cultural capital.

    PubMed

    De Clercq, Bart; Abel, Thomas; Moor, Irene; Elgar, Frank J; Lievens, John; Sioen, Isabelle; Braeckman, Lutgart; Deforche, Benedicte

    2017-04-01

    Current explanations of health inequalities in adolescents focus on behavourial and economic determinants and rarely include more meaningful forms of economic, cultural, and social capital. The aim of the study was to investigate how the interplay between capitals constitutes social inequalities in adolescent healthy food intake. Data were collected in the 2013/14 Flemish Health Behavior among School-aged Children (HBSC) survey, which is part of the international WHO HBSC survey. The total sample included 7266 adolescents aged 12-18. A comprehensive set of 58 capital indicators was used to measure economic, cultural and social capital and a healthy food index was computed from a 17-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to assess the consumption frequency of healthy food within the overall food intake. The different forms of capital were unequally distributed in accordance with the subdivisions within the education system. Only half of the capital indicators positively related to healthy food intake, and instead 17 interactions were found that both increased or reduced inequalities. Cultural capital was a crucial component for explaining inequalities such that social gradients in healthy food intake increased when adolescents participated in elite cultural practices ( P < 0.05), and were consequently reduced when adolescents reported to have a high number of books at home ( P < 0.05). A combination of selected resources in the form of economic, cultural and social capital may both increase or reduce healthy food intake inequalities in adolescents. Policy action needs to take into account the unequal distribution of these resources within the education system. © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Public Health Association. All rights reserved.

  20. Viscoelastic effects on the actuation performance of a dielectric elastomer actuator under different equal, un-equal biaxial pre-stretches

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Quang Tran, Danh; Li, Jin; Xuan, Fuzhen; Xiao, Ting

    2018-06-01

    Dielectric elastomers (DEs) are belonged to a group of polymers which cause a time-dependence deformation due to the effect of viscoelastic. In recent years, viscoelasticity has been accounted in the modeling in order to understand the complete electromechanical behavior of dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs). In this paper, we investigate the actuation performance of a circular DEA under different equal, un-equal biaxial pre-stretches, based on a nonlinear rheological model. The theoretical results are validated by experiments, which verify the electromechanical constitutive equation of the DEs. The viscoelastic mechanical characteristic is analyzed by modeling simulation analysis and experimental to describe the influence of frequency, voltage, pre-stretch, and waveform on the actuation response of the actuator. Our study indicates that: The DEA with different equal or un-equal biaxial pre-stretches undergoes different actuation performance when subject to high voltage. Under an un-equal biaxial pre-stretch, the DEA deforms unequally and shows different deformation abilities in two directions. The relative creep strain behavior of the DEA due to the effect of viscoelasticity can be reduced by increasing pre-stretch ratio. Higher equal biaxial pre-stretch obtains larger deformation strain, improves actuation response time, and reduces the drifting of the equilibrium position in the dynamic response of the DEA when activated by step and period voltage, while increasing the frequency will inhibit the output stretch amplitude. The results in this paper can provide theoretical guidance and application reference for design and control of the viscoelastic DEAs.

  1. Enhancing dermatology education: resident presentation opportunities.

    PubMed

    Park, Kelly K

    2015-09-01

    Dermatology residency is a time to maximize educational experiences, which include opportunities to attend academic meetings and present research and clinical cases. In this article, resident presentation opportunities at major academic dermatology meetings are reviewed.

  2. Equal Educational Opportunity Workshop for Human Rights Workers at the Annual Meeting of the National Association of Human Rights Workers, Seattle, Washington, October 3-7, 1971. Special Report.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    NCRIEEO Newsletter, 1972

    1972-01-01

    The Equal Educational Opportunity Workshop for Human Rights Workers focused on the theme "Equal Educational Opportunity--What Does It Mean to the Human Rights Worker? A Deep Examination of Professional Commitment." Most school systems and educational institutions have human rights specialists devoting staff time and resources to race and…

  3. 36 CFR § 1211.400 - Education programs or activities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... provide opportunities to study abroad, and that are awarded to students who are already matriculating at..., or opportunity. (c) Assistance administered by a recipient educational institution to study at a... opportunities for similar studies for members of the other sex. Such opportunities may be derived from either...

  4. Assessment of modification factors for a row of bolts or timber connectors

    Treesearch

    Thomas Lee Wilkinson

    1980-01-01

    When bolts or timber connectors are used in a row, with load applied parallel to the row, load will be unequally distributed among the fasteners. This study assessed methods of predicting this unequal load distribution, looked at how joint variables can affect the distribution, and compared the predictions with data existing in the literature. Presently used design...

  5. The "Hamburger Connection" as Ecologically Unequal Exchange: A Cross-National Investigation of Beef Exports and Deforestation in Less-Developed Countries

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Austin, Kelly

    2010-01-01

    This study explores Norman Myers's concept of the "hamburger connection" as a form of ecologically unequal exchange, where more-developed nations are able to transfer the environmental costs of beef consumption to less-developed nations. I used ordinary least squares (OLS) regression to test whether deforestation in less-developed…

  6. Statistical Power and Optimum Sample Allocation Ratio for Treatment and Control Having Unequal Costs Per Unit of Randomization

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Liu, Xiaofeng

    2003-01-01

    This article considers optimal sample allocation between the treatment and control condition in multilevel designs when the costs per sampling unit vary due to treatment assignment. Optimal unequal allocation may reduce the cost from that of a balanced design without sacrificing any power. The optimum sample allocation ratio depends only on the…

  7. [A simulation study with finite element model on the unequal loss of peripheral vision caused by acceleration].

    PubMed

    Geng, Xiaoqi; Liu, Xiaoyu; Liu, Songyang; Xu, Yan; Zhao, Xianliang; Wang, Jie; Fan, Yubo

    2017-04-01

    An unequal loss of peripheral vision may happen with high sustaining multi-axis acceleration, leading to a great potential flight safety hazard. In the present research, finite element method was used to study the mechanism of unequal loss of peripheral vision. Firstly, a 3D geometric model of skull was developed based on the adult computer tomography (CT) images. The model of double eyes was created by mirroring with the previous right eye model. Then, the double-eye model was matched to the skull model, and fat was filled between eyeballs and skull. Acceleration loads of head-to-foot (G z ), right-to-left (G y ), chest-to-back (G x ) and multi-axis directions were applied to the current model to simulate dynamic response of retina by explicit dynamics solution. The results showed that the relative strain of double eyes was 25.7% under multi-axis acceleration load. Moreover, the strain distributions showed a significant difference among acceleration loaded in different directions. It indicated that a finite element model of double eyes was an effective means to study the mechanism of an unequal loss of peripheral vision at sustaining high multi-axis acceleration.

  8. Career Opportunities for Theatre Practitioners.

    PubMed

    Cadman, Victoria

    2017-11-01

    'What's the point in doing that?' This is often the response given to those saying they are undertaking education outside of work hours. Many do not see their role in theatre as just a job, but now want a career which means extra studying. Ideally this needs to be in advance so they are one step ahead for when an opportunity arises. Career opportunities and education go hand in hand together, and so it is difficult to discuss one without mentioning the other to some degree. We need education to access career opportunities, but we also need career routes to help drive education forward.

  9. A sociological approach to resilience in health and illness.

    PubMed

    Walker, Christine; Peterson, Chris L

    2018-06-14

    Work on resilience in health and illness has been approached from a number of perspectives. These are the biological and psychosocial with a focus on the individual's responses to cope and adapt to changing circumstances wrought by changing physical health states. This we argue has a place but is far too narrow emphasizing the neoliberal view that the sick or imperfect individual is ultimately responsible for their own health outcomes. In this perspective, the individual's failure to cope or adapt may be seen as a personal failure to interact with the health system on offer. A broader sociological approach focuses on the overarching sociopolitical system within which health and illness occur and looks at the role of concepts such as growing social and economic inequity and the process by which neoliberalism establishes the framework of unequal opportunity and life chances. At this broader level, resilience relates to interplay between the sociopolitical and health systems and the individual. It is the role of the health system to provide opportunities, and supports and to reduce inequities to promote healthy lifestyle and beneficial coping approaches. We aim to understand and describe the mechanisms and opportunities afforded to individuals by their place in the social structure and to argue for health reform that makes a health system that assists all individuals be resilient. Longitudinal data from the Australian Epilepsy Longitudinal Survey are used to understand how income, inequity, and social isolation affect resilience over time. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  10. Justice Perceptions and Demographics of Privilege Among Brazilian Adolescents.

    PubMed

    Thomas, Kendra J

    2017-01-01

    Drawing from just world theory and system justification theory, this study explores how privileged status influences perceptions of justice. Data from 475 Brazilian adolescents across three schools shed light on how adolescents' social demographics (ethnicity, education, and income) influence their perceptions of fairness. Adolescents from higher income or educational privilege backgrounds had higher personal belief in a just world (BJW), and better perceptions of legal authorities, but lower general BJW. The opposite was true for less privileged adolescents, indicating that those from lower income homes are less likely to differentiate between personal and general BJW. Contrary to the hypothesis, ethnicity was not a significant variable, but the results were in the expected direction. This research is discussed under the framework of system justification theory and just world theory and provides insight into how the theories complement each other in socially unequal contexts.

  11. A Lifetime of Learning

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Office of Education (DHEW), Washington, DC.

    This booklet discusses three Federal programs for the continuing education of adults: Adult Basic Education; Community Service and Continuing Education; and Civil Defense Education. Initiated through the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, Adult Basic Education began operation in 1965, financed by the Office of Economic Opportunity and administered…

  12. Equality of Opportunity Reconsidered: Values in Education for Tomorrow. Educational Research in Europe.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Cardinet, Jean; And Others

    Some attributes of policies for achieving equality of opportunity are discussed together with their rationales. The significance of inequality and the role of education are brought together to rehearse the crux of the issue and indicate why such importance has been attached to the debates and studies of equality of opportunity. Aspects of the…

  13. The Effects of Policy Changes on the Educational Opportunity Centers: A Case Study

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Fountain-Ellis, Debra L.

    2011-01-01

    The purpose of this study is to explore the programmatic changes that occurred in the Educational Opportunity Centers (EOC) and how those changes influenced educational opportunities for adults. A case study design was used for this investigation. The directors of three EOCs were selected and interviewed for the study. These directors combined…

  14. Equal Opportunity Handbook: A Resource on Equal Opportunities for Education and Employment in Oregon Public Schools.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Oregon State Dept. of Education, Salem.

    This handbook is an information source for Oregon public school districts developing policies to ensure equal opportunities in education, employment, and the provision of educational services required by Federal and state laws, regulations, and policies. Not addressed are issues and services for the handicapped or programs for migrants, the…

  15. Future Policy Directions for Congress in Ensuring Equality of Opportunity: Toward Improved Incentives, Targeting, and Enforcement

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    DeBray, Elizabeth; Blankenship, Ann Elizabeth

    2013-01-01

    Congress's role in defining and promoting equality of educational opportunity has evolved over the past 55 years since "Brown v. Board of Education." Most recently, all three branches of the federal government have focused more on equality of educational opportunity for "individual" students rather than for protected classes.…

  16. Positive Youth Development through Physical Activity: Opportunities for Physical Educators

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Hemphill, Michael A.

    2014-01-01

    As physical educators continue to advocate for school-based PE, they should also consider ways to extend their work into community settings in an effort to ensure that all kids have an opportunity to develop physical literacy. This article describes how positive youth development programs can provide an opportunity for physical educators to engage…

  17. 75 FR 31338 - Promoting Postbaccalaureate Opportunities for Hispanic Americans (PPOHA) Program

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-06-03

    ... DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION 34 CFR Chapter VI Promoting Postbaccalaureate Opportunities for Hispanic Americans (PPOHA) Program AGENCY: Office of Postsecondary Education, Department of Education. ACTION: Proposed requirements. SUMMARY: The Assistant Secretary for Postsecondary Education proposes requirements...

  18. Perceptions of Healthy Eating and Influences on the Food Choices of Appalachian Youth

    PubMed Central

    Swanson, Mark; Schoenberg, Nancy E.; Davis, Rian; Wright, Sherry; Dollarhide, Kaye

    2011-01-01

    Objective Patterns of overweight and obesity are unequally distributed geographically, with elevated rates in Appalachia. Appalachian youth's perceptions toward healthy eating and influences on food choice were examined as part of formative research to address these disparities. Methods Eleven focus groups, averaging 6 youth (n=68) and moderated by experienced local residents, were conducted with participants aged 8–17. Session transcripts were coded for thematic analysis, using measures to enhance rigor and transferability. Results Participants discussed numerous internal and external factors affecting dietary choices. While expressing confidence in their own nutritional knowledge, they stressed the importance of taste preferences, cost, convenience, social influences, and advertising on diet. Conclusions and Implications Appalachian youths' awareness of the multiple influences on diet may create opportunities for multi-faceted, ecologically-based interventions. In particular, participants stressed the importance of social influences on diet and on successful nutrition programming. PMID:22269474

  19. Mobility and volatility: What is behind the rising income inequality in the United States

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wu, Huixuan; Li, Yao

    2018-02-01

    Inequality of family incomes in the United States has increased significantly in the past four decades. This is largely interpreted as a result of unequal mobility, e.g., the rich can get richer at a faster pace than the rest of the population. However, using nationally representative data and the Fokker-Planck equation, our study shows that income mobility in the United States has remained stable. Instead, we find another factor - income volatility, which measures the instability of incomes - has increased considerably and caused the surge of income inequality. In addition, the rising volatility is associated with the plummeting of income-growth opportunity, creating the feeling that the American Dream is in decline. Volatility has often been overlooked in previous studies on inequality, partially because mobility and volatility are usually studied separately. By contrast, the Fokker-Planck equation takes both mobility and volatility into consideration, making it a more comprehensive model.

  20. Ancient genomes from Iceland reveal the making of a human population.

    PubMed

    Ebenesersdóttir, S Sunna; Sandoval-Velasco, Marcela; Gunnarsdóttir, Ellen D; Jagadeesan, Anuradha; Guðmundsdóttir, Valdís B; Thordardóttir, Elísabet L; Einarsdóttir, Margrét S; Moore, Kristjan H S; Sigurðsson, Ásgeir; Magnúsdóttir, Droplaug N; Jónsson, Hákon; Snorradóttir, Steinunn; Hovig, Eivind; Møller, Pål; Kockum, Ingrid; Olsson, Tomas; Alfredsson, Lars; Hansen, Thomas F; Werge, Thomas; Cavalleri, Gianpiero L; Gilbert, Edmund; Lalueza-Fox, Carles; Walser, Joe W; Kristjánsdóttir, Steinunn; Gopalakrishnan, Shyam; Árnadóttir, Lilja; Magnússon, Ólafur Þ; Gilbert, M Thomas P; Stefánsson, Kári; Helgason, Agnar

    2018-06-01

    Opportunities to directly study the founding of a human population and its subsequent evolutionary history are rare. Using genome sequence data from 27 ancient Icelanders, we demonstrate that they are a combination of Norse, Gaelic, and admixed individuals. We further show that these ancient Icelanders are markedly more similar to their source populations in Scandinavia and the British-Irish Isles than to contemporary Icelanders, who have been shaped by 1100 years of extensive genetic drift. Finally, we report evidence of unequal contributions from the ancient founders to the contemporary Icelandic gene pool. These results provide detailed insights into the making of a human population that has proven extraordinarily useful for the discovery of genotype-phenotype associations. Copyright © 2018 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

  1. Teamwork and team decision-making at multidisciplinary cancer conferences: barriers, facilitators, and opportunities for improvement.

    PubMed

    Lamb, Benjamin W; Sevdalis, Nick; Arora, Sonal; Pinto, Anna; Vincent, Charles; Green, James S A

    2011-09-01

    Anecdotally, multidisciplinary cancer conferences (MCCs) do not always function optimally. MCC members' experiences with and attitudes toward MCCs are explored, and barriers to and facilitators of effective team-working are identified. A total of 19 semistructured interviews were conducted with surgeons, oncologists, nurses, and administrators. Interviews explored participants' opinions on MCC attendance, information presentation, case discussion, leadership, team decision-making, and possible improvements to MCC meetings. Nonattendance was associated with not having protected time to attend the MCC. Contributions to MCC discussions were unequal among the participants, and patient-centered information was ignored. Good leadership was necessary to foster inclusive case discussion. Members were positive about MCCs, but protected time, improved case selection, and working in a more structured way were possible improvements. Results are consistent with previous research: Members of the MCC are positive about the benefits of MCCs, although improving the way MCCs work is a goal.

  2. [VI Ibero-American Summit of heads of state and government: Declaration of Viña del Mar].

    PubMed

    1997-09-01

    The leaders of 21 Ibero-American countries came to Viña del Mar (Chile) for the sixth meeting of the now-traditional Ibero-American Summits. The Declaration that resulted from the Summit reiterated the commitment of these nations to the principles of democracy, the rule of law, and political pluralism. The development of efficient and participatory systems of democratic government was one of the most important of the topics dealt with at the meeting and served as the framework for the discussion and the search for solutions to common problems, such as poverty, arms trafficking, unequal opportunity for men and women, and inappropriate government practices. The leaders also supported a series of initiatives and international programs in the technological and cultural arenas that will strengthen the ties and unite the Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking countries.

  3. Rats do not respond differently in the presence of stimuli signaling wheel-running reinforcers of different durations.

    PubMed

    Belke, Terry W

    2007-05-01

    Rats were exposed to a fixed interval 30 s schedule that produced opportunities to run of equal or unequal durations to assess the effect of differences in duration on responding. Each duration was signaled by a different stimulus. Wheel-running reinforcer duration pairs were 30 s 30 s, 50 s 10 s, and 55 s 5 s. An analysis of median postreinforcement pause duration and mean local lever-pressing rates broken down by previous reinforcer duration and duration of signaled upcoming reinforcer showed that postreinforcement pause duration was affected by the duration of the previous reinforcer but not by the stimulus signaling the duration of the upcoming reinforcer. Local lever-pressing rates were not affected by either previous or upcoming reinforcer duration. In general, the results are consistent with indifference between these durations obtained using a concurrent choice procedure.

  4. Reflecting the World Report on Disability: a report from Sweden.

    PubMed

    Sunnerhagen, Katharina Stibrant

    2014-01-01

    There is a range of statistics in Sweden regarding people with functional limitations available from different authorities presenting diverging information. Although healthcare and social welfare legislations aim for equal access and treatment, surveys about unmet needs show that opportunities for rehabilitation are unequal among diagnoses and around the country and insufficient in the long-term. There is also a law granting certain supports and services to those people who are considered to be in need of having someone to speak for them. Disability-related services are tax financed with a symbolic fee. Rehabilitation is performed by not only physical and rehabilitation medicine specialists. Rehabilitation research is mainly within healthcare science but also in social science. Disability services need better coordination, and an agency has recently been founded with this responsibility. More politicians should engage in disability-related issues, and more people with disability should get into politics.

  5. Parallel Education and Defining the Fourth Sector.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Chessell, Diana

    1996-01-01

    Parallel to the primary, secondary, postsecondary, and adult/community education sectors is education not associated with formal programs--learning in arts and cultural sites. The emergence of cultural and educational tourism is an opportunity for adult/community education to define itself by extending lifelong learning opportunities into parallel…

  6. Contemporary Issues of Social Justice: A Focus on Race and Physical Education in the United States.

    PubMed

    Harrison, Louis; Clark, Langston

    2016-09-01

    Ongoing events in the United States show the continual need to address issues of social justice in every social context. Of particular note in this article, the contemporary national focus on race has thrust social justice issues into the forefront of the country's conscious. Although legal segregation has ran its course, schools and many neighborhoods remain, to a large degree, culturally, ethnically, linguistically, economically, and racially segregated and unequal (Orfield & Lee, 2005). Even though an African American president presently occupies the White House, the idea of a postracial America remains an unrealized ideal. Though social justice and racial discussions are firmly entrenched in educational research, investigations that focus on race are scant in physical education literature. Here, we attempt to develop an understanding of social justice in physical education with a focus on racial concerns. We purposely confine the examination to the U.S. context to avoid the dilution of the importance of these issues, while recognizing other international landscapes may differ significantly. To accomplish this goal, we hope to explicate the undergirding theoretical tenants of critical race theory and culturally relevant pedagogy in relation to social justice in physical education. Finally, we make observations of social justice in the physical education and physical education teacher education realms to address and illuminate areas of concern.

  7. Missed Opportunities: The IEA's Study of Civic Education and Civic Education in Post-Communist Countries

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Buk-Berge, Elisabeth

    2006-01-01

    This article argues that the opportunity in Phase I of the IEA's Civic Education Study to include the new democracies' experiences of citizenship education have not been sufficiently exploited. "Borrowing" citizenship education from abroad and citizenship education for "civil society" have been chosen as examples of problems in…

  8. Interculturality and Intercultural Education: A Challenge for Democracy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Aikman, Sheila

    1997-09-01

    The paper examines the debate taking place in Peru, and also more generally in South and Central American countries with large indigenous populations, on the nature of interculturality and intercultural education. It investigates concepts fundamental to interculturality such as democracy and equality and asks what they mean in the context of the Peruvian state, civil society and the indigenous movement. It questions whether an interculturality based in apolitical calls for dialogue and respect for cultural and linguistic plurality can meet the needs of indigenous peoples and their daily confrontations with oppressive and unequal intercultural relations. Taking Peru as an example, it investigates the possibilities for the development of an interculturality that is characterised by equality and participation and which enables indigenous peoples to have greater control over their lives. It then briefly examines the nature of the intercultural lives of the Harakmbut of SE Peruvian Amazon and a new indigenous intercultural education programme which the Harakmbut hope will help them address the inequalities and exploitation which they face.

  9. Plans for Widening Women's Educational Opportunities.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Koontz, Elizabeth Duncan

    This paper focuses on nonlegal plans for promoting women's educational opportunities and for overcoming institutional and psychological constraints that are discriminatory. The areas covered in this discussion include: continuing education programs; the open university and external degrees; education for "nontraditional professions"; career…

  10. Equal Opportunity in Education: A Reader in Social Class and Educational Opportunity.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Silver, Harold, Ed.

    The contents of this book--32 extracts from research, political, and official publications plus introductory material--are organized into three sections. Part 1, "Secondary education for all? 1922-47," is comprised of 10 extracts, including: "Secondary education for all," R. H. Tawney; "The education of the…

  11. Fundamental Elements in Examining a Child's Right to Education: A Study of Home Education Research and Regulation in Australia

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Jackson, Glenda; Allan, Sonia

    2010-01-01

    Home education provides valuable educational and developmental opportunities for children. An examination of Australia's research indicates many best educational practices, including more informed mediation, contextualised learning, and opportunities to exercise autonomy. Key features include learning embedded in communities and program…

  12. 34 CFR 303.111 - Notice of public hearings and opportunity to comment.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 34 Education 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Notice of public hearings and opportunity to comment. 303.111 Section 303.111 Education Regulations of the Offices of the Department of Education (Continued) OFFICE OF SPECIAL EDUCATION AND REHABILITATIVE SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION EARLY INTERVENTION...

  13. Using Educational Tourism in Geographical Education

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Prakapiene, Dalia; Olberkyte, Loreta

    2013-01-01

    The article analyses and defines the concept of educational tourism, presents the structure of the concept and looks into the opportunities for using educational tourism in geographical education. In order to reveal such opportunities a research was carried out in the Lithuanian national and regional parks using the qualitative method of content…

  14. 77 FR 50121 - Office of Direct Service and Contracting Tribes National Indian Health Outreach and Education...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-08-20

    ... Contracting Tribes National Indian Health Outreach and Education Program Funding Opportunity Announcement Type... Education (NIHOE-III) program funding opportunity that includes outreach and education activities on the... Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, Public Law 111- 152, collectively known as the...

  15. 3 CFR 13621 - Executive Order 13621 of July 26, 2012. White House Initiative on Educational Excellence for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... America's history, African American men and women have strengthened our Nation, including by leading.... Board of Education decision put America on a path toward equal educational opportunity, America's... educational opportunity still remain in America's educational system. African Americans lack equal access to...

  16. 34 CFR 644.31 - What are unallowable costs?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 34 Education 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false What are unallowable costs? 644.31 Section 644.31... EDUCATION, DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITY CENTERS What Conditions Must Be Met by a Grantee? § 644.31 What are unallowable costs? Costs that are unallowable under the Educational Opportunity...

  17. 34 CFR 644.30 - What are allowable costs?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 34 Education 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false What are allowable costs? 644.30 Section 644.30... EDUCATION, DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITY CENTERS What Conditions Must Be Met by a Grantee? § 644.30 What are allowable costs? The cost principles that apply to the Educational Opportunity Centers...

  18. Evaluating the Unequal-Variance and Dual-Process Explanations of zROC Slopes with Response Time Data and the Diffusion Model

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Starns, Jeffrey J.; Ratcliff, Roger; McKoon, Gail

    2012-01-01

    We tested two explanations for why the slope of the z-transformed receiver operating characteristic (zROC) is less than 1 in recognition memory: the unequal-variance account (target evidence is more variable than lure evidence) and the dual-process account (responding reflects both a continuous familiarity process and a threshold recollection…

  19. Relative loading on biplane wings of unequal chords

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Diehl, Walter S

    1935-01-01

    It is shown that the lift distribution for a biplane with unequal chords may be calculated by the method developed in NACA Technical report no. 458 if corrections are made for the inequality in chord lengths. The method is applied to four cases in which the upper chord was greater than the lower and good agreement is obtained between observed and calculated lift coefficients.

  20. Approximate Sample Size Formulas for Testing Group Mean Differences when Variances Are Unequal in One-Way ANOVA

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Guo, Jiin-Huarng; Luh, Wei-Ming

    2008-01-01

    This study proposes an approach for determining appropriate sample size for Welch's F test when unequal variances are expected. Given a certain maximum deviation in population means and using the quantile of F and t distributions, there is no need to specify a noncentrality parameter and it is easy to estimate the approximate sample size needed…

  1. Recognition Memory zROC Slopes for Items with Correct versus Incorrect Source Decisions Discriminate the Dual Process and Unequal Variance Signal Detection Models

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Starns, Jeffrey J.; Rotello, Caren M.; Hautus, Michael J.

    2014-01-01

    We tested the dual process and unequal variance signal detection models by jointly modeling recognition and source confidence ratings. The 2 approaches make unique predictions for the slope of the recognition memory zROC function for items with correct versus incorrect source decisions. The standard bivariate Gaussian version of the unequal…

  2. Educational Opportunities and Academic Performance: A Case Study of University Student Mothers in Venezuela

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Pinilla, Bernarda; Munoz, Samaria

    2005-01-01

    The transformation of universities from elite to mass models in developing countries has given the opportunity to new social groups to participate in higher education. As a part of this process, diverse groups of students have benefited in different ways from the equal educational opportunities offered to them. In this paper, we approach the…

  3. Who Has More Opportunities to Attend College?--An Empirical Study of the Strata Distribution of Different Qualities of Higher Education Opportunities in China

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Xiaoyu, Chen

    2015-01-01

    The author uses sampling survey data from students at higher education institutions and performs an empirical analysis of the distribution of different types of higher education opportunities for residents with different socioeconomic backgrounds. The study finds that there is a significant relationship between the distribution of different…

  4. Equal Educational Opportunity: Hearings Before the Select Committee on Equal Educational Opportunity of the United States Senate, Ninety-Second Congress, First Session on Equal Educational Opportunity. Part 18--Pupil Transportation Costs. Hearings Held Washington, D.C., October 6, 1971.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Congress of the U.S., Washington, DC. Senate Select Committee on Equal Educational Opportunity.

    At these hearings, the following witnesses presented testimony: Dr. Thord M. Marshall, superintendent of education, Savannah, Georgia; Dr. Elbert D. Brooks, director, Metropolitan Public Schools, Nashville, Tenn.; Dr. Raymond Shelton, superintendent of schools, Hillsborough County, Tampa, Florida; Dr. John M. Franco, superintendent of schools,…

  5. Science knowledge and biblical literalism.

    PubMed

    Zigerell, L J

    2012-04-01

    Biblical literalists are often described as scientific illiterates, but little if any empirical research has tested this claim. Analysis of a sixteen-item battery from the 2008 US General Social Survey revealed that literalists possess less science knowledge than those with other views of Scripture, but that much of this deficit can be attributed to demographic factors and unequal educational attainment. The marginal direct effect of biblical belief suggests that literalism is not incompatible with knowledge of science and, therefore, the best avenue for increasing science knowledge among literalists may be to foster interest in science and design science courses to attenuate any perceived conflict between science and religion.

  6. Addressing Implicit Bias to Improve Cross-cultural Care.

    PubMed

    Pereda, Brenda; Montoya, Margaret

    2018-03-01

    Health disparities cluster around race, ethnicity, education, neighborhoods, and income. Systems of exclusion that correlate with social determinants compound the disproportionate burden of poor health experienced by people of color. By 2056, ~50% of the population is expected to fall into categories currently labeled "under-represented minorities" (URMs), primarily African Americans, Latinxs, and American Indians. Although URMs comprise 30% of the general population, only 9% of medical doctors [Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC)] are URMs. We can lessen the negative effects of implicit bias and minimize inequities and unequal treatment by medical providers with training in cross-disciplinary diversity knowledge and communication skills.

  7. Control of cleavage spindle orientation in Caenorhabditis elegans: The role of the genes par-2 and par-3

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Cheng, N.N.; Kirby, C.M.; Kemphues, K.J.

    1995-02-01

    Polarized asymmetric divisions play important roles in the development of plants and animals. The first two embryonic cleavages of Caenorhabditis elegans provide an opportunity to study the mechanisms controlling polarized asymmetric divisions. The first cleavage is unequal, producing daughters with different sizes and fates. The daughter blastomeres divide with different orientations at the second cleavage; the anterior blastomere divides equally across the long axis of the egg, whereas the posterior blastomere divides unequally along the long axis. We report here the results of our analysis of the genes par-2 and par-3 with respect to their contribution to the polarity ofmore » these divisions. Strong loss-of-function mutations in both genes lead to an equal first cleavage and an altered second cleavage. Interestingly, the mutations exhibit striking gene-specific differences at the second cleavage. The par-2 mutations lead to transverse spindle orientations in both blastomeres, whereas par-3 mutations lead to longitudinal spindle orientations in both blastomeres. The spindle orientation defects correlate with defects in centrosome movements during both the first and the second cell cycle. Temperature shift experiments with par-2 (it5ts) indicate that the par-2(+) activity is not required after the two-cell stage. Analysis of double mutants shows that par-3 is epistatic to par-2. We propose a model wherein par-2(+) and par-3(+) act in concert during the first cell cycle to affect asymmetric modification of the cytoskeleton. This polar modification leads to different behaviors of centrosomes in the anterior and posterior and leads ultimately to blastomere-specific spindle orientations at the second cleavage. 44 refs., 5 figs., 5 tabs.« less

  8. Natural Genetic Transformation Generates a Population of Merodiploids in Streptococcus pneumoniae

    PubMed Central

    Zomer, Aldert; Bootsma, Hester J.; Prudhomme, Marc; Granadel, Chantal; Hermans, Peter W. M.; Polard, Patrice; Martin, Bernard; Claverys, Jean-Pierre

    2013-01-01

    Partial duplication of genetic material is prevalent in eukaryotes and provides potential for evolution of new traits. Prokaryotes, which are generally haploid in nature, can evolve new genes by partial chromosome duplication, known as merodiploidy. Little is known about merodiploid formation during genetic exchange processes, although merodiploids have been serendipitously observed in early studies of bacterial transformation. Natural bacterial transformation involves internalization of exogenous donor DNA and its subsequent integration into the recipient genome by homology. It contributes to the remarkable plasticity of the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae through intra and interspecies genetic exchange. We report that lethal cassette transformation produced merodiploids possessing both intact and cassette-inactivated copies of the essential target gene, bordered by repeats (R) corresponding to incomplete copies of IS861. We show that merodiploidy is transiently stimulated by transformation, and only requires uptake of a ∼3-kb DNA fragment partly repeated in the chromosome. We propose and validate a model for merodiploid formation, providing evidence that tandem-duplication (TD) formation involves unequal crossing-over resulting from alternative pairing and interchromatid integration of R. This unequal crossing-over produces a chromosome dimer, resolution of which generates a chromosome with the TD and an abortive chromosome lacking the duplicated region. We document occurrence of TDs ranging from ∼100 to ∼900 kb in size at various chromosomal locations, including by self-transformation (transformation with recipient chromosomal DNA). We show that self-transformation produces a population containing many different merodiploid cells. Merodiploidy provides opportunities for evolution of new genetic traits via alteration of duplicated genes, unrestricted by functional selective pressure. Transient stimulation of a varied population of merodiploids by transformation, which can be triggered by stresses such as antibiotic treatment in S. pneumoniae, reinforces the plasticity potential of this bacterium and transformable species generally. PMID:24086154

  9. Natural genetic transformation generates a population of merodiploids in Streptococcus pneumoniae.

    PubMed

    Johnston, Calum; Caymaris, Stéphanie; Zomer, Aldert; Bootsma, Hester J; Prudhomme, Marc; Granadel, Chantal; Hermans, Peter W M; Polard, Patrice; Martin, Bernard; Claverys, Jean-Pierre

    2013-01-01

    Partial duplication of genetic material is prevalent in eukaryotes and provides potential for evolution of new traits. Prokaryotes, which are generally haploid in nature, can evolve new genes by partial chromosome duplication, known as merodiploidy. Little is known about merodiploid formation during genetic exchange processes, although merodiploids have been serendipitously observed in early studies of bacterial transformation. Natural bacterial transformation involves internalization of exogenous donor DNA and its subsequent integration into the recipient genome by homology. It contributes to the remarkable plasticity of the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae through intra and interspecies genetic exchange. We report that lethal cassette transformation produced merodiploids possessing both intact and cassette-inactivated copies of the essential target gene, bordered by repeats (R) corresponding to incomplete copies of IS861. We show that merodiploidy is transiently stimulated by transformation, and only requires uptake of a ~3-kb DNA fragment partly repeated in the chromosome. We propose and validate a model for merodiploid formation, providing evidence that tandem-duplication (TD) formation involves unequal crossing-over resulting from alternative pairing and interchromatid integration of R. This unequal crossing-over produces a chromosome dimer, resolution of which generates a chromosome with the TD and an abortive chromosome lacking the duplicated region. We document occurrence of TDs ranging from ~100 to ~900 kb in size at various chromosomal locations, including by self-transformation (transformation with recipient chromosomal DNA). We show that self-transformation produces a population containing many different merodiploid cells. Merodiploidy provides opportunities for evolution of new genetic traits via alteration of duplicated genes, unrestricted by functional selective pressure. Transient stimulation of a varied population of merodiploids by transformation, which can be triggered by stresses such as antibiotic treatment in S. pneumoniae, reinforces the plasticity potential of this bacterium and transformable species generally.

  10. Equal Educational Opportunity?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Morris, Lorenzo

    1980-01-01

    Holds that the "Bakke" decision simply reaffirmed an insufficient commitment to equal opportunities for Blacks in higher education. Reviews several studies, including research conducted at the Institute for the Study of Educational Policy (ISEP) that has focused on the social and economic context of educational discrimination. (GC)

  11. Education Agenda for the States. Fostering Opportunity from Pre-K through College

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Stevens, Katharine B.; McShane, Michael Q.; Kelly, Andrew P.; Hess, Frederick M.

    2015-01-01

    Above all else, the American creed is one of liberty and opportunity. In the 21st century, whether the topic is economic opportunity, responsible citizenship, or political engagement, the role of education is more significant than ever before. That means political and civic leaders committed to a vision of opportunity--and especially to equal…

  12. Confidence intervals for the between-study variance in random-effects meta-analysis using generalised heterogeneity statistics: should we use unequal tails?

    PubMed

    Jackson, Dan; Bowden, Jack

    2016-09-07

    Confidence intervals for the between study variance are useful in random-effects meta-analyses because they quantify the uncertainty in the corresponding point estimates. Methods for calculating these confidence intervals have been developed that are based on inverting hypothesis tests using generalised heterogeneity statistics. Whilst, under the random effects model, these new methods furnish confidence intervals with the correct coverage, the resulting intervals are usually very wide, making them uninformative. We discuss a simple strategy for obtaining 95 % confidence intervals for the between-study variance with a markedly reduced width, whilst retaining the nominal coverage probability. Specifically, we consider the possibility of using methods based on generalised heterogeneity statistics with unequal tail probabilities, where the tail probability used to compute the upper bound is greater than 2.5 %. This idea is assessed using four real examples and a variety of simulation studies. Supporting analytical results are also obtained. Our results provide evidence that using unequal tail probabilities can result in shorter 95 % confidence intervals for the between-study variance. We also show some further results for a real example that illustrates how shorter confidence intervals for the between-study variance can be useful when performing sensitivity analyses for the average effect, which is usually the parameter of primary interest. We conclude that using unequal tail probabilities when computing 95 % confidence intervals for the between-study variance, when using methods based on generalised heterogeneity statistics, can result in shorter confidence intervals. We suggest that those who find the case for using unequal tail probabilities convincing should use the '1-4 % split', where greater tail probability is allocated to the upper confidence bound. The 'width-optimal' interval that we present deserves further investigation.

  13. A Periodic Compendium of Opportunities in Environmental Training.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    ET Worldwide, 1994

    1994-01-01

    This periodic compendium of environmental training opportunities includes information about educational opportunities for noncredit, and undergraduate through postgraduate studies around the world. The areas of study include the following: environmental education; environmental science; environmental management; Africa and global change;…

  14. Ka-Band Waveguide 2-Way Hybrid Combiner for MMIC Amplifiers with Unequal and Arbitrary Power Output Ratio

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Simons, Rainee N (Inventor); Chevalier, Christine T (Inventor); Wintucky, Edwin G (Inventor); Freeman, Jon C (Inventor)

    2016-01-01

    One or more embodiments of the present invention describe an apparatus and method to combine unequal powers. The apparatus includes a first input port, a second input port, and a combiner. The first input port is operably connected to a first power amplifier and is configured to receive a first power from the first power amplifier. The second input port is operably connected to a second power amplifier and is configured to receive a second power from the second power amplifier. The combiner is configured to simultaneously receive the first power from the first input port and the second power from the second input port. The combiner is also configured to combine the first power and second power to produce a maximized power. The first power and second power are unequal.

  15. Persistent Inequality: Changing Educational Attainment in Thirteen Countries. Social Inequality Series.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Shavit, Yossi, Ed.; Blossfeld, Hans-Peter, Ed.

    This book encompasses a systematic, comparative study of change in educational stratification in 13 industrialized countries, exploring which societal conditions help reduce existing inequalities in educational opportunity. The contributors show that in most industrialized countries inequalities in educational opportunity among students from…

  16. The Energy Problem and Social Education: Some Opportunities, Quandaries, and Goals.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Allen, Rodney F.

    This paper examines the need for energy education, discusses classroom opportunities and quandaries for teaching about energy, and provides some suggestions for social studies educators. Two recent studies show that there is a real need for energy education. First, the Education Commission of the United States surveyed the energy knowledge and…

  17. Guidelines for Becoming a Teacher Leader in Rural Special Education

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Collins, Belva C.; Leahy, Maria Marsella; Ault, Melinda Jones

    2017-01-01

    Special education teachers have a unique set of skills and opportunities to become leaders in the field of education. Some rural special education teachers, however, may not see themselves as potential leaders or believe they have opportunities to be leaders. This article provides guidelines for rural special education teachers to consider in…

  18. Historical Analysis of the Challenges and Opportunities of Higher Education in Ethiopia

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Bishaw, Alemayehu; Melesse, Solomon

    2017-01-01

    There is a massive higher education expansion in Ethiopia. However, the efforts to expand higher education are characterized by great opportunities and significant challenges. The current higher education policy formulation and practice are the result of long history of traditional education in Ethiopia, the western countries' influence and the…

  19. Access to Education and Employment Opportunities: Implications for Poverty Reduction

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Adewale, T. M.

    2011-01-01

    The study examined the linkages between Education and poverty and the possibility of poverty reduction through access to education and better employment opportunities. The paper also stressed that poverty acts as both cause and effect on lack of education. In particular the paper examined whether education is contributing to poverty reduction…

  20. Equal Educational Opportunity: Hearings Before the Select Committee on Equal Educational Opportunity of the United States Senate, Ninety-Second Congress, First Session on Equal Educational Opportunity, Part 21--Metropolitan Aspects of Educational Inequality. Hearings Held Washington, D.C., November 22, 23, 30, 1971.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Congress of the U.S., Washington, DC. Senate Select Committee on Equal Educational Opportunity.

    Contents of these hearings include the testimony of the following witnesses, as well as materials appended as pertinent to the hearings: (1) Lloyd Lewis, Jr., Chairman, Dayton City Planning Board and member of the Miami Valley Regional Planning Commission's Housing and Human Resources Advisory Committee; (2) Dale F. Bertsch, Executive Director,…

  1. Macroeconomic impact of HIV: the need for better modelling.

    PubMed

    Lamontagne, Erik; Haacker, Markus; Ventelou, Bruno; Greener, Robert

    2010-05-01

    To critically evaluate the recent literature on macroeconomic repercussions of the HIV pandemic and the response to it. The review focuses on the impacts of HIV through both its health consequences and its impact on the accumulation of human capital. So far, most studies have found a moderate impact of the HIV epidemic on macroeconomic growth. However, recent studies tend to emphasize the fact that HIV undermines human capital and implies a long-term detriment for economic development. Availability of data from Demographic and Health Surveys offers opportunities for better understanding the relationship between the HIV epidemic and economic growth through pathways linking its microeconomic and macroeconomic impacts. The macroeconomic impact of HIV observed so far appears moderate. Our analysis of recent literature, however, points out three important issues that may have been previously underestimated. First, the most important effects may occur in the longer run, through changes in the accumulation of human capital. Second, aggregate impact often masks an unequal impact among different economic groups. Third, the empirical evidence on which current macroeconomic models are based remains weak, in particular in the way it takes into account responses to HIV at the households' level. Microsimulation models and the recently increasing availability of robust datasets at households' level offer promising opportunities to address these issues.

  2. Boys Go Fishing, Girls Work at Home: Gender Roles, Poverty and Unequal School Access among Semi-Nomadic Fishing Communities in South Western Madagascar

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Nascimento Moreira, Catarina; Rabenevanana, Man Wai; Picard, David

    2017-01-01

    Drawing from data gathered in South Western Madagascar in 2011, the work explores the combination of poverty and traditional gender roles as a critical factor in determining unequal school access among young people from semi-nomadic fishing communities. It demonstrates that from the age of early puberty, most boys go fishing with their fathers and…

  3. Culture & Cognition Laboratory

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2011-05-01

    life: Real world social-interaction cooperative tasks are inherently unequal in difficulty. Re-scoring performance on unequal tasks in order to enable...real- world situations to which this model is intended to apply, it is possible for calls for help to not be heard, or for a potential help-provider to...not have clear, well-defined objectives. Since many complex real- worlds tasks are not well-defined, defining a realistic objective can be considered a

  4. Mixing Strong and Weak Targets Provides No Evidence against the Unequal-Variance Explanation of zRoc Slope: A Comment on Koen and Yonelinas (2010)

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Starns, Jeffrey J.; Rotello, Caren M.; Ratcliff, Roger

    2012-01-01

    Koen and Yonelinas (2010; K&Y) reported that mixing classes of targets that had short (weak) or long (strong) study times had no impact on zROC slope, contradicting the predictions of the encoding variability hypothesis. We show that they actually derived their predictions from a mixture unequal-variance signal detection (UVSD) model, which…

  5. The Flexible Fairness: Equality, Earned Entitlement, and Self-Interest

    PubMed Central

    Gu, Ruolei; Broster, Lucas S.; Shen, Xueyi; Tian, Tengxiang; Luo, Yue-Jia; Krueger, Frank

    2013-01-01

    The current study explored whether earned entitlement modulated the perception of fairness in three experiments. A preliminary resource earning task was added before players decided how to allocate the resource they jointly earned. Participants’ decision in allocation, their responses to equal or unequal offers, whether advantageous or disadvantageous, and subjective ratings of fairness were all assessed in the current study. Behavioral results revealed that participants proposed more generous offers and showed enhanced tolerance to disadvantageous unequal offers from others when they performed worse than their presumed “partners,” while the reverse was true in the better-performance condition. The subjective ratings also indicated the effect of earned entitlement, such that worse performance was associated with higher perceived feelings of fairness for disadvantageous unequal offers, while better performance was associated with higher feelings of fairness for advantageous unequal offers. Equal offers were considered “fair” only when earned entitlement was even between two parties. In sum, the perception of fairness is modulated by an integration of egalitarian motivation and entitlement. In addition to justice principles, participants were also motivated by self-interest, such that participants placed more weight on entitlement in the better-performance condition than in the worse-performance condition. These results imply that earned entitlement is evaluated in a self-serving way. PMID:24039867

  6. Unequal error control scheme for dimmable visible light communication systems

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Deng, Keyan; Yuan, Lei; Wan, Yi; Li, Huaan

    2017-01-01

    Visible light communication (VLC), which has the advantages of a very large bandwidth, high security, and freedom from license-related restrictions and electromagnetic-interference, has attracted much interest. Because a VLC system simultaneously performs illumination and communication functions, dimming control, efficiency, and reliable transmission are significant and challenging issues of such systems. In this paper, we propose a novel unequal error control (UEC) scheme in which expanding window fountain (EWF) codes in an on-off keying (OOK)-based VLC system are used to support different dimming target values. To evaluate the performance of the scheme for various dimming target values, we apply it to H.264 scalable video coding bitstreams in a VLC system. The results of the simulations that are performed using additive white Gaussian noises (AWGNs) with different signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) are used to compare the performance of the proposed scheme for various dimming target values. It is found that the proposed UEC scheme enables earlier base layer recovery compared to the use of the equal error control (EEC) scheme for different dimming target values and therefore afford robust transmission for scalable video multicast over optical wireless channels. This is because of the unequal error protection (UEP) and unequal recovery time (URT) of the EWF code in the proposed scheme.

  7. A Periodic Compendium of Opportunities in Environmental Training.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    ET Worldwide, 1991

    1991-01-01

    This periodic compendium of environmental training opportunities includes information about educational opportunities for noncredit, and undergraduate through postgraduate studies around the world. The areas of study include the following: environmental science; agriculture education and science; wildlife management; natural resources, land use,…

  8. Creating a Pilot Educational Psychiatry Website: Opportunities, Barriers, and Next Steps.

    PubMed

    Torous, John; O'Connor, Ryan; Franzen, Jamie; Snow, Caitlin; Boland, Robert; Kitts, Robert

    2015-11-05

    While medical students and residents may be utilizing websites as online learning resources, medical trainees and educators now have the opportunity to create such educational websites and digital tools on their own. However, the process and theory of building educational websites for medical education have not yet been fully explored. To understand the opportunities, barriers, and process of creating a novel medical educational website. We created a pilot psychiatric educational website to better understand the options, opportunities, challenges, and processes involved in the creation of a psychiatric educational website. We sought to integrate visual and interactive Web design elements to underscore the potential of such Web technology. A pilot website (PsychOnCall) was created to demonstrate the potential of Web technology in medical and psychiatric education. Creating an educational website is now technically easier than ever before, and the primary challenge no longer is technology but rather the creation, validation, and maintenance of information for such websites as well as translating text-based didactics into visual and interactive tools. Medical educators can influence the design and implementation of online educational resources through creating their own websites and engaging medical students and residents in the process.

  9. Creating a Pilot Educational Psychiatry Website: Opportunities, Barriers, and Next Steps

    PubMed Central

    O'Connor, Ryan; Franzen, Jamie; Snow, Caitlin; Boland, Robert; Kitts, Robert

    2015-01-01

    Background While medical students and residents may be utilizing websites as online learning resources, medical trainees and educators now have the opportunity to create such educational websites and digital tools on their own. However, the process and theory of building educational websites for medical education have not yet been fully explored. Objective To understand the opportunities, barriers, and process of creating a novel medical educational website. Methods We created a pilot psychiatric educational website to better understand the options, opportunities, challenges, and processes involved in the creation of a psychiatric educational website. We sought to integrate visual and interactive Web design elements to underscore the potential of such Web technology. Results A pilot website (PsychOnCall) was created to demonstrate the potential of Web technology in medical and psychiatric education. Conclusions Creating an educational website is now technically easier than ever before, and the primary challenge no longer is technology but rather the creation, validation, and maintenance of information for such websites as well as translating text-based didactics into visual and interactive tools. Medical educators can influence the design and implementation of online educational resources through creating their own websites and engaging medical students and residents in the process. PMID:27731837

  10. The Time Is Now: Educating Citizens for a High-Tech World.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Daly, William T.

    1985-01-01

    The "crisis" in American education is seen as a major opportunity for American educators. An effective educational system is essential to three things that Americans have valued more than enlightment: the opportunity for individual advancement, a prosperous economy, and political and social stability. (MLW)

  11. Gendered Barriers to Educational Opportunities: Resettlement of Sudanese Refugees in Australia

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Hatoss, Aniko; Huijser, Henk

    2010-01-01

    This paper argues that whilst equitable educational pathways are integrated into educational policy discourses in Australia, there are significant gendered barriers to educational participation among members of the Sudanese refugee groups. The specific conditions of forced migration reinforce disadvantage and further limit opportunities. Cultural…

  12. A Capabilities Based Critique of Gutmann's Democratic Interpretation of Equal Educational Opportunity

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    DeCesare, Tony

    2016-01-01

    One of Amy Gutmann's important achievements in "Democratic Education" is her development of a "democratic interpretation of equal educational opportunity." This standard of equality demands that "all educable children learn enough to participate effectively in the democratic process." In other words, Gutmann demands…

  13. Idaho Postsecondary Education Opportunities. Survey Report.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Idaho State Board of Education, Boise.

    In the late spring of 1976, the Postsecondary Education Advisory Council conducted a survey of all postsecondary offerings that are not part of any higher education institution's curriculum. The purpose was to identify postsecondary opportunities outside the higher education system to provide efficient and effective postsecondary planning in…

  14. Latin American Debt: Opportunities for Universities.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Garg, Ramesh C.

    The debt crisis of the lesser developed countries (LDCs) may provide opportunities for educational institutions. Through debt-for-education programs, a part of the huge debt load can be channelled into financing various educational programs sponsored by U.S. higher education institutions. Private commercial banks and multinational corporations are…

  15. African American Students with Disabilities: Beneficiaries of the Legacy?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Boone, Rosalie S.; King-Berry, Arlene

    2007-01-01

    Impressive advancements have been made in educational opportunities for students with disabilities, whose historic relationship with American public schools has been marked by educational disenfranchisement or mis-education. Critical judicial impetus for these educational opportunities was provided by landmark court cases in which African American…

  16. Science education as a civil right: Urban schools and opportunity-to-learn considerations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tate, William

    2001-11-01

    In this article I make the case that urban science education is a civil rights issue and that to effectively address it as such we must shift from arguments for civil rights as shared physical space in schools to demands for high-quality academic preparation that includes the opportunity to learn science. The argument is organized into two sections: first, a review of the school desegregation literature to make the case that urban science education for all is a civil rights issue; and second, an examination and critique of opportunity-to-learn literature, including an analysis of three opportunity-to-learn constructs to illustrate their potential as civil rights tools in science education.

  17. The 1992 catalog of space science and applications education programs and activities

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    1992-01-01

    This catalog provides information on current, ongoing and pilot programs conducted at precollege through postdoctoral levels which are primarily funded or managed by the Office of Space Science Applications (OSSA). The directory of programs section includes teacher and faculty preparation and enhancement, student enrichment opportunities, student research opportunities, postdoctoral and advanced research opportunities, initiatives to strengthen educational institution involvement in research and initiatives to strengthen research community involvement in education. The Educational Products appendices include tabular data of OSSA activities, NASA Spacelink, NASA education satellites videoconferences, the Teacher Resource Center Network, and a form for requesting further information.

  18. Professional Development for Early Childhood Educators: Efforts to Improve Math and Science Learning Opportunities in Early Childhood Classrooms.

    PubMed

    Piasta, Shayne B; Logan, Jessica A R; Pelatti, Christina Yeager; Capps, Janet L; Petrill, Stephen A

    2015-05-01

    Because recent initiatives highlight the need to better support preschool-aged children's math and science learning, the present study investigated the impact of professional development in these domains for early childhood educators. Sixty-five educators were randomly assigned to experience 10.5 days (64 hours) of training on math and science or on an alternative topic. Educators' provision of math and science learning opportunities were documented, as were the fall-to-spring math and science learning gains of children ( n = 385) enrolled in their classrooms. Professional development significantly impacted provision of science, but not math, learning opportunities. Professional development did not directly impact children's math or science learning, although science learning was indirectly affected via the increase in science learning opportunities. Both math and science learning opportunities were positively associated with children's learning. Results suggest that substantive efforts are necessary to ensure that children have opportunities to learn math and science from a young age.

  19. Sozialindex für Grundschulen in Mülheim an der Ruhr. Ansatz einer datengestützten bedarfsgerechten Ressourcenverteilung

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Groos, Thomas

    2016-12-01

    The German school system is socially highly unequal, as educational research criticized for a long time. While in some schools socially privileged pupils are the majority, other schools are composed by mostly poor pupils. The combination of socio-geographic and educational geographic considerations leads to a social school index, which clearly shows how strong schools are socially privileged or disadvantaged. The paper presents a practical example of building a social school index for cities and compares the results. The residence-based density index on grid data from German Social Code (book 2) is preferred because it is unproblematic in terms of data protection law and can be extended at the level of 100 × 100 m grids. Calculating detailed and differentiated social school indices with school enrollment data leads to very good results, but is much more work.

  20. Citizen Science Across the Disciplines

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Fienberg, R. T.; Gay, P. L.; Lewis, G.; Gold, M.

    2011-09-01

    Astronomers, geologists, ornithologists, and many others across the scientific spectrum have discovered a powerful new tool for conducting research: an army of willing and enthusiastic citizen scientists. Tens of thousands of nonscientists routinely help researchers collect data, analyze it, and even interpret it, enabling scientific investigations that might otherwise be impossible. Many citizen-science projects are developed and conducted at least in part for the purposes of education and outreach, so it is appropriate to ask not only whether they are having a significant scientific impact, but also whether they are having a significant educational one. In this discussion we address issues such as the factors that determine whether a citizen-science project is successful, whether scientists and citizens benefit equally or unequally, and whether citizen science attracts a wide cross section of the public or only people who are already science literate, thereby limiting its effectiveness for EPO.

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