28 CFR 77.5 - No private remedies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... procedural, enforceable at law by a party to litigation with the United States, including criminal defendants, targets or subjects of criminal investigations, witnesses in criminal or civil cases (including civil law enforcement proceedings), or plaintiffs or defendants in civil investigations or litigation; or any other...

28 CFR 77.5 - No private remedies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... procedural, enforceable at law by a party to litigation with the United States, including criminal defendants, targets or subjects of criminal investigations, witnesses in criminal or civil cases (including civil law enforcement proceedings), or plaintiffs or defendants in civil investigations or litigation; or any other...

28 CFR 77.5 - No private remedies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... procedural, enforceable at law by a party to litigation with the United States, including criminal defendants, targets or subjects of criminal investigations, witnesses in criminal or civil cases (including civil law enforcement proceedings), or plaintiffs or defendants in civil investigations or litigation; or any other...

A Profile of Criminal Incidents at School: Results from the 2003-05 National Crime Victimization Survey Crime Incident Report NCES 2010-318

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ruddy, Sally A.; Bauer, Lynn; Neiman, Samantha

2010-01-01

This report provides estimates of criminal incidents that occur at school. Incident-level data were obtained from the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), the nation's primary source of information on criminal victimization and criminal incidents in the United States. The NCVS collects demographic information on respondents in the NCVS…

Criminal Justice in America. Third Edition.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hayes, Bill, Ed.

This book, a comprehensive and interactive introductory text on criminal justice, consists of six units: (1) Crime: covers victims' rights, gangs, violent crime, white-collar crime, elements of crimes, legal defenses, methods for measuring crime, hate crime, computer crime, and a history of crime in the United States; (2) Police: explores local…

75 FR 41279 - Sentencing Guidelines for United States Courts

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-07-15

... UNITED STATES SENTENCING COMMISSION Sentencing Guidelines for United States Courts AGENCY: United... Commission submitted to the Congress amendments to the sentencing guidelines and official commentary, which... calculation of the criminal history score, has the effect of lowering guideline ranges. The Commission...

Jamaica: Background and U.S. Relations

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-07-09

8 Criminal Deportees ...that it would fast-track several anti-crime and anti-gang measures. Criminal Deportees The deportation of Caribbean citizens from the United States at...times has been a thorny issue in U.S. relations with the region, with challenges centered on criminal deportees and social stigma faced by the

77 FR 42617 - Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect To Significant Transnational Criminal...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-19

...--Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Significant Transnational Criminal Organizations #0; #0..., 2012 Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect To Significant Transnational Criminal... threat to the national security, foreign policy, and economy of the United States constituted by the...

The Criminal Justice Experience of African American Cocaine Users in Arkansas.

PubMed

Zaller, Nickolas; Cheney, Ann M; Curran, Geoffrey M; Booth, Brenda M; Borders, Tyrone F

2016-10-14

African Americans are incarcerated at rates much higher than other racial and ethnic groups in the United States. We sought to qualitatively explore the relationships between ongoing involvement in the criminal justice system and continued drug use in a population of urban and rural African American cocaine users in a southern state. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted among African American cocaine users in Arkansas between 2010 and 2012. Participants resided in both rural (two counties located in the eastern Arkansas Mississippi delta region) and urban (the county including the capital city of Little Rock) areas. Numerous important themes emerged from participants' narratives, including chronic involvement with the criminal justice system (being a "career criminal"), continued access to drugs while incarcerated, relapse, and reincarceration and lack of access to effective drug treatment. Conclusion/Importance: The themes which emerged from our data speak to the collective experience that many substance using populations in the United States face in dealing with the criminal justice system. Our findings highlight the need to better, more holistic ways of engaging African American substance users in community based substance use treatment and supportive services.

A New Technique for Mitigating Risk on US College Campuses

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hughes, Stephanie; White, Rebecca J.; Hertz, Giles

2008-01-01

High-profile criminal acts continue to plague United States (US) college campuses despite recent efforts to implement more aggressive risk mitigation practices, such as criminal background checks. Despite these efforts, incidents such as the most recent shootings at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University continue to demonstrate that,…

5 CFR 733.102 - Exclusion of employees in the Criminal Division of the United States Department of Justice.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Exclusion of employees in the Criminal... OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT (CONTINUED) CIVIL SERVICE REGULATIONS (CONTINUED) POLITICAL ACTIVITY-FEDERAL EMPLOYEES RESIDING IN DESIGNATED LOCALITIES § 733.102 Exclusion of employees in the Criminal...

75 FR 62568 - Meeting of the Compact Council for the National Crime Prevention and Privacy Compact

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-10-12

... exchange of criminal history records for licensing, employment, and similar purposes. The Compact also... records. The United States Attorney General appointed 15 persons from state and federal agencies to serve...-2868. Dated: August 11, 2010. Kimberly J. Del Greco, Section Chief, Biometric Services Section Criminal...

To What Extent Is Criminal Justice Content Specifically Addressed in MSW Programs?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Epperson, Matthew W.; Roberts, Leslie E.; Ivanoff, Andre; Tripodi, Stephen J.; Gilmer, Christy N.

2013-01-01

This study examined the extent to which criminal justice content is addressed in all CSWE-accredited MSW programs in the United States ("N"?=?192). Criminal justice content was measured in three areas: (1) dual or joint degree programs, (2) concentrations or specializations, and (3) coursework. Excluding social work and law classes, 22%…

77 FR 64548 - Solicitation of Comments on Request for United States Assumption of Concurrent Federal Criminal...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-10-22

... Assumption of Concurrent Federal Criminal Jurisdiction; Hoopa Valley Tribe AGENCY: Office of Tribal Justice... Tribal Justice, Department of Justice by the Hoopa Valley Tribe pursuant to the provisions of 28 CFR 50... concurrent federal criminal jurisdiction submitted by the Hoopa Valley Tribe is also available at the http...

An Examination of Criminal Behavior among the Homeless.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Solarz, Andrea

Homelessness is a significant social problem in the United States, with an estimated 2.5 million homeless people in this country today. While criminal activity may become a means for the homeless to obtain resources needed for basic survival, little is known about the level of criminal activity among the homeless or about the types of crimnal…

77 FR 24222 - Solicitation of Comments on Request for United States Assumption of Concurrent Federal Criminal...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-23

... Assumption of Concurrent Federal Criminal Jurisdiction; White Earth Nation AGENCY: Office of Tribal Justice... Tribal Justice, Department of Justice by the White Earth Nation pursuant to the provisions of 28 CFR 50... criminal jurisdiction submitted by the White Earth Nation is also available at the http://www.regulations...

31 CFR Appendix A to Part 590 - Executive Order 13581 of July 24, 2011

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including the International... United States of America, find that the activities of significant transnational criminal organizations... property and interests in property that are in the United States, that hereafter come within the United...

31 CFR Appendix A to Part 590 - Executive Order 13581 of July 24, 2011

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including the International... United States of America, find that the activities of significant transnational criminal organizations... property and interests in property that are in the United States, that hereafter come within the United...

31 CFR Appendix A to Part 590 - Executive Order 13581 of July 24, 2011

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including the International... United States of America, find that the activities of significant transnational criminal organizations... property and interests in property that are in the United States, that hereafter come within the United...

22 CFR 40.22 - Multiple criminal convictions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... United States, by the former High Commissioner for Germany acting pursuant to Executive Order 10062, or by the United States Ambassador to the Federal Republic of Germany acting pursuant to Executive Order...

22 CFR 40.22 - Multiple criminal convictions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... United States, by the former High Commissioner for Germany acting pursuant to Executive Order 10062, or by the United States Ambassador to the Federal Republic of Germany acting pursuant to Executive Order...

22 CFR 40.22 - Multiple criminal convictions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... United States, by the former High Commissioner for Germany acting pursuant to Executive Order 10062, or by the United States Ambassador to the Federal Republic of Germany acting pursuant to Executive Order...

22 CFR 40.22 - Multiple criminal convictions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... United States, by the former High Commissioner for Germany acting pursuant to Executive Order 10062, or by the United States Ambassador to the Federal Republic of Germany acting pursuant to Executive Order...

32 CFR Appendix B to Part 150 - Format for Assignment of Errors and Brief on Behalf of Accused (§ 150.15)

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE REGULATIONS PERTAINING TO MILITARY JUSTICE COURTS OF CRIMINAL APPEALS RULES... Brief on Behalf of Accused (§ 150.15) In the United States ______ 2 Court of Criminal Appeals United... Accused Case No. ____ Tried at (location), on (date(s)) before a (type of court-martial) appointed by...

Gangs in Central America

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-10-17

livelihood, and protection. Societal Stigmas. Societal stigmas against gangs and gang- deportees from the United States have made the process of leaving...Ex-gang members report that employers are often unwilling to hire them. Tattooed former gang members, especially returning deportees from the United...American countries, with the exception of Panama, have a lower percentage of criminal deportees than the regional average. For example, criminal

Critical Issues in Crime Control Policy.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Flynn, Edith Elisabeth, Ed.

1983-01-01

Entire issue discusses crime control policy in the United States, including such issues as the relation of social and environmental variables to criminal activity, dealing with the career offender, biological correlates of criminal behavior, juvenile delinquency, and white collar crime. (CS)

Sex offender risk assessment: the need to place recidivism research in the context of attrition in the criminal justice system.

PubMed

Larcombe, Wendy

2012-04-01

Jurisdictions in the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia now have laws that enable preventive detention of post-sentence sex offenders based on an assessment of the offender's likely recidivism. Measures of recidivism, or risk assessments, rely on the criminal justice process to produce the "pool" of sex offenders studied. This article argues that recidivism research needs to be placed in the context of attrition studies that document the disproportionate and patterned attrition of sexual offenses and sexual offenders from the criminal justice process. Understanding the common biases that affect criminal prosecution of sex offenses would improve sexual violence prevention policies.

The Threat of Convergence of Terror Groups with Transnational Criminal Organizations in Order to Utilize Existing Smuggling Routes and Techniques to Aid in the Covert Entry of Operatives into the United States

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-06-12

money laundering operations that support criminal and terrorist organizations. Transnational organizations transcend the borders and operate globally...Modlin Thesis Title: The Threat of Convergence of Terror Groups with Transnational Criminal Organizations in Order to Utilize Existing Smuggling

38 CFR 1.205 - Notification to the Attorney General or United States Attorney's Office.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Attorney General or United States Attorney's Office. 1.205 Section 1.205 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS GENERAL PROVISIONS Referrals of Information Regarding Criminal Violations § 1.205 Notification to the Attorney General or United States Attorney's Office. VA police and/or...

8 CFR 235.7 - Automated inspection services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... persons and vehicles which can use a DCL is limited numerically by the technology of the system. For this... United States and documentation so evidencing, criminal history and/or evidence of criminality, purpose of travel, employment, residency, prior immigration history, possession of current driver's license...

Managing crime through migration law in Australia and the United States: a comparative analysis.

PubMed

Hoang, Khanh; Reich, Sudrishti

2017-01-01

This article examines the intertwining of migration law and criminal law - termed 'crimmigration' by scholars - in Australia and the United States of America, and its implications for non-citizens who engage in criminal conduct. Our comparison of the two systems demonstrates that the laws and policies in both jurisdictions are similar to a significant degree. Both have strong exclusionary policies characterised by sweeping visa cancellation/removal powers, a heavy focus on enforcement, and limited review rights. In Australia, legislative amendments in 2014 have given the executive greater powers to cancel visas and remove non-citizens on character grounds as a means of ensuring national security and public safety. This has coincided with a new law enforcement body created within the Australian Department of Immigration. These changes reflect a repurposing of migration law as a tool for managing criminal threats based on the concept of 'risk management'. Drawing on the experience of the United States - where such a 'risk management' approach is entrenched - we query the utility of this shift and highlight the potential pitfalls of pursuing such a policy for Australia.

Prevalence and public health implications of state laws that criminalize potential HIV exposure in the United States.

PubMed

Lehman, J Stan; Carr, Meredith H; Nichol, Allison J; Ruisanchez, Alberto; Knight, David W; Langford, Anne E; Gray, Simone C; Mermin, Jonathan H

2014-06-01

For the past three decades, legislative approaches to prevent HIV transmission have been used at the national, state, and local levels. One punitive legislative approach has been enactment of laws that criminalize behaviors associated with HIV exposure (HIV-specific criminal laws). In the USA, HIV-specific criminal laws have largely been shaped by state laws. These laws impose criminal penalties on persons who know they have HIV and subsequently engage in certain behaviors, most commonly sexual activity without prior disclosure of HIV-positive serostatus. These laws have been subject to intense public debate. Using public health law research methods, data from the legal database WestlawNext© were analyzed to describe the prevalence and characteristics of laws that criminalize potential HIV exposure in the 50 states (plus the District of Columbia) and to examine the implications of these laws for public health practice. The first state laws were enacted in 1986; as of 2011 a total of 67 laws had been enacted in 33 states. By 1995, nearly two-thirds of all laws had been enacted; by 2000, 85 % of laws had been enacted; and since 2000, an additional 10 laws have been enacted. Twenty-four states require persons who are aware that they have HIV to disclose their status to sexual partners and 14 states require disclosure to needle-sharing partners. Twenty-five states criminalize one or more behaviors that pose a low or negligible risk for HIV transmission. Nearly two-thirds of states in the USA have legislation that criminalizes potential HIV exposure. Many of these laws criminalize behaviors that pose low or negligible risk for HIV transmission. The majority of laws were passed before studies showed that antiretroviral therapy (ART) reduces HIV transmission risk and most laws do not account for HIV prevention measures that reduce transmission risk, such as condom use, ART, or pre-exposure prophylaxis. States with HIV-specific criminal laws are encouraged to use the findings of this paper to re-examine those laws, assess the laws' alignment with current evidence regarding HIV transmission risk, and consider whether the laws are the best vehicle to achieve their intended purposes.

The Distinction between Civil and Criminal Law: A Lesson Plan for High School Law-Related Educators To Support "Understanding the Federal Courts."

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Administrative Office of the United States Courts, Washington, DC.

The O. J. Simpson trials taught much of the United States a basic lesson in the difference between criminal law and civil law. Many students learn in their government classes that a person cannot be tried twice for the same crime. A person found innocent in a criminal trial, however, can be sued under civil law procedures for damages. It is…

The Criminal Justice Experience of African American Cocaine Users in Arkansas

PubMed Central

Zaller, Nickolas; Cheney, Ann M.; Curran, Geoffrey M.; Booth, Brenda M.; Borders, Tyrone F.

2018-01-01

Background African Americans are incarcerated at rates much higher than other racial and ethnic groups in the United States. Objectives We sought to qualitatively explore the relationships between ongoing involvement in the criminal justice system and continued drug use in a population of urban and rural African American cocaine users in a southern state. Methods Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted among African American cocaine users in Arkansas between 2010 and 2012. Participants resided in both rural (two counties located in the eastern Arkansas Mississippi delta region) and urban (the county including the capital city of Little Rock) areas. Results Numerous important themes emerged from participants’ narratives, including chronic involvement with the criminal justice system (being a “career criminal”), continued access to drugs while incarcerated, relapse, and reincarceration and lack of access to effective drug treatment. Conclusion/Importance The themes which emerged from our data speak to the collective experience that many substance using populations in the United States face in dealing with the criminal justice system. Our findings highlight the need to better, more holistic ways of engaging African American substance users in community based substance use treatment and supportive services. PMID:27486889

United States Counterterrorism Strategy In the Trans-Sahara and the Rise of Salafi-Jihadism In the Sahel

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-09-01

157 “ Anti - Money Laundering /Counter Terrorist Financing ,” United States Department of State, May 10, 2015, http://www.state.gov/j/inl/c/crime...20the%20US%20Homeland.pdf. United States Department of State. “ Anti - Money Laundering /Counter Terrorist Financing ,” May 10, 2015. http://www.state.gov...state security, transnational criminal activity, and extremist financing demands regional collaboration, requiring these states to look past their

Assessing the Relationship between Marijuana Availability and Marijuana Use: A Legal and Sociological Comparison between the United States and the Netherlands

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Yacoubian, George S., Jr.

2007-01-01

The United States and the Netherlands have antithetical marijuana control policies. The United States' laws criminalize the possession of even small amounts of marijuana, while the Netherlands have maintained, over the past several decades, two relatively liberal marijuana policies implemented during the 1970s and 1980s. According to the…

Involvement in the US criminal justice system and cost implications for persons treated for schizophrenia.

PubMed

Ascher-Svanum, Haya; Nyhuis, Allen W; Faries, Douglas E; Ball, Daniel E; Kinon, Bruce J

2010-01-28

Individuals with schizophrenia may have a higher risk of encounters with the criminal justice system than the general population, but there are limited data on such encounters and their attendant costs. This study assessed the prevalence of encounters with the criminal justice system, encounter types, and the estimated cost attributable to these encounters in the one-year treatment of persons with schizophrenia. This post-hoc analysis used data from a prospective one-year cost-effectiveness study of persons treated with antipsychotics for schizophrenia and related disorders in the United States. Criminal justice system involvement was assessed using the Schizophrenia Patients Outcome Research Team (PORT) client survey and the victimization subscale of the Lehman Quality of Life Interview (QOLI). Direct cost of criminal justice system involvement was estimated using previously reported costs per type of encounter. Patients with and without involvement were compared on baseline characteristics and direct annual health care and criminal justice system-related costs. Overall, 278 (46%) of 609 participants reported at least 1 criminal justice system encounter. They were more likely to be substance users and less adherent to antipsychotics compared to participants without involvement. The 2 most prevalent types of encounters were being a victim of a crime (67%) and being on parole or probation (26%). The mean annual per-patient cost of involvement was $1,429, translating to 6% of total annual direct health care costs for those with involvement (11% when excluding crime victims). Criminal justice system involvement appears to be prevalent and costly for persons treated for schizophrenia in the United States. Findings highlight the need to better understand the interface between the mental health and the criminal justice systems and the related costs, in personal, societal, and economic terms.

75 FR 9238 - Privacy Act of 1974; Department of Homeland Security United States Immigration Customs and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-01

... place of birth; passport and other travel document information; nationality; aliases; Alien Registration... date and time of a successful collection and confirmation from the FBI that the sample was able to be... alleged violations of criminal or immigration law (location, date, time, event category, types of criminal...

Coercion for Hire: A Theory of Indirect Coercion

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-06-01

Studies, 2006). 177 Hamzeh, In the Path of Hizbullah, 63. 178 Hezbollah: Financing Terror through Criminal Enterprise. Homeland Security and...1992. 102 Hezbollah: Financing Terror through Criminal Enterprise. Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, United States Senate sess., May 25...NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited COERCION FOR HIRE

Pedagogies of Resiliency and Hope in Response to the Criminalization of Latin@ Students

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Acosta, Curtis

2013-01-01

Over the last two decades, the criminalization and demonization of Chican@/Latin@ youth has produced policies in the United States that have banned bilingual education, Mexican American Studies in Tucson, and undocumented students in Georgia from attending public universities. Furthermore, hundreds and thousands of youth in the U.S. are…

Drug offence sentencing practices in the United States of America.

PubMed

Weissman, J C

1984-01-01

The United States criminal justice system, in response to a variety of risks, makes available a range of options to help control drug offenders. Pre-arrest diversion, pre-trial diversion, pre-trial release, probation, split sentencing, warn release, incarceration and parole release are alternative dispositions involving a graduated scale of punishment, incarceration, specific deterrence and rehabilitation. New drug offence sentencing policies are emerging within the criminal justice system. Traditional values of rehabilitation are currently less favoured and contemporary doctrines advocate sentencing based on principles of uniformity and retribution. Drug law sentencing practices are a principal concern of this article and the major policy themes are systematically reviewed. Diversion, criminal responsibility, selective incapacitation, trafficking, and cocaine abuse are examined. Guidelines for policy development are recommended and the analysis covers the related concepts of sentencing ideology, decriminalization, and determinate sentencing models. Specific recommendations are offered for revision of drug offence sentencing policies to incorporate the emerging penal values.

Civil Rights Questions: Where Race, Economics, and Criminal Justice Intersect.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dutton, Marghi

This curriculum unit on civil rights questions in the United States was developed as a history-social science project at San Jose State University. The unit is intended for high school students and needs one or two class periods to complete. It provides the teacher with a rationale, a framework, history-social science standards, student outcomes,…

Cybersecurity Roadmap for the United States

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-04-01

economic, political, and military world. This unprecedented capability to connect a globalized world carries significant risk and opportunity for cyber ... criminals , spies, and state or non-state adversaries to exploit cybersecurity weaknesses for their own gain.

28 CFR 33.11 - Units of local government.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Units of local government. 33.11 Section... Criminal Justice Block Grants Eligible Applicants § 33.11 Units of local government. (a) Units of local government are eligible to receive subgrants from a participating state. Unit of local government means any...

28 CFR 33.11 - Units of local government.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Units of local government. 33.11 Section... Criminal Justice Block Grants Eligible Applicants § 33.11 Units of local government. (a) Units of local government are eligible to receive subgrants from a participating state. Unit of local government means any...

28 CFR 33.11 - Units of local government.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Units of local government. 33.11 Section... Criminal Justice Block Grants Eligible Applicants § 33.11 Units of local government. (a) Units of local government are eligible to receive subgrants from a participating state. Unit of local government means any...

28 CFR 33.11 - Units of local government.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Units of local government. 33.11 Section... Criminal Justice Block Grants Eligible Applicants § 33.11 Units of local government. (a) Units of local government are eligible to receive subgrants from a participating state. Unit of local government means any...

22 CFR 308.4 - Disclosure of records.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... record for statistical research provided that such record is transmitted in a form which is not... will be used only for statistical purposes. (f) To the National Archives of the United States as a... governmental jurisdiction within the control of the United States for civil or criminal law enforcement...

77 FR 24517 - Solicitation of Comments on Request for United States Assumption of Concurrent Federal Criminal...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-24

... Assumption of Concurrent Federal Criminal Jurisdiction; Hoopa Valley Tribe AGENCY: Office of Tribal Justice... Tribal Justice, Department of Justice by the Hoopa Valley Tribe pursuant to the provisions of 28 CFR 50... submitted by the Hoopa Valley Tribe is also available at the http://www.regulations.gov Web site for easy...

77 FR 3239 - U.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces Proposed Rules Changes

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-01-23

... name and docket number for this Federal Register document. The general policy for comments and other... involving a decision by a Court of Criminal Appeals on appeal by the United States under Article 62, UCMJ... 30 days after the date of the decision of the Court of Criminal Appeals. (2) Extraordinary relief...

Anti-Imperialism during the Philippine-American War: Protesting "Criminal Aggression" and "Benevolent Assimilation"

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Murphy, Erin Leigh

2009-01-01

At the conclusion of the Spanish-American War of 1898, the United States purchased the Philippines from Spain in the Treaty of Paris. For over a decade beginning in early 1899, the United States waged a brutal war to suppress Filipinos seeking an end to colonial rule. My dissertation investigates the anti-imperialist movement in the United States…

Forensic Psychiatry, A Brief Introduction.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-01-01

Historical Note, 26 S. C. L. Rev. 81 (1974). The XYY Syndrome : A Challenge to Our System of Criminal Responsibility, 16 N. Y. Law Forum 232 (1970). Zi:;kin...preclude convictions for specific intent offenses, but it will not absolve one of criminal responsibility where the crime requires no specific intent or...other state of mind. Nor is alcoholic induced amnesia a defense to a crime . United States v. Riege, 5 n.J. 938 (N.C.M.R. 1978), petition denied, 6 M.J

Partners or Partners in Crime? The Relationship Between Criminal Associates and Criminogenic Thinking.

PubMed

Whited, William H; Wagar, Laura; Mandracchia, Jon T; Morgan, Robert D

2017-04-01

Meta-analyses examining the risk factors for recidivism have identified the importance of ties with criminal associates as well as thoughts and attitudes conducive to the continuance of criminal behavior (e.g., criminogenic thinking). Criminologists have theorized that a direct relationship exists between the association with criminal peers and the development of criminogenic thinking. The present study empirically explored the relationship between criminal associates and criminogenic thinking in 595 adult male inmates in the United States. It was hypothesized that the proportion of free time spent with and number of criminal associates would be associated with criminogenic thinking, as measured by two self-report instruments, the Measure of Offender Thinking Styles-Revised (MOTS-R) and the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS). Hierarchal linear regression analyses demonstrated that the proportion of free time spent with criminal associates statistically predicted criminogenic thinking when controlling for demographic variables. The implications of these findings on correctional practice (including assessment and intervention) as well as future research are discussed.

An evolving problem: methamphetamine production and trafficking in the United States.

PubMed

Shukla, Rashi K; Crump, Jordan L; Chrisco, Emelia S

2012-11-01

Methamphetamine is a serious illicit drug problem in the United States and globally. For decades, methamphetamine has been supplied to the illicit market through local clandestine manufacturing and trafficking. In the early stages, illicit methamphetamine was produced and trafficked by motorcycle gangs and Mexican criminal groups. Over time, local clandestine manufacturing increasingly contributed to the illicit supply and broader methamphetamine problem. This review examines the evolution of the illicit methamphetamine supply in the U.S. A review of the literature on methamphetamine production and trafficking was conducted. Information was obtained from numerous sources including governmental reports, books and academic articles. Attempts to control the supply of methamphetamine have only led to short term disruptions in availability. Clandestine manufacturing and trafficking have undergone significant changes over the past several decades. Shifts in local production have regularly been counterbalanced by changes in production and trafficking from criminal organizations in Mexico. Transnational criminal organizations now control much of the methamphetamine supply in the U.S. and methamphetamine remains widely available. The supply of methamphetamine in the United States is dynamic. Producers and traffickers have adapted to control efforts and the problem continues. Control efforts focused on eliminating supply are limited at best. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Infectious Diseases and the Criminal Justice System.

PubMed

Nijhawan, Ank E

2016-10-01

The United States leads the world in incarceration, which disproportionately affects disadvantaged individuals, including those who are mentally ill, poor, homeless and racial minorities. Incarceration is disruptive to families and communities and contributes to health disparities in sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The objective of this grand rounds is to review (1) the epidemiology of incarceration in the United States, (2) the social factors which contribute to high rates of STIs in incarcerated individuals and (3) the HIV care cascade in incarcerated and recently released individuals. Routine screening and treatment for STIs and HIV in the criminal justice system can identify many new infections and has the potential to both improve individual outcomes and reduce transmission to others. Increased collaboration between the department of health and department of corrections, as well as partnerships between academic institutions and the criminal justice system, have the potential to improve outcomes in this vulnerable population. Copyright © 2016 Southern Society for Clinical Investigation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

78 FR 263 - Safety Zones; TEMCO Grain Facilities; Columbia and Willamette Rivers

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-03

...'01'' W. In essence, these boundaries extend from the shoreline of the facility 150 yards onto the...'' N/122-40'28'' W. In essence, these boundaries extend from the shoreline of the facility 150 yards... criminal laws of the United States. (2) Navigable waters of the United States means those waters defined as...

U.N. Withholds Action on a Report of Human Rights Violations in the United States.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

American Indian Journal, 1979

1979-01-01

A panel of seven international jurists and lawyers has found a pattern of human and legal rights violations against Native Americans and other minorities in the United States. Their three-week investigation focused on political prisoners and discovered abuses of both the activists and the criminal process. (Author/DS)

3 CFR 13581 - Executive Order 13581 of July 24, 2011. Blocking Property of Transnational Criminal Organizations

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... America, including the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.) (IEEPA), the..., BARACK OBAMA, President of the United States of America, find that the activities of significant...: Section 1. (a) All property and interests in property that are in the United States, that hereafter come...

Monoamine oxidase A genotype, childhood adversity, and criminal behavior in an incarcerated sample.

PubMed

Armstrong, Todd A; Boutwell, Brian B; Flores, Shahida; Symonds, Mary; Keller, Shawn; Gangitano, David A

2014-08-01

A number of studies have found a functional variable number tandem repeat polymorphism in the upstream regulatory region of the monoamine oxidase A gene (MAOA-uVNTR) interacts with childhood adversity to increase risk for antisocial behavior. Several studies have also reported null findings. Here, we examine the association between MAOA-uVNTR genotype, childhood adversity, and criminal activity in a sample of 99 male volunteers who were incarcerated in a large city jail in the Southern United States. MAOA-uVNTR genotypes were obtained from DNA extracted from buccal swabs. Criminal activity in the year before incarceration and childhood adversity were measured with self-report surveys. Violent arrest rates and property arrest rates were quantified with official records of arrest and accounted for periods of incarceration in local and state correctional facilities. The low expressing allele of the MAOA-uVNTR genotype (MAOAL) interacted with abuse to predict self-reports of less serious criminal and delinquent behavior and had a direct association with serious criminal activity. MAOAL genotype interacted with parental criminality to predict self-reports of serious criminal behavior, property arrest rates, and violent arrest rates. The findings suggest that crime prevention efforts may be improved through attention to the neurodevelopmental consequence of gene-by-environment interactions.

Criminal law and HIV testing: empirical analysis of how at-risk individuals respond to the law.

PubMed

Lee, Sun Goo

2014-01-01

This Note assesses the effect of laws that specifically criminalize behaviors that expose others to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This Note examines the relationship between HIV testing decisions by high-risk individuals and the existence of these HIV-specific statutes, as well as the amount of media coverage related to them. One of the main reasons public health experts criticize criminalization of HIV-exposing behavior is that it may discourage at-risk individuals from undergoing HIV testing. This argument, however, remains empirically untested to date. This study quantitatively examines whether at-risk individuals living in jurisdictions with HIV-specific statutes are less likely to report having been tested for HIV in the past year compared to those living in jurisdictions without HIV-specific statutes. Regression analysis is conducted using data collected in the United States over a seven-year span. The results show that at-risk individuals residing in states with HIV-specific statutes are no less likely to report having been tested for HIV than those who live in other states. However, the number of people who reported that they had been tested for HIV is inversely correlated with the frequency of newspaper coverage of criminalization of HIV-exposing behavior. These findings imply that at-risk individuals' HIV testing is associated with media coverage of criminalizing HIV-exposing behavior. The negative impact that criminal law has on HIV testing rates could be a serious public health threat. Testing is often the initial step in public health interventions that most effectively modify the risky behavior of HIV-positive individuals. The adverse consequence of criminalization should weigh heavily in the design and application of criminal sanctions for HIV-exposing behavior. In addition, future research should further explore the relationships between criminalization, media coverage of criminalization, and HIV testing decisions for a more nuanced understanding of the consequences of criminalization.

Modern Problems: Sociology Units. An Experimental Program for Grade 12.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Carlson, Marshall; Fennig, Lois

GRADES OR AGES: Grade 12. SUBJECT MATTER: Sociology; modern problems. ORGANIZATION AND PHYSICAL APPEARANCE: The guide contains two units, one on the problems of minority groups and the other on social pathology. Sub-sections of unit 2 include crime and criminals, criminal investigation, gun control, U.S. criminal law, criminal procedure,…

Comparison of criminal activity between Israeli veterans with and without PTSD.

PubMed

Sherman, Shany; Fostick, Leah; Zohar, Joseph

2014-02-01

The literature, based on US Vietnam veterans, suggests that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with increased criminal activity, especially violence, alcohol, and drug abuse, although more recent studies, which tested data from the United States as well as the United Kingdom, suggest a more moderate effect for this relationship. The current study examines Israeli veterans, who differ socioeconomically and have lower rates of substance abuse than veterans in previous studies. In this study, the social security numbers of 2,235 male veterans with PTSD and 2,235 matched control male veterans without a PTSD diagnosis were checked for criminal records in the Israeli Police criminal records database. Severity measures were also obtained for 273 veterans who are currently treated for PTSD by the Ministry of Defense. PTSD diagnosed veterans, as compared to controls, were slightly more likely to have criminal records (43%, n = 957/2235 versus 36%, n = 803/2235, Chi- square = 22.23, P < 0.001, OR = 1.33). This was due to a small difference in "Violence" and "Crimes against public order and legal authority." No difference was found in drugs or any other categories. In addition, criminal activity was not related to symptoms severity. More veterans with PTSD had their first criminal record after the traumatic event. Contrary to previous findings, in this large national cohort, only slight association was found between PTSD and criminal activity. The unique sample of Israeli veterans might account for this difference and suggest that PTSD per se might not be linked to increased criminal activity, violence, or substance abuse. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Student Victimization in U.S. Schools: Results from the 2009 School Crime Supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey. NCES 2012-314

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

DeVoe, Jill Fleury; Bauer, Lynn

2011-01-01

This report provides estimates of student criminal victimization as defined by the 2009 School Crime Supplement (SCS) to the 2009 National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). The NCVS is the nation's primary source of information on criminal victimization and the victims of crime in the United States. The SCS is a supplement to the NCVS that was…

Friending Brandeis: Privacy and Government Surveillance in the Era of Social Media

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-06-01

colonial postmaster, warned patrons of the service: 56 William Blackstone , “Commentaries on the Law of...England,” 1769, http://www.lonang.com/exlibris/ blackstone . 57 Joel P. Bishop, Bishop Commentaries on Criminal Law, 670, 1882. 58 United States Postal...Bishop, Joel P. Bishop Commentaries on Criminal Law. 670, 1882. Blackstone , William. “Commentaries on the Law of England.” 1769. http://www.lonang.com

Beyond the cold hit: measuring the impact of the national DNA data bank on public safety at the city and county level.

PubMed

Gabriel, Matthew; Boland, Cherisse; Holt, Cydne

2010-01-01

Over the past decade, the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) has increased solvability of violent crimes by linking evidence DNA profiles to known offenders. At present, an in-depth analysis of the United States National DNA Data Bank effort has not assessed the success of this national public safety endeavor. Critics of this effort often focus on laboratory and police investigators unable to provide timely investigative support as a root cause(s) of CODIS' failure to increase public safety. By studying a group of nearly 200 DNA cold hits obtained in SFPD criminal investigations from 2001-2006, three key performance metrics (Significance of Cold Hits, Case Progression & Judicial Resolution, and Potential Reduction of Future Criminal Activity) provide a proper context in which to define the impact of CODIS at the City and County level. Further, the analysis of a recidivist group of cold hit offenders and their past interaction with law enforcement established five noteworthy criminal case resolution trends; these trends signify challenges to CODIS in achieving meaningful case resolutions. CODIS' effectiveness and critical activities to support case resolutions are the responsibility of all criminal justice partners in order to achieve long-lasting public safety within the United States.

Commentary: the importance of Medicaid expansion for criminal justice populations in the south.

PubMed

Zaller, Nickolas D; Cloud, David H; Brinkley-Rubinstein, Lauren; Martino, Sarah; Bouvier, Benjamin; Brockmann, Brad

2017-12-01

Though the full implications of a Trump presidency for ongoing health care and criminal justice reform efforts remain uncertain, whatever policy changes are made will be particularly salient for the South, which experiences the highest incarceration rates, highest uninsured rates, and worst health outcomes in the United States. The passage of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in 2010 was a watershed event and many states have taken advantage of opportunities created by the ACA to expand healthcare coverage to their poorest residents, and to develop partnerships between health and justice systems. Yet to date, only four have taken advantage of the benefits of healthcare reform. Expanding Medicaid would provide Southern states with the opportunity to significantly impact health outcomes for criminal justice-involved individuals. In the context of an uncertain policy landscape, we suggest the use of three strategies, focusing on advancing incremental change while safeguarding existing gains, rebranding Medicaid as a local or statewide initiative, and linking Medicaid expansion to criminal justice reform, in order to implement Medicaid expansion across the South.

Gangs in Central America

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-08-02

Societal stigmas against gangs and gang- deportees from the United States have made the process of leaving a gang extremely difficult. A recent...often unwilling to hire them. Tattooed former gang members, especially returning deportees from the United States who are often native English...recipients of deportees on a per capita basis. For all Central American countries, with the exception of Panama, those deported on criminal grounds

Economic costs of nonmedical use of prescription opioids.

PubMed

Hansen, Ryan N; Oster, Gerry; Edelsberg, John; Woody, George E; Sullivan, Sean D

2011-01-01

Although the economic costs of substance misuse have been extensively examined in the published literature, information on the costs of nonmedical use of prescription opioids is much more limited, despite being a significant and rapidly growing problem in the United States. We estimated the current economic burden of nonmedical use of prescription opioids in the United States in terms of direct substance abuse treatment, medical complications, productivity loss, and criminal justice. We distributed our broad cost estimates among the various drugs of misuse, including prescription opioids, down to the individual drug level. In 2006, the estimated total cost in the United States of nonmedical use of prescription opioids was $53.4 billion, of which $42 billion (79%) was attributable to lost productivity, $8.2 billion (15%) to criminal justice costs, $2.2 billion (4%) to drug abuse treatment, and $944 million to medical complications (2%). Five drugs--OxyContin, oxycodone, hydrocodone, propoxyphene, and methadone--accounted for two-thirds of the total economic burden. The economic cost of nonmedical use of prescription opioids in the United States totals more than $50 billion annually; lost productivity and crime account for the vast majority (94%) of these costs.

Criminal enforcement of the Clean Water Act in the coal fields: United States vs. law and beyond

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Scott, P.B.; Bryant, S.B.

Criminal prosecution has become an integral part of federal enforcement of this nation's environmental laws. In fiscal year 1991, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reported record criminal fines. From 1987 to 1991, prison time and criminal fines imposed in cases investigated by EPA more than quadrupled. Many commentators have noted, often with chagrin, the trend toward more frequent criminal prosecution. The reasons for this upsurge are both straightforward and compelling. One is society's recognition that those who illegally despoil our environment for financial gain must be severely punished. The second and more compelling reason for prosecution is themore » dramatic deterrent effect that these cases can have. While civil fines undoubtedly affect corporate behavior, too often they can be dismissed as just another cost of doing business. Law stands for the proposition that a property owner's responsibilities under the Clean Water Act (CWA) are defined by the statute. There are no [open quotes]inherent[close quotes] preconditions to those responsibilities such as original production of the pollutants discharged or absolute knowledge of the discharge before purchase of the property. The important of Law for the CWA is that the statute's terms will be given their full force-even in criminal prosecutions. What does this mean for CWA enforcement in the coal fields Regulators and prosecutors now have the answers to questions that have plagued them for years. First, it is now beyond dispute that surface land owners are liable under the CWA for Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) discharged from point sources on their property. This is so even if the AMD is generated from abandoned sites or from subsurface property or other surface property in which the landowners have no interest.« less

Korean Affairs Report, Number 296.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-07-22

their destinies and no one can bar the Korean people’s basic right to live in a sovereign state, free and reunified. Moroesia Khionbare, delegate of...criminal illicit traffic of embryos between the South Korean puppet authorities and the United States was checked in March 1981, on the borders of France...the South Korean puppet authorities sold women’s embryos to the United States from long ago, Peruvian Radio Santarosa branded the use of embryos in

42 CFR 421.316 - Limitation on Medicare integrity program contractor liability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... services to a MIP contractor is not in violation of any criminal law or civilly liable under any law of the United States or of any State (or political subdivision thereof) by reason of the performance of any duty...

50 CFR 600.1017 - Prohibitions and penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... not limited to: civil penalties, sanctions, forfeitures, and punishment for criminal offenses—and to the full penalties and punishments otherwise provided by any other applicable law of the United States...

50 CFR 600.1017 - Prohibitions and penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... not limited to: civil penalties, sanctions, forfeitures, and punishment for criminal offenses—and to the full penalties and punishments otherwise provided by any other applicable law of the United States...

50 CFR 600.1017 - Prohibitions and penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... not limited to: civil penalties, sanctions, forfeitures, and punishment for criminal offenses—and to the full penalties and punishments otherwise provided by any other applicable law of the United States...

50 CFR 600.1017 - Prohibitions and penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... not limited to: civil penalties, sanctions, forfeitures, and punishment for criminal offenses—and to the full penalties and punishments otherwise provided by any other applicable law of the United States...

50 CFR 600.1017 - Prohibitions and penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... not limited to: civil penalties, sanctions, forfeitures, and punishment for criminal offenses—and to the full penalties and punishments otherwise provided by any other applicable law of the United States...

Address of the Honorable Edwin Meese III, Attorney General of the United States, before the National Conference on Juvenile Justice Reform.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Meese, Edwin, III

Drug law enforcement has become the number one criminal justice priority of the United States Department of Justice and is an area of great concern to those involved in the juvenile justice system. The new philosophy of juvenile justice holds juveniles responsible for their conduct, emphasizing an accountability or justice model which focuses on…

Substance use during pregnancy: time for policy to catch up with research

PubMed Central

Lester, Barry M; Andreozzi, Lynne; Appiah, Lindsey

2004-01-01

The phenomenon of substance abuse during pregnancy has fostered much controversy, specifically regarding treatment vs. punishment. Should the pregnant mother who engages in substance abuse be viewed as a criminal or as someone suffering from an illness requiring appropriate treatment? As it happens, there is a noticeably wide range of responses to this matter in the various states of the United States, ranging from a strictly criminal perspective to one that does emphasize the importance of the mother's treatment. This diversity of dramatically different responses illustrates the failure to establish a uniform policy for the management of this phenomenon. Just as there is lack of consensus among those who favor punishment, the same lack of consensus characterizes those states espousing treatment. Several general policy recommendations are offered here addressing the critical issues. It is hoped that by focusing on these fundamental issues and ultimately detailing statistics, policymakers throughout the United States will consider the course of action that views both pregnant mother and fetus/child as humanely as possible. PMID:15169566

Criminal provisions of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 and their interface with the United States sentencing guidelines. Master's thesis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bowen, W.P.

The growing severity of our societal response to environmental misconduct is reflected, in part, by the criminalization of environmental wrongs by both state and Federal governments. Indeed, the recently enacted Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 continue this trend, giving the Environmental Protection Agency, via the Department of Justice, significant new criminal enforcement tools. The importance attached to law enforcement of environmental laws is a relatively recent phenomenon and took a significant upswing in 1982 when the department of Justice created what is today the Environmental Crimes Section in what is now the Environment and Natural Resources Division, which sectionmore » has grown steadily and now has over 25 attorneys who prosecute or assist in the prosecution of environmental crimes in the U.S.« less

Criminality Among Rural Stimulant Users in the United States

PubMed Central

Leukefeld, Carl; Staton-Tindall, Michele; Duvall, Jamieson; Garrity, Thomas; Stoops, William; Falck, Russel; Wang, Jichuan; Carlson, Robert; Sexton, Rocky; Wright, Patricia; Booth, Brenda

2009-01-01

Despite the increase in media attention on “meth cooking” in rural areas of the United States, little is known about rural stimulant use, particularly the criminality associated with stimulant use. Data were collected from community stimulant users in rural Ohio, Arkansas, and Kentucky (N=709). Findings from three logistic regression models indicate that younger stimulant users (x =32.55, SD = 10.35), those with more convictions, and those who used crack frequently were significantly more likely to have been arrested for committing a substance-related crime, a property crime, or another crime in the 6-months before entering the study. Implications include the need for longitudinal studies to further understand rural stimulant use as well as increasing community and corrections-based drug abuse prevention and treatment interventions for stimulant users who live in rural areas. PMID:21686091

Criminality Among Rural Stimulant Users in the United States.

PubMed

Oser, Carrie; Leukefeld, Carl; Staton-Tindall, Michele; Duvall, Jamieson; Garrity, Thomas; Stoops, William; Falck, Russel; Wang, Jichuan; Carlson, Robert; Sexton, Rocky; Wright, Patricia; Booth, Brenda

2011-07-01

Despite the increase in media attention on "meth cooking" in rural areas of the United States, little is known about rural stimulant use, particularly the criminality associated with stimulant use. Data were collected from community stimulant users in rural Ohio, Arkansas, and Kentucky (N=709). Findings from three logistic regression models indicate that younger stimulant users (x =32.55, SD = 10.35), those with more convictions, and those who used crack frequently were significantly more likely to have been arrested for committing a substance-related crime, a property crime, or another crime in the 6-months before entering the study. Implications include the need for longitudinal studies to further understand rural stimulant use as well as increasing community and corrections-based drug abuse prevention and treatment interventions for stimulant users who live in rural areas.

75 FR 27387 - Sentencing Guidelines for United States Courts

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-05-14

... Practice and Procedure 4.1. William K. Sessions III, Chair. 1. Amendment: Chapter Five, Part A, is amended... scholarly literature, current federal and state practices, and feedback in various forms from federal judges... to prevent further similar criminal conduct, including assessing the compliance and ethics program...

28 CFR 904.3 - State criminal history record screening standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false State criminal history record screening... STATE CRIMINAL HISTORY RECORD SCREENING STANDARDS § 904.3 State criminal history record screening standards. The following record screening standards relate to criminal history record information received...

28 CFR 904.3 - State criminal history record screening standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false State criminal history record screening... STATE CRIMINAL HISTORY RECORD SCREENING STANDARDS § 904.3 State criminal history record screening standards. The following record screening standards relate to criminal history record information received...

28 CFR 904.3 - State criminal history record screening standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false State criminal history record screening... STATE CRIMINAL HISTORY RECORD SCREENING STANDARDS § 904.3 State criminal history record screening standards. The following record screening standards relate to criminal history record information received...

28 CFR 904.3 - State criminal history record screening standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false State criminal history record screening... STATE CRIMINAL HISTORY RECORD SCREENING STANDARDS § 904.3 State criminal history record screening standards. The following record screening standards relate to criminal history record information received...

28 CFR 904.3 - State criminal history record screening standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false State criminal history record screening... STATE CRIMINAL HISTORY RECORD SCREENING STANDARDS § 904.3 State criminal history record screening standards. The following record screening standards relate to criminal history record information received...

17 CFR 146.6 - Disclosure to third parties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... control of the United States for a civil or criminal law enforcement activity if the activity is... political subdivision thereof acting within the scope of its jurisdiction as permitted by section 8(e) of... information may be furnished to a department or agency of any state or political subdivision thereof upon...

Psychological and sociological research and the decriminalization or legalization of prostitution.

PubMed

Rio, L M

1991-04-01

In maintaining criminal prohibitions on prostitution and prostitution-related activity, the United States has ignored the two alternative approaches successfully invoked in many other countries: legalization and decriminalization of prostitution. This article questions the justifications usually advanced in favor of criminal sanctions and against the two alternatives. Studies of prostitutes and their clients, as well as larger societal studies, undercut the arguments against decriminalization and legalization, and reveal that none of the traditional goals of imposing criminal sanctions (punishment, deterrence, and rehabilitation) are furthered by the current prohibition of prostitution. These studies also reveal the advantages offered by a system of decriminalized or legalized prostitution. Further policy arguments for the removal of such sanctions are discussed and legal arguments are offered to attempt to limit the reach of current criminal prostitution laws while the present system remains in effect.

36 CFR 1270.44 - Exceptions to restricted access.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... regulations, and subject to any rights, defenses, or privileges which the United States or any agency or... purposes of any civil or criminal investigation or proceeding; (2) To an incumbent President if the records...

22 CFR 40.22 - Multiple criminal convictions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... years, and who has also been convicted of at least one other such offense or any other offense committed... by the United States Ambassador to the Federal Republic of Germany acting pursuant to Executive Order...

A Profile of Substance Abuse, Gender, Crime, and Drug Policy in the United States and Canada

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Grant, Judith

2009-01-01

The climate of domestic drug policy in the United States as it pertains to both women and men at the beginning of the 21st century is the criminalization mode of regulation--a mode that is based on the model of addiction as a crime and one that is used to prohibit the use of illegal drugs. In Canada, drug policy is based mainly on the harm…

Is it morally permissible for hospital nurses to access prisoner-patients' criminal histories?

PubMed

Neiman, Paul

2016-01-01

In the United States, information about a person's criminal history is accessible with a name and date of birth. Ruth Crampton has studied nurses' care for prisoner-patients in hospital settings and found care to be perfunctory and reactive. This article examines whether it is morally permissible for nurses in hospital settings to access information about prisoner-patients' criminal histories. Nurses may argue for a right to such information based on the right to personal safety at work or the obligation to provide prisoner-patients with the care that they deserve. These two arguments are considered and rejected. It is further argued that accessing information about a prisoner-patient's criminal history violates nurses' duty to care. Care, understood through Sarah Ruddick's account as work and relationship, requires nurses to be open and unbiased in order to do their part in forming a caring relationship with patients. Knowledge of a prisoner-patient's criminal history inhibits the formation of this relationship and thus violates nurses' duty to care.

32 CFR 150.21 - Appeals by the United States.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... TO MILITARY JUSTICE COURTS OF CRIMINAL APPEALS RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE § 150.21 Appeals by.... (d) Time for filing. All procedural Rules of the Court shall apply except as noted in this paragraph...

76 FR 49497 - Privacy Act of 1974; Department of Homeland Security/United States Secret Service-001 Criminal...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-10

... material compiled for law enforcement purposes, including but not limited to, handwriting exemplars; laboratory analyses of inks and papers; handwriting analyses; petitions for the remission of forfeitures...

A Review of Opportunities to Improve the Health of People Involved in the Criminal Justice System in the United States.

PubMed

Freudenberg, Nicholas; Heller, Daliah

2016-01-01

In the past decade, many constituencies have questioned the efficacy, cost, and unintended consequences of mass incarceration in the United States. Although substantial evidence now demonstrates that US incarceration policies have had unintended adverse health consequences, we know less about the strategies and policies that can prevent or reduce these problems for justice-involved individuals and how the criminal justice system (CJS) can contribute to the Healthy People 2020 national goal of eliminating inequities in health. This review examines strategies that have been used to improve the health of people at various stages of CJS involvement, including diversion from jail and prison stays into community settings, improvements to the social and physical environments within correctional facilities, provision of health and other services to inmates, assistance for people leaving correctional facilities to make the transition back to the community, and systems coordination and integration.

The United States’ Rejection of the International Criminal Court: A Strategic Error

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-05-09

30 19b. TELEPHONE NUMBER (include area code ) Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39.18 USAWC PROGRAM RESEARCH PROJECT THE UNITED...aggression is added to the ICC’s jurisdiction. Aggression as a war crime was charged at Nuremburg , and is a long standing concept in international law

Regulation of firearm dealers in the United States: an analysis of state law and opportunities for improvement.

PubMed

Vernick, Jon S; Webster, Daniel W; Bulzacchelli, Maria T; Mair, Julie Samia

2006-01-01

Firearms were associated with 30, 136 deaths in the United States in 2003. Most guns are initially sold to the public through a network of retail dealers. Licensed firearm dealers are an important source of guns for criminals and gun traffickers. Just one percent of licensed dealers were responsible for more than half of all guns traced to crime. Federal law makes it difficult for ATF to inspect and revoke the licenses of problem gun dealers. State licensing systems, however, are a greatly under-explored opportunity for firearm dealer oversight. We identify and categorize these state systems to identify opportunities for interventions to prevent problem dealers from supplying guns to criminals, juveniles, or gun traffickers. Just seventeen states license gun dealers. Twenty-three states permit routine inspections of dealers but only two mandate that those inspections occur on a regular basis. Twenty-six states impose record-keeping requirements for gun sales. Only thirteen states require some form of store security measures to minimize firearm theft. We conclude with recommendations for a comprehensive system of state licensing and oversight of gun dealers. Our findings can be useful for the coalition of more than fifty U.S. mayors that recently announced it would work together to combat illegal gun trafficking.

48 CFR 3.502-2 - Subcontractor kickbacks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

.... 8703(b)). [52 FR 6121, Feb. 27, 1987; 52 FR 9989, Mar. 27, 1987, as amended at 53 FR 34226, Sept. 2... contract price charged by a prime contractor to the United States. (b) Imposes criminal penalties on any...

76 FR 66940 - Privacy Act of 1974; Department of Homeland Security/United States Secret Service-004 Protection...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-28

..., private institutions and persons concerning individuals who, because of their activities, personality traits, criminal or mental history, or history of social deviancy, may be of interest to the USSS in...

4 CFR 200.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... independent regulatory agency; (b) Individual means any citizen of the United States or an alien lawfully..., and therefore responsibility and accountability for, systems of records; (d) Record means any item..., information regarding an individual's education, financial transactions, medical history, and criminal or...

15 CFR 744.14 - Restrictions on exports and reexports to designated Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... section 303 of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act 1996, as amended (Anti-Terrorism Act) (18... designated FTO and makes violations punishable by criminal penalties under title 18, United States Code...

15 CFR 744.14 - Restrictions on exports and reexports to designated Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... section 303 of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act 1996, as amended (Anti-Terrorism Act) (18... designated FTO and makes violations punishable by criminal penalties under title 18, United States Code...

15 CFR 744.14 - Restrictions on exports and reexports to designated Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... section 303 of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act 1996, as amended (Anti-Terrorism Act) (18... designated FTO and makes violations punishable by criminal penalties under title 18, United States Code...

15 CFR 744.14 - Restrictions on exports and reexports to designated Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... section 303 of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act 1996, as amended (Anti-Terrorism Act) (18... designated FTO and makes violations punishable by criminal penalties under title 18, United States Code...

15 CFR 744.14 - Restrictions on exports and reexports to designated Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... section 303 of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act 1996, as amended (Anti-Terrorism Act) (18... designated FTO and makes violations punishable by criminal penalties under title 18, United States Code...

CTC Sentinel. Volume 7, Issue 4, January 2014

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-01-01

of the country’s criminals went to the United States, building networks to traffic marijuana and cocaine for Americans and guns back to their...masterminded the trafficking of tons of marijuana and cocaine over almost two decades until his 2010 arrest.18 A main base of his U.S. operations was...cocaine, marijuana and firearms trafficking but could not directly link him to any murders in the United States. While the streets of New York became

Formulating a strategy for securing high-speed rail in the United States.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2013-03-01

This report presents an analysis of information relating to attacks, attempted attacks, and plots against high-speed rail (HSR) : systems. It draws upon empirical data from MTIs Database of Terrorist and Serious Criminal Attacks Against Public Sur...

Indian Tribes: A Continuing Quest for Survival. A Report of the United States Commission on Civil Rights.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mathews, Bonnie, Ed.

Based on Commission public hearings held in 1977 through 1979 and on research conducted since 1977, this report examines state, federal, and tribal governments' role in major conflicts concerning fishing rights, reservation criminal law enforcement, and Eastern Indian land claims existing between Indian tribes and non-Indians. Chapter 1 discusses…

From third degree to third generation interrogation strategies: putting science into the art of criminal interviewing

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-03-01

research design flaw, “the pretesting process may have affected the ability to correctly classify subjects on the post - test ,” they conclude their results...Value Detainee Interrogation Group (HIG) in response to the highly publicized post -9/11 interrogation tactics the United States used on terrorist...in response to the highly publicized post -9/11 interrogation tactics the United States used on terrorist suspects.13 Part of the group’s mission was

Rate of false conviction of criminal defendants who are sentenced to death

PubMed Central

Gross, Samuel R.; O’Brien, Barbara; Hu, Chen; Kennedy, Edward H.

2014-01-01

The rate of erroneous conviction of innocent criminal defendants is often described as not merely unknown but unknowable. There is no systematic method to determine the accuracy of a criminal conviction; if there were, these errors would not occur in the first place. As a result, very few false convictions are ever discovered, and those that are discovered are not representative of the group as a whole. In the United States, however, a high proportion of false convictions that do come to light and produce exonerations are concentrated among the tiny minority of cases in which defendants are sentenced to death. This makes it possible to use data on death row exonerations to estimate the overall rate of false conviction among death sentences. The high rate of exoneration among death-sentenced defendants appears to be driven by the threat of execution, but most death-sentenced defendants are removed from death row and resentenced to life imprisonment, after which the likelihood of exoneration drops sharply. We use survival analysis to model this effect, and estimate that if all death-sentenced defendants remained under sentence of death indefinitely, at least 4.1% would be exonerated. We conclude that this is a conservative estimate of the proportion of false conviction among death sentences in the United States. PMID:24778209

26 CFR 301.9000-6 - Examples.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... grand jury to investigate further potential criminal tax violations. The United States Department of Justice approves the request and initiates a grand jury investigation. The grand jury indicts the taxpayer... the Federal grand jury investigation. That information is not IRS records or information within the...

77 FR 40630 - Privacy Act of 1974; System of Records

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-10

... the United States against terrorist and foreign intelligence threats and to enforce U.S. criminal laws..., informants, sources, bystanders, law enforcement personnel, intelligence personnel, other responders... intelligence operation; individuals who are identified in open source information or commercial databases, or...

CRIMINAL ABORTION—A Consideration of Ways to Reduce Incidence

PubMed Central

Kummer, Jerome M.; Leavy, Zad

1961-01-01

The problem of criminal abortion in the United States is of enormous magnitude, both in terms of incidence and of resultant morbidity and mortality. Several studies suggest that one of every five pregnancies terminates in criminal abortion, or a total of more than one million abortions for 1960, with a possibility of more than 5,000 deaths resulting therefrom. The inadequate laws regarding therapeutic abortion in most jurisdictions contribute much to the problem. Tracing the origins of these laws provides additional clues concerning the development of this enigma. Suggested answers to the problem include: (1) Broadening and clarifying therapeutic abortion laws to reflect current medical practice, yet provide stringent controls; (2) prevention of unwanted pregnancy through consultation centers for women, encouragement of contraceptive research and education of the public. PMID:13755105

Competence to stand trial evaluations of sovereign citizens: a case series and primer of odd political and legal beliefs.

PubMed

Parker, George F

2014-01-01

Sovereign citizens hold a variety of beliefs that challenge the legitimacy of the United States government and criminal justice system. In criminal cases, sovereign citizens typically raise a variety of seemingly strange objections to the proceedings that can cause court participants to believe the defendant is not competent to stand trial. The author's case files were reviewed to identify all defendants who espoused sovereign citizen beliefs during a court-ordered competence-to-stand-trial evaluation. This case series consisted of nine evaluations completed between 2003 and 2012. A review of the outcomes in these cases showed that sovereign citizens typically have the capacity to understand criminal proceedings and assist an attorney. © 2014 American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law.

Applying inoculation theory to the study of recidivism reduction in criminal prison inmates.

PubMed

Matusitz, Jonathan; Breen, Gerald-Mark

2013-10-01

The purpose of the authors through this study is to establish inoculation theory as a viable method in the prevention or reduction of recidivism in criminal prison inmate populations in the United States. The authors begin with a detailed literature review on inoculation. They also describe, in detail, recidivism in prisons. In doing so, they provide a series of interconnected topics, such as the total number of inmates in U.S. prisons, statistical displays of repeat offenders or subjects of recidivism, and the types of crimes often times repeated by convicted criminals. What comes afterwards is an explication of how inoculation theory can be applied in the context of reducing prisoner recidivism. The authors conclude this study with a discussion section that offers suggestions for future research.

Outliers in American juvenile justice: the need for statutory reform in North Carolina and New York.

PubMed

Tedeschi, Frank; Ford, Elizabeth

2015-05-01

There is a well-established and growing body of evidence from research that adolescents who commit crimes differ in many regards from their adult counterparts and are more susceptible to the negative effects of adjudication and incarceration in adult criminal justice systems. The age of criminal court jurisdiction in the United States has varied throughout history; yet, there are only two remaining states, New York and North Carolina, that continue to automatically charge 16 year olds as adults. This review traces the statutory history of juvenile justice in these two states with an emphasis on political and social factors that have contributed to their outlier status related to the age of criminal court jurisdiction. The neurobiological, psychological, and developmental aspects of the adolescent brain and personality, and how those issues relate both to a greater likelihood of rehabilitation in appropriate settings and to greater vulnerability in adult correctional facilities, are also reviewed. The importance of raising the age in New York and North Carolina not only lies in protecting incarcerated youths but also in preventing the associated stigma following release. Mental health practitioners are vital to the process of local and national juvenile justice reform. They can serve as experts on and advocates for appropriate mental health care and as experts on the adverse effects of the adult criminal justice system on adolescents.

BJS Data Report, 1987.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Department of Justice, Washington, DC. Bureau of Justice Statistics.

The introduction to this report describes the functions and activities of the United States Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) which collects, analyzes, publishes, and disseminates statistical information on crime, victims of crime, criminal offenders, and operations of justice systems at all levels of government; provides financial and technical…

22 CFR 308.3 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

...) The term individual means any citizen of the United States or an alien lawfully admitted to permanent... but not limited to information regarding education, financial transactions, medical history, criminal... finger or voiceprint. (b) System of Records means a group of any records under the control of the agency...

29 CFR 1410.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... the United States or an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence. (b) Maintain means maintain..., his education, financial transactions, medical history, and criminal or employment history, that... individual, such as a finger or voice print, or a photograph. (d) System of records means a group of any...

Drug Trafficking, Violence, and Instability

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-04-01

markets in the United States, so the drug trafficking organizations in Mexico have become increasingly powerful and increasingly ruth- less in their...behind) is the most attractive market or host state for crimi- nals seeking lucrative criminal opportunities. These opportunities can stem from...dollars a year. An illicit economy means any economy that supplies commodities or services the production and marketing of which are either completely

Back on the streets: Maturation and risk factors for recidivism among serious juvenile offenders.

PubMed

Leverso, John; Bielby, William; Hoelter, Lynette F

2015-06-01

This study examines how social and cognitive factors shape future criminal activity among serious juvenile offenders and assesses how adolescents' cognitive development affects the relative impact of those factors over time. The sample, from the Pathways to Desistance Study, is comprised of youth (aged 14-18 years) in the United States convicted of serious criminal offenses, and the outcome measure is self-reported crime. We rely on data collected when the youth were first interviewed (n = 1088) and 18-24 months later (n = 904). Logistic regression analyses reveal a strong relationship between impulsiveness and criminal behavior, regardless of age. Susceptibility to peer pressure and perceived risk that friends would be arrested were found to predict future criminal activity among younger adolescents, but have little impact at later ages. External factors such as amount of social support and gang membership have varying effects over time. Copyright © 2015 The Foundation for Professionals in Services for Adolescents. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Relationship Between Neighborhood Criminal Behavior and Oxford Houses

PubMed Central

Deaner, Jeffrey; Jason, Leonard A.; Aase, Darrin M.; Mueller, David G.

2013-01-01

The present study investigated crime rates in areas surrounding 42 Oxford Houses and 42 control houses in a large city in the Northwestern United States. A city-run Global Information Systems’ (GIS) website was used to gather crime data including assault, arson, burglary, larceny, robbery, sexual assault, homicide, and vehicle theft over a calendar year. Findings indicated that there were no significant differences between the crime rates around Oxford Houses and the control houses. These results suggest that well-managed and governed recovery homes pose minimal risks to neighbors in terms of criminal behavior. PMID:23487588

32 CFR 720.1 - Delivery of persons requested by State authorities in criminal cases.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... authorities in criminal cases. 720.1 Section 720.1 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued... criminal cases. Subpart A of this part deals with requests by State authorities for the surrender of... criminal prosecution. Responding to such requests by a State for delivery of members or civilian employees...

Apology in the criminal justice setting: evidence for including apology as an additional component in the legal system.

PubMed

Petrucci, Carrie J

2002-01-01

The criminal justice system has reached unprecedented scope in the United States, with over 6.4 million people under some type of supervision. Remedies that have the potential to reduce this number are continually being sought. This article analyzes an innovative strategy currently being reconsidered in criminal justice: the apology. Despite a legal system that only sporadically acknowledges it, evidence for the use of apology is supported by social science research, current criminal justice theories, case law, and empirical studies. Social psychological, sociological and socio-legal studies pinpoint the elements and function of apology, what makes apologies effective, and concerns about apology if it were implemented in the criminal justice system. Theoretical evidence is examined (including restorative justice, therapeutic jurisprudence, crime, shame, and reintegration) to explore the process of apology in the criminal justice context. Attribution theory and social conduct theory are used to explain the apology process specifically for victims and offenders. A brief examination of case law reveals that though apology has no formal place in criminal law, it has surfaced recently under the federal sentencing guidelines. Finally, empirical evidence in criminal justice settings reveals that offenders want to apologize and victims desire an apology. Moreover, by directly addressing the harmful act, apology may be the link to reduced recidivism for offenders, as well as empowerment for victims. This evidence combined suggests that apology is worthy of further study as a potentially valuable addition to the criminal justice process. Copyright 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Crime Control Strategies in School: Chicanas'/os' Perceptions and Criminalization

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Portillos, Edwardo L.; Gonzalez, Juan Carlos; Peguero, Anthony A.

2012-01-01

High schools throughout the United States experience problems with violence, drugs, and crime. School administrators have responded with policies and strategies designed to prevent school violence such as zero tolerance approaches, partnerships with law enforcement agencies, security camera installations, and hiring additional security personnel…

32 CFR 634.32 - Traffic violation reports.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 32 National Defense 4 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Traffic violation reports. 634.32 Section 634.32... CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC SUPERVISION Traffic Supervision § 634.32 Traffic violation reports. (a) Most traffic violations occurring on DOD installations (within the UNITED STATES or its...

32 CFR 634.32 - Traffic violation reports.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 32 National Defense 4 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Traffic violation reports. 634.32 Section 634.32... CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC SUPERVISION Traffic Supervision § 634.32 Traffic violation reports. (a) Most traffic violations occurring on DOD installations (within the UNITED STATES or its...

The Skin Color Paradox and the American Racial Order

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hochschild, Jennifer L.; Weaver, Vesla

2007-01-01

Dark-skinned blacks in the United States have lower socioeconomic status, more punitive relationships with the criminal justice system, diminished prestige, and less likelihood of holding elective office compared with their lighter counterparts. This phenomenon of "colorism" both occurs within the African American community and is…

28 CFR 802.12 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... means a citizen of the United States or an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence. (c) Maintain... individual's education, financial transactions, medical history, and criminal or employment history and that... individual, such as a fingerprint or a photograph. (e) System of records means a group of any records under...

Violent Islamist Extremism, the Internet, and the Homegrown Terrorist Threat

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-05-08

the Internet] at the local level .”); Testimony of Deputy Chief Michael Downing, Counter Terrorism and Criminal Intelligence Bureau, Los Angeles ...years of research into homegrown terrorism cases in the United States and around the world, the New York City Police Department (NYPD) developed a model... the efforts by CRCL and the FBI’s Community Relations Unit are not tied into programs administered by local police departments , some

The use of computed tomography scans and the Bender Gestalt Test in the assessment of competency to stand trial and criminal responsibility in the field of mental health and law.

PubMed

Mosotho, Nathaniel Lehlohonolo; Timile, Ino; Joubert, Gina

computed tomography and the Bender Gestalt Test are some of the tests used routinely for the assessment of alleged offenders referred under Sections 77 and 78 of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977. An exploratory retrospective study was conducted at the Free State Psychiatric Complex. The aim of this study was to identify the extent to which the Bender Gestalt Test results and the computed tomography scans are associated with outcomes in the assessment of competency to stand trial and criminal responsibility in individuals referred to the Free State Psychiatric Complex (FSPC) observation unit. This was a cross-sectional study and the entire population of patients admitted in 2013 was included in the study. The clinical and demographic data were obtained from patient files. The majority of participants were black, males, single and unemployed. The most common diagnosis was schizophrenia. The current study showed no statistically significant association between the Bender Gestalt Test Hain's scores and the outcome of criminal responsibility and competency to stand trial. Similarly, the study also showed no statistically significant association between the presence of a brain lesion and the outcome of criminal responsibility and competency to stand trial. It was also concluded that as CT scans are expensive, patients should be referred for that service only when there is a clear clinical indication to do so. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Turning off the School-to-Prison Pipeline

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wilson, Harry

2014-01-01

The causal link between educational exclusion and criminalization of youth is called the "school-to-prison pipeline." This is a byproduct of "zero tolerance" polices that have been widely discredited by research (APA, 2008; Skiba, 2014). However, these practices are still widespread in the United States and have been exported…

Exploring Sources of Punitiveness among German Citizens

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cochran, Joshua C.; Piquero, Alex R.

2011-01-01

Prior research examining punitive attitudes has typically focused on the United States and citizens' support for the death penalty or American "get-tough" criminal policies. Yet, little is known as to how punitive attitudes and their sources vary internationally. Using Germany as a case study, this article expands the scope of…

28 CFR 16.81 - Exemption of United States Attorneys Systems-limited access.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Systems-limited access. 16.81 Section 16.81 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE PRODUCTION OR... (g): (1) Citizen Complaint Files (JUSTICE/USA-003). (2) Civil Case Files (JUSTICE/USA-005). (3) Consumer Complaints (JUSTICE/USA-006). (4) Criminal Case Files (JUSTICE/USA-007). (5) Kline-District of...

State of the Unions

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Blair, Julie

2004-01-01

This article discusses the corrupt leadership of two big-city teachers' unions, the Washington Teachers Union (WTU) and its Miami cousin, United Teachers of Dade (UTD), that took both unions to the brink of despair and financial ruin. While the feds were rifling through union files to build extensive criminal investigations, congress called Sandra…

Drumming: An Innovative Alternative for Drug Addicted Individuals

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hill, John C.; Hains, Bryan; Ricketts, Kristina

2017-01-01

Drug abuse has been a persistent problem within the United States. Among the nation, Kentucky ranks third in drug overdose and drug mortality rates, with numbers quadrupling from 1999 to 2010. Recent statistics indicate drug offenders account or a significant portion of individuals within the criminal justice system, directly affecting the…

10 CFR 1304.110 - Disclosure of records to third parties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Board with adequate advance written assurance that the record will be used solely as a statistical... under the control of the United States for a civil or criminal law enforcement activity, if the activity... record is disclosed under such compulsory legal process, the Board shall make reasonable efforts to...

14 CFR 1212.101 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... individual means a living person who is either a citizen of the United States or an alien lawfully admitted... not limited to, education, financial transactions, medical history, and criminal or employment history... to the individual, such as a finger or voice print or a photograph. (d) The term system of records...

5 CFR 2504.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

..., Executive Office of the President; (b) Individual means a citizen of the United States or an alien lawfully... limited to education, financial transactions, medical history, and criminal or employment history and that... individual, such as a finger or voice print or photograph; (e) System of records means a group of any records...

African American Males: Leaving the Nightmare.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gill, Wali

The plight of African American males has become a problem of alarming proportions in the United States. This paper reports serious disadvantage and risk for this group in terms of education, employment, poverty levels, family disintegration, criminal status, health, and death rates. The paper contends that the crisis for African American males…

28 CFR 20.32 - Includable offenses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Exchange of Criminal History Record Information § 20.32 Includable offenses. (a) Criminal history record... by a § 20.32(a) offense. These exclusions may not be applicable to criminal history records maintained in state criminal history record repositories, including those states participating in the NFF. (c...

28 CFR 20.32 - Includable offenses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Exchange of Criminal History Record Information § 20.32 Includable offenses. (a) Criminal history record... by a § 20.32(a) offense. These exclusions may not be applicable to criminal history records maintained in state criminal history record repositories, including those states participating in the NFF. (c...

28 CFR 20.32 - Includable offenses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Exchange of Criminal History Record Information § 20.32 Includable offenses. (a) Criminal history record... by a § 20.32(a) offense. These exclusions may not be applicable to criminal history records maintained in state criminal history record repositories, including those states participating in the NFF. (c...

28 CFR 20.32 - Includable offenses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Exchange of Criminal History Record Information § 20.32 Includable offenses. (a) Criminal history record... by a § 20.32(a) offense. These exclusions may not be applicable to criminal history records maintained in state criminal history record repositories, including those states participating in the NFF. (c...

28 CFR 20.32 - Includable offenses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Exchange of Criminal History Record Information § 20.32 Includable offenses. (a) Criminal history record... by a § 20.32(a) offense. These exclusions may not be applicable to criminal history records maintained in state criminal history record repositories, including those states participating in the NFF. (c...

Gender, race + geography = jeopardy: marginalized women, human rights and HIV in the United States.

PubMed

Fried, Susana T; Kelly, Brook

2011-11-01

Across the United States, laws, policies, and practices put women living with HIV in jeopardy. In particular, the dignity, health, and well-being of women living with and at risk for HIV as well as the health and well-being of their families and communities is hampered by punitive laws and policies. Laws and policies that do not meet, or worse, criminalize women's sexual and reproductive rights result in the economic, social and political deprivation of marginalized women and girls-and especially those living with and at risk of HIV. These laws and policies exacerbate an already outsized HIV epidemic in underserved communities, and communities of color in the United States. This article draws from and builds on a human rights workshop that took place as part of the forum "Bringing Gender Home: Implementing Gender Responsive HIV/AIDS Programming for US Women and Girls," sponsored by the Office of Women's Health. It focuses on the damaging impact of laws, policies, and practices that criminalize women's sexuality. These laws significantly impact the well-being of women living with and at risk for HIV, and have an impact on the capacity of poor women of color in the United States to fully exercise their rights. When laws that purport to protect public health have the result of limiting women's reproductive choices, or have a disproportionate impact on marginalized groups such as sex workers, fundamental breaches of women's rights occur. Copyright © 2011 Jacobs Institute of Women's Health. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Ready, Willing, and Able? Impediments to the Onset of Marital Fertility Decline in the United States

PubMed Central

Hacker, J. David

2016-01-01

This study relies on IPUMS samples of the 1850, 1860, 1870, and 1880 censuses, aggregate census data, and the timing of state laws criminalizing abortion to construct regional estimates of marital fertility in the United States and estimate correlates of marital fertility. The results show a significant lag between the onset of marital fertility decline in the nation’s northeastern census divisions and its onset in western and southern census divisions. Empirical models indicate the presence of cultural, economic, and legal impediments to the diffusion of marital fertility control and illustrate the need for more inclusive models of fertility decline. PMID:27757800

Ready, Willing, and Able? Impediments to the Onset of Marital Fertility Decline in the United States.

PubMed

Hacker, J David

2016-12-01

This study relies on IPUMS samples of the 1850, 1860, 1870, and 1880 censuses, aggregate census data, and the timing of state laws criminalizing abortion to construct regional estimates of marital fertility in the United States and estimate correlates of marital fertility. The results show a significant lag between the onset of marital fertility decline in the nation's northeastern census divisions and its onset in western and southern census divisions. Empirical models indicate the presence of cultural, economic, and legal impediments to the diffusion of marital fertility control and illustrate the need for more inclusive models of fertility decline.

Criminal Parental Responsibility: Blaming Parents on the Basis of Their Duty to Control versus Their Duty to Morally Educate Their Children

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

le Sage, Leonie; de Ruyter, Doret

2008-01-01

Several states in the United States of America and countries in Europe punish parents when their minor child commits a crime. When parents are being punished for the crimes committed by their children, it should be presumed that parents might be held responsible for the deeds of their children. This article addresses the question whether or not…

28 CFR 105.26 - State agency's responsibilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Section 105.26 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) CRIMINAL HISTORY BACKGROUND... responsible for: (1) Determining whether to establish a fee to perform a check of state criminal history... fingerprint submissions and fees from the authorized employer; performing a check of state criminal history...

28 CFR 105.26 - State agency's responsibilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Section 105.26 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) CRIMINAL HISTORY BACKGROUND... responsible for: (1) Determining whether to establish a fee to perform a check of state criminal history... fingerprint submissions and fees from the authorized employer; performing a check of state criminal history...

28 CFR 105.26 - State agency's responsibilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Section 105.26 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) CRIMINAL HISTORY BACKGROUND... responsible for: (1) Determining whether to establish a fee to perform a check of state criminal history... fingerprint submissions and fees from the authorized employer; performing a check of state criminal history...

28 CFR 105.26 - State agency's responsibilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Section 105.26 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) CRIMINAL HISTORY BACKGROUND... responsible for: (1) Determining whether to establish a fee to perform a check of state criminal history... fingerprint submissions and fees from the authorized employer; performing a check of state criminal history...

28 CFR 105.26 - State agency's responsibilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Section 105.26 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) CRIMINAL HISTORY BACKGROUND... responsible for: (1) Determining whether to establish a fee to perform a check of state criminal history... fingerprint submissions and fees from the authorized employer; performing a check of state criminal history...

[War on Drugs or War against Health? The pitfalls for public health of Puerto Rican drug policy].

PubMed

Santiago-Negrón, Salvador; Albizu-García, Carmen E

2003-03-01

Puerto Rico has followed the United States in adopting drug policy sustained on a criminal justice model that limits the opportunities to address problematic drug use through public health interventions. Demand for illegal drugs is controlled by criminalizing drug use and applying jail sentences for drug offenses. These strategies marginalize drug users and reduce opportunities to minimize health risks applying public health measures. Production and sale of illegal drugs is criminalized with the intent of dissuading drug use, with adverse unintended health effects that impact both drug users and non-drug users in the community. The present work reviews the assumptions of the punitive prohibitionist model and its outcomes that present themselves as public health challenges in Puerto Rico. It also presents those principles that should sustain pragmatic drug policy to address problematic drug use from a health and social perspective.

Creative Disruption and the Potential of Writing at HBCUs

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lockett, Alexandria; Walker, Sarah Rude

2016-01-01

Intensified visibility of racialized violence in the United States, as it relates to policing and the criminal justice system, raises questions about the purpose and application of higher education. College students all over the world attend school within a striking global portrait of antiracist protest occurring on social media, on their…

Women as Child Abusers: Indicators, Treatment, and Policy Directions.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kemp, Donna R.; And Others

Child abuse is a major problem in the United States. Policy concerning child abuse involves a criminal justice approach, a treatment approach, and a prevention approach. Prevention programs have focused on identifying and serving high-risk groups and on preventive education. A study was conducted to examine issues related to child abuse. Four…

The Supreme Court's Search Ruling.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kelly, Margie

The 1971 police search of a newspaper office led to the United States Supreme Court's "Zurcher v The Stanford Daily" decision that newspaper offices can permissibly be searched if it is believed that they contain materials that relate to an ongoing criminal investigation. This decision has been viewed by the press as an attack on First…

Punishment and Welfare: Paternal Incarceration and Families' Receipt of Public Assistance

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sugie, Naomi F.

2012-01-01

The United States criminal justice and welfare systems are two important government institutions in the lives of the poor. Despite many theoretical discussions about their relationship, their operation at the level of offenders and families remains poorly understood. This paper utilizes Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing data to examine how…

45 CFR 73.735-1003 - Conflicts of interest statutes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... sections 203, 205, 207 and 208 of title 18, United States Code, all of which carry criminal penalties... be possible to achieve where, for example, a consultant has an executive position with his or her... formulate a research and development contract or a research grant, and for the same reason, it is in the...

4 CFR 200.10 - Disclosure of records to third parties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... as a statistical research or reporting record and that the record is to be transferred in a form that... governmental jurisdiction within or under the control of the United States for a civil or criminal law... jurisdiction. In the event that any record is disclosed under such compulsory legal process, the Board shall...

32 CFR Appendix A to Part 86 - Criminal History Background Check Procedures

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... residences in an employment or security application. It is deemed unnecessary to conduct checks before 18... information exists regarding residence by the individual in the United States for 1 year or more since age 18... video equipment is acceptable provided it is monitored by an individual who has successfully completed a...

49 CFR 1570.13 - False statements regarding security background checks by public transportation agency or railroad...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) TRANSPORTATION SECURITY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF..., national security, or of terrorism: (i) Relevant criminal history databases; (ii) In the case of an alien... databases to determine the status of the alien under the immigration laws of the United States; and (iii...

78 FR 16867 - Solicitation of Comments on Request for United States Assumption of Concurrent Federal Criminal...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-19

... encourages all comments be submitted electronically through http://www.regulations.gov using the electronic... order, or judicial decision has conferred jurisdiction on a particular government. The Tribal Law and... to the provisions of 28 CFR 50.25. DATES: Written comments must be postmarked and electronic comments...

Mental incapacity and criminal liability: Redrawing the fault lines?

PubMed

Peay, Jill

2015-01-01

The proper boundaries of criminal liability with respect to those with questionable mental capacity are currently under review. In its deliberations in the areas of unfitness to plead, automatism and the special verdict of not guilty by reason of insanity the Law Commission for England and Wales have been cognizant of particular difficulties in fairly attributing criminal responsibility to those whose mental capacities may or may not have impinged on their decisions, either at the time of the offence or at trial. And they have referenced the potential breaches of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) posed by the state of our current laws. However, in their efforts to remedy these potential deficiencies is the Law Commission heading in a direction that is fundamentally incompatible with the direction embodied by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities (CRPD)? Whether one must cede sensibly to the other, or whether some compromise might emerge, perhaps through an extension of supportive services or through the development of disability-neutral criminal law, forms the subject of this paper. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Attacking Transnational Organized Criminal Networks: Applying Principles of Irregular Warfare to an Emerging Salient Threat

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-12-04

of anonymity. 6 The environmental frame of this monograph expands on the Title 10 and NDAA authorities that frame DoD counterdrug support to...36 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, The Globalization of Crime, 131. Smuggling of environmental resources constitutes a growing illicit...initial context for an examination of the DoD CD mission. In 1986, in response to increased trafficking of Colombian cocaine into the United States

76 FR 20044 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Proposed Collection; Comments Requested

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-11

... Form: State Criminal Alien Assistance Program. The Department of Justice (DOJ), Office of Justice... currently approved collection. (2) The title of the form/collection: State Criminal Alien Assistance Program... Section 130002(b) as amended in 1996, BJA administers the State Criminal Alien Assistance Program (SCAAP...

Standin' tall: (De) criminalization and acts of resistance among boys of color in an elementary after school STEM program

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Basile, Vincent

The United States current incarcerates more citizens than any other country in history, by disproportionately targeting men and boys of color through mechanisms such as the school to prison pipeline. In better understanding the processes that fuel the school to prison pipeline such as criminalizing practices and the ways boys of color resist them, we can begin to identify teaching practices and perspectives which work to disrupt those processes. Examining criminalization and acts of resistance in STEM education is particularly salient because of the high social and economic status STEM knowledge bears in dominant U.S. culture, and the ways access to STEM learning functions as gateways in our education system. Through a longitudinal study in a multi-site elementary after-school STEM program, I examined what criminalization and acts of resistance look like, the ways they interact, and how staff in the program work to disrupt those cycles. I found that criminalization and acts of resistance are normal and ordinary occurrences, frequently interacting in response to each other in escalating patterns. I also found that staff engaged in multiple categories of decriminalizing practices based on highly respectful interactions and viewing boys of color as brilliant students who engage in acts of resistance as a healthy response to oppressive measures.

Shifting Perspectives: Using Complexity Theory to Anticipate Strategic Surprise

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-08-08

Master’s Thesis 3. DATES COVERED (From - To) 21-07-2014 to 11-06-2015 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE SHIFTING PERSPECTIVES: USING COMPLEXITY THEORY TO...SCA Socio-Cultural Analysis SNA Social Network Analysis TCO Transnational Criminal Organization U.S. United States WMD Weapons of Mass...the 2014 Russian invasion of Ukraine, and the rise of the Islamic State following the war in Iraq. Considering the amount of money , time, and emphasis

The Scope of Practice of Occupational Therapy in U.S. Criminal Justice Settings.

PubMed

Muñoz, Jaime P; Moreton, Emily M; Sitterly, Audra M

2016-09-01

In the past 40 years, prison populations in the U.S. have nearly quadrupled while funding for rehabilitation, education and other programmes has been cut. Despite accounting for a small fraction of the world's population more than 20% of the worlds incarcerated population is in the U.S. and the rate of recidivism remains alarmingly high. Occupational therapists have the capability to play a significant role in addressing the needs of persons within the criminal justice system. However, the profession has been slow to delineate of the role occupational therapy within criminal justice settings. This study sought to provide a descriptive analysis of current occupational therapy roles and practices within the U.S. criminal justice system. Using survey research methods, the researchers collected data from respondents (N = 45; Response Rate + 51.7%) to establish a baseline of the scope of practices employed by occupational therapists working in the U.S. criminal justice system. U.S. practitioners work within institutional and community based criminal justice settings. Primary practice models, assessments and group interventions were catalogued. Respondents strongly valued the creation of networking to build the professions' presence within criminal justice settings. Occupational therapy in the criminal justice system remains an emerging practice arena. Understanding the current scope of practice in the U.S. and creating a mechanism for collaboration may help increase the depth, breadth and overall growth of the profession's role in these settings. The sampling method does not guarantee a representative sample of the population and is limited to practice within the United States. Survey design may not have allowed for respondents to fully describe their practice experiences. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

28 CFR 105.22 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) CRIMINAL HISTORY BACKGROUND CHECKS Private... to request a criminal history record information search of an employee through a state identification... official or the state legislature to perform centralized recordkeeping functions for criminal history...

28 CFR 105.22 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) CRIMINAL HISTORY BACKGROUND CHECKS Private... to request a criminal history record information search of an employee through a state identification... official or the state legislature to perform centralized recordkeeping functions for criminal history...

28 CFR 105.22 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) CRIMINAL HISTORY BACKGROUND CHECKS Private... to request a criminal history record information search of an employee through a state identification... official or the state legislature to perform centralized recordkeeping functions for criminal history...

28 CFR 105.22 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) CRIMINAL HISTORY BACKGROUND CHECKS Private... to request a criminal history record information search of an employee through a state identification... official or the state legislature to perform centralized recordkeeping functions for criminal history...

28 CFR 105.22 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) CRIMINAL HISTORY BACKGROUND CHECKS Private... to request a criminal history record information search of an employee through a state identification... official or the state legislature to perform centralized recordkeeping functions for criminal history...

Crime Victimization among Immigrant Latino Day Laborers in Post-Katrina New Orleans

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Negi, Nalini Junko; Cepeda, Alice; Valdez, Avelardo

2013-01-01

Reports indicate that the criminal victimization of Latino immigrants in the United States has been increasing yet is often underreported. This may be especially true in new immigrant settlement cities that lack an established Latino community to provide support and feelings of security. New Orleans is an important context to investigate criminal…

Truancy: First Step to a Lifetime of Problems.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Garry, Eileen M.; And Others

1996-01-01

Truancy is a major problem in the United States that can have negative effects on the futures of young people. Truancy may lead to dropping out of school; may be a precursor to delinquent and criminal activity; and places students at higher risk of being drawn into behaviors involving drugs, alcohol, or violence. Furthermore, truancy has high…

The Affect of Drug Trafficking in West Africa on the National Security Interests of the United States of America

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-06-12

officials at all levels in this criminal activity inhibits a complete assessment and resolution of the problem. Guinea-Bissau’s political systems remain......seizures in West Africa are currently less than the peak levels several years ago, it is assessed that the cocaine trafficking between South America and

The Youngest Minority: Are They Competent to Waive Their Constitutional Rights?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brewer, Saundra

Although juveniles are not considered criminals, it has been only in the last decade that they have been accorded the constitutional rights to fairness and due process of law accorded to adults - - basic rights guaranteed by the United States Supreme Court decision in the Miranda case. However, since a large proportion of youthful arrestees are of…

77 FR 23226 - U.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces Proposed Rules Changes

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-18

...: http://www.regulations.gov . Mail: Federal Docket Management System Office, 4800 Mark Center Drive...) Certificate for review/brief/answer/reply. (1) Article 62, UCMJ, cases. In cases involving a decision by a Court of Criminal Appeals on appeal by the United States under Article 62, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. 862, a...

Caught in the Crossfire: Kids, Politics, and America's Future

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Grossberg, Lawrence

2005-01-01

"Caught in the Crossfire" reveals how the United States has been gradually changing from a society that celebrates childhood into one that is hostile to and afraid of its own children. Today kids are often seen as a threat to our social and moral values. In schools, some behavior is criminalized, and growing numbers of kids find…

28 CFR 0.63 - Delegation respecting admission and naturalization of certain aliens.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... naturalization of certain aliens. 0.63 Section 0.63 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE ORGANIZATION OF... of certain aliens. (a) The Assistant Attorney General in charge of the Criminal Division and the... amended, 50 U.S.C. 403h, with respect to entry of certain aliens into the United States for permanent...

28 CFR 0.63 - Delegation respecting admission and naturalization of certain aliens.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... naturalization of certain aliens. 0.63 Section 0.63 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE ORGANIZATION OF... of certain aliens. (a) The Assistant Attorney General in charge of the Criminal Division and the... amended, 50 U.S.C. 403h, with respect to entry of certain aliens into the United States for permanent...

28 CFR 0.63 - Delegation respecting admission and naturalization of certain aliens.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... naturalization of certain aliens. 0.63 Section 0.63 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE ORGANIZATION OF... of certain aliens. (a) The Assistant Attorney General in charge of the Criminal Division and the... amended, 50 U.S.C. 403h, with respect to entry of certain aliens into the United States for permanent...

Prisoners' First Amendment Rights Within the Institution. Criminal Justice Monograph. Volume III, No. 3.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sanders, Rabun C., Jr.; And Others

This monograph examines prisoners' rights to freedom of speech, religion, and petition under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. The courts had previously taken the attitude that the operation of penal institutions was beyond their jurisdiction, but the suppression of and restrictions on the exercise of first amendment freedoms…

United States Department of Education Update

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Linton, John

2008-01-01

In this update, the author notes the passage of the "Second Chance Act" by Congress--signed into law by the President on April 9, 2008. Programs created in law may or may not be immediately funded and implemented. The criminal justice community will be watching the appropriation process with interest to learn what Second Chance programs will be…

Tobacco and the Movies

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Glantz, Stanton

America's leading health organizations agree. Smoking on screen is the No.1 recruiter of new adolescent smokers in the United States - 390,000 kids a year, of whom 120,000 will die from tobacco-caused diseases. That's more Americans than die from drunk driving, criminal violence, illicit drugs, and HIV/AIDS combined. Why does Hollywood still promote smoking? Is it corrupt? Or stupid?

Sex Differences in Criminal Homicide and Suicide in England and Wales and the United States.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Palmer, Stuart

1980-01-01

In England and Wales, females are more prone to commit suicide than homicide. Homicidal offenders are more likely to victimize members of their own families and decidedly more prone to kill themselves. These tendencies are tentatively related to the possible development of a subculture of self-directed violence. (Author)

Adjudicative Competence: Evidence that Impairment in "Rational Understanding" Is Taxonic

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Marcus, David K.; Poythress, Norman G.; Edens, John F.; Lilienfeld, Scott O.

2010-01-01

In "Dusky v. United States" (1960), the U.S. Supreme Court articulated 3 abilities that determine a criminal defendant's competence to stand trial: He or she must be able to consult with counsel, have a factual understanding of the proceedings, and have a rational understanding of the proceedings. Although the legal determination of a defendant's…

Urban America: Policy Choices for Los Angeles and the Nation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Steinberg, James B., Ed.; And Others

This volume presents 13 essays on urban problems in the United States, particularly in Los Angeles (California) following the 1992 riots, and policy options for the future. Part 1 addresses policies of the past three decades; Part 2 looks at children, youth, and families; Part 3 discusses crime and criminal justice; and Part 4 examines public…

49 CFR 1570.13 - False statements regarding security background checks by public transportation agency or railroad...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

..., national security, or of terrorism: (i) Relevant criminal history databases; (ii) In the case of an alien... databases to determine the status of the alien under the immigration laws of the United States; and (iii) Other relevant information or databases, as determined by the Secretary of Homeland Security. (c...

49 CFR 1570.13 - False statements regarding security background checks by public transportation agency or railroad...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

..., national security, or of terrorism: (i) Relevant criminal history databases; (ii) In the case of an alien... databases to determine the status of the alien under the immigration laws of the United States; and (iii) Other relevant information or databases, as determined by the Secretary of Homeland Security. (c...

Cops and Cells: Theorizing and Assessing the Implications of Smartphone Surveillance for Policing

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Roche, Sean Patrick

2017-01-01

In the United States, police officers are empowered to use force, and are often people's first point of contact with the criminal justice system. Significantly, in the last decade, the majority of American citizens have acquired smartphone technology, which allows them to document and broadcast police behavior on a scale never before seen. Several…

Criminal Intent with Property: A Study of Real Estate Fraud Prediction and Detection

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Blackman, David H.

2013-01-01

The large number of real estate transactions across the United States, combined with closing process complexity, creates extremely large data sets that conceal anomalies indicative of fraud. The quantitative amount of damage due to fraud is immeasurable to the lives of individuals who are victims, not to mention the financial impact to…

45 CFR 73.735-702 - Criminal prohibitions on outside activities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

..., claim or other particular matter in which the United States is a party or has a direct and substantial... as an agent or attorney for another employee, or a person under active consideration for Federal... employee may not do so if the particular matter is one in which he or she has participated personally and...

Parents in Prison: Justice Literacy and Public Policy

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brookes, Laura; Baille, Daphne

2011-01-01

With the highest incarceration rate in the world, the United States has set an inauspicious precedent. More than 1.7 million American children--one in every 43--have a parent in jail or prison. The generational effects of incarceration are deep and lasting and include vastly increased risks of criminal justice involvement among the children of…

Using the PSI to Screen Job Applicants with a Criminal History.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Terris, William; Jones, John W.

Employee crime in the workplace is a common and rapidly growing problem in the United States. A new deterrent to such crime is the use of psychological tests to screen job applicants. The Personnel Selection Inventory (PSI), a psychological test measuring tendencies toward dishonesty, violence, and drug abuse was administered to job applicants…

A Synopsis of Herrnstein and Murray's "The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life" (New York, Free Press, 1994).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Belke, Terry W.

1995-01-01

Neutral summary of "The Bell Curve" (Herrnstein and Murray) by a former student of Herrnstein. Focuses on the emergence of a cognitive elite in the United States; relationships between IQ and poverty, educational attainment, unemployment, divorce, illegitimacy, welfare dependency, parenting competence, criminal behaviors, and voting;…

49 CFR 1570.13 - False statements regarding security background checks by public transportation agency or railroad...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

..., national security, or of terrorism: (i) Relevant criminal history databases; (ii) In the case of an alien... databases to determine the status of the alien under the immigration laws of the United States; and (iii) Other relevant information or databases, as determined by the Secretary of Homeland Security. (c...

49 CFR 1570.13 - False statements regarding security background checks by public transportation agency or railroad...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

..., national security, or of terrorism: (i) Relevant criminal history databases; (ii) In the case of an alien... databases to determine the status of the alien under the immigration laws of the United States; and (iii) Other relevant information or databases, as determined by the Secretary of Homeland Security. (c...

Student Rights in the U.S. and Civil Law Nations.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lynch, Patrick D.

A discussion of the two legal traditions illuminates this comparison of student rights in common and civil law nations. The United States is among a minority of nations that use common law, a complex system cluttered with processes difficult to explain and loaded with protections for defendents in both criminal and civil cases. In American common…

77 FR 24516 - Solicitation of Comments on Request for United States Assumption of Concurrent Federal Criminal...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-24

... has conferred jurisdiction on a particular government. The Tribal Law and Order Act (TLOA) was enacted... regulations that established the framework and procedures for a mandatory Public Law 280 tribe to request the... to Public Law 280. 28 CFR 50.25. Among other provisions, the regulations provide that upon receipt of...

Dangerousness and Death: A Nexus in Search of Science and Reason

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cunningham, Mark D.

2006-01-01

An assertion that a capital offender will engage in future acts of criminal violence is a factor in determining "death worthiness" in many jurisdictions of the United States. The legislative conception and court affirmation of this issue as a capital consideration were products of the parole policy and prison capability of an earlier era…

45 CFR 2552.31 - Under what circumstances may I follow alternative procedures in conducting a State criminal...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... alternative procedures in conducting a State criminal registry check? (a) FBI fingerprint-based check. If you or your designee conduct and document a fingerprint-based criminal history check through the Federal...

45 CFR 2551.31 - Under what circumstances may I follow alternative procedures in conducting a State criminal...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... alternative procedures in conducting a State criminal registry check? (a) FBI fingerprint-based check. If you or your designee conduct and document a fingerprint-based criminal history check through the Federal...

45 CFR 2552.31 - Under what circumstances may I follow alternative procedures in conducting a State criminal...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... alternative procedures in conducting a State criminal registry check? (a) FBI fingerprint-based check. If you or your designee conduct and document a fingerprint-based criminal history check through the Federal...

45 CFR 2552.31 - Under what circumstances may I follow alternative procedures in conducting a State criminal...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... alternative procedures in conducting a State criminal registry check? (a) FBI fingerprint-based check. If you or your designee conduct and document a fingerprint-based criminal history check through the Federal...

45 CFR 2551.31 - Under what circumstances may I follow alternative procedures in conducting a State criminal...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... alternative procedures in conducting a State criminal registry check? (a) FBI fingerprint-based check. If you or your designee conduct and document a fingerprint-based criminal history check through the Federal...

45 CFR 2551.31 - Under what circumstances may I follow alternative procedures in conducting a State criminal...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... alternative procedures in conducting a State criminal registry check? (a) FBI fingerprint-based check. If you or your designee conduct and document a fingerprint-based criminal history check through the Federal...

"SAFEGUARDING THE INTERESTS OF THE STATE" FROM DEFECTIVE DELINQUENT GIRLS.

PubMed

Sohasky, Kate E

2016-01-01

The 1911 mental classification, "defective delinquent," was created as a temporary legal-medical category in order to identify a peculiar class of delinquent girls in a specific institutional setting. The defective delinquent's alleged slight mental defect, combined with her appearance of normalcy, rendered her a "dangerous" and "incurable" citizen. At the intersection of institutional history and the history of ideas, this article explores the largely overlooked role of borderline mental classifications of near-normalcy in the medicalization of intelligence and criminality during the first third of the twentieth-century United States. Borderline classifications served as mechanisms of control over women's bodies through the criminalization of their minds, and the advent of psychometric tests legitimated and facilitated the spread of this classification beyond its original and intended context. The borderline case of the defective delinquent girl demonstrates the significance of marginal mental classifications to the policing of bodies through the medicalization of intellect. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Cable-Porn and Dial-A-Porn Control Act. Hearing before the Subcommittee on Criminal Law of the Committee on the Judiciary. United States Senate, Ninety-Ninth Congress, First Session on S. 1090. A Bill to Amend Section 1464 of Title 18, United States Code, Relating to Broadcasting Obscene Language, and for Other Purposes (July 31, 1985).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Congress of the U.S., Washington, DC. Senate Committee on the Judiciary.

A Senate hearing on the cable porn and dial-a-porn control bill is presented in this document. Opening statements by Senators Jeremiah Denton, Arlen Specter, and Jesse Helms discuss the need for this bill and its content. The text of the bill itself is included. Jack D. Smith, General Counsel of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)…

40 CFR 1611.9 - Testimony in Federal, State, or local criminal investigations and other proceedings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 32 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Testimony in Federal, State, or local criminal investigations and other proceedings. 1611.9 Section 1611.9 Protection of Environment CHEMICAL SAFETY AND HAZARD INVESTIGATION BOARD TESTIMONY BY EMPLOYEES IN LEGAL PROCEEDINGS § 1611.9 Testimony in Federal, State, or local criminal...

Caught in the Crossfire: Kids, Politics, and America's Future

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Grossberg, Lawrence

2005-01-01

Caught in the Crossfire reveals how the United States has been gradually changing from a society that celebrates childhood into one that is hostile to and afraid of its own children. Today kids are often seen as a threat to our social and moral values. In schools, some behavior is criminalized, and growing numbers of kids find themselves in penal…

Building a "Lifetime Circle": English Education in the Age of #BlackLivesMatter

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Winn, Maisha T.

2018-01-01

This article argues that, to prepare teachers in the era of #BlackLivesMatter, there must be a radical reframing of teacher education in which teachers learn to disentangle their teaching from the culture of Mass Incarceration and the criminalization of Black and Brown people in the context of the United States in their practice. Using a…

Mobilizing Support for Social Control in a Declining Economy: Exploring Ideologies of Crime within Crime News.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Barlow, Melissa Hickman; And Others

1995-01-01

Extends exploration of ideologies of crime in the news by examining reports about the causes of crime and commands of what to do about crime in "Time" magazine. Argues that criminal justice policy and ideology have played an important role in developments within the postwar political economy in the United States. (LKS)

Balancing Life and the Mission: Compressed Scheduling in Law Enforcement

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-03-01

the operational tempo of any organized unit. Officer Roy Woody, a Los 4 Angeles Police Department ( LAPD ) recruiter said...Several universities, police departments and private organizations have commissioned both scientific and non-scientific studies collecting the wide...Bryan Vila, Ph.D. of the Washington State University Criminal Justice Program, Sleep and Performance Research Center, police departments across the

Hate Crimes and Stigma-Related Experiences among Sexual Minority Adults in the United States: Prevalence Estimates from a National Probability Sample

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Herek, Gregory M.

2009-01-01

Using survey responses collected via the Internet from a U.S. national probability sample of gay, lesbian, and bisexual adults (N = 662), this article reports prevalence estimates of criminal victimization and related experiences based on the target's sexual orientation. Approximately 20% of respondents reported having experienced a person or…

77 FR 64547 - Solicitation of Comments on Request for United States Assumption of Concurrent Federal Criminal...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-10-22

... encourages all comments be submitted electronically through http://www.regulations.gov using the electronic... government. The Tribal Law and Order Act (TLOA) was enacted on July 29, 2010, as Title II of Public Law 111... provisions of 28 CFR 50.25. DATES: Written comments must be postmarked and electronic comments must be...

Medicolegal aspects of complex behaviours arising from the sleep period: a review and guide for the practising sleep physician.

PubMed

Morrison, Ian; Rumbold, John M M; Riha, Renata L

2014-06-01

This review is aimed at summarizing the current state of knowledge regarding parasomnias, which have been implicated in medicolegal cases as well as providing guidance to those working within common-law jurisdictions regarding the technical aspects of the law. Sleepwalking and sexsomnia as a defence are being raised more frequently in criminal cases and there has been public debate on their validity. Unfortunately, expert evidence on forensic sleep disorders continues to be heavily opinion-based with the potential for miscarriages of justice seen in recent highly publicized cases. There is an apparent inertia in research into violent sleep disorders. We review the current state of forensic sleep science in the United Kingdom (UK) and abroad and discuss the need to formulate guidelines based on available evidence. We also highlight the pressing necessity for more research in this area as well as the need to reform the law, which is the subject of a recent Criminal Law Commission report in the United Kingdom. In time, this will facilitate the efficient, proportionate, and just disposal of violence arising from sleep, thus benefitting both society and the individual sufferer. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

45 CFR 2540.204 - When must I conduct a National Service Criminal History Check on an individual in a covered...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... position begins work or starts service. (2) You must initiate state registry or FBI criminal history checks... from state registry or FBI criminal history checks as long as the individual is not permitted access to...

Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: A consideration of sentencing and unreliable confessions.

PubMed

Douglas, Heather

2015-12-01

While Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs) are now a strong focus of policy-makers throughout Australia, they have received strikingly little consideration in Australian criminal courts. Many people who have an FASD are highly suggestible, have difficulty linking their actions to consequences, controlling impulses and remembering things, and thus FASD raises particular issues for appropriate sentencing and the admissibility of evidence. This article considers the approach of Australian criminal courts to FASD. It reviews the recent case of AH v Western Australia which exemplifies the difficulties associated with appropriate sentencing in cases where the accused is likely to have an FASD. The article also considers the implications for Australian courts of the New Zealand case of Pora v The Queen, recently heard by the Privy Council. In this case, the Privy Council accepted expert evidence that people with FASD may confabulate evidence, potentially making their testimony unreliable. The article concludes with an overview of developments in criminal policy and legal response in relation to FASD in the United States, Canada and Australia.

28 CFR 20.31 - Responsibilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Exchange of Criminal History Record Information § 20.31 Responsibilities. (a) The Federal Bureau of... criminal history record information functions for local, state, tribal, and federal criminal justice... utilize additional telecommunication facilities for the exchange of fingerprints, criminal history record...

28 CFR 20.31 - Responsibilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Exchange of Criminal History Record Information § 20.31 Responsibilities. (a) The Federal Bureau of... criminal history record information functions for local, state, tribal, and federal criminal justice... utilize additional telecommunication facilities for the exchange of fingerprints, criminal history record...

28 CFR 20.31 - Responsibilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Exchange of Criminal History Record Information § 20.31 Responsibilities. (a) The Federal Bureau of... criminal history record information functions for local, state, tribal, and federal criminal justice... utilize additional telecommunication facilities for the exchange of fingerprints, criminal history record...

28 CFR 20.31 - Responsibilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Exchange of Criminal History Record Information § 20.31 Responsibilities. (a) The Federal Bureau of... criminal history record information functions for local, state, tribal, and federal criminal justice... utilize additional telecommunication facilities for the exchange of fingerprints, criminal history record...

28 CFR 20.31 - Responsibilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Exchange of Criminal History Record Information § 20.31 Responsibilities. (a) The Federal Bureau of... criminal history record information functions for local, state, tribal, and federal criminal justice... utilize additional telecommunication facilities for the exchange of fingerprints, criminal history record...

Forensic DNA phenotyping in criminal investigations and criminal courts: assessing and mitigating the dilemmas inherent in the science.

PubMed

MacLean, Charles E; Lamparello, Adam

2014-01-01

Forensic DNA Phenotyping ("FDP"), estimating the externally visible characteristics ("EVCs") of the source of human DNA left at a crime scene, is evolving from science fiction toward science fact. FDP can already identify a source's gender with 100% accuracy, and likely hair color, iris color, adult height, and a number of other EVCs with accuracy rates approaching 70%. Patent applications have been filed for approaches to generating 3D likenesses of DNA sources based on the DNA alone. Nonetheless, criminal investigators, particularly in the United States, have been reticent to apply FDP in their casework. The reticence is likely related to a number of perceived and real dilemmas associated with FDP: is FDP racial profiling, should we test unknown and unseen physical conditions, does testing for behavioral characteristics impermissibly violate the source's privacy, ought testing be permitted for samples from known sources or DNA databases, and should FDP be limited to use in investigations only or is FDP appropriate for use in a criminal court. As this article explains, although those dilemmas are substantive, they are not insurmountable, and can be quite easily managed with appropriate regulation and protocols. As FDP continues to develop, there will be less need for criminal investigators to shy away from FDP. Cold cases, missing persons, and victims in crimes without other evidence will one day soon all be well served by FDP.

Crime and the Black Community. An Assessment of the Impact of Selected Criminal Justice Issues in New York State. Report of the Criminal Justice Subcommittee. Volume 3, Criminal Justice.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

New York Governor's Advisory Committee for Black Affairs, Albany.

Racially motivated and/or targeted violence is a priority criminal justice issue for New York State. Racially motivated violence occurs when the perpetrator's intent or conscious objective is to injure a person or his property because of the person's racial identity. The following factors may explain the occurrence and recent increase in racial…

Adjudicating pathological criminal incapacity within a climate of ultimate issue barriers: a comparative perspective.

PubMed

Stevens, Geert Philip

2015-01-01

Mental health experts are increasingly being utilised by the criminal justice system to provide assistance to courts during the assessment of issues falling beyond the knowledge and/or experience of the courts. A particular domain where the assistance of qualified psychiatrists and psychologists is becoming essential is where the defence of pathological criminal incapacity falls to be assessed. Mental health professionals testifying during trials where the defence of pathological criminal incapacity is raised will present opinion evidence which is one of the exceptions to the rule of inadmissibility of opinion evidence. Mental health professionals providing their opinion evidence are, however, prohibited from expressing opinions on so-called "ultimate issues" upon which only the court may ultimately rule upon. The latter rule is also commonly known in practice as the "ultimate issue" rule which presents multifaceted challenges in respect of the application of the defence of pathological criminal incapacity. In this article, the author assesses the application of the ultimate issue rule with reference to the defence of pathological criminal incapacity as it operates within the South African criminal law context. A comparative analysis is also provided with reference to the rule as it operates in the United States of America and more specifically Federal Rule 704. It is concluded that the ultimate issue rule unnecessarily restricts testimony provided by mental health professionals as such placing a barrier on such evidence. As such, it is argued that the rule is superfluous as it remains within the discretion of the trier of fact to decide as to what weight to attach to such evidence. Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

76 FR 35023 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Proposed Collection; Comments Requested; Extension of a...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-15

... With Changes; State Criminal Alien Assistance Program ACTION: 30-day notice of information collection... collection expire. (2) The title of the form/collection: State Criminal Alien Assistance Program. (3) The... Criminal Alien Assistance Program (SCAAP) with the Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), and...

Motion of Information Industry Association for Leave to File Brief Amicus Curiae and Brief of Information Industry Association Amicus Curiae [in the Case of Donald Goldstein et. al. v. State of California, in the Matter of State vs. Federal Copyright Infringement Remedies.] In the Supreme Court of the United States, October Term, 1971.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zurkowski, Paul G.

The question raised here, whether state criminal laws can be applied to subject matter also addressed by federal copyright law, is of immediate interest to the information industry. This brief Amicus Curiae deals with the need of the industry and the public generally for remedies on which the growth of the information tools and resources needed to…

[The investigative and adversarial process in Italy and the United States].

PubMed

Palermo, George B; Mastronardi, Vincenzo; Agostini, Susanna

2012-01-01

The structure of the US legal system, which relies on the presence of different courts to provide for the impartial administration of justice, both civil and criminal is discussed. Therefore, all the steps to conviction or acquittal of the American criminal trial, are taken into consideration. However, there is the presumption of innocence of the accused and the prosecution must prove his guilt beyond any reasonable doubt. Another important procedure in the US trial is the jury selection (voir dire), 12 jurors: 6 for the defense and 6 for the prosecution. In Italy it was observed that the autonomy of the police would squeeze the steering function of the prosecutor, and the practice of "under cover" investigation has granted an extension of police activity.

Prisons: the psychiatric institution of last resort?

PubMed

Huxter, M J

2013-10-01

The World Health Organization declared in 1948 that the enjoyment of the highest individual attainment of health for any person is a fundamental human right. Australia, the U.K. and the United States all legally ratified this declaration as becoming signatories to their founding treatise with the United Nations. Despite this, there are many conspicuous examples of inequities of public health as found within these nations. One of the more disparate and outrageous examples of inequities in public health has been an insidious trend towards criminalizing mental illness, and the largely unjust treatment of many mentally ill persons. This change has resulted in untold numbers of mentally ill persons being over-represented within the criminal justice system, experiencing higher morbidity, co-morbidity and mortality rates, and having difficulty in surviving in a society frequently dealing with their illness in a persecutory manner. Questions must be raised: that although over the passage of time medical science and technology has changed, but has western societies' attitudes to health equity kept pace? © 2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

78 FR 43926 - Solicitation for a Cooperative Agreement-Evidence-Based Decision Making in State and Local...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-22

...--Evidence-Based Decision Making in State and Local Criminal Justice Systems: Planning and Development for... Evidence-Based Decision Making (EBDM) in Local Criminal Justice Systems initiative. It will require the... will also revise ``A Framework for Evidence- Based Decision Making in Local Criminal Justice Systems...

Helping Low-Income Mothers with Criminal Records Achieve Self-Sufficiency.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brown, Rebecca

2000-01-01

This issue of WIN (Welfare Information Network) Issue Notes focuses on helping low-income mothers with criminal records achieve self-sufficiency. Section 1 offers background. Section 2 answers these policy questions: why states might want to focus on serving low-income mothers with criminal records; how states can encourage employers to hire…

Disparities in health, poverty, incarceration, and social justice among racial groups in the United States: a critical review of evidence of close links with neoliberalism.

PubMed

Nkansah-Amankra, Stephen; Agbanu, Samuel Kwami; Miller, Reuben Jonathan

2013-01-01

Problems of poverty, poor health, and incarceration are unevenly distributed among racial and ethnic minorities in the United States. We argue that this is due, in part, to the ascendance of United States-style neoliberalism, a prevailing political and economic doctrine that shapes social policy, including public health and anti-poverty intervention strategies. Public health research most often associates inequalities in health outcomes, poverty, and incarceration with individual and cultural risk factors. Contextual links to structural inequality and the neoliberal doctrine animating state-sanctioned interventions are given less attention. The interrelationships among these are not clear in the extant literature. Less is known about public health and incarceration. Thus, the authors describe the linkages between neoliberalism, public health, and criminal justice outcomes. We suggest that neoliberalism exacerbates racial disparities in health, poverty, and incarceration in the United States. We conclude by calling for a new direction in public health research that advances a pro-poor public health agenda to improve the general well-being of disadvantaged groups.

Criminal Justice. [FasTrak Specialization Integrated Technical and Academic Competency (ITAC).] 2002 Revision.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ohio State Dept. of Education, Columbus. Div. of Career-Technical and Adult Education.

This curriculum for a criminal justice program is designed for students interested in pursuing a future in law enforcement or a related public safety profession. The criminal justice program in the career-technical and adult education center is a two-year curriculum that is divided into these 14 units: orientation; legal aspects; communication…

28 CFR 20.24 - State laws on privacy and security.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Local Criminal History Record Information Systems § 20.24 State laws on privacy and security. Where a State originating criminal history record information provides for sealing or purging thereof, nothing...

28 CFR 20.24 - State laws on privacy and security.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Local Criminal History Record Information Systems § 20.24 State laws on privacy and security. Where a State originating criminal history record information provides for sealing or purging thereof, nothing...

28 CFR 20.24 - State laws on privacy and security.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Local Criminal History Record Information Systems § 20.24 State laws on privacy and security. Where a State originating criminal history record information provides for sealing or purging thereof, nothing...

28 CFR 20.24 - State laws on privacy and security.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Local Criminal History Record Information Systems § 20.24 State laws on privacy and security. Where a State originating criminal history record information provides for sealing or purging thereof, nothing...

28 CFR 20.24 - State laws on privacy and security.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Local Criminal History Record Information Systems § 20.24 State laws on privacy and security. Where a State originating criminal history record information provides for sealing or purging thereof, nothing...

Accommodating the medical use of marijuana: surveying the differing legal approaches in Australia, the United States and Canada.

PubMed

Bogdanoski, Tony

2010-02-01

While the scientific and medical communities continue to be divided on the therapeutic benefits and risks of cannabis use, anecdotal evidence from medical users themselves suggests that using cannabis is indeed improving their quality of life by alleviating their pain and discomfort. Notwithstanding the benefits anecdotally claimed by these medical users and the existence of some scientific studies confirming their claims, criminal drug laws in all Australian and most United States jurisdictions continue to prohibit the possession, cultivation and supply of cannabis even for medical purposes. However, in contrast to Australia and most parts of the United States, the medical use of cannabis has been legal in Canada for about a decade. This article reviews these differing legal and regulatory approaches to accommodating the medical use of cannabis (namely, marijuana) as well as some of the challenges involved in legalising it for medical purposes.

Expeditionary Operations in the Fourth Industrial Revolution

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-06-21

may radically change it. AM is inherently flexible, since the product produced depends only on the materials the printer can use, the design of...strengths: adaptability, flexibility, and responsiveness to the demands of war. Keywords: artificial intelligence, 3D manufacturing , robotics, drones...grow and process their products .13 Thus, criminal organizations can have an impact on the security of the United States, and our response may well

Lawful Hacking: Toward a Middle-Ground Solution to the Going Dark Problem

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-03-01

14 2. 9/11 Terrorist Attacks..................................................................17 3. The Rise of Encryption Post -Snowden’s...taking pictures, posting pictures, shopping, conducting business, and searching the web. To investigate these 100,000 [the number of criminal cases his...non-U.S. person who does not have strong ties to the United States, FISA is the de facto Fourth Amendment limitation on government’s domestic

Check Your Privacy Rights at the Front Gate: Consensual Sodomy Regulation in Today’s Military Following United States v. Marcum

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-10-04

be one of history’s greatest ironies. Id. 19. JOSEPH CHITTY, A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE CRIMINAL LAW 51 (1836); see also RICHARD A. POSNER...intercourse, incitement to masturbation , and undefined acts of women ’against nature.’" 30 In the agrarian colonies, procreation was not just God’s will

Policing in the United States: Has the Time Come for a Full-Time National Police Force

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-06-10

content/pub/pdf/fleo00.pdf. 103 Scalia, John. NCJ-163066, Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin: Juvenile Delinquents in the Federal Criminal Justice...96 viii ACRONYMS BJS Bureau of Justice Statistics CALEA Commission on Accrediting Law Enforcement Agencies COMPSTAT...Computer Statistics COR Corrections CRCC Civilian Review and Complaint Commission CRT Court Operations DEA Drug Enforcement Agency DHS

International Police Cooperation on Countering Transnational Terrorism

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-06-01

First Response Network FTF Fusion Task Force GNI Gross National Income HENU Heads of EUROPOL National Units Group ICPC International Criminal...Destruction xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I would like to submit my sincerest gratitude to my advisors, Michael E. Freeman, Ph.D., and David C...target country). 3 The first known international police cooperation initiative was launched in 1851 under the name Police Union of German States

Knowing How and Showing How: Interdisciplinary Collaboration on Substance Abuse Skill OSCEs for Medical, Nursing and Social Work Students

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Baez, Annecy; Eckert-Norton, Margaret; Morrison, Ann

2005-01-01

The problem use of alcohol causes over 100,000 deaths in the United States per year and has substantial negative impact on family structure, the economy and the criminal justice system. Screening and early treatment of individuals with problem use of alcohol by health professionals can significantly reduce mortality and morbidity. Students from…

Defense AT and L. Volume 43, Number 4

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-08-01

nature , guidance can become dated soon after it is published since it is typically anticipatory or reactive in na- ture. Tearing down boundaries and...how we pro- tect and defend the United States and its allies. Those technologies began as ideas that were nurtured , guarded and secured by...intimidation by criminals /insurgents, and safe facilities for their workers. They also need reliable infrastructure for their manufacturing facilities

28 CFR 105.21 - Purpose and authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

....21 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) CRIMINAL HISTORY BACKGROUND CHECKS... regulate the exchange of criminal history record information (“CHRI”), as defined in 28 CFR 20.3(d), and...). Section 6402 authorizes a fingerprint-based criminal history check of state and national criminal history...

28 CFR 105.21 - Purpose and authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

....21 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) CRIMINAL HISTORY BACKGROUND CHECKS... regulate the exchange of criminal history record information (“CHRI”), as defined in 28 CFR 20.3(d), and...). Section 6402 authorizes a fingerprint-based criminal history check of state and national criminal history...

28 CFR 105.21 - Purpose and authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

....21 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) CRIMINAL HISTORY BACKGROUND CHECKS... regulate the exchange of criminal history record information (“CHRI”), as defined in 28 CFR 20.3(d), and...). Section 6402 authorizes a fingerprint-based criminal history check of state and national criminal history...

28 CFR 105.21 - Purpose and authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

....21 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) CRIMINAL HISTORY BACKGROUND CHECKS... regulate the exchange of criminal history record information (“CHRI”), as defined in 28 CFR 20.3(d), and...). Section 6402 authorizes a fingerprint-based criminal history check of state and national criminal history...

28 CFR 105.21 - Purpose and authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

....21 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) CRIMINAL HISTORY BACKGROUND CHECKS... regulate the exchange of criminal history record information (“CHRI”), as defined in 28 CFR 20.3(d), and...). Section 6402 authorizes a fingerprint-based criminal history check of state and national criminal history...

Criminal career-related factors among female robbers in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, and a presumed 'revolving-door' situation.

PubMed

Mauá, Fernando Henrique Nadalini; Baltieri, Danilo Antonio

2012-06-01

Risk-taking behaviors, family criminality, poverty, and poor parenting have been frequently associated with an earlier onset of criminal activities and a longer criminal career among male convicts. This study aims to identify factors related to the onset and recurrence of criminal behavior among female robbers in the State of São Paulo - Brazil. It was a cross-sectional study carried out inside a feminine penitentiary in São Paulo. From June 2006 to June 2010, 175 inmates convicted only for robbery were recruited to be evaluated about family antecedents of criminal conviction, alcohol and drug misuse, impulsiveness, depressive symptoms, and psychosocial features. RESULTS Having family antecedents of criminal conviction consistently predicted an earlier onset of criminal activities and a longer criminal career among female robbers. Drug use in youth and the severity of drug misuse were significantly related to the initiation and recurrence of criminal behavior, respectively. Prisons must systematically screen detainees and provide treatments for those with health problems in general. Children of inmates should obtain help to modify the negative consequences of their parents' incarceration in order to mitigate the negative consequences of pursuing this 'static' factor.

A Comparative Follow-Up Study of B.S. Graduates in Criminal Justice.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jamieson-Inderbitzin, Liselotte M.

The purpose of this study was to determine if the students who graduated from Ferris State University (Michigan) with a bachelor's degree in criminal justice were satisfied with their education and career choices. A questionnaire was mailed to all graduates of Ferris State University's Bachelor's program in criminal justice between 1991 and 1994.…

Men Who have Sex with Men Who Believe that Their State has a HIV Criminal Law Report Higher Condomless Anal Sex than Those Who are Unsure of the Law in Their State.

PubMed

Horvath, Keith J; Meyer, Craig; Rosser, B R Simon

2017-01-01

We assessed the effects of beliefs about state HIV criminal law on condomless anal sex (CAS < 3 months) among men who have sex with men (MSM) residing in 16 US states (n = 2013; M = 36 years old; 75 % White; 82 % HIV-negative) completing an online survey in 2010 and stratified by residency in a state with any or sex-specific HIV criminal law(s) or where a HIV-related arrest, prosecution, or sentence enhancement (APSE) had occurred. Three-quarters of MSM reported that they were unsure of the law in their state. Men who believed there was a HIV law in their state but lived in states without any or a sex-specific HIV criminal law(s) had higher probabilities of CAS compared to those who were unsure of their state's law; men who believed there was a HIV law in their state and lived in a state where an APSE had occurred had higher probabilities of CAS compared to those who were unsure of their state's law. Correct knowledge of state law was not associated with CAS. Findings suggest that HIV criminal laws have little or counter-productive effects on MSM's risk behavior.

22 CFR 133.625 - Criminal drug statute.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Criminal drug statute. 133.625 Section 133.625 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE MISCELLANEOUS GOVERNMENTWIDE REQUIREMENTS FOR DRUG-FREE WORKPLACE (FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE) Definitions § 133.625 Criminal drug statute. Criminal drug statute means a Federal or...

22 CFR 133.625 - Criminal drug statute.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Criminal drug statute. 133.625 Section 133.625 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE MISCELLANEOUS GOVERNMENTWIDE REQUIREMENTS FOR DRUG-FREE WORKPLACE (FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE) Definitions § 133.625 Criminal drug statute. Criminal drug statute means a Federal or...

22 CFR 133.625 - Criminal drug statute.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Criminal drug statute. 133.625 Section 133.625 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE MISCELLANEOUS GOVERNMENTWIDE REQUIREMENTS FOR DRUG-FREE WORKPLACE (FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE) Definitions § 133.625 Criminal drug statute. Criminal drug statute means a Federal or...

22 CFR 133.625 - Criminal drug statute.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Criminal drug statute. 133.625 Section 133.625 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE MISCELLANEOUS GOVERNMENTWIDE REQUIREMENTS FOR DRUG-FREE WORKPLACE (FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE) Definitions § 133.625 Criminal drug statute. Criminal drug statute means a Federal or...

The application of civil commitment law and practices to a case of delusional disorder: a cross-national comparison of legal approaches in the United States and the United Kingdom.

PubMed

Fennell, Philip; Goldstein, Robert Lloyd

2006-01-01

Legal approaches to civil commitment in the United States and the United Kingdom are compared. A concise overview of the historical evolution of civil commitment in both countries precedes a discussion of the present scheme of commitment standards in each system. These current standards in U.S. and U.K. jurisdictions are then applied to a hypothetical case of delusional disorder. A discussion of the constructive use of civil commitment in patients with delusional disorder who may be dangerous focuses on its value as a preventive measure against potential harm to self or others, as well as the pros and cons of coercive assessment and treatment. Despite the many differences in approach to commitment, the authors concur that in both countries the patient with delusional disorder was committable before the commission of a serious criminal offense.

What difference do brain images make in US criminal trials?

PubMed

Hardcastle, Valerie Gray; Lamb, Edward

2018-05-09

One of the early concerns regarding the use of neuroscience data in criminal trials is that even if the brain images are ambiguous or inconclusive, they still might influence a jury in virtue of the fact that they appear easy to understand. By appearing visually simple, even though they are really statistically constructed maps with a host of assumptions built into them, a lay jury or a judge might take brain scans to be more reliable or relevant than they actually are. Should courts exclude brain scans for being more prejudicial than probative? Herein, we rehearse a brief history of brain scans admitted into criminal trials in the United States, then describe the results of a recent analysis of appellate court decisions that referenced 1 or more brain scans in the judicial decision. In particular, we aim to explain how courts use neuroscience imaging data: Do they interpret the data correctly? Does it seem that scans play an oversized role in judicial decision-making? And have they changed how criminal defendants are judged? It is our hope that in answering these questions, clinicians and defence attorneys will be able to make better informed decisions regarding about how to manage those incarcerated. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

28 CFR 904.2 - Interpretation of the criminal history record screening requirement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Interpretation of the criminal history... PRIVACY COMPACT COUNCIL STATE CRIMINAL HISTORY RECORD SCREENING STANDARDS § 904.2 Interpretation of the criminal history record screening requirement. Compact Article IV(c) provides that “Any record obtained...

28 CFR 904.2 - Interpretation of the criminal history record screening requirement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Interpretation of the criminal history... PRIVACY COMPACT COUNCIL STATE CRIMINAL HISTORY RECORD SCREENING STANDARDS § 904.2 Interpretation of the criminal history record screening requirement. Compact Article IV(c) provides that “Any record obtained...

28 CFR 904.2 - Interpretation of the criminal history record screening requirement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Interpretation of the criminal history... PRIVACY COMPACT COUNCIL STATE CRIMINAL HISTORY RECORD SCREENING STANDARDS § 904.2 Interpretation of the criminal history record screening requirement. Compact Article IV(c) provides that “Any record obtained...

28 CFR 904.2 - Interpretation of the criminal history record screening requirement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Interpretation of the criminal history... PRIVACY COMPACT COUNCIL STATE CRIMINAL HISTORY RECORD SCREENING STANDARDS § 904.2 Interpretation of the criminal history record screening requirement. Compact Article IV(c) provides that “Any record obtained...

28 CFR 904.2 - Interpretation of the criminal history record screening requirement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Interpretation of the criminal history... PRIVACY COMPACT COUNCIL STATE CRIMINAL HISTORY RECORD SCREENING STANDARDS § 904.2 Interpretation of the criminal history record screening requirement. Compact Article IV(c) provides that “Any record obtained...

The Consequences of Contact with the Criminal Justice System for Health in the Transition to Adulthood

PubMed Central

Esposito, Michael H.; Lee, Hedwig; Hicken, Margret T.; Porter, Lauren C.; Herting, Jerald R.

2017-01-01

A rapidly growing literature has documented the adverse social, economic and, recently, health impacts of experiencing incarceration in the United States. Despite the insights that this work has provided in consistently documenting the deleterious effects of incarceration, little is known about the specific timing of criminal justice contact and early health consequences during the transition from adolescence to adulthood—a critical period in the life course, particularly for the development of poor health. Previous literature on the role of incarceration has also been hampered by the difficulties of parsing out the influence that incarceration exerts on health from the social and economic confounding forces that are linked to both criminal justice contact and health. This paper addresses these two gaps in the literature by examining the association between incarceration and health in the United States during the transition to adulthood, and by using an analytic approach that better isolates the association of incarceration with health from the multitude of confounders which could be alternatively driving this association. In this endeavor, we make use of variable-rich data from The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (n = 10,785) and a non-parametric Bayesian machine learning technique- Bayesian Additive Regression Trees. Our results suggest that the experience of incarceration at this stage of the life course increases the probability of depression, adversely affects the perception of general health status, but has no effect on the probability of developing hypertension in early adulthood. These findings signal that incarceration in emerging adulthood is an important stressor that can have immediate implications for mental and general health in early adulthood, and may help to explain long lasting implications incarceration has for health across the life course. PMID:28781613

Legal implications of premenstrual syndrome: a Canadian perspective.

PubMed Central

Meehan, E; MacRae, K

1986-01-01

A summary of the symptoms, prevalence and history of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is presented. The legal implications of PMS, particularly its use as a defence in criminal prosecutions and as an implicit factor in specific offences, are discussed by means of an analysis of Canadian legal cases, with reference to those in England and the United States. The authors offer suggestions on how physicians can make use of PMS in a courtroom more reliable. They conclude that PMS is unlikely to become a substantive criminal defence until the medical community more fully recognizes its significance. Although the role of PMS as a mitigating factor in sentencing may be illogical, the courts now recognize the syndrome in a legally and practically important manner. Images p602-a PMID:3756691

Carol Anne Bond v the United States of America: how a woman scorned threatened the Chemical Weapons Convention.

PubMed

Muldoon, Anna; Kornblet, Sarah; Katz, Rebecca

2011-09-01

The case of Carol Anne Bond v the United States of America stemmed from a domestic dispute when Ms. Bond attempted to retaliate against her best friend by attacking her with chemical agents. What has emerged is a much greater issue--a test of standing on whether a private citizen can challenge the Tenth Amendment. Instead of being prosecuted in state court for assault, Ms. Bond was charged and tried in district court under a federal criminal statute passed as part of implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). Ms. Bond's argument rests on the claim that the statute exceeded the federal government's enumerated powers in criminalizing her behavior and violated the Constitution, while the government contends legislation implementing treaty obligations is well within its purview. This question remains unanswered because there is dispute among the lower courts as to whether Ms. Bond, as a citizen, even has the right to challenge an amendment guaranteeing states rights when a state is not a party to the action. The Supreme Court heard the case on February 22, 2011, and, if it decides to grant Ms. Bond standing to challenge her conviction, the case will be returned to the lower courts. Should the court decide Ms. Bond has the standing to challenge her conviction and further questions the constitutionality of the law, it would be a significant blow to implementation of the CWC in the U.S. and the effort of the federal government to ensure we are meeting our international obligations.

National Human Trafficking Initiatives: Dimensions of Policy Diffusion1

PubMed Central

Yoo, Eun-hye; Boyle, Elizabeth Heger

2014-01-01

The implementation of criminal law involves formal law enforcement, education and public outreach aimed at preventing criminal activity, and providing services for victims. Historically, quantitative research on global trends has tended to focus on a single policy dimension, potentially masking the unique factors that affect the diffusion of each policy dimension independently. Using an ordered-probit model to analyze new human trafficking policy data on national prosecution, prevention, and victim-protection efforts, we find that global ties and domestic interest groups matter more in areas where international law is less defined. While prosecution, officially mandated by the Trafficking Protocol, was relatively impervious to global ties and domestic interest groups, both trafficking prevention and victim protection were associated with these factors. Our findings also suggest that fear of repercussions is not a major driver of state actions to combat trafficking—neither ratification of the Trafficking Protocol nor levels of United States aid were associated with greater implementation of anti-trafficking measures. PMID:26538806

Distress, coping, and drug law enforcement in a series of patients using medical cannabis.

PubMed

Aggarwal, Sunil Kumar; Carter, Gregory; Sullivan, Mark; Morrill, Richard; Zumbrunnen, Craig; Mayer, Jonathan

2013-04-01

Patients using medical cannabis in the United States inhabit a conflicting medicolegal space. This study presents data from a dispensary-based survey of patients using medical cannabis in the state of Washington regarding cannabis-specific health behaviors, levels of psychological distress, stress regarding marijuana criminality, past experiences with drug law enforcement, and coping behaviors. Thirty-seven subjects were enrolled in this study, and all but three completed survey materials. The median index of psychological distress, as measured by the Behavioral Symptom Inventory, was nearly 2.5 times higher than that found in a general population sample but one third less than that found in an outpatient sample. The subjects reported a moderate amount of stress related to the criminality of marijuana, with 76% reporting previous exposure to 119 separate drug law enforcement tactics in total. The subjects reported a wide range of coping methods, and their responses to a modified standardized survey showed the confounding influence of legality in assessing substance-related disorders.

National Human Trafficking Initiatives: Dimensions of Policy Diffusion.

PubMed

Yoo, Eun-Hye; Boyle, Elizabeth Heger

2015-01-01

The implementation of criminal law involves formal law enforcement, education and public outreach aimed at preventing criminal activity, and providing services for victims. Historically, quantitative research on global trends has tended to focus on a single policy dimension, potentially masking the unique factors that affect the diffusion of each policy dimension independently. Using an ordered-probit model to analyze new human trafficking policy data on national prosecution, prevention, and victim-protection efforts, we find that global ties and domestic interest groups matter more in areas where international law is less defined. While prosecution, officially mandated by the Trafficking Protocol, was relatively impervious to global ties and domestic interest groups, both trafficking prevention and victim protection were associated with these factors. Our findings also suggest that fear of repercussions is not a major driver of state actions to combat trafficking-neither ratification of the Trafficking Protocol nor levels of United States aid were associated with greater implementation of anti-trafficking measures.

A concurrent resolution expressing the sense of Congress that the United States should neither become a signatory to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court nor attend the Review Conference of the Rome Statute in Kampala, Uganda in May 2010.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Sen. Vitter, David [R-LA

2010-04-21

Senate - 04/21/2010 Referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations. (text of measure as introduced: CR S2528) (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Shoot, Move, Communicate, Purchase: How United States Special Forces Can Better Employ Money as a Weapon System

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-12-01

and Suspension & Debarment Hearing, February 28, 2011, 9, http://www.wartimecontracting.gov/docs/hearing2011–02–28_testimony- Ginman.pdf (accessed...Counterinsurgency. December, 2006. Ginman, Richard T. Ensuring Contractor Accountability: Past Performance and Suspension & Debarment ...tied to the enemy. This vetting process helped debar or suspend 10 prime contractors with ties to criminal networks or the insurgency. In his written

Immigration Visa Issuances and Grounds for Exclusion: Policy and Trends

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-03-10

Protection (CBP) is tasked with inspecting all people who enter the United States. The Attorney General and DOJ’s Executive Office for Immigration Review...Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) sets policy on the health -related grounds for inadmissibility, as discussed below. Immigration Visa...inadmissibility of the INA, which include criminal, terrorist, and public health grounds for exclusion, discussed below.10 Trends The number of immigrant visas

Criminal Provisions of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 and their Interface with the United States Sentencing Guidelines

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-09-30

it appears no other thing to me than a foul and pestilent congregation of vapors." Hamlet , Act II, Scene 229 "We will not turn our backs or look the... Shakespeare Selected Plays 210 (1981). (30) Remarks on Signing the Bill Amending the Clean Air Act, 26 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 1823 (Nov. 15, 1990). (31

An Examination of the Characteristics and Determinants of At-Risk and Non-at-Risk Students in a Texas Independent School District

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Roome, Anna Kathryn

2016-01-01

The issue within education reform of high dropout rates has been an enduring problem for education in the United States (U.S.) since the 1960s. Dropping out of high school is associated with a broad range of social pathologies in adulthood, including poor job prospects, the propensity to engage in criminal behavior, out-of-wedlock births, low…

26 CFR 1.6050I-2 - Returns relating to cash in excess of $10,000 received as bail by court clerks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 18 of the United States Code); (3) Money laundering (as defined in section 1956 or 1957 of title 18... are customarily used and accepted as money in the country in which issued; and (2) A cashier's check..., or money order having a face amount of not more than $10,000. Specified criminal offense means— (1) A...

Civil and criminal liability for violation of environmental laws

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

McElveen, J.C.

1993-01-01

Over the past several years, increasing public attention has been focused on environmental pollution at facilities owned or operated by the United States Government, with particular emphasis on hazards that pollution may present to human health and the environment. In response to the concerns which are being raised, federal officials and private citizens have investigated a variety of options they have available to ensure environmental laws are being enforced and to compensate those injured by the pollution. More and more, those options have included litigation. Criminal prosecutions have been instituted against government employees, and civil suits have been filed againstmore » the government, against those who contributed to the perceived problem and against those who are endeavoring to clean up the sites. Questions have been raised about whether, and to what extent, the government should indemnify its contractors or contractors should indemnify the government. Pending legislative initiatives may address some of these problems, but potential civil and criminal liability will probably be the order of the day for the foreseeable future.« less

Examining the Direct and Indirect Effects of Fear and Anger on Criminal Decision Making Among Known Offenders.

PubMed

Bouffard, Jeff A

2015-12-01

Deterrence represents the central theoretical core of the American criminal justice system, yet relatively little attention has been paid to how emotions like fear and anger may relate to deterrence. Psychological research has debated whether negative emotions each have similar impacts on decision making (valence approaches) or if distinct emotions have unique impacts (appraisal tendency approaches). This study explores the direct and indirect influences of fear and anger on hypothetical drunk driving likelihood, including their impact on cost perceptions. Surveys were administered to 1,013 male and female incarcerated felony offenders in the Southwestern United States. Using a multivariate path model and controlling for a number of other individual factors, current fear related to increased cost perceptions and anger to decreased costs. Anger also maintained a direct influence on drunk driving, whereas fear did not. Despite their shared negative valence, fear and anger appear to have dissimilar influences on cost perceptions and criminal decision making. A better understanding of these processes may lead to improved crime prevention approaches. © The Author(s) 2014.

45 CFR 2551.30 - What documentation must I maintain regarding a National Service Criminal History Check?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... National Service Criminal History Check? 2551.30 Section 2551.30 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to... National Service Criminal History Check? You must: (a) Document in writing that you verified the identity... results of the National Service Criminal History check (unless precluded by State law) and document in...

45 CFR 2551.30 - What documentation must I maintain regarding a National Service Criminal History Check?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... National Service Criminal History Check? 2551.30 Section 2551.30 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to... National Service Criminal History Check? You must: (a) Document in writing that you verified the identity... results of the National Service Criminal History check (unless precluded by State law) and document in...

45 CFR 2552.30 - What documentation must I maintain regarding a National Service Criminal History Check?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... National Service Criminal History Check? 2552.30 Section 2552.30 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to... National Service Criminal History Check? You must: (a) Document in writing that you verified the identity... results of the National Service Criminal History check (unless precluded by State law) and document in...

45 CFR 2552.30 - What documentation must I maintain regarding a National Service Criminal History Check?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... National Service Criminal History Check? 2552.30 Section 2552.30 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to... National Service Criminal History Check? You must: (a) Document in writing that you verified the identity... results of the National Service Criminal History check (unless precluded by State law) and document in...

45 CFR 2552.30 - What documentation must I maintain regarding a National Service Criminal History Check?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... National Service Criminal History Check? 2552.30 Section 2552.30 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to... National Service Criminal History Check? You must: (a) Document in writing that you verified the identity... results of the National Service Criminal History check (unless precluded by State law) and document in...

45 CFR 2551.30 - What documentation must I maintain regarding a National Service Criminal History Check?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... National Service Criminal History Check? 2551.30 Section 2551.30 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to... National Service Criminal History Check? You must: (a) Document in writing that you verified the identity... results of the National Service Criminal History check (unless precluded by State law) and document in...

Legislative responses to wrongful conviction: Do partisan principals and advocacy efforts influence state-level criminal justice policy?

PubMed

Kent, Stephanie L; Carmichael, Jason T

2015-07-01

The number of discovered wrongful criminal convictions (and resulting exonerations) has increased over the past decade. These cases erode public confidence in the criminal justice system and trust in the rule of law. Many states have adopted laws that aim to reduce system errors but no study has examined why some states appear more willing to provide due process protections against wrongful convictions than others. Findings from regression estimates suggest that states with a Republican controlled legislature or more Republican voters are less likely to pass these laws while the presence of advocacy organizations that are part of the 'innocence movement' make legislative change more likely. We thus identify important differences in the political and social context between U.S. states that influence the adoption of criminal justice policies. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

12 CFR 590.101 - State criminal usury statutes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... constitution or laws of any state expressly limiting the rate or amount of interest, discount points, finance... the federal statute preempts a state law which deems it a criminal offense to charge interest at a.... The wording of the federal statute clearly expresses an intent to displace all direct state law...

12 CFR 590.101 - State criminal usury statutes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... constitution or laws of any state expressly limiting the rate or amount of interest, discount points, finance... the federal statute preempts a state law which deems it a criminal offense to charge interest at a.... The wording of the federal statute clearly expresses an intent to displace all direct state law...

12 CFR 190.101 - State criminal usury statutes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... constitution or laws of any state expressly limiting the rate or amount of interest, discount points, finance... the Federal statute preempts a state law which deems it a criminal offense to charge interest at a... Federal statute clearly expresses an intent to displace all direct state law restraints on interest. Any...

12 CFR 590.101 - State criminal usury statutes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... constitution or laws of any state expressly limiting the rate or amount of interest, discount points, finance... the federal statute preempts a state law which deems it a criminal offense to charge interest at a.... The wording of the federal statute clearly expresses an intent to displace all direct state law...

12 CFR 190.101 - State criminal usury statutes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... constitution or laws of any state expressly limiting the rate or amount of interest, discount points, finance... the Federal statute preempts a state law which deems it a criminal offense to charge interest at a... Federal statute clearly expresses an intent to displace all direct state law restraints on interest. Any...

Child Care: State Requirements for Background Checks.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fagnoni, Cynthia

Background checks involve gathering information from state and federal databases to determine if child care providers have a history of child abuse or other criminal convictions that would make them unacceptable for working with children. Background checks include state criminal history checks, state child abuse registry checks, and Federal Bureau…

40 CFR 123.34 - Provisions for Tribal criminal enforcement authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (CONTINUED) WATER PROGRAMS STATE PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS State Program Submissions § 123.34 Provisions for... criminal enforcement authority as required under § 123.27, the Federal Government will exercise primary...

40 CFR 123.34 - Provisions for Tribal criminal enforcement authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (CONTINUED) WATER PROGRAMS STATE PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS State Program Submissions § 123.34 Provisions for... criminal enforcement authority as required under § 123.27, the Federal Government will exercise primary...

40 CFR 123.34 - Provisions for Tribal criminal enforcement authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (CONTINUED) WATER PROGRAMS STATE PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS State Program Submissions § 123.34 Provisions for... criminal enforcement authority as required under § 123.27, the Federal Government will exercise primary...

40 CFR 123.34 - Provisions for Tribal criminal enforcement authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (CONTINUED) WATER PROGRAMS STATE PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS State Program Submissions § 123.34 Provisions for... criminal enforcement authority as required under § 123.27, the Federal Government will exercise primary...

40 CFR 123.34 - Provisions for Tribal criminal enforcement authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) WATER PROGRAMS STATE PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS State Program Submissions § 123.34 Provisions for... criminal enforcement authority as required under § 123.27, the Federal Government will exercise primary...

Modern-day comfort women: the U.S. Military, transnational crime, and the trafficking of women.

PubMed

Hughes, Donna M; Chon, Katherine Y; Ellerman, Derek P

2007-09-01

The trafficking of women has been a lucrative moneymaker for transnational organized crime networks, ranking third, behind drugs and arms, in criminal earnings. The U.S. military bases in South Korea were found to form a hub for the transnational trafficking of women from the Asia Pacific and Eurasia to South Korea and the United States. This study, conducted in 2002, examined three types of trafficking that were connected to U.S. military bases in South Korea: domestic trafficking of Korean women to clubs around the military bases in South Korea, transnational trafficking of women to clubs around military bases in South Korea, and transnational trafficking of women from South Korea to massage parlors in the United States.

Information sharing between the National Health Service and criminal justice system in the United Kingdom.

PubMed

Lennox, Charlotte; Mason, Julie; McDonnell, Sharon; Shaw, Jenny; Senior, Jane

2012-09-01

Offenders with mental health problems often have complex and interrelated needs which separately challenge the criminal justice system (CJS) and National Health Service (NHS) in the United Kingdom (U.K.). Consequently, interagency collaboration and timely information sharing are essential. This study focused on the sharing of information about people with mental health problems in contact with the CJS. Questionnaires were distributed to a range of health and criminal justice personnel. The results showed that there was a mismatch between what service user information criminal justice agencies felt they needed and what was routinely received. Prison Service staff received more information (between 15% and 37%) from health agencies than the police (between 6% and 22%). Health professionals received most of the information they needed from criminal justice agencies (between 55% and 85%). Sharing service user information was impeded by incompatible computer systems and restrictions due to data protection/confidentiality requirements. In the U.K., recent governmental publications have highlighted the importance of information sharing; however there remains a clear mismatch between what health related information about service users criminal justice agencies need, and what is actually received. Better guidance is required to encourage and empower people to share. © 2012 International Association of Forensic Nurses.

45 CFR 2540.206 - What documentation must I maintain regarding a National Service Criminal History Check for a...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... National Service Criminal History Check for a covered position? 2540.206 Section 2540.206 Public Welfare... What documentation must I maintain regarding a National Service Criminal History Check for a covered... National Service Criminal History Check, unless precluded from doing so by State or Federal law or...

45 CFR 2540.202 - What two search components of the National Service Criminal History Check must I satisfy to...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Criminal History Check must I satisfy to determine an individual's suitability to serve in a covered... Service Criminal History Check must I satisfy to determine an individual's suitability to serve in a... National Service Criminal History Check, which consists of the following two search components: (a) State...

45 CFR 2540.205 - What documentation must I maintain regarding a National Service Criminal History Check for a...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... National Service Criminal History Check for a covered position? 2540.205 Section 2540.205 Public Welfare... What documentation must I maintain regarding a National Service Criminal History Check for a covered... Criminal History check (unless precluded by State law) and document in writing that you considered the...

45 CFR 2540.205 - What documentation must I maintain regarding a National Service Criminal History Check for a...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... National Service Criminal History Check for a covered position? 2540.205 Section 2540.205 Public Welfare... What documentation must I maintain regarding a National Service Criminal History Check for a covered... Criminal History check (unless precluded by State law) and document in writing that you considered the...

45 CFR 2540.205 - What documentation must I maintain regarding a National Service Criminal History Check for a...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... National Service Criminal History Check for a covered position? 2540.205 Section 2540.205 Public Welfare... What documentation must I maintain regarding a National Service Criminal History Check for a covered... Criminal History check (unless precluded by State law) and document in writing that you considered the...

45 CFR 2540.202 - What two search components of the National Service Criminal History Check must I satisfy to...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Criminal History Check must I satisfy to determine an individual's suitability to serve in a covered... Service Criminal History Check must I satisfy to determine an individual's suitability to serve in a... National Service Criminal History Check, which consists of the following two search components: (a) State...

From Exploitation to Industry: Definitions, Risks, and Consequences of Domestic Sexual Exploitation and Sex Work Among Women and Girls

PubMed Central

Gerassi, Lara

2015-01-01

In the last 15 years, terms such as prostitution, sex trafficking, sexual exploitation, modern-day slavery, and sex work have elicited much confusion and debate as to their definitions. Consequently several challenges have emerged for both law enforcement in the prosecution of criminals and practitioners in service provision. This article reviews the state of the literature with regard to domestic, sexual exploitation among women and girls in the United States and seeks to (1) provide definitions and describe the complexity of all terms relating to domestic sexual exploitation of women and girls in the United States, (2) explore available national prevalence data according to the definitions provided, and (3) review the evidence of mental health, social, and structural risk factors at the micro-, mezzo-, and macrolevels. PMID:26726289

From Exploitation to Industry: Definitions, Risks, and Consequences of Domestic Sexual Exploitation and Sex Work Among Women and Girls.

PubMed

Gerassi, Lara

In the last 15 years, terms such as prostitution, sex trafficking, sexual exploitation, modern-day slavery, and sex work have elicited much confusion and debate as to their definitions. Consequently several challenges have emerged for both law enforcement in the prosecution of criminals and practitioners in service provision. This article reviews the state of the literature with regard to domestic, sexual exploitation among women and girls in the United States and seeks to (1) provide definitions and describe the complexity of all terms relating to domestic sexual exploitation of women and girls in the United States, (2) explore available national prevalence data according to the definitions provided, and (3) review the evidence of mental health, social, and structural risk factors at the micro-, mezzo-, and macrolevels.

Good cop, bad cop: federal prosecution of state-legalized medical marijuana use after United States v. Lopez.

PubMed

Newbern, A E

2000-10-01

The Supreme Court's recent decisions in United States v. Lopez and United States v. Morrison articulate a vision of federalism under which Congress's regulatory authority under the Commerce Clause is severely limited in favor of returning traditional areas of state concern, particularly criminal law enforcement, to local or state control. The Court's decisions in these cases coincide with ballot initiatives legalizing the medical use of marijuana garnering a majority of the vote in California, Arizona, Alaska, Colorado, Nevada, Oregon, Washington, Maine, and Washington D.C. Those who use marijuana for medical purposes under sanction of state law, however, still face the threat of federal prosecution under the Controlled Substances Act. Medical marijuana proponents have traditionally, and unsuccessfully, contested federal prosecution using individual rights arguments under theories of equal protection or substantive due process. This Comment argues that after Lopez and Morrison, the federal government's authority to regulate intrastate use of marijuana for medicinal purposes is not the foregone conclusion it once was. The author suggests that proponents of medical marijuana use should invoke the federalism arguments of Lopez and Morrison and argue for state legislative independence from the federal government on this issue.

12 CFR 261.21 - Confidential information made available to law enforcement agencies and other nonfinancial...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... applicable laws or regulations. (e) Federal and state grand jury, criminal trial, and government... information pursuant to Federal and state grand jury, criminal trial, and government administrative subpoenas...

76 FR 5611 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Proposed Collection, Comments Requested

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-01

... DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Federal Bureau of Investigation [OMB Number 1110-0002] Agency Information... Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information Services Division will..., Unit Chief, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information Services (CJIS) Division...

75 FR 8994 - Agency Information Collection Activities: New Collection, Comments Requested

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-02-26

... DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Federal Bureau of Investigation [OMB Number 1110-NEW] Agency Information... Investigation, Criminal Justice Information Services Division will be submitting the following information..., Unit Chief, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information Services Division (CJIS...

Determining a Criminal Defendant's Competency to Proceed With an Extradition Hearing.

PubMed

Piel, Jennifer; Finkle, Michael J; Giske, Megan; Leong, Gregory B

2015-06-01

When a criminal defendant flees from one state (often referred to as the requesting state) to another (often referred to as the asylum state), the requesting state can demand that the asylum state return the defendant through a process called extradition. Only a handful of states have considered a fugitive's right to be competent to proceed with an extradition hearing. Those states fall into three categories. Some states apply the same standard as in criminal trial competency cases. Others apply a more limited competency standard. Two have found that a fugitive has no right to be competent to proceed in an extradition hearing. The particular legal test adopted affects the nature and scope of the competency evaluation conducted by the psychiatrist or psychologist in the extradition hearing. In addition, we are not aware of any state that has considered what happens to the fugitive if he is ultimately found not competent to proceed. Legislation, either state by state or through amendments to the Uniform Criminal Extradition Act, can provide the legal and psychiatric communities with guidance in assessing competency initially and in taking appropriate steps if the fugitive is ultimately found not competent. © 2015 American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law.

Caribbean Regional Security: The Challenges to creating Formal Military Relationships in the English-Speaking Caribbean

DTIC Science & Technology

2002-05-31

Central America such as Fuerzas Aliadas Humanitarian and more pointedly, through the expansion of the Caribbean Nations Security Conference (CANSEC...Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, and Nicaragua attended as observers. At the conference Major General Soligan, the SOUTHCOM J5, put...United States, Britain, and Canada are deporting undocumented aliens and legal aliens that have been convicted of criminal offences. Between 1993 and

What Are We Really Afraid Of? The Practitioner View of the Terrorist Threat in the United States

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-03-01

theories that provide explanations for the creation of almost all motivated terrorists- anomie and strain. Consider the foundations of Emile ...Durkheim’s classic theory. Durkheim called the uniformity found in a mechanical (modern) society the collective conscience. To the extent that a society...ostracism and later criminal sanctions drive these groups to desperate measures. Durkheim argued, "society cannot be formed without our being

Reprisal Under International Law: A Defense to Criminal Conduct?

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-03-25

that authority in denying a reprisal defense. In the trial of General Anton Dostler in October 1945, the Commission reaffirmed there could be no...experience. This causal proximity may be part of the calculus that supports a soldier’s 15 decision to reprise, and the soldier must know his decision...and Accountability Under International Law, 131. 26 Ibid., 133. 27 Trial of General Anton Dostler, United States Military Commission, Rome, 8-12

Criminal Insurgency in the Americas and Beyond

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-06-01

sector budget cuts, and decreasing remittances to Mexico from immigrants in the United States increase monetary incentives for rural dwellers to...coercion of rural populations to enlist them in the drug trade.24 Another may focus on killings, as used to be the case with Los Zetas, the hired...Caracas under the Spanish name Banco Internacional de Desarrollo C.A., an independent subsidiary of the Export Bank of Iran. In October of that year, the

Corruption in the Middle East: Challenges Posed for the United States

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-11-01

American exporters allegedly lost out on foreign deals because they are not allowed, under U.S. law, to pay bribes to foreign officials. For...American companies, the payment of bribes to foreign officials is a criminal act and, of course, the bribes paid cannot be deducted as costs for tax...Cost-reducing (to the briber) or benefit enhancing; • Briber-initiated or bribee -initiated; • Coercive or collusive; centralized or

How Can the United States Army and the Interagency Community Better Define and Develop Rule of Law Doctrine and Initiatives to Include Projects Which Will Impact the Human Rights of Women in Afghanistan and Iraq?

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-06-12

prosecuting and punishing criminal acts. 76 In the area of family law, some Muslim countries now prohibit polygamy and divorce by the husband’s...relations.” 198 Therefore, practices of polygamy would be inconsistent with the CEDAW because it undermines women‟s equality with men and potentially

Drug Prohibition in the United States: Costs, Consequences, and Alternatives

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nadelmann, Ethan A.

1989-09-01

``Drug legalization'' increasingly merits serious consideration as both an analytical model and a policy option for addressing the ``drug problem.'' Criminal justice approaches to the drug problem have proven limited in their capacity to curtail drug abuse. They also have proven increasingly costly and counterproductive. Drug legalization policies that are wisely implemented can minimize the risks of legalization, dramatically reduce the costs of current policies, and directly address the problems of drug abuse.

Colombia’s FARC: More Than Just Opportunistic Criminals

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-02-14

principles, liberate the country from the ruling-class elites, and defeat the lawless national military. One of the United States’ staunchest allies...Colombian government, create a new state founded on Marxist-Leninist principles, liberate the country from the ruling-class elites, and defeat the lawless...power was concentrated in two highly-polarized political parties – the “ Liberals ” and the “Conservatives.”4 The struggle between the two parties was

Criminal Law Study Guide. Revision

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-01-01

A.F.B.R. 1954) (evidence of the accused preparing himself and his family for a return to the United States, attending a medical examination formation, and...servicemembers of his medical condition. In Dumford, supra, the court extended the warning requirement to include civilians, as well as other servicemembers. The...restrictions on the right to marry, such as requiring an applicant to meet with a military chaplain, to present medical certificates, and to obtain consent

The Diversification of Mexican Transnational Criminal Organizations and its Effects on Spillover Violence in the United States

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-06-14

would require the determination of “innocent.” This definition presumes that violence against illegal immigrants , often the victims of violence on...Canada, Chile , the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Luxembourg...illegal immigrants being smuggled into the U.S., Mexican or U.S. citizens working with the cartels or their innocent family members, and those that

United States Zone Constabulary: An Analysis of Manning Issues and Their Impact on Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-06-16

fill labor roles in German industry and agriculture. The civil administration, long filled and controlled by the Nazi party, would soon be...restructured. Those who had filled key positions under the Nazi government were no longer eligible for service,8 and in some instances were arrested as...criminals. Before filling unoccupied positions, the occupation forces would have to evaluate potential candidates to ensure they were free of Nazi

To amend chapter 40 of title 18, United States Code, to exempt the transportation, shipment, receipt, or importation of explosive materials for delivery to a federally recognized Indian tribe or an agency of such a tribe from various Federal criminal prohibitions relating to explosives.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Grijalva, Raul M. [D-AZ-7

2009-03-05

Senate - 10/01/2009 Received in the Senate and Read twice and referred to the Committee on the Judiciary. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status Passed HouseHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

CIA’s Support to the Nazi War Criminal Investigations

DTIC Science & Technology

1997-01-01

anxious to explore supposed cabals between American intelligence agencies and such personalities as Josef Mengele , the �Angel of Death� at Auschwitz, and...the United States.� With this statement, the GAO has left room for further speculation about the US Government�s actions during the Cold War. Mengele ...and Waldheim In 1985, the Mengele investigation created a media frenzy as sightings of the German doctor were reported throughout South America

Terrorist Criminal Pipelines and Criminalized States: Emerging Alliances

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-06-01

experience, it lauds radical Islam (as well as past terrorists such as Ilich Ramírez Sánchez, better known as “Carlos the Jackal ”)35 for helping to expand...Miami Herald, November 11, 2005. 36 Ian James, “Chavez Praises Carlos the Jackal ,” Associated Press, November 21, 2009, available at <www...independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/chavez-praises-carlos-the- jackal -1825135.html>. teRRoRISt-cRIMInal PIPelIneS and cRIMInalIzed StateS 32 | FeatuReS PRISM 2, no

Criminal Justice Systems. Block I: Law Enforcement. Block II: The Courts. Block III: Corrections. Block IV: Community Relations. Block V: Proficiency Skills. Block VI: Criminalistics. Instructor Guide.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Florida State Dept. of Education, Tallahassee. Div. of Vocational, Adult, and Community Education.

This instructor guide together with a student guide comprise a set of curriculum materials on the criminal justice system. The instructor guide is a resource for planning and managing individualized, competency-based instruction in six major subject areas or blocks, which are further broken down into several units with some units having several…

To Prosecute or Not? Enforcement of Federal Criminal Regulatory Statutes. Revised Edition. A Student's Lesson Plan [and] A Teacher's Lesson Plan [and] A Lawyer's Lesson Plan.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Howard, Estelle; And Others

One of a series of secondary level teaching units presenting case studies with pro and con analyses of particular legal problems, the document consists of a student's lesson plan, a teacher's lesson plan, and a lawyer's lesson plan for a unit about the enforcement of federal criminal regulatory statutes. The lesson plan presents an analysis of the…

Griffith Edwards, the Addiction Research Unit and research on the criminal justice system.

PubMed

Farrell, Michael; Marsden, John; Strang, John

2015-07-01

This paper reviews the early work of Griffith Edwards and his colleagues on alcohol in the criminal justice system and outlines the direction of research in this area in the Addiction Research Unit in the 1960s and 1970s. The paper outlines the link between that work and work undertaken in the more recent past in this area. The key papers of the authors are reviewed and the impact of this work on policy and practice is discussed. There is a rich seam of work on deprived and incarcerated populations that has been under way at the Addiction Research Unit and subsequently the National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London. Griffith Edwards initiated this work that explores the risks and problems experienced by people moving between the health and criminal justice system, and demonstrated the need for better care and continuity across this system. © 2015 Society for the Study of Addiction.

45 CFR 2551.27 - What two search components of the National Service Criminal History Check must I satisfy to...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Criminal History Check must I satisfy to determine an individual's suitability to serve in a covered... Sponsor § 2551.27 What two search components of the National Service Criminal History Check must I satisfy... prohibited by State law, that you conduct and document a National Service Criminal History Check, which...

45 CFR 2551.27 - What two search components of the National Service Criminal History Check must I satisfy to...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Criminal History Check must I satisfy to determine an individual's suitability to serve in a covered... Sponsor § 2551.27 What two search components of the National Service Criminal History Check must I satisfy... prohibited by State law, that you conduct and document a National Service Criminal History Check, which...

Plan Colombia: A Case For Political Warfare To Defeat Transnational Criminal Organizations In The Gray Zone

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-05-26

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited Plan Colombia: A Case for Political Warfare to Defeat Transnational Criminal Organizations ...to Defeat Transitional Criminal Organizations 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER in the Gray Zone 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT...NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) MAJ Kyle M. Spade 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

45 CFR 2540.206 - Under what circumstances may I follow alternative procedures in conducting a State criminal...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... criminal registry check for a covered position? (a) FBI fingerprint-based check. If you conduct and document a fingerprint-based criminal history check through the Federal Bureau of Investigation, you will...

45 CFR 2540.206 - Under what circumstances may I follow alternative procedures in conducting a State criminal...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... criminal registry check for a covered position? (a) FBI fingerprint-based check. If you conduct and document a fingerprint-based criminal history check through the Federal Bureau of Investigation, you will...

45 CFR 2540.206 - Under what circumstances may I follow alternative procedures in conducting a State criminal...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... criminal registry check for a covered position? (a) FBI fingerprint-based check. If you conduct and document a fingerprint-based criminal history check through the Federal Bureau of Investigation, you will...

Prevalence of Criminal Thinking among State Prison Inmates with Serious Mental Illness

PubMed Central

Fisher, William H.; Duan, Naihua; Mandracchia, Jon T.; Murray, Danielle

2010-01-01

To examine the prevalence of criminal thinking in mentally disordered offenders, incarcerated male (n = 265) and female (n = 149) offenders completed measures of psychiatric functioning and criminal thinking. Results indicated 92% of the participants were diagnosed with a serious mental illness, and mentally disordered offenders produced criminal thinking scores on the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS) and Criminal Sentiments Scale-Modified (CSS-M) similar to that of non-mentally ill offenders. Collectively, results indicated the clinical presentation of mentally disordered offenders is similar to that of psychiatric patients and criminals. Implications are discussed with specific focus on the need for mental health professionals to treat co-occurring issues of mental illness and criminality in correctional mental health treatment programs. PMID:19551496

40 CFR 501.17 - Requirements for enforcement authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... which provide the criminal remedies based on “criminal negligence,” “gross negligence” or strict.... (2) The burden of proof and degree of knowledge or intent required under State law for establishing..., this requirement is not met if State law includes mental state as an element of proof for civil...

77 FR 56863 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Proposed Collection, Comments Requested Extension of a...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-09-14

... DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Federal Bureau of Investigation [OMB Number 1110-0039] Agency Information... under review: The Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information...) Strategy and Systems Unit, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information Services Division...

77 FR 56862 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Proposed Collection, Comments Requested; Extension of a...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-09-14

... DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Federal Bureau of Investigation [OMB Number 1110-0039] Agency Information... under review. The Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information...) Strategy and Systems Unit, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information Services Division...

77 FR 56861 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Proposed Collection, Comments Requested Extension of a...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-09-14

... DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Federal Bureau of Investigation [OMB Number 1110-0039] Agency Information... under review. The Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information...) Strategy and Systems Unit, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information Services Division...

Can brain scans prove criminals unaccountable?

PubMed Central

Roache, Rebecca

2014-01-01

Leonard Berlin reports that neuroscientific data play an increasing role in court. They have been used to argue that criminals are not morally responsible for their behaviour because their brains are ‘faulty’, and there is evidence that such data lead judges to pass more lenient sentences. I raise two concerns about the view that neuroscience can show criminals not to be morally responsible: That the brains of (say) violent criminals differ from most people’s brains does not straightforwardly show that violent criminals are less morally responsible. Behavioral states arise inter alia from brain states, and since violent criminals’ behavioral states differ from those of most people, it is unsurprising that violent criminals’ brains should differ from most people’s brains. This no more shows violent criminals to have diminished moral responsibility than differences between the brains of cheerful and uncheerful people show either group to have diminished moral responsibility.Those who view brain abnormalities as evidence of reduced moral responsibility rely on the assumptions that people with normal brains have free will and that we know what sorts of brain activity undermine free will. However, both of these assumptions are highly controversial. As a result, neuroscience is not a reliable source of information about moral responsibility. I conclude that, until we settle whether and under what circumstances brain activity is incompatible with free will, neuroscience cannot tell us anything useful about criminal accountability. PMID:25009758

Transnational Organized Crime, Terrorism, and Criminalized States in Latin America: An Emerging Tier-One National Security Priority

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-08-01

est honor, to Manuel Marulanda (aka Tirofijo, or Sure Shot), the FARC’s supreme commander at the time.100 The government of Rafael Correa in Ecuador ... governments sanctioned criminal activities as part of coherent, mul- tistate instruments of statecraft. This monograph synthesizes research on such...criminalized states in Latin America. It documents how, through the growing alliance with Iran and other external actors, these governments have devel

Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction Quarterly Report to the United States Congress

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-04-30

U.S. Justice Sector Support Program Operating under INL, the Justice Sector Support Program ( JSSP ) aims to develop the capacity of the Afghan criminal...investigators graduated from JSSP legal training programs.252 The JSSP also added to the number of U.S. and local Afghan lawyers on its staff, growing...drafting guidelines for an extension of the JSSP based on experiences in the preceding year. Anticipated changes include moving some functions into the

Europe, the United States, and the International Criminal Court

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-06-01

assumed this task and committed itself to help free peoples in their fight against Communism. The Truman Doctrine meant a turning point in the...Europeans as “ free -riders” under the U.S. security umbrella, while Europeans viewed Americans as using Europe as a means of defending itself against...knuckles, the EU made a few cosmetic changes in its regulations and content to drag out if not defy the process. The U.S. in return threatened

Sexual Abuse of Indian Children. Hearing before the Subcommittee on Criminal Justice of the Committee on the Judiciary. House of Representatives, Ninety-Ninth Congress, Second Session on H.R. 3826. (January 30, 1986).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Congress of the U.S., Washington, DC. House Committee on the Judiciary.

This transcript presents testimony and prepared statements regarding H.R. 3826, which proposes to amend Title 18 of the United States Code to make felonious sexual molestation of a minor an offense within American Indian country. Representative Rick Boucher, author of the legislation, indicated that, while the bill would extend to Indians the same…

The Summer Feeding Program: How to Feed the Children and Stop Program Abuses. Report to the Committee on Education and Labor, House of Representatives, by the Comptroller General of the United States.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Comptroller General of the U.S., Washington, DC.

The summer food service program for children, authorized by the National School Lunch Act is one of several childfeeding programs which the Congress authorized to safeguard the health and well-being of the nation's children. Serious abuses, criminal as well as administrative, have occurred in the summer feeding program. Most have involved private…

Computer Pornography and Child Exploitation Prevention Act. Hearing before the Subcommittee on Juvenile Justice of the Committee on the Judiciary. United States Senate, Ninety-Ninth Congress, First Session on S. 1305 (October 1, 1985).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Congress of the U.S., Washington, DC. Senate Committee on the Judiciary.

The Computer Pornography and Child Exploitation Prevention Act would establish criminal penalties for the transmission by computer of obscene matter, or by computer or other means, of matter pertaining to the sexual exploitation of children. Opening statements by Senators Trible, Denton, Specter, and McConnell are presented. The text of the bill…

Shooting rampages, mental health, and the sensationalization of violence.

PubMed

Faria, Miguel A

2013-01-01

Gun violence and, most recently, senseless shooting rampages continue to be sensitive and emotional points of debate in the American media and the political establishment. The United Nations is already set to commence discussing and approving its Small Arms Treaty in March 2013. And following the Newtown, Connecticut tragedy in the United States this past December, American legislators are working frantically to pass more stringent gun control laws in the U.S. Congress. The American media and proponents of gun control assert that the problem lies in the "easy availability of guns" and "too many guns" in the hand of the public. Second Amendment and gun rights advocates, on the other hand, believe the problem lies elsewhere, including a permissive criminal justice system that panders to criminals; the failure of public education; the fostering of a culture of dependence, violence, and alienation engendered by the welfare state; and the increased secularization of society with children and adolescents growing up devoid of moral guidance. I cannot disagree with the latter view, but I believe there are additional, contributing, and more proximate causes - e.g., failures of the mental health system and the role of the media and popular culture in the sensationalization of violence - that also need to be specifically pointed out and discussed in the medical literature, as I have set out to do in this review article.

Shooting rampages, mental health, and the sensationalization of violence

PubMed Central

Faria, Miguel A.

2013-01-01

Gun violence and, most recently, senseless shooting rampages continue to be sensitive and emotional points of debate in the American media and the political establishment. The United Nations is already set to commence discussing and approving its Small Arms Treaty in March 2013. And following the Newtown, Connecticut tragedy in the United States this past December, American legislators are working frantically to pass more stringent gun control laws in the U.S. Congress. The American media and proponents of gun control assert that the problem lies in the “easy availability of guns” and “too many guns” in the hand of the public. Second Amendment and gun rights advocates, on the other hand, believe the problem lies elsewhere, including a permissive criminal justice system that panders to criminals; the failure of public education; the fostering of a culture of dependence, violence, and alienation engendered by the welfare state; and the increased secularization of society with children and adolescents growing up devoid of moral guidance. I cannot disagree with the latter view, but I believe there are additional, contributing, and more proximate causes — e.g., failures of the mental health system and the role of the media and popular culture in the sensationalization of violence — that also need to be specifically pointed out and discussed in the medical literature, as I have set out to do in this review article. PMID:23493715

78 FR 48719 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Proposed Collection; Comments Requested; Extension of a...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-09

... DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Federal Bureau of Investigation [OMB Number 1110-0008] Agency Information..., Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information Services Division will be submitting the... directed to Mrs. Amy C. Blasher, Unit Chief, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information...

77 FR 41801 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Proposed Collection, Comments Requested; Extension of a...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-16

... DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Federal Bureau of Investigation [OMB Number 1110-0039] Agency Information... under review. The Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information... Background Check System (NICS) Strategy and Systems Unit, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice...

78 FR 48720 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Proposed Collection; Comments Requested; Extension of a...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-09

... DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Federal Bureau of Investigation [OMB Number 1110-0004] Agency Information... Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information Services Division will be... directed to Mrs. Amy C. Blasher, Unit Chief, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information...

28 CFR 105.23 - Procedure for requesting criminal history record check.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Procedure for requesting criminal history... HISTORY BACKGROUND CHECKS Private Security Officer Employment § 105.23 Procedure for requesting criminal history record check. These procedures only apply to participating states. An authorized employer may...

28 CFR 105.23 - Procedure for requesting criminal history record check.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Procedure for requesting criminal history... HISTORY BACKGROUND CHECKS Private Security Officer Employment § 105.23 Procedure for requesting criminal history record check. These procedures only apply to participating states. An authorized employer may...

28 CFR 105.23 - Procedure for requesting criminal history record check.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Procedure for requesting criminal history... HISTORY BACKGROUND CHECKS Private Security Officer Employment § 105.23 Procedure for requesting criminal history record check. These procedures only apply to participating states. An authorized employer may...

28 CFR 105.23 - Procedure for requesting criminal history record check.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Procedure for requesting criminal history... HISTORY BACKGROUND CHECKS Private Security Officer Employment § 105.23 Procedure for requesting criminal history record check. These procedures only apply to participating states. An authorized employer may...

48 CFR 649.106 - Fraud or other criminal conduct.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Fraud or other criminal conduct. 649.106 Section 649.106 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF STATE CONTRACT MANAGEMENT TERMINATION OF CONTRACTS General Principles. 649.106 Fraud or other criminal conduct. If the...

28 CFR 105.23 - Procedure for requesting criminal history record check.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Procedure for requesting criminal history... HISTORY BACKGROUND CHECKS Private Security Officer Employment § 105.23 Procedure for requesting criminal history record check. These procedures only apply to participating states. An authorized employer may...

Commentary: nuances of reverse-waiver evaluations of adolescents in adult criminal court.

PubMed

Lyons, Camilla L; Adams, Adria N; Dahan, Abigail L

2012-01-01

Several factors influence a judge's decision to transfer youthful defendants to juvenile court from adult court, including the forensic evaluator's ultimate opinion, the defendant's amenability to treatment, and public safety risk. In this commentary, we examine the constructs that evaluators must assess, as established by Kent v. United States (1966). We begin by outlining the legal history that led to the large population of youths currently in the adult criminal justice system nationwide and the negative consequences of their incarceration in adult settings. We consider the unique role of forensic psychologists and psychiatrists as experts in development, with special regard to their ability to assess and inform the court about amenability to treatment and emotional maturity. The determination of amenability to treatment is further explored through a review of the current literature examining the influence of diagnostic labeling on judicial decisions and the treatment response of adolescent offenders who have psychopathy features. We conclude with an update on the recent proposal for juvenile justice reform in the authors' state of New York.

Peer review and psychiatric physician fitness for duty evaluations: analyzing the past and forecasting the future.

PubMed

Meyer, Donald J; Price, Marilyn

2012-01-01

In the United States, oversight of health care practitioners is delegated to a matrix of health care entities including but not limited to the state medical board which licenses physicians in the relevant jurisdiction. Typically, these organizations have their own codes of professional conduct. When a physician joins one of these health care organizations, legally the physician has entered into a contract with the organization and agreed to be bound by its regulations and procedures. The organization's peer review of a member physician for reasons of investigating questions of health care quality may require a psychiatric fitness for duty evaluation. That assessment is a forensic psychiatric examination to assist the peer review body much as an expert witness would assist the trier of fact in a criminal or civil law adjudication. Experts can better perform these functions if they are familiar with the legal differences that define these agencies' service under administrative as compared to civil or criminal law and procedures. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Recidivism after release from a prison nursery program.

PubMed

Goshin, Lorie S; Byrne, Mary W; Henninger, Alana M

2014-01-01

To analyze 3-year recidivism after release from a prison nursery, a secure unit that allows imprisoned women to care for their infants. Descriptive study of 139 women who co-resided with their infants between 2001 and 2007 in a New York State prison nursery. Administrative criminal justice data were analyzed along with prospective study data on demographic, mental health, and prison nursery policy-related factors. Results reflect a sample of young women of color with histories of clinically significant depressive symptoms and substance dependence, who were convicted of nonviolent crimes and had multiple prior arrests. Three years after release 86.3% remained in the community. Only 4% of women returned to prison for new crimes. Survival modeling indicated that women who had previously violated parole had a significantly shorter mean return to prison time than those who were in the nursery for a new crime. Women released from a prison nursery have a low likelihood of recidivism. Innovative interventions are needed to address incarceration's public health effects. Nurses can partner with criminal justice organizations to develop, implement, and evaluate programs to ensure the health needs of criminal justice involved people and their families are met. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Associations among state and local organizational contexts: Use of evidence-based practices in the criminal justice system.

PubMed

Henderson, Craig E; Young, Douglas W; Farrell, Jill; Taxman, Faye S

2009-08-01

This study used hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) to examine the extent to which the organizational characteristics of state corrections agencies and local criminal justice facilities interacted in their associations with the extent to which local facilities are using evidence-based substance abuse treatment practices (EBPs). The study used data collected from two nationally representative surveys - one of state executives and the other of local prison wardens, justice administrators, and treatment directors - which were conducted as part of the National Criminal Justice Treatment Practices survey [NCJTP; Taxman, F.S., Young, D., Wiersema, B., Mitchell, S., Rhodes, A.G., 2007. The National Criminal Justice Treatment Practices Survey: Multi-level survey methods and procedures. J. Subst. Abuse Treat. 32, 225-238], and includes both adult criminal and juvenile justice samples. Results indicated that several state organizational characteristics were either associated with more EBP use or interacted with local organizational characteristics in associations with EBP use, including: (1) systems integration at the state level was associated with greater EBP use; (2) state staffing adequacy and stability accentuated the association between local training and resources for new programs and EBP use (i.e., in states with better staffing, the relationship between training/resources and EBP use in local facilities was stronger); and (3) state executives' attitudes regarding the missions and goals of corrections tended to diminish the extent to which corresponding local administrator attitudes were associated with EBP use. The study has implications for future research focused on EBP diffusion and implementation in correctional environments, particularly attempts to influence EBP use by working through state agencies.

The National Criminal Justice Treatment Practices survey: Multilevel survey methods and procedures⋆

PubMed Central

Taxman, Faye S.; Young, Douglas W.; Wiersema, Brian; Rhodes, Anne; Mitchell, Suzanne

2007-01-01

The National Criminal Justice Treatment Practices (NCJTP) survey provides a comprehensive inquiry into the nature of programs and services provided to adult and juvenile offenders involved in the justice system in the United States. The multilevel survey design covers topics such as the mission and goals of correctional and treatment programs; organizational climate and culture for providing services; organizational capacity and needs; opinions of administrators and staff regarding rehabilitation, punishment, and services provided to offenders; treatment policies and procedures; and working relationships between correctional and other agencies. The methodology generates national estimates of the availability of programs and services for offenders. This article details the methodology and sampling frame for the NCJTP survey, response rates, and survey procedures. Prevalence estimates of juvenile and adult offenders under correctional control are provided with externally validated comparisons to illustrate the veracity of the methodology. Limitations of the survey methods are also discussed. PMID:17383548

Leveraging the U.S. Criminal Justice System to Access Women for HIV Interventions.

PubMed

Meyer, Jaimie P; Muthulingam, Dharushana; El-Bassel, Nabila; Altice, Frederick L

2017-12-01

The criminal justice (CJ) system can be leveraged to access women for HIV prevention and treatment programs. Research is lacking on effective implementation strategies tailored to the specific needs of CJ-involved women. We conducted a scoping review of published studies in English from the United States that described HIV interventions, involved women or girls, and used the CJ system as an access point for sampling or intervention delivery. We identified 350 studies and synthesized data from 42 unique interventions, based in closed (n = 26), community (n = 7), or multiple/other CJ settings (n = 9). A minority of reviewed programs incorporated women-specific content or conducted gender-stratified analyses. CJ systems are comprised of diverse access points, each with unique strengths and challenges for implementing HIV treatment and prevention programs for women. Further study is warranted to develop women-specific and trauma-informed content and evaluate program effectiveness.

Commentary: UK perspective on competency to stand trial.

PubMed

Exworthy, Tim

2006-01-01

This commentary offers a perspective from another common law jurisdiction, specifically the law in England and Wales, where competency to stand trial on a criminal charge is known as fitness to plead. The commentary begins with a discussion on the principle of proportionality evident in health care decisions by way of comparison with the topic in the criminal arena. Fitness to plead is an historical legal concept and employs an intellectual test that has evolved very little since its appearance in case law. There have been amendments, through statute, to its procedure and outcomes following a determination of being unfit to plead. However, competency to stand trial in England and Wales remains a more marginal issue than in the United States. Recent developments in domestic and European jurisprudence have been related to consideration of the requirements for a fair trial, driven by the demands of the European Convention on Human Rights.

Comparing and contrasting the formal and informal crime control views of Indian and U.S. College students: a preliminary study.

PubMed

Lambert, Eric G; Pasupuleti, Sudershan; Jiang, Shanhe; Jaishankar, Karuppannan; Bhimarasetty, Jagadish V

2012-12-01

This study examined the importance of formal and informal crime control in the United States and India. Formal crime control relies on the law and official government agencies to deter criminal actions and to respond to criminal activity. Informal crime control relies on moral and social institutions (e.g., family, peers, and neighbors) to promote lawful behavior. Using the data collected from 928 college students, the study found that the Indian and U.S. respondents differed on most of the formal and informal control measures. Overall, the Indian respondents were more likely to rank informal control as more important than were their U.S. counterparts. Although there were differences, both groups of respondents shared similar views on the importance of both forms of crime control and held that family was the most important form of crime control.

Public policy implications of tobacco industry smuggling through Native American reservations into Canada.

PubMed

Kelton, Max H; Givel, Michael S

2008-01-01

From 1980 to 1994, the Canadian government enacted major tax increases on tobacco products. These actions initiated significant tobacco smuggling from the United States into Canada through a few U.S. Native American reservations to undercut the price of Canadian tobacco products. The tobacco industry blamed rampant smuggling on excessive taxation; however, research shows that the tobacco industry had actually promoted smuggling schemes to both increase profits and provide an argument for tobacco taxation reduction. Although the smuggling has resulted in numerous U.S. and Canadian criminal convictions of tobacco industry officials and partners, significant smuggling continues throughout the world. For the few Native Americans involved, the smuggling was lucrative and they were able to avoid criminal prosecution through tribal sovereignty. Industry-supported tobacco smuggling has had a profoundly negative effect on Canadian public health that must be brought to light to prevent future similar occurrences.

49 CFR 835.10 - Testimony in Federal, State, or local criminal investigations and other proceedings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Testimony in Federal, State, or local criminal investigations and other proceedings. 835.10 Section 835.10 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD TESTIMONY OF BOARD EMPLOYEES § 835.10 Testimony in Federal, State, or local crimina...

40 CFR 501.25 - Provisions for Tribal criminal enforcement authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Provisions for Tribal criminal enforcement authority. 501.25 Section 501.25 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SEWAGE SLUDGE STATE SLUDGE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM REGULATIONS Development and Submission of State...

Sexual Orientation in State Hate Crime Laws: Exploring Social Construction and Criminal Law.

PubMed

Valcore, Jace L

2017-09-15

Several studies have described and analyzed the development and diffusion of hate crime laws in the United States, but none specifically examined state-level differences in protected categories. Forty-five of the 50 states have a hate crime statute, but only 30 of those include sexual orientation. In this study the social construction framework is applied to the hate crime policy domain in order to determine whether or not variations in the social and political status of gays and lesbians are associated with the inclusion of sexual orientation in state hate crime laws. Content analysis of daily newspapers in six states revealed that a positive social construction is associated with groups seeking hate crime law protections, and that political influence may also be a key factor.

Criminal history systems: new technology and new directions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Threatte, James

1997-02-01

Many forces are driving states to improve their current Criminal History and On-Line Criminal Justice Information Systems. The predominate factors compelling this movement are (1) the deterioration and cost of supporting older legacy systems, (2) current generation high performance, low cost hardware and system software, and (3) funding programs, such as the National Criminal History Improvement Program, which are targeted specifically at improving these important systems. In early 1996, SAIC established an Internal Research and Development project devoted to Computerized Criminal History Systems (CCH). This project began with an assessment of current hardware, operating system, and relational database technology. Application software design and development approaches were then reviewed with a focus on object-oriented approaches, three tier client server architectures, and tools that enable the `right sizing' of systems. An operational prototype of a State CCH system was established based on the results of these investigations.

Ethics, law, and commercial surrogacy: a call for uniformity.

PubMed

Drabiak, Katherine; Wegner, Carole; Fredland, Valita; Helft, Paul R

2007-01-01

In the United States at this time, no uniform federal law exists regarding commercial surrogacy, and state statutory schemes vary vastly, ranging from criminalization to legal recognition with contract enforcement. The authors examine how commercial surrogacy agencies utilize the Internet as a means for attracting parents and surrogates by employing emotional cultural rhetoric. By inducing both parents and surrogates to their jurisdiction, agencies circumvent vast discrepancies in state statutory regulative schemes and create a distinct interstate business, absent an efficient regulatory framework or legal recourse in some circumstances. The authors propose a uniform federal regulatory scheme premised upon regulating interstate business transactions to create accountability and legal remedies for both the parents and the surrogate.

Criminal Law Study Guide

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-08-01

can convict the accused of more than one LIO, instead of the greater compound offense charged. For example: Accused was charged with robbery "by means...martial." R.C.M. 601(e)(2) (Discussion), MCM, 1984. Compounding the joinder problem was the prohibition in the MCM, 1969 (Rev.), against the joinder of...United States v. Ransome, 1 M.J. 1005 (N.C.M.R. 1976). 6. Truth is no defense. For example: Accused tells his superior officer, "You are a dirty , fat

A resolution recognizing the 25th anniversary of the enactment of the Victims of Crime Act of 1984 (42 U.S.C. 10601 et seq.) and the substantial contributions to the Crime Victims Fund made through the criminal prosecutions conducted by United States Attorneys' offices and other components of the Department of Justice.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Sen. Crapo, Mike [R-ID

2010-01-21

Senate - 01/21/2010 Submitted in the Senate, considered, and agreed to without amendment and with a preamble by Unanimous Consent. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status Agreed to in SenateHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Homegrown violent extremists: A seemingly undetectable threat

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Crawford, Justin

With today’s unlimited and instantaneous communication, it is easy for a United States citizen to easily connect with anyone in the world. There are many positives to this; however, the unintended consequences include vulnerable people being influenced by radical ideologies. This is evident with the increase in homegrown violent extremists (HVE).The challenge for law enforcement is how to work with constitutional constraints that require a criminal predicate to be present in order to allow intelligence teams to continue collecting information in a permanent file.

Judgement Day: Prosecuting Jihadist Terrorism as a Criminal Enterprise under the Military Commissions Act

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-04-01

racketeering can prove that enterprise is separate from the pattern of racketeering.); River City Mkts., Inc. v. Fleming Foods West, Inc., 960 F.2d 1458...of a different element between separate sales to the same buyer). 102 See United States v. Usama Bin Laden, _ F.Supp. 2d _, (S.D.N.Y., 2001); 2001...11.106 Diagnostic and social science experts can help MCA prosecutors explain a jihadist perpetrator’s political violence, and the mental and physical

Hostile Outsider or Influential Insider? The United States and the International Criminal Court

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-03-28

World War II ushered in both the Nazi menace, with its Holocaust and countless similar atrocities,9 and the Japanese Imperial Army, complete with...policies of Nazi Germany became known to the public, called it “a crime with no name.” Alain Destexhe, Rwanda and Genocide in the Twentieth Century...suffered were Jews condemned to inhuman treatment and death simply because of their race. The Nazis had made special efforts to wipe out those they

A Guide to Researching the Criminal Justice/Corrections Field.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Moore, Annie M.

This combination guide and bibliography is designed to assist students enrolled in classes in the criminal justice/corrections field. Step-by-step guidelines for writing a term paper are presented along with a bibliography listing resources dealing with corrections and criminal justice that are available in the Chicago State University library.…

14 CFR 1260.38 - Drug-free workplace.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2011-01-01 2010-01-01 true Drug-free workplace. 1260.38 Section 1260.38... Provisions § 1260.38 Drug-free workplace. Drug-Free Workplace October 2000 (a) Definitions. As used in this... Federal or State criminal drug statutes. Criminal drug statute means a Federal or non-Federal criminal...

Understanding interactions of formerly incarcerated HIV-positive men and transgender women with substance use treatment, medical, and criminal justice systems.

PubMed

Harawa, Nina T; Amani, Bita; Rohde Bowers, Jane; Sayles, Jennifer N; Cunningham, William

2017-10-01

Low levels of medical care engagement have been noted for HIV-positive people leaving systems of incarceration in the United States. Substance misuse frequently co-occurs with criminal justice involvement in individuals who are living with HIV. We analyzed data from in-depth interviews with 19 HIV-positive individuals who were currently or formerly incarcerated in order to elucidate challenges faced in accessing care and maintaining HIV treatment regimens when cycling out of (and often back into) custody. Our thematic analysis used an ecosocial framework to describe participants' shifts between substance use treatment, medical care, and criminal justice systems. Dominant themes included the dramatic increase in HIV-treatment-related autonomy required following release from jail because of differences in care delivery between custody-based and community-based care systems; the important, but temporary stabilization provided by residential substance use treatment programmes; and the inconsistency of substance use treatment approaches with chronic care models of disease management. Enhanced integration of criminal justice, medical care, and substance use treatment institutions in planning for reentry of HIV populations may ease the impact of the dramatic shifts in context that often dissuade linkage and retention. This integration should include coordination with custody release processes, periodic assessments for active substance misuse in HIV treatment settings, support for (re)establishing health-promoting social networks, and options for long-term, residential substance use treatment programmes. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Understanding Interactions of Formerly Incarcerated HIV-Positive Men and Transgender Women with Addiction Treatment, Medical, and Criminal Justice Systems

PubMed Central

Harawa, Nina T.; Amani, Bita; Bowers, Jane Rohde; Sayles, Jennifer N.; Cunningham, William

2017-01-01

Background Low levels of medical care engagement have been noted for HIV-positive people leaving systems of incarceration in the United States. Substance misuse frequently co-occurs with criminal justice involvement in individuals who are living with HIV. Methods We analyzed data from in-depth interviews with 19 HIV-positive individuals who were currently or formerly incarcerated in order to elucidate challenges faced in accessing care and maintaining HIV treatment regimens when cycling out of (and often back into) custody. Our thematic analysis used an ecosocial framework to describe participants’ shifts between substance abuse treatment, medical care, and criminal justice systems. Results Dominant themes included the dramatic increase in HIV-treatment-related autonomy required following release from jail because of differences in care delivery between custody-based and community-based care systems; the important, but temporary stabilization provided by residential substance abuse treatment programs; and the inconsistency of substance abuse treatment approaches with chronic care models of disease management. Conclusions Enhanced integration of criminal justice, medical care, and substance abuse treatment institutions in planning for reentry of HIV populations may ease the impact of the dramatic shifts in context that often dissuade linkage and retention. This integration should include coordination with custody release processes, periodic assessments for active substance misuse in HIV treatment settings, support for (re)establishing health-promoting social networks, and options for long-term, residential substance abuse treatment programs. PMID:28804052

First-episode psychosis in the criminal justice system: identifying a critical intercept for early intervention.

PubMed

Ford, Elizabeth

2015-01-01

After participating in this activity, learners should be better able to:Evaluate emerging concepts of identification, treatment and discharge planning for individuals who are experiencing a first psychotic episode while detained in the criminal justice system. The United States incarcerates more people than any other nation in the world. The system of jails and prisons that holds those individuals has become the largest provider of mental health care in the country, with rates of psychotic illness many times higher than in the community. A subset of this population includes individuals experiencing their first episode of psychosis who are untreated and are new to the rules of institutional settings. Retrospective and anecdotal reports indicate that many individuals in the criminal justice system have first-episode psychosis, yet no published information is available about the actual rates. For these patients, behavior associated with psychotic symptoms may have led to their arrest, but correctional facilities are poorly equipped to identify their needs and to provide the type of comprehensive treatment needed to improve functional status, quality of life, and illness recovery. Even as first-episode programs are flourishing in community settings, we know little about how to identify, engage, possibly divert, and treat these patients in settings designed as punishment. Efforts should be made both to reduce the number of these individuals inappropriately prosecuted within the criminal justice system and to begin in-jail efforts to engage them in treatment, in anticipation of their eventual return to the community.

Associations among state and local organizational contexts: Use of evidence-based practices in the criminal justice system

PubMed Central

Henderson, Craig E.; Young, Douglas W.; Farrell, Jill; Taxman, Faye S.

2016-01-01

This study used hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) to examine the extent to which the organizational characteristics of state corrections agencies and local criminal justice facilities interacted in their associations with the extent to which local facilities are using evidence-based substance abuse treatment practices (EBPs). The study used data collected from two nationally representative surveys – one of state executives and the other of local prison wardens, justice administrators, and treatment directors – which were conducted as part of the National Criminal Justice Treatment Practices survey [NCJTP; Taxman, F.S., Young, D., Wiersema, B., Mitchell, S., Rhodes, A.G., 2007. The National Criminal Justice Treatment Practices Survey: Multi-level survey methods and procedures. J. Subst. Abuse Treat. 32, 225–238], and includes both adult criminal and juvenile justice samples. Results indicated that several state organizational characteristics were either associated with more EBP use or interacted with local organizational characteristics in associations with EBP use, including: (1) systems integration at the state level was associated with greater EBP use; (2) state staffing adequacy and stability accentuated the association between local training and resources for new programs and EBP use (i.e., in states with better staffing, the relationship between training/resources and EBP use in local facilities was stronger); and (3) state executives’ attitudes regarding the missions and goals of corrections tended to diminish the extent to which corresponding local administrator attitudes were associated with EBP use. The study has implications for future research focused on EBP diffusion and implementation in correctional environments, particularly attempts to influence EBP use by working through state agencies. PMID:19174321

76 FR 5401 - Bureau of Justice Statistics; Agency Information Collection Activities: Proposed Collection...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-31

... collected will include the types of criminal cases appealed to state intermediate appellate courts and... notice of information collection under review: Survey of State Court Criminal Appeals, 2010. The... submission of responses. Overview of This Information (1) Type of information collection: New data collection...

76 FR 18581 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Proposed Collection; Comments Requested

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-04

... collected will include the types of criminal cases appealed to state intermediate appellate courts and... collection: Survey of State Court Criminal Appeals, 2010. The Department of Justice, Office of Justice... electronic submission of responses. Overview of This Information (1) Type of information collection: New data...

Individuals with Mental Retardation and the Criminal Justice System: The View from States' Attorneys General.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McAfee, James K.; Gural, Michele

1988-01-01

Results of a survey of state attorneys general (N=46) found that, with few exceptions, identification of persons with mental retardation in criminal justice is neither systematic nor probable. Protections lie in statutes pertaining to mental illness rather than to mental retardation. (Author/DB)

24 CFR 982.306 - PHA disapproval of owner.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

...) The owner has engaged in any drug-related criminal activity or any violent criminal activity; (4) The owner has a history or practice of non-compliance with the HQS for units leased under the tenant-based... leased under any other federal housing program; (5) The owner has a history or practice of failing to...

24 CFR 982.306 - PHA disapproval of owner.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

...) The owner has engaged in any drug-related criminal activity or any violent criminal activity; (4) The owner has a history or practice of non-compliance with the HQS for units leased under the tenant-based... leased under any other federal housing program; (5) The owner has a history or practice of failing to...

24 CFR 982.306 - PHA disapproval of owner.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

...) The owner has engaged in any drug-related criminal activity or any violent criminal activity; (4) The owner has a history or practice of non-compliance with the HQS for units leased under the tenant-based... leased under any other federal housing program; (5) The owner has a history or practice of failing to...

The Cycle of Social Exclusion for Urban, Young Men of Color in the United States: What is the Role of Incarceration?

PubMed Central

RAMASWAMY, MEGHA; FREUDENBERG, NICHOLAS

2013-01-01

This article explores how incarceration amplifies the disconnection from school and work experienced by urban, young men of color in the United States and ultimately leads to their social exclusion. The authors draw on longitudinal data collected in interviews with 397 men age 16 to 18 in a New York City jail and then again one year after their release. Using logistic regression analysis, the authors found that though incarceration did not appear to exacerbate disconnectedness directly, it was associated with unstable housing, which in turn may contribute to several negative outcomes related to social exclusion. These findings may inform advocates, policy makers, and researchers in their efforts to meet the needs of socially excluded youth, in particular those with criminal justice histories. PMID:24431927

International consultation on the criminalization of HIV transmission: 31 October-2 November 2007, Geneva, Switzerland. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) Geneva, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), New York, 2007.

PubMed

2009-11-01

Since the beginning of the HIV epidemic, some jurisdictions have applied criminal law to the transmission of HIV. In 2002, UNAIDS issued a policy options paper on this issue. In light of renewed calls for the application of criminal law to HIV transmission and concerns raised in this regard by the UNAIDS Reference Group on HIV and Humans Rights and others, UNDP and the UNAIDS Secretariat decided to bring together a number of legal experts and other concerned stakeholders to discuss this issue in the context of an effective human rights and public health response to HIV. The discussion would inform a UNAIDS/UNDP policy brief on this subject. It was clarified that the consultation would focus primarily on HIV transmission through sexual contact, although it was noted that concerns exist in relation to applying criminal law to HIV transmission in other contexts. This Bookshelf article consists of excerpts from the report of the meeting.

A review of legislation restricting the intersection of firearms and alcohol in the U.S.

PubMed

Carr, Brendan G; Porat, Gali; Wiebe, Douglas J; Branas, Charles C

2010-01-01

In the United States, injury is a leading cause of alcohol-related death, and alcohol use is the leading risk factor for injury. We reviewed state and federal legislation regulating the intersection of alcohol and firearms. We examined the current criminal codes of all 50 states and the District of Columbia using the databases Westlaw and LexisNexis to review restrictions on firearm use while intoxicated. We found three types of laws in 26 states that restrict firearm use by intoxicated people: sales or transfers are restricted in six states, carrying of concealed weapons is restricted in four states, and possession or discharge of a firearm while intoxicated is restricted in 20 states. Regulation of the carrying and use of firearms by acutely intoxicated individuals may represent a public health opportunity to reduce firearm-related injury.

Causality in criminal forensic and in civil disability cases: Legal and psychological comparison.

PubMed

Young, Gerald

2015-01-01

Causality (or causation) is central to every legal case, yet its underlying philosophical, legal, and psychological definitions and conceptions vary. In the criminal context, it refers to establishing the responsibility of the perpetrator of the criminal act at issue in terms of the person's mental state (mens rea), and whether the insanity defense applies. In the forensic disability and related context, it refers to whether the index event is a material or contributing cause in the multifactorial array that led to the psychological condition at issue. In both the criminal and tort contexts, the legal test is a counterfactual one. For the former, it refers to whether the outcome involved would have resulted absent the act (e.g., in cases of simultaneous criminal lethal action, which one is the but-for responsible one). For the latter, it concerns whether the claimed psychological condition would be present only because of the incident at issue. The latter event at issue is distinguished from the criminal one by its negligence compared to the voluntary intent in the criminal case. The psychological state of the perpetrator of criminal conduct can be analyzed from a biopsychosocial perspective as much as the civil one. In this regard, in the civil case, such as in forensic disability and related assessments, pre-existing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors need to be considered causally, with personal and social resilience and protective factors added, as well. In the criminal context, the same biopsychosocial model applies, but with mental competence and voluntariness added as a critical factor. The advent of neurolaw has led to use of neuroscience in court, but it risks reducing the complexity of criminal cases to unifactorial, biological models. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The National Manpower Survey of the Criminal Justice System. Volume One: Summary Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

American Institutes for Research in the Behavioral Sciences, Washington, DC.

As mandated in the 1973 Amendments to the Safe Streets Act, the National Manpower Survey of the Criminal Justice System was conducted to assess current and projected manpower needs, personnel quality, and training and education programs. Data were collected from the following sources: surveys of 8,000 executives of state and local criminal justice…

[Characteristics of Schizophrenia Patients' Homicide Behaviors and Their Correlations with Criminal Capacity].

PubMed

Sun, Z W; Shi, T T; Fu, P X

2017-02-01

To explore the characteristics of schizophrenia patients' homicide behaviors and the influences of the assessments of criminal capacity. Indicators such as demographic and clinical data, characteristics of criminal behaviors and criminal capacity from the suspects whom were diagnosed by forensic psychiatry as schizophrenia （ n =110） and normal mental （ n =70） with homicide behavior, were collected by self-made investigation form and compared. The influences of the assessments of criminal capacity on the suspects diagnosed as schizophrenia were also analyzed using logistic regression analysis. There were no significant statistical differences between the schizophrenic group and the normal mental group concerning age, gender, education and marital status （ P >0.05）. There were significant statistical differences between the two groups concerning thought disorder, emotion state and social function before crime （ P <0.05） and there were significant statistical differences in some characteristics of the case such as aggressive history （ P <0.05）, cue, trigger, plan, criminal incentives, object of crime, circumstance cognition and self-protection （ P <0.05）. Multivariate logistic regression analysis suggested that thought disorder, emotion state, social function, criminal incentives, plan and self-protection before crime of the schizophrenic group were positively correlated with the criminal capacity （ P <0.05）. The relevant influences of psychopathology and crime characteristics should be considered comprehensively for improving the accuracy of the criminal capacity evaluation on the suspects diagnosed as schizophrenia with homicide behavior. Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Forensic Medicine

75 FR 66136 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Reinstatement, With Change, of a Previously Approved...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-10-27

... Criminal History Information Systems. The Department of Justice (DOJ), Office of Justice Programs, Bureau... collection for which approval has expired. (2) Title of the Form/Collection: Survey of State Criminal History... history records and on the increasing number of operations and services provided by state repositories. (5...

Criminal Justice Program Review: Training Programs in Florida.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Florida State Board of Community Colleges, Tallahassee.

This report presents results from the Florida State Board of Community Colleges' review of Criminal Justice programs. A preface indicates that concerns related to crime in the state provided the impetus for the review and that it focused on issues related to curricula, funding and costs, labor demand and employment requirements, and labor supply.…

Effect of increased private share of inpatient psychiatric resources on jail population growth: evidence from the United States.

PubMed

Yoon, Jangho

2011-02-01

There is a strong connection between the mental health and criminal justice systems. This research empirically tested whether the privatization of the inpatient mental health system alters this relationship, contributing to jail population growth. Using state-level panel data on U.S. states and the District of Columbia for the years 1985-1998, this study analyzed the relationship between the size of jail populations and private share of hospital psychiatric beds, first for overall private beds and then separately by private for-profit and nonprofit. Empirical models controlled for changes in mental health financing and resources, variations in criminal justice practice, and demographic and socio-economic factors as well as state and year fixed effects. A method of instrumental variables was employed to make a stronger case for causal inference. Results show that a one-percentage point increase in the private for-profit share of psychiatric beds contributes to the growth of jail inmates by approximately 2.3% annually. A greater private nonprofit share of psychiatric beds does not appear to influence the size of jail populations. These findings suggest that the increased private for-profit share of inpatient psychiatric resources undermines the safety-net and some control function of the mental health system and leads to a greater number of jail inmates. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Medical use of cannabis and cannabinoids containing products - Regulations in Europe and North America.

PubMed

Abuhasira, Ran; Shbiro, Liat; Landschaft, Yuval

2018-03-01

In 1937, the United States of America criminalized the use of cannabis and as a result its use decreased rapidly. In recent decades, there is a growing interest in the wide range of medical uses of cannabis and its constituents; however, the laws and regulations are substantially different between countries. Laws differentiate between raw herbal cannabis, cannabis extracts, and cannabinoid-based medicines. Both the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) do not approve the use of herbal cannabis or its extracts. The FDA approved several cannabinoid-based medicines, so did 23 European countries and Canada. However, only four of the reviewed countries have fully authorized the medical use of herbal cannabis - Canada, Germany, Israel and the Netherlands, together with more than 50% of the states in the United States. Most of the regulators allow the physicians to decide what specific indications they will prescribe cannabis for, but some regulators dictate only specific indications. The aim of this article is to review the current (as of November 2017) regulations of medical cannabis use in Europe and North America. Copyright © 2018 European Federation of Internal Medicine. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Medicinal use of cannabis in the United States: historical perspectives, current trends, and future directions.

PubMed

Aggarwal, Sunil K; Carter, Gregory T; Sullivan, Mark D; ZumBrunnen, Craig; Morrill, Richard; Mayer, Jonathan D

2009-01-01

Cannabis (marijuana) has been used for medicinal purposes for millennia, said to be first noted by the Chinese in c. 2737 BCE. Medicinal cannabis arrived in the United States much later, burdened with a remarkably checkered, yet colorful, history. Despite early robust use, after the advent of opioids and aspirin, medicinal cannabis use faded. Cannabis was criminalized in the United States in 1937, against the advice of the American Medical Association submitted on record to Congress. The past few decades have seen renewed interest in medicinal cannabis, with the National Institutes of Health, the Institute of Medicine, and the American College of Physicians, all issuing statements of support for further research and development. The recently discovered endocannabinoid system has greatly increased our understanding of the actions of exogenous cannabis. Endocannabinoids appear to control pain, muscle tone, mood state, appetite, and inflammation, among other effects. Cannabis contains more than 100 different cannabinoids and has the capacity for analgesia through neuromodulation in ascending and descending pain pathways, neuroprotection, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. This article reviews the current and emerging research on the physiological mechanisms of cannabinoids and their applications in managing chronic pain, muscle spasticity, cachexia, and other debilitating problems.

Law Studies: The Criminal Justice System.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Experimental Curriculum Bulletin, 1978

1978-01-01

This bulletin on criminal justice focuses on selected aspects of the U.S. legal system, including the police, the courts, and the prisons as well as on the protections and guarantees that reinforce the legitimacy of the U.S. legal process. Unit 1, "The Role of Law in a Free Society," is designed to enhance the awareness of students about…

Securing Cyberspace: Approaches to Developing an Effective Cyber-Security Strategy

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-05-15

attackers, cyber - criminals or even teenage hackers. Protecting cyberspace is a national security priority. President Obama’s National Security...prefers to engage international law enforcement to investigate and catch cyber criminals .40 International cooperation could resolve jurisdictional...sheltered them. Similarly, a state that fails to prosecute cyber - criminals , or who gives safe haven to individuals or groups that conduct cyber-attacks

28 CFR 20.22 - Certification of compliance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Local Criminal History Record Information Systems § 20.22 Certification of compliance. (a) Each State to... development of complete and accurate criminal history record information; (4) A description of existing system...

28 CFR 20.22 - Certification of compliance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Local Criminal History Record Information Systems § 20.22 Certification of compliance. (a) Each State to... development of complete and accurate criminal history record information; (4) A description of existing system...

28 CFR 20.22 - Certification of compliance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Local Criminal History Record Information Systems § 20.22 Certification of compliance. (a) Each State to... development of complete and accurate criminal history record information; (4) A description of existing system...

28 CFR 20.22 - Certification of compliance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Local Criminal History Record Information Systems § 20.22 Certification of compliance. (a) Each State to... development of complete and accurate criminal history record information; (4) A description of existing system...

28 CFR 20.22 - Certification of compliance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Local Criminal History Record Information Systems § 20.22 Certification of compliance. (a) Each State to... development of complete and accurate criminal history record information; (4) A description of existing system...

The antisocial family tree: family histories of behavior problems in antisocial personality in the United States.

PubMed

Vaughn, Michael G; Salas-Wright, Christopher P; DeLisi, Matt; Qian, Zhengmin

2015-05-01

Multiple avenues of research (e.g., criminal careers, intergenerational family transmission, and epidemiological studies) have indicated a concentration of antisocial traits and behaviors that cluster among families and within individuals in a population. The current study draws on each of these perspectives in exploring the intergenerational contours of antisocial personality disorder across multiple generations of a large-scale epidemiological sample. The analytic sample of persons meeting criteria for antisocial personality disorder (N = 1,226) was derived from waves I and II of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Path analytic, latent class, and multinomial models were executed to describe and elucidate family histories among persons diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder. Three classes of an antisocial family tree were found: minimal family history of problem behaviors (70.3 % of sample) who were characterized by higher socioeconomic functioning, parental and progeny behavior problems (9.4 % of sample) who were characterized by criminal behaviors, psychopathology, and substance use disorders, and multigenerational history of problem behaviors (20.3 % of sample) who were characterized by alcoholism, psychopathology, and versatile criminal offending. These findings add a typology to intergenerational studies of antisocial behavior that can assist in identifying etiological and treatment factors among those for whom crime runs in the family.

Eliminating the Competency Presumption in Juvenile Delinquency Cases.

PubMed

Katner, David R

2015-01-01

The legal presumption used in virtually all juvenile delinquency cases in the U.S. is that all juveniles are competent to stand trial. This Article calls for the elimination of that legal presumption, which is historically based on the Dusky v. United States decision and in the adult criminal justice system. The recent decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court recognize the developmental and organic brain differences between adults and juveniles. Current research demonstrates a higher frequency rate of incompetence based on intellectual deficiencies among children when compared with adults found to be not legally competent to stand trial. By eliminating the competency presumption for juveniles in both delinquency and adult criminal proceedings, the party seeking an adjudication would be responsible for establishing that the accused juvenile is in fact, competent to stand trial. Foreign jurisdictions in Europe, Asia, Africa, and South America have long required higher thresholds--at least fourteen years of age--for holding juveniles accountable for criminal misconduct, none of them presuming that juveniles are competent to go to trial. In the alternative, by expanding the factors currently in use for determination of juvenile competency by adding developmental immaturity and mental illness, juvenile justice systems could identify the reduction of recidivist offending as the primary systemic objective.

Does culture impact on notions of criminal responsibility and action? The case of spirit possession.

PubMed

Ahmad, Ayesha; Dein, Simon

2016-10-01

Multicultural societies such as the United Kingdom are host to people with diverse belief systems and behavioral norms. Whilst a country requires that all members of society conform to standardized legal requirements, cases arise that involve certain complexities related to the cultural or religious context in which a certain action was committed. This paper addresses the impact of culture on notions of criminal responsibility and action. Through a case study of a recent event in the United Kingdom, we explore whether a cultural defense is relevant for contextualizing incidents in which an individual commits a criminal action during an alleged period of spirit possession From this analysis, we suggest that using a cultural defense can aid understanding of an individual's relationship to the society that he or she identifies with and facilitate the practice of justice in a multicultural society. © The Author(s) 2016.

28 CFR 20.23 - Documentation: Approval by OJARS.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Local Criminal History Record Information Systems § 20.23 Documentation: Approval by OJARS. Within 90... description of State policy on dissemination of criminal history record information. (c) Six months after the...

28 CFR 20.23 - Documentation: Approval by OJARS.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Local Criminal History Record Information Systems § 20.23 Documentation: Approval by OJARS. Within 90... description of State policy on dissemination of criminal history record information. (c) Six months after the...

28 CFR 20.23 - Documentation: Approval by OJARS.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Local Criminal History Record Information Systems § 20.23 Documentation: Approval by OJARS. Within 90... description of State policy on dissemination of criminal history record information. (c) Six months after the...

28 CFR 20.23 - Documentation: Approval by OJARS.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Local Criminal History Record Information Systems § 20.23 Documentation: Approval by OJARS. Within 90... description of State policy on dissemination of criminal history record information. (c) Six months after the...

28 CFR 20.23 - Documentation: Approval by OJARS.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Local Criminal History Record Information Systems § 20.23 Documentation: Approval by OJARS. Within 90... description of State policy on dissemination of criminal history record information. (c) Six months after the...

Quality Sample Collection, Handling, and Preservation for an Effective Microbial Forensics Program.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Budowle, Bruce; Schutzer, Steven E.; Burans, James P.

2006-10-01

Science can be part of an effective investigative response to a bioterrorism event or a biocrime by providing capabilities to analyze biological and associated signatures in collected evidence. Microbial forensics, a discipline comprised of several scientific fields, is dedicated to the analysis of evidence from such criminal acts to help determine the responsible party and to exonerate the innocent. A partnership has been formed amount a number of government agencies, academia, and the private sector to better respond and deter potential perpetrators of bioterrorism or biocrimes. This partnership leverages our national scientific and analytical capabilities to support activities of lawmore » enforcement agencies. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS), whose mission is, in part, to respond to and to prevent acts of terrorism against the United States, has established the national Bioforensics Analysis Center (NBFAC). The NBFAC, in partnership with the FBI, (1) provides a state-of-the-art central laboratory for the analysis of microbial forensic evidence; and (2) serves as a nexus for integrating the national resources to increase the effectiveness of law enforcement in obtaining the highest level of attribution possible in criminal cases where the weapon is a biological agent.« less

Forensic Metrology: Its Importance and Evolution in the United States

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vosk, JD Ted

2016-11-01

Forensic measurements play a significant role in the U.S. criminal justice system. Guilt or innocence, or the severity of a sentence, may depend upon the results of such measurements. Until recently, however, forensic disciplines were largely unaware of the field of metrology. Accordingly, proper measurement practices were often, and widely, neglected. These include failure to adopt proper calibration techniques, establish the traceability of results and determine measurement uncertainty. These failures undermine confidence in verdicts based upon forensic measurements. Over the past decade, though, the forensic sciences have been introduced to metrology and its principles leading to more reliable measurement practices. The impetus for this change was driven by many forces. Pressure came initially from criminal defense lawyers challenging metrologically unsound practices and results relied upon by government prosecutions. Litigation in the State of Washington led this movement spurring action by attorneys in other jurisdictions and eventually reform in the measurement practices of forensic labs around the country. Since then, the greater scientific community, other forensic scientists and even prosecutors have joined the fight. This paper describes the fight to improve the quality of justice by the application of metrological principles and the evolution of the field of forensic metrology.

To direct the Attorney General to provide State officials with access to criminal history information with respect to certain financial service providers required to undergo State criminal background checks, and for other purposes.

THOMAS, 113th Congress

Rep. Bachus, Spencer [R-AL-6

2014-07-31

House - 09/26/2014 Referred to the Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, Homeland Security, and Investigations. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Influence Operations and the Internet: A 21st Century Issue. Legal, Doctrinal and Policy Challenges in the Cyber World

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-02-17

create a single set of cyberlaws and procedures internationally in order to insure that there is no safe harbor for cyber criminals .”55 PUTTING IT ALL...TOGETHER – OPERATIONAL EXAMPLES Cyber criminals would include state and non-state actors threatening our security. Assuming all of the previous

A comparison of email versus letter threat contacts toward members of the United States Congress.

PubMed

Schoeneman-Morris, Katherine A; Scalora, Mario J; Chang, Grace H; Zimmerman, William J; Garner, Yancey

2007-09-01

To better understand inappropriate correspondence sent to public officials, 301 letter cases and 99 email cases were randomly selected from the United States Capitol Police investigative case files and compared. Results indicate that letter writers were significantly more likely than emailers to exhibit indicators of serious mental illness (SMI), engage in target dispersion, use multiple methods of contact, and make a problematic approach toward their target. Emailers were significantly more likely than letter writers to focus on government concerns, use obscene language, and display disorganization in their writing. Also, letter writers tended to be significantly older, have more criminal history, and write longer communications. A multivariate model found that disorganization, SMI symptoms, problematic physical approach, and target dispersion significantly differentiated between the correspondence groups. The group differences illuminated by this study reveal that letter writers are engaging in behavior that is higher risk for problematic approach than are emailers.

SPECIAL PROBLEMS PRESENTED BY SPECIAL CATEGORIES OF OFFENDERS, MINORITY GROUPS, FEMALES, LOW-INCOME GROUPS.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

CUNNINGHAM, GLORIA

THE IDEA OF A "BORN CRIMINAL" OR A CLASS OF CRIMINALS IS ERRONEOUS. SOME CITIZENS MAINTAIN THIS ATTITUDE AND THEREFORE LACK COMMUNITY CONCERN OR INVOLVEMENT, THEREBY REDUCING THE NUMBER OF RESOURCES AND COOPERATING COMMUNITY UNITS THAT A PROBATION OFFICER CAN DRAW ON. ANOTHER PROBLEM WITH RESOURCES IS THAT, EVEN WHERE THEY DO EXIST, THEY…

[Psychiatric security units in Norway. Patients and activity].

PubMed

Linaker, O M; Thoresen, R; Figenschou, L; Sølvberg, H; Refsnes, U; Jakobsen, D

1994-05-20

The authors briefly discuss past and present reasons for the psychiatric security unit system in Norway. They describe the patients in these units at the beginning of 1993 (N = 123). Of these patients, 16% were females, 78% had a main diagnosis of schizophrenia, and 12% were admitted because of personality disorders. Physical restraints had been used for 25%, pharmacological restraints for 17%, and forced pharmacological treatment had been necessary for 26% of the patients during the last six months. There were high rates of behaviour problems related to criminality, abuse, violence and auto-aggression. Nearly all the patients were committed involuntarily, and additional legal restrictions were imposed for one third of them. The majority (63%) of the patients had been in security units for more than one year. The highest levels of security within the security unit system were used for those with the most serious criminality or behaviour problems prior to admission.

75 FR 52029 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Reinstatement, With Change, of a Previously Approved...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-24

... Criminal History Information Systems. The Department of Justice (DOJ), Office of Justice Programs, Bureau... State Criminal History Information Systems. (3) Agency form number, if any, and the applicable component...

Tourism Labor, Embodied Suffering, and the Deportation Regime in the Dominican Republic.

PubMed

Padilla, Mark; Colón-Burgos, José Félix; Varas-Díaz, Nelson; Matiz-Reyes, Armando; Parker, Caroline Mary

2018-04-17

In this article, we use syndemic theory to examine socio-structural factors that result in heightened vulnerability to HIV infection and drug addiction among Dominican deportees who survive post-deportation through informal tourism labor. Through an ongoing NIDA-funded ethnographic study of the syndemic of HIV and problematic drug use among men involved in tourism labor in the Dominican Republic, we argue that the legal and political-economic context of the global deportation regime contributes to structural vulnerabilities among deportees in the Dominican Republic, most of whom are men with histories of incarceration in the United States and/or Puerto Rico. While Dominican laws and institutional practices work conjointly with foreign policies to reconfigure non-criminal deportees as hardened criminals unworthy of full citizenship rights, the informal tourism economy provides one of the few absorption points for male deportee labor, linking the deportation regime directly to the Caribbean tourism industry. © 2018 by the American Anthropological Association.

Sociodemographic Predictors of Sex Offender Stigma: How Politics Impact Attitudes, Social Distance, and Perceptions of Sex Offender Recidivism.

PubMed

DeLuca, Joseph S; Vaccaro, John; Rudnik, Amalia; Graham, Nicole; Giannicchi, Anna; Yanos, Philip T

2017-08-01

Stigma toward general criminal offenders has been found to be particularly salient among community members who identify as politically conservative; however, less is known about how political identification relates to stigma toward sex offenders. This is a particularly important area of inquiry, given that criminal jurisprudence and politics legitimatize stigmatizing labels attributed to sex offenders through laws and policies that apply specifically to this group. A nonrandom sample ( N = 518) of participants living in the United States was recruited for this survey study. Findings indicated that a specific aspect of conservative political ideology-right-wing authoritarianism (RWA)-significantly predicts negative attitudes and intended social distancing behavior toward sex offenders, even when controlling for other important predictors, such as education and prior contact. RWA was found to be the strongest predictor of negative attitudes and estimations of sex offender recidivism, and also significantly predicted intended social distancing behavior. Implications for addressing stigma toward sex offenders are discussed.

The impact of marijuana policies on youth: clinical, research, and legal update.

PubMed

Ammerman, Seth; Ryan, Sheryl; Adelman, William P

2015-03-01

This technical report updates the 2004 American Academy of Pediatrics technical report on the legalization of marijuana. Current epidemiology of marijuana use is presented, as are definitions and biology of marijuana compounds, side effects of marijuana use, and effects of use on adolescent brain development. Issues concerning medical marijuana specifically are also addressed. Concerning legalization of marijuana, 4 different approaches in the United States are discussed: legalization of marijuana solely for medical purposes, decriminalization of recreational use of marijuana, legalization of recreational use of marijuana, and criminal prosecution of recreational (and medical) use of marijuana. These approaches are compared, and the latest available data are presented to aid in forming public policy. The effects on youth of criminal penalties for marijuana use and possession are also addressed, as are the effects or potential effects of the other 3 policy approaches on adolescent marijuana use. Recommendations are included in the accompanying policy statement. Copyright © 2015 by the American Academy of Pediatrics.

De Novo Advanced Adult-Onset Offending: New Evidence from a Population of Federal Correctional Clients.

PubMed

DeLisi, Matt; Tahja, Katherine N; Drury, Alan J; Elbert, Michael J; Caropreso, Daniel E; Heinrichs, Timothy

2018-01-01

Adult antisocial behavior is almost always predated by delinquency during childhood or adolescence; however, there is also evidence of adult-onset criminal offending. This study examined this controversial subgroup of offenders using self-reported and official data from a total population of federal correctional clients selected from the Midwestern United States. Difference of means t-tests, chi-square tests, and logistic regression models found that 11.7% of clients had an adult onset of offending and 2.7% of clients (n = 23) had an onset occurring at age 60 years or older. This group-introduced as de novo advanced adult-onset offenders-had high socioeconomic status, mixed evidence of adverse childhood experiences, and virtually no usage of drugs with the exception of alcohol. These offenders were primarily convicted of social security and white-collar crimes and evinced remarkably low psychopathology and criminal risk. More research is needed to replicate the phenomenon of de novo advanced adult-onset offending. © 2017 American Academy of Forensic Sciences.

Mistake of Criminal Law and Its Influence on the Classification of Crime

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Veresha, Roman V.

2016-01-01

The paper examines the characteristics of a mistake of the commitment of crime as an optional feature of the mental state of the crime. The analysis conducted offers an opportunity to state that in international criminal law, a mistake of law, although taken into account, does not generally affect the classification of crime. We uncovered and…

45 CFR 61.8 - Reporting Federal or State criminal convictions related to the delivery of a health care item or...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Reporting Federal or State criminal convictions related to the delivery of a health care item or service. 61.8 Section 61.8 Public Welfare DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL ADMINISTRATION HEALTHCARE INTEGRITY AND PROTECTION DATA BANK FOR FINAL...

45 CFR 61.8 - Reporting Federal or State criminal convictions related to the delivery of a health care item or...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Reporting Federal or State criminal convictions related to the delivery of a health care item or service. 61.8 Section 61.8 Public Welfare DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL ADMINISTRATION HEALTHCARE INTEGRITY AND PROTECTION DATA BANK FOR FINAL...

45 CFR 61.8 - Reporting Federal or State criminal convictions related to the delivery of a health care item or...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Reporting Federal or State criminal convictions related to the delivery of a health care item or service. 61.8 Section 61.8 Public Welfare DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL ADMINISTRATION HEALTHCARE INTEGRITY AND PROTECTION DATA BANK FOR FINAL...

Benefits and costs of substance abuse treatment programs for state prison inmates: results from a lifetime simulation model.

PubMed

Zarkin, Gary A; Cowell, Alexander J; Hicks, Katherine A; Mills, Michael J; Belenko, Steven; Dunlap, Laura J; Houser, Kimberly A; Keyes, Vince

2012-06-01

Reflecting drug use patterns and criminal justice policies throughout the 1990s and 2000s, prisons hold a disproportionate number of society's drug abusers. Approximately 50% of state prisoners meet the criteria for a diagnosis of drug abuse or dependence, but only 10% receive medically based drug treatment. Because of the link between substance abuse and crime, treating substance abusing and dependent state prisoners while incarcerated has the potential to yield substantial economic benefits. In this paper, we simulate the lifetime costs and benefits of improving prison-based substance abuse treatment and post-release aftercare for a cohort of state prisoners. Our model captures the dynamics of substance abuse as a chronic disease; estimates the benefits of substance abuse treatment over individuals' lifetimes; and tracks the costs of crime and criminal justice costs related to policing, adjudication, and incarceration. We estimate net societal benefits and cost savings to the criminal justice system of the current treatment system and five policy scenarios. We find that four of the five policy scenarios provide positive net societal benefits and cost savings to the criminal justice system relative to the current treatment system. Our study demonstrates the societal gains to improving the drug treatment system for state prisoners. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

BENEFITS AND COSTS OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT PROGRAMS FOR STATE PRISON INMATES: RESULTS FROM A LIFETIME SIMULATION MODEL

PubMed Central

ZARKIN, GARY A.; COWELL, ALEXANDER J.; HICKS, KATHERINE A.; MILLS, MICHAEL J.; BELENKO, STEVEN; DUNLAP, LAURA J.; HOUSER, KIMBERLY A.; KEYES, VINCE

2011-01-01

SUMMARY Reflecting drug use patterns and criminal justice policies throughout the 1990s and 2000s, prisons hold a disproportionate number of society’s drug abusers. Approximately 50% of state prisoners meet the criteria for a diagnosis of drug abuse or dependence, but only 10% receive medically based drug treatment. Because of the link between substance abuse and crime, treating substance abusing and dependent state prisoners while incarcerated has the potential to yield substantial economic benefits. In this paper, we simulate the lifetime costs and benefits of improving prison-based substance abuse treatment and post-release aftercare for a cohort of state prisoners. Our model captures the dynamics of substance abuse as a chronic disease; estimates the benefits of substance abuse treatment over individuals’ lifetimes; and tracks the costs of crime and criminal justice costs related to policing, adjudication, and incarceration. We estimate net societal benefits and cost savings to the criminal justice system of the current treatment system and five policy scenarios. We find that four of the five policy scenarios provide positive net societal benefits and cost savings to the criminal justice system relative to the current treatment system. Our study demonstrates the societal gains to improving the drug treatment system for state prisoners. PMID:21506193

Hazardous waste crime: a contextual analysis of the offense and the offender

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rebovich, D.J.

The goal of this study is to analyze hazardous waste offense and offender characteristics. Criminal case data were collected from four sample states (Maine, Maryland, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania). Files of disposed criminal cases charged between 1977 and 1984 were content-analyzed, and interviews were conducted with prominent hazardous waste crime enforcement personnel from the sample states. Areas of analysis include methods of crime commission, skills required for crime commission, patterns of criminal network relationships, and degree of syndicate crime influence. While there has been some previous speculation that hazardous waste criminal behavior is directed through centralized racketeering, the present studymore » of known offenders found little evidence of syndicate crime family infiltration. Crimes occurred within small, informal networks of waste generators, waste transporters, the employees of treatment/storage/disposal (TSD) facilities and certain non-industry peripheral actors. The study concludes that, while attempts have been made by syndicate crime operatives to infiltrate, these attempts have failed largely due to features of criminal commission methods and to the inherent fragmentation of hauling and TSD firm interests.« less

34 CFR 403.102 - What other requirements apply to the Program for Criminal Offenders?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... APPLIED TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION PROGRAM What Kinds of Activities Does the Secretary Assist Under the Basic... Criminal Offenders? Each State corrections educational agency designated under § 403.100(a) shall meet the...

From sickness to badness: the criminalization of HIV in Michigan.

PubMed

Hoppe, Trevor

2014-01-01

Sociological approaches to the social control of sickness have tended to focus on medicalization or the process through which social phenomena come to be regulated by medicine. Much less is known about how social problems historically understood as medical come to be governed by the criminal law, or what I term the "criminalization of sickness." Thirty three US states have enacted criminal statutes that require all HIV-positive individuals to disclose their infection before engaging in a wide range of sexual practices. Drawing on evidence from 58 felony nondisclosure convictions in Michigan (95% of all convictions between 1992 and 2010), I argue that the enforcement of the state's HIV disclosure law is not driven by medical concerns or public health considerations. Rather, it reflects pervasive moralizing narratives that frame HIV as a moral infection requiring interdiction and punishment. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

NATO’s Options for Defensive Cyber Against Non-State Actors

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-04-01

services to cyber criminals and hacker patriots.”33 The FSB had maintained an unsavory relationship with hackers since the early 1990s; 9 Oleg...responsibility under international law to stop the DDOS being facilitated by botnet controllers located within its geographic borders, and prosecute the cyber ... criminals involved. “Rule 5” of the Tallinn Manual addresses the cyber responsibility of a nation-state: “A State shall not knowingly allow the

Evaluation of a seven state criminal history screening pilot program for long-term care workers.

PubMed

Radcliff, Tiffany A; White, Alan; West, David R; Hurd, Donna; Côté, Murray J

2013-01-01

This article summarizes results from an evaluation of a federally sponsored criminal history screening (CHS) pilot program to improve screening for workers in long-term care settings. The evaluation addressed eight key issues specified through enabling legislation, including efficiency, costs, and outcomes of screening procedures. Of the 204,339 completed screenings, 3.7% were disqualified due to criminal history, and 18.8% were withdrawn prior to completion for reasons that may include relevant criminal history. Lessons learned from the pilot program experiences may inform a new national background check demonstration program.

United Mine Workers V. Bagwell: New restrictions on severe civil contempt fines

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1995-11-01

In Bagwell II, the Supreme Court was asked to determine whether the trial court should have applied certain procedural protections, in effect limiting that court`s ability to impose millions of dollars in contempt sanctions. The Court found that the $52 million in fines levied against the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) for violations of a Virginia Circuit Court`s order were {open_quotes}serious{close_quotes} enough to entitle the UMWA to the safeguards of a criminal jury trial. Bagwell Ii may be a step toward change. The Supreme Court acknowledged that its lack of guidance has resulted in an unrestrained use of themore » contempt power by lower courts. However, the Court refused to abandon the criminal/civil distinction created in Gompers, as some in favor of reform have suggested. Thus, the confusion over what constitutes a criminal contempt sanction as opposed to a civil contempt sanction continues. Bagwell II does appear to create a new catagory of indirect contempt. This catagory of contempt requires a level of procedural protection similar to those required in criminal contempt. The Court distinguishes these contempt from other civil contempt by considering the complexity of both the contemptuous conduct and the court order. As Justice Scalia noted in his concurring opinion, changes in use and form of court orders have made the traditional civil/criminal distinction an inadequate basis for attaching procedural rights.« less

National law enforcement telecommunications network

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Reilly, N. B.; Garrison, G. W.; Sohn, R. L.; Gallop, D. L.; Goldstein, B. L.

1975-01-01

Alternative approaches are analyzed to a National Law Enforcement Telecommunications Network (NALECOM) designed to service all state-to-state and state-to-national criminal justice communications traffic needs in the United States. Network topology options were analyzed, and equipment and personnel requirements for each option were defined in accordance with NALECOM functional specifications and design guidelines. Evaluation criteria were developed and applied to each of the options leading to specific conclusions. Detailed treatments of methods for determining traffic requirements, communication line costs, switcher configurations and costs, microwave costs, satellite system configurations and costs, facilities, operations and engineering costs, network delay analysis and network availability analysis are presented. It is concluded that a single regional switcher configuration is the optimum choice based on cost and technical factors. A two-region configuration is competitive. Multiple-region configurations are less competitive due to increasing costs without attending benefits.

A longitudinal, multilevel analysis of homicide against children aged 0-9 years using state-level characteristics: 1979-2007.

PubMed

Douglas, Emily; Vanderminden, Jennifer

2014-01-01

Annually, over a thousand children are the victims of homicide in the United States Homicide among younger children, 0-9 years of age, is usually perpetrated by parents and caregivers. Researchers neither have tracked changes in the homicide rate among young children over time nor have they used theory to understand what factors may drive these changes. In this analysis of state-level data, we used longitudinal growth modeling and ecological theory to examine changes in homicide rate against children aged 0-9 years from 1979 to 2007. Our results indicate that states are relatively consistent, over time, in their homicide rates. Furthermore, a cultural context of criminal and risky behavior is positively associated with homicide against children. We discuss implications for future research and prevention.

Comparative Productivity of Criminal Record Checks by Federal Investigators and Contractors

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-12-01

CA CO Colorado Crime Information Center (CCIC), a computerized criminal history record information system for all Colorado law enforcement...agencies Colorado Bureau of Investigation, Denver , CA, servicing all locations in the State of Colorado Colorado Bureau of Investigations... Denver , CO. Colorado Bureau of Investigations is the Central Repository for all arrest records in the state of CO Colorado Bureau of Investigation

Policy implications for familial searching

PubMed Central

2011-01-01

In the United States, several states have made policy decisions regarding whether and how to use familial searching of the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) database in criminal investigations. Familial searching pushes DNA typing beyond merely identifying individuals to detecting genetic relatedness, an application previously reserved for missing persons identifications and custody battles. The intentional search of CODIS for partial matches to an item of evidence offers law enforcement agencies a powerful tool for developing investigative leads, apprehending criminals, revitalizing cold cases and exonerating wrongfully convicted individuals. As familial searching involves a range of logistical, social, ethical and legal considerations, states are now grappling with policy options for implementing familial searching to balance crime fighting with its potential impact on society. When developing policies for familial searching, legislators should take into account the impact of familial searching on select populations and the need to minimize personal intrusion on relatives of individuals in the DNA database. This review describes the approaches used to narrow a suspect pool from a partial match search of CODIS and summarizes the economic, ethical, logistical and political challenges of implementing familial searching. We examine particular US state policies and the policy options adopted to address these issues. The aim of this review is to provide objective background information on the controversial approach of familial searching to inform policy decisions in this area. Herein we highlight key policy options and recommendations regarding effective utilization of familial searching that minimize harm to and afford maximum protection of US citizens. PMID:22040348

Policy implications for familial searching.

PubMed

Kim, Joyce; Mammo, Danny; Siegel, Marni B; Katsanis, Sara H

2011-11-01

In the United States, several states have made policy decisions regarding whether and how to use familial searching of the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) database in criminal investigations. Familial searching pushes DNA typing beyond merely identifying individuals to detecting genetic relatedness, an application previously reserved for missing persons identifications and custody battles. The intentional search of CODIS for partial matches to an item of evidence offers law enforcement agencies a powerful tool for developing investigative leads, apprehending criminals, revitalizing cold cases and exonerating wrongfully convicted individuals. As familial searching involves a range of logistical, social, ethical and legal considerations, states are now grappling with policy options for implementing familial searching to balance crime fighting with its potential impact on society. When developing policies for familial searching, legislators should take into account the impact of familial searching on select populations and the need to minimize personal intrusion on relatives of individuals in the DNA database. This review describes the approaches used to narrow a suspect pool from a partial match search of CODIS and summarizes the economic, ethical, logistical and political challenges of implementing familial searching. We examine particular US state policies and the policy options adopted to address these issues. The aim of this review is to provide objective background information on the controversial approach of familial searching to inform policy decisions in this area. Herein we highlight key policy options and recommendations regarding effective utilization of familial searching that minimize harm to and afford maximum protection of US citizens.

Juvenile crime and criminal justice: resolving border disputes.

PubMed

Fagan, Jeffrey

2008-01-01

Rising juvenile crime rates during the 1970s and 1980s spurred state legislatures across the country to exclude or transfer a significant share of offenders under the age of eighteen to the jurisdiction of the criminal court, essentially redrawing the boundary between the juvenile and adult justice systems. Jeffrey Fagan examines the legal architecture of the new boundary-drawing regime and how effective it has been in reducing crime. The juvenile court, Fagan emphasizes, has always had the power to transfer juveniles to the criminal court. Transfer decisions were made individually by judges who weighed the competing interests of public safety and the possibility of rehabilitating young offenders. This authority has now been usurped by legislators and prosecutors. The recent changes in state law have moved large numbers of juveniles into the adult system. As many as 25 percent of all juvenile offenders younger than eighteen, says Fagan, are now prosecuted in adult court. Many live in states where the age boundary between juvenile and criminal court has been lowered to sixteen or seventeen. The key policy question is: do these new transfer laws reduce crime? In examining the research evidence, Fagan finds that rates of juvenile offending are not lower in states where it is relatively more common to try adolescents as adults. Likewise, juveniles who have been tried as adults are no less likely to re-offend than their counterparts who have been tried as juveniles. Treating juveniles as adult criminals, Fagan concludes, is not effective as a means of crime control. Fagan argues that the proliferation of transfer regimes over the past several decades calls into question the very rationale for a juvenile court. Transferring adolescent offenders to the criminal court exposes them to harsh and sometimes toxic forms of punishment that have the perverse effect of increasing criminal activity. The accumulating evidence on transfer, the recent decrease in serious juvenile crime, and new gains in the science of adolescent development, concludes Fagan, may be persuading legislators, policymakers, and practitioners that eighteen may yet again be the appropriate age for juvenile court jurisdiction.

Prosecution of adult sexual assault cases: a longitudinal analysis of the impact of a sexual assault nurse examiner program.

PubMed

Campbell, Rebecca; Patterson, Debra; Bybee, Deborah

2012-02-01

Most sexual assaults are never reported to law enforcement, and even among reported cases, most will never be successfully prosecuted. This reality has been a long-standing source of frustration for survivors, victim advocates, as well as members of the criminal justice system. To address this problem, communities throughout the United States have implemented multidisciplinary response interventions to improve post-assault care for victims and increase reporting and prosecution rates. One such model is the Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) program, whereby specially trained nurses (rather than hospital emergency department [ED] physicians) provide comprehensive psychological, medical, and forensic services for sexual assault victims. The purpose of this study was to examine whether adult sexual assault cases were more likely to be investigated and prosecuted after the implementation of a SANE program within a large Midwestern county. A quasi-experimental design was used to compare criminal justice system case progression pre-SANE to post-SANE. Results from longitudinal multilevel ordinal regression modeling revealed that case progression through the criminal justice system significantly increased pre- to post-SANE: more cases reached the "final" stages of prosecution (i.e., conviction at trial and/or guilty plea bargains) post-SANE. These findings are robust after accounting for changes in operation at the focal county prosecutors' office and seasonal variation in rape reporting. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.

The Influence of Gender Ideology, Victim Resistance, and Spiking a Drink on Acquaintance Rape Attributions.

PubMed

Angelone, D J; Mitchell, Damon; Smith, Danielle

2016-02-24

The current study examined observer's attributions about the victim and perpetrator of an alleged acquaintance rape. Participants included 504 college students from a public university in the northeastern United States who read a brief crime report and completed a series of questionnaires for course credit. While men tended to attribute more blame to the victim than women, gender ideology emerged as a stronger predictor of rape attributions, and some types of sexist beliefs were associated with greater victim blaming and others with less victim blaming. Endorsement of hostile sexism, rape myths, and heterosexual intimacy was generally associated with the attribution of greater victim culpability, as well as less perpetrator culpability, perpetrator criminality, and victim credibility. However, complementary gender differentiation was associated with greater perpetrator culpability and criminality, while protective paternalism was associated with greater victim credibility. Observers attributed lower victim culpability and greater perpetrator criminality when the victim's drink was spiked, and attributed greater perpetrator culpability when the victim verbally resisted the perpetrator's advances. Given the implications that observer attitudes can have on professional and personal support for survivors, as well as juror decision making, the ongoing examination of the complex interplay between the person and situational factors affecting attributions of rape is essential. Sexual assault prevention programs may also benefit from a psychoeducational component that targets reducing traditional gender ideology. © The Author(s) 2016.

The Impact of Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner Programs on Criminal Justice Case Outcomes: A Multisite Replication Study.

PubMed

Campbell, Rebecca; Bybee, Deborah; Townsend, Stephanie M; Shaw, Jessica; Karim, Nidal; Markowitz, Jenifer

2014-05-01

To address the underreporting and underprosecution of adult sexual assaults, communities throughout the United States have implemented multidisciplinary interventions to improve postassault care for victims and the criminal justice system response. One such model is the Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) Program, whereby specially trained nurses provide comprehensive psychological, medical, and forensic services for sexual assault. In this study, we conducted a multisite evaluation of six SANE programs (two rural programs, two serving midsized communities, two urban) to assess how implementation of SANE programs affects adult sexual assault prosecution rates. At each site, most sexual assaults reported to law enforcement were never referred by police to prosecutors or were not charged by the prosecutor's office (80%-89%). Individually, none of the sites had a statistically significant increase in prosecution rates pre-SANE to post-SANE. However, when the data were aggregated across sites, thereby increasing statistical power, there was a significant effect such that cases were more likely to be prosecuted post-SANE as compared with pre-SANE. These findings suggest that the SANE intervention model does have a positive impact on sexual assault case progression in the criminal justice system. Nevertheless, there is still a pressing need for improvement as the vast majority of both pre-SANE and post-SANE resulted in nonreferral/no charges filed. © The Author(s) 2014.

45 CFR 2540.203 - When must I conduct a State criminal registry check and a National Sex Offender Public Web site...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... check and a National Sex Offender Public Web site check on an individual in a covered position? 2540.203... National Sex Offender Public Web site check on an individual in a covered position? (a) The State criminal... enrolls in, or is hired by, your program on or after October 1, 2009. (b) The National Sex Offender Public...

45 CFR 2540.203 - When must I conduct a State criminal registry check and a National Sex Offender Public Web site...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... check and a National Sex Offender Public Web site check on an individual in a covered position? 2540.203... National Sex Offender Public Web site check on an individual in a covered position? (a) The State criminal... enrolls in, or is hired by, your program on or after October 1, 2009. (b) The National Sex Offender Public...

45 CFR 2540.203 - When must I conduct a State criminal registry check and a National Sex Offender Public Web site...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... check and a National Sex Offender Public Web site check on an individual in a covered position? 2540.203... National Sex Offender Public Web site check on an individual in a covered position? (a) The State criminal... enrolls in, or is hired by, your program on or after October 1, 2009. (b) The National Sex Offender Public...

Changing Criminal Attitudes Among Incarcerated Offenders: Initial Examination of a Structured Treatment Program.

PubMed

Simourd, David J; Olver, Mark E; Brandenburg, Bryan

2016-09-01

The present study investigated the effect of a criminal attitude treatment program to changes on measured criminal attitudes and postprogram recidivism. The criminal attitude program (CAP) is a standardized therapeutic curriculum consisting of 15 modules offering 44 hr of therapeutic time. It was delivered by trained facilitators to a total of 113 male offenders incarcerated in one of five state correctional institutions. Pretreatment and posttreatment comparisons were made on standardized measures of criminal attitudes, response bias, and motivation for lifestyle changes. Results found statistically significant lower criminal attitudes at posttreatment that were unaffected by response bias. There were also increases in motivation for lifestyle changes, but these did not reach statistical significance. Fifty-seven participants were released into the community following the program and were eligible for recidivism analyses. Comparisons between participants who completed the CAP and those who did not complete the CAP revealed 7% lower rearrest among CAP completers. Although preliminary, these results indicate that the CAP had a positive effect on changes to criminal attitudes and recidivism. The findings are discussed in terms of conceptual and practical considerations in the assessment and treatment of criminal attitudes among offenders. © The Author(s) 2015.

Sexuality and Intellectual Disability.

PubMed

Wenger, Jodi; Downes, Alison; Blum, Nathan; Augustyn, Marilyn

2015-10-01

Amad is a wonderful 16-year-old young man from Syria who has recently relocated to the United States from his war-torn native country. In his last few years in Syria, he was primarily at home with his mother, and they sought refuge with a maternal aunt in the United States seeking asylum and treatment of Amad's disability. At 8 years of age, he had intelligence testing in the United Arab Emirates, which showed a verbal intelligence score on the Wechsler intelligence scale for children (WISC) of 68 and a performance of 64. His working memory was 67 and his processing speed was 65. On arrival in the United States, his achievement was roughly at a third-grade level in Arabic. In the year and a half that he has been in the United States, he quickly improved his English skills, which he learned as a toddler. His father remains in Syria unable to safely immigrate and his mother is raising him alone in the United States with the help of her sister. They come to you for an urgent care visit because Amad recently was accused of sexual harassment by two girls at his high school. He is in a substantially separate program but is included for lunch and technology. While in the computer laboratory, he repeatedly approached the girls and asks them to "date" him, and on 1 occasion sat behind 1 girl and repeatedly reached out to stroke her long blonde hair. His mother is distraught because she recently found out that Amad also has a Facebook page and had been attempting to contact the same two girls on social media. The girls' parents recently threatened to file criminal harassment charges and Amad's mother comes to you asking for help with making Amad stop this activity. What would you do next?

Sexuality and Intellectual Disability.

PubMed

Wenger, Jodi; Downes, Alison; Blum, Nathan; Augustyn, Marilyn

Amad is a wonderful 16-year-old young man from Syria who has recently relocated to the United States from his war-torn native country. In his last few years in Syria, he was primarily at home with his mother, and they sought refuge with a maternal aunt in the United States seeking asylum and treatment of Amad's disability.At 8 years of age, he had intelligence testing in the United Arab Emirates, which showed a verbal intelligence score on the Wechsler intelligence scale for children (WISC) of 68 and a performance of 64. His working memory was 67 and his processing speed was 65. On arrival in the United States, his achievement was roughly at a third-grade level in Arabic. In the year and a half that he has been in the United States, he quickly improved his English skills, which he learned as a toddler. His father remains in Syria unable to safely immigrate and his mother is raising him alone in the United States with the help of her sister.They come to you for an urgent care visit because Amad recently was accused of sexual harassment by two girls at his high school. He is in a substantially separate program but is included for lunch and technology. While in the computer laboratory, he repeatedly approached the girls and asks them to "date" him, and on 1 occasion sat behind 1 girl and repeatedly reached out to stroke her long blonde hair.His mother is distraught because she recently found out that Amad also has a Facebook page and had been attempting to contact the same two girls on social media. The girls' parents recently threatened to file criminal harassment charges and Amad's mother comes to you asking for help with making Amad stop this activity. What would you do next?

28 CFR 20.20 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... History Record Information Systems § 20.20 Applicability. (a) The regulations in this subpart apply to all State and local agencies and individuals collecting, storing, or disseminating criminal history record... subpart C. (b) The regulations in this subpart shall not apply to criminal history record information...

28 CFR 20.20 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... History Record Information Systems § 20.20 Applicability. (a) The regulations in this subpart apply to all State and local agencies and individuals collecting, storing, or disseminating criminal history record... subpart C. (b) The regulations in this subpart shall not apply to criminal history record information...

28 CFR 20.20 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... History Record Information Systems § 20.20 Applicability. (a) The regulations in this subpart apply to all State and local agencies and individuals collecting, storing, or disseminating criminal history record... subpart C. (b) The regulations in this subpart shall not apply to criminal history record information...

28 CFR 20.20 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... History Record Information Systems § 20.20 Applicability. (a) The regulations in this subpart apply to all State and local agencies and individuals collecting, storing, or disseminating criminal history record... subpart C. (b) The regulations in this subpart shall not apply to criminal history record information...

28 CFR 20.20 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... History Record Information Systems § 20.20 Applicability. (a) The regulations in this subpart apply to all State and local agencies and individuals collecting, storing, or disseminating criminal history record... subpart C. (b) The regulations in this subpart shall not apply to criminal history record information...

28 CFR 20.30 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE CRIMINAL JUSTICE INFORMATION SYSTEMS Federal Systems and Exchange of Criminal History Record Information § 20.30 Applicability. The provisions of this subpart of the regulations apply to the III System and the FIRS, and to duly authorized local, state, tribal...

Criminal justice continuum for opioid users at risk of overdose.

PubMed

Brinkley-Rubinstein, Lauren; Zaller, Nickolas; Martino, Sarah; Cloud, David H; McCauley, Erin; Heise, Andrew; Seal, David

2018-02-24

The United States (US) is in the midst of an epidemic of opioid use; however, overdose mortality disproportionately affects certain subgroups. For example, more than half of state prisoners and approximately two-thirds of county jail detainees report issues with substance use. Overdose is one of the leading causes of mortality among individuals released from correctional settings. Even though the criminal justice (CJ) system interacts with a disproportionately high number of individuals at risk of opioid use and overdose, few CJ agencies screen for opioid use disorder (OUD). Even less provide access to medication assisted treatment (e.g. methadone, buprenorphine, and depot naltrexone), which is one of the most effective tools to combat addiction and lower overdose risk. However, there is an opportunity to implement programs across the CJ continuum in collaboration with law enforcement, courts, correctional facilities, community service providers, and probation and parole. In the current paper, we introduce the concept of a "CJ Continuum of Care for Opioid Users at Risk of Overdose", grounded by the Sequential Intercept Model. We present each step on the CJ Continuum and include a general overview and highlight opportunities for: 1) screening for OUD and overdose risk, 2) treatment and/or diversion, and 3) overdose prevention and naloxone provision. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Japan, Three Chinas, United States and Juvenile Delinquency: 5 Nations, 1 Problem. As Seen by Two Members of the Juvenile Justice Delegation to Asia of People to People International Ambassador Program, Oct. 27-Nov. 17, 1984. Report to the Criminal Justice Committee of the League of Women Voters of New York City.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Addelston, Lorraine W.; Addelston, Aaron

This report is based on information gathered in preparation for and during a tour of the capitals of Japan, the People's Republic of China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan to study juvenile delinquency in those countries and to examine efforts by their governments to prevent delinquency. Included are ideas, procedures, and programs which delegation members…

Soviet News and Propaganda Analysis Based on RED STAR (The Official Newspaper of the Soviet Defense Establishment) for the Period 1-30 April 1985. Volume 5, Number 4.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-04-30

May. " The CIA is responsible for aiding Nazi war criminals to escape to South America. There are 40,000 Nazis that live in Paraguay, Argentina and...University professor). -20- fI -7 777 " Poverty in the United States and Western Europe. - West Germany has over 200,000 homeless people and 2.6 million...delegations from Warsaw Pact countries. The occasion for the event was the 40th anniversary of the Great Victory and the solidarity of socialist block

32 CFR 86.1 - Purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 32 National Defense 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Purpose. 86.1 Section 86.1 National Defense Department of Defense OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE PERSONNEL, MILITARY AND CIVILIAN CRIMINAL HISTORY... Bureau of Investigation (FBI) fingerprint check and State Criminal History Repositories (SCHR) checks of...

32 CFR 86.1 - Purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 32 National Defense 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Purpose. 86.1 Section 86.1 National Defense Department of Defense OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE PERSONNEL, MILITARY AND CIVILIAN CRIMINAL HISTORY... Bureau of Investigation (FBI) fingerprint check and State Criminal History Repositories (SCHR) checks of...

32 CFR 86.1 - Purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 32 National Defense 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Purpose. 86.1 Section 86.1 National Defense Department of Defense OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE PERSONNEL, MILITARY AND CIVILIAN CRIMINAL HISTORY... Bureau of Investigation (FBI) fingerprint check and State Criminal History Repositories (SCHR) checks of...

32 CFR 86.1 - Purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 32 National Defense 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Purpose. 86.1 Section 86.1 National Defense Department of Defense OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE PERSONNEL, MILITARY AND CIVILIAN CRIMINAL HISTORY... Bureau of Investigation (FBI) fingerprint check and State Criminal History Repositories (SCHR) checks of...

32 CFR 86.1 - Purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 32 National Defense 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Purpose. 86.1 Section 86.1 National Defense Department of Defense OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE PERSONNEL, MILITARY AND CIVILIAN CRIMINAL HISTORY... Bureau of Investigation (FBI) fingerprint check and State Criminal History Repositories (SCHR) checks of...

76 FR 78483 - S.A.F.E. Mortgage Licensing Act (Regulations G & H)

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-19

... of any criminal offense involving dishonesty, breach of trust, or money laundering against the... of mortgage loan originators; enhancing consumer protections; supporting anti-fraud measures; and... state and national criminal history background check; however, fingerprints provided to the Registry...

Cyber Power

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-05-01

71 As we saw above, cyber criminals are also a significant current burden on the economy. Looking further ahead, as other states develop their...signed by 27 countries. But at- titudes may change over time if costs exceed benefits. For example, “Russian cyber - criminals no longer follow hands-off

6 CFR 37.45 - Background checks for covered employees.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

..., the validation of references from prior employment, a name-based and fingerprint-based criminal.... States must conduct a name-based and fingerprint-based criminal history records check (CHRC) using, at a minimum, the FBI's National Crime Information Center (NCIC) and the Integrated Automated Fingerprint...

6 CFR 37.45 - Background checks for covered employees.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

..., the validation of references from prior employment, a name-based and fingerprint-based criminal.... States must conduct a name-based and fingerprint-based criminal history records check (CHRC) using, at a minimum, the FBI's National Crime Information Center (NCIC) and the Integrated Automated Fingerprint...

6 CFR 37.45 - Background checks for covered employees.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

..., the validation of references from prior employment, a name-based and fingerprint-based criminal.... States must conduct a name-based and fingerprint-based criminal history records check (CHRC) using, at a minimum, the FBI's National Crime Information Center (NCIC) and the Integrated Automated Fingerprint...

6 CFR 37.45 - Background checks for covered employees.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

..., the validation of references from prior employment, a name-based and fingerprint-based criminal.... States must conduct a name-based and fingerprint-based criminal history records check (CHRC) using, at a minimum, the FBI's National Crime Information Center (NCIC) and the Integrated Automated Fingerprint...

6 CFR 37.45 - Background checks for covered employees.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

..., the validation of references from prior employment, a name-based and fingerprint-based criminal.... States must conduct a name-based and fingerprint-based criminal history records check (CHRC) using, at a minimum, the FBI's National Crime Information Center (NCIC) and the Integrated Automated Fingerprint...