Constraining astrophysical neutrino flavor composition from leptonic unitarity

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Xu, Xun-Jie; He, Hong-Jian; Rodejohann, Werner, E-mail: xunjie.xu@gmail.com, E-mail: hjhe@tsinghua.edu.cn, E-mail: werner.rodejohann@mpi-hd.mpg.de

2014-12-01

The recent IceCube observation of ultra-high-energy astrophysical neutrinos has begun the era of neutrino astronomy. In this work, using the unitarity of leptonic mixing matrix, we derive nontrivial unitarity constraints on the flavor composition of astrophysical neutrinos detected by IceCube. Applying leptonic unitarity triangles, we deduce these unitarity bounds from geometrical conditions, such as triangular inequalities. These new bounds generally hold for three flavor neutrinos, and are independent of any experimental input or the pattern of lepton mixing. We apply our unitarity bounds to derive general constraints on the flavor compositions for three types of astrophysical neutrino sources (and theirmore » general mixture), and compare them with the IceCube measurements. Furthermore, we prove that for any sources without ν{sub τ} neutrinos, a detected ν{sub μ} flux ratio < 1/4 will require the initial flavor composition with more ν{sub e} neutrinos than ν{sub μ} neutrinos.« less

Dalitz plot distributions in presence of triangle singularities

DOE PAGES

Szczepaniak, Adam P.

2016-03-25

We discuss properties of three-particle Dalitz distributions in coupled channel systems in presence of triangle singularities. The single channel case was discussed long ago where it was found that as a consequence of unitarity, effects of a triangle singularity seen in the Dalitz plot are not seen in Dalitz plot projections. In the coupled channel case we find the same is true for the sum of intensities of all interacting channels. As a result, unlike the single channel case, however, triangle singularities do remain visible in Dalitz plot projections of individual channels.

Dalitz plot distributions in presence of triangle singularities

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Szczepaniak, Adam P.

We discuss properties of three-particle Dalitz distributions in coupled channel systems in presence of triangle singularities. The single channel case was discussed long ago where it was found that as a consequence of unitarity, effects of a triangle singularity seen in the Dalitz plot are not seen in Dalitz plot projections. In the coupled channel case we find the same is true for the sum of intensities of all interacting channels. As a result, unlike the single channel case, however, triangle singularities do remain visible in Dalitz plot projections of individual channels.

Bootstrapping quarks and gluons

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chew, G.F.

1979-04-01

Dual topological unitarization (DTU) - the approach to S-matrix causality and unitarity through combinatorial topology - is reviewed. Amplitudes associated with triangulated spheres are shown to constitute the core of particle physics. Each sphere is covered by triangulated disc faces corresponding to hadrons. The leading current candidate for the hadron-face triangulation pattern employs 3-triangle basic subdiscs whose orientations correspond to baryon number and topological color. Additional peripheral triangles lie along the hadron-face perimeter. Certain combinations of peripheral triangles with a basic-disc triangle can be identified as quarks, the flavor of a quark corresponding to the orientation of its edges thatmore » lie on the hadron-face perimeter. Both baryon number and flavor are additively conserved. Quark helicity, which can be associated with triangle-interior orientation, is not uniformly conserved and interacts with particle momentum, whereas flavor does not. Three different colors attach to the 3 quarks associated with a single basic subdisc, but there is no additive physical conservation law associated with color. There is interplay between color and quark helicity. In hadron faces with more than one basic subdisc, there may occur pairs of adjacent flavorless but colored triangles with net helicity +-1 that are identifiable as gluons. Broken symmetry is an automatic feature of the bootstrap. T, C and P symmetries, as well as up-down flavor symmetry, persist on all orientable surfaces.« less

The Physics of the B Factories

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bevan, A. J.; Golob, B.; Mannel, Th.; Prell, S.; Yabsley, B. D.; Aihara, H.; Anulli, F.; Arnaud, N.; Aushev, T.; Beneke, M.; Beringer, J.; Bianchi, F.; Bigi, I. I.; Bona, M.; Brambilla, N.; Brodzicka, J.; Chang, P.; Charles, M. J.; Cheng, C. H.; Cheng, H.-Y.; Chistov, R.; Colangelo, P.; Coleman, J. P.; Drutskoy, A.; Druzhinin, V. P.; Eidelman, S.; Eigen, G.; Eisner, A. M.; Faccini, R.; Flood, K. T.; Gambino, P.; Gaz, A.; Gradl, W.; Hayashii, H.; Higuchi, T.; Hulsbergen, W. D.; Hurth, T.; Iijima, T.; Itoh, R.; Jackson, P. D.; Kass, R.; Kolomensky, Yu. G.; Kou, E.; Križan, P.; Kronfeld, A.; Kumano, S.; Kwon, Y. J.; Latham, T. E.; Leith, D. W. G. S.; Lüth, V.; Martinez-Vidal, F.; Meadows, B. T.; Mussa, R.; Nakao, M.; Nishida, S.; Ocariz, J.; Olsen, S. L.; Pakhlov, P.; Pakhlova, G.; Palano, A.; Pich, A.; Playfer, S.; Poluektov, A.; Porter, F. C.; Robertson, S. H.; Roney, J. M.; Roodman, A.; Sakai, Y.; Schwanda, C.; Schwartz, A. J.; Seidl, R.; Sekula, S. J.; Steinhauser, M.; Sumisawa, K.; Swanson, E. S.; Tackmann, F.; Trabelsi, K.; Uehara, S.; Uno, S.; van de Water, R.; Vasseur, G.; Verkerke, W.; Waldi, R.; Wang, M. Z.; Wilson, F. F.; Zupan, J.; Zupanc, A.; Adachi, I.; Albert, J.; Banerjee, Sw.; Bellis, M.; Ben-Haim, E.; Biassoni, P.; Cahn, R. N.; Cartaro, C.; Chauveau, J.; Chen, C.; Chiang, C. C.; Cowan, R.; Dalseno, J.; Davier, M.; Davies, C.; Dingfelder, J. C.; Echenard, B.; Epifanov, D.; Fulsom, B. G.; Gabareen, A. M.; Gary, J. W.; Godang, R.; Graham, M. T.; Hafner, A.; Hamilton, B.; Hartmann, T.; Hayasaka, K.; Hearty, C.; Iwasaki, Y.; Khodjamirian, A.; Kusaka, A.; Kuzmin, A.; Lafferty, G. D.; Lazzaro, A.; Li, J.; Lindemann, D.; Long, O.; Lusiani, A.; Marchiori, G.; Martinelli, M.; Miyabayashi, K.; Mizuk, R.; Mohanty, G. B.; Muller, D. R.; Nakazawa, H.; Ongmongkolkul, P.; Pacetti, S.; Palombo, F.; Pedlar, T. K.; Piilonen, L. E.; Pilloni, A.; Poireau, V.; Prothmann, K.; Pulliam, T.; Rama, M.; Ratcliff, B. N.; Roudeau, P.; Schrenk, S.; Schroeder, T.; Schubert, K. R.; Shen, C. P.; Shwartz, B.; Soffer, A.; Solodov, E. P.; Somov, A.; Starič, M.; Stracka, S.; Telnov, A. V.; Todyshev, K. Yu.; Tsuboyama, T.; Uglov, T.; Vinokurova, A.; Walsh, J. J.; Watanabe, Y.; Won, E.; Wormser, G.; Wright, D. H.; Ye, S.; Zhang, C. C.; Abachi, S.; Abashian, A.; Abe, K.; Abe, N.; Abe, R.; Abe, T.; Abrams, G. S.; Adam, I.; Adamczyk, K.; Adametz, A.; Adye, T.; Agarwal, A.; Ahmed, H.; Ahmed, M.; Ahmed, S.; Ahn, B. S.; Ahn, H. S.; Aitchison, I. J. R.; Akai, K.; Akar, S.; Akatsu, M.; Akemoto, M.; Akhmetshin, R.; Akre, R.; Alam, M. S.; Albert, J. N.; Aleksan, R.; Alexander, J. P.; Alimonti, G.; Allen, M. T.; Allison, J.; Allmendinger, T.; Alsmiller, J. R. G.; Altenburg, D.; Alwyn, K. E.; An, Q.; Anderson, J.; Andreassen, R.; Andreotti, D.; Andreotti, M.; Andress, J. C.; Angelini, C.; Anipko, D.; Anjomshoaa, A.; Anthony, P. L.; Antillon, E. A.; Antonioli, E.; Aoki, K.; Arguin, J. F.; Arinstein, K.; Arisaka, K.; Asai, K.; Asai, M.; Asano, Y.; Asgeirsson, D. J.; Asner, D. M.; Aso, T.; Aspinwall, M. L.; Aston, D.; Atmacan, H.; Aubert, B.; Aulchenko, V.; Ayad, R.; Azemoon, T.; Aziz, T.; Azzolini, V.; Azzopardi, D. E.; Baak, M. A.; Back, J. J.; Bagnasco, S.; Bahinipati, S.; Bailey, D. S.; Bailey, S.; Bailly, P.; van Bakel, N.; Bakich, A. M.; Bala, A.; Balagura, V.; Baldini-Ferroli, R.; Ban, Y.; Banas, E.; Band, H. R.; Banerjee, S.; Baracchini, E.; Barate, R.; Barberio, E.; Barbero, M.; Bard, D. J.; Barillari, T.; Barlow, N. R.; Barlow, R. J.; Barrett, M.; Bartel, W.; Bartelt, J.; Bartoldus, R.; Batignani, G.; Battaglia, M.; Bauer, J. M.; Bay, A.; Beaulieu, M.; Bechtle, P.; Beck, T. W.; Becker, J.; Becla, J.; Bedny, I.; Behari, S.; Behera, P. K.; Behn, E.; Behr, L.; Beigbeder, C.; Beiline, D.; Bell, R.; Bellini, F.; Bellodi, G.; Belous, K.; Benayoun, M.; Benelli, G.; Benitez, J. F.; Benkebil, M.; Berger, N.; Bernabeu, J.; Bernard, D.; Bernet, R.; Bernlochner, F. U.; Berryhill, J. W.; Bertsche, K.; Besson, P.; Best, D. S.; Bettarini, S.; Bettoni, D.; Bhardwaj, V.; Bhimji, W.; Bhuyan, B.; Biagini, M. E.; Biasini, M.; van Bibber, K.; Biesiada, J.; Bingham, I.; Bionta, R. M.; Bischofberger, M.; Bitenc, U.; Bizjak, I.; Blanc, F.; Blaylock, G.; Blinov, V. E.; Bloom, E.; Bloom, P. C.; Blount, N. L.; Blouw, J.; Bly, M.; Blyth, S.; Boeheim, C. T.; Bomben, M.; Bondar, A.; Bondioli, M.; Bonneaud, G. R.; Bonvicini, G.; Booke, M.; Booth, J.; Borean, C.; Borgland, A. W.; Borsato, E.; Bosi, F.; Bosisio, L.; Botov, A. A.; Bougher, J.; Bouldin, K.; Bourgeois, P.; Boutigny, D.; Bowerman, D. A.; Boyarski, A. M.; Boyce, R. F.; Boyd, J. T.; Bozek, A.; Bozzi, C.; Bračko, M.; Brandenburg, G.; Brandt, T.; Brau, B.; Brau, J.; Breon, A. B.; Breton, D.; Brew, C.; Briand, H.; Bright-Thomas, P. G.; Brigljević, V.; Britton, D. I.; Brochard, F.; Broomer, B.; Brose, J.; Browder, T. E.; Brown, C. L.; Brown, C. M.; Brown, D. N.; Browne, M.; Bruinsma, M.; Brunet, S.; Bucci, F.; Buchanan, C.; Buchmueller, O. L.; Bünger, C.; Bugg, W.; Bukin, A. D.; Bula, R.; Bulten, H.; Burchat, P. R.; Burgess, W.; Burke, J. P.; Button-Shafer, J.; Buzykaev, A. R.; Buzzo, A.; Cai, Y.; Calabrese, R.; Calcaterra, A.; Calderini, G.; Camanzi, B.; Campagna, E.; Campagnari, C.; Capra, R.; Carassiti, V.; Carpinelli, M.; Carroll, M.; Casarosa, G.; Casey, B. C. K.; Cason, N. M.; Castelli, G.; Cavallo, N.; Cavoto, G.; Cecchi, A.; Cenci, R.; Cerizza, G.; Cervelli, A.; Ceseracciu, A.; Chai, X.; Chaisanguanthum, K. S.; Chang, M. C.; Chang, Y. H.; Chang, Y. W.; Chao, D. S.; Chao, M.; Chao, Y.; Charles, E.; Chavez, C. A.; Cheaib, R.; Chekelian, V.; Chen, A.; Chen, E.; Chen, G. P.; Chen, H. F.; Chen, J.-H.; Chen, J. C.; Chen, K. F.; Chen, P.; Chen, S.; Chen, W. T.; Chen, X.; Chen, X. R.; Chen, Y. Q.; Cheng, B.; Cheon, B. G.; Chevalier, N.; Chia, Y. M.; Chidzik, S.; Chilikin, K.; Chistiakova, M. V.; Cizeron, R.; Cho, I. S.; Cho, K.; Chobanova, V.; Choi, H. H. F.; Choi, K. S.; Choi, S. K.; Choi, Y.; Choi, Y. K.; Christ, S.; Chu, P. H.; Chun, S.; Chuvikov, A.; Cibinetto, G.; Cinabro, D.; Clark, A. R.; Clark, P. J.; Clarke, C. K.; Claus, R.; Claxton, B.; Clifton, Z. C.; Cochran, J.; Cohen-Tanugi, J.; Cohn, H.; Colberg, T.; Cole, S.; Colecchia, F.; Condurache, C.; Contri, R.; Convert, P.; Convery, M. R.; Cooke, P.; Copty, N.; Cormack, C. M.; Dal Corso, F.; Corwin, L. A.; Cossutti, F.; Cote, D.; Cotta Ramusino, A.; Cottingham, W. N.; Couderc, F.; Coupal, D. P.; Covarelli, R.; Cowan, G.; Craddock, W. W.; Crane, G.; Crawley, H. B.; Cremaldi, L.; Crescente, A.; Cristinziani, M.; Crnkovic, J.; Crosetti, G.; Cuhadar-Donszelmann, T.; Cunha, A.; Curry, S.; D'Orazio, A.; Dû, S.; Dahlinger, G.; Dahmes, B.; Dallapiccola, C.; Danielson, N.; Danilov, M.; Das, A.; Dash, M.; Dasu, S.; Datta, M.; Daudo, F.; Dauncey, P. D.; David, P.; Davis, C. L.; Day, C. T.; De Mori, F.; De Domenico, G.; De Groot, N.; De la Vaissière, C.; de la Vaissière, Ch.; de Lesquen, A.; De Nardo, G.; de Sangro, R.; De Silva, A.; DeBarger, S.; Decker, F. J.; del Amo Sanchez, P.; Del Buono, L.; Del Gamba, V.; del Re, D.; Della Ricca, G.; Denig, A. G.; Derkach, D.; Derrington, I. M.; DeStaebler, H.; Destree, J.; Devmal, S.; Dey, B.; Di Girolamo, B.; Marco, E. Di; Dickopp, M.; Dima, M. O.; Dittrich, S.; Dittongo, S.; Dixon, P.; Dneprovsky, L.; Dohou, F.; Doi, Y.; Doležal, Z.; Doll, D. A.; Donald, M.; Dong, L.; Dong, L. Y.; Dorfan, J.; Dorigo, A.; Dorsten, M. P.; Dowd, R.; Dowdell, J.; Drásal, Z.; Dragic, J.; Drummond, B. W.; Dubitzky, R. S.; Dubois-Felsmann, G. P.; Dubrovin, M. S.; Duh, Y. C.; Duh, Y. T.; Dujmic, D.; Dungel, W.; Dunwoodie, W.; Dutta, D.; Dvoretskii, A.; Dyce, N.; Ebert, M.; Eckhart, E. A.; Ecklund, S.; Eckmann, R.; Eckstein, P.; Edgar, C. L.; Edwards, A. J.; Egede, U.; Eichenbaum, A. M.; Elmer, P.; Emery, S.; Enari, Y.; Enomoto, R.; Erdos, E.; Erickson, R.; Ernst, J. A.; Erwin, R. J.; Escalier, M.; Eschenburg, V.; Eschrich, I.; Esen, S.; Esteve, L.; Evangelisti, F.; Everton, C. W.; Eyges, V.; Fabby, C.; Fabozzi, F.; Fahey, S.; Falbo, M.; Fan, S.; Fang, F.; Fanin, C.; Farbin, A.; Farhat, H.; Fast, J. E.; Feindt, M.; Fella, A.; Feltresi, E.; Ferber, T.; Fernholz, R. E.; Ferrag, S.; Ferrarotto, F.; Ferroni, F.; Field, R. C.; Filippi, A.; Finocchiaro, G.; Fioravanti, E.; Firmino da Costa, J.; Fischer, P.-A.; Fisher, A. S.; Fisher, P. H.; Flacco, C. J.; Flack, R. L.; Flaecher, H. U.; Flanagan, J.; Flanigan, J. M.; Ford, K. E.; Ford, W. T.; Forster, I. J.; Forti, A. C.; Forti, F.; Fortin, D.; Foster, B.; Foulkes, S. D.; Fouque, G.; Fox, J.; Franchini, P.; Franco Sevilla, M.; Franek, B.; Frank, E. D.; Fransham, K. B.; Fratina, S.; Fratini, K.; Frey, A.; Frey, R.; Friedl, M.; Fritsch, M.; Fry, J. R.; Fujii, H.; Fujikawa, M.; Fujita, Y.; Fujiyama, Y.; Fukunaga, C.; Fukushima, M.; Fullwood, J.; Funahashi, Y.; Funakoshi, Y.; Furano, F.; Furman, M.; Furukawa, K.; Futterschneider, H.; Gabathuler, E.; Gabriel, T. A.; Gabyshev, N.; Gaede, F.; Gagliardi, N.; Gaidot, A.; Gaillard, J.-M.; Gaillard, J. R.; Galagedera, S.; Galeazzi, F.; Gallo, F.; Gamba, D.; Gamet, R.; Gan, K. K.; Gandini, P.; Ganguly, S.; Ganzhur, S. F.; Gao, Y. Y.; Gaponenko, I.; Garmash, A.; Garra Tico, J.; Garzia, I.; Gaspero, M.; Gastaldi, F.; Gatto, C.; Gaur, V.; Geddes, N. I.; Geld, T. L.; Genat, J.-F.; George, K. A.; George, M.; George, S.; Georgette, Z.; Gershon, T. J.; Gill, M. S.; Gillard, R.; Gilman, J. D.; Giordano, F.; Giorgi, M. A.; Giraud, P.-F.; Gladney, L.; Glanzman, T.; Glattauer, R.; Go, A.; Goetzen, K.; Goh, Y. M.; Gokhroo, G.; Goldenzweig, P.; Golubev, V. B.; Gopal, G. P.; Gordon, A.; Gorišek, A.; Goriletsky, V. I.; Gorodeisky, R.; Gosset, L.; Gotow, K.; Gowdy, S. J.; Graffin, P.; Grancagnolo, S.; Grauges, E.; Graziani, G.; Green, M. G.; Greene, M. G.; Grenier, G. J.; Grenier, P.; Griessinger, K.; Grillo, A. A.; Grinyov, B. V.; Gritsan, A. V.; Grosdidier, G.; Grosse Perdekamp, M.; Grosso, P.; Grothe, M.; Groysman, Y.; Grünberg, O.; Guido, E.; Guler, H.; Gunawardane, N. J. W.; Guo, Q. H.; Guo, R. S.; Guo, Z. J.; Guttman, N.; Ha, H.; Ha, H. C.; Haas, T.; Haba, J.; Hachtel, J.; Hadavand, H. K.; Hadig, T.; Hagner, C.; Haire, M.; Haitani, F.; Haji, T.; Haller, G.; Halyo, V.; Hamano, K.; Hamasaki, H.; Hamel de Monchenault, G.; Hamilton, J.; Hamilton, R.; Hamon, O.; Han, B. Y.; Han, Y. L.; Hanada, H.; Hanagaki, K.; Handa, F.; Hanson, J. E.; Hanushevsky, A.; Hara, K.; Hara, T.; Harada, Y.; Harrison, P. F.; Harrison, T. J.; Harrop, B.; Hart, A. J.; Hart, P. A.; Hartfiel, B. L.; Harton, J. L.; Haruyama, T.; Hasan, A.; Hasegawa, Y.; Hast, C.; Hastings, N. C.; Hasuko, K.; Hauke, A.; Hawkes, C. M.; Hayashi, K.; Hazumi, M.; Hee, C.; Heenan, E. M.; Heffernan, D.; Held, T.; Henderson, R.; Henderson, S. W.; Hertzbach, S. S.; Hervé, S.; Heß, M.; Heusch, C. A.; Hicheur, A.; Higashi, Y.; Higasino, Y.; Higuchi, I.; Hikita, S.; Hill, E. J.; Himel, T.; Hinz, L.; Hirai, T.; Hirano, H.; Hirschauer, J. F.; Hitlin, D. G.; Hitomi, N.; Hodgkinson, M. C.; Höcker, A.; Hoi, C. T.; Hojo, T.; Hokuue, T.; Hollar, J. J.; Hong, T. M.; Honscheid, K.; Hooberman, B.; Hopkins, D. A.; Horii, Y.; Hoshi, Y.; Hoshina, K.; Hou, S.; Hou, W. S.; Hryn'ova, T.; Hsiung, Y. B.; Hsu, C. L.; Hsu, S. C.; Hu, H.; Hu, T.; Huang, H. C.; Huang, T. J.; Huang, Y. C.; Huard, Z.; Huffer, M. E.; Hufnagel, D.; Hung, T.; Hutchcroft, D. E.; Hyun, H. J.; Ichizawa, S.; Igaki, T.; Igarashi, A.; Igarashi, S.; Igarashi, Y.; Igonkina, O.; Ikado, K.; Ikeda, H.; Ikeda, H.; Ikeda, K.; Ilic, J.; Inami, K.; Innes, W. R.; Inoue, Y.; Ishikawa, A.; Ishino, H.; Itagaki, K.; Itami, S.; Itoh, K.; Ivanchenko, V. N.; Iverson, R.; Iwabuchi, M.; Iwai, G.; Iwai, M.; Iwaida, S.; Iwamoto, M.; Iwasaki, H.; Iwasaki, M.; Iwashita, T.; Izen, J. M.; Jackson, D. J.; Jackson, F.; Jackson, G.; Jackson, P. S.; Jacobsen, R. G.; Jacoby, C.; Jaegle, I.; Jain, V.; Jalocha, P.; Jang, H. K.; Jasper, H.; Jawahery, A.; Jayatilleke, S.; Jen, C. M.; Jensen, F.; Jessop, C. P.; Ji, X. B.; John, M. J. J.; Johnson, D. R.; Johnson, J. R.; Jolly, S.; Jones, M.; Joo, K. K.; Joshi, N.; Joshi, N. J.; Judd, D.; Julius, T.; Kadel, R. W.; Kadyk, J. A.; Kagan, H.; Kagan, R.; Kah, D. H.; Kaiser, S.; Kaji, H.; Kajiwara, S.; Kakuno, H.; Kameshima, T.; Kaminski, J.; Kamitani, T.; Kaneko, J.; Kang, J. H.; Kang, J. S.; Kani, T.; Kapusta, P.; Karbach, T. M.; Karolak, M.; Karyotakis, Y.; Kasami, K.; Katano, G.; Kataoka, S. U.; Katayama, N.; Kato, E.; Kato, Y.; Kawai, H.; Kawai, M.; Kawamura, N.; Kawasaki, T.; Kay, J.; Kay, M.; Kelly, M. P.; Kelsey, M. H.; Kent, N.; Kerth, L. T.; Khan, A.; Khan, H. R.; Kharakh, D.; Kibayashi, A.; Kichimi, H.; Kiesling, C.; Kikuchi, M.; Kikutani, E.; Kim, B. H.; Kim, C. H.; Kim, D. W.; Kim, H.; Kim, H. J.; Kim, H. O.; Kim, H. W.; Kim, J. B.; Kim, J. H.; Kim, K. T.; Kim, M. J.; Kim, P.; Kim, S. K.; Kim, S. M.; Kim, T. H.; Kim, Y. I.; Kim, Y. J.; King, G. J.; Kinoshita, K.; Kirk, A.; Kirkby, D.; Kitayama, I.; Klemetti, M.; Klose, V.; Klucar, J.; Knecht, N. S.; Knoepfel, K. J.; Knowles, D. J.; Ko, B. R.; Kobayashi, N.; Kobayashi, S.; Kobayashi, T.; Kobel, M. J.; Koblitz, S.; Koch, H.; Kocian, M. L.; Kodyš, P.; Koeneke, K.; Kofler, R.; Koike, S.; Koishi, S.; Koiso, H.; Kolb, J. A.; Kolya, S. D.; Kondo, Y.; Konishi, H.; Koppenburg, P.; Koptchev, V. B.; Kordich, T. M. B.; Korol, A. A.; Korotushenko, K.; Korpar, S.; Kouzes, R. T.; Kovalskyi, D.; Kowalewski, R.; Kozakai, Y.; Kozanecki, W.; Kral, J. F.; Krasnykh, A.; Krause, R.; Kravchenko, E. A.; Krebs, J.; Kreisel, A.; Kreps, M.; Krishnamurthy, M.; Kroeger, R.; Kroeger, W.; Krokovny, P.; Kronenbitter, B.; Kroseberg, J.; Kubo, T.; Kuhr, T.; Kukartsev, G.; Kulasiri, R.; Kulikov, A.; Kumar, R.; Kumar, S.; Kumita, T.; Kuniya, T.; Kunze, M.; Kuo, C. C.; Kuo, T.-L.; Kurashiro, H.; Kurihara, E.; Kurita, N.; Kuroki, Y.; Kurup, A.; Kutter, P. E.; Kuznetsova, N.; Kvasnička, P.; Kyberd, P.; Kyeong, S. H.; Lacker, H. M.; Lae, C. K.; Lamanna, E.; Lamsa, J.; Lanceri, L.; Landi, L.; Lang, M. I.; Lange, D. J.; Lange, J. S.; Langenegger, U.; Langer, M.; Lankford, A. J.; Lanni, F.; Laplace, S.; Latour, E.; Lau, Y. P.; Lavin, D. R.; Layter, J.; Lebbolo, H.; LeClerc, C.; Leddig, T.; Leder, G.; Le Diberder, F.; Lee, C. L.; Lee, J.; Lee, J. S.; Lee, M. C.; Lee, M. H.; Lee, M. J.; Lee, S.-J.; Lee, S. E.; Lee, S. H.; Lee, Y. J.; Lees, J. P.; Legendre, M.; Leitgab, M.; Leitner, R.; Leonardi, E.; Leonidopoulos, C.; Lepeltier, V.; Leruste, Ph.; Lesiak, T.; Levi, M. E.; Levy, S. L.; Lewandowski, B.; Lewczuk, M. J.; Lewis, P.; Li, H.; Li, H. B.; Li, S.; Li, X.; Li, Y.; Gioi, L. Li; Libby, J.; Lidbury, J.; Lillard, V.; Lim, C. L.; Limosani, A.; Lin, C. S.; Lin, J. Y.; Lin, S. W.; Lin, Y. S.; Lindquist, B.; Lindsay, C.; Lista, L.; Liu, C.; Liu, F.; Liu, H.; Liu, H. M.; Liu, J.; Liu, R.; Liu, T.; Liu, Y.; Liu, Z. Q.; Liventsev, D.; Lo Vetere, M.; Locke, C. B.; Lockman, W. S.; Di Lodovico, F.; Lombardo, V.; London, G. W.; Lopes Pegna, D.; Lopez, L.; Lopez-March, N.; Lory, J.; LoSecco, J. M.; Lou, X. C.; Louvot, R.; Lu, A.; Lu, C.; Lu, M.; Lu, R. S.; Lueck, T.; Luitz, S.; Lukin, P.; Lund, P.; Luppi, E.; Lutz, A. M.; Lutz, O.; Lynch, G.; Lynch, H. L.; Lyon, A. J.; Lyubinsky, V. R.; MacFarlane, D. B.; Mackay, C.; MacNaughton, J.; Macri, M. M.; Madani, S.; Mader, W. F.; Majewski, S. A.; Majumder, G.; Makida, Y.; Malaescu, B.; Malaguti, R.; Malclés, J.; Mallik, U.; Maly, E.; Mamada, H.; Manabe, A.; Mancinelli, G.; Mandelkern, M.; Mandl, F.; Manfredi, P. F.; Mangeol, D. J. J.; Manoni, E.; Mao, Z. P.; Margoni, M.; Marker, C. E.; Markey, G.; Marks, J.; Marlow, D.; Marques, V.; Marsiske, H.; Martellotti, S.; Martin, E. C.; Martin, J. P.; Martin, L.; Martinez, A. J.; Marzolla, M.; Mass, A.; Masuzawa, M.; Mathieu, A.; Matricon, P.; Matsubara, T.; Matsuda, T.; Matsuda, T.; Matsumoto, H.; Matsumoto, S.; Matsumoto, T.; Matsuo, H.; Mattison, T. S.; Matvienko, D.; Matyja, A.; Mayer, B.; Mazur, M. A.; Mazzoni, M. A.; McCulloch, M.; McDonald, J.; McFall, J. D.; McGrath, P.; McKemey, A. K.; McKenna, J. A.; Mclachlin, S. E.; McMahon, S.; McMahon, T. R.; McOnie, S.; Medvedeva, T.; Melen, R.; Mellado, B.; Menges, W.; Menke, S.; Merchant, A. M.; Merkel, J.; Messner, R.; Metcalfe, S.; Metzler, S.; Meyer, N. T.; Meyer, T. I.; Meyer, W. T.; Michael, A. K.; Michelon, G.; Michizono, S.; Micout, P.; Miftakov, V.; Mihalyi, A.; Mikami, Y.; Milanes, D. A.; Milek, M.; Mimashi, T.; Minamora, J. S.; Mindas, C.; Minutoli, S.; Mir, L. M.; Mishra, K.; Mitaroff, W.; Miyake, H.; Miyashita, T. S.; Miyata, H.; Miyazaki, Y.; Moffitt, L. C.; Mohanty, G. B.; Mohapatra, A.; Mohapatra, A. K.; Mohapatra, D.; Moll, A.; Moloney, G. R.; Mols, J. P.; Mommsen, R. K.; Monge, M. R.; Monorchio, D.; Moore, T. B.; Moorhead, G. F.; Mora de Freitas, P.; Morandin, M.; Morgan, N.; Morgan, S. E.; Morganti, M.; Morganti, S.; Mori, S.; Mori, T.; Morii, M.; Morris, J. P.; Morsani, F.; Morton, G. W.; Moss, L. J.; Mouly, J. P.; Mount, R.; Mueller, J.; Müller-Pfefferkorn, R.; Mugge, M.; Muheim, F.; Muir, A.; Mullin, E.; Munerato, M.; Murakami, A.; Murakami, T.; Muramatsu, N.; Musico, P.; Nagai, I.; Nagamine, T.; Nagasaka, Y.; Nagashima, Y.; Nagayama, S.; Nagel, M.; Naisbit, M. T.; Nakadaira, T.; Nakahama, Y.; Nakajima, M.; Nakajima, T.; Nakamura, I.; Nakamura, T.; Nakamura, T. T.; Nakano, E.; Nakayama, H.; Nam, J. W.; Narita, S.; Narsky, I.; Nash, J. A.; Natkaniec, Z.; Nauenberg, U.; Nayak, M.; Neal, H.; Nedelkovska, E.; Negrini, M.; Neichi, K.; Nelson, D.; Nelson, S.; Neri, N.; Nesom, G.; Neubauer, S.; Newman-Coburn, D.; Ng, C.; Nguyen, X.; Nicholson, H.; Niebuhr, C.; Nief, J. Y.; Niiyama, M.; Nikolich, M. B.; Nisar, N. K.; Nishimura, K.; Nishio, Y.; Nitoh, O.; Nogowski, R.; Noguchi, S.; Nomura, T.; Nordby, M.; Nosochkov, Y.; Novokhatski, A.; Nozaki, S.; Nozaki, T.; Nugent, I. M.; O'Grady, C. P.; O'Neale, S. W.; O'Neill, F. G.; Oberhof, B.; Oddone, P. J.; Ofte, I.; Ogawa, A.; Ogawa, K.; Ogawa, S.; Ogawa, Y.; Ohkubo, R.; Ohmi, K.; Ohnishi, Y.; Ohno, F.; Ohshima, T.; Ohshima, Y.; Ohuchi, N.; Oide, K.; Oishi, N.; Okabe, T.; Okazaki, N.; Okazaki, T.; Okuno, S.; Olaiya, E. O.; Olivas, A.; Olley, P.; Olsen, J.; Ono, S.; Onorato, G.; Onuchin, A. P.; Onuki, Y.; Ooba, T.; Orimoto, T. J.; Oshima, T.; Osipenkov, I. L.; Ostrowicz, W.; Oswald, C.; Otto, S.; Oyang, J.; Oyanguren, A.; Ozaki, H.; Ozcan, V. E.; Paar, H. P.; Padoan, C.; Paick, K.; Palka, H.; Pan, B.; Pan, Y.; Panduro Vazquez, W.; Panetta, J.; Panova, A. I.; Panvini, R. S.; Panzenböck, E.; Paoloni, E.; Paolucci, P.; Pappagallo, M.; Paramesvaran, S.; Park, C. S.; Park, C. W.; Park, H.; Park, H. K.; Park, K. S.; Park, W.; Parry, R. J.; Parslow, N.; Passaggio, S.; Pastore, F. C.; Patel, P. M.; Patrignani, C.; Patteri, P.; Pavel, T.; Pavlovich, J.; Payne, D. J.; Peak, L. S.; Peimer, D. R.; Pelizaeus, M.; Pellegrini, R.; Pelliccioni, M.; Peng, C. C.; Peng, J. C.; Peng, K. C.; Peng, T.; Penichot, Y.; Pennazzi, S.; Pennington, M. R.; Penny, R. C.; Penzkofer, A.; Perazzo, A.; Perez, A.; Perl, M.; Pernicka, M.; Perroud, J.-P.; Peruzzi, I. M.; Pestotnik, R.; Peters, K.; Peters, M.; Petersen, B. A.; Petersen, T. C.; Petigura, E.; Petrak, S.; Petrella, A.; Petrič, M.; Petzold, A.; Pia, M. G.; Piatenko, T.; Piccolo, D.; Piccolo, M.; Piemontese, L.; Piemontese, M.; Pierini, M.; Pierson, S.; Pioppi, M.; Piredda, G.; Pivk, M.; Plaszczynski, S.; Polci, F.; Pompili, A.; Poropat, P.; Posocco, M.; Potter, C. T.; Potter, R. J. L.; Prasad, V.; Prebys, E.; Prencipe, E.; Prendki, J.; Prepost, R.; Prest, M.; Prim, M.; Pripstein, M.; Prudent, X.; Pruvot, S.; Puccio, E. M. T.; Purohit, M. V.; Qi, N. D.; Quinn, H.; Raaf, J.; Rabberman, R.; Raffaelli, F.; Ragghianti, G.; Rahatlou, S.; Rahimi, A. M.; Rahmat, R.; Rakitin, A. Y.; Randle-Conde, A.; Rankin, P.; Rashevskaya, I.; Ratkovsky, S.; Raven, G.; Re, V.; Reep, M.; Regensburger, J. J.; Reidy, J.; Reif, R.; Reisert, B.; Renard, C.; Renga, F.; Ricciardi, S.; Richman, J. D.; Ritchie, J. L.; Ritter, M.; Rivetta, C.; Rizzo, G.; Roat, C.; Robbe, P.; Roberts, D. A.; Robertson, A. I.; Robutti, E.; Rodier, S.; Rodriguez, D. M.; Rodriguez, J. L.; Rodriguez, R.; Roe, N. A.; Röhrken, M.; Roethel, W.; Rolquin, J.; Romanov, L.; Romosan, A.; Ronan, M. T.; Rong, G.; Ronga, F. J.; Roos, L.; Root, N.; Rosen, M.; Rosenberg, E. I.; Rossi, A.; Rostomyan, A.; Rotondo, M.; Roussot, E.; Roy, J.; Rozanska, M.; Rozen, Y.; Rozen, Y.; Rubin, A. E.; Ruddick, W. O.; Ruland, A. M.; Rybicki, K.; Ryd, A.; Ryu, S.; Ryuko, J.; Sabik, S.; Sacco, R.; Saeed, M. A.; Safai Tehrani, F.; Sagawa, H.; Sahoo, H.; Sahu, S.; Saigo, M.; Saito, T.; Saitoh, S.; Sakai, K.; Sakamoto, H.; Sakaue, H.; Saleem, M.; Salnikov, A. A.; Salvati, E.; Salvatore, F.; Samuel, A.; Sanders, D. A.; Sanders, P.; Sandilya, S.; Sandrelli, F.; Sands, W.; Sands, W. R.; Sanpei, M.; Santel, D.; Santelj, L.; Santoro, V.; Santroni, A.; Sanuki, T.; Sarangi, T. R.; Saremi, S.; Sarti, A.; Sasaki, T.; Sasao, N.; Satapathy, M.; Sato, Nobuhiko; Sato, Noriaki; Sato, Y.; Satoyama, N.; Satpathy, A.; Savinov, V.; Savvas, N.; Saxton, O. H.; Sayeed, K.; Schaffner, S. F.; Schalk, T.; Schenk, S.; Schieck, J. R.; Schietinger, T.; Schilling, C. J.; Schindler, R. H.; Schmid, S.; Schmitz, R. E.; Schmuecker, H.; Schneider, O.; Schnell, G.; Schönmeier, P.; Schofield, K. C.; Schott, G.; Schröder, H.; Schram, M.; Schubert, J.; Schümann, J.; Schultz, J.; Schumm, B. A.; Schune, M. H.; Schwanke, U.; Schwarz, H.; Schwiening, J.; Schwierz, R.; Schwitters, R. F.; Sciacca, C.; Sciolla, G.; Scott, I. J.; Seeman, J.; Seiden, A.; Seitz, R.; Seki, T.; Sekiya, A. I.; Semenov, S.; Semmler, D.; Sen, S.; Senyo, K.; Seon, O.; Serbo, V. V.; Serednyakov, S. I.; Serfass, B.; Serra, M.; Serrano, J.; Settai, Y.; Seuster, R.; Sevior, M. E.; Shakhova, K. V.; Shang, L.; Shapkin, M.; Sharma, V.; Shebalin, V.; Shelkov, V. G.; Shen, B. C.; Shen, D. Z.; Shen, Y. T.; Sherwood, D. J.; Shibata, T.; Shibata, T. A.; Shibuya, H.; Shidara, T.; Shimada, K.; Shimoyama, M.; Shinomiya, S.; Shiu, J. G.; Shorthouse, H. W.; Shpilinskaya, L. I.; Sibidanov, A.; Sicard, E.; Sidorov, A.; Sidorov, V.; Siegle, V.; Sigamani, M.; Simani, M. C.; Simard, M.; Simi, G.; Simon, F.; Simonetto, F.; Sinev, N. B.; Singh, H.; Singh, J. B.; Sinha, R.; Sitt, S.; Skovpen, Yu. I.; Sloane, R. J.; Smerkol, P.; Smith, A. J. S.; Smith, D.; Smith, D. S.; Smith, J. G.; Smol, A.; Snoek, H. L.; Snyder, A.; So, R. Y.; Sobie, R. J.; Soderstrom, E.; Soha, A.; Sohn, Y. S.; Sokoloff, M. D.; Sokolov, A.; Solagna, P.; Solovieva, E.; Soni, N.; Sonnek, P.; Sordini, V.; Spaan, B.; Spanier, S. M.; Spencer, E.; Speziali, V.; Spitznagel, M.; Spradlin, P.; Staengle, H.; Stamen, R.; Stanek, M.; Stanič, S.; Stark, J.; Steder, M.; Steininger, H.; Steinke, M.; Stelzer, J.; Stevanato, E.; Stocchi, A.; Stock, R.; Stoeck, H.; Stoker, D. P.; Stroili, R.; Strom, D.; Strother, P.; Strube, J.; Stugu, B.; Stypula, J.; Su, D.; Suda, R.; Sugahara, R.; Sugi, A.; Sugimura, T.; Sugiyama, A.; Suitoh, S.; Sullivan, M. K.; Sumihama, M.; Sumiyoshi, T.; Summers, D. J.; Sun, L.; Sun, S.; Sundermann, J. E.; Sung, H. F.; Susaki, Y.; Sutcliffe, P.; Suzuki, A.; Suzuki, J.; Suzuki, J. I.; Suzuki, K.; Suzuki, S.; Suzuki, S. Y.; Swain, J. E.; Swain, S. K.; T'Jampens, S.; Tabata, M.; Tackmann, K.; Tajima, H.; Tajima, O.; Takahashi, K.; Takahashi, S.; Takahashi, T.; Takasaki, F.; Takayama, T.; Takita, M.; Tamai, K.; Tamponi, U.; Tamura, N.; Tan, N.; Tan, P.; Tanabe, K.; Tanabe, T.; Tanaka, H. A.; Tanaka, J.; Tanaka, M.; Tanaka, S.; Tanaka, Y.; Tanida, K.; Taniguchi, N.; Taras, P.; Tasneem, N.; Tatishvili, G.; Tatomi, T.; Tawada, M.; Taylor, F.; Taylor, G. N.; Taylor, G. P.; Telnov, V. I.; Teodorescu, L.; Ter-Antonyan, R.; Teramoto, Y.; Teytelman, D.; Thérin, G.; Thiebaux, Ch.; Thiessen, D.; Thomas, E. W.; Thompson, J. M.; Thorne, F.; Tian, X. C.; Tibbetts, M.; Tikhomirov, I.; Tinslay, J. S.; Tiozzo, G.; Tisserand, V.; Tocut, V.; Toki, W. H.; Tomassini, E. W.; Tomoto, M.; Tomura, T.; Torassa, E.; Torrence, E.; Tosi, S.; Touramanis, C.; Toussaint, J. C.; Tovey, S. N.; Trapani, P. P.; Treadwell, E.; Triggiani, G.; Trincaz-Duvoid, S.; Trischuk, W.; Troost, D.; Trunov, A.; Tsai, K. L.; Tsai, Y. T.; Tsujita, Y.; Tsukada, K.; Tsukamoto, T.; Tuggle, J. M.; Tumanov, A.; Tung, Y. W.; Turnbull, L.; Turner, J.; Turri, M.; Uchida, K.; Uchida, M.; Uchida, Y.; Ueki, M.; Ueno, K.; Ujiie, N.; Ulmer, K. A.; Unno, Y.; Urquijo, P.; Ushiroda, Y.; Usov, Y.; Usseglio, M.; Usuki, Y.; Uwer, U.; Va'vra, J.; Vahsen, S. E.; Vaitsas, G.; Valassi, A.; Vallazza, E.; Vallereau, A.; Vanhoefer, P.; van Hoek, W. C.; Van Hulse, C.; van Winkle, D.; Varner, G.; Varnes, E. W.; Varvell, K. E.; Vasileiadis, G.; Velikzhanin, Y. S.; Verderi, M.; Versillé, S.; Vervink, K.; Viaud, B.; Vidal, P. B.; Villa, S.; Villanueva-Perez, P.; Vinograd, E. L.; Vitale, L.; Vitug, G. M.; Voß, C.; Voci, C.; Voena, C.; Volk, A.; von Wimmersperg-Toeller, J. H.; Vorobyev, V.; Vossen, A.; Vuagnin, G.; Vuosalo, C. O.; Wacker, K.; Wagner, A. P.; Wagner, D. L.; Wagner, G.; Wagner, M. N.; Wagner, S. R.; Wagoner, D. E.; Walker, D.; Walkowiak, W.; Wallom, D.; Wang, C. C.; Wang, C. H.; Wang, J.; Wang, J. G.; Wang, K.; Wang, L.; Wang, L. L.; Wang, P.; Wang, T. J.; Wang, W. F.; Wang, X. L.; Wang, Y. F.; Wappler, F. R.; Watanabe, M.; Watson, A. T.; Watson, J. E.; Watson, N. K.; Watt, M.; Weatherall, J. H.; Weaver, M.; Weber, T.; Wedd, R.; Wei, J. T.; Weidemann, A. W.; Weinstein, A. J. R.; Wenzel, W. A.; West, C. A.; West, C. G.; West, T. J.; White, E.; White, R. M.; Wicht, J.; Widhalm, L.; Wiechczynski, J.; Wienands, U.; Wilden, L.; Wilder, M.; Williams, D. C.; Williams, G.; Williams, J. C.; Williams, K. M.; Williams, M. I.; Willocq, S. Y.; Wilson, J. R.; Wilson, M. G.; Wilson, R. J.; Winklmeier, F.; Winstrom, L. O.; Winter, M. A.; Wisniewski, W. J.; Wittgen, M.; Wittlin, J.; Wittmer, W.; Wixted, R.; Woch, A.; Wogsland, B. J.; Won, E.; Wong, Q. K.; Wray, B. C.; Wren, A. C.; Wright, D. M.; Wu, C. H.; Wu, J.; Wu, S. L.; Wulsin, H. W.; Xella, S. M.; Xie, Q. L.; Xie, Y.; Xu, Z. Z.; Yéche, Ch.; Yamada, Y.; Yamaga, M.; Yamaguchi, A.; Yamaguchi, H.; Yamaki, T.; Yamamoto, H.; Yamamoto, N.; Yamamoto, R. K.; Yamamoto, S.; Yamanaka, T.; Yamaoka, H.; Yamaoka, J.; Yamaoka, Y.; Yamashita, Y.; Yamauchi, M.; Yan, D. S.; Yan, Y.; Yanai, H.; Yanaka, S.; Yang, H.; Yang, R.; Yang, S.; Yarritu, A. K.; Yashchenko, S.; Yashima, J.; Yasin, Z.; Yasu, Y.; Ye, S. W.; Yeh, P.; Yi, J. I.; Yi, K.; Yi, M.; Yin, Z. W.; Ying, J.; Yocky, G.; Yokoyama, K.; Yokoyama, M.; Yokoyama, T.; Yoshida, K.; Yoshida, M.; Yoshimura, Y.; Young, C. C.; Yu, C. X.; Yu, Z.; Yuan, C. Z.; Yuan, Y.; Yumiceva, F. X.; Yusa, Y.; Yushkov, A. N.; Yuta, H.; Zacek, V.; Zain, S. B.; Zallo, A.; Zambito, S.; Zander, D.; Zang, S. L.; Zanin, D.; Zaslavsky, B. G.; Zeng, Q. L.; Zghiche, A.; Zhang, B.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, L. M.; Zhang, S. Q.; Zhang, Z. P.; Zhao, H. W.; Zhao, M.; Zhao, Z. G.; Zheng, Y.; Zheng, Y. H.; Zheng, Z. P.; Zhilich, V.; Zhou, P.; Zhu, R. Y.; Zhu, Y. S.; Zhu, Z. M.; Zhulanov, V.; Ziegler, T.; Ziegler, V.; Zioulas, G.; Zisman, M.; Zito, M.; Zürcher, D.; Zwahlen, N.; Zyukova, O.; Živko, T.; Žontar, D.

2014-11-01

This work is on the Physics of the B Factories. Part A of this book contains a brief description of the SLAC and KEK B Factories as well as their detectors, BaBar and Belle, and data taking related issues. Part B discusses tools and methods used by the experiments in order to obtain results. The results themselves can be found in Part C. Please note that version 3 on the archive is the auxiliary version of the Physics of the B Factories book. This uses the notation alpha, beta, gamma for the angles of the Unitarity Triangle. The nominal version uses the notation phi_1, phi_2 and phi_3. Please cite this work as Eur. Phys. J. C74 (2014) 3026.

Fritzsch-Xing mass matrices, V{sub td}, and the CP-violating phase {delta}

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gill, P.S.; Gupta, M.

1997-09-01

Natural four zeros texture mass matrices recently proposed by Fritzsch and Xing are investigated by including {open_quotes}nonleading{close_quotes} corrections in the context of the latest data regarding m{sub t}{sup pole} and V{sub CKM} matrix elements. Apart from accommodating m{sub t}{sup pole} in the range 175{plus_minus}15GeV, {vert_bar}V{sub cb}{vert_bar} and {vert_bar}V{sub ub}/V{sub cb}{vert_bar}=0.08{plus_minus}0.02, the analysis with maximal CP violation predicts {vert_bar}V{sub td}{vert_bar}=0.005{endash}0.013. Further, the CP-violating phase angle {delta} can be restricted to the ranges (i) 22{degree}{endash}45{degree} and (ii) 95{degree}{endash}130{degree}, concretizing the ambiguity regarding the phase of the CKM matrix. Furthermore, we find that nonleading calculations are important when the {open_quotes}Cabibbo triangle{close_quotes} is tomore » be linked to the unitarity triangle. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}« less

Improved Measurement of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa Angle {alpha} Using B{sup 0}(B){yields}{rho}{sup +}{rho}{sup -} Decays

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Aubert, B.; Barate, R.; Boutigny, D.

2005-07-22

We present results from an analysis of B{sup 0}(B{sup 0}){yields}{rho}{sup +}{rho}{sup -} using 232x10{sup 6} {upsilon}(4S){yields}BB decays collected with the BABAR detector at the PEP-II asymmetric-energy B factory at SLAC. We measure the longitudinal polarization fraction f{sub L}=0.978{+-}0.014(stat)(+0.021/-0.029)(syst) and the CP-violating parameters S{sub L}=-0.33{+-}0.24(stat)(+0.08/-0.14)(syst) and C{sub L}=-0.03{+-}0.18(stat){+-}0.09(syst). Using an isospin analysis of B{yields}{rho}{rho} decays, we determine the unitarity triangle parameter {alpha}. The solution compatible with the standard model is {alpha}=(100{+-}13) deg.

The CKM matrix and the unitarity triangle. Proceedings, workshop, Geneva, Switzerland, February 13-16, 2002

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

M. Battaglia et al.

2004-04-02

This report contains the results of the Workshop on the CKM Unitarity Triangle that was held at CERN on 13-16 February 2002. There had been several Workshops on B physics that concentrated on studies at e{sup +}e{sup -} machines, at the Tevatron, or at LHC separately. Here we brought together experts of different fields, both theorists and experimentalists, to study the determination of the CKM matrix from all the available data of K, D, and B physics. The analysis of LEP data for B physics is reaching its end, and one of the goals of the Workshop was to underlinemore » the results that have been achieved at LEP, SLC, and CESR. Another goal was to prepare for the transfer of responsibility for averaging B physics properties, that has developed within the LEP community, to the present main actors of these studies, from the B factory and the Tevatron experiments. The optimal way to combine the various experimental and theoretical inputs and to fit for the apex of the Unitarity Triangle has been a contentious issue. A further goal of the Workshop was to bring together the proponents of different fitting strategies, and to compare their approaches when applied to the same inputs. Since lattice QCD plays a very important role in the determination of the non-perturbative parameters needed to constrain the CKM unitarity triangle, the first Workshop was seen as an excellent opportunity to bring together lattice theorists with the aim of establishing a working group to compile averages for phenomenologically relevant quantities. Representatives from lattice collaborations around the world were invited to attend a meeting during the Workshop. A consensus was reached to set up three test working groups, collectively known as the ''CKM Lattice Working Group'', to review a number of well-studied quantities: quark masses, the kaon B-parameter, and the matrix elements relevant for neutral B-meson mixing. This report is organized as a coherent document with chapters covering the domains of activity of the working groups. It deals mainly with the present determination of the CKM matrix in the Standard Model with a brief outlook on the near future. The impact of future measurements and of physics beyond the Standard Model will be developed further in forthcoming Workshops with the same title. Indeed, the Workshop was conceived as the first of a series. The second one will take place on 5-9 April 2003 in Durham and will focus on the results from the B-factories.« less

Optimizing sensitivity to γ with B0→D K+π-, D →KS0π+π- double Dalitz plot analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Craik, D.; Gershon, T.; Poluektov, A.

2018-03-01

Two of the most powerful methods currently used to determine the angle γ of the CKM Unitarity Triangle exploit B+→D K+, D →KS0π+π- decays and B0→D K+π-, D →K+K-, π+π- decays. It is possible to combine the strengths of both approaches in a "double Dalitz plot" analysis of B0→D K+π-, D →KS0π+π- decays. The potential sensitivity of such an analysis is investigated in the light of recently published experimental information on the B0→D K+π- decay. The formalism is also expanded, compared to previous discussions in the literature, to allow B0→D K+π- with any subsequent D decay to be included.

Enjoyment of Euclidean Planar Triangles

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Srinivasan, V. K.

2013-01-01

This article adopts the following classification for a Euclidean planar [triangle]ABC, purely based on angles alone. A Euclidean planar triangle is said to be acute angled if all the three angles of the Euclidean planar [triangle]ABC are acute angles. It is said to be right angled at a specific vertex, say B, if the angle ?ABC is a right angle…

Measurement of time-dependent CP asymmetries in B0-->D(*)+/-pi-/+ decays and constraints on sin(2beta+gamma).

PubMed

Aubert, B; Barate, R; Boutigny, D; Gaillard, J-M; Hicheur, A; Karyotakis, Y; Lees, J P; Robbe, P; Tisserand, V; Zghiche, A; Palano, A; Pompili, A; Chen, J C; Qi, N D; Rong, G; Wang, P; Zhu, Y S; Eigen, G; Ofte, I; Stugu, B; Abrams, G S; Borgland, A W; Breon, A B; Brown, D N; Button-Shafer, J; Cahn, R N; Charles, E; Day, C T; Gill, M S; Gritsan, A V; Groysman, Y; Jacobsen, R G; Kadel, R W; Kadyk, J; Kerth, L T; Kolomensky, Yu G; Kukartsev, G; LeClerc, C; Levi, M E; Lynch, G; Mir, L M; Oddone, P J; Orimoto, T J; Pripstein, M; Roe, N A; Romosan, A; Ronan, M T; Shelkov, V G; Telnov, A V; Wenzel, W A; Ford, K; Harrison, T J; Hawkes, C M; Knowles, D J; Morgan, S E; Penny, R C; Watson, A T; Watson, N K; Goetzen, K; Held, T; Koch, H; Lewandowski, B; Pelizaeus, M; Peters, K; Schmuecker, H; Steinke, M; Boyd, J T; Chevalier, N; Cottingham, W N; Kelly, M P; Latham, T E; Mackay, C; Wilson, F F; Abe, K; Cuhadar-Donszelmann, T; Hearty, C; Mattison, T S; McKenna, J A; Thiessen, D; Kyberd, P; McKemey, A K; Teodorescu, L; Blinov, V E; Bukin, A D; Golubev, V B; Ivanchenko, V N; Kravchenko, E A; Onuchin, A P; Serednyakov, S I; Skovpen, Yu I; Solodov, E P; Yushkov, A N; Best, D; Bruinsma, M; Chao, M; Kirkby, D; Lankford, A J; Mandelkern, M; Mommsen, R K; Roethel, W; Stoker, D P; Buchanan, C; Hartfiel, B L; Gary, J W; Layter, J; Shen, B C; Wang, K; del Re, D; Hadavand, H K; Hill, E J; MacFarlane, D B; Paar, H P; Rahatlou, Sh; Sharma, V; Berryhill, J W; Campagnari, C; Dahmes, B; Kuznetsova, N; Levy, S L; Long, O; Lu, A; Mazur, M A; Richman, J D; Verkerke, W; Beck, T W; Beringer, J; Eisner, A M; Heusch, C A; Lockman, W S; Schalk, T; Schmitz, R E; Schumm, B A; Seiden, A; Turri, M; Walkowiak, W; Williams, D C; Wilson, M G; Albert, J; Chen, E; Dubois-Felsmann, G P; Dvoretskii, A; Erwin, R J; Hitlin, D G; Narsky, I; Piatenko, T; Porter, F C; Ryd, A; Samuel, A; Yang, S; Jayatilleke, S; Mancinelli, G; Meadows, B T; Sokoloff, M D; Abe, T; Blanc, F; Bloom, P; Chen, S; Clark, P J; Ford, W T; Nauenberg, U; Olivas, A; Rankin, P; Roy, J; Smith, J G; van Hoek, W C; Zhang, L; Harton, J L; Hu, T; Soffer, A; Toki, W H; Wilson, R J; Zhang, J; Altenburg, D; Brandt, T; Brose, J; Colberg, T; Dickopp, M; Dubitzky, R S; Hauke, A; Lacker, H M; Maly, E; Müller-Pfefferkorn, R; Nogowski, R; Otto, S; Schubert, J; Schubert, K R; Schwierz, R; Spaan, B; Wilden, L; Bernard, D; Bonneaud, G R; Brochard, F; Cohen-Tanugi, J; Grenier, P; Thiebaux, Ch; Vasileiadis, G; Verderi, M; Khan, A; Lavin, D; Muheim, F; Playfer, S; Swain, J E; Andreotti, M; Azzolini, V; Bettoni, D; Bozzi, C; Calabrese, R; Cibinetto, G; Luppi, E; Negrini, M; Piemontese, L; Sarti, A; Treadwell, E; Anulli, F; Baldini-Ferroli, R; Biasini, M; Calcaterra, A; de Sangro, R; Falciai, D; Finocchiaro, G; Patteri, P; Peruzzi, I M; Piccolo, M; Pioppi, M; Zallo, A; Buzzo, A; Capra, R; Contri, R; Crosetti, G; Lo Vetere, M; Macri, M; Monge, M R; Passaggio, S; Patrignani, C; Robutti, E; Santroni, A; Tosi, S; Bailey, S; Morii, M; Won, E; Bhimji, W; Bowerman, D A; Dauncey, P D; Egede, U; Eschrich, I; Gaillard, J R; Morton, G W; Nash, J A; Sanders, P; Taylor, G P; Grenier, G J; Lee, S-J; Mallik, U; Cochran, J; Crawley, H B; Lamsa, J; Meyer, W T; Prell, S; Rosenberg, E I; Yi, J; Davier, M; Grosdidier, G; Höcker, A; Laplace, S; Le Diberder, F; Lepeltier, V; Lutz, A M; Petersen, T C; Plaszczynski, S; Schune, M H; Tantot, L; Wormser, G; Brigljević, V; Cheng, C H; Lange, D J; Simani, M C; Wright, D M; Bevan, A J; Coleman, J P; Fry, J R; Gabathuler, E; Gamet, R; Kay, M; Parry, R J; Payne, D J; Sloane, R J; Touramanis, C; Back, J J; Harrison, P F; Shorthouse, H W; Vidal, P B; Brown, C L; Cowan, G; Flack, R L; Flaecher, H U; George, S; Green, M G; Kurup, A; Marker, C E; McMahon, T R; Ricciardi, S; Salvatore, F; Vaitsas, G; Winter, M A; Brown, D; Davis, C L; Allison, J; Barlow, N R; Barlow, R J; Hart, P A; Hodgkinson, M C; Jackson, F; Lafferty, G D; Lyon, A J; Weatherall, J H; Williams, J C; Farbin, A; Jawahery, A; Kovalskyi, D; Lae, C K; Lillard, V; Roberts, D A; Blaylock, G; Dallapiccola, C; Flood, K T; Hertzbach, S S; Kofler, R; Koptchev, V B; Moore, T B; Saremi, S; Staengle, H; Willocq, S; Cowan, R; Sciolla, G; Taylor, F; Yamamoto, R K; Mangeol, D J J; Patel, P M; Robertson, S H; Lazzaro, A; Palombo, F; Bauer, J M; Cremaldi, L; Eschenburg, V; Godang, R; Kroeger, R; Reidy, J; Sanders, D A; Summers, D J; Zhao, H W; Brunet, S; Cote-Ahern, D; Taras, P; Nicholson, H; Cartaro, C; Cavallo, N; De Nardo, G; Fabozzi, F; Gatto, C; Lista, L; Paolucci, P; Piccolo, D; Sciacca, C; Baak, M A; Raven, G; LoSecco, J M; Gabriel, T A; Brau, B; Gan, K K; Honscheid, K; Hufnagel, D; Kagan, H; Kass, R; Pulliam, T; Wong, Q K; Brau, J; Frey, R; Potter, C T; Sinev, N B; Strom, D; Torrence, E; Colecchia, F; Dorigo, A; Galeazzi, F; Margoni, M; Morandin, M; Posocco, M; Rotondo, M; Simonetto, F; Stroili, R; Tiozzo, G; Voci, C; Benayoun, M; Briand, H; Chauveau, J; David, P; de la Vaissière, Ch; Del Buono, L; Hamon, O; John, M J J; Leruste, Ph; Ocariz, J; Pivk, M; Roos, L; Stark, J; T'Jampens, S; Therin, G; Manfredi, P F; Re, V; Behera, P K; Gladney, L; Guo, Q H; Panetta, J; Angelini, C; Batignani, G; Bettarini, S; Bondioli, M; Bucci, F; Calderini, G; Carpinelli, M; Del Gamba, V; Forti, F; Giorgi, M A; Lusiani, A; Marchiori, G; Martinez-Vidal, F; Morganti, M; Neri, N; Paoloni, E; Rama, M; Rizzo, G; Sandrelli, F; Walsh, J; Haire, M; Judd, D; Paick, K; Wagoner, D E; Danielson, N; Elmer, P; Lu, C; Miftakov, V; Olsen, J; Smith, A J S; Tanaka, H A; Varnes, E W; Bellini, F; Cavoto, G; Faccini, R; Ferrarotto, F; Ferroni, F; Gaspero, M; Mazzoni, M A; Morganti, S; Pierini, M; Piredda, G; Tehrani, F Safai; Voena, C; Christ, S; Wagner, G; Waldi, R; Adye, T; De Groot, N; Franek, B; Geddes, N I; Gopal, G P; Olaiya, E O; Xella, S M; Aleksan, R; Emery, S; Gaidot, A; Ganzhur, S F; Giraud, P-F; Hamel de Monchenault, G; Kozanecki, W; Langer, M; Legendre, M; London, G W; Mayer, B; Schott, G; Vasseur, G; Yeche, Ch; Zito, M; Purohit, M V; Weidemann, A W; Yumiceva, F X; Aston, D; Bartoldus, R; Berger, N; Boyarski, A M; Buchmueller, O L; Convery, M R; Coupal, D P; Dong, D; Dorfan, J; Dujmic, D; Dunwoodie, W; Field, R C; Glanzman, T; Gowdy, S J; Grauges-Pous, E; Hadig, T; Halyo, V; Hryn'ova, T; Innes, W R; Jessop, C P; Kelsey, M H; Kim, P; Kocian, M L; Langenegger, U; Leith, D W G S; Libby, J; Luitz, S; Luth, V; Lynch, H L; Marsiske, H; Messner, R; Muller, D R; O'Grady, C P; Ozcan, V E; Perazzo, A; Perl, M; Petrak, S; Ratcliff, B N; Roodman, A; Salnikov, A A; Schindler, R H; Schwiening, J; Simi, G; Snyder, A; Soha, A; Stelzer, J; Su, D; Sullivan, M K; Va'vra, J; Wagner, S R; Weaver, M; Weinstein, A J R; Wisniewski, W J; Wright, D H; Young, C C; Burchat, P R; Edwards, A J; Meyer, T I; Petersen, B A; Roat, C; Ahmed, M; Ahmed, S; Alam, M S; Ernst, J A; Saeed, M A; Saleem, M; Wappler, F R; Bugg, W; Krishnamurthy, M; Spanier, S M; Eckmann, R; Kim, H; Ritchie, J L; Schwitters, R F; Izen, J M; Kitayama, I; Lou, X C; Ye, S; Bianchi, F; Bona, M; Gallo, F; Gamba, D; Borean, C; Bosisio, L; Della Ricca, G; Dittongo, S; Grancagnolo, S; Lanceri, L; Poropat, P; Vitale, L; Vuagnin, G; Panvini, R S; Banerjee, Sw; Brown, C M; Fortin, D; Jackson, P D; Kowalewski, R; Roney, J M; Band, H R; Dasu, S; Datta, M; Eichenbaum, A M; Johnson, J R; Kutter, P E; Li, H; Liu, R; Di Lodovico, F; Mihalyi, A; Mohapatra, A K; Pan, Y; Prepost, R; Sekula, S J; von Wimmersperg-Toeller, J H; Wu, J; Wu, S L; Yu, Z; Neal, H

2004-06-25

We present a measurement of CP-violating asymmetries in fully reconstructed B0-->D(*)+/-pi-/+ decays in approximately 88 x 10(6) upsilon(4S)-->BBmacr; decays collected with the BABAR detector at the PEP-II asymmetric-energy B factory at SLAC. From a time-dependent maximum-likelihood fit we obtain the following for the CP-violating parameters: a=-0.022+/-0.038 (stat)+/-0.020 (syst), a*=-0.068+/-0.038 (stat)+/-0.020 (syst), c(lep)=+0.025+/-0.068 (stat)+/-0.033 (syst), and c*(lep)=+0.031+/-0.070 (stat)+/-0.033 (syst). Using other measurements and theoretical assumptions we interpret the results in terms of the angles of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa unitarity triangle, and find |sin((2beta+gamma)|>0.69 at 68% confidence level. We exclude the hypothesis of no CP violation [sin(2beta+gamma)=0] at 83% confidence level.

New strategy to explore C P violation with Bs0→K-K+

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fleischer, Robert; Jaarsma, Ruben; Vos, K. Keri

2016-12-01

The U -spin symmetry provides a powerful tool to extract the angle γ of the Unitarity Triangle and the Bs0- B¯s 0 mixing phase ϕs from C P violation in the Bs0→K-K+, Bd0→π-π+ system. LHCb has obtained first results with uncertainties at the 7° level. Due to U -spin-breaking corrections, it will be challenging to reduce the uncertainty below O (5 ° ) at Belle II and the LHCb upgrade. We propose a new strategy, using γ as input and utilizing Bs0→K-ℓ+νℓ,Bd0→π -ℓ+νℓ decays, which allows an extraction of ϕs with a future theoretical precision of up to O (0.5 ° ), thereby matching the experimental prospects. Since Bs0→K -K+ is dominated by penguin topologies, new sources of C P violation may be revealed.

Implications of the Daya Bay observation of θ13 on the leptonic flavor mixing structure and CP violation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xing, Zhi-Zhong

2012-04-01

The Daya Bay collaboration has recently reported its first bar nue → bar nue oscillation result which points to θ13 simeq 8.8° +/- 0.8° (best-fit +/-1σ range) or θ13 ≠ 0° at the 5.2σ level. The fact that this smallest neutrino mixing angle is not strongly suppressed motivates us to look into the underlying structure of lepton flavor mixing and CP violation. Two phenomenological strategies are outlined: (1) the lepton flavor mixing matrix U consists of a constant leading term U0 and a small perturbation term ΔU and (2) the mixing angles of U are associated with the lepton mass ratios. Some typical patterns of U0 are reexamined by constraining their respective perturbations with current experimental data. We illustrate a few possible ways to minimally correct U0 in order to fit the observed values of three mixing angles. We point out that the structure of U may exhibit an approximate μ-τ permutation symmetry in modulus, and reiterate the geometrical description of CP violation in terms of the leptonic unitarity triangles. The salient features of nine distinct parametrizations of U are summarized, and its Wolfenstein-like expansion is presented by taking U0 to be the democratic mixing pattern.

CP Violation in b- and c-hadron decays at LHCb

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Steinkamp, Olaf; LHCb Collaboration

2017-07-01

Testing the Standard Model of particle physics by precision measurements of CP violating observables in the decays of b and c hadrons has been one of the design goals of the LHCb experiment. World-leading measurements have been performed of the semileptonic asymmetry, {a}ssl, and of the mixing-induced CP-violating phase ϕs in the {B}s0{\\bar{B}}s0 system. The CKM angle γ is still the least known angle of the Unitarity Triangle, and the only one easily accessible using tree-level decays. A recent combination of LHCb measurements in various B → DK decay modes has yielded the most precise determination of γ from a single experiment to date. The LHCb experiment is collecting unprecedented samples of beauty baryons, allowing for the first time to study CP violating observables in their decays. A recent analysis provided the first evidence for CP violation in the beauty baryon sector. Finally, LHCb has the largest samples of charmed hadron decays collected by any experiment to date. These samples yield some of the world’s most sensitive searches for direct and indirect CP violation in the charm sector.

Amplitude analysis of B0→K+π-π0 and evidence of direct CP violation in B→K*π decays

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lees, J. P.; Poireau, V.; Prencipe, E.; Tisserand, V.; Garra Tico, J.; Grauges, E.; Martinelli, M.; Milanes, D. A.; Palano, A.; Pappagallo, M.; Eigen, G.; Stugu, B.; Sun, L.; Brown, D. N.; Kerth, L. T.; Kolomensky, Yu. G.; Lynch, G.; Koch, H.; Schroeder, T.; Asgeirsson, D. J.; Hearty, C.; Mattison, T. S.; McKenna, J. A.; Khan, A.; Blinov, V. E.; Buzykaev, A. R.; Druzhinin, V. P.; Golubev, V. B.; Kravchenko, E. A.; Onuchin, A. P.; Serednyakov, S. I.; Skovpen, Yu. I.; Solodov, E. P.; Todyshev, K. Yu.; Yushkov, A. N.; Bondioli, M.; Curry, S.; Kirkby, D.; Lankford, A. J.; Mandelkern, M.; Stoker, D. P.; Atmacan, H.; Gary, J. W.; Liu, F.; Long, O.; Vitug, G. M.; Campagnari, C.; Hong, T. M.; Kovalskyi, D.; Richman, J. D.; West, C. A.; Eisner, A. M.; Kroseberg, J.; Lockman, W. S.; Martinez, A. J.; Schalk, T.; Schumm, B. A.; Seiden, A.; Cheng, C. H.; Doll, D. A.; Echenard, B.; Flood, K. T.; Hitlin, D. G.; Ongmongkolkul, P.; Porter, F. C.; Rakitin, A. Y.; Andreassen, R.; Dubrovin, M. S.; Meadows, B. T.; Sokoloff, M. D.; Bloom, P. C.; Ford, W. T.; Gaz, A.; Nagel, M.; Nauenberg, U.; Smith, J. G.; Wagner, S. R.; Ayad, R.; Toki, W. H.; Spaan, B.; Kobel, M. J.; Schubert, K. R.; Schwierz, R.; Bernard, D.; Verderi, M.; Clark, P. J.; Playfer, S.; Watson, J. E.; Bettoni, D.; Bozzi, C.; Calabrese, R.; Cibinetto, G.; Fioravanti, E.; Garzia, I.; Luppi, E.; Munerato, M.; Negrini, M.; Piemontese, L.; Baldini-Ferroli, R.; Calcaterra, A.; de Sangro, R.; Finocchiaro, G.; Nicolaci, M.; Pacetti, S.; Patteri, P.; Peruzzi, I. M.; Piccolo, M.; Rama, M.; Zallo, A.; Contri, R.; Guido, E.; Lo Vetere, M.; Monge, M. R.; Passaggio, S.; Patrignani, C.; Robutti, E.; Bhuyan, B.; Prasad, V.; Lee, C. L.; Morii, M.; Edwards, A. J.; Adametz, A.; Marks, J.; Uwer, U.; Bernlochner, F. U.; Ebert, M.; Lacker, H. M.; Lueck, T.; Dauncey, P. D.; Tibbetts, M.; Behera, P. K.; Mallik, U.; Chen, C.; Cochran, J.; Crawley, H. B.; Meyer, W. T.; Prell, S.; Rosenberg, E. I.; Rubin, A. E.; Gritsan, A. V.; Guo, Z. J.; Arnaud, N.; Davier, M.; Derkach, D.; Grosdidier, G.; Le Diberder, F.; Lutz, A. M.; Malaescu, B.; Roudeau, P.; Schune, M. H.; Stocchi, A.; Wormser, G.; Lange, D. J.; Wright, D. M.; Bingham, I.; Chavez, C. A.; Coleman, J. P.; Fry, J. R.; Gabathuler, E.; Hutchcroft, D. E.; Payne, D. J.; Touramanis, C.; Bevan, A. J.; di Lodovico, F.; Sacco, R.; Sigamani, M.; Cowan, G.; Paramesvaran, S.; Brown, D. N.; Davis, C. L.; Denig, A. G.; Fritsch, M.; Gradl, W.; Hafner, A.; Alwyn, K. E.; Bailey, D.; Barlow, R. J.; Jackson, G.; Lafferty, G. D.; Cenci, R.; Hamilton, B.; Jawahery, A.; Roberts, D. A.; Simi, G.; Dallapiccola, C.; Salvati, E.; Cowan, R.; Dujmic, D.; Sciolla, G.; Lindemann, D.; Patel, P. M.; Robertson, S. H.; Schram, M.; Biassoni, P.; Lazzaro, A.; Lombardo, V.; Palombo, F.; Stracka, S.; Cremaldi, L.; Godang, R.; Kroeger, R.; Sonnek, P.; Summers, D. J.; Nguyen, X.; Taras, P.; de Nardo, G.; Monorchio, D.; Onorato, G.; Sciacca, C.; Raven, G.; Snoek, H. L.; Jessop, C. P.; Knoepfel, K. J.; Losecco, J. M.; Wang, W. F.; Honscheid, K.; Kass, R.; Brau, J.; Frey, R.; Sinev, N. B.; Strom, D.; Torrence, E.; Feltresi, E.; Gagliardi, N.; Margoni, M.; Morandin, M.; Posocco, M.; Rotondo, M.; Simonetto, F.; Stroili, R.; Ben-Haim, E.; Bomben, M.; Bonneaud, G. R.; Briand, H.; Calderini, G.; Chauveau, J.; Hamon, O.; Leruste, Ph.; Marchiori, G.; Ocariz, J.; Sitt, S.; Biasini, M.; Manoni, E.; Rossi, A.; Angelini, C.; Batignani, G.; Bettarini, S.; Carpinelli, M.; Casarosa, G.; Cervelli, A.; Forti, F.; Giorgi, M. A.; Lusiani, A.; Neri, N.; Oberhof, B.; Paoloni, E.; Perez, A.; Rizzo, G.; Walsh, J. J.; Lopes Pegna, D.; Lu, C.; Olsen, J.; Smith, A. J. S.; Telnov, A. V.; Anulli, F.; Cavoto, G.; Faccini, R.; Ferrarotto, F.; Ferroni, F.; Gaspero, M.; Li Gioi, L.; Mazzoni, M. A.; Piredda, G.; Bünger, C.; Hartmann, T.; Leddig, T.; Schröder, H.; Waldi, R.; Adye, T.; Olaiya, E. O.; Wilson, F. F.; Emery, S.; Hamel de Monchenault, G.; Vasseur, G.; Yèche, Ch.; Aston, D.; Bard, D. J.; Bartoldus, R.; Benitez, J. F.; Cartaro, C.; Convery, M. R.; Dorfan, J.; Dubois-Felsmann, G. P.; Dunwoodie, W.; Field, R. C.; Franco Sevilla, M.; Fulsom, B. G.; Gabareen, A. M.; Graham, M. T.; Grenier, P.; Hast, C.; Innes, W. R.; Kelsey, M. H.; Kim, H.; Kim, P.; Kocian, M. L.; Leith, D. W. G. S.; Lewis, P.; Li, S.; Lindquist, B.; Luitz, S.; Luth, V.; Lynch, H. L.; Macfarlane, D. B.; Muller, D. R.; Neal, H.; Nelson, S.; Ofte, I.; Perl, M.; Pulliam, T.; Ratcliff, B. N.; Roodman, A.; Salnikov, A. A.; Santoro, V.; Schindler, R. H.; Snyder, A.; Su, D.; Sullivan, M. K.; Va'Vra, J.; Wagner, A. P.; Weaver, M.; Wisniewski, W. J.; Wittgen, M.; Wright, D. H.; Wulsin, H. W.; Yarritu, A. K.; Young, C. C.; Ziegler, V.; Park, W.; Purohit, M. V.; White, R. M.; Wilson, J. R.; Randle-Conde, A.; Sekula, S. J.; Bellis, M.; Burchat, P. R.; Miyashita, T. S.; Alam, M. S.; Ernst, J. A.; Gorodeisky, R.; Guttman, N.; Peimer, D. R.; Soffer, A.; Lund, P.; Spanier, S. M.; Eckmann, R.; Ritchie, J. L.; Ruland, A. M.; Schilling, C. J.; Schwitters, R. F.; Wray, B. C.; Izen, J. M.; Lou, X. C.; Bianchi, F.; Gamba, D.; Lanceri, L.; Vitale, L.; Lopez-March, N.; Martinez-Vidal, F.; Oyanguren, A.; Ahmed, H.; Albert, J.; Banerjee, Sw.; Choi, H. H. F.; King, G. J.; Kowalewski, R.; Lewczuk, M. J.; Lindsay, C.; Nugent, I. M.; Roney, J. M.; Sobie, R. J.; Gershon, T. J.; Harrison, P. F.; Latham, T. E.; Puccio, E. M. T.; Band, H. R.; Dasu, S.; Pan, Y.; Prepost, R.; Vuosalo, C. O.; Wu, S. L.

2011-06-01

We analyze the decay B0→K+π-π0 with a sample of 4.54×108 BB¯ events collected by the BABAR detector at the PEP-II asymmetric-energy B factory at SLAC, and extract the complex amplitudes of seven interfering resonances over the Dalitz plot. These results are combined with amplitudes measured in B0→KS0π+π- decays to construct isospin amplitudes from B0→K*π and B0→ρK decays. We measure the phase of the isospin amplitude Φ3/2, useful in constraining the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa unitarity triangle angle γ and evaluate a CP rate asymmetry sum rule sensitive to the presence of new physics operators. We measure direct CP violation in B0→K*+π- decays at the level of 3σ when measurements from both B0→K+π-π0 and B0→KS0π+π- decays are combined.

A Description of a Family of Heron Quadrilaterals

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sastry, K. R. S.

2005-01-01

Mathematical historians place Heron in the first century. Right-angled triangles with integer sides and area had been determined before Heron, but he discovered such a "non" right-angled triangle, viz 13, 14, 15; 84. In view of this, triangles with integer sides and area are named "Heron triangles." The Indian mathematician Brahmagupta, born in…

Dynamic Right Triangles

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Koyunkaya, Melike Yigit; Kastberg, Signe; Quinlan, James; Edwards, Michael Todd; Keiser, Jane

2015-01-01

Right triangles play a significant role in mathematics. In this favorite lesson, the authors help students understand variant and invariant properties by considering relationships among angle measures and side lengths in right triangles. Students explore these relationships using interactive mathematics software, changing one angle and observing…

New bounds on the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix from B{yields}K{pi}{pi} Dalitz plot analyses

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ciuchini, M.; Pierini, M.; Silvestrini, L.

2006-09-01

We present a new technique to extract information on the unitarity triangle from the study of B{yields}K{pi}{pi} Dalitz plots. Using the sensitivity of Dalitz analyses to the absolute values and the phases of decay amplitudes and isospin symmetry, we obtain a new constraint on the elements of the CKM matrix. We discuss in detail the role of electroweak penguin contributions and outline future prospects.

Partitioning Pythagorean Triangles Using Pythagorean Angles

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Swenson, Carl E.; Yandl, Andre L.

2012-01-01

Inside any Pythagorean right triangle, it is possible to find a point M so that drawing segments from M to each vertex of the triangle yields angles whose sines and cosines are all rational. This article describes an algorithm that generates an infinite number of such points.

9th International Workshop on the CKM Unitarity Triangle

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

The CKM series is a well-established international meeting in the field of quark-flavour physics that brings both experimenters and theorists on a common platform. On the experimental front, we bridge borders between neutron, kaon, charm and beauty hadron, and top quark physics. The theory program tries to cover a wide range of approaches. We shall discuss how this marriage can indirectly probe physics beyond the standard model, taking into account the interplay with high-pT collider searches.

Investigation of pitch and angle in the gradual-triangle lenticular lens for point-blank LED fog lamp.

PubMed

Chen, Hsi-Chao; Yang, Chi-Hao

2014-05-10

The effects of different pitch and angle of gradual-triangle lenticular lens for the point-blank LED fog lamp were investigated under the standard of ECE R19. The novel LED fog lamp was assembled from a point-blank LED light source, a parabolic reflector, and a gradual-triangle lenticular lens. Light tracing analysis was used for the design of the gradual-triangle lenticular lens. The pitch, which varied from 1 to 6 mm, and the apex angle, which changed from 5 to 32 deg, were both investigated in regard to the gradual-triangle lenticular lens. The optimum pitch was 5 mm, and the efficiency of the lamp system and lenticular lens could reach 93% and 98.1% by simulation, respectively. The results of experiment had over 94%, which is similar to that of simulation by normalized cross correlation (NCC) for the light intensity.

An Examination of a Pre-Service Mathematics Teacher's Mental Constructions of Relationships in a Right Triangle

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Koyunkaya, Melike Yigit

2018-01-01

Students need to construct strong knowledge of angles as well as relationships between angles and side lengths in a triangle to succeed in geometry. Although many researchers pointed out the importance of angles and angle-related concepts, students and teachers have had limited knowledge of these concepts. This study is a part of a larger study,…

Amplitude Analysis of B0 to K^ pi^-pi^0 and Evidence of Direct CP Violation in B to K^* pi decays

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lees, J.P.

We analyze the decay B{sup 0} {yields} K{sup +} {pi}{sup -} {pi}{sup 0} with a sample of 454 million B{bar B} events collected by the BABAR detector at the PEP-II asymmetric-energy B factory at SLAC, and extract the complex amplitudes of seven interfering resonances over the Dalitz plot. These results are combined with amplitudes measured in B{sup 0} {yields} K{sup 0}{sub s}{pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup -} decays to construct isospin amplitudes from B{sup 0} {yields} K{sup *}{pi} and B{sup 0} {yields} {rho}K decays. We measure the phase of the isospin amplitude {Phi}{sub 3/2}, useful in constraining the CKM unitarity triangle angle {gamma}more » and evaluate a CP rate asymmetry sum rule sensitive to the presence of new physics operators. We measure direct CP violation in B{sup 0} {yields} K{sup *+}{pi}{sup -} decays at the level of 3 {sigma} when measurements from both B{sup 0} {yields} K{sup +}{pi}{sup -}{pi}{sup 0} and B{sup 0} {yields} K{sup 0}{sub s}{pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup -} decays are combined.« less

Historical Reflections on Teaching Trigonometry

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bressoud, David M.

2010-01-01

The study of trigonometry suffers from a basic dichotomy that presents a serious obstacle to many students. On the one hand, there is triangle trigonometry, in which angles are commonly measured in degrees and trigonometric functions are defined as ratios of sides of a right-angled triangle. On the other hand, there is circle trigonometry, in…

Elementary properties of triangle in normed spaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Triana, Deri; Yunus, Mahmud

2018-03-01

Based on concepts of trigonometric on plane, In this paper we generalized those concept in normed spaces. About the orthogonality concept between two vectors already well known, we are interested to develop elementary properties of triangle, especially the properties of its angle. We propose a non-linear (Wilson) functional to define an angle and explore its properties.

Some Unusual Expressions for the Inradius of a Triangle

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Osler, Thomas J.; Chandrupatla, Tirupathi R.

2005-01-01

Several formulae for the inradius of various types of triangles are derived. Properties of the inradius and trigonometric functions of the angles of Pythagorean and Heronian triangles are also presented. The entire presentation is elementary and suitable for classes in geometry, precalculus mathematics and number theory.

A Classroom Note on Generating Examples for the Laws of Sines and Cosines from Pythagorean Triangles

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sher, Lawrence; Sher, David

2007-01-01

By selecting certain special triangles, students can learn about the laws of sines and cosines without wrestling with long decimal representations or irrational numbers. Since the law of cosines requires only one of the three angles of a triangle, there are many examples of triangles with integral sides and a cosine that can be represented exactly…

New determination of the D0→K-π+π0 and D0→K-π+π+π- coherence factors and average strong-phase differences

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Libby, J.; Malde, S.; Powell, A.; Wilkinson, G.; Asner, D. M.; Bonvicini, G.; Briere, R. A.; Gershon, T.; Naik, P.; Pedlar, T. K.; Rademacker, J.; Ricciardi, S.; Thomas, C.

2014-04-01

Measurements of the coherence factors (R and R) and the average strong-phase differences (δDKππ0 and δDK3π) for the decays D0→K-π+π0 and D0→K-π+π+π- are presented. These parameters are important inputs to the determination of the unitarity triangle angle γ in B∓→DK∓ decays, where D designates a D0 or D meson decaying to a common final state. The measurements are made using quantum correlated DDbar decays collected by the CLEO-c experiment at the ψ(3770) resonance, and augment a previously published analysis by the inclusion of new events in which the signal decay is tagged by the mode D→KS0π+π-. The measurements also benefit from improved knowledge of external inputs, namely the D0D mixing parameters, rDKπ and several D-meson branching fractions. The measured values are R=0.82±0.07, δDKππ0=(164-14+20)°, R=0.32-0.28+0.20 and δDK3π=(225-78+21)°. Consideration is given to how these measurements can be improved further by using the larger quantum-correlated data set collected by BESIII.

Morphometric study of the triangle of Petit in human fetuses.

PubMed

Grzonkowska, Magdalena; Badura, Mateusz; Baumgart, Mariusz; Wiczołek, Anna; Lisiecki, Jakub; Biernacki, Maciej; Szpinda, Michał

2018-02-01

The inferior lumbar triangle of Petit is bounded by the iliac crest, lateral border of the latissimus dorsi and the medial border of the external oblique. In the present study, we aimed to quantitatively examine the base, sides, area, and interior angles of the inferior lumbar triangle in the human fetus so as to provide their growth dynamics. Using anatomical dissection, digital image analysis (NIS-Elements AR 3.0), and statistics (Student's t-test, regression analysis), we measured the base, 2 sides, area and interior angles of Petit's triangle in 35 fetuses of both sexes (16 male, 19 female) aged 14-24 weeks. Neither sex nor laterality differences were found. All the parameters studied increased commensurately with age. The linear functions were computed as follows: y = -0.427 + 0.302 × age for base, y = 1.386 + 0.278 × age for medial side, y = 0.871 + 0.323 × age for lateral side, and y = -13.230 + 1.590 × age for area of the Petit triangle. In terms of geometry, Petit triangle reveals neither male-female nor right-left differences. An increase in both lengths and area of the inferior lumbar triangle follows proportionately. The Petit triangle is an acute one in the human fetus.

Descriptive anatomy of the interscalene triangle and the costoclavicular space and their relationship to thoracic outlet syndrome: a study of 60 cadavers.

PubMed

Dahlstrom, Kelly A; Olinger, Anthony B

2012-06-01

Thoracic outlet syndrome classically results from constrictions in 1 or more of 3 specific anatomical locations: the interscalene triangle, costoclavicular space, and coracopectoral tunnel. Magnetic resonance and computed tomographic imaging studies suggest that, of the 3 potential locations for constriction, the costoclavicular space is the most susceptible to compression. This study of human cadavers aims to expand on the descriptive anatomy of the interscalene triangle and associated costoclavicular space. The interscalene angle, interscalene triangle base, and costoclavicular space were measured on 120 sides of embalmed human cadavers. Linear distances and angles were measured using a caliper and protractor, respectively. The data were analyzed by calculating the mean, range, and standard deviation. The range for the interscalene base was 0 to 21.0 mm with a mean of 10.7 mm. For the interscalene angle, the range was 4° to 22° with a mean of 11.3°. Measurements for the costoclavicular space ranged from 6 to 30.9 mm with a mean of 13.5 mm. No significant differences were observed between left and right interscalene triangles or costoclavicular spaces; furthermore, there were no differences between the sexes concerning these 2 locations. Copyright © 2012 National University of Health Sciences. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Comparison of face types in Chinese women using three-dimensional computed tomography.

PubMed

Zhou, Rong-Rong; Zhao, Qi-Ming; Liu, Miao

2015-04-01

This study compared inverted triangle and square faces of 21 young Chinese Han women (18-25 years old) using three-dimensional computed tomography images retrieved from a records database. In this study, 11 patients had inverted triangle faces and 10 had square faces. The anatomic features were examined and compared. There were significant differences in lower face width, lower face height, masseter thickness, middle/lower face width ratio, and lower face width/height ratio between the two facial types (p < 0.01). Lower face width was positively correlated with masseter thickness and negatively correlated with gonial angle. Lower face height was positively correlated with gonial angle and negatively correlated with masseter thickness, and gonial angle was negatively correlated with masseter thickness. In young Chinese Han women, inverted triangle faces and square faces differ significantly in masseter thickness and lower face height. Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

In Search of More Triangle Centres. a Source of Classroom Projects in Euclidean Geometry

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Abu-Saymeh, S.; Hajja, M.

2005-01-01

A point "E" inside a triangle "ABC" can be coordinatized by the areas of the triangles "EBC," "ECA," and "EAB." These are called the barycentric coordinates of "E." It can also be coordinatized using the six segments into which the cevians through "E" divide the sides of "ABC," or the six angles into which the cevians through "E" divide the angles…

When Can One Expect a Stronger Triangle Inequality?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Faiziev, Valerii; Powers, Robert; Sahoo, Prasanna

2013-01-01

In 1997, Bailey and Bannister showed that a + b greater than c + h holds for all triangles with [gamma] less than arctan (22/7)where a, b, and c are the sides of the triangle, "h" is the altitude to side "c", and [gamma] is the angle opposite c. In this paper, we show that a + b greater than c + h holds approximately 92% of the time for all…

HolT Hunter: Software for Identifying and Characterizing Low-Strain DNA Holliday Triangles

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sherman W. B.

2012-06-05

Synthetic DNA nanostructures are most commonly held together via Holliday junctions. These junctions allow for a wide variety of different angles between the double helices they connect. Nevertheless, only constructs with a very limited selection of angles have been built, to date, because of the computational complexity of identifying structures that fit together with low strain at odd angles. I have developed an algorithm that finds over 95% of the possible solutions by breaking the problem down into two portions. First, there is a problem of how smooth rods can form triangles by lying across one another. This problem ismore » easily handled by numerical computation. Second, there is the question of how distorted DNA double helices would need to be to fit onto the rod structure. This strain is calculated directly. The algorithm has been implemented in a Mathematica 8 notebook called Holliday Triangle Hunter. A large database of solutions has been identified. Additional interface software is available to facilitate drawing and viewing models.« less

Grading and Academic Freedom: An English Academic's Angle on Hill's Contentious Triangle

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Buglear, John

2011-01-01

Following the dismissal of a Canadian professor over disputed grading practices, Hill produced his triangle model of competing interests of academics, administrators and students. In the UK, academic freedom in relation to grading is increasingly constrained reflecting more assertive institutional management supervising over-burdened academic…

Making Pythagoras Count

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Turner, Paul

2006-01-01

This article discusses Pythagoras' theorem, typically, it is introduce to students in the junior years of secondary school. Students consolidate their understanding of the theorem by using it for finding missing sides of triangles and for checking whether a given triangle has a right angle. But the topic often seems to dry up rapidly once these…

Some Nice Relations between Right-Angled Triangles and the Golden Section

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Scimone, Aldo

2011-01-01

The international debate about experimental approaches to the teaching and learning mathematics is very current. While number theory lends itself naturally to such approaches, elementary geometry can also provide interesting starting points for creative work in class. This article shows how simple considerations about right triangles and the…

Two Comments on Bond Angles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Glaister, P.

1997-09-01

Tetrahedral Bond Angle from Elementary Trigonometry The alternative approach of using the scalar (or dot) product of vectors enables the determination of the bond angle in a tetrahedral molecule in a simple way. There is, of course, an even more straightforward derivation suitable for students who are unfamiliar with vectors, or products thereof, but who do know some elementary trigonometry. The starting point is the figure showing triangle OAB. The point O is the center of a cube, and A and B are at opposite corners of a face of that cube in which fits a regular tetrahedron. The required bond angle alpha = AÔB; and using Pythagoras' theorem, AB = 2(square root 2) is the diagonal of a face of the cube. Hence from right-angled triangle OEB, tan(alpha/2) = (square root 2) and therefore alpha = 2tan-1(square root 2) is approx. 109° 28' (see Fig. 1).

A Proof of the Converse of the Pythagorean Proposition

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Scimone, Aldo

2009-01-01

The article presents a demonstration of the converse of the Pythagorean Theorem based on the "reductio ad absurdum". This is necessary to overcome the discrepancy, noticed by pupils, between the Euclidean purpose to demonstrate that the given triangle is right-angled and the auxiliary figure by which the given triangle is drawn as if it were…

A Physical Proof of the Pythagorean Theorem

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Treeby, David

2017-01-01

What proof of the Pythagorean theorem might appeal to a physics teacher? A proof that involved the notion of mass would surely be of interest. While various proofs of the Pythagorean theorem employ the circumcenter and incenter of a right-angled triangle, we are not aware of any proof that uses the triangle's center of mass. This note details one…

Analysis of the cranio-cervical curvatures in subjects with migraine with and without neck pain.

PubMed

Ferracini, Gabriela Natália; Chaves, Thais Cristina; Dach, Fabíola; Bevilaqua-Grossi, Débora; Fernández-de-Las-Peñas, César; Speciali, José Geraldo

2017-12-01

To investigate the differences in head and cervical spine alignment between subjects with migraine and healthy people. A cross-sectional, observational study. Fifty subjects with migraine and 50 matched healthy controls. The presence of neck pain and neck pain-related disability was assessed. Four angles (high cervical angle, low cervical angle, atlas plane angle and cervical lordosis Cobb angle) as well as four distances (anterior translation distance, C0 to C1 distance, C2 to C7 posterior translation and hyoid triangle) were calculated using digitalised radiographs and analysed using K-Pacs ® software. Subjects with migraine reported a longer history of neck pain symptoms, and higher pain intensity and neck-pain-related disability than controls (P<0.01). Patients exhibited a smaller anterior translation distance (mean difference: 4.9mm, 95% confidence interval 1.8 to 8.8; P<0.001) and hyoid triangle (difference: 3.0mm, 95% confidence interval 1.0 to 5.0; P=0.02) than healthy controls. When the presence or the absence of neck pain was included in the analysis, the differences did not change. Differences in anterior translation and hyoid triangle distances were considered clinically relevant for subjects with migraine suffering from neck pain. Subjects with migraine exhibited straightening of cervical lordosis curvature. The presence of neck pain did not influence head posture in subjects with and without migraine. Copyright © 2017 Chartered Society of Physiotherapy. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Measurement of CP observables in B{sup {+-}{yields}D}{sub CP}K{sup {+-}}decays and constraints on the CKM angle {gamma}

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Amo Sanchez, P. del; Lees, J. P.; Poireau, V.

Using the entire sample of 467x10{sup 6} {Upsilon}(4S){yields}BB decays collected with the BABAR detector at the PEP-II asymmetric-energy B factory at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, we perform an analysis of B{sup {+-}}{yields}DK{sup {+-}}decays, using decay modes in which the neutral D meson decays to either CP-eigenstates or non-CP-eigenstates. We measure the partial decay rate charge asymmetries for CP-even and CP-odd D final states to be A{sub CP+}=0.25{+-}0.06{+-}0.02 and A{sub CP-}=-0.09{+-}0.07{+-}0.02, respectively, where the first error is the statistical and the second is the systematic uncertainty. The parameter A{sub CP+} is different from zero with a significance of 3.6 standardmore » deviations, constituting evidence for direct CP violation. We also measure the ratios of the charged-averaged B partial decay rates in CP and non-CP decays, R{sub CP+}=1.18{+-}0.09{+-}0.05 and R{sub CP-}=1.07{+-}0.08{+-}0.04. We infer frequentist confidence intervals for the angle {gamma} of the unitarity triangle, for the strong phase difference {delta}{sub B}, and for the amplitude ratio r{sub B}, which are related to the B{sup -}{yields}DK{sup -} decay amplitude by r{sub B}e{sup i({delta}{sub B}-{gamma})}=A(B{sup -}{yields}D{sup 0}K{sup -})/A(B{sup -}{yields}D{sup 0}K{sup -}). Including statistical and systematic uncertainties, we obtain 0.24

Applications of the theorem of Pythagoras in R3

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Srinivasan, V. K.

2010-01-01

Three distinct points ? and ? with ? are taken, respectively on the x, y and the z-axes of a rectangular coordinate system in ? Using the converse of the theorem of Pythagoras, it is shown that the triangle ? can never be a right-angled triangle. The result seems to be intuitive, but nevertheless requires a proof. As an application, some intuitive results about a tetrahedron are confirmed.

CMB temperature bispectrum induced by cosmic strings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hindmarsh, Mark; Ringeval, Christophe; Suyama, Teruaki

2009-10-01

The cosmic microwave background (CMB) bispectrum of the temperature anisotropies induced by a network of cosmic strings is derived for small angular scales, under the assumption that the principal cause of temperature fluctuations is the Gott-Kaiser-Stebbins effect. We provide analytical expressions for all isosceles triangle configurations in Fourier space. Their overall amplitude is amplified as the inverse cube of the angle and diverges for flat triangles. The isosceles configurations generically lead to a negative bispectrum with a power-law decay ℓ-6 for large multipole ℓ. However, collapsed triangles are found to be associated with a positive bispectrum whereas the squeezed triangles still exhibit negative values. We then compare our analytical estimates to a direct computation of the bispectrum from a set of 300 statistically independent temperature maps obtained from Nambu-Goto cosmic string simulations in a Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker universe. We find good agreement for the overall amplitude, the power-law behavior, and the angle dependency of the various triangle configurations. At ℓ˜500 the cosmic string Gott-Kaiser-Stebbins effect contributes approximately the same equilateral CMB bispectrum amplitude as an inflationary model with |fNLloc|≃103, if the strings contribute about 10% of the temperature power spectrum at ℓ=10. Current bounds on fNL are not derived using cosmic string bispectrum templates, and so our fNL estimate cannot be used to derive bounds on strings. However it does suggest that string bispectrum templates should be included in the search of CMB non-Gaussianities.

Applications of the Theorem of Pythagoras in R[superscript 3

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Srinivasan, V. K.

2010-01-01

Three distinct points A = (a, 0, 0) B = (0, b, 0) and (c, 0, 0) with abc not equal to 0 are taken, respectively on the "x", "y" and the "z"-axes of a rectangular coordinate system in R[superscript 3]. Using the converse of the theorem of Pythagoras, it is shown that the triangle [delta]ABC can never be a right-angled triangle. The result seems to…

A geometric method for nipple localization

PubMed Central

Khan, Humayun Ayub; Bayat, Ardeshir

2008-01-01

BACKGROUND: An important part of preoperative assessment in breast reduction surgery is to locate the site of the nipple-areola complex for the newly structured breast. Inappropriate location is difficult to correct secondarily. Traditional methods of nipple localization taught and practiced suggest the nipple to be located anterior to the inframammary fold. Trying to project this point on the anterior surface of the breast requires either large calipers or feeling the posteriorly placed finger on the anterior surface of a large breast. This certainly introduces some subjectivity to the calculation. OBJECTIVES: To introduce an easy and accurate method of nipple localization to reduce the learning curve for trainee surgeons. METHODS: Aesthetic placement of the nipples is at the lower angles of an equilateral or a short isosceles triangle on the chest with its apex at the sternal angle. This triangle can be thought of as two right-angled triangles with their Y-axis on the median plane. The base and vertical limb are measured, and the hypotenuse is calculated. The location of the lower angle is marked on the anterior surface of the breast and represents the new position of the nipple. RESULTS: Forty patients had nipple localization performed in the above-described manner, with satisfactory placement of the nipple-areola complex. CONCLUSIONS: The above technique introduces some objective measurements to the localization of the nipple in breast reduction surgery. It is easy to practice, and infuses confidence in trainees marking their initial breast reductions. PMID:19554165

The Circle Approach to Trigonometry

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Moore, Kevin c.; LaForest, Kevin R.

2014-01-01

How do students think about an angle measure of ninety degrees? How do they think about ratios and values on the unit circle? How might angle measure be used to connect right-triangle trigonometry and circular functions? And why might asking these questions be important when introducing trigonometric functions to students? When teaching…

CMB temperature bispectrum induced by cosmic strings

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hindmarsh, Mark; Ringeval, Christophe; Suyama, Teruaki

2009-10-15

The cosmic microwave background (CMB) bispectrum of the temperature anisotropies induced by a network of cosmic strings is derived for small angular scales, under the assumption that the principal cause of temperature fluctuations is the Gott-Kaiser-Stebbins effect. We provide analytical expressions for all isosceles triangle configurations in Fourier space. Their overall amplitude is amplified as the inverse cube of the angle and diverges for flat triangles. The isosceles configurations generically lead to a negative bispectrum with a power-law decay l{sup -6} for large multipole l. However, collapsed triangles are found to be associated with a positive bispectrum whereas the squeezedmore » triangles still exhibit negative values. We then compare our analytical estimates to a direct computation of the bispectrum from a set of 300 statistically independent temperature maps obtained from Nambu-Goto cosmic string simulations in a Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker universe. We find good agreement for the overall amplitude, the power-law behavior, and the angle dependency of the various triangle configurations. At l{approx}500 the cosmic string Gott-Kaiser-Stebbins effect contributes approximately the same equilateral CMB bispectrum amplitude as an inflationary model with |f{sub NL}{sup loc}|{approx_equal}10{sup 3}, if the strings contribute about 10% of the temperature power spectrum at l=10. Current bounds on f{sub NL} are not derived using cosmic string bispectrum templates, and so our f{sub NL} estimate cannot be used to derive bounds on strings. However it does suggest that string bispectrum templates should be included in the search of CMB non-Gaussianities.« less

Nodal domains of a non-separable problem—the right-angled isosceles triangle

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aronovitch, Amit; Band, Ram; Fajman, David; Gnutzmann, Sven

2012-03-01

We study the nodal set of eigenfunctions of the Laplace operator on the right-angled isosceles triangle. A local analysis of the nodal pattern provides an algorithm for computing the number νn of nodal domains for any eigenfunction. In addition, an exact recursive formula for the number of nodal domains is found to reproduce all existing data. Eventually, we use the recursion formula to analyse a large sequence of nodal counts statistically. Our analysis shows that the distribution of nodal counts for this triangular shape has a much richer structure than the known cases of regular separable shapes or completely irregular shapes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the nodal count sequence contains information about the periodic orbits of the corresponding classical ray dynamics.

Front and Back Movement Analysis of a Triangle-Structured Three-Wheeled Omnidirectional Mobile Robot by Varying the Angles between Two Selected Wheels

PubMed Central

Mohanraj, A. P.; Elango, A.; Reddy, Mutra Chanakya

2016-01-01

Omnidirectional robots can move in all directions without steering their wheels and it can rotate clockwise and counterclockwise with reference to their axis. In this paper, we focused only on front and back movement, to analyse the square- and triangle-structured omnidirectional robot movements. An omnidirectional mobile robot shows different performances with the different number of wheels and the omnidirectional mobile robot's chassis design. Research is going on in this field to improve the accurate movement capability of omnidirectional mobile robots. This paper presents a design of a unique device of Angle Variable Chassis (AVC) for linear movement analysis of a three-wheeled omnidirectional mobile robot (TWOMR), at various angles (θ) between the wheels. Basic mobility algorithm is developed by varying the angles between the two selected omnidirectional wheels in TWOMR. The experiment is carried out by varying the angles (θ = 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°, and 120°) between the two selected omniwheels and analysing the movement of TWOMR in forward direction and reverse direction on a smooth cement surface. Respectively, it is compared to itself for various angles (θ), to get its advantages and weaknesses. The conclusion of the paper provides effective movement of TWOMR at a particular angle (θ) and also the application of TWOMR in different situations. PMID:26981585

Front and Back Movement Analysis of a Triangle-Structured Three-Wheeled Omnidirectional Mobile Robot by Varying the Angles between Two Selected Wheels.

PubMed

Mohanraj, A P; Elango, A; Reddy, Mutra Chanakya

2016-01-01

Omnidirectional robots can move in all directions without steering their wheels and it can rotate clockwise and counterclockwise with reference to their axis. In this paper, we focused only on front and back movement, to analyse the square- and triangle-structured omnidirectional robot movements. An omnidirectional mobile robot shows different performances with the different number of wheels and the omnidirectional mobile robot's chassis design. Research is going on in this field to improve the accurate movement capability of omnidirectional mobile robots. This paper presents a design of a unique device of Angle Variable Chassis (AVC) for linear movement analysis of a three-wheeled omnidirectional mobile robot (TWOMR), at various angles (θ) between the wheels. Basic mobility algorithm is developed by varying the angles between the two selected omnidirectional wheels in TWOMR. The experiment is carried out by varying the angles (θ = 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°, and 120°) between the two selected omniwheels and analysing the movement of TWOMR in forward direction and reverse direction on a smooth cement surface. Respectively, it is compared to itself for various angles (θ), to get its advantages and weaknesses. The conclusion of the paper provides effective movement of TWOMR at a particular angle (θ) and also the application of TWOMR in different situations.

Simple Method for Constructing RNA Triangle, Square, Pentagon by Tuning Interior RNA 3WJ Angle from 60° to 90° or 108°.

PubMed

Khisamutdinov, Emil F; Bui, My Nguyen Hoan; Jasinski, Daniel; Zhao, Zhengyi; Cui, Zheng; Guo, Peixuan

2015-01-01

Precise shape control of architectures at the nanometer scale is an intriguing but extremely challenging facet. RNA has recently emerged as a unique material and thermostable building block for use in nanoparticle construction. Here, we describe a simple method from design to synthesis of RNA triangle, square, and pentagon by stretching RNA 3WJ native angle from 60° to 90° and 108°, using the three-way junction (3WJ) of the pRNA from bacteriophage phi29 dsDNA packaging motor. These methods for the construction of elegant polygons can be applied to other RNA building blocks including the utilization and application of RNA 4-way, 5-way, and other multi-way junctions.

Measurement of CP Asymmetries and Branching Fractions in B0 -> pi+ pi-, B0 -> K+ pi-, B0 -> pi0 pi0, B0 -> K0 pi0 and Isospin Analysis of B -> pi pi Decays

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Aubert, Bernard; Bona, M.; Karyotakis, Y.

2008-08-01

The authors present preliminary results of improved measurements of the CP-violating asymmetries and branching fractions in the decays B{sup 0} {yields} {pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup -}, B{sup 0} {yields} K{sup +}{pi}{sup -}, B{sup 0} {yields} {pi}{sup 0}{pi}{sup 0}, and B{sup 0} {yields} K{sup 0}{pi}{sup 0}. This update includes all data taken at the {Upsilon}(4S) resonance by the BABAR experiment at the asymmetric PEP-II B-meson factory at SLAC, corresponding to 467 {+-} 5 million B{bar B} pairs. They find S{sub {pi}{pi}} = -0.68 {+-} 0.10 {+-} 0.03, C{sub {pi}{pi}} = -0.25 {+-} 0.08 {+-} 0.02, {Alpha}{sub K{sub {pi}}} = -0.107 {+-} 0.016{sub -0.004},{supmore » +0.006}, C{sub {pi}{sup 0}{pi}{sup 0}} = -0.43 {+-} 0.26 {+-} 0.05, {Beta}(B{sup 0} {yields} {pi}{sup 0}{pi}{sup 0}) = (1.83 {+-} 0.21 {+-} 0.13) x 10{sup -6}, {Beta}(B{sup 0} {yields} K{sup 0}{pi}{sup 0}) = (10.1 {+-} 0.6 {+-} 0.4) x 10{sup -6}, where the first error is statistical and the second is systematic. They observe CP violation with a significance of 6.7{sigma} in B{sup 0} {yields} {pi}{sup -} and 6.1{sigma} in B{sup 0} {yields} K{sup +}{pi}{sup -}. Constraints on the Unitarity Triangle angle {alpha} are determined from the isospin relation between all B {yields} {pi}{pi} rates and asymmetries.« less

Measurement of CP asymmetries and branching fractions in charmless two-body B-meson decays to pions and kaons

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lees, J. P.; Poireau, V.; Tisserand, V.; Garra Tico, J.; Grauges, E.; Palano, A.; Eigen, G.; Stugu, B.; Brown, D. N.; Kerth, L. T.; Kolomensky, Yu. G.; Lynch, G.; Koch, H.; Schroeder, T.; Asgeirsson, D. J.; Hearty, C.; Mattison, T. S.; McKenna, J. A.; So, R. Y.; Khan, A.; Blinov, V. E.; Buzykaev, A. R.; Druzhinin, V. P.; Golubev, V. B.; Kravchenko, E. A.; Onuchin, A. P.; Serednyakov, S. I.; Skovpen, Yu. I.; Solodov, E. P.; Todyshev, K. Yu.; Yushkov, A. N.; Bondioli, M.; Kirkby, D.; Lankford, A. J.; Mandelkern, M.; Atmacan, H.; Gary, J. W.; Liu, F.; Long, O.; Vitug, G. M.; Campagnari, C.; Hong, T. M.; Kovalskyi, D.; Richman, J. D.; West, C. A.; Eisner, A. M.; Kroseberg, J.; Lockman, W. S.; Martinez, A. J.; Schumm, B. A.; Seiden, A.; Chao, D. S.; Cheng, C. H.; Echenard, B.; Flood, K. T.; Hitlin, D. G.; Ongmongkolkul, P.; Porter, F. C.; Rakitin, A. Y.; Andreassen, R.; Huard, Z.; Meadows, B. T.; Sokoloff, M. D.; Sun, L.; Bloom, P. C.; Ford, W. T.; Gaz, A.; Nauenberg, U.; Smith, J. G.; Wagner, S. R.; Ayad, R.; Toki, W. H.; Spaan, B.; Schubert, K. R.; Schwierz, R.; Bernard, D.; Verderi, M.; Clark, P. J.; Playfer, S.; Bettoni, D.; Bozzi, C.; Calabrese, R.; Cibinetto, G.; Fioravanti, E.; Garzia, I.; Luppi, E.; Munerato, M.; Negrini, M.; Piemontese, L.; Santoro, V.; Baldini-Ferroli, R.; Calcaterra, A.; de Sangro, R.; Finocchiaro, G.; Patteri, P.; Peruzzi, I. M.; Piccolo, M.; Rama, M.; Zallo, A.; Contri, R.; Guido, E.; Lo Vetere, M.; Monge, M. R.; Passaggio, S.; Patrignani, C.; Robutti, E.; Bhuyan, B.; Prasad, V.; Lee, C. L.; Morii, M.; Edwards, A. J.; Adametz, A.; Uwer, U.; Lacker, H. M.; Lueck, T.; Dauncey, P. D.; Behera, P. K.; Mallik, U.; Chen, C.; Cochran, J.; Meyer, W. T.; Prell, S.; Rubin, A. E.; Gritsan, A. V.; Guo, Z. J.; Arnaud, N.; Davier, M.; Derkach, D.; Grosdidier, G.; Le Diberder, F.; Lutz, A. M.; Malaescu, B.; Roudeau, P.; Schune, M. H.; Stocchi, A.; Wormser, G.; Lange, D. J.; Wright, D. M.; Chavez, C. A.; Coleman, J. P.; Fry, J. R.; Gabathuler, E.; Hutchcroft, D. E.; Payne, D. J.; Touramanis, C.; Bevan, A. J.; Di Lodovico, F.; Sacco, R.; Sigamani, M.; Cowan, G.; Brown, D. N.; Davis, C. L.; Denig, A. G.; Fritsch, M.; Gradl, W.; Griessinger, K.; Hafner, A.; Prencipe, E.; Barlow, R. J.; Jackson, G.; Lafferty, G. D.; Behn, E.; Cenci, R.; Hamilton, B.; Jawahery, A.; Roberts, D. A.; Dallapiccola, C.; Cowan, R.; Dujmic, D.; Sciolla, G.; Cheaib, R.; Lindemann, D.; Patel, P. M.; Robertson, S. H.; Biassoni, P.; Neri, N.; Palombo, F.; Stracka, S.; Cremaldi, L.; Godang, R.; Kroeger, R.; Sonnek, P.; Summers, D. J.; Nguyen, X.; Simard, M.; Taras, P.; De Nardo, G.; Monorchio, D.; Onorato, G.; Sciacca, C.; Martinelli, M.; Raven, G.; Jessop, C. P.; LoSecco, J. M.; Wang, W. F.; Honscheid, K.; Kass, R.; Brau, J.; Frey, R.; Sinev, N. B.; Strom, D.; Torrence, E.; Feltresi, E.; Gagliardi, N.; Margoni, M.; Morandin, M.; Posocco, M.; Rotondo, M.; Simi, G.; Simonetto, F.; Stroili, R.; Akar, S.; Ben-Haim, E.; Bomben, M.; Bonneaud, G. R.; Briand, H.; Calderini, G.; Chauveau, J.; Hamon, O.; Leruste, Ph.; Marchiori, G.; Ocariz, J.; Sitt, S.; Biasini, M.; Manoni, E.; Pacetti, S.; Rossi, A.; Angelini, C.; Batignani, G.; Bettarini, S.; Carpinelli, M.; Casarosa, G.; Cervelli, A.; Forti, F.; Giorgi, M. A.; Lusiani, A.; Oberhof, B.; Paoloni, E.; Perez, A.; Rizzo, G.; Walsh, J. J.; Lopes Pegna, D.; Olsen, J.; Smith, A. J. S.; Telnov, A. V.; Anulli, F.; Faccini, R.; Ferrarotto, F.; Ferroni, F.; Gaspero, M.; Li Gioi, L.; Mazzoni, M. A.; Piredda, G.; Bünger, C.; Grünberg, O.; Hartmann, T.; Leddig, T.; Schröder, H.; Voss, C.; Waldi, R.; Adye, T.; Olaiya, E. O.; Wilson, F. F.; Emery, S.; Hamel de Monchenault, G.; Vasseur, G.; Yèche, Ch.; Aston, D.; Bard, D. J.; Bartoldus, R.; Benitez, J. F.; Cartaro, C.; Convery, M. R.; Dorfan, J.; Dubois-Felsmann, G. P.; Dunwoodie, W.; Ebert, M.; Field, R. C.; Franco Sevilla, M.; Fulsom, B. G.; Gabareen, A. M.; Graham, M. T.; Grenier, P.; Hast, C.; Innes, W. R.; Kelsey, M. H.; Kim, P.; Kocian, M. L.; Leith, D. W. G. S.; Lewis, P.; Lindquist, B.; Luitz, S.; Luth, V.; Lynch, H. L.; MacFarlane, D. B.; Muller, D. R.; Neal, H.; Nelson, S.; Perl, M.; Pulliam, T.; Ratcliff, B. N.; Roodman, A.; Salnikov, A. A.; Schindler, R. H.; Snyder, A.; Su, D.; Sullivan, M. K.; Va'vra, J.; Wagner, A. P.; Wisniewski, W. J.; Wittgen, M.; Wright, D. H.; Wulsin, H. W.; Young, C. C.; Ziegler, V.; Park, W.; Purohit, M. V.; White, R. M.; Wilson, J. R.; Randle-Conde, A.; Sekula, S. J.; Bellis, M.; Burchat, P. R.; Miyashita, T. S.; Alam, M. S.; Ernst, J. A.; Gorodeisky, R.; Guttman, N.; Peimer, D. R.; Soffer, A.; Lund, P.; Spanier, S. M.; Ritchie, J. L.; Ruland, A. M.; Schwitters, R. F.; Wray, B. C.; Izen, J. M.; Lou, X. C.; Bianchi, F.; Gamba, D.; Lanceri, L.; Vitale, L.; Martinez-Vidal, F.; Oyanguren, A.; Ahmed, H.; Albert, J.; Banerjee, Sw.; Bernlochner, F. U.; Choi, H. H. F.; King, G. J.; Kowalewski, R.; Lewczuk, M. J.; Nugent, I. M.; Roney, J. M.; Sobie, R. J.; Tasneem, N.; Gershon, T. J.; Harrison, P. F.; Latham, T. E.; Puccio, E. M. T.; Band, H. R.; Dasu, S.; Pan, Y.; Prepost, R.; Wu, S. L.

2013-03-01

We present improved measurements of CP-violation parameters in the decays B0→π+π-, B0→K+π-, and B0→π0π0, and of the branching fractions for B0→π0π0 and B0→K0π0. The results are obtained with the full data set collected at the Υ(4S) resonance by the BABAR experiment at the PEP-II asymmetric-energy B factory at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, corresponding to (467±5)×106 BB¯ pairs. We find the CP-violation parameter values and branching fractions: Sπ+π-=-0.68±0.10±0.03, Cπ+π-=-0.25±0.08±0.02, AK-π+=-0.107±0.016-0.004+0.006, Cπ0π0=-0.43±0.26±0.05, B(B0→π0π0)=(1.83±0.21±0.13)×10-6, B(B0→K0π0)=(10.1±0.6±0.4)×10-6, where in each case, the first uncertainties are statistical and the second are systematic. We observe CP violation with a significance of 6.7 standard deviations for B0→π+π- and 6.1 standard deviations for B0→K+π-, including systematic uncertainties. Constraints on the unitarity triangle angle α are determined from the isospin relations among the B→ππ rates and asymmetries. Considering only the solution preferred by the Standard Model, we find α to be in the range [71°,109°] at the 68% confidence level.

New methodologies for measuring Brugada ECG patterns cannot differentiate the ECG pattern of Brugada syndrome from Brugada phenocopy.

PubMed

Gottschalk, Byron H; Garcia-Niebla, Javier; Anselm, Daniel D; Jaidka, Atul; De Luna, Antoni Bayés; Baranchuk, Adrian

2016-01-01

Brugada phenocopies (BrP) are clinical entities characterized by ECG patterns that are identical to true Brugada syndrome (BrS), but are elicited by various clinical circumstances. A recent study demonstrated that the patterns of BrP and BrS are indistinguishable under the naked eye, thereby validating the concept that the patterns are identical. The aim of our study was to determine whether recently developed ECG criteria would allow for discrimination between type-2 BrS ECG pattern and type-2 BrP ECG pattern. Ten ECGs from confirmed BrS (aborted sudden death, transformation into type 1 upon sodium channel blocking test and/or ventricular arrhythmias, positive genetics) cases and 9 ECGs from confirmed BrP were included in the study. Surface 12-lead ECGs were scanned, saved in JPEG format for blind measurement of two values: (i) β-angle; and (ii) the base of the triangle. Cut-off values of ≥58° for the β-angle and ≥4mm for the base of the triangle were used to determine the BrS ECG pattern. Mean values for the β-angle in leads V1 and V2 were 66.7±25.5 and 55.4±28.1 for BrS and 54.1±26.5 and 43.1±16.1 for BrP respectively (p=NS). Mean values for the base of the triangle in V1 and V2 were 7.5±3.9 and 5.7±3.9 for BrS and 5.6±3.2 and 4.7±2.7 for BrP respectively (p=NS). The β-angle had a sensitivity of 60%, specificity of 78% (LR+ 2.7, LR- 0.5). The base of the triangle had a sensitivity of 80%, specificity of 40% (LR+ 1.4, LR- 0.5). New ECG criteria presented relatively low sensitivity and specificity, positive and negative predictive values to discriminate between BrS and BrP ECG patterns, providing further evidence that the two patterns are identical. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Predictions for the Dirac C P -violating phase from sum rules

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Delgadillo, Luis A.; Everett, Lisa L.; Ramos, Raymundo; Stuart, Alexander J.

2018-05-01

We explore the implications of recent results relating the Dirac C P -violating phase to predicted and measured leptonic mixing angles within a standard set of theoretical scenarios in which charged lepton corrections are responsible for generating a nonzero value of the reactor mixing angle. We employ a full set of leptonic sum rules as required by the unitarity of the lepton mixing matrix, which can be reduced to predictions for the observable mixing angles and the Dirac C P -violating phase in terms of model parameters. These sum rules are investigated within a given set of theoretical scenarios for the neutrino sector diagonalization matrix for several known classes of charged lepton corrections. The results provide explicit maps of the allowed model parameter space within each given scenario and assumed form of charged lepton perturbations.

40 CFR 52.128 - Rule for unpaved parking lots, unpaved roads and vacant lots.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... where the exemption in paragraph (c)(2) of this section applies. (9) Motor vehicle—A self-propelled.... Research Triangle Park, N.C. May 1982. 3. “Method 9—Visible Determination of the Opacity of Emissions from... of the human eye—Reference 4.1 of section 4.) c. Angle of view 15 degrees maximum total angle d...

40 CFR 52.128 - Rule for unpaved parking lots, unpaved roads and vacant lots.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... where the exemption in paragraph (c)(2) of this section applies. (9) Motor vehicle—A self-propelled.... Research Triangle Park, N.C. May 1982. 3. “Method 9—Visible Determination of the Opacity of Emissions from... of the human eye—Reference 4.1 of section 4.) c. Angle of view 15 degrees maximum total angle d...

Puzzles Pastimes Problems.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Eperson, D. B.

1991-01-01

This section includes eight problems to which the journal invites readers to respond. Problem topics include angles in alternate segments, pentominoes, a new triangle of numbers, cricket scores, symmetrical pentagons, inequalities, a pythagorean dissection, and magic squares. (MDH)

"Triangle of safety": anatomic considerations in transvaginal natural orifice surgery.

PubMed

Roberts, Kurt; Solomon, Daniel; Bell, Robert; Duffy, Andrew

2013-08-01

The introduction of transvaginal (TV) natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) brings the loss of traditionally used cutaneous landmarks for safe peritoneal access. This video describes the use of landmarks within the posterior vaginal fornix to define a "triangle of safety" wherein the peritoneal cavity can be accessed while minimizing the risk of injury to surrounding structures. The triangle of safety is best identified in the following way. The cervix and posterior fornix are visualized. Then an imaginary clock located at the base of the cervix is envisioned. The superior two corners of the triangle are represented by the 4 and 8 o'clock positions on this imaginary clock. Sometimes the cervix needs to be grasped and elevated anteriorly so that the inferior apex of the triangle delineated by the center of the rectovaginal fold is better visualized. During hybrid TV NOTES, the rectovaginal pouch of Douglas is visualized from the umbilicus, and the vaginal port can then be safely passed through the center of the triangle. It is important that the vaginal port should be angled upward, aiming toward the umbilicus to avoid injury to the rectum. During pure TV NOTES, the incision is made with electrocautery from the 5 o'clock position to the 7 o'clock position within the triangle. The peritoneum is sharply entered, and the colpotomy is dilated with the surgeons' fingers. The triangle of safety defines a set of landmarks between the base of the cervix and the rectovaginal fold. It allows for a safe TV access for hybrid and pure TV NOTES while minimizing the risk of injury to surrounding structures.

Enhancing immunomodulation on innate immunity by shape transition among RNA triangle, square and pentagon nanovehicles

PubMed Central

Khisamutdinov, Emil F.; Li, Hui; Jasinski, Daniel L.; Chen, Jiao; Fu, Jian; Guo, Peixuan

2014-01-01

Modulation of immune response is important in cancer immunotherapy, vaccine adjuvant development and inflammatory or immune disease therapy. Here we report the development of new immunomodulators via control of shape transition among RNA triangle, square and pentagon. Changing one RNA strand in polygons automatically induced the stretching of the interior angle from 60° to 90° or 108°, resulting in self-assembly of elegant RNA triangles, squares and pentagons. When immunological adjuvants were incorporated, their immunomodulation effect for cytokine TNF-α and IL-6 induction was greatly enhanced in vitro and in animals up to 100-fold, while RNA polygon controls induced unnoticeable effect. The RNA nanoparticles were delivered to macrophages specifically. The degree of immunostimulation greatly depended on the size, shape and number of the payload per nanoparticles. Stronger immune response was observed when the number of adjuvants per polygon was increased, demonstrating the advantage of shape transition from triangle to pentagon. PMID:25092921

Explaining dark matter and neutrino mass in the light of TYPE-II seesaw model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Biswas, Anirban; Shaw, Avirup

2018-02-01

With the motivation of simultaneously explaining dark matter and neutrino masses, mixing angles, we have invoked the Type-II seesaw model extended by an extra SU(2) doublet Φ. Moreover, we have imposed a Z2 parity on Φ which remains unbroken as the vacuum expectation value of Φ is zero. Consequently, the lightest neutral component of Φ becomes naturally stable and can be a viable dark matter candidate. On the other hand, light Majorana masses for neutrinos have been generated following usual Type-II seesaw mechanism. Further in this framework, for the first time we have derived the full set of vacuum stability and unitarity conditions, which must be satisfied to obtain a stable vacuum as well as to preserve the unitarity of the model respectively. Thereafter, we have performed extensive phenomenological studies of both dark matter and neutrino sectors considering all possible theoretical and current experimental constraints. Finally, we have also discussed a qualitative collider signatures of dark matter and associated odd particles at the 13 TeV Large Hadron Collider.

Tile Patterns with Logo--Part I: Laying Tile with Logo.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Clason, Robert G.

1990-01-01

Described is a method for drawing periodic tile patterns using LOGO. Squares, triangles, hexagons, shape filling, and random tile laying are included. These activities incorporate problem solving, programing methods, and the geometry of angles and polygons. (KR)

Long Term Results of Visual Field Progression Analysis in Open Angle Glaucoma Patients Under Treatment.

PubMed

Kocatürk, Tolga; Bekmez, Sinan; Katrancı, Merve; Çakmak, Harun; Dayanır, Volkan

2015-01-01

To evaluate visual field progression with trend and event analysis in open angle glaucoma patients under treatment. Fifteen year follow-up results of 408 eyes of 217 glaucoma patients who were followed at Adnan Menderes University, Department of Ophthalmology between 1998 and 2013 were analyzed retrospectively. Visual field data were collected for Mean Deviation (MD), Visual Field Index (VFI), and event occurrence. There were 146 primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), 123 pseudoexfoliative glaucoma (XFG) and 139 normal tension glaucoma (NTG) eyes. MD showed significant change in all diagnostic groups (p<0.001). The difference of VFI between first and last examinations were significantly different in POAG (p<0.001), and XFG (p<0.003) but not in NTG. VFI progression rates were -0.3, -0.43, and -0.2 % loss/year in treated POAG, XFG, and NTG, respectively. The number of empty triangles were statistically different between POAG-NTG (p=0.001), and XFG-NTG (p=0.002) groups. The number of half-filled (p=0.002), and full-filled (p=0.010) triangles were significantly different between XFG-NTG groups. Functional long-term follow-up of glaucoma patients can be monitored with visual field indices. We herein report our fifteen year follow-up results in open angle glaucoma.

Difference in perception of angular displacement according to applied waveforms.

PubMed

Kushiro, Keisuke; Goto, Fumiyuki

2013-05-01

This study shows that the differences in the waveforms of angular rotation affect the perception and memory of angular displacement. During daily life, when we turn our head during various activities, our brain calculates how much angular displacement our head has undergone. However, how we obtain an accurate estimation of this angular displacement remains unclarified. This study aims to clarify this issue by investigating the perception and memory of passive rotation for three different waveforms of angular velocity rotation (sinusoidal (sine), triangle, and step). Thirteen healthy young subjects sitting on a servo-controlled chair were passively rotated at 60° or 120° about the earth-vertical axis by using one of these three angular velocity waveforms. They then attempted to reproduce the rotation angle by rotating the chair in the same direction in which they had been passively rotated using a handheld controller. The gain (reproduced angle/passively rotated angle) was calculated and used for the evaluation of the perception and memory of angular rotation. The gain for step rotation was larger than that for sine and triangle rotations, with statistical significance. This confirms that the difference in the waveforms of angular rotation affects the perception and memory of angular displacement.

A clear map of the lower cranial nerves at the superior carotid triangle.

PubMed

Cavalcanti, Daniel D; Garcia-Gonzalez, Ulises; Agrawal, Abhishek; Tavares, Paulo L M S; Spetzler, Robert F; Preul, Mark C

2010-07-01

The lower cranial nerves must be identified to avoid iatrogenic injury during skull base and high cervical approaches. Prompt recognition of these structures using basic landmarks could reduce surgical time and morbidity. The anterior triangle of the neck was dissected in 30 cadaveric head sides. The most superficial segments of the glossopharyngeal, vagus and its superior laryngeal nerves, accessory, and hypoglossal nerves were exposed and designated into smaller anatomic triangles. The midpoint of each nerve segment inside the triangles was correlated to the angle of the mandible (AM), mastoid tip (MT), and bifurcation of the common carotid artery. A triangle bounded by the styloglossus muscle, external carotid artery, and facial artery housed the glossopharyngeal nerve. This nerve segment was 0.06 ± 0.71 cm posterior to the AM and 2.50 ± 0.59 cm inferior to the MT. The vagus nerve ran inside the carotid sheath posterior to internal carotid artery and common carotid artery bifurcation in 48.3% of specimens. A triangle formed by the posterior belly of digastric muscle, sternocleidomastoid muscle, and internal jugular vein housed the accessory nerve, 1.90 ± 0.60 cm posterior to the AM and 2.30 ± 0.57 cm inferior to the MT. A triangle outlined by the posterior belly of digastric muscle, internal jugular vein, and common facial vein housed the hypoglossal nerve, which was 0.82 ± 0.84 cm posterior to the AM and 3.64 ± 0.70 cm inferior to the MT. Comprehensible landmarks can be defined to help expose the lower cranial nerves to avoid injury to this complex region. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Design of Single Stage Axial Turbine with Constant Nozzle Angle Blading for Small Turbojet

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Putra Adnan, F.; Hartono, Firman

2018-04-01

In this paper, an aerodynamic design of a single stage gas generator axial turbine for small turbojet engine is explained. As per design requirement, the turbine should be able to deliver power output of 155 kW at 0.8139 kg/s gas mass flow, inlet total temperature of 1200 K and inlet total pressure of 335330 Pa. The design phase consist of several steps, i.e.: determination of velocity triangles in 2D plane, 2D blading design and 3D flow analysis at design point using Computational Fluid Dynamics method. In the determination of velocity triangles, two conditions are applied: zero inlet swirl (i.e. the gas flow enter the turbine at axial direction) and constant nozzle angle design (i.e. the inlet and outlet angle of the nozzle blade are constant from root to tip). The 2D approach in cascade plane is used to specify airfoil type at root, mean and tip of the blade based on inlet and outlet flow conditions. The 3D approach is done by simulating the turbine in full configuration to evaluate the overall performance of the turbine. The observed parameters including axial gap, stagger angle, and tip clearance affect its output power. Based on analysis results, axial gap and stagger angle are positively correlated with output power up to a certain point at which the power decreases. Tip clearance, however, gives inversely correlation with output power.

Automatic Generation of CFD-Ready Surface Triangulations from CAD Geometry

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Aftosmis, M. J.; Delanaye, M.; Haimes, R.; Nixon, David (Technical Monitor)

1998-01-01

This paper presents an approach for the generation of closed manifold surface triangulations from CAD geometry. CAD parts and assemblies are used in their native format, without translation, and a part's native geometry engine is accessed through a modeler-independent application programming interface (API). In seeking a robust and fully automated procedure, the algorithm is based on a new physical space manifold triangulation technique which was developed to avoid robustness issues associated with poorly conditioned mappings. In addition, this approach avoids the usual ambiguities associated with floating-point predicate evaluation on constructed coordinate geometry in a mapped space, The technique is incremental, so that each new site improves the triangulation by some well defined quality measure. Sites are inserted using a variety of priority queues to ensure that new insertions will address the worst triangles first, As a result of this strategy, the algorithm will return its 'best' mesh for a given (prespecified) number of sites. Alternatively, the algorithm may be allowed to terminate naturally after achieving a prespecified measure of mesh quality. The resulting triangulations are 'CFD-ready' in that: (1) Edges match the underlying part model to within a specified tolerance. (2) Triangles on disjoint surfaces in close proximity have matching length-scales. (3) The algorithm produces a triangulation such that no angle is less than a given angle bound, alpha, or greater than Pi - 2alpha This result also sets bounds on the maximum vertex degree, triangle aspect-ratio and maximum stretching rate for the triangulation. In addition to tile output triangulations for a variety of CAD parts, tile discussion presents related theoretical results which assert the existence of such all angle bound, and demonstrate that maximum bounds of between 25 deg and 30 deg may be achieved in practice.

Trigonometry Learning

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gur, Hulya

2009-01-01

Background: Trigonometry is an area of mathematics that students believe to be particularly difficult and abstract compared with the other subjects of mathematics. Trigonometry is often introduced early in year 8 with most textbooks traditionally starting with naming sides of right-angled triangles. Students need to see and understand why their…

Going the distance: spatial scale of athletic experience affects the accuracy of path integration.

PubMed

Smith, Alastair D; Howard, Christina J; Alcock, Niall; Cater, Kirsten

2010-09-01

Evidence suggests that athletically trained individuals are more accurate than untrained individuals in updating their spatial position through idiothetic cues. We assessed whether training at different spatial scales affects the accuracy of path integration. Groups of rugby players (large-scale training) and martial artists (small-scale training) participated in a triangle-completion task: they were led (blindfolded) along two sides of a right-angled triangle and were required to complete the hypotenuse by returning to the origin. The groups did not differ in their assessment of the distance to the origin, but rugby players were more accurate than martial artists in assessing the correct angle to turn (heading), and landed significantly closer to the origin. These data support evidence that distance and heading components can be dissociated. Furthermore, they suggest that the spatial scale at which an individual is trained may affect the accuracy of one component of path integration but not the other.

Mathematics Education Graduate Students' Understanding of Trigonometric Ratios

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Yigit Koyunkaya, Melike

2016-01-01

This study describes mathematics education graduate students' understanding of relationships between sine and cosine of two base angles in a right triangle. To explore students' understanding of these relationships, an elaboration of Skemp's views of instrumental and relational understanding using Tall and Vinner's concept image and concept…

Secondary Mathematics Education in the Soviet Union, an Individual Study Project.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-05-14

Pythagoras and other well-known congruence theorems on angles and triangles. Concepts of set theory are developed in relation to the topics studied. Grades 6...geometry (areas, volumes, etc.). Geometric topics include: use of the ruler, protractor, and compasses in geometric constructions; Theorem of

Cultivating Deductive Thinking with Angle Chasing

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Edwards, Michael todd; Quinlan, James; Harper, Suzanne R.; Cox, Dana C.; Phelps, Steve

2014-01-01

Despite Common Core State Standards for Mathematics (CCSSI 2010) recommendations, too often students' introduction to proof consists of the study of formal axiomatic systems--for example, triangle congruence proofs--typically in an introductory geometry course with no connection back to previous work in earlier algebra courses. Van Hiele…

Determination of the D{sup 0}{yields}K{sup -}{pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup 0} and D{sup 0}{yields}K{sup -}{pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup -} coherence factors and average strong-phase differences using quantum-correlated measurements

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lowrey, N.; Mehrabyan, S.; Selen, M.

The first measurements of the coherence factors (R{sub K{pi}}{sub {pi}{sup 0}} and R{sub K3{pi}}) and the average strong-phase differences ({delta}{sub D}{sup K{pi}}{sup {pi}{sup 0}} and {delta}{sub D}{sup K3{pi}}) for D{sup 0}{yields}K{sup -}{pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup 0} and D{sup 0}{yields}K{sup -}{pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup -} are presented. These parameters can be used to improve the determination of the unitarity triangle angle {gamma} in B{sup -}{yields}DK{sup -} decays, where D is a D{sup 0} or D{sup 0} meson decaying to the same final state. The measurements are made using quantum-correlated, fully reconstructed D{sup 0}D{sup 0} pairs produced in e{sup +}e{sup -} collisions at the {psi}(3770)more » resonance. The measured values are: R{sub K{pi}}{sub {pi}{sup 0}}=0.84{+-}0.07, {delta}{sub D}{sup K{pi}}{sup {pi}{sup 0}}=(227{sub -17}{sup +14}) deg., R{sub K3{pi}}=0.33{sub -0.23}{sup +0.20}, and {delta}{sub D}{sup K3{pi}}=(114{sub -23}{sup +26}) deg. These results indicate significant coherence in the decay D{sup 0}{yields}K{sup -}{pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup 0}, whereas lower coherence is observed in the decay D{sup 0}{yields}K{sup -}{pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup -}. The analysis also results in a small improvement in the knowledge of other D-meson parameters, in particular, the strong-phase difference for D{sup 0}{yields}K{sup -}{pi}{sup +}, {delta}{sub D}{sup K{pi}}, and the mixing parameter y.« less

Measurement of CP-Violating Asymmetries in B0 to (rho pi)0 Using a Time-Dependent Dalitz Plot Analysis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wu, J.

We present the preliminary measurement of CP-violating asymmetries in B{sup 0} {yields} ({rho}{pi}){sup 0} {yields} {pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup -}{pi}{sup 0} decays using a time-dependent Dalitz plot analysis. The results are obtained from a data sample of 213 million {Upsilon}(4S) {yields} B{bar B} decays, collected by the BABAR detector at the PEP-II asymmetric-energy B Factory at SLAC. This analysis extends the narrow-rho quasi-two-body approximation used in the previous analysis, by taking into account the interference between the rho resonances of the three charges. We measure 16 coefficients of the bilinear form factor terms occurring in the time-dependent decay rate of the B{supmore » 0} meson with the use of a maximum-likelihood fit. We derive the physically relevant quantities from these coefficients. We measure the direct CP-violation parameters A{sub {rho}{pi}} = -0.088 {+-} 0.049 {+-} 0.013 and C = 0.34 {+-} 0.11 {+-} 0.05, where the first errors are statistical and the second systematic. For the mixing-induced CP-violation parameter we find S = -0.10 {+-} 0.14 {+-} 0.04, and for the dilution and strong phase shift parameters respectively, we obtain {Delta}C = 0.15 {+-} 0.11 {+-} 0.03 and {Delta}S = 0.22 {+-} 0.15 {+-} 0.03. For the angle alpha of the Unitarity Triangle we measure (113{sub -17}{sup +27} {+-} 6){sup o}, while only a weak constraint is achieved at the significance level of more than two standard deviations. Finally, for the relative strong phase {delta}{sub {+-}} between the B{sup 0} {yields} {rho}{sup -}{pi}{sup +} and B{sup 0} {yields} {rho}{sup +}{pi}{sup -} transitions we find (-67{sub -31}{sup +28} {+-} 7) deg, with a similarly weak constraint at two standard deviations and beyond.« less

Investigating Mathematics with PentaBlocks.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Berman, Sheldon; Plummer, Gary A.; Scheuer, Don

These classic pattern blocks were introduced in the early 1960s as part of the Elementary Science Study materials developed by the Educational Development Center (EDC). The six classic shapes share one common characteristic: all of the angle measurements are multiplies of 30 degrees. Shapes include the regular triangle, square, and hexagon; the…

The Mechanism of Restructuring in Geometry

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-05-01

geometric problem solving (Technical Report No. 353). Uppsala, Sweden: Department of Psychology , University of Uppsala. UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY...these questions: Psychological experiments, protocol studies, computer simulations, historical studies, semantic, logical, and mathematical analyses...triangle are congruent, then their opposite angles are congruent; and vice versa. Method Three undergraduate psychology students participated in an

Finding Fifths in Origami

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hsiao, Joy

2015-01-01

Paper folding, or origami in Japanese, is a traditional craft that has been enjoyed by both children and adults for hundreds of years. Mathematicians have long studied the mathematics of paper folding. They use square papers to construct mathematical shapes (for example, folding an equilateral triangle from a square paper or trisecting an angle),…

$$B^0_{(s)}$$-mixing matrix elements from lattice QCD for the Standard Model and beyond

DOE PAGES

Bazavov, A.; Bernard, C.; Bouchard, C. M.; ...

2016-06-28

We calculate—for the first time in three-flavor lattice QCD—the hadronic matrix elements of all five local operators that contribute to neutral B 0- and B s-meson mixing in and beyond the Standard Model. We present a complete error budget for each matrix element and also provide the full set of correlations among the matrix elements. We also present the corresponding bag parameters and their correlations, as well as specific combinations of the mixing matrix elements that enter the expression for the neutral B-meson width difference. We obtain the most precise determination to date of the SU(3)-breaking ratio ξ=1.206(18)(6), where themore » second error stems from the omission of charm-sea quarks, while the first encompasses all other uncertainties. The threefold reduction in total uncertainty, relative to the 2013 Flavor Lattice Averaging Group results, tightens the constraint from B mixing on the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) unitarity triangle. Our calculation employs gauge-field ensembles generated by the MILC Collaboration with four lattice spacings and pion masses close to the physical value. We use the asqtad-improved staggered action for the light-valence quarks and the Fermilab method for the bottom quark. We use heavy-light meson chiral perturbation theory modified to include lattice-spacing effects to extrapolate the five matrix elements to the physical point. We combine our results with experimental measurements of the neutral B-meson oscillation frequencies to determine the CKM matrix elements |V td| = 8.00(34)(8)×10 -3, |V ts| = 39.0(1.2)(0.4)×10 -3, and |V td/V ts| = 0.2052(31)(10), which differ from CKM-unitarity expectations by about 2σ. In addition, these results and others from flavor-changing-neutral currents point towards an emerging tension between weak processes that are mediated at the loop and tree levels.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bazavov, A.; Bernard, C.; Bouchard, C. M.

We calculate—for the first time in three-flavor lattice QCD—the hadronic matrix elements of all five local operators that contribute to neutral B 0- and B s-meson mixing in and beyond the Standard Model. We present a complete error budget for each matrix element and also provide the full set of correlations among the matrix elements. We also present the corresponding bag parameters and their correlations, as well as specific combinations of the mixing matrix elements that enter the expression for the neutral B-meson width difference. We obtain the most precise determination to date of the SU(3)-breaking ratio ξ=1.206(18)(6), where themore » second error stems from the omission of charm-sea quarks, while the first encompasses all other uncertainties. The threefold reduction in total uncertainty, relative to the 2013 Flavor Lattice Averaging Group results, tightens the constraint from B mixing on the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) unitarity triangle. Our calculation employs gauge-field ensembles generated by the MILC Collaboration with four lattice spacings and pion masses close to the physical value. We use the asqtad-improved staggered action for the light-valence quarks and the Fermilab method for the bottom quark. We use heavy-light meson chiral perturbation theory modified to include lattice-spacing effects to extrapolate the five matrix elements to the physical point. We combine our results with experimental measurements of the neutral B-meson oscillation frequencies to determine the CKM matrix elements |V td| = 8.00(34)(8)×10 -3, |V ts| = 39.0(1.2)(0.4)×10 -3, and |V td/V ts| = 0.2052(31)(10), which differ from CKM-unitarity expectations by about 2σ. In addition, these results and others from flavor-changing-neutral currents point towards an emerging tension between weak processes that are mediated at the loop and tree levels.« less

Orbital selectivity causing anisotropy and particle-hole asymmetry in the charge density wave gap of 2 H - TaS 2

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhao, J.; Wijayaratne, K.; Butler, A.

We report an in-depth angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy study on 2H-TaS2, a canonical incommensurate charge density wave (CDW) system. This study demonstrates that just as in related incommensurate CDW systems, 2H-TaSe2 and 2H-NbSe2, the energy gap (triangle(CDW)) of 2H-TaS2 is localized along the K-centered Fermi surface barrels and is particle-hole asymmetric. The persistence of triangle(CDW) even at temperatures higher than the CDW transition temperature T-CDW in 2H-TaS2, reflects the similar pseudogap behavior observed previously in 2H-TaSe2 and 2H-NbSe2. However, in sharp contrast to 2H-NbSe2, where triangle(CDW) is nonzero only in the vicinity of a few "hot spots" on the innerK-centered Fermimore » surface barrels, triangle(CDW) in 2H-TaS2 is nonzero along the entirety of both K-centered Fermi surface barrels. Based on a tight-binding model, we attribute this dichotomy in the momentum dependence and the Fermi surface specificity of triangle(CDW) between otherwise similar CDW compounds to the different orbital orientations of their electronic states that participate in the CDW pairing. Our results suggest that the orbital selectivity plays a critical role in the description of incommensurate CDW materials.« less

Orbit analysis of a geostationary gravitational wave interferometer detector array

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tinto, Massimo; de Araujo, Jose C. N.; Kuga, Helio K.; Alves, Márcio E. S.; Aguiar, Odylio D.

2015-09-01

We analyze the trajectories of three geostationary satellites forming the geostationary gravitational wave interferometer (GEOGRAWI) [1], a space-based laser interferometer mission aiming to detect and study gravitational radiation in the (10-4-10) Hz band. The combined effects of the gravity fields of the Earth, the Sun and the Moon make the three satellites deviate from their nominally stationary, equatorial and equilateral configuration. Since changes in the satellites’s relative distances and orientations could negatively affect the precision of the laser heterodyne measurements, we have derived the time-dependence of the inter-satellite distances and velocities, the variations of the polar angles made by the constellation’s three arms with respect to a chosen reference frame and the time changes of the triangle’s enclosed angles. We find that during the time between two consecutive station-keeping maneuvers (about two weeks) the relative variations of the inter-satellite distances do not exceed a value of 0.05%, while the relative velocities between pairs of satellites remain smaller than about 0.7 m s-1. In addition, we find the angles made by the arms of the triangle with the equatorial plane to be periodic functions of time whose amplitudes grow linearly with time; the maximum variations experienced by these angles as well as by those within the triangle remain smaller than 3 arc-minutes, while the east-west angular variations of the three arms remain smaller than about 15 arc-minutes during the two-week period.

Laws of trigonometry on SU(3)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Aslaksen, H.

1988-01-01

In this paper we will study triangles in SU(3). The orbit space of congruence classes of triangles in SU(3) has dimension 8. Each corner is made up of a pair of tangent vectors (X,Y), and we consider the 8 functions trX{sup 2}, i trX{sup 3}, trY{sup 2}, i trY{sup 3}, trXY, i trY{sup 2}Y, i trXY{sup 2}, trX{sup 2}Y{sup 2} which are invariant under the full isometry group of SU(3). We show that these 8 corner invariants determine the isometry class of the triangle. We give relations (laws of trigonometry) between the invariants at the different corners, enabling us tomore » determine the invariants at the remaining corners, including the values of the remaining side and angles, if we know one set of corner invariants. The invariants that only depend on one tangent vector we will call side invariants, while those that depend on two tangent vectors will be called angular invariants. For each triangle we then have 6 side invariants and 12 angular invariants. Hence we need 18 {minus} 8 = 10 laws of trigonometry. The basic tool for deriving these laws is a formula expressing tr(exp X exp Y) in terms of the corner invariants.« less

Implementation of non-axisymmetric mesh system in the gyrokinetic PIC code (XGC) for Stellarators

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Moritaka, Toseo; Hager, Robert; Cole, Micheal; Chang, Choong-Seock; Lazerson, Samuel; Ku, Seung-Hoe; Ishiguro, Seiji

2017-10-01

Gyrokinetic simulation is a powerful tool to investigate turbulent and neoclassical transports based on the first-principles of plasma kinetics. The gyrokinetic PIC code XGC has been developed for integrated simulations that cover the entire region of Tokamaks. Complicated field line and boundary structures should be taken into account to demonstrate edge plasma dynamics under the influence of X-point and vessel components. XGC employs gyrokinetic Poisson solver on unstructured triangle mesh to deal with this difficulty. We introduce numerical schemes newly developed for XGC simulation in non-axisymmetric Stellarator geometry. Triangle meshes in each poloidal plane are defined by PEST poloidal angle in the VMEC equilibrium so that they have the same regular structure in the straight field line coordinate. Electric charge of marker particle is distributed to the triangles specified by the field-following projection to the neighbor poloidal planes. 3D spline interpolation in a cylindrical mesh is also used to obtain equilibrium magnetic field at the particle position. These schemes capture the anisotropic plasma dynamics and resulting potential structure with high accuracy. The triangle meshes can smoothly connect to unstructured meshes in the edge region. We will present the validation test in the core region of Large Helical Device and discuss about future challenges toward edge simulations.

Do Rats Use Shape to Solve "Shape Discriminations"?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Minini, Loredana; Jeffery, Kathryn J.

2006-01-01

Visual discrimination tasks are increasingly used to explore the neurobiology of vision in rodents, but it remains unclear how the animals solve these tasks: Do they process shapes holistically, or by using low-level features such as luminance and angle acuity? In the present study we found that when discriminating triangles from squares, rats did…

Leaning on Socrates to Derive the Pythagorean Theorem

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Percy, Andrew; Carr, Alistair

2010-01-01

The one theorem just about every student remembers from school is the theorem about the side lengths of a right angled triangle which Euclid attributed to Pythagoras when writing Proposition 47 of "The Elements". Usually first met in middle school, the student will be continually exposed throughout their mathematical education to the…

Learning Mathematics Does Not (Necessarily) Mean Constructing the Right Knowledge

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dawson, Sandy

2015-01-01

In this article, which was first published in 1991, the late Sandy Dawson, discusses aspects of a Lakatosian approach to mathematics teaching. The ideas are illustrated with examples from three teaching situations: making conjectures about the next number in a sequence; making conjectures about the internal angles in a triangle using Logo; and…

Mathematics education graduate students' understanding of trigonometric ratios

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yiǧit Koyunkaya, Melike

2016-10-01

This study describes mathematics education graduate students' understanding of relationships between sine and cosine of two base angles in a right triangle. To explore students' understanding of these relationships, an elaboration of Skemp's views of instrumental and relational understanding using Tall and Vinner's concept image and concept definition was developed. Nine students volunteered to complete three paper and pencil tasks designed to elicit evidence of understanding and three students among these nine students volunteered for semi-structured interviews. As a result of fine-grained analysis of the students' responses to the tasks, the evidence of concept image and concept definition as well as instrumental and relational understanding of trigonometric ratios was found. The unit circle and a right triangle were identified as students' concept images, and the mnemonic was determined as their concept definition for trigonometry, specifically for trigonometric ratios. It is also suggested that students had instrumental understanding of trigonometric ratios while they were less flexible to act on trigonometric ratio tasks and had limited relational understanding. Additionally, the results indicate that graduate students' understanding of the concept of angle mediated their understanding of trigonometry, specifically trigonometric ratios.

Unitarity of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix and a nonuniversal gauge interaction model

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lee, Kang Young

2007-12-01

Recent measurements of |V{sub us}| from kaon decays strongly support the unitarity of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix. The unitarity provides a stringent constraint on the parameter space of the nonuniversal gauge interaction model based on the separate SU(2){sub L} gauge group acting on the third generation fermions. I show that this constraint is stronger than those from the CERN LEP and SLC data and low-energy experiment data.

Unitarity violation in noninteger dimensional Gross-Neveu-Yukawa model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ji, Yao; Kelly, Michael

2018-05-01

We construct an explicit example of unitarity violation in fermionic quantum field theories in noninteger dimensions. We study the two-point correlation function of four-fermion operators. We compute the one-loop anomalous dimensions of these operators in the Gross-Neveu-Yukawa model. We find that at one-loop order, the four-fermion operators split into three classes with one class having negative norms. This implies that the theory violates unitarity, following the definition in Ref. [1].

Matter scattering in quadratic gravity and unitarity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Abe, Yugo; Inami, Takeo; Izumi, Keisuke; Kitamura, Tomotaka

2018-03-01

We investigate the ultraviolet (UV) behavior of two-scalar elastic scattering with graviton exchanges in higher-curvature gravity theory. In Einstein gravity, matter scattering is shown not to satisfy the unitarity bound at tree level at high energy. Among some of the possible directions for the UV completion of Einstein gravity, such as string theory, modified gravity, and inclusion of high-mass/high-spin states, we take R_{μν}^2 gravity coupled to matter. We show that matter scattering with graviton interactions satisfies the unitarity bound at high energy, even with negative norm states due to the higher-order derivatives of metric components. The difference in the unitarity property of these two gravity theories is probably connected to that in another UV property, namely, the renormalizability property of the two.

Three-body unitarity with isobars revisited

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mai, M.; Hu, B.; Döring, M.

The particle exchange model of hadron interactions can be used to describe three-body scattering under the isobar assumption. Here, we start from the 3->3 scattering amplitude for spinless particles, which contains an isobar-spectator scattering amplitude. Using a Bethe-Salpeter Ansatz for the latter, we derive a relativistic three-dimensional scattering equation that manifestly fulfills three-body unitarity and two-body unitarity for the sub-amplitudes. Furthermore, this property holds for energies above breakup and also in the presence of resonances in the sub-amplitudes.

Three-body unitarity with isobars revisited

DOE PAGES

Mai, M.; Hu, B.; Döring, M.; ...

2017-09-08

The particle exchange model of hadron interactions can be used to describe three-body scattering under the isobar assumption. Here, we start from the 3->3 scattering amplitude for spinless particles, which contains an isobar-spectator scattering amplitude. Using a Bethe-Salpeter Ansatz for the latter, we derive a relativistic three-dimensional scattering equation that manifestly fulfills three-body unitarity and two-body unitarity for the sub-amplitudes. Furthermore, this property holds for energies above breakup and also in the presence of resonances in the sub-amplitudes.

Semiclassical approximation of the Wheeler-DeWitt equation: arbitrary orders and the question of unitarity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kiefer, Claus; Wichmann, David

2018-06-01

We extend the Born-Oppenheimer type of approximation scheme for the Wheeler-DeWitt equation of canonical quantum gravity to arbitrary orders in the inverse Planck mass squared. We discuss in detail the origin of unitarity violation in this scheme and show that unitarity can be restored by an appropriate modification which requires back reaction from matter onto the gravitational sector. In our analysis, we heavily rely on the gauge aspects of the standard Born-Oppenheimer scheme in molecular physics.

Review of lattice results concerning low-energy particle physics

DOE PAGES

Aoki, S.; Aoki, Y.; Bernard, C.; ...

2014-09-01

We review lattice results related to pion, kaon, D- and B-meson physics with the aim of making them easily accessible to the particle physics community. More specifically, we report on the determination of the light-quark masses, the form factor f+(0), arising in semileptonic K -> pi transition at zero momentum transfer, as well as the decay constant ratio fK/fpi of decay constants and its consequences for the CKM matrix elements Vus and Vud. Furthermore, we describe the results obtained on the lattice for some of the low-energy constants of SU(2)LxSU(2)R and SU(3)LxSU(3)R Chiral Perturbation Theory and review the determination ofmore » the BK parameter of neutral kaon mixing. The inclusion of heavy-quark quantities significantly expands the FLAG scope with respect to the previous review. Therefore, for this review, we focus on D- and B-meson decay constants, form factors, and mixing parameters, since these are most relevant for the determination of CKM matrix elements and the global CKM unitarity-triangle fit. In addition we review the status of lattice determinations of the strong coupling constant alpha_s.« less

Renormalization-group equations of neutrino masses and flavor mixing parameters in matter

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xing, Zhi-zhong; Zhou, Shun; Zhou, Ye-Ling

2018-05-01

We borrow the general idea of renormalization-group equations (RGEs) to understand how neutrino masses and flavor mixing parameters evolve when neutrinos propagate in a medium, highlighting a meaningful possibility that the genuine flavor quantities in vacuum can be extrapolated from their matter-corrected counterparts to be measured in some realistic neutrino oscillation experiments. Taking the matter parameter a≡ 2√{2}{G}F{N}_eE to be an arbitrary scale-like variable with N e being the net electron number density and E being the neutrino beam energy, we derive a complete set of differential equations for the effective neutrino mixing matrix V and the effective neutrino masses {\\tilde{m}}_i (for i = 1 , 2 , 3). Given the standard parametrization of V , the RGEs for {{\\tilde{θ}}_{12}, {\\tilde{θ}}_{13}, {\\tilde{θ}}_{23}, \\tilde{δ}} in matter are formulated for the first time. We demonstrate some useful differential invariants which retain the same form from vacuum to matter, including the well-known Naumov and Toshev relations. The RGEs of the partial μ- τ asymmetries, the off-diagonal asymmetries and the sides of unitarity triangles of V are also obtained as a by-product.

Analyses and Comparison of Solar Air Heater with Various Rib Roughness using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kumar, K. Ravi; Cheepu, Muralimohan; Srinivas, B.; Venkateswarlu, D.; Pramod Kumar, G.; Shiva, Apireddi

2018-03-01

In solar air heater, artificial roughness on absorber plate become prominent technique to improving heat transfer rate of air flowing passage as a result of laminar sublayer. The selection of rib geometries plays important role on friction characteristics and heat transfer rate. Many researchers studying the roughness shapes over the years to investigate the effect of geometries on the performance of friction factor and heat transfer of the solar air heater. The present study made an attempt to develop the different rib shapes utilised for creating artificial rib roughness and its comparison to investigate higher performance of the geometries. The use of computational fluid dynamics software resulted in correlation of friction factor and heat transfer rate. The simulations studies were performed on 2D computational fluid dynamics model and analysed to identify the most effective parameters of relative roughness of the height, width and pitch on major considerations of friction factor and heat transfer. The Reynolds number is varied in a range from 3000 to 20000, in the current study and modelling has conducted on heat transfer and turbulence phenomena by using Reynolds number. The modelling results showed the formation of strong vortex in the main stream flow due to the right angle triangle roughness over the square, rectangle, improved rectangle and equilateral triangle geometries enhanced the heat transfer extension in the solar air heater. The simulation of the turbulence kinetic energy of the geometry suggests the local turbulence kinetic energy has been influenced strongly by the alignments of the right angle triangle.

Manipulation of Liquid Metals on a Graphite Surface.

PubMed

Hu, Liang; Wang, Lei; Ding, Yujie; Zhan, Shihui; Liu, Jing

2016-11-01

Liquid metals (LMs) in an alkaline electrolyte, when placed on a graphite surface, are able to be manipulated into desired flat, stable shapes with sharp angles, like triangles. Unique transformations and worm-like anti-gravity upslope LM locomotion under a low-voltage electric field are also revealed. © 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

A Proposal for a Variation on the Axioms of Classical Geometry

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schellenberg, Bjorn

2010-01-01

A set of axioms for classical absolute geometry is proposed that is accessible to students new to axioms. The metric axioms adopted are the ruler axiom, triangle inequality and the bisector axiom. Angle measure is derived from distance, and all properties needed to establish a consistent system are derived. In particular, the SAS congruence…

Secret loss of unitarity due to the classical background

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, I.-Sheng

2017-07-01

We show that a quantum subsystem can become significantly entangled with a classical background through a process with few or no semiclassical backreactions. We study two quantum harmonic oscillators coupled to each other in a time-independent Hamiltonian. We compare it to its semiclassical approximation in which one of the oscillators is treated as the classical background. In this approximation, the remaining quantum oscillator has an effective Hamiltonian which is time-dependent, and its evolution appears to be unitary. However, in the fully quantum model, the two oscillators can entangle each other. Thus, the unitarity of either individual oscillator is never guaranteed. We derive the critical time scale after which the unitarity of either individual oscillator is irrevocably lost. In particular, we give an example that in the adiabatic limit, unitarity is lost before other relevant questions can be addressed.

Observational drawing biases are predicted by biases in perception: Empirical support of the misperception hypothesis of drawing accuracy with respect to two angle illusions.

PubMed

Ostrofsky, Justin; Kozbelt, Aaron; Cohen, Dale J

2015-01-01

We tested the misperception hypothesis of drawing errors, which states that drawing accuracy is strongly influenced by the perceptual encoding of a to-be-drawn stimulus. We used a highly controlled experimental paradigm in which nonartist participants made perceptual judgements and drawings of angles under identical stimulus exposure conditions. Experiment 1 examined the isosceles/scalene triangle angle illusion; congruent patterns of bias in the perception and drawing tasks were found for 40 and 60° angles, but not for 20 or 80° angles, providing mixed support for the misperception hypothesis. Experiment 2 examined shape constancy effects with respect to reproductions of single acute or obtuse angles; congruent patterns of bias in the perception and drawing tasks were found across a range of angles from 29 to 151°, providing strong support for the misperception hypothesis. In both experiments, perceptual and drawing biases were positively correlated. These results are largely consistent with the misperception hypothesis, suggesting that inaccurate perceptual encoding of angles is an important reason that nonartists err in drawing angles from observation.

Constraints on the [Formula: see text] form factor from analyticity and unitarity.

PubMed

Ananthanarayan, B; Caprini, I; Kubis, B

Motivated by the discrepancies noted recently between the theoretical calculations of the electromagnetic [Formula: see text] form factor and certain experimental data, we investigate this form factor using analyticity and unitarity in a framework known as the method of unitarity bounds. We use a QCD correlator computed on the spacelike axis by operator product expansion and perturbative QCD as input, and exploit unitarity and the positivity of its spectral function, including the two-pion contribution that can be reliably calculated using high-precision data on the pion form factor. From this information, we derive upper and lower bounds on the modulus of the [Formula: see text] form factor in the elastic region. The results provide a significant check on those obtained with standard dispersion relations, confirming the existence of a disagreement with experimental data in the region around [Formula: see text].

Saturnian north polar region: a triangle inside the hexagon?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kochemasov, Gennady G.

2010-05-01

The famous and "mysterious" stable hexagon structure around the North Pole of Saturn was earlier interpreted as projections of faces of a structural tetrahedron [1]. This "hidden" simplest Plato's polyhedron is a result of an interference of four fundamental (wave 1) warping waves having in any rotating celestial body four directions: orthogonal and diagonal. Origin of the warping waves in any celestial body is due to their movements in elliptical keplerian orbits with periodically changing accelerations. The structural tetrahedron is an intrinsic geometric feature marking the celestial bodies ubiquitous tectonic dichotomy as in a tetrahedron always there is an opposition of a face (expansion) and a vertex (contraction). In the saturnian case the tetrahedron shows a face at the north and a vertex at the south. Morphologically this is manifested by the hexagon and opposing it in the south a vertex. Blue and pink hues of the northern and southern hemispheres also underline the tectonic dichotomy. These geometric expressions are enforced by a subtle dark equilateral triangle appearing in the image PIA11682 also around the north pole and inside the hexagon (the triangle side is about 15000 km long). One angle of the triangle is clearly visible, another one just shows itself and the third one is barely distinguished. The sides of the triangle are not strait lines but slightly broken amidst lines what makes the triangle appear a bit hexagonal (spherical) and the angle is a bit bigger than 60 degrees of a classical equilateral triangle (~70 degrees). The central part of the triangle is not imaged (a black hole in the PIA11682). This image also confirms that the wide northern polar region is also densely "peppered" with bright cloudy more or less isometric spots on average 400 to 800 km across as in other latitudinal belts of Saturn [2, 3, 4]. Earlier they were observed in IR wavelengths, now they show themselves in visible wavelengths. Their origin and size were interpreted as interference wave features of modulated atmospheric inertia-gravity waves [2, 3]. It seems, as it was mentioned before, that the "leopard' spots in the north are slightly larger than those in the south [3, 4]. This observation confirms the north-south dichotomy of Saturn with expanding northern hemisphere. Finally, very distinctive wave features of this giant gas planet (often geometrically regular) are probably due to its comparatively high eccentricity exciting important warping waves in its body. References: [1] Kochemasov G.G. (2007a) Dichotomous Saturn in infrared images: huge northern hexagon against smaller southern hurricane // ERSC Abctracts, Vol. 2, EPSC2007-A-00015, 2007. [2] Kochemasov G.G. (2007b) Calculating size of the Saturn's "leopard skin" spots // Lunar and Planetary Science Conference XXXVIII, Abstract #1040, CD-ROM. [3] Kochemasov G.G (2007c) Saturn's infrared spots at the southern and northern polar regions and calculation of their sizes by a wave modulation procedure // ERSC Abstracts, Vol. 2, EPSC2007-A-00017, 2007. [4] Kochemasov G.G. (2008) Systematic not random "peppering" saturnian surface by the IR round clouds: wave features with predictable size // European Geosciences Union General Assembly, 2008, Vienna, Austria, 13-18 April 2008, Abstracts, EGU2008-A-01274, CD-ROM.

Discovering Trigonometric Relationships Implied by the Law of Sines and the Law of Cosines

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Skurnick, Ronald; Javadi, Mohammad

2006-01-01

The Law of Sines and The Law of Cosines are of paramount importance in the field of trigonometry because these two theorems establish relationships satisfied by the three sides and the three angles of any triangle. In this article, the authors use these two laws to discover a host of other trigonometric relationships that exist within any…

Matematica Para La Escuela Secundaria: Geometria (Parte 1). Traduccion Preliminar de la Edicion Inglesa Revisada. (Mathematics for High School: Geometry, Part 1. Preliminary Translation of the Revised English Edition).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Allen, Frank B.; And Others

This is part one of a two-part SMSG mathematics text for high school students. Topics include plane geometry, real numbers, triangles and angles, congruence, construction, parallel lines, perpendicular lines, and parallelograms. The text is written in Spanish. (RH)

From Unity to Diversity: Twenty-Five Years of Language-Teaching Methodology

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Larsen-Freeman, Diane

2012-01-01

This article was written for the 25th anniversary of "English Teaching Forum" and published in 1987. In this article, the author describes methodological developments in the field of English language teaching over the past 25 years. The author has found it helpful to think of methodology being depicted as a triangle, with each angle of the…

An improved tree height measurement technique tested on mature southern pines

Treesearch

Don C. Bragg

2008-01-01

Virtually all techniques for tree height determination follow one of two principles: similar triangles or the tangent method. Most people apply the latter approach, which uses the tangents of the angles to the top and bottom and a true horizontal distance to the subject tree. However, few adjust this method for ground slope, tree lean, crown shape, and crown...

76 FR 63200 - Safety Zone; The Old Club Cannonade, Lake St. Clair, Muscamoot Bay, Harsens Island, MI

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-12

.... Department of Transportation, West Building Ground Floor, Room W12-140, 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE... into Lake St. Clair could cause death, serious bodily harm, or property damage. Discussion of Rule....5' N, 082[deg]40.6' W then angling southeast to the point of origin creating a triangle shaped...

Unitarity in the Brout-Englert-Higgs Mechanism for Gravity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

't Hooft, G.

2010-12-01

DISCUSSION by CHAIRMAN: G. 't HOOFT, Scientific Secretaries: O. Lychkovskiy, P. Putrov Note from Publisher: The Contents of the Lecture: "Unitarity in the Brout-Englert-Higgs Mechanism for Gravity" can be found at arXiv:0708.3184 (hep-th). Unpublished.

[Bloodstain pattern analysis on examples from practice: Are calculations with application parabolic trajectory usable?].

PubMed

Makovický, Peter; Matlach, Radek; Pokorná, Olga; Mošna, František; Makovický, Pavol

2015-01-01

The bloodstain pattern analysis (BPA) is useful in the forensic medicine. In Czechoslovakian criminology is this method not commonly used. The objective of this work is to calculate the impact length, height and distance splashing of blood drops. The results are compared with the real values for specific cases. It is also compared to calculate the angle of incidence of blood drops, using sinα with a form using tgα. For this purposes we used two different character cases from practice with well-preserved condition and readable blood stains. Selected blood stains were documented in order to calculate the angle of incidence of blood drops and to calculateorigin splashes. For this drop of blood, the distance of impact of the drops of blood (x), the height of the sprayed blood drops (y) and the length of the flight path the drop of blood (l). The obtained data was retrospectively analysed for the two models. The first straight line is represented by the triangle (M1) and the other is the parabolic model (M2). The formulae were derived using the Euler substitution. The results show that the angle of incidence of the drop of blood can be calculated as sinα and the tgα. When applying, the triangle is appropriate to consider the application and sinα parabolic requires the calculation of the angle of incidence drops of blood tgα. Parabola is useful for the BPA. In Czechoslovakian should be providing workplace training seminars BPA primarily intended for forensic investigators.We recommend the use of this method during investigations, verification of acts in forensic practice.

Fourth class of convex equilateral polyhedron with polyhedral symmetry related to fullerenes and viruses

PubMed Central

Schein, Stan; Gayed, James Maurice

2014-01-01

The three known classes of convex polyhedron with equal edge lengths and polyhedral symmetry––tetrahedral, octahedral, and icosahedral––are the 5 Platonic polyhedra, the 13 Archimedean polyhedra––including the truncated icosahedron or soccer ball––and the 2 rhombic polyhedra reported by Johannes Kepler in 1611. (Some carbon fullerenes, inorganic cages, icosahedral viruses, geodesic structures, and protein complexes resemble these fundamental shapes.) Here we add a fourth class, “Goldberg polyhedra,” which are also convex and equilateral. We begin by decorating each of the triangular facets of a tetrahedron, an octahedron, or an icosahedron with the T vertices and connecting edges of a “Goldberg triangle.” We obtain the unique set of internal angles in each planar face of each polyhedron by solving a system of n equations and n variables, where the equations set the dihedral angle discrepancy about different types of edge to zero, and the variables are a subset of the internal angles in 6gons. Like the faces in Kepler’s rhombic polyhedra, the 6gon faces in Goldberg polyhedra are equilateral and planar but not equiangular. We show that there is just a single tetrahedral Goldberg polyhedron, a single octahedral one, and a systematic, countable infinity of icosahedral ones, one for each Goldberg triangle. Unlike carbon fullerenes and faceted viruses, the icosahedral Goldberg polyhedra are nearly spherical. The reasoning and techniques presented here will enable discovery of still more classes of convex equilateral polyhedra with polyhedral symmetry. PMID:24516137

Fourth class of convex equilateral polyhedron with polyhedral symmetry related to fullerenes and viruses.

PubMed

Schein, Stan; Gayed, James Maurice

2014-02-25

The three known classes of convex polyhedron with equal edge lengths and polyhedral symmetry--tetrahedral, octahedral, and icosahedral--are the 5 Platonic polyhedra, the 13 Archimedean polyhedra--including the truncated icosahedron or soccer ball--and the 2 rhombic polyhedra reported by Johannes Kepler in 1611. (Some carbon fullerenes, inorganic cages, icosahedral viruses, geodesic structures, and protein complexes resemble these fundamental shapes.) Here we add a fourth class, "Goldberg polyhedra," which are also convex and equilateral. We begin by decorating each of the triangular facets of a tetrahedron, an octahedron, or an icosahedron with the T vertices and connecting edges of a "Goldberg triangle." We obtain the unique set of internal angles in each planar face of each polyhedron by solving a system of n equations and n variables, where the equations set the dihedral angle discrepancy about different types of edge to zero, and the variables are a subset of the internal angles in 6gons. Like the faces in Kepler's rhombic polyhedra, the 6gon faces in Goldberg polyhedra are equilateral and planar but not equiangular. We show that there is just a single tetrahedral Goldberg polyhedron, a single octahedral one, and a systematic, countable infinity of icosahedral ones, one for each Goldberg triangle. Unlike carbon fullerenes and faceted viruses, the icosahedral Goldberg polyhedra are nearly spherical. The reasoning and techniques presented here will enable discovery of still more classes of convex equilateral polyhedra with polyhedral symmetry.

Low reflection and field localization over surface plasmon device with subwavelength patterned aluminum film

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yuan, Ying; Peng, Sha; Long, Huabao; Liu, Runhan; Wei, Dong; Zhang, Xinyu; Wang, Haiwei; Xie, Changsheng

2018-02-01

In this paper, we propose a new device composed of patterned sub-wavelength arrays to investigate surface plasmons (SPs) over sub-wavelength metal nano-structures. The device consists of silicon substrate and sub-wavelength patterns fabricated on a layer of aluminum film with nanometer thickness. Each sub-wavelength pattern formed in aluminum film is composed of a basic nano-square and twelve triangles for shaping single nano-pattern, which are uniformly distributed on the four sides of each square. Reflectance spectra and electric field distribution in infrared region are simulated. Numerical simulation results demonstrate that the device can efficiently lower its reflectance in infrared spectrum, and the response frequency can be controlled by only changing the device parameters such as square side length and then triangle vertex angle. Besides, the simulated electric field distribution of the device shows obviously field localization effect at the edges of aluminum film nano-structure. The electric filed around the tips of aluminum triangles is localized into sub-wavelength scale, so as to be beyond the common diffraction limitation. Our work will help to reveal the interesting properties of SPs device, and also bring new prospect of photonic device.

Revisiting the factors which control the angle of shear bands in geodynamic numerical models of brittle deformation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Thieulot, Cedric

2017-04-01

In this work I present Finite Element numerical simulations of brittle deformation in two-dimensional Cartesian systems subjected to compressional or extensional kinematical boundary conditions with a basal velocity discontinuity. The rheology is visco-plastic and is characterised by a cohesion and an angle of internal friction (Drucker-Prager type). I will explore the influence of the following factors on the recovered shear band angles when the angle of internal friction is varied: a) element type (quadrilateral vs triangle), b) element order, c) continuous vs discontinous pressure, d) visco-plasticity model implementation, e) the nonlinear tolerance value, f) the use of markers, g) Picard vs Newton-Raphson, h) velocity discontinuity nature. I will present these results in the light of already published literature (e.g. Lemiale et al, PEPI 171, 2008; Kaus, Tectonophysics 484, 2010).

Imaging based refractometers

DOEpatents

Baba, Justin S.

2015-11-24

Refractometers for simultaneously measuring refractive index of a sample over a range or wavelengths of light include dispersive and focusing optical systems. An optical beam including the rang of wavelengths is spectrally spread along a first axis and focused along a second axis so as to be incident to an interface between the sample and a prism at a range of angles of incidence including a critical angle for at least one wavelength. In some cases, the prism can have a triangle, parallelogram, trapezoid, or other shape. In some cases, the optical beam can be reflected off of multiple interfaces between the prism and the sample. An imaging detector is situated to receive the spectrally spread and focused light from the interface and form an image corresponding to angle of incidence as a function of wavelength. One or more critical angles are indentified and corresponding refractive indices are determined.

Black disk, maximal Odderon and unitarity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khoze, V. A.; Martin, A. D.; Ryskin, M. G.

2018-05-01

We argue that the so-called maximal Odderon contribution breaks the 'black disk' behavior of the asymptotic amplitude, since the cross section of the events with Large Rapidity Gaps grows faster than the total cross section. That is the 'maximal Odderon' is not consistent with unitarity.

Fermionic ground state at unitarity and Haldane exclusion statistics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bhaduri, R. K.; Murthy, M. V. N.; Brack, M.

2008-06-01

We consider a few-particle system of trapped neutral fermionic atoms at ultra-low temperatures, with the attractive interaction tuned to Feshbach resonance. We calculate the energies and the spatial densities of the few-body systems using a generalization of the extended Thomas-Fermi (ETF) method, and assuming the particles obey the Haldane-Wu fractional exclusion statistics (FES) at unitarity. This method is different from the scaled ETF version given by Chang and Bertsch (2007 Phys. Rev. A 76 021603). Our semiclassical FES results are consistent with the Monte Carlo calculations of the above authors, but can hardly be distinguished from their overall scaling of the ETF result at unitarity.

On the Uniqueness and Consistency of Scattering Amplitudes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rodina, Laurentiu

In this dissertation, we study constraints imposed by locality, unitarity, gauge invariance, the Adler zero, and constructability (scaling under BCFW shifts). In the first part we study scattering amplitudes as the unique mathematical objects which can satisfy various combinations of such principles. In all cases we find that locality and unitarity may be derived from gauge invariance (for Yang-Mills and General Relativity) or from the Adler zero (for the non-linear sigma model and the Dirac-Born-Infeld model), together with mild assumptions on the singularity structure and mass dimension. We also conjecture that constructability and locality together imply gauge invariance, hence also unitarity. All claims are proved through a soft expansion, and in the process we end re-deriving the well-known leading soft theorems for all four theories. Unlike other proofs of these theorems, we do not assume any form of factorization (unitarity). In the second part we show how tensions arising between gauge invariance (as encoded by spinor helicity variables in four dimensions), locality, unitarity and constructability give rise to various physical properties. These include high-spin no-go theorems, the equivalence principle, and the emergence of supersymmetry from spin 3/2 particles. We also complete the fully on-shell constructability proof of gravity amplitudes, by showing that the improved "bonus'' behavior of gravity under BCFW shifts is a simple consequence of Bose symmetry.

Two- and Three-Body Charmless B Decays at BaBar

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Stracka, Simone; /Milan U. /INFN, Milan

2012-04-05

We report recent measurements of rare charmless B decays performed by BaBar. The results are based on the final BaBar dataset of 424 fb{sup -1} collected at the PEP-II B-factory based at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. The study of rare B decays is a key ingredient to meet two of the main goals of the B-factories: assessing the validity of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) picture of CP-violation by precisely measuring the elements of the Unitarity Triangle (UT), and searching for hints of New Physics (NP), or otherwise constraining NP scenarios, in processes which are suppressed in the Standard Model (SM).more » In loop processes, in particular, NP at some higher energy scale may manifest itself in the low energy effective theory as new couplings, such as those introduced by new very massive virtual particles in the loop. In NP searches hadronic uncertainties can play a major role, expecially for branching fraction measurements. Many theoretical uncertainties cancel in ratios of amplitudes, and most NP probes are therefore of this kind. In the following sections we report recent measurements, performed by the BaBar Collaboration, that are relevant to NP searches in charmless hadronic B decays.« less

On genera of curves from high-loop generalized unitarity cuts

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huang, Rijun; Zhang, Yang

2013-04-01

Generalized unitarity cut of a Feynman diagram generates an algebraic system of polynomial equations. At high-loop levels, these equations may define a complex curve or a (hyper-)surface with complicated topology. We study the curve cases, i.e., a 4-dimensional L-loop diagram with (4 L-1) cuts. The topology of a complex curve is classified by its genus. Hence in this paper, we use computational algebraic geometry to calculate the genera of curves from two and three-loop unitarity cuts. The global structure of degenerate on-shell equations under some specific kinematic configurations is also sketched. The genus information can also be used to judge if a unitary cut solution could be rationally parameterized.

Prescriptive unitarity

DOE PAGES

Bourjaily, Jacob L.; Herrmann, Enrico; Trnka, Jaroslav

2017-06-12

We introduce a prescriptive approach to generalized unitarity, resulting in a strictly-diagonal basis of loop integrands with coefficients given by specifically-tailored residues in field theory. We illustrate the power of this strategy in the case of planar, maximally supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory (SYM), where we construct closed-form representations of all (n-point N k MHV) scattering amplitudes through three loops. The prescriptive approach contrasts with the ordinary description of unitarity-based methods by avoiding any need for linear algebra to determine integrand coefficients. We describe this approach in general terms as it should have applications to many quantum field theories, including those withoutmore » planarity, supersymmetry, or massless spectra defined in any number of dimensions.« less

Analysis and explanation of the Thiéry-Wundt illusion.

PubMed

Day, Ross H; Kimm, Andrew C

2010-01-01

The midpoint of the axis of bisection in a triangle appears to be displaced toward the apex so that the apical extent seems to be shorter than the basal extent, an effect originally reported in 1895 by Thiéry and later in 1898 by Wundt and, therefore, referred to here as the Thiéry-Wundt illusion. Following a demonstration strongly suggesting that the illusion is yet another version of the Müller-Lyer effect in a stimulus figure with inward-directed angles, four exploratory experiments designed to throw more light on this group of illusions are reported. The first showed that the effect occurs in an open angle, between converging lines that do not meet to form an apex, between converging stepped lines, and when one of the converging lines is removed, leaving a single oblique line. The other three experiments showed that the illusion also occurs in an open semicircle and a rectangular bracket, is weakened by the addition of a complete or partial baseline to form a triangle, and weakly but reliably when the angle is minimally formed from dots marking the ends of oblique lines. On the basis of these data, Judd's version of the conventional Müller-Lyer figure, and informal but easily repeatable observations, it is concluded that the Thiéry-Wundt illusion is, like other variants of the Müller-Lyer group of illusions, due to a process of directional biasing-an extension of the concept of biasing proposed originally by Morgan et al (1990, Vision Research 30 1793 1810).

Internal Migration. UNITAR News, Vol. 8, 1976.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Isaacs, Laurel, Ed.; McDougall, Christina, Ed.

This UNITAR News Issue presents the background and working papers prepared and utilized by the participants in a workshop on Planning for Internal Migration held in Jamaica and Cuba in April 1976. This workshop, attended by planners and government officials from the Caribbean and some Latin American countries, convened to discuss mutual problems…

Boundary conditions and unitarity in AdS/CFT

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Andrade, Tomas

This thesis investigates various issues regarding unitarity in the context of Anti-de Sitter/Conformal Field theory (AdS/CFT) dualities. When the boundary duals are conformal, unitarity implies that there are lower bounds on the dimension of primary operators. Now, the AdS/CFT dictionary relates insertions of boundary operators to different choices of boundary conditions on the gravity side. Therefore, we expect the possible choices of boundary conditions in AdS to be restricted accordingly. Our first main goal will be to identify what are the pathologies that occur in the gravitational side of the duality when the boundary operators violate the pertinent unitarity bounds. In all the studied cases, we find that such bulk theories are ill-defined as expected, although unitarity is not nec- essarily violated. As our first example we consider a Klein-Gordon field in AdS, and extend the analysis to bosonic fields of spin 1 and 2 later on, with analogous results. Interestingly, it turns our that the bulk settings are pathological even in the absence of strict conformal invariance. Secondly, we argue that introducing a geometrical cut-off in spacetime along with the appropriate modifications of the boundary conditions yields the resulting (IR) theories well-defined. By study- ing in detail a Klein-Gordon field with boundary conditions that correspond to double-trace deformations, we are able to explicitly verify this claim. Finally, we discuss future research directions which include generalizations of AdS/CFT-like dualities and potential applications for condensed matter theory.

Trautmann's triangle anatomy with application to posterior transpetrosal and other related skull base procedures.

PubMed

Tubbs, R Shane; Griessenauer, Christoph; Loukas, Marios; Ansari, Shaheryar F; Fritsch, Michael H; Cohen-Gadol, Aaron A

2014-10-01

Trautmann's triangle (TT) faces the cerebellopontine angle and is exposed during posterior transpetrosal approaches. However, reports on the morphometric analysis of this structure are lacking in the literature. The goal was to better understand this important operative corridor. TT was exposed from an external approach (transmastoid) in ten cadavers (20 sides) and from an internal approach on 20 dry adult temporal bones. Measurements included calculation of the area of TT and the distance of the endolymphatic sac from the anterior border of the sigmoid sinus. The area range of TT was 45-210 mm(2) (mean 151 mm(2); SD 37 mm(2)). Three types of triangles were identified based on area. Type I triangles had areas less than 75 mm(2), Type II areas were 75-149 mm(2), and Type III areas were 150 mm(2) and greater. These types were observed in 37.5%, 35%, and 27.5% of sides, respectively. The distance from the jugular bulb's anterior border to the posterior border of the posterior semicircular canal ranged from 6 to 11 mm (mean 8.5 mm). The endolymphatic sac was located in the inferior portion of TT and traveled anterior to the sigmoid sinus. The horizontal distance from the anterior edge of the sigmoid sinus to the posterior edge of the endolymphatic sac ranged from 0 to 13.5 mm (mean 9 mm). Additional anatomic knowledge regarding TT may improve neurosurgical procedures in this region by avoiding intrusion into the endolymphatic sac and sigmoid sinus. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The role of edges in the selection of a jump target in Mantis religiosa.

PubMed

Hyden, Karin; Kral, Karl

2005-09-30

Before jumping to a landing object, praying mantids determine the distance, using information obtained from retinal image motion resulting from horizontal peering movements. The present study investigates the peering-jump behaviour of Mantis religiosa larvae with regard to jump targets differing in shape and size. The experimental animals were presented with square, triangular and round target objects with visual extensions of 20 degrees and 40 degrees. The cardboard objects, presented against a uniform white background, were solid black or shaded with a gradation from white to black. It was found that larger objects were preferred to smaller ones as jump targets, and that the square and triangle were preferred to the round disk. When two objects were presented, no preference was exhibited between square and triangular objects. However, when three objects were presented, the square was preferred. For targets with a visual angle of 40 degrees, the amplitude and velocity of the horizontal peering movements were greater for the round disk than for the square or triangle. This amplification of the peering movements suggests that weaker motion signals are generated in the case of curved edges. This may help to account for the preference for the square and triangle as jump targets.

On the Preservation of Unitarity during Black Hole Evolution and Information Extraction from its Interior

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pappas, Nikolaos D.

2012-06-01

For more than 30 years the discovery that black holes radiate like black bodies of specific temperature has triggered a multitude of puzzling questions concerning their nature and the fate of information that goes down the black hole during its lifetime. The most tricky issue in what is known as information loss paradox is the apparent violation of unitarity during the formation/evaporation process of black holes. A new idea is proposed based on the combination of our knowledge on Hawking radiation as well as the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen phenomenon, that could resolve the paradox and spare physicists from the unpalatable idea that unitarity can ultimately be irreversibly violated even under special conditions.

[Research on improving spectrum resolution of optimized Wollaston prism array].

PubMed

Zhang, Peng; Wang, Jian-Rong; Zhang, Guo-Chen; Hou, Wen

2011-11-01

In order to not affect the image quality of interference fringes on the basis of the structure by increasing the structure angle of Wollaston prism to improve spectrum resolution, the authors optimized the structure of Wollaston prism. Calculating the function of the splitting angle and the structure angle, analysis indicated that taking the isosceles triangle prism with the same nature of the second wedge-shaped prism after the Wollaston prism, which makes the o and e light parallel to the optical axis, and alpha=0 degrees, the imaging interference fringes are no longer affected by changes in the splitting angle. Several optimized Wollaston prisms were made as an array to improve the spectral resolution. Experiments used traditional and optimized Wollaston prism array to detect the spectrum of the 980 nm laser. Experimental data showed that using optimized Wollaston prism array gets a clearer contrast of interference fringes, and the spectral data with Fourier transform are more accurate with DSP.

Alterations in left ventricular curvature and principal strains in dilated cardiomyopathy with functional mitral regurgitation.

PubMed

Tibayan, Frederick A; Lai, David T M; Timek, Tomasz A; Dagum, Paul; Liang, David; Zasio, Mary K; Daughters, George T; Miller, D Craig; Ingels, Neil B

2003-05-01

Functional mitral regurgitation (FMR) is increasingly recognized as a left ventricular (LV) disease. Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is commonly accompanied by FMR and reduction of LV torsion. Therapeutic targets for DCM include LV size reduction, altered LV shape, elimination of MR, and increasing LV torsion. It was hypothesized that, in addition to increasing LV size, DCM with FMR would alter normal LV shape and reduce and alter the direction of principal strains across the LV wall. This hypothesis was tested by measuring changes in epicardial and endocardial 2-D principal strains and regional radii of curvature accompanying tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy in ovine hearts. Radio-opaque marker arrays were implanted into the left ventricle of eight sheep, including one subepicardial triangle and one subendocardial triangle in the anterior wall of the left ventricle. At one week postoperatively, biplane videofluoroscopy was used to determine marker dynamics. Rapid ventricular pacing was then instituted until FMR and signs of heart failure developed, and fluoroscopy was repeated. Circumferential LV radii of curvature were determined from marker triplets. DCM changed the normal epicardial oval LV cross-section to a more circular configuration. The endocardium maintained its normal circular shape as the left ventricle dilated. Deformations of the triangles from end-diastole to end-systole were determined, and the magnitude and direction of 2-D principal strains calculated. DCM was associated with decreased magnitude of both epicardial (-0.095 +/- 0.055 versus -0.040 +/- 0.032, p = 0.006) and endocardial (-0.117 +/- 0.047 versus -0.073 +/- 0.037, p = 0.023) principal strains. DCM reduced the angle of epicardial but not endocardial principal strain. DCM with FMR is associated with LV dilation, circularization of the normally oval equatorial circumferential LV epicardium, transmural reduction in principal strain, and decrease in angle of principal epicardial strain. These changes contribute to a reduction in the net torsional moment and may guide the development of reverse remodeling procedures for the dilated, failing ventricle with FMR.

Non-unitarity, sterile neutrinos, and non-standard neutrino interactions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Blennow, Mattias; Coloma, Pilar; Fernandez-Martinez, Enrique

The simplest Standard Model extension to explain neutrino masses involves the addition of right-handed neutrinos. At some level, this extension will impact neutrino oscillation searches. In this work we explore the differences and similarities between the case in which these neutrinos are kinematically accessible (sterile neutrinos) or not (mixing matrix non-unitarity). We clarify apparent inconsistencies in the present literature when using different parametrizations to describe these effects and recast both limits in the popular neutrino non-standard interaction (NSI) formalism. We find that, in the limit in which sterile oscillations are averaged out at the near detector, their effects at themore » far detector coincide with non-unitarity at leading order, even in presence of a matter potential. We also summarize the present bounds existing in both limits and compare them with the expected sensitivities of near future facilities taking the DUNE proposal as a benchmark. We conclude that non-unitarity effects are too constrained to impact present or near future neutrino oscillation facilities but that sterile neutrinos can play an important role at long baseline experiments. As a result, the role of the near detector is also discussed in detail.« less

Non-unitarity, sterile neutrinos, and non-standard neutrino interactions

DOE PAGES

Blennow, Mattias; Coloma, Pilar; Fernandez-Martinez, Enrique; ...

2017-04-27

The simplest Standard Model extension to explain neutrino masses involves the addition of right-handed neutrinos. At some level, this extension will impact neutrino oscillation searches. In this work we explore the differences and similarities between the case in which these neutrinos are kinematically accessible (sterile neutrinos) or not (mixing matrix non-unitarity). We clarify apparent inconsistencies in the present literature when using different parametrizations to describe these effects and recast both limits in the popular neutrino non-standard interaction (NSI) formalism. We find that, in the limit in which sterile oscillations are averaged out at the near detector, their effects at themore » far detector coincide with non-unitarity at leading order, even in presence of a matter potential. We also summarize the present bounds existing in both limits and compare them with the expected sensitivities of near future facilities taking the DUNE proposal as a benchmark. We conclude that non-unitarity effects are too constrained to impact present or near future neutrino oscillation facilities but that sterile neutrinos can play an important role at long baseline experiments. As a result, the role of the near detector is also discussed in detail.« less

Stability of a Unitary Bose Gas

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fletcher, Richard J.; Gaunt, Alexander L.; Navon, Nir; Smith, Robert P.; Hadzibabic, Zoran

2013-09-01

We study the stability of a thermal K39 Bose gas across a broad Feshbach resonance, focusing on the unitary regime, where the scattering length a exceeds the thermal wavelength λ. We measure the general scaling laws relating the particle-loss and heating rates to the temperature, scattering length, and atom number. Both at unitarity and for positive a≪λ we find agreement with three-body theory. However, for a<0 and away from unitarity, we observe significant four-body decay. At unitarity, the three-body loss coefficient, L3∝λ4, is 3 times lower than the universal theoretical upper bound. This reduction is a consequence of species-specific Efimov physics and makes K39 particularly promising for studies of many-body physics in a unitary Bose gas.

Declinazione magnetica: storia delle prime misure e misura con l'azimut del Sole

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sigismondi, Costantino

2016-05-01

The magnetic declination is the compass deviation from astronomical North. Georg Hartmann in 1510 in Rome firstly measured it as 6° East. Using accurate solar ephemerides and a UTC synchronized watch, the shadow of a vertical pole is astronomically referenced. The angles of a 10m size triangle including the direction of this shadow, the solar azimuth, and the magnetic North give the magnetic declination with an accuracy of 2 arcmin.

13th Annual Conference on the Foundations of Nanoscience (FNANO 2016) Held in Snowbird Cliff Lodge, Snowbird, Utah, April 11-14, 2016

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-01-30

Friedrich C . Simmel Salt and Temperature Dependence of Shape and Interhelical Spacing of DNA Origami Nanostructures Studied by Small Angle X-Ray Scattering...Nuclear Pore Complex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Patrick D. Ellis, Qi Shen, Thomas J . Melia, C . Patrick...and C . Mao, “Tensegrity: Construction of rigid DNA triangles with flexible four-arm junctions,” J . Am. Chem. Soc., 126, 2324 (2004). [3] J . Zheng et

Structural Health Monitoring for Heterogeneous Systems

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-06-30

composites, The 2 present work concentrates on the applicability of the MPD teclmnique to extract some feature components of "multiple-harmonic...actuator and sensor transfer finctions, rcspectivcly. The parameter CaI) is thc attenuation coefficieint at excitation frequency (Q and RAS is the...an cquilatcral triangle with a spacing of v0- R, and thc angles (t’,B6,Y) equal ton’/ 3 . 8 ag ID Is 20 25 Fig 2: L.:+ Su,,su, .....g distributio. Fig

Expected accuracy in a measurement of the CKM angle alpha using a Dalitz plot analysis of B0 ---> rho pi decays in the BTeV project

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shestermanov, K.E.; Vasiliev, A.N; /Serpukhov, IHEP

2005-12-01

A precise measurement of the angle {alpha} in the CKM triangle is very important for a complete test of Standard Model. A theoretically clean method to extract {alpha} is provided by B{sup 0} {yields} {rho}{pi} decays. Monte Carlo simulations to obtain the BTeV reconstruction efficiency and to estimate the signal to background ratio for these decays were performed. Finally the time-dependent Dalitz plot analysis, using the isospin amplitude formalism for tre and penguin contributions, was carried out. It was shown that in one year of data taking BTeV could achieve an accuracy on {alpha} better than 5{sup o}.

Review of lattice results concerning low-energy particle physics: Flavour Lattice Averaging Group (FLAG).

PubMed

Aoki, S; Aoki, Y; Bečirević, D; Bernard, C; Blum, T; Colangelo, G; Della Morte, M; Dimopoulos, P; Dürr, S; Fukaya, H; Golterman, M; Gottlieb, Steven; Hashimoto, S; Heller, U M; Horsley, R; Jüttner, A; Kaneko, T; Lellouch, L; Leutwyler, H; Lin, C-J D; Lubicz, V; Lunghi, E; Mawhinney, R; Onogi, T; Pena, C; Sachrajda, C T; Sharpe, S R; Simula, S; Sommer, R; Vladikas, A; Wenger, U; Wittig, H

2017-01-01

We review lattice results related to pion, kaon, D - and B -meson physics with the aim of making them easily accessible to the particle-physics community. More specifically, we report on the determination of the light-quark masses, the form factor [Formula: see text], arising in the semileptonic [Formula: see text] transition at zero momentum transfer, as well as the decay constant ratio [Formula: see text] and its consequences for the CKM matrix elements [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. Furthermore, we describe the results obtained on the lattice for some of the low-energy constants of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] Chiral Perturbation Theory. We review the determination of the [Formula: see text] parameter of neutral kaon mixing as well as the additional four B parameters that arise in theories of physics beyond the Standard Model. The latter quantities are an addition compared to the previous review. For the heavy-quark sector, we provide results for [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] (also new compared to the previous review), as well as those for D - and B -meson-decay constants, form factors, and mixing parameters. These are the heavy-quark quantities most relevant for the determination of CKM matrix elements and the global CKM unitarity-triangle fit. Finally, we review the status of lattice determinations of the strong coupling constant [Formula: see text].

A note on statistical analysis of shape through triangulation of landmarks

PubMed Central

Rao, C. Radhakrishna

2000-01-01

In an earlier paper, the author jointly with S. Suryawanshi proposed statistical analysis of shape through triangulation of landmarks on objects. It was observed that the angles of the triangles are invariant to scaling, location, and rotation of objects. No distinction was made between an object and its reflection. The present paper provides the methodology of shape discrimination when reflection is also taken into account and makes suggestions for modifications to be made when some of the landmarks are collinear. PMID:10737780

Morphologies of Primary Silicon in Hypereutectic Al-Si Alloys: Phase-Field Simulation Supported by Key Experiments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Kai; Wei, Ming; Zhang, Lijun; Du, Yong

2016-04-01

We realized a three-dimensional visualization of the morphology evolution and the growth behavior of the octahedral primary silicon in hypereutectic Al-20wtpctSi alloy during solidification in a real length scale by utilizing the phase-field simulation coupled with CALPHAD databases, and supported by key experiments. Moreover, through two-dimensional cut of the octahedral primary silicon at random angles, different morphologies observed in experiments, including triangle, square, trapezoid, rhombic, pentagon, and hexagon, were well reproduced.

Lattice QCD with mixed action - Borici-Creutz valence quark on staggered sea

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Basak, Subhasish; Goswami, Jishnu; Chakrabarti, Dipankar

2018-03-01

Mixed action lattice QCD with Borici-Creutz valence quarks on staggered sea is investigated. The counter terms in Borici-Creutz action are fixed nonperturbatively to restore the broken symmetries. On symmetry restoration, the usual signatures of partial quenching / unitarity violation like negative scalar correlator are observed. The size of unitarity violation due to different discretization of valence and sea quark is determined by measuring Δmix.

Nonviolent unitarization: basic postulates to soft quantum structure of black holes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Giddings, Steven B.

2017-12-01

A first-principles approach to the unitarity problem for black holes is systematically explored, based on the postulates of 1) quantum mechanics 2) the ability to approximately locally divide quantum gravitational systems into subsystems 3) correspondence with quantum field theory predictions for appropriate observers and (optionally) 4) universality of new gravitational effects. Unitarity requires interactions between the internal state of a black hole and its surroundings that have not been identified in the field theory description; correspondence with field theory indicates that these are soft. A conjectured information-theoretic result for information transfer between subsystems, partly motivated by a perturbative argument, then constrains the minimum coupling size of these interactions of the quantum atmosphere of a black hole. While large couplings are potentially astronomically observable, given this conjecture one finds that the new couplings can be exponentially small in the black hole entropy, yet achieve the information transfer rate needed for unitarization, due to the large number of black hole internal states. This provides a new possible alternative to arguments for large effects near the horizon. If universality is assumed, these couplings can be described as small, soft, state-dependent fluctuations of the metric near the black hole. Open questions include that of the more fundamental basis for such an effective picture.

Unitarity limits on the mass and radius of dark matter particles

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Griest, Kim; Kamionkowski, Marc

1989-01-01

Using partial wave unitarity and the observed density of the Universe, it is show that a stable elementary particle which was once in thermal equilibrium cannot have a mass greater than 340 TeV. An extended object which was once in thermal equilibrium cannot have a radius less than 7.5 x 10(exp -7) fm. A lower limit to the relic abundance of such particles is also found.

Violation of unitarity by Hawking radiation does not violate energy-momentum conservation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nikolić, Hrvoje

2015-04-02

An argument by Banks, Susskind and Peskin (BSP), according to which violation of unitarity would violate either locality or energy-momentum conservation, is widely believed to be a strong argument against non-unitarity of Hawking radiation. We find that the whole BSP argument rests on the crucial assumption that the Hamiltonian is not highly degenerate, and point out that this assumption is not satisfied for systems with many degrees of freedom. Using Lindblad equation, we show that high degeneracy of the Hamiltonian allows local non-unitary evolution without violating energy-momentum conservation. Moreover, since energy-momentum is the source of gravity, we argue that energy-momentummore » is necessarily conserved for a large class of non-unitary systems with gravity. Finally, we explicitly calculate the Lindblad operators for non-unitary Hawking radiation and show that they conserve energy-momentum.« less

A multi-camera system for real-time pose estimation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Savakis, Andreas; Erhard, Matthew; Schimmel, James; Hnatow, Justin

2007-04-01

This paper presents a multi-camera system that performs face detection and pose estimation in real-time and may be used for intelligent computing within a visual sensor network for surveillance or human-computer interaction. The system consists of a Scene View Camera (SVC), which operates at a fixed zoom level, and an Object View Camera (OVC), which continuously adjusts its zoom level to match objects of interest. The SVC is set to survey the whole filed of view. Once a region has been identified by the SVC as a potential object of interest, e.g. a face, the OVC zooms in to locate specific features. In this system, face candidate regions are selected based on skin color and face detection is accomplished using a Support Vector Machine classifier. The locations of the eyes and mouth are detected inside the face region using neural network feature detectors. Pose estimation is performed based on a geometrical model, where the head is modeled as a spherical object that rotates upon the vertical axis. The triangle formed by the mouth and eyes defines a vertical plane that intersects the head sphere. By projecting the eyes-mouth triangle onto a two dimensional viewing plane, equations were obtained that describe the change in its angles as the yaw pose angle increases. These equations are then combined and used for efficient pose estimation. The system achieves real-time performance for live video input. Testing results assessing system performance are presented for both still images and video.

Influence of the nozzle angle on refrigeration performance of a gas wave refrigerator

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, P.; Zhu, Y.; Wang, H.; Zhu, C.; Zou, J.; Wu, J.; Hu, D.

2017-05-01

A gas wave refrigerator (GWR) is a novel refrigerating device that refrigerates a medium by shock waves and expansion waves generated by gas pressure energy. In a typical GWR, the injection energy losses between the nozzle and the expansion tube are essential factors which influence the refrigeration efficiency. In this study, numerical simulations are used to analyze the underlying mechanism of the injection energy losses. The results of simulations show that the vortex loss, mixing energy loss, and oblique shock wave reflection loss are the main factors contributing to the injection energy losses in the expansion tube. Furthermore, the jet angle of the gas is found to dominate the injection energy losses. Therefore, the optimum jet angle is theoretically calculated based on the velocity triangle method. The value of the optimum jet angle is found to be 4^{circ }, 8^{circ }, and 12^{circ } when the refrigeration efficiency is the first-order, second-order, and third-order maximum value over all working ranges of jet frequency, respectively. Finally, a series of experiments are conducted with the jet angle ranging from -4^{circ } to 12^{circ } at a constant expansion ratio. The results indicate the optimal jet angle obtained by the experiments is in good agreement with the calculated value. The isentropic refrigeration efficiency increased by about 4 % after the jet angle was optimized.

Ultra-broadband and wide-angle perfect absorber based on composite metal-semiconductor grating

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Xu; Wang, Zongpeng; Hou, Yumin

2018-01-01

In this letter, we present an ultra-broadband and wide-angle perfect absorber based on composite Ge-Ni grating. Near perfect absorption above 90% is achieved in a wide frequency range from 150 nm to 4200 nm, which covers almost the full spectrum of solar radiation. The absorption keeps robust in a wide range of incident angle from 0º to 60º. The upper triangle Ge grating works as an antireflection coating. The lower Ni grating works as a reflector and an effective energy trapper. The guided modes inside Ge grating are excited due to reflection of the lower Ni grating surface. In longer wavelength band, gap surface plasmons (GSPs) in the Ni grating are excited and couple with the guided modes inside the Ge grating. The coupled modes extend the perfect absorption band to the near-infrared region (150 nm-4200 nm). This design has potential application in photovoltaic devices and thermal emitters.

Proposal for a trigonometric method to evaluate the abduction angle of the lower limbs in neonates.

PubMed

Lima, Thaís; Alves, Cyntia; Funayama, Carolina A R

2008-12-01

It is difficult to precisely measure articular arc movement in newborns using a goniometer. This article proposes an objective method based on trigonometry for the evaluation of lower limb abduction. With the newborn aligned in the dorsal decubitus position, 2 points are marked at the level of the medial malleolus, one on the sagittal line and the other at the end of the abduction. Using the right-sided line between these 2 points and a line from the medial malleolus to the reference point at the anterior superior iliac spine or umbilical scar, an isosceles triangle is drawn, and half of the inferential abduction angle is obtained by calculating the sine. Twenty healthy full-term newborns comprise the study cohort. Intersubject and intrasubject variability among the abduction angle values (mean [SD], 37 degrees [4] degrees) is low. This method is advantageous because the measurement is precise and because the sine can be used without approximation.

Construction of a 1 MeV Electron Accelerator for High Precision Beta Decay Studies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Longfellow, Brenden

2014-09-01

Beta decay energy calibration for detectors is typically established using conversion sources. However, the calibration points from conversion sources are not evenly distributed over the beta energy spectrum and the foil backing of the conversion sources produces perturbations in the calibration spectrum. To improve this, an external, tunable electron beam coupled by a magnetic field can be used to calibrate the detector. The 1 MeV electron accelerator in development at Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory (TUNL) utilizes a pelletron charging system. The electron gun shoots 104 electrons per second with an energy range of 50 keV to 1 MeV and is pulsed at a 10 kHz rate with a few ns width. The magnetic field in the spectrometer is 1 T and guiding fields of 0.01 to 0.05 T for the electron gun are used to produce a range of pitch angles. This accelerator can be used to calibrate detectors evenly over its energy range and determine the detector response over a range of pitch angles. Beta decay energy calibration for detectors is typically established using conversion sources. However, the calibration points from conversion sources are not evenly distributed over the beta energy spectrum and the foil backing of the conversion sources produces perturbations in the calibration spectrum. To improve this, an external, tunable electron beam coupled by a magnetic field can be used to calibrate the detector. The 1 MeV electron accelerator in development at Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory (TUNL) utilizes a pelletron charging system. The electron gun shoots 104 electrons per second with an energy range of 50 keV to 1 MeV and is pulsed at a 10 kHz rate with a few ns width. The magnetic field in the spectrometer is 1 T and guiding fields of 0.01 to 0.05 T for the electron gun are used to produce a range of pitch angles. This accelerator can be used to calibrate detectors evenly over its energy range and determine the detector response over a range of pitch angles. TUNL REU Program.

Lorentz-violating SO(3) model: Discussing unitarity, causality, and 't Hooft-Polyakov monopoles

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Scarpelli, A.P. Baeta; Grupo de Fisica Teorica Jose Leite Lopes, Petropolis, RJ; Helayeel-Neto, J.A.

2006-05-15

In this paper, we extend the analysis of the Lorentz-violating Quantum Electrodynamics to the non-Abelian case: an SO(3) Yang-Mills Lagrangian with the addition of the non-Abelian Chern-Simons-type term. We consider the spontaneous symmetry breaking of the model and inspect its spectrum in order to check if unitarity and causality are respected. An analysis of the topological structure is also carried out and we show that a 't Hooft-Polyakov solution for monopoles is still present.

QCD unitarity constraints on Reggeon Field Theory

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kovner, Alex; Levin, Eugene; Lublinsky, Michael

2016-08-01

We point out that the s-channel unitarity of QCD imposes meaningful constraints on a possible form of the QCD Reggeon Field Theory. We show that neither the BFKL nor JIMWLK nor Braun's Hamiltonian satisfy the said constraints. In a toy, zero transverse dimensional case we construct a model that satisfies the analogous constraint and show that at infinite energy it indeed tends to a "black disk limit" as opposed to the model with triple Pomeron vertex only, routinely used as a toy model in the literature.

Generalized virial theorem and pressure relation for a strongly correlated Fermi gas

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tan, Shina

2008-12-15

For a two-component Fermi gas in the unitarity limit (i.e., with infinite scattering length), there is a well-known virial theorem, first shown by J.E. Thomas et al. A few people rederived this result, and extended it to few-body systems, but their results are all restricted to the unitarity limit. Here I show that there is a generalized virial theorem for FINITE scattering lengths. I also generalize an exact result concerning the pressure to the case of imbalanced populations.

Final-state interaction and B-->KK decays in perturbative QCD

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Chuan-Hung; Li, Hsiang-Nan

2001-01-01

We predict the branching ratios and CP asymmetries of the B-->KK decays using the perturbative QCD factorization theorem, in which tree, penguin, and annihilation contributions, including both factorizable and nonfactorizable ones, are expressed as convolutions of hard six-quark amplitudes with universal meson wave functions. The unitarity angle φ3=90° and the B and K meson wave functions extracted from experimental data of the B-->Kπ and ππ decays are employed. Since the B-->KK decays are sensitive to final-state interaction effects, the comparision of our predictions with future data can test the neglect of these effects in the above formalism. The CP asymmetry in the B+/--->K+/-K0 modes and the B0d-->K+/-K-/+ branching ratios depend on annihilation and nonfactorizable amplitudes. The B-->KK data can also verify the evaluation of these contributions.

Optimal angle of needle insertion for fluoroscopy-guided transforaminal epidural injection of L5.

PubMed

Ra, In-Hoo; Min, Woo-Kie

2015-06-01

Unlike other sites, there is difficulty in performing TFESI at the L5-S1 level because the iliac crest is an obstacle to needle placement. The objective of this study was to identify the optimal angle of fluoroscopy for insertion and advancement of a needle during L5 TEFSI. We conducted an observational study of patients undergoing fluoroscopy-guided L5 TFESI in the prone position. A total of 80 patients (40 men and 40 women) with radiating pain of lower limbs were enrolled. During TFESI, we measured the angle at which the L5 vertebral body forms a rectangular shape and compared men and women. Then, we measured area of safe triangle in tilting angle of fluoroscopy from 15° to 35° and compared men and women. The mean cephalocaudal angle, where the vertebral body takes the shape of a rectangle, was 11.0° in men and 13.9° in women (P = 0.007). In men, the triangular area was maximal at 18.3 mm² with an oblique view angle of 25°. In women, the area was maximal at 23.6 mm² with an oblique view angle of 30°. At an oblique view angle of 30° and 35°, the area was significantly greater in women (P < 0.05). When TFESI is performed at the L5 region in the prone position, placement of fluoroscopy at a cephalocaudal angle of 11.0° and an oblique angle of 25° in men and cephalocaudal angle of 13.9° and an oblique angle of 30° in women would be most reasonable. © 2014 World Institute of Pain.

Pascal's Triangle: 100% of the Numbers Are Even!

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bhindi, Nayan; McMenamin, Justin

2010-01-01

Pascal's triangle is an arrangement of the binomial coefficients in a triangle. Each number inside Pascal's triangle is calculated by adding the two numbers above it. When all the odd integers in Pascal's triangle are highlighted (black) and the remaining evens are left blank (white), one of many patterns in Pascal's triangle is displayed. By…

Locality and Unitarity of Scattering Amplitudes from Singularities and Gauge Invariance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Arkani-Hamed, Nima; Rodina, Laurentiu; Trnka, Jaroslav

2018-06-01

We conjecture that the leading two-derivative tree-level amplitudes for gluons and gravitons can be derived from gauge invariance together with mild assumptions on their singularity structure. Assuming locality (that the singularities are associated with the poles of cubic graphs), we prove that gauge invariance in just n -1 particles together with minimal power counting uniquely fixes the amplitude. Unitarity in the form of factorization then follows from locality and gauge invariance. We also give evidence for a stronger conjecture: assuming only that singularities occur when the sum of a subset of external momenta go on shell, we show in nontrivial examples that gauge invariance and power counting demand a graph structure for singularities. Thus, both locality and unitarity emerge from singularities and gauge invariance. Similar statements hold for theories of Goldstone bosons like the nonlinear sigma model and Dirac-Born-Infeld by replacing the condition of gauge invariance with an appropriate degree of vanishing in soft limits.

Perturbative unitarity constraints on the NMSSM Higgs Sector

DOE PAGES

Betre, Kassahun; El Hedri, Sonia; Walker, Devin G. E.

2017-11-11

We place perturbative unitarity constraints on both the dimensionful and dimensionless parameters in the Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (NMSSM) Higgs Sector. These constraints, plus the requirement that the singlino and/or Higgsino constitutes at least part of the observed dark matter relic abundance, generate upper bounds on the Higgs, neutralino and chargino mass spectrum. Requiring higher-order corrections to be no more than 41% of the tree-level value, we obtain an upper bound of 20 TeV for the heavy Higgses and 12 TeV for the charginos and neutralinos outside defined fine-tuned regions. If the corrections are no more than 20% of themore » tree-level value, the bounds are 7 TeV for the heavy Higgses and 5 TeV for the charginos and neutralinos. Finally, in all, by using the NMSSM as a template, we describe a method which replaces naturalness arguments with more rigorous perturbative unitarity arguments to get a better understanding of when new physics will appear.« less

Perturbative unitarity constraints on the NMSSM Higgs Sector

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Betre, Kassahun; El Hedri, Sonia; Walker, Devin G. E.

We place perturbative unitarity constraints on both the dimensionful and dimensionless parameters in the Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (NMSSM) Higgs Sector. These constraints, plus the requirement that the singlino and/or Higgsino constitutes at least part of the observed dark matter relic abundance, generate upper bounds on the Higgs, neutralino and chargino mass spectrum. Requiring higher-order corrections to be no more than 41% of the tree-level value, we obtain an upper bound of 20 TeV for the heavy Higgses and 12 TeV for the charginos and neutralinos outside defined fine-tuned regions. If the corrections are no more than 20% of themore » tree-level value, the bounds are 7 TeV for the heavy Higgses and 5 TeV for the charginos and neutralinos. Finally, in all, by using the NMSSM as a template, we describe a method which replaces naturalness arguments with more rigorous perturbative unitarity arguments to get a better understanding of when new physics will appear.« less

Anatomic Assessment of Variations in Kambin's Triangle: A Surgical and Cadaver Study.

PubMed

Ozer, Ali Fahir; Suzer, Tuncer; Can, Halil; Falsafi, Mani; Aydin, Murat; Sasani, Mehdi; Oktenoglu, Tunc

2017-04-01

The relationship of exiting root and Kambin's triangle is discussed in this article. Transforaminal endoscopic surgery as the gold standard of less invasive lumbar disc surgeries is performed through Kambin's triangle. Existing root damage is one of the most important complication for this type of surgery. Anatomic variations in Kambin's triangle may be the main reason for nerve root damage during endoscopic lumbar disc surgery. Kambin's triangle was investigated with surgical views and cadaver studies. Thirty-four patients with far lateral disc herniation were treated with an extraforaminal approach under the microscope. On the other hand, 48 Kambin's triangles were dissected on 8 cadavers. Three main types of triangle were identified, and patients were grouped according to these 3 types of the triangle. Only 6 of the 34 patients had type 3 triangles, which is the wide classical triangle described by Kambin; however, 17 patients had type 2, with a narrow space in the triangle, and 11 patients had type 1, with no space inside the triangle. Cadaver results were similar; only 10 of the 48 specimens had the type 3 classical triangle, whereas 23 specimens had type 2, and 15 specimens had type 1 triangles. Our results disclosed narrowed or no space in 82.4% of the patients and 79.2% of the cadavers. We observed that a wide and safe room of the triangle may not be exist in some patients. Therefore, more care must be taken during endoscopic lumbar disc surgery to avoid nerve damage. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Faulhaber's Triangle

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Torabi-Dashti, Mohammad

2011-01-01

Like Pascal's triangle, Faulhaber's triangle is easy to draw: all you need is a little recursion. The rows are the coefficients of polynomials representing sums of integer powers. Such polynomials are often called Faulhaber formulae, after Johann Faulhaber (1580-1635); hence we dub the triangle Faulhaber's triangle.

Comparative analysis of assessment of the craniocervical equilibrium through two methods: cephalometry of Rocabado and cervical range of motion.

PubMed

de Oliveira, Lilian Becerra; Cajaíba, Franklin; Costa, Wesley; Rocabado, Mariano; Lazo-Osório, Rodrigo; Ribeiro, Sanzia

2012-01-01

There are several instruments of evaluation of the craniocervical equilibrium; the most reliable are the radiographies. This study used the cephalometric analysis of Rocabado to measure the sensibility and specificity of the Cervical Range of Motion (CROM), a goniometer designed to assess cervical movements in degrees, and measure the forward head position in centimeters. This instrument frequently used, has been tested as a reliable instrument to evaluate the cervical movements but not the forward head. The sample consisted of 30 volunteers, 18 females, 12 males, mean age of 24.63 years. All participants were evaluated with CROM and radiographies in the resting head position and in erect head position. The values considered by the cephalometry consisted in the angle made between the McGregor plane and the vertical line formed by the base of the odontoid process to its apex; the posterior space between C0-C1 and C1-C2 and the hyoid triangle. 30% of the subjects had forward head posture, according to de cephalometry of Rocabado (decreased space between C0-C1, C1-C2) and 43,3% according to CROM. 16,6% had decreased posterior-inferior angle, and 13% had the hyoid triangle facing up. ROC curve of identifying forward head posture yielded area under the curve of 0,778 (95% confidence interval 0,596-0,960). The sensibility of CROM was: 77%. The specificity 71%. This study suggests that CROM has a moderate sensibility and specificity, useful for clinic use, but not for research.

Quantitative photogrammetric analysis of the Klapp method for treating idiopathic scoliosis.

PubMed

Iunes, Denise H; Cecílio, Maria B B; Dozza, Marina A; Almeida, Polyanna R

2010-01-01

Few studies have proved that physical therapy techniques are efficient in the treatment of scoliosis. To analyze the efficiency of the Klapp method for the treatment of scoliosis, through a quantitative analysis using computerized biophotogrammetry. Sixteen participants of a mean age of 15+/-2.61 yrs. with idiopathic scoliosis were treated using the Klapp method. To analyze the results from the treatment, they were all of photographed before and after the treatments, following a standardized photographic method. All of the photographs were analyzed quantitatively by the same examiner using the ALCimagem 2000 software. The statistical analyses were performed using the paired t-test with a significance level of 5%. The treatments showed improvements in the angles which evaluated the symmetry of the shoulders, i.e. the acromioclavicular joint angle (AJ; p=0.00) and sternoclavicular joint angle (SJ; p=0.01). There were also improvements in the angle that evaluated the left Thales triangle (DeltaT; p=0.02). Regarding flexibility, there were improvements in the tibiotarsal angle (TTA; p=0.01) and in the hip joint angles (HJA; p=0.00). There were no changes in the vertebral curvatures and nor improvements in head positioning. Only the lumbar curvature, evaluated by the lumbar lordosis angle (LL; p=0.00), changed after the treatments. The Klapp method was an efficient therapeutic technique for treating asymmetries of the trunk and improving its flexibility. However, it was not efficient for pelvic asymmetry modifications in head positioning, cervical lordosis or thoracic kyphosis.

Investigation on adaptive wing structure based on shape memory polymer composite hinge

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yu, Yuemin; Li, Xinbo; Zhang, Wei; Leng, Jinsong

2007-07-01

This paper describes the design and investigation of the SMP composite hinge and the morphing wing structure. The SMP composite hinge was based on SMP and carbon fiber fabric. The twisting recoverability of it was investigated by heating and then cooling repeatedly above and below the Tg. The twisting recoverability characterized by the twisting angle. Results show that the SMP composite hinge have good shape recoverability, Recovery time has a great influence on the twisting recoverability. The twisting recovery ratio became large with the increment of recovery time. The morphing wing can changes shape for different tasks. For the advantages of great recovery force and stable performances, we adopt SMP composite hinge as actuator to apply into the structure of the wing which can realize draw back wings to change sweep angle according to the speed and other requirements of military airplanes. Finally, a series of simulations and experiments are performed to investigate the deformations of morphing wings have been performed successfully. It can be seen that the sweep angle change became large with the increment of initial angle. The area reduction became large with the increment of initial angle, but after 75° the area reduction became smaller and smaller. The deformations of the triangle wing became large with the increment of temperature. The area and the sweep angle of wings can be controlled by adjusting the stimulate temperature and the initial twisting angle of shape memory polymer composite hinge.

Evidence for B{sup 0}{yields}{rho}{sup 0}{rho}{sup 0} Decays and Implications for the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa Angle {alpha}

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Aubert, B.; Bona, M.; Boutigny, D.

2007-03-16

We search for the decays B{sup 0}{yields}{rho}{sup 0}{rho}{sup 0}, B{sup 0}{yields}{rho}{sup 0}f{sub 0}(980), and B{sup 0}{yields}f{sub 0}(980)f{sub 0}(980) in a sample of about 384x10{sup 6} {upsilon}(4S){yields}BB decays collected with the BABAR detector at the PEP-II asymmetric-energy e{sup +}e{sup -} collider at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. We find evidence for B{sup 0}{yields}{rho}{sup 0}{rho}{sup 0} with 3.5{sigma} significance and measure the branching fraction B=(1.07{+-}0.33{+-}0.19)x10{sup -6} and longitudinal polarization fraction f{sub L}=0.87{+-}0.13{+-}0.04, where the first uncertainty is statistical, and the second is systematic. The uncertainty on the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa quark-mixing matrix unitarity angle {alpha} due to penguin contributions in B{yields}{rho}{rho} decays is 18 deg.more » at the 1{sigma} level. We also set upper limits on the B{sup 0}{yields}{rho}{sup 0}f{sub 0}(980) and B{sup 0}{yields}f{sub 0}(980)f{sub 0}(980) decay rates.« less

Triangles: Shapes in Math, Science and Nature.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ross, Catherine Sheldrick

This book examines everything having to do with the triangle. It begins with a basic definition of the triangle and continues with discussions on tetrahedrons, triangular prisms, and pyramid shapes. Some ideas addressed include how triangles are used to measure heights and distances, the importance of triangles to builders, Alexander Graham Bell's…

Constraints on the ωπ Form Factor from Analyticity and Unitarity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ananthanarayan, B.; Caprini, Irinel; Kubis, Bastian

Form factors are important low-energy quantities and an accurate knowledge of these sheds light on the strong interactions. A variety of methods based on general principles have been developed to use information known in different energy regimes to constrain them in regions where experimental information needs to be tested precisely. Here we review our recent work on the electromagnetic ωπ form factor in a model-independent framework known as the method of unitarity bounds, partly motivated by the discre-pancies noted recently between the theoretical calculations of the form factor based on dispersion relations and certain experimental data measured from the decay ω → π0γ*. We have applied a modified dispersive formalism, which uses as input the discontinuity of the ωπ form factor calculated by unitarity below the ωπ threshold and an integral constraint on the square of its modulus above this threshold. The latter constraint was obtained by exploiting unitarity and the positivity of the spectral function of a QCD correlator, computed on the spacelike axis by operator product expansion and perturbative QCD. An alternative constraint is obtained by using data available at higher energies for evaluating an integral of the modulus squared with a suitable weight function. From these conditions we derived upper and lower bounds on the modulus of the ωπ form factor in the region below the ωπ threshold. The results confirm the existence of a disagreement between dispersion theory and experimental data on the ωπ form factor around 0:6 GeV, including those from NA60 published in 2016.

Constraints on the ωπ form factor from analyticity and unitarity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ananthanarayan, B.; Caprini, Irinel; Kubis, Bastian

2016-05-01

Form factors are important low-energy quantities and an accurate knowledge of these sheds light on the strong interactions. A variety of methods based on general principles have been developed to use information known in different energy regimes to constrain them in regions where experimental information needs to be tested precisely. Here we review our recent work on the electromagnetic ωπ form factor in a model-independent framework known as the method of unitarity bounds, partly motivated by the discrepancies noted recently between the theoretical calculations of the form factor based on dispersion relations and certain experimental data measured from the decay ω → π0γ∗. We have applied a modified dispersive formalism, which uses as input the discontinuity of the ωπ form factor calculated by unitarity below the ωπ threshold and an integral constraint on the square of its modulus above this threshold. The latter constraint was obtained by exploiting unitarity and the positivity of the spectral function of a QCD correlator, computed on the spacelike axis by operator product expansion and perturbative QCD. An alternative constraint is obtained by using data available at higher energies for evaluating an integral of the modulus squared with a suitable weight function. From these conditions we derived upper and lower bounds on the modulus of the ωπ form factor in the region below the ωπ threshold. The results confirm the existence of a disagreement between dispersion theory and experimental data on the ωπ form factor around 0.6 GeV, including those from NA60 published in 2016.

Thermal Texture Selection and Correction for Building Facade Inspection Based on Thermal Radiant Characteristics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lin, D.; Jarzabek-Rychard, M.; Schneider, D.; Maas, H.-G.

2018-05-01

An automatic building façade thermal texture mapping approach, using uncooled thermal camera data, is proposed in this paper. First, a shutter-less radiometric thermal camera calibration method is implemented to remove the large offset deviations caused by changing ambient environment. Then, a 3D façade model is generated from a RGB image sequence using structure-from-motion (SfM) techniques. Subsequently, for each triangle in the 3D model, the optimal texture is selected by taking into consideration local image scale, object incident angle, image viewing angle as well as occlusions. Afterwards, the selected textures can be further corrected using thermal radiant characteristics. Finally, the Gauss filter outperforms the voted texture strategy at the seams smoothing and thus for instance helping to reduce the false alarm rate in façade thermal leakages detection. Our approach is evaluated on a building row façade located at Dresden, Germany.

An equilibrium method for prediction of transverse shear stresses in a thick laminated plate

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chaudhuri, R. Z.

1986-01-01

First two equations of equilibrium are utilized to compute the transverse shear stress variation through thickness of a thick laminated plate after in-plane stresses have been computed using an assumed quadratic displacement triangular element based on transverse inextensibility and layerwise constant shear angle theory (LCST). Centroid of the triangle is the point of exceptional accuracy for transverse shear stresses. Numerical results indicate close agreement with elasticity theory. An interesting comparison between the present theory and that based on assumed stress hybrid finite element approach suggests that the latter does not satisfy the condition of free normal traction at the edge. Comparison with numerical results obtained by using constant shear angle theory suggests that LCST is close to the elasticity solution while the CST is closer to classical (CLT) solution. It is also demonstrated that the reduced integration gives faster convergence when the present theory is applied to a thin plate.

Electric-field-induced domain intersection in BaTiO3 single crystal

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

He, Ming; Wang, Mengxia; Zhang, Zhihua

2017-03-01

Large-angle convergent beam electron diffraction was used to determine the directions of polarization vectors in a BaTiO3 single crystal. Domain intersections driven by an electric field were investigated by in situ transmission electron microscopy. The dark triangles observed in the domain intersection region can be accounted for by dislocations and the strain field. Domains nucleate at the domain tip depending on the dislocations and strain field to relieve the accumulated stress. Schematic representations of the intersecting domains and the microscopic structure are given, clarifying the special electric-field-induced domain structure.

Luminous flux and illumination

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schröer, H.

2001-06-01

Themes of this book are luminous flux and illumination. The book begins with definitions of the notions luminous flux and solid angle. Then the luminous flux through simple geometrical areas as circle, ball, triangles and n-gons is treated. Chapter 7 deals with luminous flux through general surfaces. A comparison between photometric and radiation dimensions follow. The next chapter contains the luminous flux through simple areas in medium (gas). At last illumination and temperature are presented. The content is interesting for opticians, light technicians and all physicists and natural scientists, who have to do with radiation. There is an english and a german edition.

Top-antitop production from W^+_L W^-_L and Z_L Z_L scattering under a strongly interacting symmetry-breaking sector

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Castillo, Andrés; Delgado, Rafael L.; Dobado, Antonio; Llanes-Estrada, Felipe J.

2017-07-01

By considering a non-linear electroweak chiral Lagrangian, including the Higgs, coupled to heavy quarks, and the equivalence theorem, we compute the one-loop scattering amplitudes W^+W^-→ t\\bar{t}, ZZ→ t\\bar{t} and hh→ t\\bar{t} (in the regime M_t^2/v^2≪ √{s}M_t/v^2≪ s/v^2 and to NLO in the effective theory). We calculate the scalar partial-wave helicity amplitudes which allow us to check unitarity at the perturbative level in both M_t/v and s/ v. As with growing energy perturbative unitarity deteriorates, we also introduce a new unitarization method with the right analytical behavior on the complex s-plane and that can support poles on the second Riemann sheet to describe resonances in terms of the Lagrangian couplings. Thus we have achieved a consistent phenomenological description of any resonant t\\bar{t} production that may be enhanced by a possible strongly interacting electroweak symmetry breaking sector.

Higgs gravitational interaction, weak boson scattering, and Higgs inflation in Jordan and Einstein frames

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ren, Jing; Xianyu, Zhong-Zhi; He, Hong-Jian, E-mail: jingren2004@gmail.com, E-mail: xianyuzhongzhi@gmail.com, E-mail: hjhe@tsinghua.edu.cn

2014-06-01

We study gravitational interaction of Higgs boson through the unique dimension-4 operator ξH{sup †}HR, with H  the Higgs doublet and R  the Ricci scalar curvature. We analyze the effect of this dimensionless nonminimal coupling ξ  on weak gauge boson scattering in both Jordan and Einstein frames. We explicitly establish the longitudinal-Goldstone equivalence theorem with nonzero ξ coupling in both frames, and analyze the unitarity constraints. We study the ξ-induced weak boson scattering cross sections at O(1−30) TeV scales, and propose to probe the Higgs-gravity coupling via weak boson scattering experiments at the LHC (14 TeV) and the next generation ppmore » colliders (50-100 TeV). We further extend our study to Higgs inflation, and quantitatively derive the perturbative unitarity bounds via coupled channel analysis, under large field background at the inflation scale. We analyze the unitarity constraints on the parameter space in both the conventional Higgs inflation and the improved models in light of the recent BICEP2 data.« less

Geometric Construction of Pythagorean Triangles

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Chandrupatla, Tirupathi R.; Osler, Thomas J.

2004-01-01

A right triangle with legs x and y and hypotenuse z in which x, y and z are all positive integers is called a Pythagorean triangle (PT) and the triple denoted by [x,y,z] is a Pythagorean triple. If x, y and z are all relatively prime (gcd is 1), then the triangle is called a primitive Pythagorean triangle (PPT) and the tripe a primitive…

The Hexaparagon

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hanson, J. R.

2006-01-01

A hexagon with each pair of opposite sides parallel to a side of a triangle will be called a hexaparagon for that triangle. One way to construct a hexaparagon for a given triangle ABC is to use as vertices the centroids P, Q, R, S, T, and U of the six non-overlapping sub-triangles formed by the three medians of triangle ABC. The perimeter of this…

Taste violations in the scalar correlator in mixed action simulations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Aubin, C.; /Columbia U. /William-Mary Coll.; Laiho, Jack

2007-10-01

We study the behavior of the isovector scalar correlator, which is particularly sensitive to lattice artifacts, using domain-wall valence quarks on a staggered sea (generated by the MILC collaboration). We analyze this according to the prediction from chiral perturbation theory determined by Prelovsek, which indicates that the leading unitarity violations come from taste breaking effects. We show that our data behaves in the way predicted by Prelovsek, thus verifying that the largest contribution to the violations of unitarity which arise at finite lattice spacing can be described by the mixed-action chiral perturbation theory.

Can Black Hole Relax Unitarily?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Solodukhin, S. N.

2005-03-01

We review the way the BTZ black hole relaxes back to thermal equilibrium after a small perturbation and how it is seen in the boundary (finite volume) CFT. The unitarity requires the relaxation to be quasi-periodic. It is preserved in the CFT but is not obvious in the case of the semiclassical black hole the relaxation of which is driven by complex quasi-normal modes. We discuss two ways of modifying the semiclassical black hole geometry to maintain unitarity: the (fractal) brick wall and the worm-hole modification. In the latter case the entropy comes out correctly as well.

Research on tessellation with triangle strip

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yu, Li; Zhang, Huaisheng

2018-04-01

The tessellation module of graphics pipeline can generate many triangles to specify surface detail characteristics, which are usually organized in triangle lists. However, the number of generated vertices is large and there are many repeated vertices. This paper proposes a new tessellation approach of triangle strips, which makes use of the adjacent relationship among triangles. It decreases the number of generated vertices which will benefits latter computation and storage. Experiments show that the number of generated vertices by the strip approach is about 51% of traditional triangle lists, which can improve the performance of GPU tessellation.

Parameterized Finite Element Modeling and Buckling Analysis of Six Typical Composite Grid Cylindrical Shells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lai, Changliang; Wang, Junbiao; Liu, Chuang

2014-10-01

Six typical composite grid cylindrical shells are constructed by superimposing three basic types of ribs. Then buckling behavior and structural efficiency of these shells are analyzed under axial compression, pure bending, torsion and transverse bending by finite element (FE) models. The FE models are created by a parametrical FE modeling approach that defines FE models with original natural twisted geometry and orients cross-sections of beam elements exactly. And the approach is parameterized and coded by Patran Command Language (PCL). The demonstrations of FE modeling indicate the program enables efficient generation of FE models and facilitates parametric studies and design of grid shells. Using the program, the effects of helical angles on the buckling behavior of six typical grid cylindrical shells are determined. The results of these studies indicate that the triangle grid and rotated triangle grid cylindrical shell are more efficient than others under axial compression and pure bending, whereas under torsion and transverse bending, the hexagon grid cylindrical shell is most efficient. Additionally, buckling mode shapes are compared and provide an understanding of composite grid cylindrical shells that is useful in preliminary design of such structures.

Subtemporal-anterior transtentoral approach to middle cranial fossa microsurgical anatomy.

PubMed

Xu, Zhiming; Wang, Weimin; Zhang, Jingjing; Liu, Wei; Feng, Yugong; Li, Gang

2014-11-01

This study aimed to describe the topography of inferior and external dura mater of the middle cranial fossa through subtemporal-anterior transpetrosal approach and discuss the feasibility of improving the approach. Eight formalin-fixed adult cadaveric heads were studied, with the bones milled away in the lateral triangle region of the petrous bone, Kawase rhombus region, and inner triangle region of the petrous apex. The distances between the targets in these regions, as well as the angles after the dissection of zygomatic arch, were measured, and then the exposed petroclival and retrochiasmatic areas were observed under the microscope. There were significant variations in the distances between targets in the 3 milled regions among the specimens. After the dissection of zygomatic arch, the surgical view got an average increase of 12 degrees. The subtemporal anterior transpetrosal approach, as an improved subtemporal approach, can expose the lesions optimally, causing no injury to the hearing and reducing injuries to temporal lobe. On the other hand, the lateral bone of the petrous parts of the temporal bone is removed so as to improve the view to the retrochiasmatic area and expand the operative field.

Unitarity, analyticity, dispersion relations, and resonances in strongly interacting WLWL, ZLZL, and h h scattering

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Delgado, Rafael L.; Dobado, Antonio; Llanes-Estrada, Felipe J.

2015-04-01

If the electroweak symmetry breaking sector turns out to be strongly interacting, the actively investigated effective theory for longitudinal gauge bosons plus Higgs can be efficiently extended to cover the regime of saturation of unitarity (where the perturbative expansion breaks down). This is achieved by dispersion relations, whose subtraction constants and left cut contribution can be approximately obtained in different ways, giving rise to different unitarization procedures. We illustrate the ideas with the inverse amplitude method, one version of the N/D method, and another improved version of the K matrix. In the three cases we get partial waves which are unitary, analytical with the proper left and right cuts, and in some cases poles in the second Riemann sheet that can be understood as dynamically generated resonances. In addition, they reproduce at next to leading order the perturbative expansion for the five partial waves not vanishing (up to J =2 ), and they are renormalization scale (μ ) independent. Also the unitarization formalisms are extended to the coupled channel case. Then we apply the results to the elastic scattering amplitude for the longitudinal components of the gauge bosons V =W ,Z at high energy. We also compute h h →h h and the inelastic process V V →h h which are coupled to the elastic V V channel for custodial isospin I =0 . We numerically compare the three methods for various values of the low-energy couplings and explain the reasons for the differences found in the I =J =1 partial wave. Then we study the resonances appearing in the different elastic and coupled channels in terms of the effective Lagrangian parameters.

Electromagnetic resonance in the asymmetric terahertz metamaterials with triangle microstructure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xing, Yuanyuan; Zhang, Xiaoyu; Zhang, Qiang; Gu, Yanping; Qian, Yunan; Lin, Xingyue; Tang, Yunhai; Cheng, Xinli; Qin, Changfa; Shen, Jiaoyan; Zang, Taocheng; Ma, Chunlan

2018-05-01

We investigate terahertz transmission properties and electromagnetic resonance modes in the asymmetric triangle structures with the change of asymmetric distance and the direction of electric field. When the THz electric field is perpendicular to the split gap of triangle, the electric field can better excite the THz absorption in the triangle structures. Importantly, electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) characteristics are observed in the triangle structures due to the destructive interference of the different excited modes. The distributions of electric field and surface current density simulated by finite difference time domain indicate that the bright mode is excited by the side of triangle structures and dark mode is excited by the gap-side of triangle. The present study is helpful to understand the electromagnetic resonance in the asymmetric triangular metamaterials.

Quark-parton model from dual topological unitarization

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cohen-Tannoudji, G.; El Hassouni, A.; Kalinowski, J.

1979-06-01

Topology, which occurs in the topological expansion of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) and in the dual topological unitarization (DTU) schemes, allows us to establish a quantitative correspondence between QCD and the dual S-matrix approaches. This topological correspondence, proposed by Veneziano and made more explicit in a recent paper for current-induced reactions, provides a clarifying and unifying quark-parton interpretation of soft inclusive processes. Precise predictions for inclusive cross sections in hadron-hadron collisions, structure functions of hadrons, and quark fragmentation functions including absolute normalizations are shown to agree with data. On a more theoretical ground the proposed scheme suggests a new approach tomore » the confinement problem.« less

A new simple form of quark mixing matrix

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Qin, Nan; Ma, Bo-Qiang

2011-01-01

Although different parametrizations of quark mixing matrix are mathematically equivalent, the consequences of experimental analysis may be distinct. Based on the triminimal expansion of Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix around the unit matrix, we propose a new simple parametrization. Compared with the Wolfenstein parametrization, we find that the new form is not only consistent with the original one in the hierarchical structure, but also more convenient for numerical analysis and measurement of the CP-violating phase. By discussing the relation between our new form and the unitarity boomerang, we point out that along with the unitarity boomerang, this new parametrization is useful in hunting for new physics.

76 FR 52649 - Golden Triangle Storage, Inc.; Notice of Application

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-23

... Triangle Storage, Inc.; Notice of Application On August 5, 2011, Golden Triangle Storage, Inc. (Golden... construct and operate two new salt dome storage caverns at its existing storage site located in Jefferson... Triangle Storage, Inc., 1200 Smith Street, Suite 900, Houston, TX 77002, (832) 397-8642 or John F...

Exploring CP violation with Bc decays

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fleischer, Robert; Wyler, Daniel

2000-09-01

We point out that the pure ``tree'' decays B+/-c-->D+/-sD are particularly well suited to extract the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa angle γ through amplitude relations. In contrast with conceptually similar strategies using B+/--->K+/-D or Bd-->K*0D decays, the advantage of the Bc approach is that the corresponding triangles have three sides of comparable length and do not involve small amplitudes. Decays of the type B+/-c-->D+/-D, the U-spin counterparts of B+/-c-->D+/-sD, can be added to the analysis, as well as channels, where the D+/-s and D+/- mesons are replaced by higher resonances.

A triangle voting algorithm based on double feature constraints for star sensors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fan, Qiaoyun; Zhong, Xuyang

2018-02-01

A novel autonomous star identification algorithm is presented in this study. In the proposed algorithm, each sensor star constructs multi-triangle with its bright neighbor stars and obtains its candidates by triangle voting process, in which the triangle is considered as the basic voting element. In order to accelerate the speed of this algorithm and reduce the required memory for star database, feature extraction is carried out to reduce the dimension of triangles and each triangle is described by its base and height. During the identification period, the voting scheme based on double feature constraints is proposed to implement triangle voting. This scheme guarantees that only the catalog star satisfying two features can vote for the sensor star, which improves the robustness towards false stars. The simulation and real star image test demonstrate that compared with the other two algorithms, the proposed algorithm is more robust towards position noise, magnitude noise and false stars.

Calot's triangle.

PubMed

Abdalla, Sala; Pierre, Sacha; Ellis, Harold

2013-05-01

Calot's triangle is an anatomical landmark of special value in cholecystectomy. First described by Jean-François Calot as an "isosceles" triangle in his doctoral thesis in 1891, this anatomical space requires careful dissection before the ligation and division of the cystic artery and cystic duct during cholecystectomy. The modern definition of the boundaries of Calot's triangle varies from Calot's original description, although the exact timing of this change is not entirely clear. The structures within Calot's triangle and their anatomical relationships can present the surgeon with difficulties, particularly when anatomical variations are encountered. Sound knowledge of the normal anatomy of the extrahepatic biliary tract and vasculature, as well as understanding of congenital variation, is thus essential in the prevention of iatrogenic injury. The authors describe the normal anatomy of Calot's triangle and common anatomical anomalies. The incidence of structural injury is discussed, and new techniques in surgery for enhancing the visualisation of Calot's triangle are reviewed. © . Copyright © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Triangle Clean Cities Resource Gives CNG

Science.gov Websites

, 2015 Triangle Clean Cities Resource Gives CNG Installation a Boost " Although North Carolina has ; Lacey Jane Wolfe, Triangle Clean Cities Coalition, Coordinator, Durham, North Carolina When the Triangle Clean Cities Coalition (TCCC) set out to promote compressed natural gas (CNG) fueling stations in North

Young Children's Conceptual Understanding of Triangle

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dagli, Ümmühan Yesil; Halat, Erdogan

2016-01-01

This study explored 5-6 year-old children's conceptual understanding of one geometric shape, the triangle. It focused on whether children could draw a triangle from memory, and identify triangles of different types, sizes, and orientations. The data were collected from 82 children attending state preschool programs through a one-on-one interview,…

The Characterizations of Triangles Using the Nine-Point Circles

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Srinivasan, V. K.

2012-01-01

In this note, primarily intended for high school students and high school teachers, characterizations of a right triangle and an equilateral triangle in the Euclidean plane are presented using the nine-point circle of a given triangle. Geometrical applications are explored along with their possible uses in the teaching environment. (Contains 4…

Grouper: A Compact, Streamable Triangle Mesh Data Structure.

PubMed

Luffel, Mark; Gurung, Topraj; Lindstrom, Peter; Rossignac, Jarek

2013-05-08

We present Grouper: an all-in-one compact file format, random-access data structure, and streamable representation for large triangle meshes. Similarly to the recently published SQuad representation, Grouper represents the geometry and connectivity of a mesh by grouping vertices and triangles into fixed-size records, most of which store two adjacent triangles and a shared vertex. Unlike SQuad, however, Grouper interleaves geometry with connectivity and uses a new connectivity representation to ensure that vertices and triangles can be stored in a coherent order that enables memory-efficient sequential stream processing. We present a linear-time construction algorithm that allows streaming out Grouper meshes using a small memory footprint while preserving the initial ordering of vertices. As part of this construction, we show how the problem of assigning vertices and triangles to groups reduces to a well-known NP-hard optimization problem, and present a simple yet effective heuristic solution that performs well in practice. Our array-based Grouper representation also doubles as a triangle mesh data structure that allows direct access to vertices and triangles. Storing only about two integer references per triangle, Grouper answers both incidence and adjacency queries in amortized constant time. Our compact representation enables data-parallel processing on multicore computers, instant partitioning and fast transmission for distributed processing, as well as efficient out-of-core access.

An anatomical study of the transversus abdominis plane block: location of the lumbar triangle of Petit and adjacent nerves.

PubMed

Jankovic, Zorica B; du Feu, Frances M; McConnell, Patricia

2009-09-01

The transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block is a new technique for providing analgesia to the anterior abdominal wall. Most previous studies have used the lumbar triangle of Petit as a landmark for the block. In this cadaveric study, we determined the exact position and size of the lumbar triangle of Petit and identified the nerves affected by the TAP block. The position of the lumbar triangle of Petit was assessed unilaterally in 26 cadaveric specimens relative to reliably palpable surface landmarks. In addition, a series of dissections were performed to explore the course of the nerves blocked by the TAP. The mean distance from the midaxillary line along the iliac crest to the center of the base of the lumbar triangle of Petit at the level of the subcutaneous tissue and over the skin surface was 6.9 cm (range, 4.5-9.2 cm) and 9.3 cm (range, 4-15.1 cm), respectively. The center of the lumbar triangle of Petit was 1.4 cm above the iliac crest. The depth of the TAP at the lumbar triangle of Petit position was 0.5-4 cm and at the midaxillary line it was 0.5-2 cm. The average size of the lumbar triangle of Petit was 2.3 cm x 3.3 cm x 2.2 cm, with an average area of 3.63 +/- 1.93 cm2. The three cadaveric specimens we explored showed the nerves blocked by TAP passed lateral to the triangle. An incidental finding was that in 66% of specimens the lumbar triangle of Petit contained small branches of the subcostal artery. The lumbar triangles of Petit found in the specimens in this study were more posterior than the literature suggests. The position of the lumbar triangle of Petit varies largely and the size is relatively small. The relevant nerves to be blocked had not entered the TAP in the specimens in this study at the point of the lumbar triangle of Petit. At the midaxillary line, however, all the nerves were in the TAP.

Parametric modeling and stagger angle optimization of an axial flow fan

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, M. X.; Zhang, C. H.; Liu, Y.; Y Zheng, S.

2013-12-01

Axial flow fans are widely used in every field of social production. Improving their efficiency is a sustained and urgent demand of domestic industry. The optimization of stagger angle is an important method to improve fan performance. Parametric modeling and calculation process automation are realized in this paper to improve optimization efficiency. Geometric modeling and mesh division are parameterized based on GAMBIT. Parameter setting and flow field calculation are completed in the batch mode of FLUENT. A control program is developed in Visual C++ to dominate the data exchange of mentioned software. It also extracts calculation results for optimization algorithm module (provided by Matlab) to generate directive optimization control parameters, which as feedback are transferred upwards to modeling module. The center line of the blade airfoil, based on CLARK y profile, is constructed by non-constant circulation and triangle discharge method. Stagger angles of six airfoil sections are optimized, to reduce the influence of inlet shock loss as well as gas leak in blade tip clearance and hub resistance at blade root. Finally an optimal solution is obtained, which meets the total pressure requirement under given conditions and improves total pressure efficiency by about 6%.

Pascal's Infinite Set of Triangles

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Skurnick, Ronald

2005-01-01

Pascal's Triangle is, without question, the most well-known triangular array of numbers in all of mathematics. A well-known algorithm for constructing Pascal's Triangle is based on the following two observations. The outer edges of the triangle consist of all 1's. Each number not lying on the outer edges is the sum of the two numbers above it in…

Grouper: a compact, streamable triangle mesh data structure.

PubMed

Luffel, Mark; Gurung, Topraj; Lindstrom, Peter; Rossignac, Jarek

2014-01-01

We present Grouper: an all-in-one compact file format, random-access data structure, and streamable representation for large triangle meshes. Similarly to the recently published SQuad representation, Grouper represents the geometry and connectivity of a mesh by grouping vertices and triangles into fixed-size records, most of which store two adjacent triangles and a shared vertex. Unlike SQuad, however, Grouper interleaves geometry with connectivity and uses a new connectivity representation to ensure that vertices and triangles can be stored in a coherent order that enables memory-efficient sequential stream processing. We present a linear-time construction algorithm that allows streaming out Grouper meshes using a small memory footprint while preserving the initial ordering of vertices. As a part of this construction, we show how the problem of assigning vertices and triangles to groups reduces to a well-known NP-hard optimization problem, and present a simple yet effective heuristic solution that performs well in practice. Our array-based Grouper representation also doubles as a triangle mesh data structure that allows direct access to vertices and triangles. Storing only about two integer references per triangle--i.e., less than the three vertex references stored with each triangle in a conventional indexed mesh format--Grouper answers both incidence and adjacency queries in amortized constant time. Our compact representation enables data-parallel processing on multicore computers, instant partitioning and fast transmission for distributed processing, as well as efficient out-of-core access. We demonstrate the versatility and performance benefits of Grouper using a suite of example meshes and processing kernels.

Grouper: A Compact, Streamable Triangle Mesh Data Structure

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Luffel, Mark; Gurung, Topraj; Lindstrom, Peter

2014-01-01

Here, we present Grouper: an all-in-one compact file format, random-access data structure, and streamable representation for large triangle meshes. Similarly to the recently published SQuad representation, Grouper represents the geometry and connectivity of a mesh by grouping vertices and triangles into fixed-size records, most of which store two adjacent triangles and a shared vertex. Unlike SQuad, however, Grouper interleaves geometry with connectivity and uses a new connectivity representation to ensure that vertices and triangles can be stored in a coherent order that enables memory-efficient sequential stream processing. We also present a linear-time construction algorithm that allows streaming out Grouper meshesmore » using a small memory footprint while preserving the initial ordering of vertices. In this construction, we show how the problem of assigning vertices and triangles to groups reduces to a well-known NP-hard optimization problem, and present a simple yet effective heuristic solution that performs well in practice. Our array-based Grouper representation also doubles as a triangle mesh data structure that allows direct access to vertices and triangles. Storing only about two integer references per triangle-i.e., less than the three vertex references stored with each triangle in a conventional indexed mesh format-Grouper answers both incidence and adjacency queries in amortized constant time. Our compact representation enables data-parallel processing on multicore computers, instant partitioning and fast transmission for distributed processing, as well as efficient out-of-core access. We demonstrate the versatility and performance benefits of Grouper using a suite of example meshes and processing kernels.« less

A Proof of Factorization Theorem of Drell-Yan Process at Operator Level

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhou, Gao-Liang

2016-02-01

An alternative proof of factorization theorem for Drell-Yan process that works at operator level is presented in this paper. Contributions of interactions after the hard collision for such inclusive processes are proved to be canceled at operator level according to the unitarity of time evolution operator. After this cancellation, there are no longer leading pinch singular surface in Glauber region in the time evolution of electromagnetic currents. Effects of soft gluons are absorbed into Wilson lines of scalar-polarized gluons. Cancelation of soft gluons is attribute to unitarity of time evolution operator and such Wilson lines. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 11275242

Dark lump excitations in superfluid Fermi gases

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Yan-Xia; Duan, Wen-Shan

2012-11-01

We study the linear and nonlinear properties of two-dimensional matter-wave pulses in disk-shaped superfluid Fermi gases. A Kadomtsev—Petviashvili I (KPI) solitary wave has been realized for superfluid Fermi gases in the limited cases of Bardeen—Cooper—Schrieffer (BCS) regime, Bose—Einstein condensate (BEC) regime, and unitarity regime. One-lump solution as well as one-line soliton solutions for the KPI equation are obtained, and two-line soliton solutions with the same amplitude are also studied in the limited cases. The dependence of the lump propagating velocity and the sound speed of two-dimensional superfluid Fermi gases on the interaction parameter are investigated for the limited cases of BEC and unitarity.

Merging NLO multi-jet calculations with improved unitarization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bellm, Johannes; Gieseke, Stefan; Plätzer, Simon

2018-03-01

We present an algorithm to combine multiple matrix elements at LO and NLO with a parton shower. We build on the unitarized merging paradigm. The inclusion of higher orders and multiplicities reduce the scale uncertainties for observables sensitive to hard emissions, while preserving the features of inclusive quantities. The combination allows further soft and collinear emissions to be predicted by the all-order parton-shower approximation. We inspect the impact of terms that are formally but not parametrically negligible. We present results for a number of collider observables where multiple jets are observed, either on their own or in the presence of additional uncoloured particles. The algorithm is implemented in the event generator Herwig.

Chiral Redox-Active Isosceles Triangles

DOE PAGES

Nalluri, Siva Krishna Mohan; Liu, Zhichang; Wu, Yilei; ...

2016-04-12

Designing small-molecule organic redox-active materials, with potential applications in energy storage, has received considerable interest of late. Herein, we report on the synthesis, characterization, and application of two rigid chiral triangles, each of which consist of non-identical pyromellitic diimide (PMDI) and naphthalene diimide (NDI)-based redox-active units. 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic investigations in solution confirm the lower symmetry (C2 point group) associated with these two isosceles triangles. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses reveal their rigid triangular prism-like geometries. Unlike previously investigated equilateral triangle containing three identical NDI subunits, both isosceles triangles do not choose to form one-dimensional supramolecular nanotubes by dintmore » of [C–H···O] interaction-driven columnar stacking. The rigid isosceles triangle, composed of one NDI and two PMDI subunits, forms—in the presence of N,N-dimethylformamide—two different types of intermolecular NDI–NDI and NDI–PMDI π–π stacked dimers with opposite helicities in the solid state. Cyclic voltammetry reveals that both isosceles triangles can accept reversibly up to six electrons. Continuous-wave electron paramagnetic resonance and electron–nuclear double-resonance spectroscopic investigations, supported by density functional theory calculations, on the single-electron reduced radical anions of the isosceles triangles confirm the selective sharing of unpaired electrons among adjacent redox-active NDI subunit(s) within both molecules. The isosceles triangles have been employed as electrode-active materials in organic rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. The evaluation of the structure–performance relationships of this series of diimide-based triangles reveals that the increase in the number of NDI subunits, replacing PMDI ones, within the molecules improves the electrochemical cell performance of the batteries.« less

Bounds for OPE coefficients on the Regge trajectory

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Costa, Miguel S.; Hansen, Tobias; Penedones, João

2017-10-01

We consider the Regge limit of the CFT correlation functions < JJOO> and < TTOO>, where J is a vector current, T is the stress tensor and O is some scalar operator. These correlation functions are related by a type of Fourier transform to the AdS phase shift of the dual 2-to-2 scattering process. AdS unitarity was conjectured some time ago to be positivity of the imaginary part of this bulk phase shift. This condition was recently proved using purely CFT arguments. For large N CFTs we further expand on these ideas, by considering the phase shift in the Regge limit, which is dominated by the leading Regge pole with spin j( ν), where ν is a spectral parameter. We compute the phase shift as a function of the bulk impact parameter, and then use AdS unitarity to impose bounds on the analytically continued OPE coefficients {C}_JJ}j(ν )} and C TTj(ν) that describe the coupling to the leading Regge trajectory of the current J and stress tensor T. AdS unitarity implies that the OPE coefficients associated to non-minimal couplings of the bulk theory vanish at the intercept value ν = 0, for any CFT. Focusing on the case of large gap theories, this result can be used to show that the physical OPE coefficients {C}_{JJT and C TTT , associated to non-minimal bulk couplings, scale with the gap Δ g as Δ g - 2 or Δ g - 4 . Also, looking directly at the unitarity condition imposed at the OPE coefficients {C_JJT and C TTT results precisely in the known conformal collider bounds, giving a new CFT derivation of these bounds. We finish with remarks on finite N theories and show directly in the CFT that the spin function j( ν) is convex, extending this property to the continuation to complex spin.

Low energy theorems and the unitarity bounds in the extra U(1) superstring inspired E{sub 6} models

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sharma, N.K.; Saxena, Pranav; Nagawat, Ashok K.

2005-11-01

The conventional method using low energy theorems derived by Chanowitz et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 2344 (1986);] does not seem to lead to an explicit unitarity limit in the scattering processes of longitudinally polarized gauge bosons for the high energy case in the extra U(1) superstring inspired models, commonly known as {eta} model, emanating from E{sub 6} group of superstring theory. We have made use of an alternative procedure given by Durand and Lopez [Phys. Lett. B 217, 463 (1989);], which is applicable to supersymmetric grand unified theories. Explicit unitarity bounds on the superpotential couplings (identified as Yukawa couplings)more » are obtained from both using unitarity constraints as well as using renormalization group equations (RGE) analysis at one-loop level utilizing critical couplings concepts implying divergence of scalar coupling at M{sub G}. These are found to be consistent with finiteness over the entire range M{sub Z}{<=}{radical}(s){<=}M{sub G} i.e. from grand unification scale to weak scale. For completeness, the similar approach has been made use of in other models i.e., {chi}, {psi}, and {nu} models emanating from E{sub 6} and it has been noticed that at weak scale, the unitarity bounds on Yukawa couplings do not differ among E{sub 6} extra U(1) models significantly except for the case of {chi} model in 16 representations. For the case of the E{sub 6}-{eta} model ({beta}{sub E} congruent with 9.64), the analysis using the unitarity constraints leads to the following bounds on various parameters: {lambda}{sub t(max.)}(M{sub Z})=1.294, {lambda}{sub b(max.)}(M{sub Z})=1.278, {lambda}{sub H(max.)}(M{sub Z})=0.955, {lambda}{sub D(max.)}(M{sub Z})=1.312. The analytical analysis of RGE at the one-loop level provides the following critical bounds on superpotential couplings: {lambda}{sub t,c}(M{sub Z}) congruent with 1.295, {lambda}{sub b,c}(M{sub Z}) congruent with 1.279, {lambda}{sub H,c}(M{sub Z}) congruent with 0.968, {lambda}{sub D,c}(M{sub Z}) congruent with 1.315. Thus superpotential coupling values obtained by both the approaches are in good agreement. Theoretically we have obtained bounds on physical mass parameters using the unitarity constrained superpotential couplings. The bounds are as follows: (i) Absolute upper bound on top quark mass m{sub t}{<=}225 GeV (ii) the upper bound on the lightest neutral Higgs boson mass at the tree level is m{sub H{sub 2}{sup 0}}{sup tree}{<=}169 GeV, and after the inclusion of the one-loop radiative correction it is m{sub H{sub 2}{sup 0}}{<=}229 GeV when {lambda}{sub t}{ne}{lambda}{sub b} at the grand unified theory scale. On the other hand, these are m{sub H{sub 2}{sup 0}}{sup tree}{<=}159 GeV, m{sub H{sub 2}{sup 0}}{<=}222 GeV, respectively, when {lambda}{sub t}={lambda}{sub b} at the grand unified theory scale. A plausible range on D-quark mass as a function of mass scale M{sub Z{sub 2}} is m{sub D}{approx_equal}O(3 TeV) for M{sub Z{sub 2}}{approx_equal}O(1 TeV) for the favored values of tan{beta}{<=}1. The bounds on aforesaid physical parameters in the case of {chi}, {psi}, and {nu} models in the 27 representation are almost identical with those of {eta} model and are consistent with the present day experimental precision measurements.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Duchaineau, M.; Wolinsky, M.; Sigeti, D.E.

Terrain visualization is a difficult problem for applications requiring accurate images of large datasets at high frame rates, such as flight simulation and ground-based aircraft testing using synthetic sensor stimulation. On current graphics hardware, the problem is to maintain dynamic, view-dependent triangle meshes and texture maps that produce good images at the required frame rate. We present an algorithm for constructing triangle meshes that optimizes flexible view-dependent error metrics, produces guaranteed error bounds, achieves specified triangle counts directly, and uses frame-to-frame coherence to operate at high frame rates for thousands of triangles per frame. Our method, dubbed Real-time Optimally Adaptingmore » Meshes (ROAM), uses two priority queues to drive split and merge operations that maintain continuous triangulations built from pre-processed bintree triangles. We introduce two additional performance optimizations: incremental triangle stripping and priority-computation deferral lists. ROAM execution time is proportionate to the number of triangle changes per frame, which is typically a few percent of the output mesh size, hence ROAM performance is insensitive to the resolution and extent of the input terrain. Dynamic terrain and simple vertex morphing are supported.« less

Fascicle arrangements of vastus lateralis and gastrocnemius muscles in highly trained soccer players and swimmers of both genders.

PubMed

Kanehisa, H; Muraoka, Y; Kawakami, Y; Fukunaga, T

2003-02-01

The thickness, fascicle angles of pennation, and fascicle length of the vastus lateralis (VL) and medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscles in highly trained soccer players and swimmers of both genders were determined from ulrasonograms to investigate whether the fascicle arrangements of the lower limb muscles in the athletes could be related to the requirements of the events, i. e., intensive muscular activities in the water versus on the ground. In comparisons between the two events, the soccer players tended to show shorter fascicles and greater fascicle angles, and the swimmers thicker muscles and longer fascicles, especially in VL. In both events, the males showed thicker muscles and greater fascicle angles than the females. In both VL and MG, the thickness, fascicle length and fascicle angle were related to each other in a right-angled triangle model, and so, most of the event- and/or gender-related differences observed in the fascicle angle depended on the difference in muscle thickness relative to fascicle length. The present data cannot answer the question of whether the athletes had muscles suited to their respective sports prior to beginning their sports or whether the muscles adapted specifically to the competitive and/or training styles. However, it might be assumed that the lower limb muscles for swimmers are suitable to perform rapid, powerful kick movements during competitive swims by having greater thickness and longer fascicle, i. e., priorities in both force production and shortening velocity, but those for soccer players do not show architectural profiles which can be related to intensive activity on the ground, except that the thickness values exceed the normal range.

Basilar artery angulation in association with aging and pontine lacunar infarction: a multicenter observational study.

PubMed

Jeong, Seul-Ki; Lee, Ju-Hee; Nam, Do-Hyun; Kim, Joon-Tae; Ha, Yeon Soo; Oh, Sun-Young; Park, Se-Hyoung; Lee, Sang Hyuk; Hur, Nahmkeon; Kwak, Hyo-Sung; Chung, Gyung-Ho

2015-01-01

Deep pontine lacunar infarction (DPLI) not involving the basal pial surface of the medial part of the pons, is known to be a small vessel disease in the territory of the basilar artery (BA). In the present study, we examined whether morphological features of the BA differ in individuals with an advanced age and may be associated with DPLI. This study included 338 healthy subjects and 78 patients with DPLI treated at the stroke centers of three university hospitals in Korea. Time-Of-Flight magnetic resonance angiographic images were transported to a central lab and analyzed blind to obtain the clinical data. For the quantitative analysis, the BA was projected two-dimensionally in the anteroposterior and lateral views and perceived as triangles of the vertebrobasilar junction, angulation point and BA division. The angles and triangular areas were summated into angulation indexes and used to quantify the degree of BA tortuosity. The BA showed a more acute angle at the angulation point in the elderly patients than in the healthy subjects. Compared to the healthy subjects, the DPLI patients exhibited significantly larger angles at the vertebrobasilar junction, in addition to the acute angles noted at the angulation point. A unit increase in the BA angle indexes at the vertebrobasilar junction and angulation points for DPLI was found to have an odds ratio of 1.15 (95% confidence interval, 1.05-1.26) and 0.95 (95% CI, 0.91-0.99), respectively, even after adjusting for potential confounders. The angulation point of the BA becomes more acute in elderly individuals. In this study, the vertebrobasilar junction showed a larger angle in the patients with DPLI than in the healthy controls.

Detecting Statistically Significant Communities of Triangle Motifs in Undirected Networks

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-04-26

REPORT TYPE Final 3. DATES COVERED (From - To) 15 Oct 2014 to 14 Jan 2015 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Detecting statistically significant clusters of...extend the work of Perry et al. [6] by developing a statistical framework that supports the detection of triangle motif-based clusters in complex...priori, the need for triangle motif-based clustering . 2. Developed an algorithm for clustering undirected networks, where the triangle con guration was

Effect of the Fabrication Parameters of the Nanosphere Lithography Method on the Properties of the Deposited Au-Ag Nanoparticle Arrays

PubMed Central

Liu, Jing; Chen, Chaoyang; Yang, Guangsong; Chen, Yushan; Yang, Cheng-Fu

2017-01-01

The nanosphere lithography (NSL) method can be developed to deposit the Au-Ag triangle hexagonal nanoparticle arrays for the generation of localized surface plasmon resonance. Previously, we have found that the parameters used to form the NSL masks and the physical methods required to deposit the Au-Ag thin films had large effects on the geometry properties of the nanoparticle arrays. Considering this, the different parameters used to grow the Au-Ag triangle hexagonal nanoparticle arrays were investigated. A single-layer NSL mask was formed by using self-assembly nano-scale polystyrene (PS) nanospheres with an average radius of 265 nm. At first, the concentration of the nano-scale PS nanospheres in the solution was set at 6 wt %. Two coating methods, drop-coating and spin-coating, were used to coat the nano-scale PS nanospheres as a single-layer NSL mask. From the observations of scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), we found that the matrixes of the PS nanosphere masks fabricated by using the drop-coating method were more uniform and exhibited a smaller gap than those fabricated by the spin-coating method. Next, the drop-coating method was used to form the single-layer NSL mask and the concentration of nano-scale PS nanospheres in a solution that was changed from 4 to 10 wt %, for further study. The SEM images showed that when the concentrations of PS nanospheres in the solution were 6 and 8 wt %, the matrixes of the PS nanosphere masks were more uniform than those of 4 and 10 wt %. The effects of the one-side lifting angle of substrates and the vaporization temperature for the solvent of one-layer self-assembly PS nanosphere thin films, were also investigated. Finally, the concentration of the nano-scale PS nanospheres in the solution was set at 8 wt % to form the PS nanosphere masks by the drop-coating method. Three different physical deposition methods, including thermal evaporation, radio-frequency magnetron sputtering, and e-gun deposition, were used to deposit the Au-Ag triangle hexagonal periodic nanoparticle arrays. The SEM images showed that as the single-layer PS nanosphere mask was well controlled, the thermal evaporation could deposit the Au-Ag triangle hexagonal nanoparticle arrays with a higher quality than the other two methods. PMID:28772741

Effect of the Fabrication Parameters of the Nanosphere Lithography Method on the Properties of the Deposited Au-Ag Nanoparticle Arrays.

PubMed

Liu, Jing; Chen, Chaoyang; Yang, Guangsong; Chen, Yushan; Yang, Cheng-Fu

2017-04-03

The nanosphere lithography (NSL) method can be developed to deposit the Au-Ag triangle hexagonal nanoparticle arrays for the generation of localized surface plasmon resonance. Previously, we have found that the parameters used to form the NSL masks and the physical methods required to deposit the Au-Ag thin films had large effects on the geometry properties of the nanoparticle arrays. Considering this, the different parameters used to grow the Au-Ag triangle hexagonal nanoparticle arrays were investigated. A single-layer NSL mask was formed by using self-assembly nano-scale polystyrene (PS) nanospheres with an average radius of 265 nm. At first, the concentration of the nano-scale PS nanospheres in the solution was set at 6 wt %. Two coating methods, drop-coating and spin-coating, were used to coat the nano-scale PS nanospheres as a single-layer NSL mask. From the observations of scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), we found that the matrixes of the PS nanosphere masks fabricated by using the drop-coating method were more uniform and exhibited a smaller gap than those fabricated by the spin-coating method. Next, the drop-coating method was used to form the single-layer NSL mask and the concentration of nano-scale PS nanospheres in a solution that was changed from 4 to 10 wt %, for further study. The SEM images showed that when the concentrations of PS nanospheres in the solution were 6 and 8 wt %, the matrixes of the PS nanosphere masks were more uniform than those of 4 and 10 wt %. The effects of the one-side lifting angle of substrates and the vaporization temperature for the solvent of one-layer self-assembly PS nanosphere thin films, were also investigated. Finally, the concentration of the nano-scale PS nanospheres in the solution was set at 8 wt % to form the PS nanosphere masks by the drop-coating method. Three different physical deposition methods, including thermal evaporation, radio-frequency magnetron sputtering, and e-gun deposition, were used to deposit the Au-Ag triangle hexagonal periodic nanoparticle arrays. The SEM images showed that as the single-layer PS nanosphere mask was well controlled, the thermal evaporation could deposit the Au-Ag triangle hexagonal nanoparticle arrays with a higher quality than the other two methods.

Dispersion relations for η '→ η π π

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Isken, Tobias; Kubis, Bastian; Schneider, Sebastian P.; Stoffer, Peter

2017-07-01

We present a dispersive analysis of the decay amplitude for η '→ η π π that is based on the fundamental principles of analyticity and unitarity. In this framework, final-state interactions are fully taken into account. Our dispersive representation relies only on input for the {π π } and {π }η scattering phase shifts. Isospin symmetry allows us to describe both the charged and neutral decay channel in terms of the same function. The dispersion relation contains subtraction constants that cannot be fixed by unitarity. We determine these parameters by a fit to Dalitz-plot data from the VES and BES-III experiments. We study the prediction of a low-energy theorem and compare the dispersive fit to variants of chiral perturbation theory.

Evaluation of the Historic Triangle Wayfinding Sign System.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2009-01-01

The "Historic Triangle" in Virginia is named for the historic areas comprising and surrounding Williamsburg, Jamestown, and Yorktown, Virginia. A Historic Triangle Wayfinding Sign System was designed to lead travelers from I-64 to historic sites in W...

Building Intuitive Arguments for the Triangle Congruence Conditions

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Piatek-Jimenez, Katrina

2008-01-01

The triangle congruence conditions are a central focus to nearly any course in Euclidean geometry. The author presents a hands-on activity that uses straws and pipe cleaners to explore and justify the triangle congruence conditions. (Contains 4 figures.)

Extension of the HAL QCD approach to inelastic and multi-particle scatterings in lattice QCD

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aoki, S.

We extend the HAL QCD approach, with which potentials between two hadrons can be obtained in QCD at energy below inelastic thresholds, to inelastic and multi-particle scatterings. We first derive asymptotic behaviors of the Nambu-Bethe-Salpeter (NBS) wave function at large space separations for systems with more than 2 particles, in terms of the one-shell $T$-matrix consrainted by the unitarity of quantum field theories. We show that its asymptotic behavior contains phase shifts and mixing angles of $n$ particle scatterings. This property is one of the essential ingredients of the HAL QCD scheme to define "potential" from the NBS wave function in quantum field theories such as QCD. We next construct energy independent but non-local potentials above inelastic thresholds, in terms of these NBS wave functions. We demonstrate an existence of energy-independent coupled channel potentials with a non-relativistic approximation, where momenta of all particles are small compared with their own masses. Combining these two results, we can employ the HAL QCD approach also to investigate inelastic and multi-particle scatterings.

Ten Triangles around Cavernous Sinus for Surgical Approach, Described by Schematic Diagram and Three Dimensional Models with the Sectioned Images.

PubMed

Chung, Beom Sun; Ahn, Young Hwan; Park, Jin Seo

2016-09-01

For the surgical approach to lesions around the cavernous sinus (CS), triangular spaces around CS have been devised. However, educational materials for learning the triangles were insufficient. The purpose of this study is to present educational materials about the triangles, consisting of a schematic diagram and 3-dimensional (3D) models with sectioned images. To achieve the purposes, other studies were analyzed to establish new definitions and names of the triangular spaces. Learning materials including schematic diagrams and 3D models with cadaver's sectioned images were manufactured. Our new definition was attested by observing the sectioned images and 3D models. The triangles and the four representative surgical approaches were stereoscopically indicated on the 3D models. All materials of this study were put into Portable Document Format file and were distributed freely at our homepage (anatomy.dongguk.ac.kr/triangles). By using our schematic diagram and the 3D models with sectioned images, ten triangles and the related structures could be understood and observed accurately. We expect that our data will contribute to anatomy education, surgery training, and radiologic understanding of the triangles and related structures.

Ergodicity of two hard balls in integrable polygons

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bálint, Péter; Troubetzkoy, Serge

2004-11-01

We prove the hyperbolicity, ergodicity and thus the Bernoulli property of two hard balls in one of the following four polygons: the square, the equilateral triangle, the 45°-45°-90° triangle or the 30°-60°-90° triangle.

Resonances of the Electroweak Symmetry Breaking Sector in unitarized Higgs-EFT

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Llanes-Estrada, Felipe J.; Delgado, Rafael L.; Dobado, Antonio

2017-01-01

Because of the gap between the known 100 GeV scale and any new physics, it is natural to formulate an effective Lagrangian (HEFT) with the particles of the Electroweak Symmetry Breaking Sector (WL,ZL and h). To use it with any new particles and resonances that may be found at the LHC we extend it by means of dispersion relations that yield unitarized amplitudes valid even in the presence of new strong interactions. We have studied several such methods (Inverse Amplitude, N/D, Improved K-matrix, etc.) to assess the systematics, and find that they give qualitatively similar results and succesfully produce unitary amplitudes in the nonperturbative regime. We have computed all the necessary one-loop amplitudes in the HEFT and unitarized them numerically with those methods. We are thus in a position to describe new physics in the 0.5 TeV-3 TeV (region of validity of our approximations: the effective theory and the equivalence theorem to substitute WL, ZL by the Goldstone bosons of electroweak symmetry breaking). We have also computed the coupling of the EWSBS to the top-antitop and two-photon channels to describe resonances that decay through them or to study their photon-photon production, for example. The approach is universal and useful for many BSM theories at low energy. Funded by spanish grant MINECO:FPA2014-53375-C2-1-P.

Indexed triangle strips optimization for real-time visualization using genetic algorithm: preliminary study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tanaka, Kiyoshi; Takano, Shuichi; Sugimura, Tatsuo

2000-10-01

In this work we focus on the indexed triangle strips that is an extended representation of triangle strips to improve the efficiency for geometrical transformation of vertices, and present a method to construct optimum indexed triangle strips using Genetic Algorithm (GA) for real-time visualization. The main objective of this work is how to optimally construct indexed triangle strips by improving the ratio that reuses the data stored in the cash memory and simultaneously reducing the total index numbers with GA. Simulation results verify that the average index numbers and cache miss ratio per polygon cold be small, and consequently the total visualization time required for the optimum solution obtained by this scheme could be remarkably reduced.

A geometric approach to aortic root surgical anatomy.

PubMed

Contino, Monica; Mangini, Andrea; Lemma, Massimo Giovanni; Romagnoni, Claudia; Zerbi, Pietro; Gelpi, Guido; Antona, Carlo

2016-01-01

The aim of this study was the analysis of the geometrical relationships between the different structures constituting the aortic root, with particular attention to interleaflet triangles, haemodynamic ventriculo-arterial junction and functional aortic annulus in normal subjects. Sixteen formol-fixed human hearts with normal aortic roots were studied. The aortic root was isolated, sectioned at the midpoint of the non-coronary sinus, spread apart and photographed by a high-resolution digital camera. After calibration and picture resizing, the software AutoCAD 2004 was used to identify and measure all the elements of the interleaflets triangles and of the aortic root that were objects of our analysis. Multiple comparisons were performed with one-way analysis of variance for continuous data and with Kruskal-Wallis analysis for non-continuous data. Linear regression and Pearson's product correlation were used to correlate root element dimensions when appropriate. Student's t-test was used to compare means for unpaired data. Heron's formula was applied to estimate the functional aortic annular diameters. The non coronary-left coronary interleaflets triangles were larger, followed by inter-coronary and right-non-coronary ones. The apical angle is <60° and its standard deviation can be considered an asymmetry index. The sinu-tubular junction was shown to be 10% larger than the virtual basal ring (VBR). The mathematical relationship between the haemodynamic ventriculo-arterial junction and the VBR calculated by linear regression and expressed in terms of the diameter was: haemodynamic ventriculo-arterial junction = 2.29 VBR (diameter) + 47. Conservative aortic surgery is based on a better understanding of aortic root anatomy and physiology. The relationships among its elements are of paramount importance during aortic valve repair/sparing procedures and they can be useful also in echocardiographic analysis and in computed tomography reconstruction. © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. All rights reserved.

Relations between Some Characteristic Lengths in a Triangle

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Koepf, Wolfram; Brede, Markus

2005-01-01

The paper's aim is to note a remarkable (and apparently unknown) relation for right triangles, its generalisation to arbitrary triangles and the possibility to derive these and some related relations by elimination using Groebner basis computations with a modern computer algebra system. (Contains 9 figures.)

Graphing trillions of triangles.

PubMed

Burkhardt, Paul

2017-07-01

The increasing size of Big Data is often heralded but how data are transformed and represented is also profoundly important to knowledge discovery, and this is exemplified in Big Graph analytics. Much attention has been placed on the scale of the input graph but the product of a graph algorithm can be many times larger than the input. This is true for many graph problems, such as listing all triangles in a graph. Enabling scalable graph exploration for Big Graphs requires new approaches to algorithms, architectures, and visual analytics. A brief tutorial is given to aid the argument for thoughtful representation of data in the context of graph analysis. Then a new algebraic method to reduce the arithmetic operations in counting and listing triangles in graphs is introduced. Additionally, a scalable triangle listing algorithm in the MapReduce model will be presented followed by a description of the experiments with that algorithm that led to the current largest and fastest triangle listing benchmarks to date. Finally, a method for identifying triangles in new visual graph exploration technologies is proposed.

Rapid deposition of triangular silver nanoplates on planar surfaces: application to metal-enhanced fluorescence.

PubMed

Aslan, Kadir; Lakowicz, Joseph R; Geddes, Chris D

2005-04-07

A simple and rapid wet-chemical technique for the deposition of silver triangles on conventional glass substrates, which alleviates the need for lithography, has been developed. The technique is based on the seed-mediated cetyltrimethylammonium-bromide-directed growth of silver triangles on glass surfaces, where smaller spherical silver seeds that were attached to the surface were subsequently converted and grown into silver triangles in the presence of a cationic surfactant and silver ions. The size of the silver triangles was controlled by sequential immersion of silver seed-coated glass substrates into a growth solution and by the duration time of immersion. Atomic force microscopy studies revealed that the size of the silver triangles ranged between 100 and 500 nm. Interestingly, these new surfaces are a significant improvement over traditional silver island films for applications in metal-enhanced fluorescence. A routine 16-fold enhancement in emission intensity was typically observed, for protein-immobilized indocyanine green, with a relatively very low loading density of silver triangles on the glass surface.

A Bermuda Triangle of Science

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Winkelsas, John

2006-01-01

The Bermuda Triangle is famous for the unexplained disappearances of ships and aircraft, and for strange meteorological phenomena that allegedly have occurred within its boundaries. This article presents an activity wherein students are asked to create their own geographical triangles to research, but instead of focusing on the unexplainable,…

Dispersion relations for $$\\eta '\\rightarrow \\eta \\pi \\pi $$

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Isken, Tobias; Kubis, Bastian; Schneider, Sebastian P.

Here, we present a dispersive analysis of the decay amplitude for η' → ηππ that is based on the fundamental principles of analyticity and unitarity. In this framework, final-state interactions are fully taken into account. Our dispersive representation relies only on input for the ππ and πη scattering phase shifts. Isospin symmetry allows us to describe both the charged and neutral decay channel in terms of the same function. The dispersion relation contains subtraction constants that cannot be fixed by unitarity.We determine these parameters by a fit to Dalitz-plot data from the VES and BES-III experiments. We study the predictionmore » of a low-energy theorem and compare the dispersive fit to variants of chiral perturbation theory.« less

Nuclear Physics Around the Unitarity Limit.

PubMed

König, Sebastian; Grießhammer, Harald W; Hammer, H-W; van Kolck, U

2017-05-19

We argue that many features of the structure of nuclei emerge from a strictly perturbative expansion around the unitarity limit, where the two-nucleon S waves have bound states at zero energy. In this limit, the gross features of states in the nuclear chart are correlated to only one dimensionful parameter, which is related to the breaking of scale invariance to a discrete scaling symmetry and set by the triton binding energy. Observables are moved to their physical values by small perturbative corrections, much like in descriptions of the fine structure of atomic spectra. We provide evidence in favor of the conjecture that light, and possibly heavier, nuclei are bound weakly enough to be insensitive to the details of the interactions but strongly enough to be insensitive to the exact size of the two-nucleon system.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nikolić, Hrvoje, E-mail: hnikolic@irb.hr

An argument by Banks, Susskind and Peskin (BSP), according to which violation of unitarity would violate either locality or energy-momentum conservation, is widely believed to be a strong argument against non-unitarity of Hawking radiation. We find that the whole BSP argument rests on the crucial assumption that the Hamiltonian is not highly degenerate, and point out that this assumption is not satisfied for systems with many degrees of freedom. Using Lindblad equation, we show that high degeneracy of the Hamiltonian allows local non-unitary evolution without violating energy-momentum conservation. Moreover, since energy-momentum is the source of gravity, we argue that energy-momentummore » is necessarily conserved for a large class of non-unitary systems with gravity. Finally, we explicitly calculate the Lindblad operators for non-unitary Hawking radiation and show that they conserve energy-momentum.« less

Dispersion relations for $$\\eta '\\rightarrow \\eta \\pi \\pi $$

DOE PAGES

Isken, Tobias; Kubis, Bastian; Schneider, Sebastian P.; ...

2017-07-21

Here, we present a dispersive analysis of the decay amplitude for η' → ηππ that is based on the fundamental principles of analyticity and unitarity. In this framework, final-state interactions are fully taken into account. Our dispersive representation relies only on input for the ππ and πη scattering phase shifts. Isospin symmetry allows us to describe both the charged and neutral decay channel in terms of the same function. The dispersion relation contains subtraction constants that cannot be fixed by unitarity.We determine these parameters by a fit to Dalitz-plot data from the VES and BES-III experiments. We study the predictionmore » of a low-energy theorem and compare the dispersive fit to variants of chiral perturbation theory.« less

Environmental stress and whole-tree physiology

Treesearch

Peter L. Jr. Lorio

1993-01-01

Interactions among bark beetles, pathogens, and conifers constitute a triangle. Another triangle of interactions exist among the invading organism (bark beetles and pathogens), the trees, and the environment. How important, variable or constant, simple or complex, is the role of trees in these triangles? Understanding the wide range of interactions that take place...

From Concept to Reality in Implementing the Knowledge Triangle

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sjoer, Ellen; Nørgaard, Bente; Goossens, Marc

2016-01-01

The concept of Knowledge Triangle (KT) links together research, education and innovation and replaces the traditional "one way" flow of knowledge, essentially from research to education, by a "both ways" circular motion between all the corners of a triangle that, besides research and education, also includes innovation, the…

77 FR 60448 - National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Notice of Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-10-03

... Health Sciences, Building 101, Rodbell Auditorium, 111 T. W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC..., Rodbell Auditorium, 111 T. W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. Closed: November 5, 2012... Sciences, Building 101, Rodbell Auditorium, 111 T. W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709...

The DNA Triangle and Its Application to Learning Meiosis

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wright, L. Kate; Catavero, Christina M.; Newman, Dina L.

2017-01-01

Although instruction on meiosis is repeated many times during the undergraduate curriculum, many students show poor comprehension even as upper-level biology majors. We propose that the difficulty lies in the complexity of understanding DNA, which we explain through a new model, the DNA triangle. The "DNA triangle" integrates three…

75 FR 61788 - Triangle Capital Corporation, et al.; Notice of Application

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-10-06

... to the issuers of such securities. 2. TMF, a North Carolina limited liability limited partnership, is... same investment objectives and strategies as Triangle. Triangle owns a 99.9% limited partnership... persons who are interested persons of TMF. 3. SBIC II, a Delaware limited partnership, is an SBIC licensed...

Teaching Pascal's Triangle from a Computer Science Perspective

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Skurnick, Ronald

2004-01-01

Pascal's Triangle is named for the seventeenth-century French philosopher and mathematician Blaise Pascal (the same person for whom the computer programming language is named). Students are generally introduced to Pascal's Triangle in an algebra or precalculus class in which the Binomial Theorem is presented. This article, presents a new method…

Beyond Pascal's Triangle

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Minor, Darrell P.

2005-01-01

In "Beyond Pascals Triangle" the author demonstrates ways of using "Pascallike" triangles to expand polynomials raised to powers in a fairly quick and easy fashion. The recursive method could easily be implemented within a spreadsheet, or simply by using paper and pencil. An explanation of why the method works follows the several examples that are…

The Bermuda Triangle of Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bertrand, Yves

The pedagogical triangle of teacher, learner, and subject matter has in its center a fourth element: the communication system. Each feature of the pedagogical triangle, and the communication system as well, relies on a very important cultural component. Problems occur when communication processes in a classroom are fragmented and related to…

Using a Simple Optical Rangefinder To Teach Similar Triangles.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cuicchi, Paul M.; Hutchison, Paul S.

2003-01-01

Describes how the concept of similar triangles was taught using an optical method of estimating large distances as a corresponding activity. Includes the derivation of a formula to calculate one source of measurement error and is a nice exercise in the use of the properties of similar triangles. (Author/NB)

Explicit formulation of an anisotropic Allman/DKT 3-node thin triangular flat shell elements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ertas, A.; Krafcik, J. T.; Ekwaro-Osire, S.

A simple, explicit formulation of the stiffness matrix for an anisotropic, 3-node, thin triangular, flat shell element in global coordinates is presented. An Allman triangle is used for membrane stiffness. The membrane stiffness matrix is explicitly derived by applying an Allman transformation to a Felippa 6-node linear strain triangle (LST). Bending stiffness is incorporated by the use of a discrete Kirchhoff triangle (DKT) bending triangle. Stiffness terms resulting from anisotropic membrane-bending coupling are included by integrating, in area coordinates, membrane and bending strain-displacement matrices.

The subatlantic triangle: gateway to early localization of the atlantoaxial vertebral artery.

PubMed

Tayebi Meybodi, Ali; Gandhi, Sirin; Preul, Mark C; Lawton, Michael T

2018-04-27

OBJECTIVE Exposure of the vertebral artery (VA) between C-1 and C-2 vertebrae (atlantoaxial VA) may be necessary in a variety of pathologies of the craniovertebral junction. Current methods to expose this segment of the VA entail sharp dissection of muscles close to the internal jugular vein and the spinal accessory nerve. The present study assesses the technique of exposing the atlantoaxial VA through a newly defined muscular triangle at the craniovertebral junction. METHODS Five cadaveric heads were prepared for surgical simulation in prone position, turned 30°-45° toward the side of exposure. The atlantoaxial VA was exposed through the subatlantic triangle after reflecting the sternocleidomastoid and splenius capitis muscles inferiorly. The subatlantic triangle was formed by 3 groups of muscles: 1) the levator scapulae and splenius cervicis muscles inferiorly and laterally, 2) the longissimus capitis muscle inferiorly and medially, and 3) the inferior oblique capitis superiorly. The lengths of the VA exposed through the triangle before and after unroofing the C-2 transverse foramen were measured. RESULTS The subatlantic triangle consistently provided access to the whole length of atlantoaxial VA. The average length of the VA exposed via the subatlantic triangle was 19.5 mm. This average increased to 31.5 mm after the VA was released at the C-2 transverse foramen. CONCLUSIONS The subatlantic triangle provides a simple and straightforward pathway to expose the atlantoaxial VA. The proposed method may be useful during posterior approaches to the craniovertebral junction should early exposure and control of the atlantoaxial VA become necessary.

A Universal Ts-VI Triangle Method for the Continuous Retrieval of Evaporative Fraction From MODIS Products

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhu, Wenbin; Jia, Shaofeng; Lv, Aifeng

2017-10-01

The triangle method based on the spatial relationship between remotely sensed land surface temperature (Ts) and vegetation index (VI) has been widely used for the estimates of evaporative fraction (EF). In the present study, a universal triangle method was proposed by transforming the Ts-VI feature space from a regional scale to a pixel scale. The retrieval of EF is only related to the boundary conditions at pixel scale, regardless of the Ts-VI configuration over the spatial domain. The boundary conditions of each pixel are composed of the theoretical dry edge determined by the surface energy balance principle and the wet edge determined by the average air temperature of open water. The universal triangle method was validated using the EF observations collected by the Energy Balance Bowen Ratio systems in the Southern Great Plains of the United States of America (USA). Two parameterization schemes of EF were used to demonstrate their applicability with Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) products over the whole year 2004. The results of this study show that the accuracy produced by both of these two parameterization schemes is comparable to that produced by the traditional triangle method, although the universal triangle method seems specifically suited to the parameterization scheme proposed in our previous research. The independence of the universal triangle method from the Ts-VI feature space makes it possible to conduct a continuous monitoring of evapotranspiration and soil moisture. That is just the ability the traditional triangle method does not possess.

What's Your Answer? Searching for Triangles

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Meagher, Michael S.; Edwards, Michael Todd; Özgün-Koca, S. Asli

2016-01-01

The article opens with a Geoboard Triangle Quest in this form: "How many noncongruent triangles can be constructed on a 4 × 4 geoboard? How do you know? Justify your answer with significant supporting work." The use of advanced digital technologies as tools for problem solving receives much attention in the methods classes if the…

Homothetic Transformations and Geometric Loci: Properties of Triangles and Quadrilaterals

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mammana, Maria Flavia

2016-01-01

In this paper, we use geometric transformations to find some interesting properties related with geometric loci. In particular, given a triangle or a cyclic quadrilateral, the locus generated by the centroid or by the orthocentre (for triangles) or by the anticentre (for cyclic quadrilaterals) when one vertex moves on the circumcircle of the…

76 FR 46823 - National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; Notice of Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-03

..., Rodbell Auditorium, 111 T. W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. Closed: September 1, 2011... Environmental Health Sciences, Building 101, Rodbell Auditorium, 111 T. W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle... Auditorium, 111 T. W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. Contact Person: Gwen W Collman, PhD...

Triangles with Given Distances from a Centre

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Maloo, Alok K.; Lal, Arbind K.; Singh, Arindama

2002-01-01

There are four Euclidean centres of a triangle--the circumcentre, the centroid, the incentre and the orthocentre. In this article, the authors prove the following: if the centre is the incentre (resp. orthocentre) then there exists a triangle with given distances of its vertices from its incentre (resp. orthocentre). They also consider uniqueness…

What Do You Find? Students Investigating Patterns in Pascal's Triangle

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Obara, Samuel

2012-01-01

In this paper, students used problem-solving skills to investigate what patterns exist in the Pascal triangle and incorporated technology using Geometer's Sketchpad (GSP) in the process. Students came up with patterns such as natural numbers, triangular numbers, and Fibonacci numbers. Although the patterns inherent in Pascal's triangle may seem…

78 FR 66107 - National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants Residual Risk and Technology Review for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-04

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Relations among Five Radii of Circles in a Triangle, Its Sides and Other Segments

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sigler, Avi; Stupel, Moshe; Flores, Alfinio

2017-01-01

Students use GeoGebra to explore the mathematical relations among different radii of circles in a triangle (circumcircle, incircle, excircles) and the sides and other segments in the triangle. The more formal mathematical development of the relations that follows the explorations is based on known geometrical properties, different formulas…

Graphing trillions of triangles

PubMed Central

Burkhardt, Paul

2016-01-01

The increasing size of Big Data is often heralded but how data are transformed and represented is also profoundly important to knowledge discovery, and this is exemplified in Big Graph analytics. Much attention has been placed on the scale of the input graph but the product of a graph algorithm can be many times larger than the input. This is true for many graph problems, such as listing all triangles in a graph. Enabling scalable graph exploration for Big Graphs requires new approaches to algorithms, architectures, and visual analytics. A brief tutorial is given to aid the argument for thoughtful representation of data in the context of graph analysis. Then a new algebraic method to reduce the arithmetic operations in counting and listing triangles in graphs is introduced. Additionally, a scalable triangle listing algorithm in the MapReduce model will be presented followed by a description of the experiments with that algorithm that led to the current largest and fastest triangle listing benchmarks to date. Finally, a method for identifying triangles in new visual graph exploration technologies is proposed. PMID:28690426

Anatomical study of phrenic nerve course in relation to neck dissection.

PubMed

Hamada, Tomohiro; Usami, Akinobu; Kishi, Asuka; Kon, Hideki; Takada, Satoshi

2015-04-01

The present study sought to clarify the course of the phrenic nerve and its correlation with anatomical landmarks in the neck region. We examined 17 cadavers (30 sides). In each, the phrenic nerves was dissected from the lateral side of the neck, and its position within the triangle formed by the mastoid process and sternal and acromial ends of the clavicle was determined. The point where the phrenic nerve arises in the posterior triangle was found to be similar to the point where the cutaneous blanches of the cervical plexus emerge at the middle of the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. In the supraclavian triangle, the phrenic nerve crosses the anterior border of the anterior scalene muscle near Erb's point where the superficial point is 2-3 cm superior from the clavicle and posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The phrenic nerve arises in the posterior triangle near the nerve point, then descends to the anterior surface of the anterior scalene muscle in the supraclavian triangle. It is necessary to be aware of the supraclavian triangle below Erb's point during neck dissection procedures.

Effects of anode geometry on forward wide-angle neon ion emissions in 3.5 kJ plasma focus device by novel mega-size panorama polycarbonate image detectors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sohrabi, M.; Soltani, Z.; Sarlak, Z.

2018-03-01

Forward wide-angle neon ion emissions in a 3.5 kJ plasma focus device (PFD) were studied using 5 different anode top geometries; hollow-end cylinder, solid triangle, solid hemisphere, hollow-end cone and flat-end cone. Position-sensitive mega-size panorama polycarbonate ion image detectors (MS-PCID) developed by dual-cell circular mega-size electrochemical etching (MS-ECE) systems were applied for processesing wide-angle neon ion images on MS-PCIDs exposed on the PFD cylinder top base under a single pinch shot. The images can be simply observed, analyzed and relatively quantified in terms of ion emission angular distributions even by the unaided eyes. By analysis of the forward neon ion emission images, the ion emission yields, ion emission angular distributions, iso-fluence ion contours and solid angles of ion emissions in 4π PFD space were determined. The neon ion emission yields on the PFD cylinder top base are in an increasing order ~2.1×109, ~2.2 ×109, ~2.8×109, ~2.9×109, and ~3.5×109 neon ions/shot for the 5 stated anode top geometries respectively. The panorama neon ion images as diagnosed even by the unaided eyes demonstrate the lowest and highest ion yields from the hollow-end cylinder and flat-end cone anode tops respectively. Relative dynamic qualitative neon ion spectrometry was made by the unaided eyes demonstrating relative neon ion energy as they appear. The study also demonstrates the unique power of the MS-PCID/MS-ECE imaging system as an advanced state-of-the-art ion imaging method for wide-angle dynamic parametric studies in PFD space and other ion study applications.

Thoracolumbar imbalance analysis for osteotomy planification using a new method: FBI technique.

PubMed

Le Huec, J C; Leijssen, P; Duarte, M; Aunoble, S

2011-09-01

Treatment of spine imbalance by posterior osteotomy is a valuable technique. Several surgical techniques have been developed and proposed to redress the vertebral column in harmonious kyphosis in order to recreate correct sagittal alignment. Although surgical techniques proved to be adequate, preoperative planning still is mediocre. Multiple suggestions have been proposed, from cutting tracing paper to ingenious mathematical formulas and computerised models. The analysis of the pelvic parameters to try to recover the initial shape of the spine before the spine imbalance occurred is very important to avoid mistakes during the osteotomy planification. The authors proposed their method for the osteotomy planning paying attention to the pelvic, and spine parameters and in accordance with Roussouly's classification. The pre operative planning is based on a full-body X-ray including the spine from C1 to the femoral head and the first 10 cm of the femur shaft. Using all the balance parameters provided, a formula name FBI is proposed. Calculation of the osteotomy is basic goniometry, the midpoint of the C7 inferior plateau (point a) is transposed horizontally on the projected future C7 plumb line (point b) crossing posterior S1 plateau on a sagittal X-ray. These are the first two reference points. A third reference point is made on the anterior wall of the selected vertebra for osteotomy at mid height of the pedicle (point c) mainly L4 vertebra. These three points form a triangle with the tip being the third reference point. The angle represented by this triangle is the theoretical angle of the osteotomy. Two more angles should be measured and eventually added. The femur angulation measured as the inclination of the femoral axis to the vertical. And a third angle named the compensatory pelvic tilt to integrate the type of pelvis. If the pelvic tilt is between 15 and 25° or is higher than 25° you must add 5 or 10°, respectively. This compensatory tilt is based on a clinical analysis of operated patients. This planification was applied in a retrospective study of 18 patients and showed why in some cases improper correction was performed and prospectively in 8 cases with good clinical outcomes and correct spinal alignment. Sometimes it is necessary to find an acceptable compromise when rebalancing the spine paying attention to the general parameters of the patients like: age, osteoporosis, systemic disease etc. This FBI technique can be used even for small lordosis restoration: it gave a good evaluation of the amount of correction needed and then the surgeon had the choice to use the appropriate technique to obtain a good balance.

Spherical cows in the sky with fab four

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kaloper, Nemanja; Sandora, McCullen, E-mail: kaloper@physics.ucdavis.edu, E-mail: mesandora@ucdavis.edu

2014-05-01

We explore spherically symmetric static solutions in a subclass of unitary scalar-tensor theories of gravity, called the 'Fab Four' models. The weak field large distance solutions may be phenomenologically viable, but only if the Gauss-Bonnet term is negligible. Only in this limit will the Vainshtein mechanism work consistently. Further, classical constraints and unitarity bounds constrain the models quite tightly. Nevertheless, in the limits where the range of individual terms at large scales is respectively Kinetic Braiding, Horndeski, and Gauss-Bonnet, the horizon scale effects may occur while the theory satisfies Solar system constraints and, marginally, unitarity bounds. On the other hand,more » to bring the cutoff down to below a millimeter constrains all the couplings scales such that 'Fab Fours' can't be heard outside of the Solar system.« less

Diffraction and unitarity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dremin, I. M.

2016-10-01

I begin with a tribute to V.N. Gribov and then come to a particular problem which would be of interest for him. His first paper on reggeology was devoted to elastic scatterings of hadrons. Here, using the unitarity relation in combination with experimental data about the elastic scattering in the diffraction cone, I show how the shape and the darkness of the interaction region of colliding protons change with the increase of their energies. In particular, the collisions become fully absorptive at small impact parameters at LHC energies that results in some special features of inelastic processes as well. The possible evolution with increasing energy of the shape from the dark core at the LHC to the fully transparent one at higher energies is discussed. It implies that the terminology of the black disk would be replaced by the black torus.

Diffraction and Unitarity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dremin, I. M.

I begin with a tribute to V.N. Gribov and then come to a particular problem which would be of interest for him. His first paper on reggeology was devoted to elastic scatterings of hadrons. Here, using the unitarity relation in combination with experimental data about the elastic scattering in the diffraction cone, I show how the shape and the darkness of the interaction region of colliding protons change with the increase of their energies. In particular, the collisions become fully absorptive at small impact parameters at LHC energies that results in some special features of inelastic processes as well. The possible evolution with increasing energy of the shape from the dark core at the LHC to the fully transparent one at higher energies is discussed. It implies that the terminology of the black disk would be replaced by the black torus.

Unitarity of spin-2 theories with linearized Weyl symmetry in D=2+1 dimensions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dalmazi, D.

2009-10-15

Here we prove unitarity of the recently found fourth-order (in derivatives) self-dual model of spin-2 by investigating the analytic structure of its propagator. The model describes massive particles of helicity +2 (or -2) in D=2+1 dimensions and corresponds to the quadratic truncation of a higher derivative topologically massive gravity about a flat background. It is an intriguing example of a theory where a term in the propagator of the form 1/[{open_square}{sup 2}({open_square}-m{sup 2})] does not lead to ghosts. The crucial role of the linearized Weyl symmetry in getting rid of the ghosts is pointed out. We use a peculiar pairmore » of gauge conditions which fix the linearized reparametrizations and linearized Weyl symmetries separately.« less

Nuclear Physics Around the Unitarity Limit

DOE PAGES

König, Sebastian; Grießhammer, Harald W.; Hammer, H. -W.; ...

2017-05-15

We argue that many features of the structure of nuclei emerge from a strictly perturbative expansion around the unitarity limit, where the two-nucleon S waves have bound states at zero energy. In this limit, the gross features of states in the nuclear chart are correlated to only one dimensionful parameter, which is related to the breaking of scale invariance to a discrete scaling symmetry and set by the triton binding energy. Observables are moved to their physical values by small perturbative corrections, much like in descriptions of the fine structure of atomic spectra. We provide evidence in favor of themore » conjecture that light, and possibly heavier, nuclei are bound weakly enough to be insensitive to the details of the interactions but strongly enough to be insensitive to the exact size of the two-nucleon system.« less

Integrand-level reduction of loop amplitudes by computational algebraic geometry methods

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Yang

2012-09-01

We present an algorithm for the integrand-level reduction of multi-loop amplitudes of renormalizable field theories, based on computational algebraic geometry. This algorithm uses (1) the Gröbner basis method to determine the basis for integrand-level reduction, (2) the primary decomposition of an ideal to classify all inequivalent solutions of unitarity cuts. The resulting basis and cut solutions can be used to reconstruct the integrand from unitarity cuts, via polynomial fitting techniques. The basis determination part of the algorithm has been implemented in the Mathematica package, BasisDet. The primary decomposition part can be readily carried out by algebraic geometry softwares, with the output of the package BasisDet. The algorithm works in both D = 4 and D = 4 - 2 ɛ dimensions, and we present some two and three-loop examples of applications of this algorithm.

Accelerating Plasma Mirrors to Investigate the Black Hole Information Loss Paradox

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Pisin; Mourou, Gerard

2017-01-01

The question of whether Hawking evaporation violates unitarity, and therefore results in the loss of information, has remained unresolved since Hawking's seminal discovery. To date, the investigations have remained mostly theoretical since it is almost impossible to settle this paradox through direct astrophysical black hole observations. Here, we point out that relativistic plasma mirrors can be accelerated drastically and stopped abruptly by impinging intense x-ray pulses on solid plasma targets with a density gradient. This is analogous to the late time evolution of black hole Hawking evaporation. A conception of such an experiment is proposed and a self-consistent set of physical parameters is presented. Critical issues, such as how the black hole unitarity may be preserved, can be addressed through the entanglement between the analog Hawking radiation photons and their partner modes.

Accelerating Plasma Mirrors to Investigate the Black Hole Information Loss Paradox.

PubMed

Chen, Pisin; Mourou, Gerard

2017-01-27

The question of whether Hawking evaporation violates unitarity, and therefore results in the loss of information, has remained unresolved since Hawking's seminal discovery. To date, the investigations have remained mostly theoretical since it is almost impossible to settle this paradox through direct astrophysical black hole observations. Here, we point out that relativistic plasma mirrors can be accelerated drastically and stopped abruptly by impinging intense x-ray pulses on solid plasma targets with a density gradient. This is analogous to the late time evolution of black hole Hawking evaporation. A conception of such an experiment is proposed and a self-consistent set of physical parameters is presented. Critical issues, such as how the black hole unitarity may be preserved, can be addressed through the entanglement between the analog Hawking radiation photons and their partner modes.

Amplitude analysis of resonant production in three pions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jackura, Andrew; Mikhasenko, Mikhail; Szczepaniak, Adam

2016-11-29

We present some results on the analysis of three pion resonances. The analyses are motivated by the recent release of the largest data set on diffractively produced three pions by the COMPASS collaboration. We construct reaction amplitudes that satisfy fundamentalmore » $S$-matrix principles, which allows the use of models that have physical constraints to be used in fitting data. The models are motivated by the isobar model that satisfy unitarity constraints. The model consist of a Deck production amplitude with which final state interactions are constrained by unitarity. We employ the isobar model where two of the pions form a quasi-stable particle. The analysis is performed in the high-energy, single Regge limit. We specifically discuss the examples of the three pion $$J^{PC}=2^{-+}$$ resonance in the $$\\rho\\pi$$ and $$f_2\\pi$$ channels.« less

Simplest little Higgs model revisited: Hidden mass relation, unitarity, and naturalness

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cheung, Kingman; He, Shi-Ping; Mao, Ying-nan; Zhang, Chen; Zhou, Yang

2018-06-01

We analyze the scalar potential of the simplest little Higgs (SLH) model in an approach consistent with the spirit of continuum effective field theory (CEFT). By requiring correct electroweak symmetry breaking (EWSB) with the 125 GeV Higgs boson, we are able to derive a relation between the pseudoaxion mass mη and the heavy top mass mT, which serves as a crucial test of the SLH mechanism. By requiring mη2>0 an upper bound on mT can be obtained for any fixed SLH global symmetry breaking scale f . We also point out that an absolute upper bound on f can be obtained by imposing partial wave unitarity constraint, which in turn leads to absolute upper bounds of mT≲19 TeV , mη≲1.5 TeV , and mZ'≲48 TeV . We present the allowed region in the three-dimensional parameter space characterized by f ,tβ,mT, taking into account the requirement of valid EWSB and the constraint from perturbative unitarity. We also propose a strategy of analyzing the fine-tuning problem consistent with the spirit of CEFT and apply it to the SLH. We suggest that the scalar potential and fine-tuning analysis strategies adopted here should also be applicable to a wide class of little Higgs and twin Higgs models, which may reveal interesting relations as crucial tests of the related EWSB mechanism and provide a new perspective on assessing their degree of fine-tuning.

The Gasket of Circles: A Fractal of Circular Nature

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Haggar, Fred; Kricic, Senida

2017-01-01

Subdividing an equilateral triangle into four congruent triangles, then doing likewise to each of the three non-central triangles, and then again and again, leads to the Sierpinski gasket, from which the chaos game originated. An analogous procedure is hereforth applied to a circle, where a subdivision consists of two pairs of inscribed circles,…

Dynamic Investigation of Triangles Inscribed in a Circle, Which Tend to an Equilateral Triangle

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stupel, Moshe; Oxman, Victor; Sigler, Avi

2017-01-01

We present a geometrical investigation of the process of creating an infinite sequence of triangles inscribed in a circle, whose areas, perimeters and lengths of radii of the inscribed circles tend to a limit in a monotonous manner. First, using geometrical software, we investigate four theorems that represent interesting geometrical properties,…

Parent-Child-Caregiver: The Attachment Triangle

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Caldwell, Bettye

2005-01-01

One of the most consistently recurring themes in great literature is the love triangle--Arthur and Guinevere and Lancelot, Tristan and Isolde and King Mark, and countless others. No one has produced an immortal story about it; but a love triangle plays itself out day after day in the lives of parents, young children, and caregivers. In this…

High-resolution mapping of the triangle of Koch: Spatial heterogeneity of fast pathway atrionodal connections.

PubMed

Chua, Kelvin; Upadhyay, Gaurav A; Lee, Elliot; Aziz, Zaid; Beaser, Andrew D; Ozcan, Cevher; Broman, Michael; Nayak, Hemal M; Tung, Roderick

2018-03-01

Dedicated mapping studies of the triangle of Koch to characterize retrograde fast pathway activation have not been previously performed using high-resolution, 3-dimensional, multielectrode mapping technology. To delineate the activation pattern and spatial distribution of the retrograde fast pathway within the triangle of Koch during typical atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) and right ventricular pacing in a consecutive series of patients using the Rhythmia mapping system (Boston Scientific, Natick, MA). A total of 18 patients with symptomatic typical AVNRT referred for ablation underwent ultra high-density mapping of atrial activation with minielectrode basket configuration during tachycardia. The earliest atrial activation was mapped using automated annotation, with manual overreading by 2 independent observers. The triangle of Koch was classified into 3 anatomic regions: anteroseptal (His), midseptal, and posteroseptal (coronary sinus roof). Thirteen patients underwent mapping of atrial activation during ventricular pacing. A median of 422 mapping points (interquartile range 258-896 points) was acquired within the triangle of Koch during tachycardia. The most common site of earliest atrial activation within the triangle of Koch was anterior in 67% of patients (n = 12). Midseptal early atrial activation was seen in 17% (n = 3), and posteroseptal activation was observed in 11% (n = 2). One patient exhibited broad simultaneous activation of the entire triangle of Koch. Slow pathway potentials were not identified. With high-resolution multielectrode mapping, atrial activation during typical AVNRT exhibited anatomic variability and spatially heterogeneous activation within the triangle of Koch. These findings highlight the limitations of an anatomically based classification of atrioventricular nodal retrograde pathways. Copyright © 2017 Heart Rhythm Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Vectorized image segmentation via trixel agglomeration

DOEpatents

Prasad, Lakshman [Los Alamos, NM; Skourikhine, Alexei N [Los Alamos, NM

2006-10-24

A computer implemented method transforms an image comprised of pixels into a vectorized image specified by a plurality of polygons that can be subsequently used to aid in image processing and understanding. The pixelated image is processed to extract edge pixels that separate different colors and a constrained Delaunay triangulation of the edge pixels forms a plurality of triangles having edges that cover the pixelated image. A color for each one of the plurality of triangles is determined from the color pixels within each triangle. A filter is formed with a set of grouping rules related to features of the pixelated image and applied to the plurality of triangle edges to merge adjacent triangles consistent with the filter into polygons having a plurality of vertices. The pixelated image may be then reformed into an array of the polygons, that can be represented collectively and efficiently by standard vector image.

Note: Design and capability verification of fillet triangle flexible support

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Tao; San, Xiao-Gang; Gao, Shi-Jie; Wang, Jing; Ni, Ying-Xue; Sang, Zhi-Xin

2017-12-01

By increasing the section thickness of a triangular flexible hinge, this study focuses on optimal selection of parameters of fillet triangle flexible hinges and flexible support. Based on Castigliano's second theorem, the flexibility expression of the fillet triangle flexible hinge was derived. Then, the case design is performed, and the comparison of three types of flexible hinges with this type of flexible hinge was carried out. The finite element models of fillet triangle flexible hinges and flexible support were built, and then the simulation results of performance parameters were calculated. Finally, the experiment platform was established to validate analysis results. The maximum error is less than 8%, which verifies the accuracy of the simulation process and equations derived; also the fundamental frequency fits the requirements of the system. The fillet triangle flexible hinge is proved to have the advantages of high precision and low flexibility.

Note: Design and capability verification of fillet triangle flexible support.

PubMed

Wang, Tao; San, Xiao-Gang; Gao, Shi-Jie; Wang, Jing; Ni, Ying-Xue; Sang, Zhi-Xin

2017-12-01

By increasing the section thickness of a triangular flexible hinge, this study focuses on optimal selection of parameters of fillet triangle flexible hinges and flexible support. Based on Castigliano's second theorem, the flexibility expression of the fillet triangle flexible hinge was derived. Then, the case design is performed, and the comparison of three types of flexible hinges with this type of flexible hinge was carried out. The finite element models of fillet triangle flexible hinges and flexible support were built, and then the simulation results of performance parameters were calculated. Finally, the experiment platform was established to validate analysis results. The maximum error is less than 8%, which verifies the accuracy of the simulation process and equations derived; also the fundamental frequency fits the requirements of the system. The fillet triangle flexible hinge is proved to have the advantages of high precision and low flexibility.

Revisiting the Pink Triangle Exercise: An Exploration of Experiential Learning in Graduate Social Work Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pugh, Greg L.

2014-01-01

The pink triangle exercise is an example of an experiential learning exercise that creates cognitive dissonance and deep learning of unrealized internalized biases among social work students. Students wear a button with a pink triangle on it for 1 day and write a reflection paper. The exercise increases self-awareness, cultural competence, and the…

Developing Formulas by Skipping Rows in Pascal's Triangle

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Buonpastore, Robert J.; Osler, Thomas J.

2007-01-01

A table showing the first thirteen rows of Pascal's triangle, where the rows are, as usual numbered from 0 to 12 is presented. The entries in the table are called binomial coefficients. In this note, the authors systematically delete rows from Pascal's triangle and, by trial and error, try to find a formula that allows them to add new rows to the…

The DNA Triangle and Its Application to Learning Meiosis

PubMed Central

Wright, L. Kate; Catavero, Christina M.; Newman, Dina L.

2017-01-01

Although instruction on meiosis is repeated many times during the undergraduate curriculum, many students show poor comprehension even as upper-level biology majors. We propose that the difficulty lies in the complexity of understanding DNA, which we explain through a new model, the DNA triangle. The DNA triangle integrates three distinct scales at which one can think about DNA: chromosomal, molecular, and informational. Through analysis of interview and survey data from biology faculty and students through the lens of the DNA triangle, we illustrate important differences in how novices and experts are able to explain the concepts of ploidy, homology, and mechanism of homologous pairing. Similarly, analysis of passages from 16 different biology textbooks shows a large divide between introductory and advanced material, with introductory books omitting explanations of meiosis-linked concepts at the molecular level of DNA. Finally, backed by textbook findings and feedback from biology experts, we show that the DNA triangle can be applied to teaching and learning meiosis. By applying the DNA triangle to topics on meiosis we present a new framework for educators and researchers that ties concepts of ploidy, homology, and mechanism of homologous pairing to knowledge about DNA on the chromosomal, molecular, and informational levels. PMID:28798212

Variations in the surface anatomy of the spinal accessory nerve in the posterior triangle.

PubMed

Symes, A; Ellis, H

2005-12-01

Iatrogenic injury to the spinal accessory nerve has been widely documented and can have medico-legal implications. The resulting syndrome of pain, paralysis and winging of the scapula are often the source of considerable morbidity. This paper researches the degree of accuracy achievable in mapping the surface anatomy of the spinal accessory nerve in the region of the posterior triangle with a view to creating a cartographical aid to surgical procedures. The necks of 25 adult cadavers were dissected bilaterally to expose the spinal accessory nerve. Variations in the course and distribution of the spinal accessory nerve in the posterior triangle were recorded along with its relationship to the borders of sternocleidomastoid and trapezius. Considerable variation was seen in the surface and regional anatomy of the nerve and in the contribution of the cervical plexus to the spinal accessory nerve in the posterior triangle. Measurements of the running course and exit point of the nerve into and from the posterior triangle differed significantly from those previously recorded. Delineation of an accurate surface anatomy was not possible. Creating a map to define the surface anatomy of the spinal accessory nerve in the posterior triangle is an unrealistic goal given its wide variations in man. Avoidance of damage to the spinal accessory nerve cannot be achieved by slavishly adhering to surface markings given in textbooks, but only by cautious dissection during operations on the posterior triangle.

Some constructions on total labelling of m triangles

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Voon, Chen Huey, E-mail: chenhv@utar.edu.my; Hui, Liew How, E-mail: liewhh@utar.edu.my; How, Yim Kheng, E-mail: tidusyimhome@hotmail.com

2016-06-02

Let mK{sub 3} = (V{sub m}, E{sub m}) be a finite disconnected graph consisting of m disjoint triangles K{sub 3}, where V{sub m} is the set of vertices, E{sub m} is the set of edges and both V{sub m} and E{sub m} are of the same size 3m. A total labelling of mK{sub 3} is a function f which maps the elements in V{sub m} and E{sub m} to positive integer values, i.e. f : V{sub m} ∪ E{sub m} → {1, 2, 3,···}. Let c be a positive integer. A triangle is said have a c-Erdősian triangle labelling ifmore » it is a total labelling f : V{sub m} ∪ E{sub m} → {c, c + 1, ···, c + 6m − 1} such that f (x) + f (y) = f (xy) for any x, y ∈ V{sub m} and an edge xy ∈ E{sub m} joining them. In order to find all the c-Erdősian triangle labelling, a straightforward is to use the exhaustive search. However, the exhaustive search is only able to find c-Erdősian triangle labelling for m ≤ 5 due to combinatorial explosion. By studying the constant sum of vertex labels, we propose a strong permutation approach, which allows us to generate a certain classes of c-Erdősian triangle labelling up until m = 8.« less

Accuracy of methods for calculating volumetric wear from coordinate measuring machine data of retrieved metal-on-metal hip joint implants.

PubMed

Lu, Zhen; McKellop, Harry A

2014-03-01

This study compared the accuracy and sensitivity of several numerical methods employing spherical or plane triangles for calculating the volumetric wear of retrieved metal-on-metal hip joint implants from coordinate measuring machine measurements. Five methods, one using spherical triangles and four using plane triangles to represent the bearing and the best-fit surfaces, were assessed and compared on a perfect hemisphere model and a hemi-ellipsoid model (i.e. unworn models), computer-generated wear models and wear-tested femoral balls, with point spacings of 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 mm. The results showed that the algorithm (Method 1) employing spherical triangles to represent the bearing surface and to scale the mesh to the best-fit surfaces produced adequate accuracy for the wear volume with point spacings of 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 mm. The algorithms (Methods 2-4) using plane triangles to represent the bearing surface and to scale the mesh to the best-fit surface also produced accuracies that were comparable to that with spherical triangles. In contrast, if the bearing surface was represented with a mesh of plane triangles and the best-fit surface was taken as a smooth surface without discretization (Method 5), the algorithm produced much lower accuracy with a point spacing of 0.5 mm than Methods 1-4 with a point spacing of 3 mm.

Recognizing simple polyhedron from a perspective drawing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Guimei; Chu, Jun; Miao, Jun

2009-10-01

Existed methods can't be used for recognizing simple polyhedron. In this paper, three problems are researched. First, a method for recognizing triangle and quadrilateral is introduced based on geometry and angle constraint. Then Attribute Relation Graph (ARG) is employed to describe simple polyhedron and line drawing. Last, a new method is presented to recognize simple polyhedron from a line drawing. The method filters the candidate database before matching line drawing and model, thus the recognition efficiency is improved greatly. We introduced the geometrical characteristics and topological characteristics to describe each node of ARG, so the algorithm can not only recognize polyhedrons with different shape but also distinguish between polyhedrons with the same shape but with different sizes and proportions. Computer simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the method preliminarily.

The triangle of the urinary bladder in American mink (Mustela vision (Brisson, 1756)).

PubMed

Gościcka, D; Krakowiak, E; Kepczyńska, M

1994-01-01

60 bladders of American minks were dissected according to conventional method. Biometrical analysis with the use of digital image analysis system was applied to the triangles of the bladders. It was found that these triangles differ both in shape (narrow, broad) and symmetry (considerable asymmetry). The ureteral orifices also showed a variety in shape (five types) and number (double orifices).

The Effect of Internet-Based Education on Student Success in Teaching of 8th Grade Triangles Subject

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kaya, Deniz; Kesan, Cenk; Izgiol, Dilek

2013-01-01

In the study, it was researched the effect of internet-based application on student success. Internet-based application was used at the teaching of triangles subject which is included in 8th grade units of triangles and algebra. The study was carried out over the internet with a computer software program: Vitamin Program. The study was carried out…

Does perturbative quantum chromodynamics imply a Regge singularity above unity

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bishari, M.

1982-07-15

It is investigated whether perturbative quantum chromodynamics can have some implications on Regge behavior of deep-inelastic structure functions. The possible indirect but important role of unitarity, in constraining the theory, is pointed out.

Hawking radiation, the Stefan–Boltzmann law, and unitarization

DOE PAGES

Giddings, Steven B.

2016-01-06

Where does Hawking radiation originate? A common picture is that it arises from excitations very near or at the horizon, and this viewpoint has supported the “firewall” argument and arguments for a key role for the UV-dependent entanglement entropy in describing the quantum mechanics of black holes. Closer investigation of both the total emission rate and the stress tensor of Hawking radiation supports the statement that its source is a near-horizon quantum region, or “atmosphere,” whose radial extent is set by the horizon radius scale. Potentially important, since Hawking radiation needs to be modified to restore unitarity, and a naturalmore » assumption is that the scales relevant to such modifications are comparable to those governing the Hawking radiation. Moreover, related discussion suggests a resolution to questions regarding extra energy flux in “nonviolent” scenarios, that does not spoil black hole thermodynamics as governed by the Bekenstein–Hawking entropy.« less

The ultraviolet behavior of quantum gravity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Anselmi, Damiano; Piva, Marco

2018-05-01

A theory of quantum gravity has been recently proposed by means of a novel quantization prescription, which is able to turn the poles of the free propagators that are due to the higher derivatives into fakeons. The classical Lagrangian contains the cosmological term, the Hilbert term, √{-g}{R}_{μ ν }{R}^{μ ν } and √{-g}{R}^2 . In this paper, we compute the one-loop renormalization of the theory and the absorptive part of the graviton self energy. The results illustrate the mechanism that makes renormalizability compatible with unitarity. The fakeons disentangle the real part of the self energy from the imaginary part. The former obeys a renormalizable power counting, while the latter obeys the nonrenormalizable power counting of the low energy expansion and is consistent with unitarity in the limit of vanishing cosmological constant. The value of the absorptive part is related to the central charge c of the matter fields coupled to gravity.

WIMP dark matter and unitarity-conserving inflation via a gauge singlet scalar

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kahlhoefer, Felix; McDonald, John, E-mail: felix.kahlhoefer@desy.de, E-mail: j.mcdonald@lancaster.ac.uk

2015-11-01

A gauge singlet scalar with non-minimal coupling to gravity can drive inflation and later freeze out to become cold dark matter. We explore this idea by revisiting inflation in the singlet direction (S-inflation) and Higgs Portal Dark Matter in light of the Higgs discovery, limits from LUX and observations by Planck. We show that large regions of parameter space remain viable, so that successful inflation is possible and the dark matter relic abundance can be reproduced. Moreover, the scalar singlet can stabilise the electroweak vacuum and at the same time overcome the problem of unitarity-violation during inflation encountered by Higgsmore » Inflation, provided the singlet is a real scalar. The 2-σ Planck upper bound on n{sub s} imposes that the singlet mass is below 2 TeV, so that almost the entire allowed parameter range can be probed by XENON1T.« less

Hawking radiation, the Stefan-Boltzmann law, and unitarization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Giddings, Steven B.

2016-03-01

Where does Hawking radiation originate? A common picture is that it arises from excitations very near or at the horizon, and this viewpoint has supported the ;firewall; argument and arguments for a key role for the UV-dependent entanglement entropy in describing the quantum mechanics of black holes. However, closer investigation of both the total emission rate and the stress tensor of Hawking radiation supports the statement that its source is a near-horizon quantum region, or ;atmosphere,; whose radial extent is set by the horizon radius scale. This is potentially important, since Hawking radiation needs to be modified to restore unitarity, and a natural assumption is that the scales relevant to such modifications are comparable to those governing the Hawking radiation. Moreover, related discussion suggests a resolution to questions regarding extra energy flux in ;nonviolent; scenarios, that does not spoil black hole thermodynamics as governed by the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy.

Effect of unitarization on the amplitudes for the decays K{sub 1}{sup 0} {sup {yields} {pi}+{pi}-} and K{sup +} {sup {yields} {pi}+{pi}+{pi}-}

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shabalin, E. P., E-mail: shabalin@itep.r

The unitarization of the amplitude for the decay process K{sub 1}{sup 0} {sup {yields} {pi}+{pi}-} and allowance for the rescattering of final-state pions in the decay process K{sup +} {sup {yields} {pi}+{pi}+{pi}-} make it possible to evaluate, by using the parameters extracted from data on K {sup {yields}}2{pi} decays, the K{sup +} {sup {yields} {pi}+{pi}+{pi}-} decay width. The result agrees with the experimental width value at a level of a few percent. Allowance for corrections for higher order terms of the momentum expansion of the amplitude for the decay process K{sup +} {sup {yields} {pi}+{pi}+{pi}-} leads to the slope-parameter valuemore » of g{sub ++-}{sup th} = 0.2182, which agrees with its experimental counterpart, g{sub ++-}{sup exp} = 0.2154 {+-} 0.0035.« less

Roy-Steiner equations for pion-nucleon scattering

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ditsche, C.; Hoferichter, M.; Kubis, B.; Meißner, U.-G.

2012-06-01

Starting from hyperbolic dispersion relations, we derive a closed system of Roy-Steiner equations for pion-nucleon scattering that respects analyticity, unitarity, and crossing symmetry. We work out analytically all kernel functions and unitarity relations required for the lowest partial waves. In order to suppress the dependence on the high energy regime we also consider once- and twice-subtracted versions of the equations, where we identify the subtraction constants with subthreshold parameters. Assuming Mandelstam analyticity we determine the maximal range of validity of these equations. As a first step towards the solution of the full system we cast the equations for the π π to overline N N partial waves into the form of a Muskhelishvili-Omnès problem with finite matching point, which we solve numerically in the single-channel approximation. We investigate in detail the role of individual contributions to our solutions and discuss some consequences for the spectral functions of the nucleon electromagnetic form factors.

Three-body unitarity in the finite volume

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mai, M.; Döring, M.

We present the physical interpretation of lattice QCD simulations, performed in a small volume, requires an extrapolation to the infinite volume. A method is proposed to perform such an extrapolation for three interacting particles at energies above threshold. For this, a recently formulated relativisticmore » $$3\\to 3$$ amplitude based on the isobar formulation is adapted to the finite volume. The guiding principle is two- and three-body unitarity that imposes the imaginary parts of the amplitude in the infinite volume. In turn, these imaginary parts dictate the leading power-law finite-volume effects. It is demonstrated that finite-volume poles arising from the singular interaction, from the external two-body sub-amplitudes, and from the disconnected topology cancel exactly leaving only the genuine three-body eigenvalues. Lastly, the corresponding quantization condition is derived for the case of three identical scalar-isoscalar particles and its numerical implementation is demonstrated.« less

Three-body unitarity in the finite volume

DOE PAGES

Mai, M.; Döring, M.

2017-12-18

We present the physical interpretation of lattice QCD simulations, performed in a small volume, requires an extrapolation to the infinite volume. A method is proposed to perform such an extrapolation for three interacting particles at energies above threshold. For this, a recently formulated relativisticmore » $$3\\to 3$$ amplitude based on the isobar formulation is adapted to the finite volume. The guiding principle is two- and three-body unitarity that imposes the imaginary parts of the amplitude in the infinite volume. In turn, these imaginary parts dictate the leading power-law finite-volume effects. It is demonstrated that finite-volume poles arising from the singular interaction, from the external two-body sub-amplitudes, and from the disconnected topology cancel exactly leaving only the genuine three-body eigenvalues. Lastly, the corresponding quantization condition is derived for the case of three identical scalar-isoscalar particles and its numerical implementation is demonstrated.« less

KM3NeT-ORCA: Oscillation Research with Cosmics in the Abyss

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Coyle, Paschal; KM3NeT Collaboration

2017-09-01

KM3NeT, currently under construction in the abysses of the Mediterranean Sea, is a distributed research infrastructure that will host a km3-scale neutrino telescope (ARCA) for high-energy neutrino astronomy, and a megaton scale detector (ORCA) for neutrino oscillation studies of atmospheric neutrinos. ORCA is optimised for a measurement of the mass hierarchy, providing a sensitivity of 3σ after 3-4 years. It will also measure the atmospheric mixing parameters Δm2 atm and θ23 with a precision comparable to the NOvA and T2K experiments using both the muon neutrino disappearance and tau neutrino appearance channels. It will provide a measurement of the tau neutrino appearance rate with better than 10% precision, a crucial ingredient for tests of unitarity. It will probe the octant of the mixing angle θ23 via matter resonance effects on neutrinos and antineutrinos crossing the core and mantle, which are largely independent on the CP phase. The observation of neutrino oscillations over a wide range of baselines and energies will provide broad sensitivity to new physics such as non-standard neutrino interactions (NSI) and sterile neutrinos.

A model for pion-pion scattering in large- N QCD

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Veneziano, G.; Yankielowicz, S.; Onofri, E.

2017-04-01

Following up on recent work by Caron-Huot et al. we consider a generalization of the old Lovelace-Shapiro model as a toy model for ππ scattering satisfying (most of) the properties expected to hold in ('t Hooft's) large- N limit of massless QCD. In particular, the model has asymptotically linear and parallel Regge trajectories at positive t, a positive leading Regge intercept α 0 < 1, and an effective bending of the trajectories in the negative- t region producing a fixed branch point at J = 0 for t < t 0 < 0. Fixed (physical) angle scattering can be tuned to match the power-like behavior (including logarithmic corrections) predicted by perturbative QCD: A( s, t) ˜ s - β log( s)-γ F ( θ). Tree-level unitarity (i.e. positivity of residues for all values of s and J ) imposes strong constraints on the allowed region in the α0- β-γ parameter space, which nicely includes a physically interesting region around α 0 = 0 .5, β = 2 and γ = 3. The full consistency of the model would require an extension to multi-pion processes, a program we do not undertake in this paper.

Membrane triangles with corner drilling freedoms. III - Implementation and performance evaluation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Felippa, Carlos A.; Alexander, Scott

1992-01-01

This paper completes a three-part series on the formulation of 3-node, 9-dof membrane triangles with corner drilling freedoms based on parametrized variational principles. The first four sections cover element implementation details including determination of optimal parameters and treatment of distributed loads. Then three elements of this type, labeled ALL, FF and EFF-ANDES, are tested on standard plane stress problems. ALL represents numerically integrated versions of Allman's 1988 triangle; FF is based on the free formulation triangle presented by Bergan and Felippa in 1985; and EFF-ANDES represent two different formulations of the optimal triangle derived in Parts I and II. The numerical studies indicate that the ALL, FF and EFF-ANDES elements are comparable in accuracy for elements of unitary aspect ratios. The ALL elements are found to stiffen rapidly in inplane bending for high aspect ratios, whereas the FF and EFF elements maintain accuracy. The EFF and ANDES implementations have a moderate edge in formation speed over the FF.

Low frequency ac waveform generator

DOEpatents

Bilharz, O.W.

1983-11-22

Low frequency sine, cosine, triangle and square waves are synthesized in circuitry which allows variation in the waveform amplitude and frequency while exhibiting good stability and without requiring significant stablization time. A triangle waveform is formed by a ramped integration process controlled by a saturation amplifier circuit which produces the necessary hysteresis for the triangle waveform. The output of the saturation circuit is tapped to produce the square waveform. The sine waveform is synthesized by taking the absolute value of the triangular waveform, raising this absolute value to a predetermined power, multiplying the raised absolute value of the triangle wave with the triangle wave itself and properly scaling the resultant waveform and subtracting it from the triangular waveform to a predetermined power and adding the squared waveform raised to the predetermined power with a DC reference and subtracting the squared waveform therefrom, with all waveforms properly scaled. The resultant waveform is then multiplied with a square wave in order to correct the polarity and produce the resultant cosine waveform.

The functional significance of morphological changes in the dentitions of early mammals.

PubMed

Conith, Andrew J; Imburgia, Michael J; Crosby, Alfred J; Dumont, Elizabeth R

2016-11-01

The Mesozoic marked a time of experimentation in the tooth morphology of early mammals. One particular experiment involved the movement of three points, or cusps, on the surface of a molar tooth from a line into a triangle. This transition is exemplified by two extinct insectivorous mammals, Morganucodon (cusps in a line) and Kuehneotherium (cusps in a triangle). Here we test whether this difference in cusp arrangement, alongside cusp heights and angles between cusps, is associated with differences in the ability of the teeth to fracture proxy-insect prey. We gathered measurements from molar teeth of both species and used them to create physical models. We then measured the force, time and energy at fracture and peak force, and the amount of damage inflicted by the models on hard and soft gels encased in a tough film that mimicked the material properties of insects. The Morganucodon model required less force and energy to fracture hard gels and reach peak force compared with Kuehneotherium Kuehneotherium required a similar time, force and energy to fracture soft gels but reduced the time, force and energy to reach peak force. More importantly, Kuehneotherium also inflicted more damage to both the hard and the soft gels. These results suggest that changes in dental morphology in some early mammals was driven primarily by selection for maximizing damage, and secondarily for maximizing biomechanical efficiency for a given food material property. © 2016 The Author(s).

A new mosaic method for three-dimensional surface

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yuan, Yun; Zhu, Zhaokun; Ding, Yongjun

2011-08-01

Three-dimensional (3-D) data mosaic is a indispensable link in surface measurement and digital terrain map generation. With respect to the mosaic problem of the local unorganized cloud points with rude registration and mass mismatched points, a new mosaic method for 3-D surface based on RANSAC is proposed. Every circular of this method is processed sequentially by random sample with additional shape constraint, data normalization of cloud points, absolute orientation, data denormalization of cloud points, inlier number statistic, etc. After N random sample trials the largest consensus set is selected, and at last the model is re-estimated using all the points in the selected subset. The minimal subset is composed of three non-colinear points which form a triangle. The shape of triangle is considered in random sample selection in order to make the sample selection reasonable. A new coordinate system transformation algorithm presented in this paper is used to avoid the singularity. The whole rotation transformation between the two coordinate systems can be solved by twice rotations expressed by Euler angle vector, each rotation has explicit physical means. Both simulation and real data are used to prove the correctness and validity of this mosaic method. This method has better noise immunity due to its robust estimation property, and has high accuracy as the shape constraint is added to random sample and the data normalization added to the absolute orientation. This method is applicable for high precision measurement of three-dimensional surface and also for the 3-D terrain mosaic.

Triassico: A Sphere Positioning System for Surface Studies with IBA Techniques

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fontana, Cristiano L.; Doyle, Barney L.

We propose here a novel device, called the Triassico, to microscopically study the entire surface of millimeter-sized spheres. The sphere dimensions can be as small as 1 mm, and the upper limit defined only by the power and by the mechanical characteristics of the motors used. Three motorized driving rods are arranged so an equilateral triangle is formed by the rod's axes, on such a triangle the sphere sits. Movement is achieved by rotating the rods with precise relative speeds and by exploiting the friction between the sphere and the rods surfaces. The sphere can be held in place by gravity or by an opposing trio of rods. By rotating the rods with specific relative angular velocities, a net torque can be exerted on the sphere which then rotates. No repositioning of the sphere or of the motors is needed to cover the full surface with the investigating tools. An algorithm was developed to position the sphere at any arbitrary polar and azimuthal angle. The algorithm minimizes the number of rotations needed by the rods, in order to efficiently select a particular position on the sphere surface. A prototype Triassico was developed for the National Ignition Facility, of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (Livermore, California, USA), as a sphere manipulation apparatus for ion microbeam analysis at Sandia National Laboratories (Albuquerque, NM, USA) of Xe-doped DT inertial confinement fusion fuel spheres. Other applications span from samples orientation, ball bearing manufacturing, or jewelry.

The PBS Triangle: Does It Fit as a Heuristic? A Reflection on the First International Conference on Positive Behavior Support

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Baker, Candace Kay

2005-01-01

In this article, the author explores the evolution of the use of the triangle as a communication tool for describing positive behavior support (PBS) systems. The conceptual framework for the triangle used for PBS is credited to Walker et al. In that seminal work, the a model of school-based prevention strategies for children displaying antisocial…

Improved Modeling of Three-Point Estimates for Decision Making: Going Beyond the Triangle

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-03-01

OF THREE-POINT ESTIMATES FOR DECISION MAKING: GOING BEYOND THE TRIANGLE by Daniel W. Mulligan March 2016 Thesis Advisor: Mark Rhoades...REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED Master’s thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE IMPROVED MODELING OF THREE-POINT ESTIMATES FOR DECISION MAKING: GOING BEYOND...unlimited IMPROVED MODELING OF THREE-POINT ESTIMATES FOR DECISION MAKING: GOING BEYOND THE TRIANGLE Daniel W. Mulligan Civilian, National

The Sierpinski Triangle Plane

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ettestad, David; Carbonara, Joaquin

The Sierpinski Triangle (ST) is a fractal which has Haussdorf dimension log23 ≈ 1.585 that has been studied extensively. In this paper, we introduce the Sierpinski Triangle Plane (STP), an infinite extension of the ST that spans the entire real plane but is not a vector subspace or a tiling of the plane with a finite set of STs. STP is shown to be a radial fractal with many interesting and surprising properties.

Triangle network motifs predict complexes by complementing high-error interactomes with structural information.

PubMed

Andreopoulos, Bill; Winter, Christof; Labudde, Dirk; Schroeder, Michael

2009-06-27

A lot of high-throughput studies produce protein-protein interaction networks (PPINs) with many errors and missing information. Even for genome-wide approaches, there is often a low overlap between PPINs produced by different studies. Second-level neighbors separated by two protein-protein interactions (PPIs) were previously used for predicting protein function and finding complexes in high-error PPINs. We retrieve second level neighbors in PPINs, and complement these with structural domain-domain interactions (SDDIs) representing binding evidence on proteins, forming PPI-SDDI-PPI triangles. We find low overlap between PPINs, SDDIs and known complexes, all well below 10%. We evaluate the overlap of PPI-SDDI-PPI triangles with known complexes from Munich Information center for Protein Sequences (MIPS). PPI-SDDI-PPI triangles have ~20 times higher overlap with MIPS complexes than using second-level neighbors in PPINs without SDDIs. The biological interpretation for triangles is that a SDDI causes two proteins to be observed with common interaction partners in high-throughput experiments. The relatively few SDDIs overlapping with PPINs are part of highly connected SDDI components, and are more likely to be detected in experimental studies. We demonstrate the utility of PPI-SDDI-PPI triangles by reconstructing myosin-actin processes in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and cytoskeleton, which were not obvious in the original PPIN. Using other complementary datatypes in place of SDDIs to form triangles, such as PubMed co-occurrences or threading information, results in a similar ability to find protein complexes. Given high-error PPINs with missing information, triangles of mixed datatypes are a promising direction for finding protein complexes. Integrating PPINs with SDDIs improves finding complexes. Structural SDDIs partially explain the high functional similarity of second-level neighbors in PPINs. We estimate that relatively little structural information would be sufficient for finding complexes involving most of the proteins and interactions in a typical PPIN.

Triangle network motifs predict complexes by complementing high-error interactomes with structural information

PubMed Central

Andreopoulos, Bill; Winter, Christof; Labudde, Dirk; Schroeder, Michael

2009-01-01

Background A lot of high-throughput studies produce protein-protein interaction networks (PPINs) with many errors and missing information. Even for genome-wide approaches, there is often a low overlap between PPINs produced by different studies. Second-level neighbors separated by two protein-protein interactions (PPIs) were previously used for predicting protein function and finding complexes in high-error PPINs. We retrieve second level neighbors in PPINs, and complement these with structural domain-domain interactions (SDDIs) representing binding evidence on proteins, forming PPI-SDDI-PPI triangles. Results We find low overlap between PPINs, SDDIs and known complexes, all well below 10%. We evaluate the overlap of PPI-SDDI-PPI triangles with known complexes from Munich Information center for Protein Sequences (MIPS). PPI-SDDI-PPI triangles have ~20 times higher overlap with MIPS complexes than using second-level neighbors in PPINs without SDDIs. The biological interpretation for triangles is that a SDDI causes two proteins to be observed with common interaction partners in high-throughput experiments. The relatively few SDDIs overlapping with PPINs are part of highly connected SDDI components, and are more likely to be detected in experimental studies. We demonstrate the utility of PPI-SDDI-PPI triangles by reconstructing myosin-actin processes in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and cytoskeleton, which were not obvious in the original PPIN. Using other complementary datatypes in place of SDDIs to form triangles, such as PubMed co-occurrences or threading information, results in a similar ability to find protein complexes. Conclusion Given high-error PPINs with missing information, triangles of mixed datatypes are a promising direction for finding protein complexes. Integrating PPINs with SDDIs improves finding complexes. Structural SDDIs partially explain the high functional similarity of second-level neighbors in PPINs. We estimate that relatively little structural information would be sufficient for finding complexes involving most of the proteins and interactions in a typical PPIN. PMID:19558694

Optimizing the positional relationships between instruments used in laparoscopic simulation using a simple trigonometric method.

PubMed

Lorias Espinoza, Daniel; Ordorica Flores, Ricardo; Minor Martínez, Arturo; Gutiérrez Gnecchi, José Antonio

2014-06-01

Various methods for evaluating laparoscopic skill have been reported, but without detailed information on the configuration used they are difficult to reproduce. Here we present a method based on the trigonometric relationships between the instruments used in a laparoscopic training platform in order to provide a tool to aid in the reproducible assessment of surgical laparoscopic technique. The positions of the instruments were represented using triangles. Basic trigonometry was used to objectively establish the distances among the working ports RL, the placement of the optical port h', and the placement of the surgical target OT. The optimal configuration of a training platform depends on the selected working angles, the intracorporeal/extracorporeal lengths of the instrument, and the depth of the surgical target. We demonstrate that some distances, angles, and positions of the instruments are inappropriate for satisfactory laparoscopy. By applying basic trigonometric principles we can determine the ideal placement of the working ports and the optics in a simple, precise, and objective way. In addition, because the method is based on parameters known to be important in both the performance and quantitative quality of laparoscopy, the results are generalizable to different training platforms and types of laparoscopic surgery.

miniTri Mantevo miniapp v. 1.0

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Berry, Johathan; Stark, Dylan; Wolf, Michael

2016-02-02

miniTri is a miniapplication developed as part of the Mantevo project. Given a graph, miniTri enumerates all triangles in this graph and computes a metric for each triangle based on the triangle edge and vertex degree. The output of miniTri is a summary of this metric. miniTri mimics the computational requirements of an important set of data science applications. Several approaches to this problem are included in the miniTri software.

Seismicity map of the state of Indiana

USGS Publications Warehouse

Stover, C.W.; Reagor, B.G.; Algermissen, S.T.

1987-01-01

The latitude and longitude coordinates of each epicenter were rounded to the nearest tenth of a degree and sorted so that all identical locations were grouped and counted. These locations are represented on the map by a triangle. The number of earthquakes at each location is shown on the map by the arabic number to the right of the triangle. A Roman numeral to the left of a triangle is the maximum Modified Mercalli intensity (Wood and Neumann, 1931) of all earthquakes at that geographic location. The absence of an intensity value indicates that no intensities have been assigned to earthquakes at that location. The year shown below each triangle is the latest year for which the maximum intensity was recorded.

Seismicity map of the state of Idaho

USGS Publications Warehouse

Stover, Carl W.; Reagor, B.G.; Algermissen, S.T.

1991-01-01

The latitude and longitude coordinates of each epicenter were rounded to the nearest tenth of a degree and sorted so that all identical locations were grouped and counted. These locations are represented on the map by a triangle. The number of earthquakes at each location is shown on the map by the Arabic number to the right of the triangle. A Roman numeral to the left of a triangle is the maximum Modified Mercalli intensity (Wood and Neumann, 1931) of all earthquakes at that geographic location. The absence of an intensity value indicates that no intensities have been assigned to earthquakes at that location. The year shown below each triangle is the latest year for which the maximum intensity was recorded.

Seismicity map of the state of North Carolina

USGS Publications Warehouse

Reagor, B.G.; Stover, C.W.; Algermissen, S.T.

1987-01-01

The latitude and longitude coordinates of each epicenter were rounded to the nearest tenth of a degree and sorted so that all identical locations were grouped and counted. These locations are represented on the map by a triangle. The number of earthquakes at each location is shown on the map by the arabic number to the right of the triangle. A Roman numeral to the left of a triangle is the maximum Modified Mercalli intensity (Wood and Neumann, 1931) of a11 earthquakes at that geographic location. The absence of an intensity value indicates that no intensities have been assigned to earthquakes at that location. The year shown below each triangle is the latest year for which the maximum intensity was recorded.

Seismicity map of the state of Vermont

USGS Publications Warehouse

Stover, C.W.; Reagor, B.G.; Highland, L.M.; Algermissen, S.T.

1987-01-01

The latitude and longitude coordinates of each epicenter were rounded to the nearest tenth of a degree and sorted so that all identical locations were grouped and counted. These locations are represented on the map by a triangle. The number of earthquakes at each location is shown on the map by the arabic number to the right of the triangle. A Roman numeral to the 1eft of a triangle is the maximum Modified Mercalli intensity (Wood and Neumann, 1931) of all earthquakes at that geographic location. The absence of an intensity value indicates that no intensities have been assigned to earthquakes at that location. The year shown below each triangle is the latest year for which the maximum intensity was recorded.

Seismicity map of the state of Ohio

USGS Publications Warehouse

Stover, C.W.; Reagor, B.G.; Algermissen, S.T.

1987-01-01

The latitude and longitude coordinates of each epicenter were rounded to the nearest tenth of a degree and sorted so that all identical locations were grouped and counted . These locations are represented on the map by a triangle. The number of earthquakes at each location is shown on the map by the arabic number to the right of the triangle. A Roman numeral to the left of a triangle is the maximum Modified Mercalli intensity (Wood and Neumann, 1931) of all earthquakes at that geographic location. The absence of an intensity value indicates that no intensities have been assigned to earthquakes at that location. The year shown below each triangle is the latest year for which the maximum intensity was recorded.

LR: Compact connectivity representation for triangle meshes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gurung, T; Luffel, M; Lindstrom, P

2011-01-28

We propose LR (Laced Ring) - a simple data structure for representing the connectivity of manifold triangle meshes. LR provides the option to store on average either 1.08 references per triangle or 26.2 bits per triangle. Its construction, from an input mesh that supports constant-time adjacency queries, has linear space and time complexity, and involves ordering most vertices along a nearly-Hamiltonian cycle. LR is best suited for applications that process meshes with fixed connectivity, as any changes to the connectivity require the data structure to be rebuilt. We provide an implementation of the set of standard random-access, constant-time operators formore » traversing a mesh, and show that LR often saves both space and traversal time over competing representations.« less

Analysis of Surface Roughness at Overlapping Laser Shock Peening

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dai, F. Z.; Zhang, Z. D.; Zhou, J. Z.; Lu, J. Z.; Zhang, Y. K.

2016-02-01

The overlapping effects on surface roughness are studied when samples are treated by laser shock peening (LSP). Surface roughness of overlapped circular laser spot is calculated by ISO 25178 height parameters. The usually used overlapping styles namely isosceles-right-triangle-style (AAP) and equilateral-triangle-style (AAA) are carefully investigated when the overlapping degree in x-axis (ηx) is below 50%. Surface roughness of isosceles-right-triangle-style attains its minimum value at ηx of 29.3%, and attains its maximum value at ηx of 43.6%. Surface roughness of equilateral-triangle-style attains its minimum value at ηx of 42.3%, and attains its maximum value at ηx of 32%. Experimental results are well consistent with theoretical analysis.

Programming Pascal's Triangle

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Curley, Walter

1974-01-01

After a brief discussion of Pascal's triangle and description of four methods of hand construction, the author provides FORTRAN and BASIC programs for computer construction based on recursive definition. (SD)

Formation of an active thrust triangle zone associated with structural inversion in a subduction setting, eastern New Zealand

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barnes, Philip M.; Nicol, Andrew

2004-02-01

We analyze a thrust triangle zone, which underlies the continental shelf of Hawke Bay, eastern New Zealand, within the Hikurangi subduction margin. This triangle zone differs from many other examples in that it is active, 90 km from the leading edge of the overriding plate, and formed due to polyphase deformation involving opposed dipping thrust duplex and backthrust, with the later structure forming in response to inversion of an extensional graben. The component structures of the zone mainly developed sequentially rather than synchronously. High-quality marine seismic reflection lines, tied to well and seabed samples, reveal the three-dimensional structure of the zone, together with its 25 Myr evolution and late Quaternary activity. The triangle zone occurs in the lateral overlap between a stack of NW dipping blind thrusts, and a principal backthrust, the Kidnappers fault. The NW dipping thrusts initiated in the early-middle Miocene during the early stages of subduction, with subsequent thrust duplex formation producing major uplift and erosion in the late Miocene-early Pliocene. The active backthrust formed during the late Miocene to early Pliocene as a thin-skinned listric extensional fault confined to the cover sequence. Structural inversion of the extensional fault commenced in the early-middle Pliocene, produced the backthrust and marks the formation of the thrust triangle zone. The thrust duplex and backthrust accrued strain following inversion; however, the later structure accommodated most of the surface deformation in the Quaternary. Section balancing of the triangle zone together with a detailed analysis of reverse displacements along the backthrust reveal spatial and temporal variations of strain accumulation on the two principal components of the zone. Although the formation of the triangle zone is strongly influenced by regional tectonics of the subduction system, these variations may also, in part, reflect local fault interaction. For example, high Quaternary displacement rates on the backthrust accounts for ˜70% of the displacement loss that occurs on the southern segments of the overlapping, Lachlan fault. Understanding the tectonic evolution of such complex, polyphase thrust triangle zones requires the preservation of growth strata that record sequential deformation history. In the absence of such data, synchroneity of opposed dipping thrusts in triangle zones cannot be assumed.

The Abstraction Ability in Constructing Relation Within Triangles by The Seventh Grade Students of Junior High School

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Annas, Suwardi; Djadir; Mutmainna Hasma, Sitti

2018-01-01

on is an activity to organize a mathematical concept that has been previously owned into a new mathematical structure. Activites in abstraction are recognizing, organizing and constructing. Recognizing is a process of identifying a mathematical structure that had existed before. Organizing is a process of using structural knowledge to be assembled into a solution of a problem and constructing is a process of organizing the characteristics of the object into a new structure that does not exist. In abstraction process, the students use attributes to address the object, including routine attribute, nonroutine attributes, and meaningless attributes. This research applied descriptive qualitative research which aimed to describe the abstraction ability of students from high, moderate, and low groups to construct a relation within triangle. In collecting the data, this research used students’ pre-ability math test, abstraction test, and guided interview. The sampling technique in this research was based on the students’ scores in pre-ability math test, which were divided into three groups. Two students from each group were opted as the subjects of this research. Questions of the test are based on the indicators of steps in abstraction activity. Thus, based on the data gained in this research, researcher determined the tendency of attributes used in each abstraction activity. The result of this research revealed that students from high, moderate and low groups were prone to use routine attributes in recognizing triangles. In organizing the characteristics within triangles, high group tended to organize the triangle correctly, while the moderate and low groups tended to organize the triangle incorrectly. In constructing relation within triangles, students in high, moderate and low groups construct it incompletely.

The oncogenic triangle of HMGA2, LIN28B and IGF2BP1 antagonizes tumor-suppressive actions of the let-7 family.

PubMed

Busch, Bianca; Bley, Nadine; Müller, Simon; Glaß, Markus; Misiak, Danny; Lederer, Marcell; Vetter, Martina; Strauß, Hans-Georg; Thomssen, Christoph; Hüttelmaier, Stefan

2016-05-05

The tumor-suppressive let-7 microRNA family targets various oncogene-encoding mRNAs. We identify the let-7 targets HMGA2, LIN28B and IGF2BP1 to form a let-7 antagonizing self-promoting oncogenic triangle. Surprisingly, 3'-end processing of IGF2BP1 mRNAs is unaltered in aggressive cancers and tumor-derived cells although IGF2BP1 synthesis was proposed to escape let-7 attack by APA-dependent (alternative polyadenylation) 3' UTR shortening. However, the expression of the triangle factors is inversely correlated with let-7 levels and promoted by LIN28B impairing let-7 biogenesis. Moreover, IGF2BP1 enhances the expression of all triangle factors by recruiting the respective mRNAs in mRNPs lacking AGO proteins and let-7 miRNAs. This indicates that the downregulation of let-7, largely facilitated by LIN28B upregulation, and the protection of let-7 target mRNAs by IGF2BP1-directed shielding in mRNPs synergize in enhancing the expression of triangle factors. The oncogenic potential of this triangle was confirmed in ovarian cancer (OC)-derived ES-2 cells transduced with let-7 targeting decoys. In these, the depletion of HMGA2 only diminishes tumor cell growth under permissive conditions. The depletion of LIN28B and more prominently IGF2BP1 severely impairs tumor cell viability, self-renewal and 2D as well as 3D migration. In conclusion, this suggests the targeting of the HMGA2-LIN28B-IGF2BP1 triangle as a promising strategy in cancer treatment. © The Author(s) 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nucleic Acids Research.

The oncogenic triangle of HMGA2, LIN28B and IGF2BP1 antagonizes tumor-suppressive actions of the let-7 family

PubMed Central

Busch, Bianca; Bley, Nadine; Müller, Simon; Glaß, Markus; Misiak, Danny; Lederer, Marcell; Vetter, Martina; Strauß, Hans-Georg; Thomssen, Christoph; Hüttelmaier, Stefan

2016-01-01

The tumor-suppressive let-7 microRNA family targets various oncogene-encoding mRNAs. We identify the let-7 targets HMGA2, LIN28B and IGF2BP1 to form a let-7 antagonizing self-promoting oncogenic triangle. Surprisingly, 3′-end processing of IGF2BP1 mRNAs is unaltered in aggressive cancers and tumor-derived cells although IGF2BP1 synthesis was proposed to escape let-7 attack by APA-dependent (alternative polyadenylation) 3′ UTR shortening. However, the expression of the triangle factors is inversely correlated with let-7 levels and promoted by LIN28B impairing let-7 biogenesis. Moreover, IGF2BP1 enhances the expression of all triangle factors by recruiting the respective mRNAs in mRNPs lacking AGO proteins and let-7 miRNAs. This indicates that the downregulation of let-7, largely facilitated by LIN28B upregulation, and the protection of let-7 target mRNAs by IGF2BP1-directed shielding in mRNPs synergize in enhancing the expression of triangle factors. The oncogenic potential of this triangle was confirmed in ovarian cancer (OC)-derived ES-2 cells transduced with let-7 targeting decoys. In these, the depletion of HMGA2 only diminishes tumor cell growth under permissive conditions. The depletion of LIN28B and more prominently IGF2BP1 severely impairs tumor cell viability, self-renewal and 2D as well as 3D migration. In conclusion, this suggests the targeting of the HMGA2-LIN28B-IGF2BP1 triangle as a promising strategy in cancer treatment. PMID:26917013

Crystal structure of a new polar borate Na{sub 2}Ce{sub 2}[BO{sub 2}(OH)][BO{sub 3}]{sub 2} · H{sub 2}O with isolated boron triangles

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Topnikova, A. P.; Belokoneva, E. L., E-mail: elbel@geol.msu.ru; Dimitrova, O. V.

2016-11-15

Crystals of a new polar borate Na{sub 2}Ce{sub 2}[BO{sub 2}(OH)][BO{sub 3}]{sub 2} · H{sub 2}O were prepared by hydrothermal synthesis. The crystals are orthorhombic, a = 7.2295(7) Å, b = 11.2523(8) Å, c = 5.1285(6) Å, Z = 2, sp. gr. C2mm (Amm2), R = 0.0253. The formula of the compound was derived from the structure determination. The Ce and Na atoms are coordinated by nine and six O atoms, respectively. The Ce position is split, and a small amount of Ce is incorporated into the Na1 site with the isomorphous substitution for Na. The anionic moieties exist as isolatedmore » BO{sub 3} and BO{sub 2}(OH) triangles. The planes of the BO{sub 2}(OH) triangles with mm2 symmetry are parallel to the ab plane. The planes of the BO{sub 3} triangles with m symmetry are perpendicular to the ab plane and are rotated in a diagonal way. The splitting of the Ce positions and the polar arrangement of the BO{sub 2}(OH) triangles, water molecules, and Na atoms are observed along the polar a axis. The new structure is most similar to the new borate NaCa{sub 4}[BO{sub 3}]{sub 3} (sp. gr. Ama2), in which triangles of one type are arranged in a polar fashion along the c axis. Weak nonlinear-optical properties of both polar borates are attributed to the quenching of the second-harmonic generation due to the mutually opposite orientation of two-thirds of B triangles in the unit cell.« less

Holliday Triangle Hunter (HolT Hunter): Efficient Software for Identifying Low Strain DNA Triangular Configurations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sherman, W.B.

2012-04-16

Synthetic DNA nanostructures are typically held together primarily by Holliday junctions. One of the most basic types of structures possible to assemble with only DNA and Holliday junctions is the triangle. To date, however, only equilateral triangles have been assembled in this manner - primarily because it is difficult to figure out what configurations of Holliday triangles have low strain. Early attempts at identifying such configurations relied upon calculations that followed the strained helical paths of DNA. Those methods, however, were computationally expensive, and failed to find many of the possible solutions. I have developed a new approach to identifyingmore » Holliday triangles that is computationally faster, and finds well over 95% of the possible solutions. The new approach is based on splitting the problem into two parts. The first part involves figuring out all the different ways that three featureless rods of the appropriate length and diameter can weave over and under one another to form a triangle. The second part of the computation entails seeing whether double helical DNA backbones can fit into the shape dictated by the rods in such a manner that the strands can cross over from one domain to the other at the appropriate spots. Structures with low strain (that is, good fit between the rods and the helices) on all three edges are recorded as promising for assembly.« less

Intellectual Dummies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2002-01-01

Goddard Space Flight Center and Triangle Research & Development Corporation collaborated to create "Smart Eyes," a charge coupled device camera that, for the first time, could read and measure bar codes without the use of lasers. The camera operated in conjunction with software and algorithms created by Goddard and Triangle R&D that could track bar code position and direction with speed and precision, as well as with software that could control robotic actions based on vision system input. This accomplishment was intended for robotic assembly of the International Space Station, helping NASA to increase production while using less manpower. After successfully completing the two- phase SBIR project with Goddard, Triangle R&D was awarded a separate contract from the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), which was interested in using the newly developed NASA camera technology to heighten automotive safety standards. In 1990, Triangle R&D and the DOT developed a mask made from a synthetic, plastic skin covering to measure facial lacerations resulting from automobile accidents. By pairing NASA's camera technology with Triangle R&D's and the DOT's newly developed mask, a system that could provide repeatable, computerized evaluations of laceration injury was born.

Low frequency AC waveform generator

DOEpatents

Bilharz, Oscar W.

1986-01-01

Low frequency sine, cosine, triangle and square waves are synthesized in circuitry which allows variation in the waveform amplitude and frequency while exhibiting good stability and without requiring significant stabilization time. A triangle waveform is formed by a ramped integration process controlled by a saturation amplifier circuit which produces the necessary hysteresis for the triangle waveform. The output of the saturation circuit is tapped to produce the square waveform. The sine waveform is synthesized by taking the absolute value of the triangular waveform, raising this absolute value to a predetermined power, multiplying the raised absolute value of the triangle wave with the triangle wave itself and properly scaling the resultant waveform and subtracting it from the triangular waveform itself. The cosine is synthesized by squaring the triangular waveform, raising the triangular waveform to a predetermined power and adding the squared waveform raised to the predetermined power with a DC reference and subtracting the squared waveform therefrom, with all waveforms properly scaled. The resultant waveform is then multiplied with a square wave in order to correct the polarity and produce the resultant cosine waveform.

Aesthetic judgment of triangular shape: compactness and not the golden ratio determines perceived attractiveness

PubMed Central

Friedenberg, Jay

2012-01-01

Many studies over a period of more than a century have investigated the influence of the golden ratio on perceived geometric beauty. Surprisingly, very few of these studies used triangular shapes. In Experiment 1, we presented right triangles that differed in regard to their elongation determined by increasing the length of one side relative to another. Attractiveness ratings did not peak at the golden ratio, but there was a very strong influence of axis ratio overall. Participant ratings were a negative decreasing function of ratio. Triangles that pointed upward were judged as significantly more attractive than those that pointed down. We interpret these results according to a compactness hypothesis: triangles that are more compact are less likely to move or break and are thus considered more pleasing. Orientation also affects aesthetics. Upward-pointing triangles with a base parallel to the ground, regardless of their compactness, are also considered more perceptually stable and attractive. These findings were replicated across stimulus type in a second experiment with isosceles triangles and across testing procedure in a third experiment using a paired comparison technique. PMID:23145277

Changes in Achilles tendon moment arm from rest to maximum isometric plantarflexion: in vivo observations in man

PubMed Central

Maganaris, Constantinos N; Baltzopoulos, Vasilios; Sargeant, Anthony J

1998-01-01

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of a plantarflexor maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) on Achilles tendon moment arm length. Sagittal magnetic resonance (MR) images of the right ankle were taken in six subjects both at rest and during a plantarflexor MVC in the supine position at a knee angle of 90 deg and at ankle angles of -30 deg (dorsiflexed direction), -15 deg, 0 deg (neutral ankle position), +15 deg (plantarflexed direction), +30 deg and +45 deg. A system of mechanical stops, support triangles and velcro straps was used to secure the subject in the above positions. Location of a moving centre of rotation was calculated for ankle rotations from -30 to 0 deg, -15 to +15 deg, 0 to +30 deg and +15 to +45 deg. All instant centres of rotation were calculated both at rest and during MVC. Achilles tendon moment arms were measured at ankle angles of -15, 0, +15 and +30 deg. At any given ankle angle, Achilles tendon moment arm length during MVC increased by 1-1.5 cm (22-27%, P < 0.01) compared with rest. This was attributed to a displacement of both Achilles tendon by 0.6-1.1 cm (P < 0.01) and all instant centres of rotation by about 0.3 cm (P < 0.05) away from their corresponding resting positions. The findings of this study have important implications for estimating loads in the musculoskeletal system. Substantially unrealistic Achilles tendon forces and moments generated around the ankle joint during a plantarflexor MVC would be calculated using resting Achilles tendon moment arm measurements. PMID:9660906

Changes in Achilles tendon moment arm from rest to maximum isometric plantarflexion: in vivo observations in man.

PubMed

Maganaris, C N; Baltzopoulos, V; Sargeant, A J

1998-08-01

1. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of a plantarflexor maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) on Achilles tendon moment arm length. 2. Sagittal magnetic resonance (MR) images of the right ankle were taken in six subjects both at rest and during a plantarflexor MVC in the supine position at a knee angle of 90 deg and at ankle angles of -30 deg (dorsiflexed direction), -15 deg, 0 deg (neutral ankle position), +15 deg (plantarflexed direction), +30 deg and +45 deg. A system of mechanical stops, support triangles and velcro straps was used to secure the subject in the above positions. Location of a moving centre of rotation was calculated for ankle rotations from -30 to 0 deg, -15 to +15 deg, 0 to +30 deg and +15 to +45 deg. All instant centres of rotation were calculated both at rest and during MVC. Achilles tendon moment arms were measured at ankle angles of -15, 0, +15 and +30 deg. 3. At any given ankle angle, Achilles tendon moment arm length during MVC increased by 1-1.5 cm (22-27 %, P < 0.01) compared with rest. This was attributed to a displacement of both Achilles tendon by 0.6-1.1 cm (P < 0.01) and all instant centres of rotation by about 0.3 cm (P < 0.05) away from their corresponding resting positions. 4. The findings of this study have important implications for estimating loads in the musculoskeletal system. Substantially unrealistic Achilles tendon forces and moments generated around the ankle joint during a plantarflexor MVC would be calculated using resting Achilles tendon moment arm measurements.

Developing Lesson Design to Help Students’ Triangle Conseptual Understanding

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Prabawanto, S.; Mulyana, E.

2017-09-01

The research was aimed to develop a lesson design so that students’ triangle conceptual understanding could be achieved. The method that be used in this research was qualitative with applied didactical design research (DDR). The DDR consisted of three main stepts, namely prospective analysis, metapedadicdactic analysis, and retrospective analysis. From the three stepts above, it was gained the empirical lesson design of triangle topic. The reseach results are: (1) there were some learning obstacles of students deal with the triangle topic, namely ontogenical, epietimological, and didactical obstacles; (2) implementaion of the lesson was conducted under three main stepts, namely action, formulation, and validation. For answering weather the design can be applied to other group of students, it was recommended that it cound be investigated by doing advanced reseach.

Triangle inequalities in coherence measures and entanglement concurrence

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dai, Yue; You, Wenlong; Dong, Yuli; Zhang, Chengjie

2017-12-01

We provide detailed proofs of triangle inequalities in coherence measures and entanglement concurrence. If a rank-2 state ϱ can be expressed as a convex combination of two pure states, i.e., ϱ =p1| ψ1〉〈 ψ1|+ p2| ψ2〉〈 ψ2| , a triangle inequality can be established as |E (|Ψ1〉 )-E (|Ψ2〉 )|≤E (ϱ ) ≤E (|Ψ1〉 )+E (|Ψ2〉 ) , where | Ψ1〉= √{p1}|ψ1〉 and | Ψ2〉= √{p2}|ψ2〉 ; E can be considered either coherence measures or entanglement concurrence. This inequality displays mathematical beauty for its similarity to the triangle inequality in plane geometry. An illustrative example is given after the proof.

Ab initio study of the ground state surface of Cu3

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Langhoff, Stephen R.; Bauschlicher, Charles W., Jr.; Walch, Stephen P.; Laskowski, Bernard C.

1986-01-01

The ground state surface of the metallic trimer Cu3 is investigated theoretically. Relativistic and correlation effects are taken into account in ab initio computations, which are calibrated against analogous computations for the 1Sigma(g)+ state of Cu2; the results are presented in tables and analyzed. The Cu3 ground state is found to have a 2B2 C(2v) structure with angle greater than 60 deg, lying 59/cm below a 2A1 C(2v) geometry and 280/cm below the D(3h) equilateral geometry. These findings are shown to be in good agreement with the experimental measurements of Rohlfing and Valentini (1986) and their analysis (in terms of a Jahn-Teller distortion of 2E-prime equilateral-triangle geometry) by Truhlar et al. (1986).

Geometric structure of thin SiO xN y films on Si(100)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Behrens, K.-M.; Klinkenberg, E.-D.; Finster, J.; Meiwes-Broer, K.-H.

1998-05-01

Thin films of amorphous stoichometric SiO xN y are deposited on radiation-heated Si(100) by rapid thermal low-pressure chemical vapour deposition. We studied the whole range of possible compositions. In order to determine the geometric structure, we used EXAFS and photoelectron spectroscopy. Tetrahedrons constitute the short-range units with a central Si atom connected to N and O. The distribution of the possible tetrahedrons can be described by a mixture of the Random Bonding Model and the Random Mixture Model. For low oxygen contents x/( x+ y)≤0.3, the geometric structure of the film is almost the structure of a-Si 3N 4, with the oxygen preferably on top of Si-N 3 triangles. Higher oxygen contents induce changes in the bond lengths, bond angles and coordination numbers.

Modelling the large-scale redshift-space 3-point correlation function of galaxies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Slepian, Zachary; Eisenstein, Daniel J.

2017-08-01

We present a configuration-space model of the large-scale galaxy 3-point correlation function (3PCF) based on leading-order perturbation theory and including redshift-space distortions (RSD). This model should be useful in extracting distance-scale information from the 3PCF via the baryon acoustic oscillation method. We include the first redshift-space treatment of biasing by the baryon-dark matter relative velocity. Overall, on large scales the effect of RSD is primarily a renormalization of the 3PCF that is roughly independent of both physical scale and triangle opening angle; for our adopted Ωm and bias values, the rescaling is a factor of ˜1.8. We also present an efficient scheme for computing 3PCF predictions from our model, important for allowing fast exploration of the space of cosmological parameters in future analyses.

Research Triangle Park, NC Laboratory at a Glance

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Among many other things, EPA's Research Triangle Park scientists simulate many different types of air pollution under varying meteorological conditions and study the health effects of air pollution mixtures.

Self-assembled squares and triangles by simultaneous hydrogen bonding and metal coordination.

PubMed

Marshall, Laura J; de Mendoza, Javier

2013-04-05

Through the combination of hydrogen bonding and metal-templated self-assembly, molecular squares and molecular triangles are observed in chloroform solution upon the complexation of hydrogen-bonded dimers of para-pyridyl-substituted 2-ureido-4-[1H]-pyrimidinone (UPy) and an appropriate cis-substituted palladium complex. Molecular modeling studies and NMR analysis confirmed the presence of two distinct structures in solution: the tubular structure of the molecular square and propeller-bowl structure of the molecular triangle.

A minimal approach to the scattering of physical massless bosons

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Boels, Rutger H.; Luo, Hui

2018-05-01

Tree and loop level scattering amplitudes which involve physical massless bosons are derived directly from physical constraints such as locality, symmetry and unitarity, bypassing path integral constructions. Amplitudes can be projected onto a minimal basis of kinematic factors through linear algebra, by employing four dimensional spinor helicity methods or at its most general using projection techniques. The linear algebra analysis is closely related to amplitude relations, especially the Bern-Carrasco-Johansson relations for gluon amplitudes and the Kawai-Lewellen-Tye relations between gluons and graviton amplitudes. Projection techniques are known to reduce the computation of loop amplitudes with spinning particles to scalar integrals. Unitarity, locality and integration-by-parts identities can then be used to fix complete tree and loop amplitudes efficiently. The loop amplitudes follow algorithmically from the trees. A number of proof-of-concept examples are presented. These include the planar four point two-loop amplitude in pure Yang-Mills theory as well as a range of one loop amplitudes with internal and external scalars, gluons and gravitons. Several interesting features of the results are highlighted, such as the vanishing of certain basis coefficients for gluon and graviton amplitudes. Effective field theories are naturally and efficiently included into the framework. Dimensional regularisation is employed throughout; different regularisation schemes are worked out explicitly. The presented methods appear most powerful in non-supersymmetric theories in cases with relatively few legs, but with potentially many loops. For instance, in the introduced approach iterated unitarity cuts of four point amplitudes for non-supersymmetric gauge and gravity theories can be computed by matrix multiplication, generalising the so-called rung-rule of maximally supersymmetric theories. The philosophy of the approach to kinematics also leads to a technique to control colour quantum numbers of scattering amplitudes with matter, especially efficient in the adjoint and fundamental representations.

Effective theory analysis for vector-like quark model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Morozumi, Takuya; Shimizu, Yusuke; Takahashi, Shunya; Umeeda, Hiroyuki

2018-04-01

We study a model with a down-type SU(2) singlet vector-like quark (VLQ) as a minimal extension of the standard model (SM). In this model, flavor-changing neutral currents (FCNCs) arise at tree level and the unitarity of the 3× 3 Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix does not hold. In this paper, we constrain the FCNC coupling from b\\rArr s transitions, especially B_s\\rArr μ^+μ^- and \\bar{B}\\rArr X_sγ processes. In order to analyze these processes we derive an effective Lagrangian that is valid below the electroweak symmetry breaking scale. For this purpose, we first integrate out the VLQ field and derive an effective theory by matching Wilson coefficients up to one-loop level. Using the effective theory, we construct the effective Lagrangian for b\\rArr sγ^{(*)}. It includes the effects of the SM quarks and the violation of CKM unitarity. We show the constraints on the magnitude of the FCNC coupling and its phase by taking account of the current experimental data on Δ M_{B_s}, Br[B_s\\rArrμ^+μ^-], Br[\\bar{B}\\rArr X_sγ], and CKM matrix elements, as well as theoretical uncertainties. We find that the constraint from Br[B_s\\rArrμ^+μ^-] is more stringent than that from Br[\\bar{B}\\rArr X_sγ]. We also obtain a bound for the mass of the VLQ and the strength of the Yukawa couplings related to the FCNC coupling of the b\\rArr s transition. Using the CKM elements that satisfy the above constraints, we show how the unitarity is violated on the complex plane.

Points on the Path to Probability.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kiernan, James F.

2001-01-01

Presents the problem of points and the development of the binomial triangle, or Pascal's triangle. Examines various attempts to solve this problem to give students insight into the nature of mathematical discovery. (KHR)

Topics

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mathematics Teaching, 1971

1971-01-01

Problems involving divisibility, the ten coin triangle, five times a week with 4 D, a nomogram for the lens formula, the box and ladder problem, chains of circles, tessellating hexagons, topological woggles, and numbers of triangles are discussed. (CT)

Nearly Nice Right Triangles.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Reid, Bob

1989-01-01

Relationships among the sides are developed for right triangles whose sides are in the ratios 1:3, 1:4, and 1:5. The golden ratio appears in the results which can be used in secondary mathematics. (DC)

James Williamson d/b/a Golden Triangle Builders Information Sheet

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

James Williamson d/b/a Golden Triangle Builders (the Company) is located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The settlement involves renovation activities conducted at property constructed prior to 1978, located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Wedge sampling for computing clustering coefficients and triangle counts on large graphs

DOE PAGES

Seshadhri, C.; Pinar, Ali; Kolda, Tamara G.

2014-05-08

Graphs are used to model interactions in a variety of contexts, and there is a growing need to quickly assess the structure of such graphs. Some of the most useful graph metrics are based on triangles, such as those measuring social cohesion. Despite the importance of these triadic measures, algorithms to compute them can be extremely expensive. We discuss the method of wedge sampling. This versatile technique allows for the fast and accurate approximation of various types of clustering coefficients and triangle counts. Furthermore, these techniques are extensible to counting directed triangles in digraphs. Our methods come with provable andmore » practical time-approximation tradeoffs for all computations. We provide extensive results that show our methods are orders of magnitude faster than the state of the art, while providing nearly the accuracy of full enumeration.« less

Sub-Pixel Accuracy Crack Width Determination on Concrete Beams in Load Tests by Triangle Mesh Geometry Analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liebold, F.; Maas, H.-G.

2018-05-01

This paper deals with the determination of crack widths of concrete beams during load tests from monocular image sequences. The procedure starts in a reference image of the probe with suitable surface texture under zero load, where a large number of points is defined by an interest operator. Then a triangulated irregular network is established to connect the points. Image sequences are recorded during load tests with the load increasing continuously or stepwise, or at intermittently changing load. The vertices of the triangles are tracked through the consecutive images of the sequence with sub-pixel accuracy by least squares matching. All triangles are then analyzed for changes by principal strain calculation. For each triangle showing significant strain, a crack width is computed by a thorough geometric analysis of the relative movement of the vertices.

Visual Search for Wines with a Triangle on the Label in a Virtual Store

PubMed Central

Zhao, Hui; Huang, Fuxing; Spence, Charles; Wan, Xiaoang

2017-01-01

Two experiments were conducted in a virtual reality (VR) environment in order to investigate participants’ in-store visual search for bottles of wines displaying a prominent triangular shape on their label. The experimental task involved virtually moving along a wine aisle in a virtual supermarket while searching for the wine bottle on the shelf that had a different triangle on its label from the other bottles. The results of Experiment 1 revealed that the participants identified the bottle with a downward-pointing triangle on its label more rapidly than when looking for an upward-pointing triangle on the label instead. This finding replicates the downward-pointing triangle superiority (DPTS) effect, though the magnitude of this effect was more pronounced in the first as compared to the second half of the experiment, suggesting a modulating role of practice. The results of Experiment 2 revealed that the DPTS effect was also modulated by the location of the target on the shelf. Interestingly, however, the results of a follow-up survey demonstrate that the orientation of the triangle did not influence the participants’ evaluation of the wine bottles. Taken together, these findings reveal how in-store the attention of consumers might be influenced by the design elements in product packaging. These results therefore suggest that shopping in a virtual supermarket might offer a practical means of assessing the shelf standout of product packaging, which has important implications for food marketing. PMID:29326624

Visual Search for Wines with a Triangle on the Label in a Virtual Store.

PubMed

Zhao, Hui; Huang, Fuxing; Spence, Charles; Wan, Xiaoang

2017-01-01

Two experiments were conducted in a virtual reality (VR) environment in order to investigate participants' in-store visual search for bottles of wines displaying a prominent triangular shape on their label. The experimental task involved virtually moving along a wine aisle in a virtual supermarket while searching for the wine bottle on the shelf that had a different triangle on its label from the other bottles. The results of Experiment 1 revealed that the participants identified the bottle with a downward-pointing triangle on its label more rapidly than when looking for an upward-pointing triangle on the label instead. This finding replicates the downward-pointing triangle superiority (DPTS) effect, though the magnitude of this effect was more pronounced in the first as compared to the second half of the experiment, suggesting a modulating role of practice. The results of Experiment 2 revealed that the DPTS effect was also modulated by the location of the target on the shelf. Interestingly, however, the results of a follow-up survey demonstrate that the orientation of the triangle did not influence the participants' evaluation of the wine bottles. Taken together, these findings reveal how in-store the attention of consumers might be influenced by the design elements in product packaging. These results therefore suggest that shopping in a virtual supermarket might offer a practical means of assessing the shelf standout of product packaging, which has important implications for food marketing.

Parametric Quantum Search Algorithm as Quantum Walk: A Quantum Simulation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ellinas, Demosthenes; Konstandakis, Christos

2016-02-01

Parametric quantum search algorithm (PQSA) is a form of quantum search that results by relaxing the unitarity of the original algorithm. PQSA can naturally be cast in the form of quantum walk, by means of the formalism of oracle algebra. This is due to the fact that the completely positive trace preserving search map used by PQSA, admits a unitarization (unitary dilation) a la quantum walk, at the expense of introducing auxiliary quantum coin-qubit space. The ensuing QW describes a process of spiral motion, chosen to be driven by two unitary Kraus generators, generating planar rotations of Bloch vector around an axis. The quadratic acceleration of quantum search translates into an equivalent quadratic saving of the number of coin qubits in the QW analogue. The associated to QW model Hamiltonian operator is obtained and is shown to represent a multi-particle long-range interacting quantum system that simulates parametric search. Finally, the relation of PQSA-QW simulator to the QW search algorithm is elucidated.

Ground-State Properties of Unitary Bosons: From Clusters to Matter

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Carlson, J.; Gandolfi, S.; van Kolck, U.

The properties of cold Bose gases at unitarity have been extensively investigated in the last few years both theoretically and experimentally. In this paper we use a family of interactions tuned to two-body unitarity and very weak three-body binding to demonstrate the universal properties of both clusters and matter. We determine the universal properties of finite clusters up to 60 particles and, for the first time, explicitly demonstrate the saturation of energy and density with particle number and compare with bulk properties. At saturation in the bulk we determine the energy, density, two- and three-body contacts, and the condensate fraction.more » We find that uniform matter is more bound than three-body clusters by nearly 2 orders of magnitude, the two-body contact is very large in absolute terms, and yet the condensate fraction is also very large, greater than 90%. Finally, equilibrium properties of these systems may be experimentally accessible through rapid quenching of weakly interacting boson superfluids.« less

Effective Lagrangian in nonlinear electrodynamics and its properties of causality and unitarity

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shabad, Anatoly E.; Usov, Vladimir V.

2011-05-15

In nonlinear electrodynamics, by implementing the causality principle as the requirement that the group velocity of elementary excitations over a background field should not exceed the speed of light in the vacuum c=1, and the unitarity principle as the requirement that the residue of the propagator should be nonnegative, we establish the positive convexity of the effective Lagrangian on the class of constant fields, also the positivity of all characteristic dielectric and magnetic permittivity constants that are derivatives of the effective Lagrangian with respect to the field invariants. Violation of the general principles by the one-loop approximation in QED atmore » exponentially large magnetic field is analyzed, resulting in complex energy ghosts that signal the instability of the magnetized vacuum. Superluminal excitations (tachyons) appear, too, but for the magnetic field exceeding its instability threshold. Also other popular Lagrangians are tested to establish that the ones leading to spontaneous vacuum magnetization possess wrong convexity.« less

Unitarity problems in 3D gravity theories

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alkac, Gokhan; Basanisi, Luca; Kilicarslan, Ercan; Tekin, Bayram

2017-07-01

We revisit the problem of the bulk-boundary unitarity clash in 2 +1 -dimensional gravity theories, which has been an obstacle in providing a viable dual two-dimensional conformal field theory for bulk gravity in anti-de Sitter (AdS) spacetime. Chiral gravity, which is a particular limit of cosmological topologically massive gravity (TMG), suffers from perturbative log-modes with negative energies inducing a nonunitary logarithmic boundary field theory. We show here that any f (R ) extension of TMG does not improve the situation. We also study the perturbative modes in the metric formulation of minimal massive gravity—originally constructed in a first-order formulation—and find that the massive mode has again negative energy except in the chiral limit. We comment on this issue and also discuss a possible solution to the problem of negative-energy modes. In any of these theories, the infinitesimal dangerous deformations might not be integrable to full solutions; this suggests a linearization instability of AdS spacetime in the direction of the perturbative log-modes.

Perturbative Quantum Gravity and its Relation to Gauge Theory.

PubMed

Bern, Zvi

2002-01-01

In this review we describe a non-trivial relationship between perturbative gauge theory and gravity scattering amplitudes. At the semi-classical or tree-level, the scattering amplitudes of gravity theories in flat space can be expressed as a sum of products of well defined pieces of gauge theory amplitudes. These relationships were first discovered by Kawai, Lewellen, and Tye in the context of string theory, but hold more generally. In particular, they hold for standard Einstein gravity. A method based on D -dimensional unitarity can then be used to systematically construct all quantum loop corrections order-by-order in perturbation theory using as input the gravity tree amplitudes expressed in terms of gauge theory ones. More generally, the unitarity method provides a means for perturbatively quantizing massless gravity theories without the usual formal apparatus associated with the quantization of constrained systems. As one application, this method was used to demonstrate that maximally supersymmetric gravity is less divergent in the ultraviolet than previously thought.

Ground-State Properties of Unitary Bosons: From Clusters to Matter

DOE PAGES

Carlson, J.; Gandolfi, S.; van Kolck, U.; ...

2017-11-29

The properties of cold Bose gases at unitarity have been extensively investigated in the last few years both theoretically and experimentally. In this paper we use a family of interactions tuned to two-body unitarity and very weak three-body binding to demonstrate the universal properties of both clusters and matter. We determine the universal properties of finite clusters up to 60 particles and, for the first time, explicitly demonstrate the saturation of energy and density with particle number and compare with bulk properties. At saturation in the bulk we determine the energy, density, two- and three-body contacts, and the condensate fraction.more » We find that uniform matter is more bound than three-body clusters by nearly 2 orders of magnitude, the two-body contact is very large in absolute terms, and yet the condensate fraction is also very large, greater than 90%. Finally, equilibrium properties of these systems may be experimentally accessible through rapid quenching of weakly interacting boson superfluids.« less

Phason space analysis and structure modelling of 100 Å-scale dodecagonal quasicrystal in Mn-based alloy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ishimasa, Tsutomu; Iwami, Shuhei; Sakaguchi, Norihito; Oota, Ryo; Mihalkovič, Marek

2015-11-01

The dodecagonal quasicrystal classified into the five-dimensional space group P126/mmc, recently discovered in a Mn-Cr-Ni-Si alloy, has been analysed using atomic-resolution spherical aberration-corrected electron microscopy, i.e. high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) and conventional transmission electron microscopy. By observing along the 12-fold axis, non-periodic tiling consisting of an equilateral triangle and a square has been revealed, of which common edge length is a = 4.560 Å. These tiles tend to form a network of dodecagons of which size is ?a ≈ 17 Å in diameter. The tiling was interpreted as an aggregate of 100 Å-scale oriented domains of high- and low-quality quasicrystals with small crystallites appearing at their boundaries. The quasicrystal domains exhibited a densely filled circular acceptance region in the phason space. This is the first observation of the acceptance region in an actual dodecagonal quasicrystal. Atomic structure model consistent with the electron microscopy images is a standard Frank-Kasper decoration of the triangle and square tiles that can be inferred from the crystal structures of Zr4Al3 and Cr3Si. Four kinds of layers located at z = 0, ±1/4 and 1/2 are stacked periodically along the 12-fold axis, and the atoms at z = 0 and 1/2 form hexagonal anti-prisms consistently with the 126-screw axis. The validity of this structure model was examined by means of powder X-ray diffraction.

Chest Wall Kinematics Using Triangular Cosserat Point Elements in Healthy and Neuromuscular Subjects.

PubMed

Solav, Dana; Meric, Henri; Rubin, M B; Pradon, Didier; Lofaso, Frédéric; Wolf, Alon

2017-08-01

Optoelectronic plethysmography (OEP) is a noninvasive method for assessing lung volume variations and the contributions of different anatomical compartments of the chest wall (CW) through measurements of the motion of markers attached to the CW surface. The present study proposes a new method for analyzing the local CW kinematics from OEP measurements based on the kinematics of triangular Cosserat point elements (TCPEs). 52 reflective markers were placed on the anterior CW to create a mesh of 78 triangles according to an anatomical model. Each triangle was characterized by a TCPE and its kinematics was described using four time-variant scalar TCPE parameters. The total CW volume ([Formula: see text]) and the contributions of its six compartments were also estimated, using the same markers. The method was evaluated using measurements of ten healthy subjects, nine patients with Pompe disease, and ten patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), during spontaneous breathing (SB) and vital capacity maneuvers (VC) in the supine position. TCPE parameters and compartmental volumes were compared with [Formula: see text] by computing the phase angles [Formula: see text] (for SB) and the correlation r (for VC) between them. Analysis of [Formula: see text] and r of the outward translation parameter [Formula: see text] of each TCPE revealed that for healthy subjects it provided similar results to those obtained by compartmental volumes, whereas for the neuromuscular patients the TCPE method was capable of detecting local asynchronous and paradoxical movements also in cases where they were undistinguished by volumes. Therefore, the TCPE approach provides additional information to OEP that may enhance its clinical evaluation capabilities.

Anomalous enhancement of the isospin-violating Λ (1405 ) production by a triangle singularity in Λc→π+π0π0Σ0

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dai, L. R.; Pavao, R.; Sakai, S.; Oset, E.

2018-06-01

The decay of Λc+ into π+π0Λ (1405 ) with the Λ (1405 ) decay into π0Σ0 through a triangle diagram is studied. This process is initiated by Λc+→π+K¯ *N , and then the K¯* decays into K ¯π and K ¯N produce the Λ (1405 ) through a triangle loop containing K¯*N K ¯ which develops a singularity around 1890 MeV. This process is prohibited by the isospin symmetry, but the decay into this channel is enhanced by the contribution of the triangle diagram, which is sensitive to the mass of the internal particles. We find a narrow peak in the π0Σ0 invariant mass distribution, which originates from the Λ (1405 ) amplitude, but is tied to the mass differences between the charged and neutral K ¯ or N states. The observation of the unavoidable peak of the triangle singularity in the isospin-violating Λ (1405 ) production would provide further support for the hadronic molecular picture of the Λ (1405 ) and further information on the K ¯N interaction.

Enriching Triangle Mesh Animations with Physically Based Simulation.

PubMed

Li, Yijing; Xu, Hongyi; Barbic, Jernej

2017-10-01

We present a system to combine arbitrary triangle mesh animations with physically based Finite Element Method (FEM) simulation, enabling control over the combination both in space and time. The input is a triangle mesh animation obtained using any method, such as keyframed animation, character rigging, 3D scanning, or geometric shape modeling. The input may be non-physical, crude or even incomplete. The user provides weights, specified using a minimal user interface, for how much physically based simulation should be allowed to modify the animation in any region of the model, and in time. Our system then computes a physically-based animation that is constrained to the input animation to the amount prescribed by these weights. This permits smoothly turning physics on and off over space and time, making it possible for the output to strictly follow the input, to evolve purely based on physically based simulation, and anything in between. Achieving such results requires a careful combination of several system components. We propose and analyze these components, including proper automatic creation of simulation meshes (even for non-manifold and self-colliding undeformed triangle meshes), converting triangle mesh animations into animations of the simulation mesh, and resolving collisions and self-collisions while following the input.

Genetic contribution to 'theory of mind' in adolescence.

PubMed

Warrier, Varun; Baron-Cohen, Simon

2018-02-22

Difficulties in 'theory of mind' (the ability to attribute mental states to oneself or others, and to make predictions about another's behaviour based on these attributions) have been observed in several psychiatric conditions. We investigate the genetic architecture of theory of mind in 4,577 13-year-olds who completed the Emotional Triangles Task (Triangles Task), a first-order test of theory of mind. We observe a small but significant female-advantage on the Triangles Task (Cohen's d = 0.19, P < 0.01), in keeping with previous work using other tests of theory of mind. Genome-wide association analyses did not identify any significant loci, and SNP heritability was non-significant. Polygenic scores for six psychiatric conditions (ADHD, anorexia, autism, bipolar disorder, depression, and schizophrenia), and empathy were not associated with scores on the Triangles Task. However, polygenic scores of cognitive aptitude, and cognitive empathy, a term synonymous with theory of mind and measured using the "Reading the Mind in the Eyes" Test, were significantly associated with scores on the Triangles Task at multiple P-value thresholds, suggesting shared genetics between different measures of theory of mind and cognition.

Draft Report for the 1994 Travel Behavior Survey

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1995-01-01

The Triangle Travel Behavior Survey, an essential element in the regional study of transportation activity and travel patterns, was conducted under the auspices of the Triangle Transit Authority. This report documents the design, implementation, and ...

Counting Heron Triangles with Constraints

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-01-25

Heron triangle is an integer, then b is even, say b = 2b1. By Pythagoras ’ theorem , a4 = h2 +4b21, and since in a Heron triangle, the heights are always...our first result, which follows an idea of [10, Theorem 2.3]. Theorem 4. Let a, b be two fixed integers, and let ab be factored as in (1). Then H(a, b...which we derive the result. Theorem 4 immediately offers us an interesting observation regarding a special class of fixed sides (a, b). Corollary 5. If

Software System User’s Manual, Reference Manual, and Installation Guide for the Test Engineer’s Assistant System.

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-02-28

AD-A259 245 RESEARCH TRIANGLE INSTITUTE I SOFTWARE SYSTEM USER’S MANUAL, REFERENCE MANUAL, AND INSTALLATION GUIDE FOR THE TEST ENGINEER’S ASSISTANT...SYSTEM U. yD"VxC - February 28, 1989 Iŕ 5 G3 ’Contract No. DAAL01-86-C-0039 W Prepared for: Department of the Army Electronics Research and...Development Command Fort Monmouth, New Jersey 07703 I Prepared by: Center for Digital Systems ResearchI Research Triangle Institute Research Triangle Park, NC

Report: Results of Technical Network Vulnerability Assessment: EPA’s Research Triangle Park Finance Center

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Report #09-P-0227, August 31, 2009. Vulnerability testing conducted in April 2009 of EPA’s Research Triangle Park Finance Center network identified Internet Protocol addresses with several highrisk vulnerabilities.

A Dissimilarity Measure for Clustering High- and Infinite Dimensional Data that Satisfies the Triangle Inequality

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Socolovsky, Eduardo A.; Bushnell, Dennis M. (Technical Monitor)

2002-01-01

The cosine or correlation measures of similarity used to cluster high dimensional data are interpreted as projections, and the orthogonal components are used to define a complementary dissimilarity measure to form a similarity-dissimilarity measure pair. Using a geometrical approach, a number of properties of this pair is established. This approach is also extended to general inner-product spaces of any dimension. These properties include the triangle inequality for the defined dissimilarity measure, error estimates for the triangle inequality and bounds on both measures that can be obtained with a few floating-point operations from previously computed values of the measures. The bounds and error estimates for the similarity and dissimilarity measures can be used to reduce the computational complexity of clustering algorithms and enhance their scalability, and the triangle inequality allows the design of clustering algorithms for high dimensional distributed data.

Role of a triangle singularity in the π N (1535 ) contribution to γ p →p π0η

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Debastiani, V. R.; Sakai, S.; Oset, E.

2017-08-01

We have studied the γ p →p π0η reaction paying attention to the two main mechanisms at low energies, the γ p →Δ (1700 )→η Δ (1232 ) and the γ p →Δ (1700 )→π N (1535 ) . Both are driven by the photoexcitation of the Δ (1700 ) and the second one involves a mechanism that leads to a triangle singularity. We are able to evaluate quantitatively the cross section for this process and show that it agrees with the experimental determination. Yet there are some differences with the standard partial wave analysis which does not include explicitly the triangle singularity. The exercise also shows the convenience of exploring possible triangle singularities in other reactions and how a standard partial wave analysis can be extended to accommodate them.

Motion capture for human motion measuring by using single camera with triangle markers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Takahashi, Hidenori; Tanaka, Takayuki; Kaneko, Shun'ichi

2005-12-01

This study aims to realize a motion capture for measuring 3D human motions by using single camera. Although motion capture by using multiple cameras is widely used in sports field, medical field, engineering field and so on, optical motion capture method with one camera is not established. In this paper, the authors achieved a 3D motion capture by using one camera, named as Mono-MoCap (MMC), on the basis of two calibration methods and triangle markers which each length of side is given. The camera calibration methods made 3D coordinates transformation parameter and a lens distortion parameter with Modified DLT method. The triangle markers enabled to calculate a coordinate value of a depth direction on a camera coordinate. Experiments of 3D position measurement by using the MMC on a measurement space of cubic 2 m on each side show an average error of measurement of a center of gravity of a triangle marker was less than 2 mm. As compared with conventional motion capture method by using multiple cameras, the MMC has enough accuracy for 3D measurement. Also, by putting a triangle marker on each human joint, the MMC was able to capture a walking motion, a standing-up motion and a bending and stretching motion. In addition, a method using a triangle marker together with conventional spherical markers was proposed. Finally, a method to estimate a position of a marker by measuring the velocity of the marker was proposed in order to improve the accuracy of MMC.

The DNA Triangle and Its Application to Learning Meiosis.

PubMed

Wright, L Kate; Catavero, Christina M; Newman, Dina L

2017-01-01

Although instruction on meiosis is repeated many times during the undergraduate curriculum, many students show poor comprehension even as upper-level biology majors. We propose that the difficulty lies in the complexity of understanding DNA, which we explain through a new model, the DNA triangle The DNA triangle integrates three distinct scales at which one can think about DNA: chromosomal , molecular , and informational Through analysis of interview and survey data from biology faculty and students through the lens of the DNA triangle, we illustrate important differences in how novices and experts are able to explain the concepts of ploidy , homology , and mechanism of homologous pairing Similarly, analysis of passages from 16 different biology textbooks shows a large divide between introductory and advanced material, with introductory books omitting explanations of meiosis-linked concepts at the molecular level of DNA. Finally, backed by textbook findings and feedback from biology experts, we show that the DNA triangle can be applied to teaching and learning meiosis. By applying the DNA triangle to topics on meiosis we present a new framework for educators and researchers that ties concepts of ploidy, homology, and mechanism of homologous pairing to knowledge about DNA on the chromosomal, molecular, and informational levels. © 2017 L. K. Wright et al. CBE—Life Sciences Education © 2017 The American Society for Cell Biology. This article is distributed by The American Society for Cell Biology under license from the author(s). It is available to the public under an Attribution–Noncommercial–Share Alike 3.0 Unported Creative Commons License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0).

Triangular Nests!

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Powell, R. I.

2002-01-01

Shows how integer-sided triangles can be nested, each nest having a single enclosing isosceles triangle. Brings to light what can be seen as a relatively simple generalization of Pythagoras' theorem, a result that should be readily accessible to many secondary school pupils. (Author/KHR)

Nutritional ecology of entomophagy in humans and other primates.

PubMed

Raubenheimer, David; Rothman, Jessica M

2013-01-01

Entomophagy is widespread among nonhuman primates and is common among many human communities. However, the extent and patterns of entomophagy vary substantially both in humans and nonhuman primates. Here we synthesize the literature to examine why humans and other primates eat insects and what accounts for the variation in the extent to which they do so. Variation in the availability of insects is clearly important, but less understood is the role of nutrients in entomophagy. We apply a multidimensional analytical approach, the right-angled mixture triangle, to published data on the macronutrient compositions of insects to address this. Results showed that insects eaten by humans spanned a wide range of protein-to-fat ratios but were generally nutrient dense, whereas insects with high protein-to-fat ratios were eaten by nonhuman primates. Although suggestive, our survey exposes a need for additional, standardized, data.

Probing the links between language and mathematical conceptualisation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bell, Garry; Woo, Jeong Ho

1998-04-01

Although it is well known that the number-naming grammars of some Asian languages affect the number conceptualisation and operational capacity of the young children who use them, language structure in other fields of the mathematical register appears to have been underemphasised in explanations of the differential mathematical attainment of East Asian and western students. This study probed the conceptual structures which samples of Year 9 students in Korea and Australia had constructed for various geometrical terms. The two samples of students exhibited major differences in definition ranking preferences on angle, and in semantic profiles for parallelogram, triangle, square, circle, cylinder, trapezium and line. It is hypothesised that these differences may be due in part to the noun phrase grammar differences between Korean and English, and to the syntax and semantic transparency of some Korean geometrical names. Results indicated reinforcement for the Vygotskian view that culturally imposed language structures directly influence the cognitive development of the learner.

Improved algorithms and methods for room sound-field prediction by acoustical radiosity in arbitrary polyhedral rooms.

PubMed

Nosal, Eva-Marie; Hodgson, Murray; Ashdown, Ian

2004-08-01

This paper explores acoustical (or time-dependent) radiosity--a geometrical-acoustics sound-field prediction method that assumes diffuse surface reflection. The literature of acoustical radiosity is briefly reviewed and the advantages and disadvantages of the method are discussed. A discrete form of the integral equation that results from meshing the enclosure boundaries into patches is presented and used in a discrete-time algorithm. Furthermore, an averaging technique is used to reduce computational requirements. To generalize to nonrectangular rooms, a spherical-triangle method is proposed as a means of evaluating the integrals over solid angles that appear in the discrete form of the integral equation. The evaluation of form factors, which also appear in the numerical solution, is discussed for rectangular and nonrectangular rooms. This algorithm and associated methods are validated by comparison of the steady-state predictions for a spherical enclosure to analytical solutions.

Improved algorithms and methods for room sound-field prediction by acoustical radiosity in arbitrary polyhedral rooms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nosal, Eva-Marie; Hodgson, Murray; Ashdown, Ian

2004-08-01

This paper explores acoustical (or time-dependent) radiosity-a geometrical-acoustics sound-field prediction method that assumes diffuse surface reflection. The literature of acoustical radiosity is briefly reviewed and the advantages and disadvantages of the method are discussed. A discrete form of the integral equation that results from meshing the enclosure boundaries into patches is presented and used in a discrete-time algorithm. Furthermore, an averaging technique is used to reduce computational requirements. To generalize to nonrectangular rooms, a spherical-triangle method is proposed as a means of evaluating the integrals over solid angles that appear in the discrete form of the integral equation. The evaluation of form factors, which also appear in the numerical solution, is discussed for rectangular and nonrectangular rooms. This algorithm and associated methods are validated by comparison of the steady-state predictions for a spherical enclosure to analytical solutions.

Mathematical model of parking space unit for triangular parking area

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Syahrini, Intan; Sundari, Teti; Iskandar, Taufiq; Halfiani, Vera; Munzir, Said; Ramli, Marwan

2018-01-01

Parking space unit (PSU) is an effective measure for the area size of a vehicle, including the free space and the width of the door opening of the vehicle (car). This article discusses a mathematical model for parking space of vehicles in triangular shape area. An optimization model for triangular parking lot is developed. Integer Linear Programming (ILP) method is used to determine the maximum number of the PSU. The triangular parking lot is in isosceles and equilateral triangles shape and implements four possible rows and five possible angles for each field. The vehicles which are considered are cars and motorcycles. The results show that the isosceles triangular parking area has 218 units of optimal PSU, which are 84 units of PSU for cars and 134 units of PSU for motorcycles. Equilateral triangular parking area has 688 units of optimal PSU, which are 175 units of PSU for cars and 513 units of PSU for motorcycles.

Lattice density functional theory investigation of pore shape effects. I. Adsorption in single nonperiodic pores.

PubMed

Malanoski, A P; van Swol, Frank

2002-10-01

A fully explicit in three dimensions lattice density functional theory is used to investigate adsorption in single nonperiodic pores. The effect of varying pore shape from the slits and cylinders that are normally simulated was our primary interest. A secondary concern was the results for pores with very large diameters. The shapes investigated were square pores with or without surface roughness, cylinders, right triangle pores, and trapezoidal pores. It was found that pores with very similar shape factors gave similar results but that the introduction of acute angled corners or very large side ratio lengths in rectangular pores gave results that were significantly different. Further, a rectangular pore going towards the limit of infinite side ratio does not approach the results of a slit pore. In all of these cases, the importance of features that are present for only a small portion of the pore is demonstrated.

Conical Euler solution for a highly-swept delta wing undergoing wing-rock motion

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lee, Elizabeth M.; Batina, John T.

1990-01-01

Modifications to an unsteady conical Euler code for the free-to-roll analysis of highly-swept delta wings are described. The modifications involve the addition of the rolling rigid-body equation of motion for its simultaneous time-integration with the governing flow equations. The flow solver utilized in the Euler code includes a multistage Runge-Kutta time-stepping scheme which uses a finite-volume spatial discretization on an unstructured mesh made up of triangles. Steady and unsteady results are presented for a 75 deg swept delta wing at a freestream Mach number of 1.2 and an angle of attack of 30 deg. The unsteady results consist of forced harmonic and free-to-roll calculations. The free-to-roll case exhibits a wing rock response produced by unsteady aerodynamics consistent with the aerodynamics of the forced harmonic results. Similarities are shown with a wing-rock time history from a low-speed wind tunnel test.

Factors Affecting the Clinical Success Rate of Miniscrew Implants for Orthodontic Treatment.

PubMed

Jing, Zheng; Wu, Yeke; Jiang, Wenlu; Zhao, Lixing; Jing, Dian; Zhang, Nian; Cao, Xiaoqing; Xu, Zhenrui; Zhao, Zhihe

2016-01-01

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the various factors that influence the success rate of miniscrew implants used as orthodontic anchorage. Potential confounding variables examined were sex, age, vertical (FMA) and sagittal (ANB) skeletal facial pattern, site of placement (labial and buccal, palatal, and retromandibular triangle), arch of placement (maxilla and mandible), placement soft tissue type, oral hygiene, diameter and length of miniscrew implants, insertion method (predrilled or drill-free), angle of placement, onset and strength of force application, and clinical purpose. The correlations between success rate and overall variables were investigated by logistic regression analysis, and the effect of each variable on the success rate was utilized by variance analysis. One hundred fourteen patients were included with a total of 253 miniscrew implants. The overall success rate was 88.54% with an average loading period of 9.5 months in successful cases. Age, oral hygiene, vertical skeletal facial pattern (FMA), and general placement sites (maxillary and mandibular) presented significant differences in success rates both by logistic regression analysis and variance analysis (P < .05). To minimize the failure of miniscrew implants, proper oral hygiene instruction and effective supervision should be given for patients, especially young (< 12 years) high-angle patients with miniscrew implants placed in the mandible.

A Practical Computational Method for the Anisotropic Redshift-Space 3-Point Correlation Function

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Slepian, Zachary; Eisenstein, Daniel J.

2018-04-01

We present an algorithm enabling computation of the anisotropic redshift-space galaxy 3-point correlation function (3PCF) scaling as N2, with N the number of galaxies. Our previous work showed how to compute the isotropic 3PCF with this scaling by expanding the radially-binned density field around each galaxy in the survey into spherical harmonics and combining these coefficients to form multipole moments. The N2 scaling occurred because this approach never explicitly required the relative angle between a galaxy pair about the primary galaxy. Here we generalize this work, demonstrating that in the presence of azimuthally-symmetric anisotropy produced by redshift-space distortions (RSD) the 3PCF can be described by two triangle side lengths, two independent total angular momenta, and a spin. This basis for the anisotropic 3PCF allows its computation with negligible additional work over the isotropic 3PCF. We also present the covariance matrix of the anisotropic 3PCF measured in this basis. Our algorithm tracks the full 5-D redshift-space 3PCF, uses an accurate line of sight to each triplet, is exact in angle, and easily handles edge correction. It will enable use of the anisotropic large-scale 3PCF as a probe of RSD in current and upcoming large-scale redshift surveys.

A Pedagogical Approach to the Magnus Expansion

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Blanes, S.; Casas, F.; Oteo, J. A.; Ros, J.

2010-01-01

Time-dependent perturbation theory as a tool to compute approximate solutions of the Schrodinger equation does not preserve unitarity. Here we present, in a simple way, how the "Magnus expansion" (also known as "exponential perturbation theory") provides such unitary approximate solutions. The purpose is to illustrate the importance and…

Fact Sheet on EPA's Science, Technology, Engineering & Math (STEM) Outreach Program in Research Triangle Park

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Employees from EPA’s Research Triangle Park (RTP) campus serve as guest speakers at local schools and in the community. Hands-on activities and interactive discussions supplement classroom instruction and promote environmental awareness

M-Bonomial Coefficients and Their Identities

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Asiru, Muniru A.

2010-01-01

In this note, we introduce M-bonomial coefficients or (M-bonacci binomial coefficients). These are similar to the binomial and the Fibonomial (or Fibonacci-binomial) coefficients and can be displayed in a triangle similar to Pascal's triangle from which some identities become obvious.

Editorial cognition, neurology, psychiatry: golden triangle or bermuda triangle?

PubMed

Baddeley, A D

1996-08-01

Cognitive neuropsychiatry occupies the comparatively neglected research region that lies between neurology, psychiatry, and cognitive psychology. Reasons for this neglect are discussed, together with arguments as to why it may be timely to focus on this intellectual no man's land.

Sandia Unstructured Triangle Tabular Interpolation Package v 0.1 beta

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

2013-09-24

The software interpolates tabular data, such as for equations of state, provided on an unstructured triangular grid. In particular, interpolation occurs in a two dimensional space by looking up the triangle in which the desired evaluation point resides and then performing a linear interpolation over the n-tuples associated with the nodes of the chosen triangle. The interface to the interpolation routines allows for automated conversion of units from those tabulated to the desired output units. when multiple tables are included in a data file, new tables may be generated by on-the-fly mixing of the provided tables

Triangle based TVD schemes for hyperbolic conservation laws

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Durlofsky, Louis J.; Osher, Stanley; Engquist, Bjorn

1990-01-01

A triangle based total variation diminishing (TVD) scheme for the numerical approximation of hyperbolic conservation laws in two space dimensions is constructed. The novelty of the scheme lies in the nature of the preprocessing of the cell averaged data, which is accomplished via a nearest neighbor linear interpolation followed by a slope limiting procedures. Two such limiting procedures are suggested. The resulting method is considerably more simple than other triangle based non-oscillatory approximations which, like this scheme, approximate the flux up to second order accuracy. Numerical results for linear advection and Burgers' equation are presented.

Patterns of species range evolution in Indo-Pacific reef assemblages reveal the Coral Triangle as a net source of transoceanic diversity.

PubMed

Evans, Sean M; McKenna, Caroline; Simpson, Stephen D; Tournois, Jennifer; Genner, Martin J

2016-06-01

The Coral Triangle in the Indo-Pacific is a region renowned for exceptional marine biodiversity. The area could have acted as a 'centre of origin' where speciation has been prolific or a 'centre of survival' by providing refuge during major environmental shifts such as sea-level changes. The region could also have acted as a 'centre of accumulation' for species with origins outside of the Coral Triangle, owing to it being at a central position between the Indian and Pacific oceans. Here, we investigated support for these hypotheses using population-level DNA sequence-based reconstructions of the range evolution of 45 species (314 populations) of Indo-Pacific reef-associated organisms. Our results show that populations undergoing the most ancient establishment were significantly more likely to be closer to the centre of the Coral Triangle than to peripheral locations. The data are consistent with the Coral Triangle being a net source of coral-reef biodiversity for the Indo-Pacific region, suggesting that the region has acted primarily as a centre of survival, a centre of origin or both. These results provide evidence of how a key location can influence the large-scale distributions of biodiversity over evolutionary timescales. © 2016 The Authors.

Analysis of Condensation Heat Transfer Performance in Curved Triangle Microchannels Based on the Volume of Fluid Method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lei, Yuchuan; Chen, Zhenqian; Shi, Juan

2017-12-01

Numerical simulations of condensation heat transfer of R134a in curved triangle microchannels with various curvatures are proposed. The model is established on the volume of fluid (VOF) approach and user-defined routines which including mass transfer at the vapor-liquid interface and latent heat. Microgravity operating condition is assumed in order to highlight the surface tension. The predictive accuracy of the model is assessed by comparing the simulated results with available correlations in the literature. Both an increased mass flux and the decreased hydraulic diameter could bring better heat transfer performance. No obvious effect of the wall heat flux is observed in condensation heat transfer coefficient. Changes in geometry and surface tension lead to a reduction of the condensate film thickness at the sides of the channel and accumulation of the condensate film at the corners of the channel. Better heat transfer performance is obtained in the curved triangle microchannels over the straight ones, and the performance could be further improved in curved triangle microchannels with larger curvatures. The minimum film thickness where most of the heat transfer process takes place exists near the corners and moves toward the corners in curved triangle microchannels with larger curvatures.

Evaluation of the mastoid triangle for determining sexual dimorphism: A Saudi population based study.

PubMed

Madadin, Mohammed; Menezes, Ritesh G; Al Dhafeeri, Obaid; Kharoshah, Magdy A; Al Ibrahim, Rana; Nagesh, K R; Ramadan, Selma Uysal

2015-09-01

Demographic assessment of skeletal remains in forensic investigations includes identification of sex. The present study aimed to develop population-specific, sex-discriminating anthropometric standards for the mastoid triangle of a documented Saudi population using computed tomographic (CT) images of the lateral aspect of the skull. The present study was performed on 206 CT images of a documented Saudi population of known sex and age. The clinical CT images of subjects visiting the Department of Radiology, Dammam Medical Complex, Dammam, Saudi Arabia (KSA) were evaluated to know the validity of the metric assessment of the mastoid triangle for identification of sex in a Saudi population. The distance between asterion to porion (AP), asterion to mastoidale (AM), porion to mastoidale (PM) were measured and the area of the mastoid triangle (AMT) was calculated using these measurements. Discriminant function procedure was used to analyze the data for sexual dimorphism. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that all the 3 sides of the mastoid triangle and AMT were sexually dimorphic in the sampled Saudi population with PM being the best individual parameter in discriminating sex with an accuracy of 69.4%. Whereas, all the parameters combined showed the highest accuracy (71.4%). Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Visualizing Elections Using Saari Triangles

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Alfaro, Ricardo; Han, Lixing; Schilling, Kenneth; Birgen, Mariah

2010-01-01

Students sometimes have difficulty calculating the result of a voting system applied to a particular set of voter preference lists. Saari triangles offer a way to visualize the result of an election and make this calculation easier in the case of several important voting systems.

Ternary and Quaternary Composition Diagrams: An Overview of the Subject.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

MacCarthy, Patrick

1983-01-01

Reviews graphical methods for representing ternary and quaternary systems, focusing on use of triangular composition diagrams. Examines some of the relevant geometry of triangles in general, showing that right isosceles triangles possess some very advantageous features for representing ternary systems. (JN)

Pascal's Triangle.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Barton, Patricia Shea

2003-01-01

Notes that Montessori classrooms provide children with the opportunity to explore and discover mathematics. Describes the introduction to Pascal's Triangle as a suggested opportunity to connect young children to deep mathematical truths. Provides teachers with materials requirements, and notes ideas on what can be acquired from the problem, the…

The Mass-Longevity Triangle: Pareto Optimality and the Geometry of Life-History Trait Space

PubMed Central

Szekely, Pablo; Korem, Yael; Moran, Uri; Mayo, Avi; Alon, Uri

2015-01-01

When organisms need to perform multiple tasks they face a fundamental tradeoff: no phenotype can be optimal at all tasks. This situation was recently analyzed using Pareto optimality, showing that tradeoffs between tasks lead to phenotypes distributed on low dimensional polygons in trait space. The vertices of these polygons are archetypes—phenotypes optimal at a single task. This theory was applied to examples from animal morphology and gene expression. Here we ask whether Pareto optimality theory can apply to life history traits, which include longevity, fecundity and mass. To comprehensively explore the geometry of life history trait space, we analyze a dataset of life history traits of 2105 endothermic species. We find that, to a first approximation, life history traits fall on a triangle in log-mass log-longevity space. The vertices of the triangle suggest three archetypal strategies, exemplified by bats, shrews and whales, with specialists near the vertices and generalists in the middle of the triangle. To a second approximation, the data lies in a tetrahedron, whose extra vertex above the mass-longevity triangle suggests a fourth strategy related to carnivory. Each animal species can thus be placed in a coordinate system according to its distance from the archetypes, which may be useful for genome-scale comparative studies of mammalian aging and other biological aspects. We further demonstrate that Pareto optimality can explain a range of previous studies which found animal and plant phenotypes which lie in triangles in trait space. This study demonstrates the applicability of multi-objective optimization principles to understand life history traits and to infer archetypal strategies that suggest why some mammalian species live much longer than others of similar mass. PMID:26465336

Identifying translational science within the triangle of biomedicine.

PubMed

Weber, Griffin M

2013-05-24

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Roadmap places special emphasis on "bench-to-bedside" research, or the "translation" of basic science research into practical clinical applications. The Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSA) Consortium is one example of the large investments being made to develop a national infrastructure to support translational science, which involves reducing regulatory burdens, launching new educational initiatives, and forming partnerships between academia and industry. However, while numerous definitions have been suggested for translational science, including the qualitative T1-T4 classification, a consensus has not yet been reached. This makes it challenging to tract the impact of these major policy changes. In this study, we use a bibliometric approach to map PubMed articles onto a graph, called the Triangle of Biomedicine. The corners of the triangle represent research related to animals, cells and molecules, and humans; and, the position of a publication on the graph is based on its topics, as determined by its Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). We define translation as movement of a collection of articles, or the articles that cite those articles, towards the human corner. The Triangle of Biomedicine provides a quantitative way of determining if an individual scientist, research organization, funding agency, or scientific field is producing results that are relevant to clinical medicine. We validate our technique using examples that have been previously described in the literature and by comparing it to prior methods of measuring translational science. The Triangle of Biomedicine is a novel way to identify translational science and track changes over time. This is important to policy makers in evaluating the impact of the large investments being made to accelerate translation. The Triangle of Biomedicine also provides a simple visual way of depicting this impact, which can be far more powerful than numbers alone.

Extracellular ATP decreases trophoblast invasion, spiral artery remodeling and immune cells in the mesometrial triangle in pregnant rats.

PubMed

Spaans, F; Melgert, B N; Chiang, C; Borghuis, T; Klok, P A; de Vos, P; van Goor, H; Bakker, W W; Faas, M M

2014-08-01

Preeclampsia is characterized by deficient trophoblast invasion and spiral artery remodeling, a process governed by inflammatory cells. High levels of the danger signal extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) have been found in women with preeclampsia and infusion of ATP in pregnant rats induced preeclampsia-like symptoms such as albuminuria and placental ischemia. We hypothesized that ATP inhibits trophoblast invasion and spiral artery remodeling and affects macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells present in the rat mesometrial triangle. Pregnant rats were infused with ATP or saline (control) on day 14 of pregnancy. Rats were sacrificed on day 15, 17 or 20 of pregnancy and placentas with mesometrial triangle were collected. Sections were stained for trophoblast cells, α-smooth muscle actin (spiral artery remodeling), NK cells and various macrophage populations. Expression of various cytokines in the mesometrial triangle was analyzed using real-time RT-PCR. ATP infusion decreased interstitial trophoblast invasion on day 17 and spiral artery remodeling on day 17 and 20, increased activated tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive macrophages on day 15, decreased NK cells on day 17 and 20, and decreased inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-positive and CD206-positive macrophages and TNF-α and IL-33 expression at the end of pregnancy (day 20). Interstitial trophoblast invasion and spiral artery remodeling in the rat mesometrial triangle were decreased by infusion of ATP. These ATP-induced modifications were preceded by an increase in activated TRAP-positive macrophages and coincided with NK cell numbers, suggesting that they are involved. Trophoblast invasion and spiral artery remodeling may be inhibited by ATP-induced activated macrophages and decreased NK cells in the mesometrial triangle in rat pregnancy. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Divergences and estimating tight bounds on Bayes error with applications to multivariate Gaussian copula and latent Gaussian copula

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Thelen, Brian J.; Xique, Ismael J.; Burns, Joseph W.; Goley, G. Steven; Nolan, Adam R.; Benson, Jonathan W.

2017-04-01

In Bayesian decision theory, there has been a great amount of research into theoretical frameworks and information- theoretic quantities that can be used to provide lower and upper bounds for the Bayes error. These include well-known bounds such as Chernoff, Battacharrya, and J-divergence. Part of the challenge of utilizing these various metrics in practice is (i) whether they are "loose" or "tight" bounds, (ii) how they might be estimated via either parametric or non-parametric methods, and (iii) how accurate the estimates are for limited amounts of data. In general what is desired is a methodology for generating relatively tight lower and upper bounds, and then an approach to estimate these bounds efficiently from data. In this paper, we explore the so-called triangle divergence which has been around for a while, but was recently made more prominent in some recent research on non-parametric estimation of information metrics. Part of this work is motivated by applications for quantifying fundamental information content in SAR/LIDAR data, and to help in this, we have developed a flexible multivariate modeling framework based on multivariate Gaussian copula models which can be combined with the triangle divergence framework to quantify this information, and provide approximate bounds on Bayes error. In this paper we present an overview of the bounds, including those based on triangle divergence and verify that under a number of multivariate models, the upper and lower bounds derived from triangle divergence are significantly tighter than the other common bounds, and often times, dramatically so. We also propose some simple but effective means for computing the triangle divergence using Monte Carlo methods, and then discuss estimation of the triangle divergence from empirical data based on Gaussian Copula models.

A modeling of the structure and favorable H-docking sites and defects for the high-pressure silica polymorph stishovite

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gibbs, G. V.; Cox, D. F.; Ross, N. L.

Employing first-principles methods, the docking sites for H were determined and H, Al, and vacancy defects were modeled with an infinite periodic array of super unit cells each consisting of 27 contiguous symmetry nonequivalent unit cells of the crystal structure of stishovite. A geometry optimization of the super-cell structure reproduces the observed bulk structure within the experimental error when P1 translational symmetry was assumed and an array of infinite extent was generated. A mapping of the valence electrons for the structure displays mushroom-shaped isosurfaces on the O atom, one on each side of the plane of the OSi3 triangle in the nonbonded region. An H atom, placed in a cell near the center of the super cell, was found to dock upon geometry optimization at a distance of 1.69 Å from the O atom with the OH vector oriented nearly perpendicular to the plane of the triangle such that the OH vector makes a angle of 91° with respect to [001]. However, an optimization of a super cell with an Al atom replacing Si and an H atom placed nearby in a centrally located cell resulted in an OH distance of 1.02 Å with the OH vector oriented perpendicular to [001] as observed in infrared studies. The geometry-optimized position of the H atom was found to be in close agreement with that (0.44, 0.12, 0.0) determined in an earlier study of the theoretical electron density distribution. The docking of the H atom at this site was found to be 330 kJ mol-1 more stable than a docking of the atom just off the shared OO edge of the octahedra as determined for rutile. A geometry optimization of a super cell with a missing Si generated a vacant octahedra that is 20% larger than that of the SiO6 octahedra. The valence electron density distribution displayed by the two-coordinate O atoms that coordinate the vacant octahedral site is very similar to those displayed by the bent SiOSi angles in coesite. The internal distortions induced by the defect were found to diminish rather rapidly with distance, with the structure annealing to that observed in the bulk crystal to within about three coordination spheres.

The Influence of Endmember Selection Method in Extracting Impervious Surface from Airborne Hyperspectral Imagery

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, J.; Feng, B.

2016-12-01

Impervious surface area (ISA) has long been studied as an important input into moisture flux models. In general, ISA impedes groundwater recharge, increases stormflow/flood frequency, and alters in-stream and riparian habitats. Urban area is recognized as one of the richest ISA environment. Urban ISA mapping assists flood prevention and urban planning. Hyperspectral imagery (HI), for its ability to detect subtle spectral signature, becomes an ideal candidate in urban ISA mapping. To map ISA from HI involves endmember (EM) selection. The high degree of spatial and spectral heterogeneity of urban environment puts great difficulty in this task: a compromise point is needed between the automatic degree and the good representativeness of the method. The study tested one manual and two semi-automatic EM selection strategies. The manual and the first semi-automatic methods have been widely used in EM selection. The second semi-automatic EM selection method is rather new and has been only proposed for moderate spatial resolution satellite. The manual method visually selected the EM candidates from eight landcover types in the original image. The first semi-automatic method chose the EM candidates using a threshold over the pixel purity index (PPI) map. The second semi-automatic method used the triangle shape of the HI scatter plot in the n-Dimension visualizer to identify the V-I-S (vegetation-impervious surface-soil) EM candidates: the pixels locate at the triangle points. The initial EM candidates from the three methods were further refined by three indexes (EM average RMSE, minimum average spectral angle, and count based EM selection) and generated three spectral libraries, which were used to classify the test image. Spectral angle mapper was applied. The accuracy reports for the classification results were generated. The overall accuracy are 85% for the manual method, 81% for the PPI method, and 87% for the V-I-S method. The V-I-S EM selection method performs best in this study. This fact proves the value of V-I-S EM selection method in not only moderate spatial resolution satellite image but also the more and more accessible high spatial resolution airborne image. This semi-automatic EM selection method can be adopted into a wide range of remote sensing images and provide ISA map for hydrology analysis.

A BPTTF-based self-assembled electron-donating triangle capable of C60 binding.

PubMed

Goeb, Sébastien; Bivaud, Sébastien; Dron, Paul Ionut; Balandier, Jean-Yves; Chas, Marcos; Sallé, Marc

2012-03-25

A kinetically stable self-assembled redox-active triangle is isolated. The resulting electron-donating cavity, which incorporates three BPTTF units, exhibits a remarkable binding ability for electron-deficient C(60), supported by a favorable combination of structural and electronic features.

PRELIMINARY FINDINGS FROM THE NERL RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK PARTICULATE MATTER PANEL STUDY

EPA Science Inventory

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is currently conducting the National Exposure Research Laboratory (NERL) Research Triangle Park (RTP) Particulate Matter (PM) Panel Study. This study represents a one year investigation of PM and related co-pollutants involving two dist...

Texas Urban Triangle : pilot study to implement a spatial decision support system (SDSS) for sustainable mobility.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2011-03-01

This project addressed sustainable transportation in the Texas Urban Triangle (TUT) by conducting a pilot : project at the county scale. The project tested and developed the multi-attribute Spatial Decision Support : System (SDSS) developed in 2009 u...

Equivalence Relations across the Secondary School Curriculum

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Berger, Lisa

2013-01-01

Must two triangles with equal areas and equal perimeters also be congruent? This question was introduced in "Mathematics Teacher" ("MT")by Rosenberg, Spillane, and Wulf in their article "Heron Triangles and Moduli Spaces" (2008), which also described the authors' subsequent investigation of a particular moduli…

Future travel demand and its implications for transportation infrastructure investments in the Texas Triangle.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2009-03-01

This study takes a megaregion approach to project future travel demand and choice of transport : modes in the Texas Triangle, which is encompassed by four major metropolitan areas, Dallas-Fort : Worth, Houston, San Antonio, and Austin. The model was ...

EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT FROM THE NERL RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK PARTICULATE MATTER PANEL STUDY

EPA Science Inventory

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency performed a particulate matter (PM) exposure assessment based on data from the National Exposure Research Laboratory (NERL) Research Triangle Park (RTP) Particulate Matter (PM) Panel Study. This study was a one-year investigation of PM ...

PARTICULATE ORGANIC CARBON MEASUREMENTS COLLECTED WITH LOW FLOW PERSONAL SAMPLERS

EPA Science Inventory

EPA's National Exposure Research Laboratory and the Research Triangle Institute (RTI) have conducted a particulate matter (PM) personal exposure study in Research Triangle Park, NC. Particulate carbon was sampled with pre-fired quartz filters using low flow PM2.5 samplers (2 L...

CALL: A Triangle of Triangles

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Montoro, Carlos; Hampel, Regine

2012-01-01

Institutional investment in technology and infrastructure for the provision of new online and self-access language learning opportunities is not always accompanied by the necessary changes in the practices of learners, practitioners and managers in higher education (Wertsch, 2002). As a result, feelings of frustration, helplessness and confusion…

Effect of electromagnetic field on Kordylewski clouds formation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Salnikova, Tatiana; Stepanov, Sergey

2018-05-01

In previous papers the authors suggest a clarification of the phenomenon of appearance-disappearance of Kordylewski clouds - accumulation of cosmic dust mass in the vicinity of the triangle libration points of the Earth-Moon system. Under gravi-tational and light perturbation of the Sun the triangle libration points aren't the points of relative equilibrium. However, there exist the stable periodic motion of the particles, surrounding every of the triangle libration points. Due to this fact we can consider a probabilistic model of the dust clouds formation. These clouds move along the periodical orbits in small vicinity of the point of periodical orbit. To continue this research we suggest a mathematical model to investigate also the electromagnetic influences, arising under consideration of the charged dust particles in the vicinity of the triangle libration points of the Earth-Moon system. In this model we take under consideration the self-unduced force field within the set of charged particles, the probability distribution density evolves according to the Vlasov equation.

Ultrafast Photoinduced Symmetry-Breaking Charge Separation and Electron Sharing in Perylenediimide Molecular Triangles.

PubMed

Wu, Yilei; Young, Ryan M; Frasconi, Marco; Schneebeli, Severin T; Spenst, Peter; Gardner, Daniel M; Brown, Kristen E; Würthner, Frank; Stoddart, J Fraser; Wasielewski, Michael R

2015-10-21

We report on a visible-light-absorbing chiral molecular triangle composed of three covalently linked 1,6,7,12-tetra(phenoxy)perylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide) (PDI) units. The rigid triangular architecture reduces the electronic coupling between the PDIs, so ultrafast symmetry-breaking charge separation is kinetically favored over intramolecular excimer formation, as revealed by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Photoexcitation of the PDI triangle dissolved in CH2Cl2 gives PDI(+•)-PDI(-•) in τCS = 12.0 ± 0.2 ps. Fast subsequent intramolecular electron/hole hopping can equilibrate the six possible energetically degenerate ion-pair states, as suggested by electron paramagnetic resonance/electron-nuclear double resonance spectroscopy, which shows that one-electron reduction of the PDI triangle results in complete electron sharing among the three PDIs. Charge recombination of PDI(+•)-PDI(-•) to the ground state occurs in τCR = 1.12 ± 0.01 ns with no evidence of triplet excited state formation.

A new 3D method for measuring cranio-facial relationships with cone beam computed tomography (CBCT)

PubMed Central

Cibrián, Rosa; Gandia, Jose L.; Paredes, Vanessa

2013-01-01

Objectives: CBCT systems, with their high precision 3D reconstructions, 1:1 images and accuracy in locating cephalometric landmarks, allows us to evaluate measurements from craniofacial structures, so enabling us to replace the anthropometric methods or bidimensional methods used until now. The aims are to analyse cranio-facial relationships in a sample of patients who had previously undergone a CBCT and create a new 3D cephalometric method for assessing and measuring patients. Study Design: 90 patients who had a CBCT (i-Cat®) as a diagnostic register were selected. 12 cephalometric landmarks on the three spatial planes (X,Y,Z) were defined and 21 linear measurements were established. Using these measurements, 7 triangles were described and analysed. With the sides of the triangles: (CdR-Me-CdL); (FzR-Me-FzL); (GoR-N-GoL); and the Gl-Me distance, the ratios between them were analysed. In addition, 4 triangles in the mandible were measured (body: GoR-DB-Me and GoL-DB-Me and ramus: KrR-CdR-GoR and KrL-CdL-GoL). Results: When analyzing the sides of the CdR-Me-CdL triangle, it was found that the 69.33% of the patients could be considered symmetric. Regarding the ratios between the sides of the following triangles: CdR-Me-CdL, FzR-Me-FzL, GoR-N-GoL and the Gl-Me distance, it was found that almost all ratios were close to 1:1 except between the CdR-CdL side with respect the rest of the sides. With regard to the ratios of the 4 triangles of the mandible, it was found that the most symmetrical relationships were those corresponding to the sides of the body of the mandible and the most asymmetrical ones were those corresponding to the base of such triangles. Conclusions: A new method for assessing cranio-facial relationshps using CBCT has been established. It could be used for diverse purposes including diagnosis and treatment planning. Key words:Craniofacial relationship, CBCT, 3D cephalometry. PMID:23524427

The Coral Triangle Atlas: an integrated online spatial database system for improving coral reef management.

PubMed

Cros, Annick; Ahamad Fatan, Nurulhuda; White, Alan; Teoh, Shwu Jiau; Tan, Stanley; Handayani, Christian; Huang, Charles; Peterson, Nate; Venegas Li, Ruben; Siry, Hendra Yusran; Fitriana, Ria; Gove, Jamison; Acoba, Tomoko; Knight, Maurice; Acosta, Renerio; Andrew, Neil; Beare, Doug

2014-01-01

In this paper we describe the construction of an online GIS database system, hosted by WorldFish, which stores bio-physical, ecological and socio-economic data for the 'Coral Triangle Area' in South-east Asia and the Pacific. The database has been built in partnership with all six (Timor-Leste, Malaysia, Indonesia, The Philippines, Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea) of the Coral Triangle countries, and represents a valuable source of information for natural resource managers at the regional scale. Its utility is demonstrated using biophysical data, data summarising marine habitats, and data describing the extent of marine protected areas in the region.

A new robust algorithm for computation of a triangle circumscribed sphere in E3 and a hypersphere simplex

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Skala, Vaclav

2016-06-01

There are many applications in which a bounding sphere containing the given triangle E3 is needed, e.g. fast collision detection, ray-triangle intersecting in raytracing etc. This is a typical geometrical problem in E3 and it has also applications in computational problems in general. In this paper a new fast and robust algorithm of circumscribed sphere computation in the n-dimensional space is presented and specification for the E3 space is given, too. The presented method is convenient for use on GPU or with SSE or Intel's AVX instructions on a standard CPU.

Reply to `Comment on ``Higher order effects in lepton-pair production in relativistic heavy ion collisions'' '

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Güçlü, M. C.

2001-04-01

In this Reply, I will show that including the Coulomb corrections to the lepton-pair production in heavy-ion collisions also violates the unitarity. Therefore, the points stressed by U. Eichmann are not complete and the multipair production problem is still an open question.

A course in amplitudes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Taylor, Tomasz R.

2017-05-01

This a pedagogical introduction to scattering amplitudes in gauge theories. It proceeds from Dirac equation and Weyl fermions to the two pivot points of current developments: the recursion relations of Britto, Cachazo, Feng and Witten, and the unitarity cut method pioneered by Bern, Dixon, Dunbar and Kosower. In ten lectures, it covers the basic elements of on-shell methods.

Theoretical constraints on masses of heavy particles in Left-Right symmetric models

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chakrabortty, J.; Gluza, J.; Jeliński, T.; Srivastava, T.

2016-08-01

Left-Right symmetric models with general gL ≠gR gauge couplings which include bidoublet and triplet scalar multiplets are studied. Possible scalar mass spectra are outlined by imposing Tree-Unitarity, and Vacuum Stability criteria and also using the bounds on neutral scalar masses MHFCNC which assure the absence of Flavour Changing Neutral Currents (FCNC). We are focusing on mass spectra relevant for the LHC analysis, i.e., the scalar masses are around TeV scale. As all non-standard heavy particle masses are related to the vacuum expectation value (VEV) of the right-handed triplet (vR), the combined effects of relevant Higgs potential parameters and MHFCNC regulate the lower limits of heavy gauge boson masses. The complete set of Renormalization Group Evolutions for all couplings are provided at the 1-loop level, including the mixing effects in the Yukawa sector. Most of the scalar couplings suffer from the Landau poles at the intermediate scale Q ∼106.5 GeV, which in general coincides with violation of the Tree-Unitarity bounds.

Unitarity restoring graviton radiation in the collapse regime of gravitational scattering

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ciafaloni, Marcello; Colferai, Dimitri

2017-12-01

We investigate graviton radiation in gravitational scattering at small impact parameters b b , so as to suggest a possible completion of the unitarity sum. In fact, such energy radiation at large distances turns out to compensate and to gradually reduce to nothing the amount of energy E' being trapped at small-b 's, by thus avoiding the quantum tunneling suppression of the elastic scattering and suggesting a unitary evolution. We finally look at the coherent radiation sample so obtained and we find that, by energy conservation, it develops an exponential frequency damping corresponding to a "quasitemperature" of order ℏ/R , which is naturally related to a Hawking radiation and is suggestive of a black-hole signal at quantum level.

Mollweide's Formula in Teaching Trigonometry

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Karjanto, Natanael

2011-01-01

Trigonometry is one of the topics in mathematics that the students in both high school and pre-undergraduate levels need to learn. Generally, the topic covers trigonometric functions, trigonometric equations, trigonometric identities and solving oblique triangles using the Laws of Sines and Cosines. However, when solving the oblique triangles,…

77 FR 63848 - Report on Carcinogens Evaluation of Pentachlorophenol; Request for Nominations of Scientific Experts

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-10-17

... Dr. Ruth Lunn, Director, ORoC, DNTP, NIEHS, P.O. Box 12233, MD K2-14, Research Triangle Park, NC..., ORoC, DNTP, NIEHS, P.O. Box 12233, MD K2-14, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709; telephone (919) 316...

77 FR 20094 - Intent To Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement on the Durham-Orange Light Rail (LRT) Project...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-03

... Administration (FTA) and the Research Triangle Regional Public Transportation Authority, dba ``Triangle Transit... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Federal Transit Administration Intent To Prepare an Environmental...: Federal Transit Administration (FTA), United States Department of Transportation (USDOT). ACTION: Notice...

THE RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK PARTICULATE MATTER PANEL STUDY: PM MASS CONCENTRATION RELATIONSHIPS

EPA Science Inventory

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has recently performed the Research Triangle Park Particulate Matter Panel Study. This was a one-year investigation of PM and related co-pollutants involving participants living within the RTP area of North Carolina. Primary goals were t...

Some Half-Row Sums from Pascal's Triangle via Laplace Transforms

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dence, Thomas P.

2007-01-01

This article presents some identities on the sum of the entries in the first half of a row in Pascal's triangle. The results were discovered while the author was working on a problem involving Laplace transforms, which are used in proving of the identities.

Subsurface structural interpretation by applying trishear algorithm: An example from the Lenghu5 fold-and-thrust belt, Qaidam Basin, Northern Tibetan Plateau

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pei, Yangwen; Paton, Douglas A.; Wu, Kongyou; Xie, Liujuan

2017-08-01

The application of trishear algorithm, in which deformation occurs in a triangle zone in front of a propagating fault tip, is often used to understand fault related folding. In comparison to kink-band methods, a key characteristic of trishear algorithm is that non-uniform deformation within the triangle zone allows the layer thickness and horizon length to change during deformation, which is commonly observed in natural structures. An example from the Lenghu5 fold-and-thrust belt (Qaidam Basin, Northern Tibetan Plateau) is interpreted to help understand how to employ trishear forward modelling to improve the accuracy of seismic interpretation. High resolution fieldwork data, including high-angle dips, 'dragging structures', thinning hanging-wall and thickening footwall, are used to determined best-fit trishear model to explain the deformation happened to the Lenghu5 fold-and-thrust belt. We also consider the factors that increase the complexity of trishear models, including: (a) fault-dip changes and (b) pre-existing faults. We integrate fault dip change and pre-existing faults to predict subsurface structures that are apparently under seismic resolution. The analogue analysis by trishear models indicates that the Lenghu5 fold-and-thrust belt is controlled by an upward-steepening reverse fault above a pre-existing opposite-thrusting fault in deeper subsurface. The validity of the trishear model is confirmed by the high accordance between the model and the high-resolution fieldwork. The validated trishear forward model provides geometric constraints to the faults and horizons in the seismic section, e.g., fault cutoffs and fault tip position, faults' intersecting relationship and horizon/fault cross-cutting relationship. The subsurface prediction using trishear algorithm can significantly increase the accuracy of seismic interpretation, particularly in seismic sections with low signal/noise ratio.

Visualization of UV exposure of the human body based on data from a scanning UV-measuring system.

PubMed

Hoeppe, P; Oppenrieder, A; Erianto, C; Koepke, P; Reuder, J; Seefeldner, M; Nowak, D

2004-09-01

In general, measurements of UV radition are related to horizontal surfaces, as in the case of the internationally standardized and applied UV index, for example. In order to obtain more relevant information on UV exposure of humans the new measuring system ASCARATIS (Angle SCAnning RAdiometer for determination of erythemally weighted irradiance on TIlted Surfaces) was developed and built. Three systems of ASCARATIS have been in operation at different locations in Bavaria for 3 years, providing erythemally weighted UV irradiation data for 27 differently inclined surfaces every 2 min. On the basis of these data virtual three-dimensional models of the human body surface consisting of about 20,000 triangles could be created and each of these triangles coloured according to its UV irradiation. This allowed the UV exposure of the human body to be visualized for any kind of body posture and spatial orientation on the basis of real measuring data. The results of the UV measurements on inclined surfaces have shown that measuring UV radiation on horizontal surfaces, as done routinely worldwide, often underestimates the UV exposure of the human skin. Especially at times of the day or year with low solar elevations the UV exposure of parts of the human skin can be many times higher than that of the horizontal surface. Examples of three-dimensional modelling of the human UV irradiation are shown for different times of the day and year, altitudes above sea level, body postures and genders. In these examples the UV "hotspots" can be detected and, among other things, used to inform and educate the public about UV radiation.

The efficiency of the new Yasargil titanium fenestrated mini-clips for ideal clipping of a cerebral aneurysm

PubMed Central

Ota, Nakao; Tanikawa, Rokuya; Noda, Kosumo; Tsuboi, Toshiyuki; Kamiyama, Hiroyasu; Tokuda, Sadahisa

2015-01-01

Background: The fenestrated clip is sometimes useful in limited approach angle and narrow working space. However, before the development of the new Yasargil titanium fenestrated mini-clip, the only variations of fenestrated clips were those of larger sizes. And those larger clips have a problem of the triangle-shaped gap at the proximal end of the blade. The authors describe the efficiency, limitations and surgical technique of using the Yasargil titanium fenestrated mini-clip. Methods: Fifty-nine cases of aneurysms were treated using these mini-clips. Aneurysm location, size and dome neck ratio, mean follow-up period, neck remnant, and recurrence rate were also analyzed. Among these cases, we present eight characteristic cases, including a case with aneurysm recurrence, and we review the problems associated with the triangle-shaped gap at the proximal end of the clip. Results: The average size of the aneurysms was 5.57 mm, and the dome neck ratio was >2.0 in 1.69%, >1.5 in 11.8%, >1.2 in 35.6%, and <1.2 in 50.8% of cases. The mean follow-up period for the 59 cases was 5.5 months (range, 0.5–16 months). Angiographic recurrence of the treated portion occurred in 1 case (1.7%), including an aneurysm in the basilar artery tip aneurysm. Conclusion: The availability of the Yasargil titanium fenestrated mini-clip increases the options for clipping to minimize the remnant of the clipped aneurysm. However, there is still concern over the triangular space at the base of the blade, especially when treating an aneurysm with a thin vessel wall. Therefore, modification of the clipping technique is sometimes needed. PMID:26664871

Previsional space during direct laryngoscopy

PubMed Central

Park, Seongjoo; Han, Ji-Won; Cha, Sukwon; Han, Sung-Hee; Kim, Jin-Hee

2017-01-01

Abstract The laryngoscope should displace oral soft tissues forward out of the operator's vision. Therefore, the space in front of the view may be critical for determining the laryngoscopic view. The aim was to investigate the difference in the previsional space during difficult versus easy laryngoscopy (EL). Under general anesthesia, digital photographs of the lateral view of the head and neck were taken in the horizontal sniffing position, after head extension, and during laryngoscopy with a defined force (50 N). Three points (thyroid notch (T), maxillary incisor (I), and mandibular mentum (M)) were marked on the photograph. The previsional space was defined as the TIM triangle. We compared these areas and other variables of the TIM triangle between male patients with difficult laryngoscopy (DL: Cormack–Lehane III–IV, n = 12) versus those of age- and body mass index-matched male patients with EL (Cormack–Lehane I–II, n = 12). When the head was extended, the areas TIM triangle in DL were significantly smaller than in EL. During laryngoscopy, all values of the TIM triangle in DL, including the TIM area (16.4 ± 3.7 vs 22.6 ± 2.8 cm2, P < .01), were significantly smaller than the values in EL. The previsional space was smaller in patients with DL than in those with EL. The TIM triangle could suggest new way to explain the mechanism underlying DL. PMID:28682897

Uniform phases in fluids of hard isosceles triangles: One-component fluid and binary mixtures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Martínez-Ratón, Yuri; Díaz-De Armas, Ariel; Velasco, Enrique

2018-05-01

We formulate the scaled particle theory for a general mixture of hard isosceles triangles and calculate different phase diagrams for the one-component fluid and for certain binary mixtures. The fluid of hard triangles exhibits a complex phase behavior: (i) the presence of a triatic phase with sixfold symmetry, (ii) the isotropic-uniaxial nematic transition is of first order for certain ranges of aspect ratios, and (iii) the one-component system exhibits nematic-nematic transitions ending in critical points. We found the triatic phase to be stable not only for equilateral triangles but also for triangles of similar aspect ratios. We focus the study of binary mixtures on the case of symmetric mixtures: equal particle areas with aspect ratios (κi) symmetric with respect to the equilateral one, κ1κ2=3 . For these mixtures we found, aside from first-order isotropic-nematic and nematic-nematic transitions (the latter ending in a critical point): (i) a region of triatic phase stability even for mixtures made of particles that do not form this phase at the one-component limit, and (ii) the presence of a Landau point at which two triatic-nematic first-order transitions and a nematic-nematic demixing transition coalesce. This phase behavior is analogous to that of a symmetric three-dimensional mixture of rods and plates.

Previsional space during direct laryngoscopy: Implication in the difficult laryngoscopy.

PubMed

Park, Seongjoo; Han, Ji-Won; Cha, Sukwon; Han, Sung-Hee; Kim, Jin-Hee

2017-07-01

The laryngoscope should displace oral soft tissues forward out of the operator's vision. Therefore, the space in front of the view may be critical for determining the laryngoscopic view. The aim was to investigate the difference in the previsional space during difficult versus easy laryngoscopy (EL).Under general anesthesia, digital photographs of the lateral view of the head and neck were taken in the horizontal sniffing position, after head extension, and during laryngoscopy with a defined force (50 N). Three points (thyroid notch (T), maxillary incisor (I), and mandibular mentum (M)) were marked on the photograph. The previsional space was defined as the TIM triangle. We compared these areas and other variables of the TIM triangle between male patients with difficult laryngoscopy (DL: Cormack-Lehane III-IV, n = 12) versus those of age- and body mass index-matched male patients with EL (Cormack-Lehane I-II, n = 12).When the head was extended, the areas TIM triangle in DL were significantly smaller than in EL. During laryngoscopy, all values of the TIM triangle in DL, including the TIM area (16.4 ± 3.7 vs 22.6 ± 2.8 cm, P < .01), were significantly smaller than the values in EL.The previsional space was smaller in patients with DL than in those with EL. The TIM triangle could suggest new way to explain the mechanism underlying DL.

Individuation of Pairs of Objects in Infancy

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Leslie, Alan M.; Chen, Marian L.

2007-01-01

Looking-time studies examined whether 11-month-old infants can individuate two pairs of objects using only shape information. In order to test individuation, the object pairs were presented sequentially. Infants were familiarized either with the sequential pairs, disk-triangle/disk-triangle (XY/XY), whose shapes differed within but not across…

76 FR 57065 - National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; Notice of Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-15

... Sciences, Building 101, Rodbell Auditorium, 111 T. W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709... personnel issues. Place: Nat. Inst. of Environmental Health Sciences, Building 101, Rodbell Auditorium, 111..., Building 101, Rodbell Auditorium, 111 T. W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. Closed...

78 FR 59042 - National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; Notice of Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-09-25

...: Nat. Inst. of Environmental Health Sciences, Building 101, Rodbell Auditorium, 111 T. W. Alexander... Auditorium, 111 T. W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. Closed: October 21, 2013, 11:15 a.m... Environmental Health Sciences, Building 101, Rodbell Auditorium, 111 T. W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle...

77 FR 3480 - National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Notice of Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-01-24

..., Rodbell Auditorium, 111 T. W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. Closed: February 15, 2012... Environmental Health Sciences, Building 101, Rodbell Auditorium, 111 T. W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle... and issues. Place: Nat. Inst. of Environmental Health Sciences, Building 101, Rodbell Auditorium, 111...

77 FR 18252 - National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; Notice of Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-27

... Environmental Health Sciences, Building 101, Rodbell Auditorium, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle... issues. Place: Nat. Inst. of Environmental Health Sciences, Building 101, Rodbell Auditorium, 111 T. W..., Rodbell Auditorium, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. Contact Person: Gwen W...

75 FR 3474 - National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; Notice of Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-01-21

...: Nat. Inst. of Environmental Health Sciences, Building 101, Rodbell Auditorium, 111 T. W. Alexander..., Rodbell Auditorium, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. Closed: February 19, 2010... Environmental Health Sciences, Building 101, Rodbell Auditorium, 111 T. W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle...

78 FR 48695 - National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; Notice of Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-09

... Health Sciences, Building 101, Rodbell Auditorium, 111 T. W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC.... of Environmental Health Sciences, Building 101, Rodbell Auditorium, 111 T. W. Alexander Drive..., Rodbell Auditorium, 111 T. W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. Contact Person: Gwen W...

77 FR 74198 - National Institute Environmental Health Sciences Notice of Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-13

... Health Sciences, Building 101, Rodbell Auditorium, 111 T. W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC... issues. Place: Nat. Inst. of Environmental Health Sciences, Building 101, Rodbell Auditorium, 111 T. W... Auditorium, 111 T. W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. Contact Person: Gwen W. Collman, Ph...

75 FR 19981 - National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; Notice of Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-16

... Environmental Health Sciences, Building 101, Rodbell Auditorium, 111 T. W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle... issues. Place: Nat. Inst. of Environmental Health Sciences, Building 101, Rodbell Auditorium, 111 T. W..., Rodbell Auditorium, 111 T. W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. Contact Person: Gwen W...

Bulletin of Air Pollution Training Courses, July 1970 through June 1971.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

National Air Pollution Control Administration (DHEW), Washington, DC.

Issued by the National Air Pollution Control Administration (NAPCA), this directory covers program and course offerings through the Institute for Air Pollution Training (IAPT), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Officers of the Triangle Universities (Duke, North Carolina, North Carolina State) Consortium on Air Pollution are listed first,…

Member and Affiliate Contact Directory. Triangle Coalition for Science and Technology Education. Second Edition.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Triangle Coalition for Science and Technology Education, College Park, MD.

This directory is designed to assist local action groups (existing local alliances; science mathematics, and technology teachers; superintendents, principals, and supervisors; guidance counselors and resource specialists; and university and college professors) in making contact with the local structure of the Triangle Coalition for Science and…

77 FR 4808 - Conference on Air Quality Modeling

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-01-31

... update our available modeling tools with state-of-the-science techniques and for the public to offer new... C111, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT... Quality Assessment Division, Mail Code C439-01, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711; telephone: (919) 541...

Illuminating the Mathematics of Lamp Shades

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Matthews, Michael E.; Gross, Greg

2008-01-01

The problem of creating lamp shades to specific design parameters allows rich and interesting explorations in the mathematics of circles and triangles. This interactive project helps students build their spatial reasoning and is especially appropriate during a unit on either the Pythagorean theorem or similar triangles. (Contains 7 figures and 1…

Magic of Centroids

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ferrarello, Daniela; Mammana, Maria Flavia; Pennisi, Mario

2018-01-01

In this paper, we show some properties of centroids of geometric figures, such as triangles, quadrilaterals and tetrahedra. In particular, we will prove the properties by means of geometric transformations and by introducing extensions of triangles and quadrilaterals, i.e. by adding one, two or three new vertices to the figure. The study of these…

Suicide Prevention Triangle.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cutter, Fred

This manual provides resource tools and strategies to enhance the suicide prevention capabilities of health professionals and the health care setting in which care is provided. In the first section, terms are defined and the suicide prevention triangle model is described. Applications of the model and good practices for suicide prevention in any…

Finite Trigonometry: A Resource for Teachers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Malcom, Paul Scott

This investigation extends a 25-point geometric system for defining a 25-point trigonometry whose properties are analogous to those of the trigonometry of the Euclidean plane. These properties include definitions of trigonometric functions arising from ratios of sides of right triangles, the relations of elements of a given triangle through the…

Electronegativity and the Bond Triangle

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Meek, Terry L.; Garner, Leah D.

2005-01-01

The usefulness of the bond triangle for categorizing compounds of the main-group elements may be extended by the use of weighted average electronegativities to allow distinction between compounds of the same elements with different stoichiometries. In such cases a higher valency for the central atom leads to greater covalent character and the…

The Divine Ratio and Golden Rectangles.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cooper, Martin

1982-01-01

The material examines aspects of Fibonacci and Lucas sequences, the generation of the Divine Ratio, and the nature of this ratio in golden rectangles, triangles, and figures made up of golden triangles. It is noted Lucas sequence is formed like Fibonacci but has one and three as the first elements. (Author/MP)

The Metaphor of the Triangle in Theories of Human Development

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zittoun, Tania; Gillespie, Alex; Cornish, Flora; Psaltis, Charis

2007-01-01

Developmental psychologists have a long history of using triangle metaphors to conceptualise the social constitution of psychological development. In this paper, we present a genealogy of triadic theories, to clarify their origins, distinctions between them, and to identify key themes for theoretical development. The analysis identifies three core…

Contributions of Biogenic and Anthropogenic Hydrocarbons to Secondary Organic Aerosol during 2006 in Research Triangle Park, NC

EPA Science Inventory

A recently developed, organic tracer-based method was used to estimate the secondary contributions of biogenic and anthropogenic precursor hydrocarbons to ambient organic carbon concentrations in PM_2.5 during 2006 in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA. Forty-s...

The Coral Triangle Atlas: An Integrated Online Spatial Database System for Improving Coral Reef Management

PubMed Central

Cros, Annick; Ahamad Fatan, Nurulhuda; White, Alan; Teoh, Shwu Jiau; Tan, Stanley; Handayani, Christian; Huang, Charles; Peterson, Nate; Venegas Li, Ruben; Siry, Hendra Yusran; Fitriana, Ria; Gove, Jamison; Acoba, Tomoko; Knight, Maurice; Acosta, Renerio; Andrew, Neil; Beare, Doug

2014-01-01

In this paper we describe the construction of an online GIS database system, hosted by WorldFish, which stores bio-physical, ecological and socio-economic data for the ‘Coral Triangle Area’ in South-east Asia and the Pacific. The database has been built in partnership with all six (Timor-Leste, Malaysia, Indonesia, The Philippines, Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea) of the Coral Triangle countries, and represents a valuable source of information for natural resource managers at the regional scale. Its utility is demonstrated using biophysical data, data summarising marine habitats, and data describing the extent of marine protected areas in the region. PMID:24941442

From concept to reality in implementing the Knowledge Triangle

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sjoer, Ellen; Nørgaard, Bente; Goossens, Marc

2016-05-01

The concept of Knowledge Triangle (KT) links together research, education and innovation and replaces the traditional 'one way' flow of knowledge, essentially from research to education, by a 'both ways' circular motion between all the corners of a triangle that, besides research and education, also includes innovation, the 'poor relation' of many universities. What are the main issues - barriers and drivers - and what could be done in order to make the concept of KT a strong reality in engineering education? In this paper, the authors intend to bring some answers by analysing three cases coming from actors operating at the three corners of the KT: students, academic staff and engineers in industry.

Quantum steering and entanglement in three-mode triangle Bose-Hubbard system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kalaga, J. K.; Leoński, W.; Szczȩśniak, R.

2017-11-01

We consider the possibility of generation steerable states in Bose-Hubbard system composed of three interacting wells in the form of a triangle. We show that although our system still fulfills the monogamy relations, the presence of additional coupling which transforms a chain of wells onto triangle gives a variety of new possibilities for the generation of steerable quantum states. Deriving analytical formulas for the parameters describing steering and bipartite entanglement, we show that interplay between two couplings influences quantum correlations of various types. We compare the time evolution of steering parameters to those describing bipartite entanglement and find the relations between the appearance of maximal entanglement and disappearance of steering effect.

Indefinite intertwining operators

PubMed Central

Baldoni-Silva, M. W.; Knapp, A. W.

1984-01-01

For a wide class of linear connected semisimple Lie groups, one obtains formulas limiting the Langlands parameters of irreducible unitary representations obtained from maximal parabolic subgroups. The formulas relate unitarity to the number of roots satisfying certain conditions. Some evidence is presented that the formulas are sharp. The results confirm aspects of conjectures that relate unitary parameters to cohomological induction. PMID:16593424

N =4 supergravity next-to-maximally-helicity-violating six-point one-loop amplitude

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dunbar, David C.; Perkins, Warren B.

2016-12-01

We construct the six-point, next-to-maximally-helicity-violating one-loop amplitude in N =4 supergravity using unitarity and recursion. The use of recursion requires the introduction of rational descendants of the cut-constructible pieces of the amplitude and the computation of the nonstandard factorization terms arising from the loop integrals.

77 FR 17897 - National Uniform Emission Standards for Storage Vessel and Transfer Operations, Equipment Leaks...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-26

... Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711; Telephone number: (919) 541-3608; Fax number... (E143-01), Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research..., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711; Telephone number: (919) 541-5372; Fax number (919) 541-0246...

Early-Years Teachers' Concept Images and Concept Definitions: Triangles, Circles, and Cylinders

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tsamir, Pessia; Tirosh, Dina; Levenson, Esther; Barkai, Ruthi; Tabach, Michal

2015-01-01

This study investigates practicing early-years teachers' concept images and concept definitions for triangles, circles, and cylinders. Teachers were requested to define each figure and then to identify various examples and non-examples of the figure. Teachers' use of correct and precise mathematical language and reference to critical and…

Susceptibility of Adult Mosquitoes to Insecticides in Aqueous Sucrose Baits

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-06-01

ingredients representative of five classes of insecticides (pyrethroids, phenylpyroles, pyrroles , neonicotinoids, and macrocyclic lactones) were...a 10% sucrose solution. Active ingredients representative of five classes of insecticides (pyrethroids, phenylpyroles, pyrroles , neonicotinoids, and...Triangle Park NC Pyrrole Chlorfenapyr Phantom® 21.45% BASF, Research Triangle Park NC Neonicotinoid Imidacloprid QuickBayt™ 0.5% Bayer

Clark's Triangle and Fiscal Incentives: Implications for Colleges'

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lang, Dan

2015-01-01

For nearly 35 year's Burton Clark's triangle has been used as a paradigm for describing, assessing, and comparing systems of postsecondary education (Clark, 1998, 2004). Two major developments in the fiscal management of post-secondary education occurred more or less contemporaneously: incentive or performance funding on the part of the state and…

78 FR 18997 - National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; Notice of Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-28

... Health Sciences, Building 101, Rodbell Auditorium, 111 T. W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC... personnel issues. Place: Nat. Inst. of Environmental Health Sciences, Building 101, Rodbell Auditorium, 111... Auditorium, 111 T. W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. Closed: April 15, 2013, 3:15 p.m. to...

75 FR 57280 - National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; Notice of Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-20

..., Rodbell Auditorium, 111 T. W. Alexander Drive, Conference Rooms 101 A, B, and C, Research Triangle Park... Auditorium, 111 T. W. Alexander Drive, Conference Rooms 101 A, B, and C, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709... Environmental Health Sciences, Building 101, Rodbell Auditorium, 111 T. W. Alexander Drive, Conference Rooms 101...

Tracing the Assessment Triangle with Learning Progression-Aligned Assessments in Mathematics

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lai, Emily R.; Kobrin, Jennifer L.; DiCerbo, Kristen E.; Holland, Laura R.

2017-01-01

We describe an application of the assessment triangle, using a learning progression as the "cognition" vertex. We summarize two studies to evaluate whether evidence of student performance is consistent with our progression. In Study 1, we conducted think alouds using draft assessment activities and evaluated responses in relation to the…

COMPOSITION OF PM 2.5 DURING THE SUMMER OF 2003 IN RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NC

EPA Science Inventory

A field study was carried out during the summer of 2003 to examine the overall composition of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA, with particular emphasis on polar compounds from secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Collected sa...

An Analysis of Special Operations Command - South’s Distributive Command and Control Concept

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-12-01

Special Ops aviation unit traverses Bermuda Triangle en route to new home”, News Service Release Number 03082525 (August 2003), http://news.soc.mil...7, 2007). U.S. Army Special Operations Command. “Special Ops Aviation Unit Traverses Bermuda Triangle En Route to New Home.” News Service Release

On the chromatic number of a space with forbidden equilateral triangle

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zvonarev, A E; Raigorodskii, A M; Kharlamova, A A

2014-09-30

We improve the Frankl-Rödl estimate for the product of the numbers of edges in uniform hypergraphs with forbidden cardinalities of the intersection of edges. By using this estimate, we obtain explicit bounds for the chromatic number of a space with forbidden monochromatic equilateral triangles. Bibliography: 31 titles.

ENVIRONMENTAL PUBLIC HEALTH OUTCOMES WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS -RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NC, 7/30-31/2002

EPA Science Inventory

To better define ORD's Environmental Public Health Outcomes (EPHO) research agenda, a workshop was held 7/30-31/2002 at EPA facilities in Research Triangle Park, NC. The intent of this workshop was to engage federal and other organizations in a dialog that will assist ORD in deve...

76 FR 39798 - EPA Responses to State and Tribal 2010 NO2

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-07

..., Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, telephone (919) 541-4132, e-mail at solomon[email protected] . For... FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For general questions concerning this action, please contact Doug Solomon, U... Code C404-02, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, telephone (919) 541-0880, e-mail at [email protected

76 FR 17327 - 100th Anniversary of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-29

... responsibility to provide a safe environment for all American workers. NOW, THEREFORE, I, BARACK OBAMA, President... since the Triangle factory fire, we are still fighting to provide adequate working conditions for all... collective bargaining as a tool to give workers a seat at the tables of power. Working Americans are the...

Keeping up with Coordination: From Clark's Triangle to Microcosmographia

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Salazar, Jose; Leihy, Peodair

2013-01-01

In 1986 (first published 1983) Clark's triangle of coordination compared national higher education systems according to the dimensions of state authority, market and academic oligarchy. The picture was of a particular time, one in which those three factors could be ably used to illustrate major differences in how coordination took place.…

APPLICATIONS OF A MODEL FOR THE HORMONAL REGULATION OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE

EPA Science Inventory

APPLICATIONS OF A MODEL FOR THE HORMONAL REGULATION OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE. Leona H. Clark1, Paul M. Schlosser2, and James F. Selgrade3. 1US Environmental Protection Agency, ORD, NHEERL, ETD, Research Triangle Park, NC; 2CIIT, Research Triangle Park, NC; 3North Carolina State Un...

75 FR 46919 - Nominations to the FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel; Request for Comments

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-04

... interests, the nominee's sources of research support, if any. In accordance with section 25(d)(1) of FIFRA... Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC. 4. Eva Oberdorster, Ph..., Research Triangle Park, NC. IV. Nominees The following are the names, addresses, professional affiliations...

Spelling Development among Triangle versus Native Bedouin Arabic Pupils

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fragman, Alon

2014-01-01

This study compared spelling development of consonants (guttural: /?/, uvular-velar: /q/ and /g/, emphatic: /??/, /??/, and /ð?, and dental: /?/) in the written form of Arabic among native Bedouin Arabic speakers from north and southern Israel (N = 666), versus native Arabic pupils from the triangle (N = 153), learning in second, fourth, and sixth…

INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND FURNITURE PROCUREMENT IN EPA'S NEW RESEARCH TRIANGLE CAMPUS

EPA Science Inventory

The paper discusses various aspects of the EPA's new 1.2 million square foot building in Research Triangle Park that pertain to indoor air, with a particular focus on the process EPA used to select furniture to meet its indoor air guidelines. In keeping with its mission of protec...

Triadic Closure in Configuration Models with Unbounded Degree Fluctuations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

van der Hofstad, Remco; van Leeuwaarden, Johan S. H.; Stegehuis, Clara

2018-01-01

The configuration model generates random graphs with any given degree distribution, and thus serves as a null model for scale-free networks with power-law degrees and unbounded degree fluctuations. For this setting, we study the local clustering c(k), i.e., the probability that two neighbors of a degree-k node are neighbors themselves. We show that c(k) progressively falls off with k and the graph size n and eventually for k=Ω (√{n}) settles on a power law c(k)˜ n^{5-2τ }k^{-2(3-τ )} with τ \\in (2,3) the power-law exponent of the degree distribution. This fall-off has been observed in the majority of real-world networks and signals the presence of modular or hierarchical structure. Our results agree with recent results for the hidden-variable model and also give the expected number of triangles in the configuration model when counting triangles only once despite the presence of multi-edges. We show that only triangles consisting of triplets with uniquely specified degrees contribute to the triangle counting.

Stereo matching and view interpolation based on image domain triangulation.

PubMed

Fickel, Guilherme Pinto; Jung, Claudio R; Malzbender, Tom; Samadani, Ramin; Culbertson, Bruce

2013-09-01

This paper presents a new approach for stereo matching and view interpolation problems based on triangular tessellations suitable for a linear array of rectified cameras. The domain of the reference image is initially partitioned into triangular regions using edge and scale information, aiming to place vertices along image edges and increase the number of triangles in textured regions. A region-based matching algorithm is then used to find an initial disparity for each triangle, and a refinement stage is applied to change the disparity at the vertices of the triangles, generating a piecewise linear disparity map. A simple post-processing procedure is applied to connect triangles with similar disparities generating a full 3D mesh related to each camera (view), which are used to generate new synthesized views along the linear camera array. With the proposed framework, view interpolation reduces to the trivial task of rendering polygonal meshes, which can be done very fast, particularly when GPUs are employed. Furthermore, the generated views are hole-free, unlike most point-based view interpolation schemes that require some kind of post-processing procedures to fill holes.

Lens elliptic gamma function solution of the Yang-Baxter equation at roots of unity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kels, Andrew P.; Yamazaki, Masahito

2018-02-01

We study the root of unity limit of the lens elliptic gamma function solution of the star-triangle relation, for an integrable model with continuous and discrete spin variables. This limit involves taking an elliptic nome to a primitive rNth root of unity, where r is an existing integer parameter of the lens elliptic gamma function, and N is an additional integer parameter. This is a singular limit of the star-triangle relation, and at subleading order of an asymptotic expansion, another star-triangle relation is obtained for a model with discrete spin variables in {Z}rN . Some special choices of solutions of equation of motion are shown to result in well-known discrete spin solutions of the star-triangle relation. The saddle point equations themselves are identified with three-leg forms of ‘3D-consistent’ classical discrete integrable equations, known as Q4 and Q3(δ=0) . We also comment on the implications for supersymmetric gauge theories, and in particular comment on a close parallel with the works of Nekrasov and Shatashvili.

Protective Effects of Calcium on Cadmium Accumulation in Co-Cultured Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and Triangle Sail Mussel (Hyriopsis cumingii).

PubMed

Li, Deliang; Pi, Jie; Wang, Jianping; Zhu, Pengfei; Lei, Liuping; Zhang, Ting; Liu, Deming

2016-12-01

Discovering cost effective strategies to reduce cadmium (Cd) uptake is of great concern for consumer food safety in the aquaculture industry. This study investigated the protective effects of calcium (Ca) on Cd uptake in co-cultured silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and triangle sail mussel (Hyriopsis cumingii). The results show that Ca-depending on its applied concentration-caused a significant decrease in the Cd uptake into muscle (by 48 %-72 %), gills (by 51 %-57 %), liver (by 52 %-81 %) and kidney (by 54 %-81 %) of silver carp (p < 0.001), as well as foot (by 8 %-32 %) and visceral mass (by 40 %-47 %) of triangle sail mussels (p < 0.05). The results indicate that Ca treatment is an effective means of reducing Cd accumulation in aquaculture. Since Ca is often used to increase the quality of pearls produced by triangle sail mussel, the quality of co-cultured edible fish might improve as a consequence of the potentially reduced Cd uptake.

Triangles in ROC space: History and theory of "nonparametric" measures of sensitivity and response bias.

PubMed

Macmillan, N A; Creelman, C D

1996-06-01

Can accuracy and response bias in two-stimulus, two-response recognition or detection experiments be measured nonparametrically? Pollack and Norman (1964) answered this question affirmatively for sensitivity, Hodos (1970) for bias: Both proposed measures based on triangular areas in receiver-operating characteristic space. Their papers, and especially a paper by Grier (1971) that provided computing formulas for the measures, continue to be heavily cited in a wide range of content areas. In our sample of articles, most authors described triangle-based measures as making fewer assumptions than measures associated with detection theory. However, we show that statistics based on products or ratios of right triangle areas, including a recently proposed bias index and a not-yetproposed but apparently plausible sensitivity index, are consistent with a decision process based on logistic distributions. Even the Pollack and Norman measure, which is based on non-right triangles, is approximately logistic for low values of sensitivity. Simple geometric models for sensitivity and bias are not nonparametric, even if their implications are not acknowledged in the defining publications.

Cohabitation promotes high diversity of clownfishes in the Coral Triangle

PubMed Central

De Brauwer, Maarten; Dumbrell, Alex J.; Smith, David J.

2016-01-01

Global marine biodiversity peaks within the Coral Triangle, and understanding how such high diversity is maintained is a central question in marine ecology. We investigated broad-scale patterns in the diversity of clownfishes and their host sea anemones by conducting 981 belt-transects at 20 locations throughout the Indo-Pacific. Of the 1508 clownfishes encountered, 377 fish occurred in interspecific cohabiting groups and cohabitation was almost entirely restricted to the Coral Triangle. Neither the diversity nor density of host anemone or clownfish species alone influenced rates of interspecific cohabitation. Rather cohabitation occurred in areas where the number of clownfish species exceeds the number of host anemone species. In the Coral Triangle, cohabiting individuals were observed to finely partition their host anemone, with the subordinate species inhabiting the periphery. Furthermore, aggression did not increase in interspecific cohabiting groups, instead dominant species were accepting of subordinate species. Various combinations of clownfish species were observed cohabiting (independent of body size, phylogenetic relatedness, evolutionary age, dentition, level of specialization) in a range of anemone species, thereby ensuring that each clownfish species had dominant reproductive individuals in some cohabiting groups. Clownfishes are obligate commensals, thus cohabitation is an important process in maintaining biodiversity in high diversity systems because it supports the persistence of many species when host availability is limiting. Cohabitation is a likely explanation for high species richness in other obligate commensals within the Coral Triangle, and highlights the importance of protecting these habitats in order to conserve unique marine biodiversity. PMID:27030417

Impact of Heterogeneity and Lattice Bond Strength on DNA Triangle Crystal Growth.

PubMed

Stahl, Evi; Praetorius, Florian; de Oliveira Mann, Carina C; Hopfner, Karl-Peter; Dietz, Hendrik

2016-09-07

One key goal of DNA nanotechnology is the bottom-up construction of macroscopic crystalline materials. Beyond applications in fields such as photonics or plasmonics, DNA-based crystal matrices could possibly facilitate the diffraction-based structural analysis of guest molecules. Seeman and co-workers reported in 2009 the first designed crystal matrices based on a 38 kDa DNA triangle that was composed of seven chains. The crystal lattice was stabilized, unprecedentedly, by Watson-Crick base pairing. However, 3D crystallization of larger designed DNA objects that include more chains such as DNA origami remains an unsolved problem. Larger objects would offer more degrees of freedom and design options with respect to tailoring lattice geometry and for positioning other objects within a crystal lattice. The greater rigidity of multilayer DNA origami could also positively influence the diffractive properties of crystals composed of such particles. Here, we rationally explore the role of heterogeneity and Watson-Crick interaction strengths in crystal growth using 40 variants of the original DNA triangle as model multichain objects. Crystal growth of the triangle was remarkably robust despite massive chemical, geometrical, and thermodynamical sample heterogeneity that we introduced, but the crystal growth sensitively depended on the sequences of base pairs next to the Watson-Crick sticky ends of the triangle. Our results point to weak lattice interactions and high concentrations as decisive factors for achieving productive crystallization, while sample heterogeneity and impurities played a minor role.

Cohabitation promotes high diversity of clownfishes in the Coral Triangle.

PubMed

Camp, Emma F; Hobbs, Jean-Paul A; De Brauwer, Maarten; Dumbrell, Alex J; Smith, David J

2016-03-30

Global marine biodiversity peaks within the Coral Triangle, and understanding how such high diversity is maintained is a central question in marine ecology. We investigated broad-scale patterns in the diversity of clownfishes and their host sea anemones by conducting 981 belt-transects at 20 locations throughout the Indo-Pacific. Of the 1508 clownfishes encountered, 377 fish occurred in interspecific cohabiting groups and cohabitation was almost entirely restricted to the Coral Triangle. Neither the diversity nor density of host anemone or clownfish species alone influenced rates of interspecific cohabitation. Rather cohabitation occurred in areas where the number of clownfish species exceeds the number of host anemone species. In the Coral Triangle, cohabiting individuals were observed to finely partition their host anemone, with the subordinate species inhabiting the periphery. Furthermore, aggression did not increase in interspecific cohabiting groups, instead dominant species were accepting of subordinate species. Various combinations of clownfish species were observed cohabiting (independent of body size, phylogenetic relatedness, evolutionary age, dentition, level of specialization) in a range of anemone species, thereby ensuring that each clownfish species had dominant reproductive individuals in some cohabiting groups. Clownfishes are obligate commensals, thus cohabitation is an important process in maintaining biodiversity in high diversity systems because it supports the persistence of many species when host availability is limiting. Cohabitation is a likely explanation for high species richness in other obligate commensals within the Coral Triangle, and highlights the importance of protecting these habitats in order to conserve unique marine biodiversity. © 2016 The Author(s).

On the Use of CAD-Native Predicates and Geometry in Surface Meshing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Aftosmis, M. J.

1999-01-01

Several paradigms for accessing CAD geometry during surface meshing for CFD are discussed. File translation, inconsistent geometry engines and non-native point construction are all identified as sources of non-robustness. The paper argues in favor of accessing CAD parts and assemblies in their native format, without translation, and for the use of CAD-native predicates and constructors in surface mesh generation. The discussion also emphasizes the importance of examining the computational requirements for exact evaluation of triangulation predicates during surface meshing. The native approach is demonstrated through an algorithm for the generation of closed manifold surface triangulations from CAD geometry. CAD parts and assemblies are used in their native format, and a part's native geometry engine is accessed through a modeler-independent application programming interface (API). In seeking a robust and fully automated procedure, the algorithm is based on a new physical space manifold triangulation technique specially developed to avoid robustness issues associated with poorly conditioned mappings. In addition, this approach avoids the usual ambiguities associated with floating-point predicate evaluation on constructed coordinate geometry in a mapped space. The technique is incremental, so that each new site improves the triangulation by some well defined quality measure. The algorithm terminates after achieving a prespecified measure of mesh quality and produces a triangulation such that no angle is less than a given angle bound, a or greater than pi - 2alpha. This result also sets bounds on the maximum vertex degree, triangle aspect-ratio and maximum stretching rate for the triangulation. In addition to the output triangulations for a variety of CAD parts, the discussion presents related theoretical results which assert the existence of such an angle bound, and demonstrate that maximum bounds of between 25 deg and 30 deg may be achieved in practice.

Conical Euler simulation and active suppression of delta wing rocking motion

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lee, Elizabeth M.; Batina, John T.

1990-01-01

A conical Euler code was developed to study unsteady vortex-dominated flows about rolling highly-swept delta wings, undergoing either forced or free-to-roll motions including active roll suppression. The flow solver of the code involves a multistage Runge-Kutta time-stepping scheme which uses a finite volume spatial discretization of the Euler equations on an unstructured grid of triangles. The code allows for the additional analysis of the free-to-roll case, by including the rigid-body equation of motion for its simultaneous time integration with the governing flow equations. Results are presented for a 75 deg swept sharp leading edge delta wing at a freestream Mach number of 1.2 and at alpha equal to 10 and 30 deg angle of attack. A forced harmonic analysis indicates that the rolling moment coefficient provides: (1) a positive damping at the lower angle of attack equal to 10 deg, which is verified in a free-to-roll calculation; (2) a negative damping at the higher angle of attack equal to 30 deg at the small roll amplitudes. A free-to-roll calculation for the latter case produces an initially divergent response, but as the amplitude of motion grows with time, the response transitions to a wing-rock type of limit cycle oscillation. The wing rocking motion may be actively suppressed, however, through the use of a rate-feedback control law and antisymmetrically deflected leading edge flaps. The descriptions of the conical Euler flow solver and the free-to-roll analysis are presented. Results are also presented which give insight into the flow physics associated with unsteady vortical flows about forced and free-to-roll delta wings, including the active roll suppression of this wing-rock phenomenon.

Identifying translational science within the triangle of biomedicine

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

Background The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Roadmap places special emphasis on “bench-to-bedside” research, or the “translation” of basic science research into practical clinical applications. The Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSA) Consortium is one example of the large investments being made to develop a national infrastructure to support translational science, which involves reducing regulatory burdens, launching new educational initiatives, and forming partnerships between academia and industry. However, while numerous definitions have been suggested for translational science, including the qualitative T1-T4 classification, a consensus has not yet been reached. This makes it challenging to tract the impact of these major policy changes. Methods In this study, we use a bibliometric approach to map PubMed articles onto a graph, called the Triangle of Biomedicine. The corners of the triangle represent research related to animals, cells and molecules, and humans; and, the position of a publication on the graph is based on its topics, as determined by its Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). We define translation as movement of a collection of articles, or the articles that cite those articles, towards the human corner. Results The Triangle of Biomedicine provides a quantitative way of determining if an individual scientist, research organization, funding agency, or scientific field is producing results that are relevant to clinical medicine. We validate our technique using examples that have been previously described in the literature and by comparing it to prior methods of measuring translational science. Conclusions The Triangle of Biomedicine is a novel way to identify translational science and track changes over time. This is important to policy makers in evaluating the impact of the large investments being made to accelerate translation. The Triangle of Biomedicine also provides a simple visual way of depicting this impact, which can be far more powerful than numbers alone. PMID:23705970

Asymptotic behavior of Nambu-Bethe-Salpeter wave functions for multiparticles in quantum field theories

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aoki, Sinya; Ishii, Noriyoshi; Doi, Takumi; Ikeda, Yoichi; Inoue, Takashi

2013-07-01

We derive asymptotic behaviors of the Nambu-Bethe-Salpeter (NBS) wave function at large space separations for systems with more than two particles in quantum field theories. To deal with n particles in the center-of-mass frame coherently, we introduce the Jacobi coordinates of n particles and then combine their 3(n-1) coordinates into the one spherical coordinate in D=3(n-1) dimensions. We parametrize the on-shell T matrix for n scalar particles at low energy using the unitarity constraint of the S matrix. We then express asymptotic behaviors of the NBS wave function for n particles at low energy in terms of parameters of the T matrix and show that the NBS wave function carries information of the T matrix such as phase shifts and mixing angles of the n-particle system in its own asymptotic behavior, so that the NBS wave function can be considered as the scattering wave of n particles in quantum mechanics. This property is one of the essential ingredients of the HAL QCD scheme to define “potential” from the NBS wave function in quantum field theories such as QCD. Our results, together with an extension to systems with spin 1/2 particles, justify the HAL QCD’s definition of potentials for three or more nucleons (or baryons) in terms of the NBS wave functions.

Finding the Area of a Circle: Didactic Explanations in School Mathematics

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stacey, Kaye; Vincent, Jill

2009-01-01

Learning about the area formulas provides many opportunities for students even at the beginning of junior secondary school to experience mathematical deduction. For example, in easy cases, students can put two triangles together to make a rectangle, and so deduce that the area of a triangle is half the area of a corresponding rectangle. They can…

Affine Contractions on the Plane

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Celik, D.; Ozdemir, Y.; Ureyen, M.

2007-01-01

Contractions play a considerable role in the theory of fractals. However, it is not easy to find contractions which are not similitudes. In this study, it is shown by counter examples that an affine transformation of the plane carrying a given triangle onto another triangle may not be a contraction even if it contracts edges, heights or medians.…

On Teaching Extrema Triangle Problems Using Dynamic Investigation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Oxman, Victor; Stupel, Moshe; Segal, Ruti

2017-01-01

An important and interesting area in the study of triangle geometry is the related issue of extrema problems and inequalities. These problems play a significant role in the mathematics study program in high school. In tasks such as these, the difficulty level is high when one does not know in advance what the expected answer is. When one knows…

Cactus: The Centres of a Triangle

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hyde, Hartley

2009-01-01

This is the first of two articles which describe how to use "JavaSketchPad" to explore the centres of a triangle. This introductory exercise is suggested in the GSP "Workshop Guide". Students can use "JavaSketchPad Interactive Geometry" (JSP) at home at no cost. They are likely to impress their parents with their enthusiasm for geometry and all…

Two Aspects of Young Children's Thinking about Different Types of Dynamic Triangles: Prototypicality and Inclusion

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kaur, Harpreet

2015-01-01

This paper illustrates how young children (ages 7-8, grade 2/3) can use the potential of dynamic geometry environments to develop an understanding of, and reasoning about, the properties and behaviours of different triangles (scalene, isosceles, equilateral). It provides a detailed description of a geometry unit, during which children worked both…

The Efficacy of Police Interventions towards Resolution of Conflicts within the Illemi Triangle

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mele, Joseph; Okoth, Pontian; Were, Edmond; Vundi, Silvia

2016-01-01

Intervention of security agencies is considered key to lasting peace. This is especially crucial to attaining peace in communities where socio-cultural beliefs advocate for revenge. The study sought to examine the efficacy of police interventions towards resolution of conflicts within the Illemi Triangle. The study adopted neo-realism and conflict…

76 FR 54762 - Golden Triangle Storage, Inc.; Notice of Intent To Prepare an Environmental Assessment for the...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-02

... Triangle Storage Expansion Project and Request for Comments On Environmental Issues The staff of the... focus the analysis in the EA on the important environmental issues. By this notice, the Commission... environmental issues to formally cooperate with us in the preparation of the EA. These agencies may choose to...

ON-ROAD REMOTE SENSING OF AUTOMOBILE EMISSIONS IN THE RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA AREA: 1997-2001

EPA Science Inventory

The report describes automobile exhaust remote sensing data collected by EPA at a number of sites in the Research Triangle Park, NC area during 1997. Data were also collected at one site in Raleigh, NC from 1998 through 2001 for the Coordinating Research Council (CRC) study of re...

Preservice and Novice Teachers' Knowledge on Preformal Proofs: Triangle Postulate as an Example

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Leung, Kui Chiu Issic; Lee, Chun Yeung

2017-01-01

By considering the example of proving the triangle postulate, this study aimed to explore Hong Kong preservice and novice teachers' knowledge competencies and their beliefs about preformal and formal proofs. The findings revealed that such teachers are not proficient in using preformal proofs and do not realize that preformal proofs are a useful…

Recombination of the steering vector of the triangle grid array in quaternions and the reduction of the MUSIC algorithm

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bai, Chen; Han, Dongjuan

2018-04-01

MUSIC is widely used on DOA estimation. Triangle grid is a common kind of the arrangement of array, but it is more complicated than rectangular array in calculation of steering vector. In this paper, the quaternions algorithm can reduce dimension of vector and make the calculation easier.

78 FR 24197 - Product Cancellation Order for Certain Pesticide Registrations

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-04-24

...; NY050002; OH030003). IN 46268-1054. 66330 Arysta Life Science North America, LLC, 15401 Weston Parkway... (ME090004) Bayer CropScience LP, 2 T.W. Alexander Dr., P.O. Box 12014, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. 432 Bayer Environmental Science, 2 T.W. Alexander Dr., P.O. Box 12014, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. 675...

TISSUE CONCENTRATION OF PCBS IN ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS AS COMPARED WITH THOSE IN HUMANS WITH BACKGROUND-LEVEL EXPOSURE

EPA Science Inventory

TISSUE CONCENTRATION OF PCBS IN ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS AS COMPARED WITH THOSE IN HUMANS WITH BACKGROUND-LEVEL EXPOSURE. M J DeVito1 and M P Longnecker2. 1NHEERL, ORD, USEPA; Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; 2Epidemiology
Branch, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.

To ...

Tributes beyond Words: Art Educators' Use of Textiles to Memorialize the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mercurio, Mia Lynn; Randall, Régine

2016-01-01

Through the study of The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, pre-service art teachers learn the about interdisciplinary design and the importance of using discipline-specific literacy strategies alongside the materials and methods of their craft. The creativity and enthusiasm with which these preservice teachers approached the work convinced us that…

THE RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK PARTICULATE MATTER PANEL STUDY: MODELING AMBIENT SOURCE CONTRIBUTION TO PERSONAL AND RESIDENTIAL PM MASS CONCENTRATIONS

EPA Science Inventory

The Research Triangle Park (RTP) Particulate Matter (PM) Panel Study represented a one-year investigation of personal, residential and ambient PM mass concentrations across distances as large as 70 km in central North Carolina. One of the primary goals of this effort was to est...

The Influence of Rule Structure and Problem Composition on Conceptual Learning Among Rural Hawaiian Children. Technical Report #75.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ciborowski, Tom; Price-Williams, D.

The conceptual and problem solving skills of Hawaiian rural elementary school students in the Kamehameha Early Education Program were investigated by comparing the logical connecting rules of conjunction (red and triangle) to inclusive disjunction (red and/or triangle) with respect to Traditional problems (selection of attributes from 2 different…

78 FR 14366 - Triangle Capital Corporation; Notice of Application

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-05

... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Investment Company Act Release No. 30410; 812-14077] Triangle... Company Act of 1940 (the ``Act'') for exemptions from sections 23(a), 23(b) and 63 of the Act, and under sections 57(a)(4) and 57(i) of the Act and rule 17d-1 under the Act authorizing certain joint transactions...

40 CFR Appendix C to Part 50 - Measurement Principle and Calibration Procedure for the Measurement of Carbon Monoxide in the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... through a cell containing the gas sample to be analyzed, and the quantitative absorption of energy by CO.... Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711..., Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory (MD-77), Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, January 1981. 50-732.eps...