Leather Coated with Mixtures of Humectant and Antioxidants to Improve UV and Heat Resistance

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Ultraviolet (UV) and heat resistance are very important qualities for leather products. We recently developed an environmentally friendly finishing process for improving the UV- and heat resistance of automobile upholstery leather. We previously reported and demonstrated some promising results fro...

40 CFR 63.5290 - What parts of my facility does this subpart cover?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... collocated with leather tanning operations: (1) Upholstery leather with greater than or equal to 4 grams... (c)(1) and (2) of this section: (1) Equipment used solely with leather tanning operations; and (2... CATEGORIES National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Leather Finishing Operations What...

Fire-resistant materials for aircraft passenger seat construction

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fewell, L. L.; Tesoro, G. C.; Moussa, A.; Kourtides, D. A.

1979-01-01

The thermal response characteristics of fabric and fabric-foam assemblies are described. The various aspects of the ignition behavior of contemporary aircraft passenger seat upholstery fabric materials relative to fabric materials made from thermally stable polymers are evaluated. The role of the polymeric foam backing on the thermal response of the fabric-foam assembly is also ascertained. The optimum utilization of improved fire-resistant fabric and foam materials in the construction of aircraft passenger seats is suggested.

Castor bean allergy in the upholstery department of a furniture factory.

PubMed Central

Topping, M D; Tyrer, F H; Lowing, R K

1981-01-01

In this study, undertaken to identify the cause of allergy in several upholstery workers in a furniture factory, the workers were handling several different materials, including glue, silicone spray, upholstery fabrics, and felt. Radio-allergo-sorbent test (RAST) assays showed that sera from sensitised workers contained specific IgE towards the felt; however, further investigations using RAST showed that the allergen was not the felt itself but a contaminant of the felt. The felt was manufactured from sacks, some of which had been used to store castor beans. The sera with raised IgE to the felt also had raised IgE to the castor bean extract. By means of RAST inhibition we confirmed that castor bean allergens in the felt were solely responsible for the raised IgE in the sera. The in-vitro RAST results were found to correlate well with the in-vivo pick tests and clinical symptoms. PMID:7272244

Materials for fire resistant passenger seats in aircraft

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tesoro, G.; Moussa, A.

1980-01-01

The paper considers the selection of cushioning foam and upholstery fabric materials for aircraft passenger seats. Polyurethane, polychloroprene, polyimide, and polyphosphazene are the foam materials considered; and a variety of commercial and developmental fabrics (including wool, cotton, synthetics, and blends) are examined. Viable approaches to the design of fire-resistant seat assemblies are indicated. Results of an experimental laboratory study of fabrics and fabric/foam assemblies exposed to external point-source radiative heat flux are discussed.

46 CFR 72.05-55 - Furniture and furnishings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... shall be of approved fire resistant fabrics. (4) All rugs and carpets shall be of wool or other material... subpart, rooms containing “fire resistant furnishings” will be considered to be those in which: (1) All... fire resistant furnishings. In addition, all upholstery and padding of chairs, sofas, etc., in these...

77 FR 74170 - Authorization of Production Activity, Foreign-Trade Subzone 107A, Winnebago Industries, Inc...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-13

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Foreign-Trade Zones Board [B-65-2012] Authorization of Production Activity, Foreign-Trade Subzone 107A, Winnebago Industries, Inc. (Polyurethane Coated Upholstery Fabric), Forest City and Charles City, IA On July 24, 2012, Winnebago Industries, Inc., operator of Subzone 107A in...

77 FR 48960 - Foreign-Trade Zone 12-McAllen, TX Notification of Proposed Export Production Activity TST NA Trim...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-08-15

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Foreign-Trade Zones Board [B-62-2012] Foreign-Trade Zone 12--McAllen, TX Notification of Proposed Export Production Activity TST NA Trim, LLC (Fabric/Leather Lamination and Cutting... cutting of automotive upholstery material for export (no shipments for U.S. consumption would occur...

46 CFR 160.048-3 - Materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... coated upholstery cloth meeting the minimum requirements set forth in paragraphs (d) (1) and (2) of this.... (2) Coated upholstery cloth. Coated upholstery cloth shall comply with the requirements of Federal...

46 CFR 160.048-3 - Materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... coated upholstery cloth meeting the minimum requirements set forth in paragraphs (d) (1) and (2) of this.... (2) Coated upholstery cloth. Coated upholstery cloth shall comply with the requirements of Federal...

46 CFR 160.048-3 - Materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... coated upholstery cloth meeting the minimum requirements set forth in paragraphs (d) (1) and (2) of this.... (2) Coated upholstery cloth. Coated upholstery cloth shall comply with the requirements of Federal...

46 CFR 160.048-3 - Materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... coated upholstery cloth meeting the minimum requirements set forth in paragraphs (d) (1) and (2) of this.... (2) Coated upholstery cloth. Coated upholstery cloth shall comply with the requirements of Federal...

Accumulation of gas-phase methamphetamine on clothing, toy fabrics, and skin oil.

PubMed

Morrison, G; Shakila, N V; Parker, K

2015-08-01

To better understand methamphetamine exposure and risk for occupants of former residential clandestine methamphetamine laboratories, we measured the dynamic accumulation of methamphetamine in skin oil, cotton and polyester (PE) clothing, upholstery, and toy fabric (substrates) exposed to 15-30 ppb (91-183 μg/m(3)) neutral methamphetamine in air for up to 60 days. The average equilibrium partition coefficients at 30% RH, in units of μg of methamphetamine per gram of substrate per ppb, are 3.0 ± 0.2 for a PE baby blanket, 5.6 ± 3.5 for a PE fabric toy, 3.7 ± 0.2 for a PE shirt, 18.3 ± 8.0 for a PE/cotton upholstery fabric, and 1200 ± 570 in skin oil. The partition coefficients at 60% RH are 4.5 ± 0.4, 5.2 ± 2.1, 4.5 ± 0.6, 36.1 ± 3.6, and 1600 ± 1100 μg/(g ppb), respectively. There was no difference in the partition coefficient for a clean and skin-oil-soiled cotton shirt [15.3 ± 2.1 μg/(g ppb) @ 42 days]. Partition coefficients for skin oil may be sensitive to composition. 'Mouthing' of cloth is predicted to be the dominant exposure pathway [60 μg/(kg body weight*ppb)] for a toddler in former meth lab, and indoor air concentrations would have to be very low (0.001 ppb) to meet the recommended reference dose for children. Gas-phase methamphetamine transfers to and accumulates on clothing, toys and other fabrics significantly increases risk of ingestion of methamphetamine. Current remediation methods should consider measurement of postremediation gas-phase air concentrations of methamphetamine in addition to surface wipe samples. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

International Meeting on Medical Simulation (6th), The World of Simulation Held in San Diego, California on January 14-17, 2006

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-07-01

fracture under interscalene block and general anesthesia. Relevant past medical history includes hypertension treated with hydrochlorothiazide. While...abdominal wall constructed of upholstery foam ( fat ) glued to fabric (skin) that was firmly tied down to the operating table. In order to provide the... fat and skin fairly accurately, especially when incised with a scalpel. The girth and color of the small bowel could be altered as need to

Flame retardant finishing of cotton fabric based on synergistic compounds containing boron and nitrogen.

PubMed

Xie, Kongliang; Gao, Aiqin; Zhang, Yongsheng

2013-10-15

Boric acid and compound containing nitrogen, 2,4,6-tri[(2-hydroxy-3-trimethyl-ammonium)propyl]-1,3,5-triazine chloride (Tri-HTAC) were used to finish cotton fabric. The flame retardant properties of the finished cotton fabrics and the synergetic effects of boron and nitrogen elements were investigated and evaluated by limited oxygen index (LOI) method. The mechanism of cross-linking reaction among cotton fiber, Tri-HTAC, and boric acid was discussed by FTIR and element analysis. The thermal stability and surface morphology of the finished cotton fabrics were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), respectively. The finishing system of the mixture containing boron and nitrogen showed excellent synergistic flame retardancy for cotton fabric. The cotton fabric finished with mixture system had excellent flame retardancy. The LOI value of the treated cotton fabric increased over 27.5. Tri-HTAC could form covalent bonds with cellulose fiber and boric acid. The flame retardant cotton fabric showed a slight decrease in tensile strength and whiteness. The surface morphology of flame retardant cotton fiber was smooth. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

40 CFR 410.51 - Specialized definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... STANDARDS TEXTILE MILLS POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Knit Fabric Finishing Subcategory § 410.51 Specialized... the knit fabric finishing subcategory for facilities that are engaged primarily in dyeing or finishing...

40 CFR 410.51 - Specialized definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... STANDARDS TEXTILE MILLS POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Knit Fabric Finishing Subcategory § 410.51 Specialized... the knit fabric finishing subcategory for facilities that are engaged primarily in dyeing or finishing...

40 CFR 410.52 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS TEXTILE MILLS POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Knit Fabric Finishing... attributable to the finishing of knit fabrics through simple manufacturing operations employing a natural and..., controlled by this section and attributable to the finishing of knit fabrics through complex manufacturing...

40 CFR 410.52 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS TEXTILE MILLS POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Knit Fabric Finishing... attributable to the finishing of knit fabrics through simple manufacturing operations employing a natural and..., controlled by this section and attributable to the finishing of knit fabrics through complex manufacturing...

40 CFR 410.50 - Applicability; description of the knit fabric finishing subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2011-07-01 2009-07-01 true Applicability; description of the knit... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS TEXTILE MILLS POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Knit Fabric Finishing Subcategory § 410.50 Applicability; description of the knit fabric finishing subcategory. The...

Fluoroalkyl Siloxanes as Liquid-Repellent Fabric Finishes. Part 2. The Homopolymers and their Copolymers with Alkyl Silanes

DTIC Science & Technology

1979-06-01

LUOROALKYL SILOXANES AS LIQUID-JEPELLENT FABiRIC FINISHES YARUJF- THE 1OMOPOLYMERS AND /,THEIR CUPOLYMERS WITH !IxKL LALEK i.W o D DC BEST AVAILABLE...NATIONAL DEFENCE CANADA DEFENCE RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENT OTTAWA REPORT NO. 804 FLUOROALKYL SILOXANES AS LIQUID-REPELLENT FABRIC FINISHES PART II THE...cent) and cotton as finishes , and the oil and water repellency imparted to these fabrics ascertained by standard tests. In this manner it is possible

Dielectric Properties of Polymer Matrix Composites Prepared from Conductive Polymer Treated Fabrics

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-02-01

JPS 09827 finish. The doping agent used was anthraquinone-2 sulfonic acid. (3) A 5 x 5 S2-glass 24 oz. woven roving with an Owens Corning 463 finish...x- I S2-glass 27 oz. woven roving with an Owens Corning 933 finish, nominally equiv- alent to the JPS 09827 finish. The doping agent used was...were fabricated by laminating the layers of Fabric with wet polyester resin ( Owens Corning E-780) and subsequently processing the com- posites using the

40 CFR 410.40 - Applicability; description of the woven fabric finishing subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 28 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Applicability; description of the woven fabric finishing subcategory. 410.40 Section 410.40 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... proofing, soil repellency application and a special finish application. ...

7 CFR 3201.34 - Carpet and upholstery cleaners.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 15 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Carpet and upholstery cleaners. 3201.34 Section 3201.34 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) OFFICE OF PROCUREMENT AND PROPERTY MANAGEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GUIDELINES FOR DESIGNATING BIOBASED PRODUCTS FOR FEDERAL PROCUREMENT Designated Items § 3201.34 Carpet...

7 CFR 3201.34 - Carpet and upholstery cleaners.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 15 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Carpet and upholstery cleaners. 3201.34 Section 3201.34 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) OFFICE OF PROCUREMENT AND PROPERTY MANAGEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GUIDELINES FOR DESIGNATING BIOBASED PRODUCTS FOR FEDERAL PROCUREMENT Designated Items § 3201.34 Carpet...

7 CFR 3201.34 - Carpet and upholstery cleaners.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 15 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Carpet and upholstery cleaners. 3201.34 Section 3201.34 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) OFFICE OF PROCUREMENT AND PROPERTY MANAGEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GUIDELINES FOR DESIGNATING BIOBASED PRODUCTS FOR FEDERAL PROCUREMENT Designated Items § 3201.34 Carpet...

2. View south, west elevation loading dock. Upholstery Shop (HABS ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

2. View south, west elevation loading dock. Upholstery Shop (HABS NJ-1061-L) at far left, Lunch Room (HABS NJ-1061-K) at near left. Fence along Woodbridge Avenue at right. - Raritan Arsenal, Steam Cleaning Shop S-3-B, 2890 Woodbridge Avenue, Bonhamtown, Middlesex County, NJ

Upholstery Dictionary 1. Project HIRE.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gardner, David C.; And Others

Designed as supplemental material to on-going instruction in the vocational program, this first of three picture dictionary booklets in the Upholstery series is intended to assist the learning handicapped student to master the core vocabulary taught in the trade. Intended for individual or small group instruction with minimal supervision, this…

7 CFR 2902.34 - Carpet and upholstery cleaners.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 15 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Carpet and upholstery cleaners. 2902.34 Section 2902.34 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) OFFICE OF ENERGY POLICY AND NEW USES, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GUIDELINES FOR DESIGNATING BIOBASED PRODUCTS FOR FEDERAL PROCUREMENT Designated Items § 2902.34 Carpet and...

3D knitting using large circular knitting machines

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Simonis, K.; Gloy, Y.-S.; Gries, T.

2017-10-01

For the first time 3D structures can now be produced on large circular knitting machines. Till date, such structures could only be manufactured on flat knitting machines. Since large circular knitting machines operate much faster, this development increases the overall productivity of 3D knits. It thus opens up a totally new avenue for cost reduction for applications in sportswear, upholstery, aerospace and automotive industry. The following paper presents the state of the art regarding the realisation of three dimensional fabrics. In addition, current knitting technologies regarding three dimensional formations will be explained. Results of the pretrials explaining the change in knitted fabrics´ dimension, executed at the Institut für Textiltechnik of the RWTH Aachen University, will be presented. Finally, the description of the 3D knit prototype developed will be provided as a part of this paper.

Comprehensive Environmental Assessment Applied to Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Flame-Retardant Coatings in Upholstery Textiles: A Case Study Presenting Priority Research Gaps for Future Risk Assessments (Final Report)

EPA Science Inventory

In September 2013, EPA announced the availability of the final report, Comprehensive Environmental Assessment Applied to Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Flame-Retardant Coatings in Upholstery Textiles: A Case Study Presenting Priority Research Gaps for Future Risk Assessments...

Nanomaterial Case Study: A Comparison of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube and Decabromodiphenyl Ether Flame-Retardant Coatings Applied to Upholstery Textiles (Independent Peer Review Draft)

EPA Science Inventory

This Independent Peer Review Draft document presents a case study of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs); it focuses on the specific example of MWCNTs as used in flame-retardant coatings applied to upholstery textiles. This case study is organized around the comprehensive envir...

Effect of Surface Treatments on Electron Beam Freeform Fabricated Aluminum Structures

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Taminger, Karen M. B.; Hafley, Robert A.; Fahringer, David T.; Martin, Richard E.

2004-01-01

Electron beam freeform fabrication (EBF3) parts exhibit a ridged surface finish typical of many layer-additive processes. This, post-processing is required to produce a net shape with a smooth surface finish. High speed milling wire electrical discharge machining (EDM), electron beam glazing, and glass bead blasting were performed on EBF3-build 2219 aluminum alloy parts to reduce or eliminate the ridged surface features. Surface roughness, surface residual stress state, and microstructural characteristics were examined for each of the different surface treatment to assess the quality and effect of the surface treatments on the underlying material. The analysis evaluated the effectivenes of the different surface finishing techniques for achieving a smooth surface finish on an electron beam freeform fabricated part.

75 FR 6169 - Request for Public Comment on a Commercial Availability Request Under the U.S.-Singapore Free...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-02-08

... centimeters (52 inches). Finish: (Piece) dyed. Fabric 2 HTS Subheading: 6004.10.00. Fiber Content: 35% rayon...). Finish: (Piece) dyed. Fabric 3 HTS Subheading: 6001.22.00. Fiber Content: 79% rayon made from bamboo/15...: (Piece) dyed. (2) Certain knit fabrics of polyester fiber, of the specifications detailed below...

Aviation Maintenance Technology. Airframe. A203. Aircraft Fabric Covering, Painting, and Finishing. Instructor Material.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Oklahoma State Board of Vocational and Technical Education, Stillwater. Curriculum and Instructional Materials Center.

This teacher's guide is designed to aid teachers in leading students through a module on airframe building and repair, including fabric covering, painting, and finishing. The module contains two units that cover the following topics: (1) inspecting, testing, and installing aircraft fabric coverings and (2) applying dope, paint, and trim. Each unit…

Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory finishing of cotton by microencapsulation using three marine organisms.

PubMed

El-Rafie, H M; El-Rafie, M H; AbdElsalam, H M; El-Sayed, W A

2016-05-01

This work is a small effort in the production of an eco-friendly natural based antibacterial and anti-inflammatory finished cotton fabrics using the ethanolic extracts (Ex) of the sea grass Halophila stipulacea (H. stipulacea) and marine macroalgae [Colbomenia sinuosa (C. sinuosa) and Ulva fasciata (U. fasciata)]. The extracts were phytochemically screened for their constituents. These extracts were used to finish cotton fabrics by a variety of methods. Concerning this, fabrics (F) were singly treated with ethanolic extracts (ExF) of these marine organisms by the dip technique and the extract encapsulated with sodium alginate or meypro gum. The encapsulated fabric (EnF) was further finished individually with citric acid (CA), (EnF/CA) and mono-tert-butyl ether of glycerol (MTBG) binder (EnF/Bin) by the pad-dry-cure technique. The fabrics so-finished were evaluated for their antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities without washing (control) and after different washing cycles. The results obtained showed that, both EnF/CA and EnF/Bin inhibit the bacterial growth by about 90% after 10 washing cycles for both Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The anti-inflammatory activity, the potency% reached to 88.3% for the fabric encapsulated with microcapsules of sodium alginate/H. stipulacea sea grass and the EnF/CA. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Poly-dimethylsiloxane derivates side chains effect on syntan functionalized Polyamide fabric

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Migani, V.; Weiss, H.; Massafra, M. R.; Merlo, A.; Colleoni, C.; Rosace, G.

2011-02-01

Poly-dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymers finishing of Polyamide-6,6 (PA66) fabrics involves ionic interactions between reactive groups on the PDMS polymers and the ones of the textile fabric. Such interactions could be strengthened by a pretreatment with a fixing agent to promote either ion-ion and H-bonding and ion-dipole forces. These forces could contribute towards the building of substantial PDMS-PA66 systems and the achieving of better adhesion properties to fabrics. Four different silicone polymers based on PDMS were applied on a synthetic tanning agent (syntan) finished Polyamide-6,6 fabric under acid conditions. Soxhlet extraction method and ATR FT-IR technique were used to investigate the application conditions. The finishing parameters such as pH and temperature together with fastness, mechanical and performance properties of the treated samples were studied and related to PDMS side chains effect on syntan functionalized Polyamide fabric.

Surface-to-food pesticide transfer as a function of moisture and fat content.

PubMed

Vonderheide, Anne P; Bernard, Craig E; Hieber, Thomas E; Kauffman, Peter E; Morgan, Jeffrey N; Melnyk, Lisa Jo

2009-01-01

Transfer of pesticides from household surfaces to foods may result in excess dietary exposure in children (i.e., beyond that inherent in foods due to agricultural application). In this study, transfer was evaluated as a function of the moisture and fat content of various foods. Surfaces chosen for investigation were those commonly found in homes and included Formica, ceramic tile, plastic, carpet, and upholstery fabric. Each surface type was sprayed with an aqueous emulsion of organophosphates, fipronil, and synthetic pyrethroids. In the first phase of the study, multiple foods (apples, watermelon, wheat crackers, graham crackers, white bread, flour tortillas, bologna, fat-free bologna, sugar cookies, ham, Fruit Roll-ups, pancakes, and processed American cheese) were categorized with respect to moisture and fat content. All were evaluated for potential removal of applied pesticides from a Formica surface. In the second phase of the study, representative foods from each classification were investigated for their potential for pesticide transfer with an additional four surfaces: ceramic tile, plastic, upholstery, and carpet. Moisture content, not fat, was found to be a determining factor in most transfers. For nearly all surfaces, more efficient transfer occurred with increased hardness (Formica and ceramic tile). Comparatively, the polymer composition of the plastic delivered overall lower transfer efficiencies, presumably due to an attraction between it and the organic pesticides of interest.

16 CFR 300.25 - Country where wool products are processed or manufactured.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... in [foreign country], finished in USA” or “Scarf made in USA of fabric made in China” or “Comforter Filled, Sewn and Finished in the U.S. With Shell Made in China” or “Made in [Foreign Country]/fabric made...

16 CFR 300.25 - Country where wool products are processed or manufactured.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... in [foreign country], finished in USA” or “Scarf made in USA of fabric made in China” or “Comforter Filled, Sewn and Finished in the U.S. With Shell Made in China” or “Made in [Foreign Country]/fabric made...

40 CFR 410.50 - Applicability; description of the knit fabric finishing subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 28 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Applicability; description of the knit fabric finishing subcategory. 410.50 Section 410.50 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... operations: Bleaching, mercerizing, dyeing, printing, resin treatment, water proofing, flame proofing, soil...

Substitution of PFAS chemistry in outdoor apparel and the impact on repellency performance.

PubMed

Hill, Philippa J; Taylor, Mark; Goswami, Parikshit; Blackburn, Richard S

2017-08-01

Intensifying legislation and increased research on the toxicological and persistent nature of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have recently influenced the direction of liquid repellent chemistry use; environmental, social, and sustainability responsibilities are at the crux. Without PFAS chemistry, it is challenging to meet current textile industry liquid repellency requirements, which is a highly desirable property, particularly in outdoor apparel where the technology helps to provide the wearer with essential protection from adverse environmental conditions. Herein, complexities between required functionality, legislation and sustainability within outdoor apparel are discussed, and fundamental technical performance of commercially available long-chain (C8) PFASs, shorter-chain (C6) PFASs, and non-fluorinated repellent chemistries finishes are evaluated comparatively. Non-fluorinated finishes provided no oil repellency, and were clearly inferior in this property to PFAS-finished fabrics that demonstrated good oil-resistance. However, water repellency ratings were similar across the range of all finished fabrics tested, all demonstrating a high level of resistance to wetting, and several non-fluorinated repellent fabrics provide similar water repellency to long-chain (C8) PFAS or shorter-chain (C6) PFAS finished fabrics. The primary repellency function required in outdoor apparel is water repellency, and we would propose that the use of PFAS chemistry for such garments is over-engineering, providing oil repellency that is in excess of user requirements. Accordingly, significant environmental and toxicological benefits could be achieved by switching outdoor apparel to non-fluorinated finishes without a significant reduction in garment water-repellency performance. These conclusions are being supported by further research into the effect of laundering, abrasion and ageing of these fabrics. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Flow Charts for Determining Your Requirements: Nine Metal Fabrication and Finishing Source Categories Area Sources National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) Subpart XXXXXX

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This page contains a July 2008 document that has flow charts to help determine if this National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) rule for Nine metal Fabrication and Finishing Area Source Categories applies to your facility.

78 FR 52984 - Stone Age Interiors, Inc.; d/b/a Colorado Springs Marble and Granite Including On-Site Leased...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-27

... the production of finished stone fabrication products. The workers are not separately identifiable by product line. The subject worker group includes on-site leased workers from Express Employment... articles like or directly competitive with the finished stone fabrication products produced by Stone Age...

Surface finish measurement studies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Teague, E. C.

1983-01-01

The performance of stylus instruments for measuring the topography of National Transonic Facility (NTF) model surfaces both for monitoring during fabrication and as an absolute measurement of topography was evaluated. It was found that the shop-grade instruments can damage the surface of models and that their use for monitoring fabrication procedures can lead to surface finishes that are substantially out of range in critical areas of the leading edges. The development of a prototype light-scattering instrument which would allow for rapid assessment of the surface finish of a model is also discussed.

Applications of FT-IR spectroscopy to the studies of esterification and crosslinking of cellulose by polycarboxylic acids: Part II. The performance of the crosslinked cotton fabrics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wei, Weishu; Yang, Charles Q.

1998-06-01

Durable press finishing processes are commonly used in the textile industry to produce wrinkle-free cotton fabrics and garments. A durable press finishing agent forms covalent bands with cellulosic hydroxyl groups, thus crosslinking the cellulose molecules. The crosslinking of cellulose increases wrinkle resistance of the treated cotton fabric and reduces fabric mechanical strength. Wrinkle recovery angle (WRA) and tensile strength are the two most important parameters used to evaluate the performance of the crosslinked cotton fabrics and garments. In this study, we investigated the correlation between WRA and tensile strength on one hand, and the amount of crosslinkages formed by the crosslinking agents including dimethyloldihydroxylethyleneurea (DMDHEU) and 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) determined by FT-IR spectroscopy on the other hand. Linear regression curves between the carbonyl band absorbance, and WRA and tensile strength of the treated cotton fabric were developed. The data indicated that FT-IR spectroscopy is a reliable technique for predicting the performance of durable press finished cotton fabrics, therefore can be used as a convenient instrumental method for quality control in the textile and garment industry.

Static properties and moisture content properties of polyester fabrics modified by plasma treatment and chemical finishing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kan, C. W.; Yuen, C. W. M.

2008-01-01

Low temperature plasma treatment has been conducted in textile industry and has some success in the dyeing and finishing processes. In this paper, an attempt was made to apply low temperature plasma treatment to improve the anti-static property of polyester fabric. The polyester fabrics were treated under different conditions using low temperature plasma. An Orthogonal Array Testing Strategy was employed to determine the optimum treatment condition. After low temperature plasma treatment, the polyester fabrics were evaluated with different characterisation methods. Under the observation of scanning electron microscope, the surface structure of low temperature plasma-treated polyester fabric was seriously altered. This provided more capacity for polyester to capture moisture and hence increase the dissipation of static charges. The relationship between moisture content and half-life decay time for static charges was studied and the results showed that the increment of moisture content would result in shortening the time for the dissipation of static charges. Moreover, there was a great improvement in the anti-static property of the low temperature plasma-treated polyester fabric after comparing with that of the polyester fabric treated with commercial anti-static finishing agent.

Studies on Application of Aroma Finish on Silk Fabric

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hipparagi, Sanganna Aminappa; Srinivasa, Thirumalappa; Das, Brojeswari; Naik, Subhas Venkatappa; Purushotham, Serampur Parappa

2016-10-01

Aromatic treatments on textiles have gained importance in the recent years. In the present article work has been done on fragrance finish application on silk material. Silk is an expensive natural fibre used for apparel purpose and known for its feel and appeal. Incorporation of fragrance material in silk product, will add more value to it. Present work focuses to impart durable aroma finish for silk products to be home washed or subjected to dry cleaning. Microencapsulated aroma chemical has been used for the treatment. Impregnation method, Exhaust method, Dip-Pad-Dry method and Spray method have been used to see the influence of application method on the uptake and performance. Evaluation of the aroma treated material has been done through subjective evaluation as per Odor Intensity Reference Scaling (OIRS). Effect of the aroma finishing on the physical properties of the fabric has also been studied. No adverse effect has been observed on the stiffness of the fabric after the aroma treatment.

A novel photo-grafting of acrylamide onto carboxymethyl starch. 1. Utilization of CMS-g-PAAm in easy care finishing of cotton fabrics.

PubMed

El-Sheikh, Manal A

2016-11-05

The photosensitized grafting of vinyl monomers onto a range of polymeric substrates has been the subject of particular interest in the recent past. Carboxymethyl starch (CMS)-poly acrylamide (PAAm) graft copolymer (CMS-g-PAAm) with high graft yield was successfully prepared by grafting of acrylamide onto CMS using UV irradiation in the presence of the water soluble 4-(trimethyl ammoniummethyl) benzophenone chloride photoinitiator. CMS-g-PAAm with nitrogen content of 8.3% and grafting efficiency up to 98.9% was obtained using 100% AAm, a material: liquor ratio of 1:14 and 1% photinitiator at 30°C for 1h of UV irradiation. The synthesis of CMS-g-PAAm was confirmed by FTIR and Nitrogen content (%). Surface morphology of CMS and surface morphological changes of CMS after grafting with AAm were studied using SEM. Thermal properties of both CMS and CMS-g-PAAm were studied using TGA and DSC. To impart easy care finishing to cotton fabrics, aqueous formulations of: CMS-g-PAAm, dimethylol dihydroxy ethylene urea (DMDHEU), CMS-g-PAAm-DMDHEU mixture or methylolated CMS-g-PAAm were used. Cotton fabrics were padded in these formulations, squeezed to a wet pick up 100%, dried at 100°C for 5min, cured at 150°C for 5min, washed at 50°C for 10min and air-dried. CRA (crease recovery angle) of untreated fabrics and fabrics finished with a mixture of 2% CMS-g-PAAm and 10% DMDHEU or methylolated CMS-g-PAAm (10% formaldehyde) were: 136°, 190°, 288° respectively. Increasing the number of washing cycles up to five cycles results in an insignificant decrease in the CRA and a significant decrease in RF (releasable formaldehyde) of finished fabric samples. The morphologies of the finished and unfinished cotton fabrics were performed by SEM. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effects of Cooling Conditions on Microstructure, Tensile Properties, and Charpy Impact Toughness of Low-Carbon High-Strength Bainitic Steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sung, Hyo Kyung; Shin, Sang Yong; Hwang, Byoungchul; Lee, Chang Gil; Lee, Sunghak

2013-01-01

In this study, four low-carbon high-strength bainitic steel specimens were fabricated by varying finish cooling temperatures and cooling rates, and their tensile and Charpy impact properties were investigated. All the bainitic steel specimens consisted of acicular ferrite, granular bainite, bainitic ferrite, and martensite-austenite constituents. The specimens fabricated with higher finish cooling temperature had a lower volume fraction of martensite-austenite constituent than the specimens fabricated with lower finish cooling temperature. The fast-cooled specimens had twice the volume fraction of bainitic ferrite and consequently higher yield and tensile strengths than the slow-cooled specimens. The energy transition temperature tended to increase with increasing effective grain size or with increasing volume fraction of granular bainite. The fast-cooled specimen fabricated with high finish cooling temperature and fast cooling rate showed the lowest energy transition temperature among the four specimens because of the lowest content of coarse granular bainite. These findings indicated that Charpy impact properties as well as strength could be improved by suppressing the formation of granular bainite, despite the presence of some hard microstructural constituents such as bainitic ferrite and martensite-austenite.

40 CFR 429.130 - Applicability; description of the finishing subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., fabrication, and by-product utilization timber processing operations not otherwise covered by specific... (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS TIMBER PRODUCTS PROCESSING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Finishing...

Fluoroalkyl Siloxanes as Liquid-Repellent Fabric Finishes. Part 3. The Durability of the Copolymers and Comparisons with Commercially Available Finishes.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-09-01

disponibles et on en a compare les resultats avec ceux qui ont 6ti obtenus dans le cas des finis expe’rimentaux. Les essais de durabilit englobaient...short sumary of these tests has been included in ref. 10. PHOSPHAIE RESISTANCE TESI The resistance of treated fabrics to wetting by organo-phosphorus

19 CFR 10.244 - Certificate of Origin.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... assembled from U.S. formed, dyed, printed and finished fabrics or fabric components, or U.S. formed knit-to... llama, alpaca or vicuña fabrics, fabric components, or knit-to-shape components, from Andean yarns 10... more yarns, fabrics, fabric components, or knit-to-shape components described in preference groups A...

19 CFR 10.244 - Certificate of Origin.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... assembled from U.S. formed, dyed, printed and finished fabrics or fabric components, or U.S. formed knit-to... llama, alpaca or vicuña fabrics, fabric components, or knit-to-shape components, from Andean yarns 10... more yarns, fabrics, fabric components, or knit-to-shape components described in preference groups A...

Hyperbranched polymer functional cotton fabric for its in situ deposition of silver nanoparticles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Desuo; Jiao, Chenlu; Xiong, Jiaqing; Lin, Hong; Chen, Yuyue

2015-06-01

This paper describes a strategy of fabricating silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) finished cotton fabric through in situ synthesis method. In order to endow the cotton fabric with the capability of in situ synthesis of Ag NPs without any other reagents, an amino-terminated hyperbranched polymer (HBP-NH2) was employed to functionalize the cotton fabric. To this end, cotton fabric was oxidized to generate aldehyde groups and then HBP-NH2 was grafted on the oxidized cotton fabric based on the reaction between amino groups and aldehyde groups. Due to numerous imino and amino groups in the polymer and its special three-dimensional structure, the functional cotton fabric could take initiative to capture and reduce silver ions, control the formation of Ag NPs and fix them on the cotton fabric. The sizes of Ag NPs in situ synthesized on cotton fibers range from 4 to 10 nm. The prepared Ag NPs finished cotton fabric has excellent laundering durability.

FR Performance of New Fire-off on PET/CO blend fabrics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Atakan, R.; Çelebi, E.; Ozcan, G.; Soydan, N.; Sarac, A. S.

2017-10-01

This paper represents the investigation on flame retardancy performance and durability of polyester/cotton (P/C) fabrics treated with a novel halogen/formaldehyde free, P-N synergetic FR finishing agent called New Fire-off. 100 % Cotton, 100 % Polyester and three different blend P/C fabrics were chosen in this study. Fabric samples were treated with New Fire-off through pad-dry-cure process. Flammability and thermal properties of the treated samples with New Fire-off were tested according to relevant ISO standard and procedures. The obtained results showed that this new finishing formulation is a good char-forming agent. However, further studies are required to achieve washing durability for the P/C blends.

16 CFR 1610.36 - Application of Act to particular types of products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... exceeding a finished size of twenty-four (24) inches on any side or not exceeding five hundred seventy-six... of construction, design, color, type of fabric, or any other factor, a piece of cloth of a finished...

21 CFR 820.3 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... designs, manufactures, fabricates, assembles, or processes a finished device. Manufacturer includes but is... numbers, or both, from which the history of the manufacturing, packaging, labeling, and distribution of a unit, lot, or batch of finished devices can be determined. (e) Design history file (DHF) means a...

19 CFR 10.242 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... knitting machine. Several components with finished edges may be linked by yarn or thread as they are... reference to fabric components, means that all of the production processes, starting with the production of... fabric(s), means that all of the production processes, starting with polymers, fibers, filaments, textile...

19 CFR 10.242 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... knitting machine. Several components with finished edges may be linked by yarn or thread as they are... reference to fabric components, means that all of the production processes, starting with the production of... fabric(s), means that all of the production processes, starting with polymers, fibers, filaments, textile...

19 CFR 10.242 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... knitting machine. Several components with finished edges may be linked by yarn or thread as they are... reference to fabric components, means that all of the production processes, starting with the production of... fabric(s), means that all of the production processes, starting with polymers, fibers, filaments, textile...

19 CFR 10.242 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... knitting machine. Several components with finished edges may be linked by yarn or thread as they are... reference to fabric components, means that all of the production processes, starting with the production of... fabric(s), means that all of the production processes, starting with polymers, fibers, filaments, textile...

19 CFR 10.242 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... knitting machine. Several components with finished edges may be linked by yarn or thread as they are... reference to fabric components, means that all of the production processes, starting with the production of... fabric(s), means that all of the production processes, starting with polymers, fibers, filaments, textile...

Direct laser additive fabrication system with image feedback control

DOEpatents

Griffith, Michelle L.; Hofmeister, William H.; Knorovsky, Gerald A.; MacCallum, Danny O.; Schlienger, M. Eric; Smugeresky, John E.

2002-01-01

A closed-loop, feedback-controlled direct laser fabrication system is disclosed. The feedback refers to the actual growth conditions obtained by real-time analysis of thermal radiation images. The resulting system can fabricate components with severalfold improvement in dimensional tolerances and surface finish.

Recent Developments in the UltraForm Finishing and UltraSurf Measuring of Axisymmetric IR Domes

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-06-08

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES Presented at Mirror Technology Days, Boulder, Colorado, USA......deterministic fabrication solution for a wide range of newly developed windows , domes and mirrors . COMMERCIALIZATION  UltraForm Finishing ( UFF

Spherical Primary Optical Telescope (SPOT) Segment Fabrication

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-06-07

of Pyrex. One mirror (segment) was figured at GSFC and final figured at QED using Magnetorheological Finishing . Two other segments are in process...point) have been cast • Segment 1 was figured at GSFC completed at QED using magnetorheological finishing (MRF) • New GSFC figuring facility brought on

Surface Finish after Laser Metal Deposition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rombouts, M.; Maes, G.; Hendrix, W.; Delarbre, E.; Motmans, F.

Laser metal deposition (LMD) is an additive manufacturing technology for the fabrication of metal parts through layerwise deposition and laser induced melting of metal powder. The poor surface finish presents a major limitation in LMD. This study focuses on the effects of surface inclination angle and strategies to improve the surface finish of LMD components. A substantial improvement in surface quality of both the side and top surfaces has been obtained by laser remelting after powder deposition.

Near field wireless power transfer using curved relay resonators for extended transfer distance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhu, D.; Clare, L.; Stark, B. H.; Beeby, S. P.

2015-12-01

This paper investigates the performance of a near field wireless power transfer system that uses curved relay resonator to extend transfer distance. Near field wireless power transfer operates based on the near-field electromagnetic coupling of coils. Such a system can transfer energy over a relatively short distance which is of the same order of dimensions of the coupled coils. The energy transfer distance can be increased using flat relay resonators. Recent developments in printing electronics and e-textiles have seen increasing demand of embedding electronics into fabrics. Near field wireless power transfer is one of the most promising methods to power electronics on fabrics. The concept can be applied to body-worn textiles by, for example, integrating a transmitter coil into upholstery, and a flexible receiver coil into garments. Flexible textile coils take on the shape of the supporting materials such as garments, and therefore curved resonator and receiver coils are investigated in this work. Experimental results showed that using curved relay resonator can effectively extend the wireless power transfer distance. However, as the curvature of the coil increases, the performance of the wireless power transfer, especially the maximum received power, deteriorates.

JSC Metal Finishing Waste Minimization Methods

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sullivan, Erica

2003-01-01

THe paper discusses the following: Johnson Space Center (JSC) has achieved VPP Star status and is ISO 9001 compliant. The Structural Engineering Division in the Engineering Directorate is responsible for operating the metal finishing facility at JSC. The Engineering Directorate is responsible for $71.4 million of space flight hardware design, fabrication and testing. The JSC Metal Finishing Facility processes flight hardware to support the programs in particular schedule and mission critical flight hardware. The JSC Metal Finishing Facility is operated by Rothe Joint Venture. The Facility provides following processes: anodizing, alodining, passivation, and pickling. JSC Metal Finishing Facility completely rebuilt in 1998. Total cost of $366,000. All new tanks, electrical, plumbing, and ventilation installed. Designed to meet modern safety, environmental, and quality requirements. Designed to minimize contamination and provide the highest quality finishes.

Novel Fabric Containing Microcapsules of Chemical Decontaminants Encapsulated within Semipermeable Polymers.

DTIC Science & Technology

The invention concerns novel clothing fabrics containing microcapsules in a resin finish comprising reactive chemical decontamination agents...allowing the toxic chemicals to diffuse into the microcapsules where they undergo irreversible detoxifying chemical reactions.

Cellulase finishing of woven, cotton fabrics in jet and winch machines.

PubMed

Cortez, J M; Ellis, J; Bishop, D P

2001-08-23

Some authors have reported that as the applied agitation rate increases, the apparent activity of the endoglucanases from Trichoderma reesei towards cotton cellulose increases more markedly than does the apparent activity of the cellobiohydrolases. This suggests that the quality of cellulase finishing effects on cellulosic textiles may be machine-type dependent. The present work using total crude, endoglucanase-rich and cellobiohydrolase-rich cellulases from T. reesei confirmed that the final properties of woven, cotton fabrics treated under realistic processing conditions in a jet machine, were measurably and perceivably different from those of the same fabrics, treated using the same processing conditions of temperature, time, pH, enzyme concentration and fabric to liquor ratio, but in a winch machine. The results are interpreted in terms of the effects of agitation rate on the adsorption-desorption behaviour of the T. reesei endoglucanases and cellobiohydrolases.

Beryllium fabrication/cost assessment for ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Beeston, J.M.; Longhurst, G.R.; Parsonage, T.

1990-06-01

A fabrication and cost estimate of three possible beryllium shapes for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) blanket is presented. The fabrication method by hot pressing (HP), cold isostatic pressing plus sintering (CIP+S), cold isostatic pressing plus sintering plus hot isostatic pressing (CIP+S+HIP), and sphere production by atomization or rotary electrode will be discussed. Conventional hot pressing blocks of beryllium with subsequent machining to finished shapes can be more expensive than production of a net shape by cold isostatic pressing and sintering. The three beryllium shapes to be considered here and proposed for ITER are: (1) cubic blocks (3 tomore » 17 cm on an edge), (2) tubular cylinders (33 to 50 mm i.d. by 62 mm o.d. by 8 m long), and (3) spheres (1--5 mm dia.). A rough cost estimate of the basic shape is presented which would need to be refined if the surface finish and tolerances required are better than the sintering process produces. The final cost of the beryllium in the blanket will depend largely on the machining and recycling of beryllium required to produce the finished product. The powder preparation will be discussed before shape fabrication. 10 refs., 6 figs.« less

The Effect of Low Temperatures on Coated and Uncoated Fabrics,

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-03-01

pourcentage d’allongement et le travail a la rupture de treize tissus enduits et non enduits a fif 6tudig. Ii ressort qua les raglanges coton -matiires...C being a polyester and cotton blend, and N/C-G and N/C-F a nylon and cotton blend, N/C-F being the finished and dyed version of N/C-G. Fabrics N-R...and N-R-PU are similar ripatop nylons, N-R with water-repellent finish and N-R-PU with one side coated with polyurethan. For this study, N-R is

16 CFR 1611.37 - Reasonable and representative tests under section 8 of the Act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT REGULATIONS STANDARD FOR THE FLAMMABILITY OF VINYL PLASTIC FILM Rules and Regulations..., on initial test a film or a textile fabric with a nitro-cellulose fiber, finish or coating, does not... production shall be deemed reasonable and representative tests for such film or textile fabric. (d...

16 CFR 1611.37 - Reasonable and representative tests under section 8 of the Act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT REGULATIONS STANDARD FOR THE FLAMMABILITY OF VINYL PLASTIC FILM Rules and Regulations..., on initial test a film or a textile fabric with a nitro-cellulose fiber, finish or coating, does not... production shall be deemed reasonable and representative tests for such film or textile fabric. (d...

Investigation on the effect of RF air plasma and neem leaf extract treatment on the surface modification and antimicrobial activity of cotton fabric

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vaideki, K.; Jayakumar, S.; Rajendran, R.; Thilagavathi, G.

2008-02-01

A thorough investigation on the antimicrobial activity of RF air plasma and azadirachtin (neem leaf extract) treated cotton fabric has been dealt with in this paper. The cotton fabric was given a RF air plasma treatment to improve its hydrophilicity. The process parameters such as electrode gap, time of exposure and RF power have been varied to study their effect in improving the hydrophilicity of the cotton fabric and they were optimized based on the static immersion test results. The neem leaf extract (azadirachtin) was applied on fabric samples to impart antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial efficacy of the samples have been analysed and compared with the efficacy of the cotton fabric treated with the antimicrobial finish alone. The investigation reveals that the RF air plasma has modified the surface of the fabric, which in turn increased the antimicrobial activity of the fabric when treated with azadirachtin. The surface modification due to RF air plasma treatment has been analysed by comparing the FTIR spectra of the untreated and plasma treated samples. The molecular interaction between the fabric, azadirachtin and citric acid which was used as a cross linking agent to increase the durability of the antimicrobial finish has also been analysed using FTIR spectra.

Tribological investigation of a functional medical textile with lubricating drug-delivery finishing.

PubMed

Gerhardt, L-C; Lottenbach, R; Rossi, R M; Derler, S

2013-08-01

Textile-based drug delivery systems have a high potential for innovative medical and gerontechnological applications. In this study, the tribological behaviour and lubrication properties of a novel textile with drug delivery function/finishing was investigated by means of friction experiments that simulated cyclic dynamic contacts with skin under dry and wet conditions. The textile drug delivery system is based on a loadable biopolymer dressing on a polyester (PES) woven fabric. The fabrics were finished with low (LC) and highly cross-linked (HC) polysaccharide dressings and investigated in the unloaded condition as well as loaded with phytotherapeutic substances. The mechanical resistance and possible abrasion of the functional coatings on the textile substrate were assessed by friction measurements and scanning electron microscopical analyses. Under dry contact conditions, all investigated fabrics (PES substrate alone and textiles with loaded and unloaded dressings) showed generally low friction coefficients (0.20-0.26). Under wet conditions, the measured friction coefficients were typically higher (0.34-0.51) by a factor of 1.5-2. In the wet condition, both loaded drug delivery textiles exhibited 7-29% lower friction (0.34-0.41) than the PES fabric with unloaded dressings (0.42-0.51), indicating pronounced lubrication effects. The lubrication effects as well as the abrasion resistance of the studied textiles with drug delivery function depended on the degree of dilution of the phytotherapeutic substances. Lubricating formulations of textile-based drug delivery systems which reduce friction against the skin might be promising candidates for advanced medical textile finishes in connection with skin care and wound (decubitus ulcer) prevention. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

16 CFR § 1611.37 - Reasonable and representative tests under section 8 of the Act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT REGULATIONS STANDARD FOR THE FLAMMABILITY OF VINYL PLASTIC FILM Rules and..., on initial test a film or a textile fabric with a nitro-cellulose fiber, finish or coating, does not... production shall be deemed reasonable and representative tests for such film or textile fabric. (d...

16 CFR 1611.37 - Reasonable and representative tests under section 8 of the Act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... composition, construction, finish type or weight may be tested upon a class basis. The word “class” as used in... characteristics, sometimes in association with a particular fiber, and covered by a class or type description... to a particular textile fabric of the same fiber composition, construction and finish type. The...

16 CFR § 1610.39 - Shipments under section 11(c) of the Act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... finished by the undersigned or by a duly authorized agent so as to render them not so highly flammable...§ 1610.39 Section § 1610.39 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS... finishing or processing to render them not so highly flammable as to be dangerous when worn by individuals...

24 CFR 200.946 - Building product standards and certification program for exterior finish and insulation systems...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

...) ASTM C-1186-91 Standard Specification for Flat Non-Asbestos Fiber-Cement Sheets. (v) ASTM D 579-90 Standard Specification for Greige Woven Glass Fabrics. (vi) ASTM D 3273-86—(Reapproved 1991) Standard Test... Glass Fiber Reinforcing Mesh for Use in Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFS), Class PB. (xv...

24 CFR 200.946 - Building product standards and certification program for exterior finish and insulation systems...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

...) ASTM C-1186-91 Standard Specification for Flat Non-Asbestos Fiber-Cement Sheets. (v) ASTM D 579-90 Standard Specification for Greige Woven Glass Fabrics. (vi) ASTM D 3273-86—(Reapproved 1991) Standard Test... Glass Fiber Reinforcing Mesh for Use in Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFS), Class PB. (xv...

24 CFR 200.946 - Building product standards and certification program for exterior finish and insulation systems...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

...) ASTM C-1186-91 Standard Specification for Flat Non-Asbestos Fiber-Cement Sheets. (v) ASTM D 579-90 Standard Specification for Greige Woven Glass Fabrics. (vi) ASTM D 3273-86—(Reapproved 1991) Standard Test... Glass Fiber Reinforcing Mesh for Use in Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFS), Class PB. (xv...

CURRICULUM MATERIALS.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

New Jersey State Dept. of Education, Trenton.

MATERIALS ARE LISTED BY 36 TOPICS ARRANGED IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER. TOPICS INCLUDE APPRENTICE TRAINING, BAKING, DRAFTING, ENGLISH, GLASSBLOWING, HOME ECONOMICS, INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY, MACHINE SHOP, NEEDLE TRADES, REFRIGERATION, AND UPHOLSTERY. PRICES ARE GIVEN FOR EACH ITEM. (EL)

Free-form machining for micro-imaging systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barkman, Michael L.; Dutterer, Brian S.; Davies, Matthew A.; Suleski, Thomas J.

2008-02-01

While mechanical ruling and single point diamond turning has been a mainstay of optical fabrication for many years, many types of micro-optical devices and structures are not conducive to simple diamond turning or ruling, such as, for example, microlens arrays, and optical surfaces with non-radial symmetry. More recent developments in machining technology have enabled significant expansion of fabrication capabilities. Modern machine tools can generate complex three-dimensional structures with optical quality surface finish, and fabricate structures across a dynamic range of dimensions not achievable with lithographic techniques. In particular, five-axis free-form micromachining offers a great deal of promise for realization of essentially arbitrary surface structures, including surfaces not realizable through binary or analog lithographic techniques. Furthermore, these machines can generate geometric features with optical finish on scales ranging from centimeters to micrometers with accuracies of 10s of nanometers. In this paper, we discuss techniques and applications of free-form surface machining of micro-optical elements. Aspects of diamond machine tool design to realize desired surface geometries in specific materials are discussed. Examples are presented, including fabrication of aspheric lens arrays in germanium for compact infrared imaging systems. Using special custom kinematic mounting equipment and the additional axes of the machine, the lenses were turned with surface finish better than 2 nm RMS and center to center positioning accuracy of +/-0.5 μm.

An atomic-scale and high efficiency finishing method of zirconia ceramics by using magnetorheological finishing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Luo, Hu; Guo, Meijian; Yin, Shaohui; Chen, Fengjun; Huang, Shuai; Lu, Ange; Guo, Yuanfan

2018-06-01

Zirconia ceramics is a valuable crucial material for fabricating functional components applied in aerospace, biology, precision machinery, military industry and other fields. However, the properties of its high brittleness and high hardness could seriously reduce its finishing efficiency and surface quality by conventional processing technology. In this work, we present a high efficiency and high-quality finishing process by using magnetorheological finishing (MRF), which employs the permanent magnetic yoke with straight air gap as excitation unit. The sub-nanoscale surface roughness and damage free surface can be obtained after magnetorheological finishing. The XRD results and SEM morphologies confirmed that the mechanical shear removal with ductile modes are the dominant material removal mechanism for the magnetorheological finishing of zirconia ceramic. With the developed experimental apparatus, the effects of workpiece speed, trough speed and work gap on material removal rate and surface roughness were systematically investigated. Zirconia ceramics finished to ultra-smooth surface with surface roughness less than Ra 1 nm was repeatedly achieved during the parametric experiments. Additionally, the highest material removal rate exceeded 1 mg/min when using diamond as an abrasive particle. Magnetorheological finishing promises to be an adaptable and efficient method for zirconia ceramics finishing.

40 CFR 59.202 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... effectiveness of laundry detergents and/or provides specialized performance. Laundry starch product means a... prolong a crisp look and may also facilitate ironing of the fabric. “Laundry starch product” includes, but it not limited to, fabric finish, sizing, and starch. Lawn and garden insecticide means an...

40 CFR 59.202 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... effectiveness of laundry detergents and/or provides specialized performance. Laundry starch product means a... prolong a crisp look and may also facilitate ironing of the fabric. “Laundry starch product” includes, but it not limited to, fabric finish, sizing, and starch. Lawn and garden insecticide means an...

40 CFR 59.202 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... effectiveness of laundry detergents and/or provides specialized performance. Laundry starch product means a... prolong a crisp look and may also facilitate ironing of the fabric. “Laundry starch product” includes, but it not limited to, fabric finish, sizing, and starch. Lawn and garden insecticide means an...

Microencapsulated citronella oil for mosquito repellent finishing of cotton textiles.

PubMed

Specos, M M Miró; García, J J; Tornesello, J; Marino, P; Vecchia, M Della; Tesoriero, M V Defain; Hermida, L G

2010-10-01

Microcapsules containing citronella essential oil were prepared by complex coacervation and applied to cotton textiles in order to study the repellent efficacy of the obtained fabrics. Citronella released from treated textiles was indirectly monitored by the extractable content of its main components. Repellent activity was assessed by exposure of a human hand and arm covered with the treated textiles to Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Fabrics treated with microencapsulated citronella presented a higher and longer lasting protection from insects compared to fabrics sprayed with an ethanol solution of the essential oil, assuring a repellent effect higher than 90% for three weeks. Complex coacervation is a simple, low cost, scalable and reproducible method of obtaining encapsulated essential oils for textile application. Repellent textiles were achieved by padding cotton fabrics with microcapsules slurries using a conventional pad-dry method. This methodology requires no additional investment for textile finishing industries, which is a desirable factor in developing countries. Copyright © 2010 Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using lemon leaves extract and its application for antimicrobial finish on fabric

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vankar, Padma S.; Shukla, Dhara

2012-06-01

Preparation of silver nanoparticles have been carried out using aqueous extract of lemon leaves ( Citrus limon) which acts as reducing agent and encapsulating cage for the silver nanoparticles. These silver nanoparticles have been used for durable textile finish on cotton and silk fabrics. Remarkable antifungal activity has been observed in the treated fabrics. The antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles derived from lemon leaves showed enhancement in activity due to synergistic effect of silver and essential oil components of lemon leaves. The present investigation shows the extracellular synthesis of highly stable silver nanoparticles by biotransformation using the extract of lemon leaves by controlled reduction of the Ag+ ion to Ag0. Further the silver nanoparticles were used for antifungal treatment of fabrics which was tested by antifungal activity assessment of textile material by Agar diffusion method against Fusarium oxysporum and Alternaria brassicicola. Formation of the metallic nanoparticles was established by FT-IR, UV-Visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy.

Quantification of Changes in Mulberry Silk Fabrics due to Different Laundering: Using WAXS Technique

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Parameswara, P.; Nivedita, S.; Somashekar, R.

2011-07-01

Loom finished mulberry silk fabrics (Taffeta) were machine laundered and hand laundered several times. X-ray diffractograms of pure and laundered fabrics were used to calculate microstructural parameters like average crystallite size (D) and lattice strain (Vegr) employing Williamson-Hall plot. Microstructural parameters were compared with measured mechanical properties like breaking load, tenacity, and elongation of warp yarns unraveled from fabrics. Surface morphology and texture of silk fabrics changed upon washing is evident from SEM images.

Multi-Response Optimization of Resin Finishing by Using a Taguchi-Based Grey Relational Analysis

PubMed Central

Shafiq, Faizan; Sarwar, Zahid; Jilani, Muhammad Munib; Cai, Yingjie

2018-01-01

In this study, the influence and optimization of the factors of a non-formaldehyde resin finishing process on cotton fabric using a Taguchi-based grey relational analysis were experimentally investigated. An L27 orthogonal array was selected for five parameters and three levels by applying Taguchi’s design of experiments. The Taguchi technique was coupled with a grey relational analysis to obtain a grey relational grade for evaluating multiple responses, i.e., crease recovery angle (CRA), tearing strength (TE), and whiteness index (WI). The optimum parameters (values) for resin finishing were the resin concentration (80 g·L−1), the polyethylene softener (40 g·L−1), the catalyst (25 g·L−1), the curing temperature (140 °C), and the curing time (2 min). The goodness-of-fit of the data was validated by an analysis of variance (ANOVA). The optimized sample was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) to better understand the structural details of the resin finishing process. The results showed an improved thermal stability and confirmed the presence of well deposited of resin on the optimized fabric surface. PMID:29543724

Integration of biotechnological wastewater treatment units in textile finishing factories: from end of the pipe solutions to combined production and wastewater treatment units.

PubMed

Feitkenhauer, H; Meyer, U

2001-08-23

Increasing costs for water, wastewater and energy put pressure on textile finishing plants to increase the efficiency of wet processing. An improved water management can decrease the use of these resources and is a prerequisite for the integration of an efficient, anaerobic on-site pretreatment of effluents that will further cut wastewater costs. A two-phase anaerobic treatment is proposed, and successful laboratory experiments with model effluents from the cotton finishing industry are reported. The chemical oxygen demand of this wastewater was reduced by over 88% at retention times of 1 day or longer. The next step to boost the efficiency is to combine the production and wastewater treatment. The example of cotton fabric desizing (removing size from the fabric) illustrates how this final step of integration uses the acidic phase bioreactor as a part of the production and allows to close the water cycle of the system.

Woven graphite epoxy composite test specimens with glass buffer strips

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bonnar, G. R.; Palmer, R. J.

1982-01-01

Woven unidirectional graphite cloth with bands of fiberglass replacing the graphite in discrete lengthwise locations was impregnated with epoxy resin and used to fabricate a series of composite tensile and shear specimens. The finished panels, with the fiberglass buffer strips, were tested. Details of the fabrication process are reported.

16 CFR 303.33 - Country where textile fiber products are processed or manufactured.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... “Scarf made in USA of fabric made in China” or “Comforter Filled, Sewn and Finished in the U.S. With Shell Made in China” or “Made in [Foreign Country]/fabric made in USA” or “Knit in USA, assembled in...

16 CFR 303.33 - Country where textile fiber products are processed or manufactured.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... “Scarf made in USA of fabric made in China” or “Comforter Filled, Sewn and Finished in the U.S. With Shell Made in China” or “Made in [Foreign Country]/fabric made in USA” or “Knit in USA, assembled in...

4. View west, two west bays of north section. Wall ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

4. View west, two west bays of north section. Wall in background is former exterior wall of Lunch Room (HABS NJ-1061-K). - Raritan Arsenal, Upholstery Shop, 2890 Woodbridge Avenue, Bonhamtown, Middlesex County, NJ

Role of alginate in antibacterial finishing of textiles.

PubMed

Li, Jiwei; He, Jinmei; Huang, Yudong

2017-01-01

Antibacterial finishing of textiles has been introduced as a necessary process for various purposes especially creating a fabric with antimicrobial activities. Currently, the textile industry continues to look for textiles antimicrobial finishing process based on sustainable biopolymers from the viewpoints of environmental friendliness, industrialization, and economic concerns. This paper reviews the role of alginate, a sustainable biopolymer, in the development of antimicrobial textiles, including both basic physicochemical properties of alginate such as preparation, chemical structure, molecular weight, solubility, viscosity, and sol-gel transformation property. Then different processing routes (e.g. nanocomposite coating, ionic cross-linking coating, and Layer-by-Layer coating) for the antibacterial finishing of textiles by using alginate are revised in some detail. The achievements in this area have increased our knowledge of alginate application in the field of textile industry and promoted the development of green textile finishing. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effect of Plasma Surface Finish on Wettability and Mechanical Properties of SAC305 Solder Joints

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Kyoung-Ho; Koike, Junichi; Yoon, Jeong-Won; Yoo, Sehoon

2016-12-01

The wetting behavior, interfacial reactions, and mechanical reliability of Sn-Ag-Cu solder on a plasma-coated printed circuit board (PCB) substrate were evaluated under multiple heat-treatments. Conventional organic solderability preservative (OSP) finished PCBs were used as a reference. The plasma process created a dense and highly cross-linked polymer coating on the Cu substrates. The plasma finished samples had higher wetting forces and shorter zero-cross times than those with OSP surface finish. The OSP sample was degraded after sequential multiple heat treatments and reflow processes, whereas the solderability of the plasma finished sample was retained after multiple heat treatments. After the soldering process, similar microstructures were observed at the interfaces of the two solder joints, where the development of intermetallic compounds was observed. From ball shear tests, it was found that the shear force for the plasma substrate was consistently higher than that for the OSP substrate. Deterioration of the OSP surface finish was observed after multiple heat treatments. Overall, the plasma surface finish was superior to the conventional OSP finish with respect to wettability and joint reliability, indicating that it is a suitable material for the fabrication of complex electronic devices.

Effects of Wet and Dry Finishing and Polishing on Surface Roughness and Microhardness of Composite Resins

PubMed Central

Nasoohi, Negin; Hoorizad, Maryam

2017-01-01

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the effect of wet and dry finishing and polishing on microhardness and roughness of microhybrid and nanohybrid composites. Materials and Methods: Thirty samples were fabricated of each of the Polofil Supra and Aelite Aesthetic All-Purpose Body microhybrid and Grandio and Aelite Aesthetic Enamel nanohybrid composite resins. Each group (n=30) was divided into three subgroups of D, W and C (n=10). Finishing and polishing were performed dry in group D and under water coolant in group W. Group C served as the control group and did not receive finishing and polishing. Surface roughness of samples was measured by a profilometer and their hardness was measured by a Vickers hardness tester. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA (P<0.05). Results: The smoothest surfaces with the lowest microhardness were obtained under Mylar strip without finishing/polishing for all composites (P<0.0001). The highest surface roughness was recorded for dry finishing/polishing for all composites (P<0.0001). Dry finishing/polishing increased the microhardness of all composites (P<0.0001). Conclusions: Dry finishing and polishing increases the microhardness and surface roughness of microhybrid and nanohybrid composite resins. PMID:29104597

The effect of porcelain firing and type of finish line on the marginal fit of zirconia copings.

PubMed

Vojdani, Mahroo; Safari, Anahita; Mohaghegh, Mina; Pardis, Soheil; Mahdavi, Farideh

2015-06-01

Although all-ceramic restorations are broadly used, there is a lack of information concerning how their fit is affected by fabrication procedure and marginal configuration. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the marginal fit of zirconia CAD/CAM ceramic crowns before and after porcelain firing. The influence of finish line configuration on the marginal fit was also evaluated. Twenty standardized zirconia CAD/CAM copings were fabricated for chamfer and shoulder finish line designs (n=10). The marginal fit of specimens was measured on 18 points, marked on the master metal die by using a digital microscope. After the crowns were finalized by porcelain veneering, the measurements of marginal fit were performed again. The means and standard deviations were calculated and data were analyzed using student's t-test and paired t-test (α=0.05). There were significant differences between marginal fit of chamfer and shoulder finish line groups before and after porcelain firing (p= 0.014 and p= 0.000, respectively). The marginal gap of copings with shoulder finish line was significantly smaller than those with chamfer configuration (p= 0.000), but there were no significant differences between the two marginal designs, after porcelain firing (p= 0.341). Porcelain veneering was found to have a statistically significant influence on the marginal fit of zirconia CAD/CAM crowns. Both margin configurations showed marginal gaps that were within a reported clinically acceptable range of marginal discrepancy.

Boron/aluminum fan blades for SCAR engines

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stabrylla, R. G.; Carlson, R. G.

1977-01-01

Processing procedures were developed to enhance boron/aluminum bond behavior and foreign object damage (FOD) tolerance. Design and analysis indicated that the J101 Stage 1 fan blade meets the required frequencies without a midspan shroud. The fabricability of full size J101 blades was assessed, while six blades were fabricated and finished machined.

Fabrication of cooled radial turbine rotor

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hammer, A. N.; Aigret, G. G.; Psichogios, T. P.; Rodgers, C.

1986-01-01

A design and fabrication program was conducted to evaluate a unique concept for constructing a cooled, high temperature radial turbine rotor. This concept, called split blade fabrication was developed as an alternative to internal ceramic coring. In this technique, the internal cooling cavity is created without flow dividers or any other detail by a solid (and therefore stronger) ceramic plate which can be more firmly anchored within the casting shell mold than can conventional detailed ceramic cores. Casting is conducted in the conventional manner, except that the finished product, instead of having finished internal cooling passages, is now a split blade. The internal details of the blade are created separately together with a carrier sheet. The inserts are superalloy. Both are produced by essentially the same software such that they are a net fit. The carrier assemblies are loaded into the split blade and the edges sealed by welding. The entire wheel is Hot Isostatic Pressed (HIPed), braze bonding the internal details to the inside of the blades. During this program, two wheels were successfully produced by the split blade fabrication technique.

Ultra-smooth finishing of aspheric surfaces using CAST technology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kong, John; Young, Kevin

2014-06-01

Growing applications for astronomical ground-based adaptive systems and air-born telescope systems demand complex optical surface designs combined with ultra-smooth finishing. The use of more sophisticated and accurate optics, especially aspheric ones, allows for shorter optical trains with smaller sizes and a reduced number of components. This in turn reduces fabrication and alignment time and costs. These aspheric components include the following: steep surfaces with large aspheric departures; more complex surface feature designs like stand-alone off-axis-parabola (OAP) and free form optics that combine surface complexity with a requirement for ultra-high smoothness, as well as special optic materials such as lightweight silicon carbide (SiC) for air-born systems. Various fabrication technologies for finishing ultra-smooth aspheric surfaces are progressing to meet these growing and demanding challenges, especially Magnetorheological Finishing (MRF) and ion-milling. These methods have demonstrated some good success as well as a certain level of limitations. Amongst them, computer-controlled asphere surface-finishing technology (CAST), developed by Precision Asphere Inc. (PAI), plays an important role in a cost effective manufacturing environment and has successfully delivered numerous products for the applications mentioned above. One of the most recent successes is the Gemini Planet Imager (GPI), the world's most powerful planet-hunting instrument, with critical aspheric components (seven OAPs and free form optics) made using CAST technology. GPI showed off its first images in a press release on January 7, 2014 . This paper reviews features of today's technologies in handling the ultra-smooth aspheric optics, especially the capabilities of CAST on these challenging products. As examples, three groups of aspheres deployed in astronomical optics systems, both polished and finished using CAST, will be discussed in detail.

Fabrication of lightweight Si/SiC LIDAR mirrors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Goela, Jitendra S.; Taylor, Raymond L.

1991-01-01

A new, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process was developed for fabricating lightweight, polycrystalline silicon/silicon-carbide (Si/SiC) mirrors. The process involves three CVD steps: (1) to produce the mirror faceplate; (2) to form the lightweight backstructure, which is deposited integral to the faceplate; and (3) to deposit a layer of optical-grade material, e.g., Si, onto the front surface of the faceplate. The mirror figure and finish are fabricated into the faceplate.

76 FR 72901 - Notice of Petitions by Firms for Determination of Eligibility To Apply for Trade Adjustment...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-28

.... attachments for excavators and backfill equipment and other attachments and parts for heavy equipment. Modular... furniture in wood, metal, stone and upholstery. Verne Q. Powell Flutes, Inc........ 1 Clock Tower Place, 24...

Characterizing Residuals in New and Aged Fluorotelomer Polymers in Soil

EPA Science Inventory

Fluorotelomer polymers (FTPs) comprise some of the major products of the fluorotelomer industry. FTPs impart anti-wetting and anti-staining properties which are invaluable to wide range of consumer products including clothing, upholstery, food packaging, and carpeting. FTPs retai...

16 CFR § 1611.39 - Shipments under section 11(c) of the act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

...§ 1611.39 Section § 1611.39 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS... finishing or processing to render them not so highly flammable as to be dangerous when worn by individuals... wearing apparel or textile fabric not so highly flammable under section 4 of the act, as to be dangerous...

Development of Multi-functional Properties on Cotton Fabric by In Situ Application of TiO2 and ZnO Nanoparticles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Butola, B. S.; Garg, Aayush; Garg, Aman; Chauhan, Indu

2018-06-01

Cotton fabrics functionalized with different combinations of TiO2 and ZnO were evaluated for multifunctional properties including UV protection, antimicrobial and self-cleaning. The ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using sol gel method were applied on cotton fabric by pad-dry-cure method and TiO2 was deposited in situ. The deposition of both TiO2 and ZnO was examined and confirmed by SEM and EDX analysis. Application of both metal oxides resulted in good improvement in UV protection of treated fabrics. The fabrics which were finished with combination of both Zinc and Titanium oxides, showed UPF rating of 50+ as compared to UPF rating of untreated cotton, which was only 5. The same fabrics also showed higher self-cleaning extent as compared to untreated cotton fabric. It was found that the sequence of application of ZnO and TiO2 affected the antimicrobial activity of the finished fabric and also the durability. When application of TiO2 was followed by ZnO, the combination resulted in development of excellent antimicrobial property against Escherichia coli ( 99% colony reduction) which was retained after 10 wash cycles. However, when application of ZnO nanoparticles was followed by application of TiO2, the improvement in antimicrobial activity was found to be moderate ( 48% colony reduction) and had poor wash durability. Hence, the specific sequence of application of these metals oxides can be utilized for obtaining good durability of the multifunctional properties on cotton fabric.

Development of Multi-functional Properties on Cotton Fabric by In Situ Application of TiO2 and ZnO Nanoparticles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Butola, B. S.; Garg, Aayush; Garg, Aman; Chauhan, Indu

2018-05-01

Cotton fabrics functionalized with different combinations of TiO2 and ZnO were evaluated for multifunctional properties including UV protection, antimicrobial and self-cleaning. The ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using sol gel method were applied on cotton fabric by pad-dry-cure method and TiO2 was deposited in situ. The deposition of both TiO2 and ZnO was examined and confirmed by SEM and EDX analysis. Application of both metal oxides resulted in good improvement in UV protection of treated fabrics. The fabrics which were finished with combination of both Zinc and Titanium oxides, showed UPF rating of 50+ as compared to UPF rating of untreated cotton, which was only 5. The same fabrics also showed higher self-cleaning extent as compared to untreated cotton fabric. It was found that the sequence of application of ZnO and TiO2 affected the antimicrobial activity of the finished fabric and also the durability. When application of TiO2 was followed by ZnO, the combination resulted in development of excellent antimicrobial property against Escherichia coli ( 99% colony reduction) which was retained after 10 wash cycles. However, when application of ZnO nanoparticles was followed by application of TiO2, the improvement in antimicrobial activity was found to be moderate ( 48% colony reduction) and had poor wash durability. Hence, the specific sequence of application of these metals oxides can be utilized for obtaining good durability of the multifunctional properties on cotton fabric.

Effects of Cooling Conditions on Tensile and Charpy Impact Properties of API X80 Linepipe Steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Han, Seung Youb; Shin, Sang Yong; Lee, Sunghak; Kim, Nack J.; Bae, Jin-Ho; Kim, Kisoo

2010-02-01

In this study, four API X80 linepipe steel specimens were fabricated by varying the cooling rate and finish cooling temperature, and their microstructures and crystallographic orientations were analyzed to investigate the effects of the cooling conditions on the tensile and Charpy impact properties. All the specimens consisted of acicular ferrite (AF), granular bainite (GB), and martensite-austenite (MA) constituents. The volume fraction of MA increased with an increasing cooling rate, and the volume fraction and size of MA tended to decrease with an increasing finish cooling temperature. According to the crystallographic orientation analysis data, the effective grain size and unit crack path decreased as fine ACs having a large amount of high-angle grain boundaries were homogeneously formed, thereby leading to the improvement in the Charpy impact properties. The specimen fabricated with the higher cooling rate and lower finish cooling temperature had the highest upper-shelf energy (USE) and the lowest energy transition temperature (ETT), because it contained a large amount of MA homogeneously distributed inside fine AFs, while its tensile properties remained excellent.

Treatments To Produce Stabilized Aluminum Mirrors for Cryogenic Uses

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zewari, Wahid; Barthelmy, Michael; Ohl, Raymond

2005-01-01

Five metallurgical treatments have been tested as means of stabilizing mirrors that are made of aluminum alloy 6061 and are intended for use in cryogenic applications. Aluminum alloy 6061 is favored as a mirror material by many scientists and engineers. Like other alloys, it shrinks upon cool-down from room temperature to cryogenic temperature. This shrinkage degrades the optical quality of the mirror surfaces. Hence, the metallurgical treatments were tested to determine which one could be most effective in minimizing the adverse optical effects of cooldown to cryogenic temperatures. Each of the five metallurgical treatments comprises a multistep process, the steps of which are interspersed with the steps of the mirror-fabrication process. The five metallurgical-treatment/fabrication.- process combinations were compared with each other and with a benchmark fabrication process, in which a mirror is made from an alloy blank by (1) symmetrical rough machining, (2) finish machining to within 0.006 in. (. 0.15 mm) of final dimensions, and finally (3) diamond turning to a mirror finish.

7 CFR 3201.83 - Furniture cleaners and protectors.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... PROPERTY MANAGEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GUIDELINES FOR DESIGNATING BIOBASED PRODUCTS FOR FEDERAL PROCUREMENT Designated Items § 3201.83 Furniture cleaners and protectors. (a) Definition. Products designed to clean and provide protection to the surfaces of household furniture other than the upholstery. (b...

7 CFR 3201.83 - Furniture cleaners and protectors.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... PROPERTY MANAGEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GUIDELINES FOR DESIGNATING BIOBASED PRODUCTS FOR FEDERAL PROCUREMENT Designated Items § 3201.83 Furniture cleaners and protectors. (a) Definition. Products designed to clean and provide protection to the surfaces of household furniture other than the upholstery. (b...

Correlation of rolling condition, microstructure, and low-temperature toughness of X70 pipeline steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hwang, Byoungchul; Kim, Young Min; Lee, Sunghak; Kim, Nack J.; Yoo, Jang Yong

2005-07-01

Correlation of rolling conditions, microstructure, and low-temperature toughness of high-toughness X70 pipeline steels was investigated in this study. Twelve kinds of steel specimens were fabricated by vacuum-induction melting and hot rolling, and their microstructures were varied by rolling conditions. Charpy V-notch (CVN) impact test and drop-weight tear test (DWTT) were conducted on the rolled steel specimens in order to analyze low-temperature fracture properties. Charpy impact test results indicated that the energy transition temperature (ETT) was below -100 °C when the finish cooling temperature range was 350 °C to 500 °C, showing excellent low-temperature toughness. The ETT increased because of the formation of bainitic ferrite and martensite at low finish cooling temperatures and because of the increase in effective grain size due to the formation of coarse ferrites at high finish cooling temperatures. Most of the specimens also showed excellent DWTT properties as the percent shear area well exceeded 85 pct, irrespective of finish rolling temperatures or finish cooling temperatures, although a large amount of inverse fracture occurred at some finish cooling temperatures.

Piezoelectric Micro- and Nanostructured Fibers Fabricated from Thermoplastic Nanocomposites Using a Fiber Drawing Technique: Comparative Study and Potential Applications.

PubMed

Lu, Xin; Qu, Hang; Skorobogatiy, Maksim

2017-02-28

We report an all-polymer flexible piezoelectric fiber that uses both judiciously chosen geometry and advanced materials in order to enhance fiber piezoelectric response. The microstructured/nanostructured fiber features a soft hollow polycarbonate core surrounded by a spiral multilayer cladding consisting of alternating layers of piezoelectric nanocomposites (polyvinylidene enhanced with BaTiO 3 , PZT, or CNT) and conductive polymer (carbon-filled polyethylene). The conductive polymer layers serve as two electrodes, and they also form two spatially offset electric connectors on the fiber surface designed for the ease of connectorization. Kilometer-long piezoelectric fibers of sub-millimeter diameters are thermally drawn from a macroscopic preform. The fibers exhibit high output voltage of up to 6 V under moderate bending, and they show excellent mechanical and electrical durability in a cyclic bend-release test. The micron/nanosize multilayer structure enhances in-fiber poling efficiency due to the small distance between the conducting electrodes sandwiching the piezoelectric composite layers. Additionally, the spiral structure greatly increases the active area of the piezoelectric composite, thus promoting higher voltage generation and resulting in 10-100 higher power generation efficiency over the existing piezoelectric cables. Finally, we weave the fabricated piezoelectric fibers into technical textiles and demonstrate their potential applications in power generation when used as a sound detector, smart car seat upholstery, or wearable materials.

The Effect of Porcelain Firing and Type of Finish Line on the Marginal Fit of Zirconia Copings

PubMed Central

Vojdani, Mahroo; Safari, Anahita; Mohaghegh, Mina; Pardis, Soheil; Mahdavi, Farideh

2015-01-01

Statement of the Problem Although all-ceramic restorations are broadly used, there is a lack of information concerning how their fit is affected by fabrication procedure and marginal configuration. Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the marginal fit of zirconia CAD/CAM ceramic crowns before and after porcelain firing. The influence of finish line configuration on the marginal fit was also evaluated. Materials and Method Twenty standardized zirconia CAD/CAM copings were fabricated for chamfer and shoulder finish line designs (n=10). The marginal fit of specimens was measured on 18 points, marked on the master metal die by using a digital microscope. After the crowns were finalized by porcelain veneering, the measurements of marginal fit were performed again. The means and standard deviations were calculated and data were analyzed using student’s t-test and paired t-test (α=0.05). Results There were significant differences between marginal fit of chamfer and shoulder finish line groups before and after porcelain firing (p= 0.014 and p= 0.000, respectively). The marginal gap of copings with shoulder finish line was significantly smaller than those with chamfer configuration (p= 0.000), but there were no significant differences between the two marginal designs, after porcelain firing (p= 0.341). Conclusion Porcelain veneering was found to have a statistically significant influence on the marginal fit of zirconia CAD/CAM crowns. Both margin configurations showed marginal gaps that were within a reported clinically acceptable range of marginal discrepancy. PMID:26046107

Process Optimization of Eco-Friendly Flame Retardant Finish for Cotton Fabric: a Response Surface Methodology Approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yasin, Sohail; Curti, Massimo; Behary, Nemeshwaree; Perwuelz, Anne; Giraud, Stephane; Rovero, Giorgio; Guan, Jinping; Chen, Guoqiang

The n-methylol dimethyl phosphono propionamide (MDPA) flame retardant compounds are predominantly used for cotton fabric treatments with trimethylol melamine (TMM) to obtain better crosslinking and enhanced flame retardant properties. Nevertheless, such treatments are associated with a toxic issue of cancer-causing formaldehyde release. An eco-friendly finishing was used to get formaldehyde-free fixation of flame retardant to the cotton fabric. Citric acid as a crosslinking agent along with the sodium hypophosphite as a catalyst in the treatment was utilized. The process parameters of the treatment were enhanced for optimized flame retardant properties, in addition, low mechanical loss to the fabric by response surface methodology using Box-Behnken statistical design experiment methodology was achieved. The effects of concentrations on the fabric’s properties (flame retardancy and mechanical properties) were evaluated. The regression equations for the prediction of concentrations and mechanical properties of the fabric were also obtained for the eco-friendly treatment. The R-squared values of all the responses were above 0.95 for the reagents used, indicating the degree of relationship between the predicted values by the Box-Behnken design and the actual experimental results. It was also found that the concentration parameters (crosslinking reagents and catalysts) in the treatment formulation have a prime role in the overall performance of flame retardant cotton fabrics.

FINISHING FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS WITH ...

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This report provides a technical and economic evaluation of a polyester powder coating system applied to the exterior and interior surfaces of metal boxes fabricated for the telephone and cable industries. This evaluation summarized many of the requirements and benefits of a clean technology that effectively eliminates the use of hazardous solvents and prevents the generation of volatile organic emissions and hazardous solid waste. publish information

Combined fabrication process for high-precision aspheric surface based on smoothing polishing and magnetorheological finishing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nie, Xuqing; Li, Shengyi; Song, Ci; Hu, Hao

2014-08-01

Due to the different curvature everywhere, the aspheric surface is hard to achieve high-precision accuracy by the traditional polishing process. Controlling of the mid-spatial frequency errors (MSFR), in particular, is almost unapproachable. In this paper, the combined fabrication process based on the smoothing polishing (SP) and magnetorheological finishing (MRF) is proposed. The pressure distribution of the rigid polishing lap and semi-flexible polishing lap is calculated. The shape preserving capacity and smoothing effect are compared. The feasibility of smoothing aspheric surface with the semi-flexible polishing lap is verified, and the key technologies in the SP process are discussed. Then, A K4 parabolic surface with the diameter of 500mm is fabricated based on the combined fabrication process. A Φ150 mm semi-flexible lap is used in the SP process to control the MSFR, and the deterministic MRF process is applied to figure the surface error. The root mean square (RMS) error of the aspheric surface converges from 0.083λ (λ=632.8 nm) to 0.008λ. The power spectral density (PSD) result shows that the MSFR are well restrained while the surface error has a great convergence.

Fabrication of lightweight ceramic mirrors by means of a chemical vapor deposition process

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Goela, Jitendra S. (Inventor); Taylor, Raymond L. (Inventor)

1991-01-01

A process to fabricate lightweigth ceramic mirrors, and in particular, silicon/silicon carbide mirrors, involves three chemical vapor deposition steps: one to produce the mirror faceplate, the second to form the lightweight backstructure which is deposited integral to the faceplate, and the third and final step which results in the deposition of a layer of optical grade material, for example, silicon, onto the front surface of the faceplate. The mirror figure and finish are fabricated into this latter material.

Demonstration of spread-on peel-off consumer products for sampling surfaces contaminated with pesticides and chemical warfare agent signatures.

PubMed

Behringer, Deborah L; Smith, Deborah L; Katona, Vanessa R; Lewis, Alan T; Hernon-Kenny, Laura A; Crenshaw, Michael D

2014-08-01

A terrorist attack using toxic chemicals is an international concern. The utility of rubber cement and latex body paint as spray-on/spread-on peel-off collection media for signatures attributable to pesticides and chemical warfare agents from interior building and public transportation surfaces two weeks post-deposition is demonstrated. The efficacy of these media to sample escalator handrail, stainless steel, vinyl upholstery fabric, and wood flooring is demonstrated for two pesticides and eight chemicals related to chemical warfare agents. The chemicals tested are nicotine, parathion, atropine, diisopropyl methylphosphonate, dimethyl methylphosphonate, dipinacolyl methylphosphonate, ethyl methylphosphonic acid, isopropyl methylphosphonic acid, methylphosphonic acid, and thiodiglycol. Amounts of each chemical found are generally greatest when latex body paint is used. Analytes with low volatility and containing an alkaline nitrogen or a sulfur atom (e.g., nicotine and parathion) usually are recovered to a greater extent than the neutral phosphonate diesters and acidic phosphonic acids (e.g., dimethyl methylphosphonate and ethyl methylphosphonic acid). Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

19 CFR 11.12 - Labeling of wool products to indicate fiber content.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... more than 20 years prior to importation, and except carpets, rugs, mats, and upholsteries, shall have... by T.D. 72-262, 37 FR 20318, Sept. 29, 1972; T.D. 73-175, 38 FR 17446, July 2, 1973; T.D. 84-213, 49...

19 CFR 11.12 - Labeling of wool products to indicate fiber content.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... more than 20 years prior to importation, and except carpets, rugs, mats, and upholsteries, shall have... by T.D. 72-262, 37 FR 20318, Sept. 29, 1972; T.D. 73-175, 38 FR 17446, July 2, 1973; T.D. 84-213, 49...

19 CFR 11.12 - Labeling of wool products to indicate fiber content.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... more than 20 years prior to importation, and except carpets, rugs, mats, and upholsteries, shall have... by T.D. 72-262, 37 FR 20318, Sept. 29, 1972; T.D. 73-175, 38 FR 17446, July 2, 1973; T.D. 84-213, 49...

19 CFR 11.12 - Labeling of wool products to indicate fiber content.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... more than 20 years prior to importation, and except carpets, rugs, mats, and upholsteries, shall have... by T.D. 72-262, 37 FR 20318, Sept. 29, 1972; T.D. 73-175, 38 FR 17446, July 2, 1973; T.D. 84-213, 49...

PERFLUORINATED COMPOUNDS (PFCs) IN SERUM OF CATS – LINKAGE TO INDOOR EXPOSURES.

EPA Science Inventory

The PFCs have been used in a wide range of consumer, including residential, products (e.g., stain-resistant coatings for carpets and upholstery). Carbon-fluoride bonds are highly stable, mak-ing PFCs extremely resistant to biodegradation. Thus, PFCs have become globally distribut...

Housekeeping. An Approach to Housekeeping Training.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hotel and Catering Industry Training Board, Wembley (England).

This booklet examines the training required by staff employed in housekeeping departments in the hotel and catering industry. It details specifications of particular tasks--baths/cloakrooms; service pantries and utility rooms; beds; furniture/fittings; floors/walls and ceilings; carpets/upholstery/soft furnishings; linen handling; linen room work;…

Occupational and environmental health hazards in the plastics industry.

PubMed Central

Eckardt, R E

1976-01-01

A brief description of the potential occupational health hazards encountered in the manufacture of plastics (polymers) is given. In general, these hazards are due to the monomers used to make the various plastics, to unreacted monomer contained within the finished products, and to the fillers, stabilizers, pigments, inhibitors, and initiators used in fabricating the finished products. They run the gamut from angiosarcomas of the liver due to vinyl chloride, to dermatitis and asthma-like reactions due to the initiators used with epoxy resins. PMID:140799

Ceramic coatings for water-repellent textiles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Colleoni, C.; Esposito, F.; Guido, E.; Migani, V.; Trovato, V.; Rosace, G.

2017-10-01

In recent years, ceramic coatings have been widely studied for their potential performance in many scientific and technological fields. Ceramic coatings are also used as a textile-finishing agent to impart several properties such as anti-bacterial, anti-abrasion, flame retardant. In this study, fluoro free water repellent finishings have been developed to assess the features of the silica films on the textile fabrics. The water repellency of the treated samples has been evaluated by different tests such as water contact angle, water uptake and drop test.

Material removal in magnetorheological finishing of optics.

PubMed

Kordonski, William; Gorodkin, Sergei

2011-05-10

A concept of material removal based on the principle of conservation of particles momentum in a binary suspension is applied to analyze material removal in magnetorheological finishing and magnetorheological jet processes widely used in precision optics fabrication. According to this concept, a load for surface indentation by abrasive particles is provided at their interaction near the wall with heavier basic (magnetic) particles, which fluctuate (due to collision) in the shear flow of concentrated suspension. The model is in good qualitative and quantitative agreement with experimental results.

Fabrication of sinterable silicon nitride by injection molding

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Quackenbush, C. L.; French, K.; Neil, J. T.

1982-01-01

Transformation of structural ceramics from the laboratory to production requires development of near net shape fabrication techniques which minimize finish grinding. One potential technique for producing large quantities of complex-shaped parts at a low cost, and microstructure of sintered silicon nitride fabricated by injection molding is discussed and compared to data generated from isostatically dry-pressed material. Binder selection methodology, compounding of ceramic and binder components, injection molding techniques, and problems in binder removal are discussed. Strength, oxidation resistance, and microstructure of sintered silicon nitride fabricated by injection molding is discussed and compared to data generated from isostatically dry-pressed material.

Solder flow over fine line PWB surface finishes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hosking, F.M.; Hernandez, C.L.

1998-08-01

The rapid advancement of interconnect technology has stimulated the development of alternative printed wiring board (PWB) surface finishes to enhance the solderability of standard copper and solder-coated surfaces. These new finishes are based on either metallic or organic chemistries. As part of an ongoing solderability study, Sandia National Laboratories has investigated the solder flow behavior of two azole-based organic solderability preservations, immersion Au, immersion Ag, electroless Pd, and electroless Pd/Ni on fine line copper features. The coated substrates were solder tested in the as-fabricated and environmentally-stressed conditions. Samples were processed through an inerted reflow machine. The azole-based coatings generally providedmore » the most effective protection after aging. Thin Pd over Cu yielded the best wetting results of the metallic coatings, with complete dissolution of the Pd overcoat and wetting of the underlying Cu by the flowing solder. Limited wetting was measured on the thicker Pd and Pd over Ni finishes, which were not completely dissolved by the molten solder. The immersion Au and Ag finishes yielded the lowest wetted lengths, respectively. These general differences in solderability were directly attributed to the type of surface finish which the solder came in contact with. The effects of circuit geometry, surface finish, stressing, and solder processing conditions are discussed.« less

Nondestructive Testing of Additive Manufactured Metal Parts Used in Aerospace Applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Waller, Jess M.

2018-01-01

NDE inspectors, QA/QE professionals, and program managers responsible for the out-sourcing, procurement, fabrication, finishing, inspection, and qualification and certification of additively manufactured (AM) parts should attend this course.

Fabrication of corner cube array retro-reflective structure with DLP-based 3D printing technology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Riahi, Mohammadreza

2016-06-01

In this article, the fabrication of a corner cube array retro-reflective structure is presented by using DLP-based 3D printing technology. In this additive manufacturing technology a pattern of a cube corner array is designed in a computer and sliced with specific software. The image of each slice is then projected from the bottom side of a reservoir, containing UV cure resin, utilizing a DLP video projector. The projected area is cured and attached to a base plate. This process is repeated until the entire part is made. The best orientation of the printing process and the effect of layer thicknesses on the surface finish of the cube has been investigated. The thermal reflow surface finishing and replication with soft molding has also been presented in this article.

Advanced optic fabrication using ultrafast laser radiation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Taylor, Lauren L.; Qiao, Jun; Qiao, Jie

2016-03-01

Advanced fabrication and finishing techniques are desired for freeform optics and integrated photonics. Methods including grinding, polishing and magnetorheological finishing used for final figuring and polishing of such optics are time consuming, expensive, and may be unsuitable for complex surface features while common photonics fabrication techniques often limit devices to planar geometries. Laser processing has been investigated as an alternative method for optic forming, surface polishing, structure writing, and welding, as direct tuning of laser parameters and flexible beam delivery are advantageous for complex freeform or photonics elements and material-specific processing. Continuous wave and pulsed laser radiation down to the nanosecond regime have been implemented to achieve nanoscale surface finishes through localized material melting, but the temporal extent of the laser-material interaction often results in the formation of a sub-surface heat affected zone. The temporal brevity of ultrafast laser radiation can allow for the direct vaporization of rough surface asperities with minimal melting, offering the potential for smooth, final surface quality with negligible heat affected material. High intensities achieved in focused ultrafast laser radiation can easily induce phase changes in the bulk of materials for processing applications. We have experimentally tested the effectiveness of ultrafast laser radiation as an alternative laser source for surface processing of monocrystalline silicon. Simulation of material heating associated with ultrafast laser-material interaction has been performed and used to investigate optimized processing parameters including repetition rate. The parameter optimization process and results of experimental processing will be presented.

40 CFR 63.802 - Emission limits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... emissions from contact adhesives by achieving a VHAP limit for contact adhesives based on the following criteria: (i) For foam adhesives (contact adhesives used for upholstery operations) used in products that... VHAP content of the adhesive shall not exceed 1.8 kg VHAP/kg solids (1.8 lb VHAP/lb solids), as applied...

Evaluation of marginal fit of two all-ceramic copings with two finish lines

PubMed Central

Subasi, Gulce; Ozturk, Nilgun; Inan, Ozgur; Bozogullari, Nalan

2012-01-01

Objectives: This in-vitro study investigated the marginal fit of two all-ceramic copings with 2 finish line designs. Methods: Forty machined stainless steel molar die models with two different margin designs (chamfer and rounded shoulder) were prepared. A total of 40 standardized copings were fabricated and divided into 4 groups (n=10 for each finish line-coping material). Coping materials tested were IPS e.max Press and Zirkonzahn; luting agent was Variolink II. Marginal fit was evaluated after cementation with a stereomicroscope (Leica MZ16). Two-way analysis of variance and Tukey-HSD test were performed to assess the influence of each finish line design and ceramic type on the marginal fit of 2 all-ceramic copings (α =.05). Results: Two-way analysis of variance revealed no statistically significant differences for marginal fit relative to finish lines (P=.362) and ceramic types (P=.065). Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, both types of all-ceramic copings demonstrated that the mean marginal fit was considered acceptable for clinical application (⩽120 μm). PMID:22509119

78 FR 49254 - Foreign-Trade Zone 158-Vicksburg/Jackson, Mississippi; Authorization of Production Activity...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-13

.../Jackson, Mississippi; Authorization of Production Activity; Extension of Production Authority; H.M... the Foreign-Trade Zones (FTZ) Board on behalf of H.M. Richards, Inc., in Guntown, Mississippi. The...) is limited to 6.5 million square yards. 2. H.M. Richards, Inc., must admit all foreign upholstery...

Reading in Place

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Price, Leah

2012-01-01

The digital age is rendering books more common, not less. It is true that there is nothing new about "furniture books": The trade in reading material has long been dwarfed by the market for coffee-table books, books that steakhouse chains buy by the yard, empty bindings that interior decorators use to accessorize the upholstery. As coffee-table…

The Physics of Foams, Droplets and Bubbles

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sarker, Dipak K.

2013-01-01

Foams or bubble dispersions are common to milkshakes, bread, champagne froth, shaving mousse, shampoo, crude oil extraction systems, upholstery packing and bubble wrap, whereas the term droplet is often synonymous with either a small drop of water or a drop of oil--a type of coarse dispersion. The latter are seen in butter and milk, household…

Evaluation of the Multiple Careers Magnet and Assessment Centers at William B. Carrell, 1978-79.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Maples, Wayne; And Others

The report evaluates Texas' Multiple Careers Magnet Center (MCMC), a part time program to provide special education secondary students with career training. It is explained that students enter one of six career education clusters: furniture repair and upholstery, general construction trades, building and grounds maintenance, laundry and dry…

Poly(carboxylic acid)-Cyclodextrin/Anionic Porphyrin Finished Fabrics as Photosensitizer Releasers for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy.

PubMed

Castriciano, Maria Angela; Zagami, Roberto; Casaletto, Maria Pia; Martel, Bernard; Trapani, Mariachiara; Romeo, Andrea; Villari, Valentina; Sciortino, Maria Teresa; Grasso, Laura; Guglielmino, Salvatore; Scolaro, Luigi Monsù; Mazzaglia, Antonino

2017-04-10

In the development of new antibacterial therapeutic approaches to fight multidrug-resistant bacteria, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) represents a well-known alternative to treat local infections caused by different microorganisms. Here we present a polypropylene (PP) fabric finished with citrate-hydroxypropyl-βCD polymer (PP-CD) entrapping the tetra-anionic 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)-21H,23H-porphine (TPPS) as photosensitizer-eluting scaffold (PP-CD/TPPS) for aPDT. The concept is based on host-guest complexation of porphyrin in the cavities of CDs immobilized on the PP fibers, followed by its sustained and controlled delivery in release medium and simultaneous photoinactivation of microorganisms. Morphology of fabric was characterized by optical (OM) and scanning electron microscopies (SEM). Optical properties were investigated by UV-vis absorption, steady- and time-resolved fluorescence emission spectroscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and FT-IR revealed the surface chemical composition and the distribution map of the molecular components on the fabric, respectively. Direct 1 O 2 determination allowed to assess the potential photodynamic activity of the fabric. Release kinetics of TPPS in physiological conditions pointed out the role of the CD cavity to control the TPPS elution. Photoantimicrobial activity of the porphyrin-loaded textile was investigated against both Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 (S. aureus) and Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 (P. aeruginosa). Optical microscopy coupled with UV-vis extinction and fluorescence spectra aim to ascertain the uptake of TPPS to S. aureus bacterial cells. Finally, PP-CD/TPPS fabric-treated S. aureus cells were photokilled of 99.98%. Moreover, low adhesion of S. aureus cells on textile was established. Conversely, no photodamage of fabric-treated P. aeruginosa cells was observed, together with their satisfying adhesion.

Durable flame retardant finish for silk fabric using boron hybrid silica sol

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Qiang-hua; Gu, Jiali; Chen, Guo-qiang; Xing, Tie-ling

2016-11-01

A hybrid silica sol was prepared via sol gel method using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as a precursor and boric acid (H3BO3) as flame retardant additive and then applied to silk fabric. In order to endow silk fabric with durable flame retardancy, 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) was used as cross-linking agent for the sake of strong linkage formation between the hybrid silica sol and silk fabric. The FT-IR and XPS analysis demonstrated the Si-O-B formation in the sol system, as well as the linkage between the sol and silk after the treatment. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) and smoke density test indicated good flame retardancy and smoke suppression of the treated silk fabrics. The micro calorimeter combustion (MCC) test and thermo gravimetric (TG) analysis showed that the treated samples had less weight loss in the high temperature and lower heat release rate when burning. The washing durability evaluation results indicated that there was a distinct improvement for the silk samples treated with BTCA even after 30 times washing. In addition, the influence of the processing order of BTCA and silica sol treatment on the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the finished silk fabric was also investigated. And the results demonstrated that the sample treated with BTCA first and then with the silica sol exhibited better LOI value (32.3%) than that of the sample by the conversed treatment order. Moreover the tensile property of treated samples was nearly unchanged, but the handle of sol treated samples obviously decreased.

REGENERATION OF CHROMATED ALUMINUM DEOXIDIZERS. IMPROVED DIAPHRAGM FABRICATION AND PERFORMANCE

EPA Science Inventory

In the metal finishing industry highly concentrated hexavalent chromium solutions are used extensively to deoxidize aluminum surfaces prior to anodizing, conversion coatings, prepaint preparation, welding and adhesive bonding. A regeneration process was conceived and tested to re...

Analysis of effects of impurities intentionally incorporated into silicon

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Uno, F.

1977-01-01

A methodology was developed and implemented to allow silicon samples containing intentionally incorporated impurities to be fabricated into finished solar cells under carefully controlled conditions. The electrical and spectral properties were then measured for each group processed.

Development and fabrication of an advanced liquid cooling garment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hixon, C. W.

1978-01-01

A tube/fin concept liquid cooling garment head cooler was developed, fabricated and delivered to NASA-ARC. The head cooler was fabricated from polyurethane film which sandwiches the transport fluid tubing and a thermally conductive fin material. The head cooler garment is sewn to form a skull cap and covered with a comfort liner. In addition, two Neonate heating garments were fabricated and supplied to NASA for further finishing and use in medical tests. The resulting garment is flexible, elastic and conforms to the head comfortably. Tests on a tube/fin element of identical construction as the head cooler demonstrated good thermal effectiveness. Use of commercially available materials and development of relatively simple fabrication techniques give the potential for a low garment cost.

Sol-gel 3-glycidoxypropyltriethoxysilane finishing on different fabrics: The role of precursor concentration and catalyst on the textile performances and cytotoxic activity.

PubMed

Plutino, M R; Colleoni, C; Donelli, I; Freddi, G; Guido, E; Maschi, O; Mezzi, A; Rosace, G

2017-11-15

In this paper, the influence of 3-glycidoxypropyltriethoxysilane (GPTES) based organic-inorganic coatings on the properties of treated textile fabrics was studied. All experimental results were deeply analyzed and thereafter correlated with the employed silica precursor concentration and with the presence of the BF 3 OEt 2 (Boron trifluoride diethyl etherate), used as epoxy ring opening catalyst. SEM analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and washing fastness tests of the sol-gel treated cotton fabric samples were firstly exploited in order to characterize the morphological and structural features of the achieved coatings. Finally, the influence of the resulting nanohybrid coatings was explored in terms of abrasion resistance, tensile strength and elongation properties of treated cotton, polyester and silk fabrics. The catalyst amounts seem to strongly improve the formation of coatings, but still they do not influence the wear resistance of treated textile fabrics to the same extent. Indeed, it was found that increasing catalyst/GPTES ratio leads to a more cross linked inorganic 3D-network. GPTES itself was not found to affect the bulk properties of the selected textile and the resulting coatings were not so rigid to hardly modify the mechanical properties of the treated samples. Finally, it is worth mentioning that in all case the obtained 3-glycidoxypropyltriethoxysilane-based chemical finishing have shown no cytotoxic effects on human skin cells. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Fabrication of high precision metallic freeform mirrors with magnetorheological finishing (MRF)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Beier, Matthias; Scheiding, Sebastian; Gebhardt, Andreas; Loose, Roman; Risse, Stefan; Eberhardt, Ramona; Tünnermann, Andreas

2013-09-01

The fabrication of complex shaped metal mirrors for optical imaging is a classical application area of diamond machining techniques. Aspherical and freeform shaped optical components up to several 100 mm in diameter can be manufactured with high precision in an acceptable amount of time. However, applications are naturally limited to the infrared spectral region due to scatter losses for shorter wavelengths as a result of the remaining periodic diamond turning structure. Achieving diffraction limited performance in the visible spectrum demands for the application of additional polishing steps. Magnetorheological Finishing (MRF) is a powerful tool to improve figure and finish of complex shaped optics at the same time in a single processing step. The application of MRF as a figuring tool for precise metal mirrors is a nontrivial task since the technology was primarily developed for figuring and finishing a variety of other optical materials, such as glasses or glass ceramics. In the presented work, MRF is used as a figuring tool for diamond turned aluminum lightweight mirrors with electroless nickel plating. It is applied as a direct follow-up process after diamond machining of the mirrors. A high precision measurement setup, composed of an interferometer and an advanced Computer Generated Hologram with additional alignment features, allows for precise metrology of the freeform shaped optics in short measuring cycles. Shape deviations less than 150 nm PV / 20 nm rms are achieved reliably for freeform mirrors with apertures of more than 300 mm. Characterization of removable and induced spatial frequencies is carried out by investigating the Power Spectral Density.

An evaluation of the interfacial bond properties between carbon phenolic and glass phenolic composites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jordan, Kelvin; Clinton, Raymond; Jeelani, Shaik

1989-01-01

The effects of moisture and surface finish on the mechanical and physical properties of the interfacial bond between the carbon/phenolic (C/P) and glass/phenolic (G/P) composite materials are presented. Four flat panel laminates were fabricated using the C/P and G/P materials. Of the four laminates, one panel was fabricated in which the C/P and G/P materials were cured simultaneously. It was identified as the cocure. The remaining laminates were processed with an initial simultaneous cure of the three C/P billets. Two surface finishes, one on each half, were applied to the top surface. Prior to the application and cure of the G/P material to the machined surface of the three C/P panels, each was subjected to the specific environmental conditioning. Types of conditioning included: (1) nominal fabrication environment, (2) a prescribed drying cycle, and (3) a total immersion in water at 160 F. Physical property tests were performed on specimens removed from the C/P materials of each laminate for determination of the specific gravity, residual volatiles and and resin content. Comparisons of results with shuttle solid rocket motor (SRM) nozzle material specifications verified that the materials used in fabricating the laminates met acceptance criteria and were representative of SRM nozzle materials. Mechanical property tests were performed at room temperature on specimens removed from the G/P, the C/P and the interface between the two materials for each laminate. The double-notched shear strength test was used to determine the ultimate interlaminar shear strength. Results indicate no appreciable difference in the C/P material of the four laminates with the exception of the cocure laminate, where 20 percent reduction in the strength was observed. The most significant effect and the ultimate strength was significantly reduced in the wet material. No appreciable variation was noted between the surface finishes in the wet laminate.

Effect of finishing/polishing techniques and time on surface roughness of esthetic restorative materials.

PubMed

Madhyastha, Prashanthi Sampath; Hegde, Shreya; Srikant, N; Kotian, Ravindra; Iyer, Srividhya Sriraman

2017-01-01

Surface roughness associated with improper finishing/polishing of restorations can result in plaque accumulation, gingival irritation, surface staining, and poor esthetic of restored teeth. The study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of various finishing and polishing systems and time using various procedures on surface roughness of some esthetic restorative materials. In this in vitro study, samples of two composite materials, compomer and glass ionomer cement (GIC) materials, were fabricated. Finishing and polishing were done immediately ( n = 40) and after 1 week ( n = 40) using four systems (diamond bur + soflex discs; diamond bur + Astropol polishing brush; tungsten carbide bur + soflex discs; tungsten carbide bur + Astropol polishing brush). Surface roughness was measured using surface profilometer. Data were statistically analyzed by t -test (for each material and time period) and one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's post hoc (for finishing and polishing systems) at a significant level of P < 0.05. Analysis of time period, irrespective of finishing and polishing system showed that Ra values were greater ( P < 0.05) in delayed polishing in GIC > Z100 > Filtek P90 > Dyract AP, suggesting immediate polishing is better. Among the materials, Filtek P90 had the least Ra values indicating the smoothest surface among all materials, followed by Z100, Dyract AP, and GIC. Comparison of polishing and finishing systems irrespective of materials showed that Ra values were lower ( P > 0.05) in diamond + Astropol combination whereas diamond + soflex had the greatest Ra values. It might be concluded that: (i) Filtek P90 showed least Ra values followed by < Z100 < Dyract < GIC; (ii) immediate (24 h) finishing/polishing of materials is better than delayed; and (iii) among all these polishing systems, diamond bur-Astropol and Astrobrush showed good surface finish.

Absolute pressure transducers for space shuttle and orbiter propulsion and control systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bolta, J. J.

1974-01-01

A preliminary design was completed, reviewing of such subjects as: the trade studies for media isolation and one sensor vs. two sensors for two bridges; compensation resistors; unit design; hydrogen embrittlement; sealing techniques and test station design. A design substantiation phase was finished, consisting of testing of a prototype unit and fabrication technique studies. A cryogenic test station was implemented and prototype sensor cells were fabricated, sensors assembled, and cryogenic tests performed.

[Computer aided design and rapid manufacturing of removable partial denture frameworks].

PubMed

Han, Jing; Lü, Pei-jun; Wang, Yong

2010-08-01

To introduce a method of digital modeling and fabricating removable partial denture (RPD) frameworks using self-developed software for RPD design and rapid manufacturing system. The three-dimensional data of two partially dentate dental casts were obtained using a three-dimensional crossing section scanner. Self-developed software package for RPD design was used to decide the path of insertion and to design different components of RPD frameworks. The components included occlusal rest, clasp, lingual bar, polymeric retention framework and maxillary major connector. The design procedure for the components was as following: first, determine the outline of the component. Second, build the tissue surface of the component using the scanned data within the outline. Third, preset cross section was used to produce the polished surface. Finally, different RPD components were modeled respectively and connected by minor connectors to form an integrated RPD framework. The finished data were imported into a self-developed selective laser melting (SLM) machine and metal frameworks were fabricated directly. RPD frameworks for the two scanned dental casts were modeled with this self-developed program and metal RPD frameworks were successfully fabricated using SLM method. The finished metal frameworks fit well on the plaster models. The self-developed computer aided design and computer aided manufacture (CAD-CAM) system for RPD design and fabrication has completely independent intellectual property rights. It provides a new method of manufacturing metal RPD frameworks.

Silk flame retardant finish by ternary silica sol containing boron and nitrogen

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Qiang-hua; Chen, Guo-qiang; Xing, Tie-ling

2017-11-01

A ternary flame retardant sol system containing Si, B and N was prepared via sol gel method using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as a precursor, boric acid (H3BO3) and urea (CO(NH2)2) as flame retardant additives and then applied to silk fabric flame retardant finish. The FT-IR and SEM results showed that the nitrogen-boron-silica ternary sol was successfully prepared and entrapped onto the surface of silk fibers. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) test indicated that the silk fabric treated with 24% boric acid and 6% urea (relative to the TEOS) doped ternary silica sol system performed excellent flame retardancy with the LOI value of 34.6%. Furthermore, in order to endow silk fabric with durable flame retardancy, the silk fabric was pretreated with 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) before the ternary sol system treatment. The BTCA pretreat ment applied to silk could effectively promote the washing durability of the ternary sol, and the LOI value of the treated sample after 10 times washing could still maintain at 30.8% compared with that of 31.0% before washing. Thermo gravimetric (TG), micro calorimeter combustion (MCC) and smoke density test results demonstrated that the thermal stability, heat release and smoke suppression of the nitrogen-boron-silica ternary system decreased somewhat compared with the boron-silica binary flame retardant system.

Trench formation in <110> silicon for millimeter-wave switching device

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Datta, P.; Kumar, Praveen; Nag, Manoj; Bhattacharya, D. K.; Khosla, Y. P.; Dahiya, K. K.; Singh, D. V.; Venkateswaran, R.; Kumar, Devender; Kesavan, R.

1999-11-01

Anisotropic etching using alkaline solution has been adopted to form trenches in silicon while fabricating surface oriented bulk window SPST switches. An array pattern has been etched on silicon with good control on depth of trenches. KOH-water solution is seen to yield a poor surface finish. Use of too much of additive like isopropyl alcohol improves the surface condition but distorts the array pattern due to loss of anisotropy. However, controlled use of this additive during the last phase of trench etching is found to produce trenched arrays with desired depth, improved surface finish and minimum distortion of lateral dimensions.

29 CFR 530.1 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... knitting process is performed; and the manufacture of bathing suits from any purchased fabric: Provided... other finishing of knitted shirts made in the same establishment as that where the knitting process is... embroidery, thread splitting, embroidery thread cutting, scallop cutting, lace cutting, lace making-up...

29 CFR 530.1 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... knitting process is performed; and the manufacture of bathing suits from any purchased fabric: Provided... other finishing of knitted shirts made in the same establishment as that where the knitting process is... embroidery, thread splitting, embroidery thread cutting, scallop cutting, lace cutting, lace making-up...

29 CFR 530.1 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... knitting process is performed; and the manufacture of bathing suits from any purchased fabric: Provided... other finishing of knitted shirts made in the same establishment as that where the knitting process is... embroidery, thread splitting, embroidery thread cutting, scallop cutting, lace cutting, lace making-up...

29 CFR 530.1 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... knitting process is performed; and the manufacture of bathing suits from any purchased fabric: Provided... other finishing of knitted shirts made in the same establishment as that where the knitting process is... embroidery, thread splitting, embroidery thread cutting, scallop cutting, lace cutting, lace making-up...

Textiles and Apparel Design.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Texas Tech Univ., Lubbock. Home Economics Curriculum Center.

This document contains teacher's materials for a seven-unit secondary education vocational home economics course on textiles and apparel design. The units cover: (1) fiber/fiber characteristics and textile development (including fabrication and dyeing, printing, and finishing); (2) textile and apparel design industries (including their history and…

An investigation into the relationship between thickness variations and manufacturing techniques of mouthguards.

PubMed

Farrington, Timothy; Coward, Trevor; Onambele-Pearson, Gladys; Taylor, Rebecca L; Earl, Philip; Winwood, Keith

2016-02-01

The aim of this study was to measure the finished thickness of a single identical 4-mm EVA mouthguard model from a large fabricated sample group and to evaluate the degree of material thinning and variations during the fabrication process. Twenty boxes were distributed to dental technician participants, each containing five duplicated dental models (n = 100), alongside 5 × 4 mm mouthguard blanks and a questionnaire. The mouthguards were measured using electronic callipers (resolution: ±0.01 mm) at three specific points. The five thickest and thinnest mouthguards were examined using a CT scanner to describe the surface typography unique to each mouthguard, highlighting dimensional thinning patterns during the fabrication process. Of the three measurement points, the anterior sulcus point of the mouthguard showed a significant degree of variation (up to 34% coefficient of variation), in finished mouthguard thickness between individuals. The mean thickness of the mouthguards in the anterior region was 1.62 ± 0.38 mm with a range of 0.77-2.80 mm. This variation was also evident in the occlusion and posterior lingual regions but to a lesser extent (up to 12.2% and 9.8% variations, respectively). This study highlights variability in the finished thickness of the mouthguards especially in the anterior sulcus region measurement point, both within and between individuals. At the anterior region measurement point of the mouthguard, the mean thickness was 1.62 mm, equating to an overall material thinning of 59.5% when using a single 4-mm EVA blank. This degree of thinning is comparative to previous single operator research studies. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

40 CFR 410.54 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2011-07-01 2009-07-01 true Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES). 410.54 Section 410.54 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS TEXTILE MILLS POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Knit Fabric Finishing Subcategory...

40 CFR 410.56 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2011-07-01 2009-07-01 true Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS). 410.56 Section 410.56 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS TEXTILE MILLS POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Knit Fabric Finishing Subcategory...

40 CFR 410.54 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 28 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES). 410.54 Section 410.54 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS TEXTILE MILLS POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Knit Fabric Finishing Subcategory...

40 CFR 410.56 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 28 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS). 410.56 Section 410.56 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS TEXTILE MILLS POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Knit Fabric Finishing Subcategory...

Improved Edge Performance in MRF

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Shorey, Aric; Jones, Andrew; Durnas, Paul; Tricard, Marc

2004-01-01

The fabrication of large segmented optics requires a polishing process that can correct the figure of a surface to within a short distance from its edges-typically, a few millimeters. The work here is to develop QED's Magnetorheological Finishing (MRF) precision polishing process to minimize residual edge effects.

Nanomaterial Case Study: A Comparison of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube and Decabromodiphenyl Ether Flame-Retardant Coatings Applied to Upholstery Textiles (External Review Draft)

EPA Science Inventory

The draft document is intended to be used as part of a process to identify what is known and, more importantly, what is not yet known that could be of value in assessing the broad implications of specific nanomaterials. Like previous case studies (see History/ Chronology below), ...

Technologies for precision manufacture of current and future windows and domes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hallock, Bob; Shorey, Aric

2009-05-01

The final finish and characterization of windows and domes presents a number of challenges in achieving desired precision with acceptable cost and schedule. This becomes more difficult with advanced materials and as window and dome shapes and requirements become more complex, including acute angle corners, transmitted wavefront specifications, aspheric geometries and trending toward conformal surfaces. Magnetorheological Finishing (MRF®) and Magnetorheological Jet (MR Jet®), along with metrology provided by Sub-aperture Stitching Interferometry (SSI®) have several unique attributes that provide them advantages in enhancing fabrication of current and next generation windows and domes. The advantages that MRF brings to the precision finishing of a wide range of shapes such as flats, spheres (including hemispheres), cylinders, aspheres and even freeform optics, has been well documented. Recent advancements include the ability to finish freeform shapes up to 2-meters in size as well as progress in finishing challenging IR materials. Due to its shear-based removal mechanism in contrast to the pressure-based process of other techniques, edges are not typically rolled, in particular on parts with acute angle corners. MR Jet provides additional benefits, particularly in the finishing of the inside of steep concave domes and other irregular shapes. The ability of MR Jet to correct the figure of conformal domes deterministically and to high precision has been demonstrated. Combining these technologies with metrology techniques, such as SSI provides a solution for finishing current and future windows and domes in a reliable, deterministic and cost-effective way. The ability to use the SSI to characterize a range of shapes such as domes and aspheres, as well as progress in using MRF and MR Jet for finishing conventional and conformal windows and domes with increasing size and complexity of design will be presented.

Benchtop fabrication of three-dimensional reconfigurable microfluidic devices from paper-polymer composite.

PubMed

Han, Yu Long; Wang, Wenqi; Hu, Jie; Huang, Guoyou; Wang, Shuqi; Lee, Won Gu; Lu, Tian Jian; Xu, Feng

2013-12-21

We presented a benchtop technique that can fabricate reconfigurable, three-dimensional (3D) microfluidic devices made from a soft paper-polymer composite. This fabrication approach can produce microchannels at a minimal width of 100 μm and can be used to prototype 3D microfluidic devices by simple bending and stretching. The entire fabrication process can be finished in 2 hours on a laboratory bench without the need for special equipment involved in lithography. Various functional microfluidic devices (e.g., droplet generator and reconfigurable electronic circuit) were prepared using this paper-polymer hybrid microfluidic system. The developed method can be applied in a wide range of standard applications and emerging technologies such as liquid-phase electronics.

Immunocastration improves carcass traits and beef color attributes in Nellore and Nellore×Aberdeen Angus crossbred animals finished in feedlot.

PubMed

Miguel, Giulianna Z; Faria, Marcelo H; Roça, Roberto O; Santos, Carolina T; Suman, Surendranath P; Faitarone, Ana B G; Delbem, Nara L C; Girao, Lucio V C; Homem, Juliana M; Barbosa, Erika K; Su, Leticia S; Resende, Flavio D; Siqueira, Gustavo R; Moreira, Aline D; Savian, Taciana V

2014-02-01

The objective was to examine the effects of immunocastration on carcass traits and meat quality of Nellore and Nellore×Aberdeen Angus male animals finished in feedlot. Surgically castrated, immunocastrated, and intact animals were finished in feedlot for 90 days. The animals were harvested, and carcass traits were evaluated. Carcasses were chilled, and one 2.5-cm steak was fabricated from Longissimus thoracis muscle. The steaks were individually vacuum packaged and frozen at -18 °C. Frozen steaks were thawed, and pH, instrumental color, cooking loss, and shear force were determined. Immunocastrated animals demonstrated greater (P<0.05) hot dressing percentage and cold dressing percentage than their surgically castrated counterparts. Furthermore, steaks from immunocastrated and surgically castrated animals exhibited greater redness (P<0.05) and lower darkness (P<0.05) than steaks from intact animals, indicating possible advantage in retailing. The results suggested that immunocastration may be utilized to improve carcass traits and beef color in feedlot-finished Nellore and Nellore×Aberdeen Angus males. © 2013.

Wire electric-discharge machining and other fabrication techniques

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Morgan, W. H.

1983-01-01

Wire electric discharge machining and extrude honing were used to fabricate a two dimensional wing for cryogenic wind tunnel testing. Electric-discharge cutting is done with a moving wire electrode. The cut track is controlled by means of a punched-tape program and the cutting feed is regulated according to the progress of the work. Electric-discharge machining involves no contact with the work piece, and no mechanical force is exerted. Extrude hone is a process for honing finish-machined surfaces by the extrusion of an abrasive material (silly putty), which is forced through a restrictive fixture. The fabrication steps are described and production times are given.

Physical Properties of Polyester Fabrics Treated with Nano, Micro and Macro Emulsion Silicones

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Parvinzadeh, M.; Hajiraissi, R.

2007-08-01

The processing of textile to achieve a particular handle is one of the most important aspects of finishing technology. Fabrics softeners are liquid composition added to washing machines during the rinse cycle to make clothes feel better to the touch. The first fabric softeners were developed by the textile industry during the early twentieth century. In this research polyester fabrics were treated with nano, micro and macro emulsion silicone softeners. Some of the physical properties of the treated fabric samples are discussed. The drapeability of treated samples was improved after treatment with nano silicone softeners. The colorimetric measurement of softener-treated fabrics is evaluated with a reflectance spectrophotometer. Moisture regain of treated samples is increased due to coating of silicone softeners. There is some increase in the weight of softener-treated samples. Samples treated with nano emulsion silicones gave better results compared to micro- and macro-emulsion treated ones.

Super-smooth processing x-ray telescope application research based on the magnetorheological finishing (MRF) technology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhong, Xianyun; Hou, Xi; Yang, Jinshan

2016-09-01

Nickel is the unique material in the X-ray telescopes. And it has the typical soft material characteristics with low hardness high surface damage and low stability of thermal. The traditional fabrication techniques are exposed to lots of problems, including great surface scratches, high sub-surface damage and poor surface roughness and so on. The current fabrication technology for the nickel aspheric mainly adopt the single point diamond turning(SPDT), which has lots of advantages such as high efficiency, ultra-precision surface figure, low sub-surface damage and so on. But the residual surface texture of SPDT will cause great scattering losses and fall far short from the requirement in the X-ray applications. This paper mainly investigates the magnetorheological finishing (MRF) techniques for the super-smooth processing on the nickel optics. Through the study of the MRF polishing techniques, we obtained the ideal super-smooth polishing technique based on the self-controlled MRF-fluid NS-1, and finished the high-precision surface figure lower than RMS λ/80 (λ=632.8nm) and super-smooth roughness lower than Ra 0.3nm on the plane reflector and roughness lower than Ra 0.4nm on the convex cone. The studying of the MRF techniques makes a great effort to the state-of-the-art nickel material processing level for the X-ray optical systems applications.

Evaluation of methods for characterizing surface topography of models for high Reynolds number wind-tunnels

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Teague, E. C.; Vorburger, T. V.; Scire, F. E.; Baker, S. M.; Jensen, S. W.; Gloss, B. B.; Trahan, C.

1982-01-01

Current work by the National Bureau of Standards at the NASA National Transonic Facility (NTF) to evaluate the performance of stylus instruments for determining the topography of models under investigation is described along with instrumentation for characterization of the surface microtopography. Potential areas of surface effects are reviewed, and the need for finer surfaced models for the NTF high Reynolds number flows is stressed. Current stylus instruments have a radii as large as 25 microns, and three models with surface finishes of 4-6, 8-10, and 12-15 micro-in. rms surface finishes were fabricated for tests with a stylus with a tip radius of 1 micron and a 50 mg force. Work involving three-dimensional stylus profilometry is discussed in terms of stylus displacement being converted to digital signals, and the design of a light scattering instrument capable of measuring the surface finish on curved objects is presented.

40 CFR 410.55 - New source performance standards (NSPS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 28 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true New source performance standards (NSPS). 410.55 Section 410.55 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS TEXTILE MILLS POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Knit Fabric Finishing Subcategory § 410.55 New...

40 CFR 410.55 - New source performance standards (NSPS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2011-07-01 2009-07-01 true New source performance standards (NSPS). 410.55 Section 410.55 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS TEXTILE MILLS POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Knit Fabric Finishing Subcategory § 410.55 New...

21 CFR 1140.3 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

..., fabricates, assembles, processes, or labels a finished cigarette or smokeless tobacco product. (e) Nicotine... CIGARETTES AND SMOKELESS TOBACCO General Provisions § 1140.3 Definitions. (a) Cigarette. (1) Means a product that: (i) Is a tobacco product; and (ii) Meets the definition of the term “cigarette” in section 3(1...

Comparison of gene expression and fatty acid profiles in concentrate and forage finished beef.

PubMed

Buchanan, J W; Garmyn, A J; Hilton, G G; VanOverbeke, D L; Duan, Q; Beitz, D C; Mateescu, R G

2013-01-01

Fatty acid profiles and intramuscular expression of genes involved in fatty acid metabolism were characterized in concentrate- (CO) and forage- (FO) based finishing systems. Intramuscular samples from the adductor were taken at slaughter from 99 heifers finished on a CO diet and 58 heifers finished on a FO diet. Strip loins were obtained at fabrication to evaluate fatty acid profiles of LM muscle for all 157 heifers by using gas chromatography fatty acid methyl ester analysis. Composition was analyzed for differences by using the General Linear Model (GLM) procedure in SAS. Differences in fatty acid profile included a greater atherogenic index, greater percentage total MUFA, decreased omega-3 to omega-6 ratio, decreased percentage total PUFA, and decreased percentage omega-3 fatty acids in CO- compared with FO-finished heifers (P<0.05). Fatty acid profiles from intramuscular samples were ranked by the atherogenic index, and 20 heifers with either a high (HAI; n=10) or low (LAI; n=10) atherogenic index were selected for gene expression analysis using real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Gene expression data for the 20 individuals were analyzed as a 2 by 2 factorial arrangement of treatments using the GLM procedure in SAS. There was no significant diet × atherogenic index interaction identified for any gene (P>0.05). Upregulation was observed for PPARγ, fatty acid synthase (FASN), and fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) in FO-finished compared with CO-finished heifers in both atherogenic index categories (P<0.05). Upregulation of diglyceride acyl transferase 2 (DGAT2) was observed in FO-finished heifers with a HAI (P<0.05). Expression of steroyl Co-A desaturase (SCD) was upregulated in CO-finished heifers with a LAI, and downregulated in FO-finished heifers with a HAI (P<0.05). Expression of adiponectin (ADIPOQ) was significantly downregulated in CO-finished heifers with a HAI compared with all other categories (P<0.05). The genes identified in this study which exhibit differential regulation in response to diet or in animals with extreme fatty acid profiles may provide genetic markers for selecting desirable fatty acid profiles in future selection programs.

Insulator: Apprenticeship Course Outline. Apprenticeship and Industry Training. 3307.1

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Alberta Advanced Education and Technology, 2007

2007-01-01

The graduate of the Insulator apprenticeship program is a certified journeyperson who will be able: (1) responsibly do all work tasks expected of a journeyperson; (2) supervise, train and coach apprentices; (3) demonstrate the installation, fitting, fabrication and attachment of insulation, finishing and weatherproofing materials to a high…

16 CFR 1611.31 - Terms defined.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... FLAMMABILITY OF VINYL PLASTIC FILM Rules and Regulations § 1611.31 Terms defined. As used in this part, unless... material subject to the act, except film and fabrics having a nitro-cellulose fiber, finish, or coating... pile, nap, or tufting. (i) The term film means any nonrigid, unsupported plastic, rubber or other...

16 CFR 1611.31 - Terms defined.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... FLAMMABILITY OF VINYL PLASTIC FILM Rules and Regulations § 1611.31 Terms defined. As used in this part, unless... material subject to the act, except film and fabrics having a nitro-cellulose fiber, finish, or coating... pile, nap, or tufting. (i) The term film means any nonrigid, unsupported plastic, rubber or other...

16 CFR 1611.31 - Terms defined.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... FLAMMABILITY OF VINYL PLASTIC FILM Rules and Regulations § 1611.31 Terms defined. As used in this part, unless... material subject to the act, except film and fabrics having a nitro-cellulose fiber, finish, or coating... pile, nap, or tufting. (i) The term film means any nonrigid, unsupported plastic, rubber or other...

7 CFR Appendix A to Part 3015 - Definitions

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... corporation under State law), sponsor or sponsoring local organization of a watershed project (as defined in 7.... “Payment bond” means a bond executed in connection with a contract, to assure payment as required by law of... finished audiovisual, including design, layout, script-writing, filming, editing, fabrication, sound...

7 CFR Appendix A to Part 3015 - Definitions

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... corporation under State law), sponsor or sponsoring local organization of a watershed project (as defined in 7.... “Payment bond” means a bond executed in connection with a contract, to assure payment as required by law of... finished audiovisual, including design, layout, script-writing, filming, editing, fabrication, sound...

7 CFR Appendix A to Part 3015 - Definitions

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... corporation under State law), sponsor or sponsoring local organization of a watershed project (as defined in 7.... “Payment bond” means a bond executed in connection with a contract, to assure payment as required by law of... finished audiovisual, including design, layout, script-writing, filming, editing, fabrication, sound...

40 CFR 410.42 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application of the best practicable control technology... (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS TEXTILE MILLS POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Woven Fabric Finishing... application of the best practicable control technology currently available (BPT). (a) Except as provided in 40...

30 CFR 7.23 - Application requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... products if the products differ only in: weight of the finished product; weight or weave of the same fabric... information: (1) Trade name. (2) Product designations (for example, style and code number). (3) Color. (4...) Scrim: Type, denier, weight, weave, the supplier, supplier's stock number or designation, and percent of...

30 CFR 7.23 - Application requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... products if the products differ only in: weight of the finished product; weight or weave of the same fabric... information: (1) Trade name. (2) Product designations (for example, style and code number). (3) Color. (4...) Scrim: Type, denier, weight, weave, the supplier, supplier's stock number or designation, and percent of...

Effect of heat-setting on UV protection and antibacterial properties of cotton/spandex fabric

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pervez, M. N.; Talukder, M. E.; Shafiq, F.; Hasan, K. M. F.; Taher, M. A.; Meraz, M. M.; Cai, Y.; Lin, Lina

2018-01-01

An unexampled approach for simultaneous heat setting process with optimized condition at C3 (140°C, 45 s) and functional finishing, i.e. UV protection and antibacterial properties of cotton/spandex fabric were studied in this research. Experimental results disclosed that, ameliorative antibacterial efficacy and perdurable UV protection of heat-treated cotton/spandex fabrics with best sample A3 among all samples was achieved and mechanical properties also improved as the temperature rose from 120 to 140°C. In addition, Ultraviolet (UV) radiation protection and antibacterial properties are becoming increasingly necessary for human health, and textiles play an important role and this report will be appurtenant to meet regular demand.

Fabrication of boron sputter targets

DOEpatents

Makowiecki, Daniel M.; McKernan, Mark A.

1995-01-01

A process for fabricating high density boron sputtering targets with sufficient mechanical strength to function reliably at typical magnetron sputtering power densities and at normal process parameters. The process involves the fabrication of a high density boron monolithe by hot isostatically compacting high purity (99.9%) boron powder, machining the boron monolithe into the final dimensions, and brazing the finished boron piece to a matching boron carbide (B.sub.4 C) piece, by placing aluminum foil there between and applying pressure and heat in a vacuum. An alternative is the application of aluminum metallization to the back of the boron monolithe by vacuum deposition. Also, a titanium based vacuum braze alloy can be used in place of the aluminum foil.

Rapid Fabrication of Lightweight SiC Optics using Reactive Atom Plasma (RAP) Processing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fiske, Peter S.

2006-01-01

Reactive Atom Plasma (RAP) processing is a non-contact, plasma-based processing technology that can be used to generate damage-free optical surfaces. We have developed tools and processes using RAP that allow us to shape extremely lightweight mirror Surfaces made from extremely hard-to-machine materials (e.g. SiC). We will describe our latest results using RAP in combination with other technologies to produce finished lightweight SiC mirrors and also discuss applications for RAP in the rapid fabrication of mirror segments for reflective and grazing incidence telescopes.

An in-vitro study to compare the temperature rise in the pulp chamber by direct method using three different provisional restorative materials.

PubMed

Piplani, Ankita; Suresh Sajjan, M C; Ramaraju, A V; Tanwani, Tushar; Sushma, G; Ganathipathi, G; Jagdish, K; Agrawal, Anil

2016-01-01

The provisional restorative materials in fixed prosthodontics are basically bis-GMA resins which releases exothermic temperature while polymerization which can damage the pulp. Intrapulpal temperature exceeding 42.5°C found to result in irreversible damage to the pulp. The remaining thickness of dentine after tooth preparation control the conduction of heat released by the resins. (1) To quantify the temperature changes in the pulp chamber using different provisional restorative materials. (2) To evaluate the peak temperature time of different materials used. (3) To compare the intrapulpal temperature changes with a variation in the width of the finish line. Two intact mandibular molars were selected and designated as Specimen A and B. Tooth preparation was done to prepare a finish line of 1.2 mm and 1 mm width, respectively. Three provisional restorative materials were considered and they were grouped as Group I-Cool temp, Group II-Protemp-4, Group III-Integrity. A J thermocouple probe was placed into the pulp chamber to determine the rise in temperature. The temperature was recorded during polymerization at 30-s intervals until the peak temperature was reached. The same procedure was repeated for fabricating remaining provisional crowns. A total of 45 provisional crowns were fabricated for each specimen. Kruskal-Wallis test revealed that there was a significant difference in the temperature changes associated with the provisional restorative materials used. All the three provisional restorative materials were compared for 1.2 mm and 1 mm wide finish line. Integrity produced the highest temperature rise and the maximum temperature recorded was 40.2°C in 1.2 mm wide finish line. However, for a 1 mm wide finish line, Protemp-4 produced the highest temperature rise and the maximum temperature recorded was 40.3°C. It was observed that peak temperatures with Specimen B were more when compared with Specimen A. Cool temp showed least temperature rise in the pulp chamber. The order of rise in intrapulpal temperature in tested provisional materials using direct technique would be Cool temp, Integrity, and Protemp-4.

Synthesis of nano silver on cellulosic denim fabric producing yellow colored garment with antibacterial properties.

PubMed

Maryan, Ali Sadeghian; Montazer, Majid; Harifi, Tina

2015-01-22

In this study, an aged-look denim fabric with antibacterial property was prepared in one single step process. For this purpose, the simultaneous antibacterial finishing and discoloration of denim fabric was carried out through reduction of indigo dye and silver nitrate by glucose in alkaline media using a conventional garment washing machine. The uniform distribution of silver nanoparticles on the fiber surface was confirmed by scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The treated fabrics were also characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. Due to the color changes during the process, the color coordinates of the treated samples were also measured. Findings suggest the potential of the proposed method in producing old-look denim fabric with desirable yellow appearance and reasonable antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli with low toxicity for human. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Design and Fabrication of FRP Truck Trailer Side Racks.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-08-01

0.100 in. All contact surfaces in the mold were sealed with white shellac and finished with five coats of carnauba wax . The completed mold is shown in...Figure 10. 15 II Figure 10. FRP prototype mold. FRP molding procedures were duplicated for each part produced. In general, the waxed mold was coated

16 CFR § 1611.31 - Terms defined.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... FLAMMABILITY OF VINYL PLASTIC FILM Rules and Regulations § 1611.31 Terms defined. As used in this part, unless... material subject to the act, except film and fabrics having a nitro-cellulose fiber, finish, or coating... pile, nap, or tufting. (i) The term film means any nonrigid, unsupported plastic, rubber or other...

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH BRIEF: WASTE REDUCTION ACTI- VITIES AND OPTIONS FOR A FABRICATOR AND FINISHER OF STEEL COMPUTER CABINETS

EPA Science Inventory

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) funded a project with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and Energy (NJDEPE) to assist in conducting waste minimization assessments at thirty small- to medium-sized businesses in the state of New Jersey. One of th...

Physical and chemical evaluation of furniture waste briquettes.

PubMed

Moreno, Ana Isabel; Font, Rafael; Conesa, Juan A

2016-03-01

Furniture waste is mainly composed of wood and upholstery foam (mostly polyurethane foam). Both of these have a high calorific value, therefore, energy recovery would be an appropriate process to manage these wastes. Nevertheless, the drawback is that the energy content of these wastes is limited due to their low density mainly that of upholstery foam. Densification of separate foam presents difficulties due to its elastic character. The significance of this work lies in obtaining densified material by co-densification of furniture wood waste and polyurethane foam waste. Densification of furniture wood and the co-densification of furniture wood waste with polyurethane foam have been studied. On the one hand, the parameters that have an effect on the quality of the furniture waste briquettes have been analysed, i.e., moisture content, compaction pressure, presence of lignin, etc. The maximum weight percentage of polyurethane foam that can be added with furniture wood waste to obtain durable briquettes and the optimal moisture were determined. On the other hand, some parameters were analysed in order to evaluate the possible effect on the combustion. The chemical composition of waste wood was compared with untreated wood biomass; the higher nitrogen content and the concentration of some metals were the most important differences, with a significant difference of Ti content. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Assessment of materials commonly utilized in health care: implications for bacterial survival and transmission.

PubMed

Lankford, Mary G; Collins, Susan; Youngberg, Larry; Rooney, Denise M; Warren, John R; Noskin, Gary A

2006-06-01

Contaminated environmental surfaces, equipment, and health care workers' hands have been linked to outbreaks of infection or colonization because of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PSAE). Upholstery, walls, and flooring may enhance bacterial survival, providing infectious reservoirs. Investigate recovery of VRE and PSAE, determine efficacy of disinfection, and evaluate VRE transmission from surfaces. Upholstery, flooring, and wall coverings were inoculated with VRE and PSAE and assessed for recovery at 24 hours, 72 hours, and 7 days. Inoculated surfaces were cleaned utilizing manufacturers' recommendations of natural, commercial, or hospital-approved products and methods, and samples were obtained. To assess potential for transmission, volunteers touched VRE-inoculated surfaces and imprinted palms onto contact-impression plates. Twenty-four hours following inoculation, all surfaces had recovery of VRE; 13 (92.9%) of 14 surfaces had persistent PSAE. After cleaning, VRE was recovered from 7 (50%) surfaces, PSAE from 5 (35.7%) surfaces. After inoculation followed by palmar contact, VRE was recovered from all surfaces touched. Bacteria commonly encountered in hospitals are capable of prolonged survival and may promote cross transmission. Selection of surfaces for health care environments should include product application and complexity of manufacturers' recommendations for disinfection. Recovery of organisms on surfaces and hands emphasizes importance of hand hygiene compliance prior to patient contact.

Comprehensive Environmental Assessment Applied to ...

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

In September 2013, EPA announced the availability of the final report, Comprehensive Environmental Assessment Applied to Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Flame-Retardant Coatings in Upholstery Textiles: A Case Study Presenting Priority Research Gaps for Future Risk Assessments. This final report presents a case study of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs); it focuses on the specific example of MWCNTs as used in flame-retardant coatings applied to upholstery textiles. This case study is organized around the comprehensive environmental assessment (CEA) framework, which structures available information pertaining to the product life cycle, environmental transport and fate, exposure-dose in receptors (i.e., humans, ecological populations, and the environment), and potential impacts in these receptors. A group of experts representing multiple disciplines and multiple sector perspectives used an earlier draft of the case study in conjunction with a structured workshop process to identify and prioritize research gaps that, if pursued, could inform future MWCNT assessment efforts. The final report is not a health, risk, or exposure assessment and as such does not draw conclusions about potential risks, or present an exhaustive review of the literature. Rather, it presents the MWCNT research priorities that experts identified in this application of CEA in order to aid research planning throughout the scientific community. The outcomes of these research efforts may subsequ

One-step patterning of hollow microstructures in paper by laser cutting to create microfluidic analytical devices.

PubMed

Nie, Jinfang; Liang, Yuanzhi; Zhang, Yun; Le, Shangwang; Li, Dunnan; Zhang, Songbai

2013-01-21

In this paper, we report a simple, low-cost method for rapid, highly reproductive fabrication of paper-based microfluidics by using a commercially available, minitype CO(2) laser cutting/engraving machine. This method involves only one operation of cutting a piece of paper by laser according to a predesigned pattern. The hollow microstructures formed in the paper are used as the 'hydrophobic barriers' to define the hydrophilic flowing paths. A typical paper device on a 4 cm × 4 cm piece of paper can be fabricated within ∼7-20 s; it is ready for use once the cutting process is finished. The main fabrication parameters such as the applied current and cutting rate of the laser were optimized. The fabrication resolution and multiplexed analytical capability of the hollow microstructure-patterned paper were also characterized.

Gingival Retraction Methods for Fabrication of Fixed Partial Denture: Literature Review

PubMed Central

S, Safari; Ma, Vossoghi Sheshkalani; Mi, Vossoghi Sheshkalani; F, Hoseini Ghavam; M, Hamedi

2016-01-01

Fixed dental prosthesis success requires appropriate impression taking of the prepared finish line. This is critical in either tooth supported fixed prosthesis (crown and bridge) or implant supported fixed prosthesis (solid abutment). If the prepared finish line is adjacent to the gingival sulcus, gingival retraction techniques should be used to decrease the marginal discrepancy among the restoration and the prepared abutment. Accurate marginal positioning of the restoration in the prepared finish line of the abutment is required for therapeutic, preventive and aesthetic purposes. In this article, conventional and modern methods of gingival retraction in the fixed tooth supported prosthesis and fixed implant supported prosthesis are expressed. PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched manually for studies on gingival tissue managements prior to impression making in fixed dental prosthesis since 1975. Conclusions were extracted and summarized. Keywords were impression making, gingival retraction, cordless retraction, and implant. Gingival retraction techniques can be classified as mechanical, chemical or surgical. In this article, different gingival management techniques are discussed. PMID:28959744

Gingival Retraction Methods for Fabrication of Fixed Partial Denture: Literature Review.

PubMed

S, Safari; Ma, Vossoghi Sheshkalani; Mi, Vossoghi Sheshkalani; F, Hoseini Ghavam; M, Hamedi

2016-06-01

Fixed dental prosthesis success requires appropriate impression taking of the prepared finish line. This is critical in either tooth supported fixed prosthesis (crown and bridge) or implant supported fixed prosthesis (solid abutment). If the prepared finish line is adjacent to the gingival sulcus, gingival retraction techniques should be used to decrease the marginal discrepancy among the restoration and the prepared abutment. Accurate marginal positioning of the restoration in the prepared finish line of the abutment is required for therapeutic, preventive and aesthetic purposes. In this article, conventional and modern methods of gingival retraction in the fixed tooth supported prosthesis and fixed implant supported prosthesis are expressed. PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched manually for studies on gingival tissue managements prior to impression making in fixed dental prosthesis since 1975. Conclusions were extracted and summarized. Keywords were impression making, gingival retraction, cordless retraction, and implant. Gingival retraction techniques can be classified as mechanical, chemical or surgical. In this article, different gingival management techniques are discussed.

Effect of bleaching agent and topical fluoride application on color and gloss of dental ceramics.

PubMed

Pires-de-Souza, Fernanda de Carvalho Panzeri; Contente, Marta Maria Martins Giamatei; Alandia-Román, Carla Cecilia; Vicente, Sergio Augusto de Freitas; Tonani, Rafaella

2016-01-01

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 16% carbamide peroxide and 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride application and their association with a change in color (ΔE*) and brightness of dental ceramic submitted to different finishing procedures. A total of 120 test specimens were fabricated and randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 40) according to the type of finishing: glazing; polishing; or polishing and glazing. Initial color and brightness readouts were taken, and the finished specimens were divided into groups (n = 10) according to the treatment to which they were submitted: fluoride; bleaching; bleaching and fluoride; or control. After this, final color and brightness readouts were taken. The type of polishing had no influence on ΔE* or brightness (P > 0.05). Regardless of which solution was used, a decrease in brightness occurred only for the group treated with bleach and fluoride (P < 0.05). The results showed the use of fluoride after bleaching may interfere with the esthetics of a restoration.

Layered chalcogenide glass structures for IR lenses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gibson, Daniel; Bayya, Shyam; Sanghera, Jas; Nguyen, Vinh; Scribner, Dean; Maksimovic, Velimir; Gill, John; Yi, Allen; Deegan, John; Unger, Blair

2014-07-01

A technique for fabricating novel infrared (IR) lenses can enable a reduction in the size and weight of IR imaging optics through the use of layered glass structures. These structures can range from having a few thick glass layers, mimicking cemented doublets and triplets, to having many thin glass layers approximating graded index (GRIN) lenses. The effectiveness of these structures relies on having materials with diversity in refractive index (large Δn) and dispersion and similar thermo-viscous behavior (common glass transition temperature, ΔTg = 10°C). A library of 13 chalcogenide glasses with broad IR transmission (NIR through LWIR bands) was developed to satisfy these criteria. The lens fabrication methodology, including glass design and synthesis, sheet fabrication, preform making, lens molding and surface finishing are presented.

Fabrication of boron sputter targets

DOEpatents

Makowiecki, D.M.; McKernan, M.A.

1995-02-28

A process is disclosed for fabricating high density boron sputtering targets with sufficient mechanical strength to function reliably at typical magnetron sputtering power densities and at normal process parameters. The process involves the fabrication of a high density boron monolithe by hot isostatically compacting high purity (99.9%) boron powder, machining the boron monolithe into the final dimensions, and brazing the finished boron piece to a matching boron carbide (B{sub 4}C) piece, by placing aluminum foil there between and applying pressure and heat in a vacuum. An alternative is the application of aluminum metallization to the back of the boron monolithe by vacuum deposition. Also, a titanium based vacuum braze alloy can be used in place of the aluminum foil. 7 figs.

The influence of cervical finish line, internal relief, and cement type on the cervical adaptation of metal crowns.

PubMed

Bottino, Marco Antonio; Valandro, Luiz Felipe; Buso, Leonardo; Ozcan, Mutlu

2007-01-01

The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the cervical adaptation of metal crowns under several conditions, namely (1) variations in the cervical finish line of the preparation, (2) application of internal relief inside the crowns, and (3) cementation using different luting materials. One hundred eighty stainless-steel master dies were prepared simulating full crown preparations: 60 in chamfer (CH), 60 in 135-degree shoulder (OB), and 60 in rounded shoulder (OR). The finish lines were machined at approximate dimensions of a molar tooth preparation (height: 5.5 mm; cervical diameter: 8 mm; occlusal diameter: 6.4 mm; taper degree: 6; and cervical finish line width: 0.8 mm). One hundred eighty corresponding copings with the same finish lines were fabricated. A 30-Microm internal relief was machined 0.5 mm above the cervical finish line in 90 of these copings. The fit of the die and the coping was measured from all specimens (L0) prior to cementation using an optical microscope. After manipulation of the 3 types of cements (zinc phosphate, glass-ionomer, and resin cement), the coping was luted on the corresponding standard master die under 5-kgf loading for 4 minutes. Vertical discrepancy was again measured (L1), and the difference between L1 and L0 indicated the cervical adaptation. Significant influence of the finish line, cement type, and internal relief was observed on the cervical adaptation (P <.001). The CH type of cervical finish line resulted in the best cervical adaptation of the metal crowns regardless of the cement type either with or without internal relief (36.6 +/- 3 to 100.8 +/- 4 Microm) (3-way analysis of variance and Tukey's test, a = .05). The use of glass-ionomer cement resulted in the least cervical discrepancy (36.6 +/- 3 to 115 +/- 4 Microm) than those of other cements (45.2 +/- 4 to 130.3 +/- 2 Microm) in all conditions. The best cervical adaptation was achieved with the chamfer type of finish line. The internal relief improved the marginal adaptation significantly, and the glass-ionomer cement led to the best cervical adaptation, followed by zinc phosphate and resin cement.

Some aerodynamic considerations related to wind tunnel model surface definition

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gloss, B. B.

1980-01-01

The aerodynamic considerations related to model surface definition are examined with particular emphasis in areas of fabrication tolerances, model surface finish, and orifice induced pressure errors. The effect of model surface roughness texture on skin friction is also discussed. It is shown that at a given Reynolds number, any roughness will produce no skin friction penalty.

75 FR 75664 - Determination Under the Textile and Apparel Commercial Availability Provision of the Dominican...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-06

.../or staple fiber; textured and/or non- textured). Yarn Size(s): Various. Thread Count (warp): 43 to 56 ends per cm. Thread Count (weft): 29 to 38 filling pics per cm. Weave Type: Woven twill. Fabric Weight...-dyed. Finishing Processes: Napped on both sides. Janet E. Heinzen, Acting Chairman, Committee for the...

Example Annual Certification & Compliance Reports for Sources with and without Visible Emissions Testing: NESHAP Area Source Standards for Nine Metal Fabrication and Finishing Source Categories 40 CFR 63 Subpart XXXXXX

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This page contains examples of the type of information that must be submitted to fulfill the Notification of Compliance Status requirement of 40 CFR 63, subpart XXXXXX for sources reporting and not reporting visible emissions information.

Silicon Schottky photovoltaic diodes for solar energy conversion

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Anderson, W. A.

1975-01-01

Various factors in Schottky barrier solar cell fabrication are evaluated in order to improve understanding of the current flow mechanism and to isolate processing variables that improve efficiency. Results of finger design, substrate resistivity, surface finishing and activation energy studies are detailed. An increased fill factor was obtained by baking of the vacuum system to remove moisture.

Computer Modeling of Direct Metal Laser Sintering

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cross, Matthew

2014-01-01

A computational approach to modeling direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) additive manufacturing process is presented. The primary application of the model is for determining the temperature history of parts fabricated using DMLS to evaluate residual stresses found in finished pieces and to assess manufacturing process strategies to reduce part slumping. The model utilizes MSC SINDA as a heat transfer solver with imbedded FORTRAN computer code to direct laser motion, apply laser heating as a boundary condition, and simulate the addition of metal powder layers during part fabrication. Model results are compared to available data collected during in situ DMLS part manufacture.

Design, analysis, fabrication and test of the Space Shuttle solid rocket booster motor case

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kapp, J. R.

1978-01-01

The motor case used in the solid propellant booster for the Space Shuttle is unique in many respects, most of which are indigenous to size and special design requirements. The evolution of the case design from initial requirements to finished product is discussed, with increased emphasis of reuse capability, special design features, fracture mechanics and corrosion control. Case fabrication history and the resulting procedure are briefly reviewed with respect to material development, processing techniques and special problem areas. Case assembly, behavior and performance during the DM-1 static firing are reviewed, with appropriate comments and conclusions.

The development of nano-modified Ti(C,N) cermets.

PubMed

Rong, Chunlan; Chen, Wenling; Zhang, Xiaobo; Liu, Ning

2007-01-01

The unique combination of mechanical properties such as excellent wear resistance and good chemical stability at elevated temperature helps titanium carbonitride based (Ti (C, N)-based) cermets to play an important roles in metal cutting operations. Nowadays, cermets cutting tools are widely used for semi-finishing and finishing works on steel and cast iron. However, their brittleness is still an unavoidable limitation for their utilization. With the development of nano-technology, nano-modified cermets have received more attention due to the high toughening enhancements. In this review, the development of nano-modified Ti(C,N) cermets is discussed including the fabrication, microstructure, mechanical properties, cutting performance and the practical applications in different fields. Many patents having important effect on the development of cermets were noticed, too.

A laboratory investigation of colour changes in two contemporary resin composites on exposure to spices.

PubMed

Yew, H Z; Berekally, T L; Richards, L C

2013-12-01

The aim of this study was to evaluate colour stability upon exposure to spices of a nano-filled and a micro-hybrid resin composite finished either with Sof-Lex™ discs (SLD) or against plastic strips (PS). Forty cylindrical specimens of 3 mm thickness were fabricated from Filtek Supreme XT ™ (FS) and Gradia Direct X™ (GD). The top surface of each specimen was polished with SLD while the bottom surface was finished against PS. All samples were immersed in staining solutions (0.1% weight turmeric, paprika and tamarind) and distilled water at 37 °C. Colour after 0, 24, 72 and 168 hours of immersion was recorded with a reflection spectrophotometer using CIE L*a*b* parameters and the results were statistically analysed with repeated measures of ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests. Among all the staining solutions tested, the highest colour deviation was obtained in the turmeric group. FS finished against PS showed significantly more colour changes compared to specimens polished with SLD, while GD finished against PS were found to be more resistant to colour changes. Within the limitations of this study all the spices tested have the potential to stain resin composites with turmeric causing the most significant discolouration. Micro-hybrid and nano-filled resin composites appeared to respond differently to staining by spices when either finished with PS or polished with SLD. © 2013 Australian Dental Association.

Using femtosecond laser to fabricate highly precise interior three-dimensional microstructures in polymeric flow chip

PubMed Central

Lee, Chia-Yu; Chang, Ting-Chou; Wang, Shau-Chun; Chien, Chih-Wei; Cheng, Chung-Wei

2010-01-01

This paper reports using femtosecond laser marker to fabricate the three-dimensional interior microstructures in one closed flow channel of plastic substrate. Strip-like slots in the dimensions of 800 μm×400 μm×65 μm were ablated with pulse Ti:sapphire laser at 800 nm (pulse duration of ∼120 fs with 1 kHz repetition rate) on acrylic slide. After ablation, defocused beams were used to finish the surface of microstructures. Having finally polished with sonication, the laser fabricated structures are highly precise with the arithmetic roughness of 1.5 and 4.5 nm. Fabricating such highly precise microstructures cannot be accomplished with nanosecond laser marking or other mechanical drilling methods. In addition, since laser ablation can directly engrave interior microstructures in one closed chip, glue smearing problems to damage molded microstructures possibly to occur during the chip sealing procedures can be avoided too. PMID:21079695

Using femtosecond laser to fabricate highly precise interior three-dimensional microstructures in polymeric flow chip.

PubMed

Lee, Chia-Yu; Chang, Ting-Chou; Wang, Shau-Chun; Chien, Chih-Wei; Cheng, Chung-Wei

2010-10-18

This paper reports using femtosecond laser marker to fabricate the three-dimensional interior microstructures in one closed flow channel of plastic substrate. Strip-like slots in the dimensions of 800 μm×400 μm×65 μm were ablated with pulse Ti:sapphire laser at 800 nm (pulse duration of ∼120 fs with 1 kHz repetition rate) on acrylic slide. After ablation, defocused beams were used to finish the surface of microstructures. Having finally polished with sonication, the laser fabricated structures are highly precise with the arithmetic roughness of 1.5 and 4.5 nm. Fabricating such highly precise microstructures cannot be accomplished with nanosecond laser marking or other mechanical drilling methods. In addition, since laser ablation can directly engrave interior microstructures in one closed chip, glue smearing problems to damage molded microstructures possibly to occur during the chip sealing procedures can be avoided too.

Retention of denture bases fabricated by three different processing techniques – An in vivo study

PubMed Central

Chalapathi Kumar, V. H.; Surapaneni, Hemchand; Ravikiran, V.; Chandra, B. Sarat; Balusu, Srilatha; Reddy, V. Naveen

2016-01-01

Aim: Distortion due to Polymerization shrinkage compromises the retention. To evaluate the amount of retention of denture bases fabricated by conventional, anchorized, and injection molding polymerization techniques. Materials and Methods: Ten completely edentulous patients were selected, impressions were made, and master cast obtained was duplicated to fabricate denture bases by three polymerization techniques. Loop was attached to the finished denture bases to estimate the force required to dislodge them by retention apparatus. Readings were subjected to nonparametric Friedman two-way analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni correction methods and Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test. Results: Denture bases fabricated by injection molding (3740 g), anchorized techniques (2913 g) recorded greater retention values than conventional technique (2468 g). Significant difference was seen between these techniques. Conclusions: Denture bases obtained by injection molding polymerization technique exhibited maximum retention, followed by anchorized technique, and least retention was seen in conventional molding technique. PMID:27382542

Fabrication of cermet bearings for the control system of a high temperature lithium cooled nuclear reactor

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Yacobucci, H. G.; Heestand, R. L.; Kizer, D. E.

1973-01-01

The techniques used to fabricate cermet bearings for the fueled control drums of a liquid metal cooled reference-design reactor concept are presented. The bearings were designed for operation in lithium for as long as 5 years at temperatures to 1205 C. Two sets of bearings were fabricated from a hafnium carbide - 8-wt. % molybdenum - 2-wt. % niobium carbide cermet, and two sets were fabricated from a hafnium nitride - 10-wt. % tungsten cermet. Procedures were developed for synthesizing the material in high purity inert-atmosphere glove boxes to minimize oxygen content in order to enhance corrosion resistance. Techniques were developed for pressing cylindrical billets to conserve materials and to reduce machining requirements. Finishing was accomplished by a combination of diamond grinding, electrodischarge machining, and diamond lapping. Samples were characterized in respect to composition, impurity level, lattice parameter, microstructure and density.

Vertical marginal discrepancy of ceramic copings with different ceramic materials, finish lines, and luting agents: an in vitro evaluation.

PubMed

Quintas, Adriana Ferreira; Oliveira, Fabiano; Bottino, Marco Antonio

2004-09-01

Prosthetic restorations that fit poorly may affect periodontal health and occlusion. Studies that have evaluated the accuracy of fit of ceramic restorations before and after cementation assessed primarily intracoronal restorations. This in vitro study evaluated the effect of different finish lines, ceramic manufacturing techniques, and luting agents on the vertical discrepancy of ceramic copings. Two stainless steel molars were prepared for complete crowns with 2 different finish lines (heavy chamfer and rounded shoulder); each molar was duplicated to fabricate 90 copings. A total of 180 copings generated 18 groups (n=10 for each finish line-coping material-luting agent combination). Luting agents tested included zinc phosphate, resin-modified glass ionomer (Fuji Plus), and resin composite cements (Panavia F). A metal frame was developed on which to screw the stainless steel model and a ceramic coping; the distance (microm) between 2 predetermined points was measured before and after cementation by a profile projector under a torquing force. A 4-way ANOVA with repeated measurements was performed to assess the influence of each factor in the vertical marginal discrepancy: 3 between-coping factors (finish line-coping material-luting agent) and 1 within-coping factor (before and after cementation) (alpha=.05). Procera copings presented the lowest mean values ( P <.05) of vertical marginal discrepancy before and after cementation (25/44 microm) when compared to Empress 2 (68/110 microm) and InCeram Alumina copings (57/117 microm), regardless of any combinations among all finish lines and luting agents tested. Considering each factor separately, the ceramic manufacturing technique appeared to be the most important factor tested for the definitive vertical discrepancy of all-ceramic copings, with lower mean values for Procera copings.

Layerless fabrication with continuous liquid interface production.

PubMed

Janusziewicz, Rima; Tumbleston, John R; Quintanilla, Adam L; Mecham, Sue J; DeSimone, Joseph M

2016-10-18

Despite the increasing popularity of 3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing (AM), the technique has not developed beyond the realm of rapid prototyping. This confinement of the field can be attributed to the inherent flaws of layer-by-layer printing and, in particular, anisotropic mechanical properties that depend on print direction, visible by the staircasing surface finish effect. Continuous liquid interface production (CLIP) is an alternative approach to AM that capitalizes on the fundamental principle of oxygen-inhibited photopolymerization to generate a continual liquid interface of uncured resin between the growing part and the exposure window. This interface eliminates the necessity of an iterative layer-by-layer process, allowing for continuous production. Herein we report the advantages of continuous production, specifically the fabrication of layerless parts. These advantages enable the fabrication of large overhangs without the use of supports, reduction of the staircasing effect without compromising fabrication time, and isotropic mechanical properties. Combined, these advantages result in multiple indicators of layerless and monolithic fabrication using CLIP technology.

Layerless fabrication with continuous liquid interface production

PubMed Central

Janusziewicz, Rima; Tumbleston, John R.; Quintanilla, Adam L.; Mecham, Sue J.; DeSimone, Joseph M.

2016-01-01

Despite the increasing popularity of 3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing (AM), the technique has not developed beyond the realm of rapid prototyping. This confinement of the field can be attributed to the inherent flaws of layer-by-layer printing and, in particular, anisotropic mechanical properties that depend on print direction, visible by the staircasing surface finish effect. Continuous liquid interface production (CLIP) is an alternative approach to AM that capitalizes on the fundamental principle of oxygen-inhibited photopolymerization to generate a continual liquid interface of uncured resin between the growing part and the exposure window. This interface eliminates the necessity of an iterative layer-by-layer process, allowing for continuous production. Herein we report the advantages of continuous production, specifically the fabrication of layerless parts. These advantages enable the fabrication of large overhangs without the use of supports, reduction of the staircasing effect without compromising fabrication time, and isotropic mechanical properties. Combined, these advantages result in multiple indicators of layerless and monolithic fabrication using CLIP technology. PMID:27671641

Femtosecond laser polishing of optical materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Taylor, Lauren L.; Qiao, Jun; Qiao, Jie

2015-10-01

Technologies including magnetorheological finishing and CNC polishing are commonly used to finish optical elements, but these methods are often expensive, generate waste through the use of fluids or abrasives, and may not be suited for specific freeform substrates due to the size and shape of finishing tools. Pulsed laser polishing has been demonstrated as a technique capable of achieving nanoscale roughness while offering waste-free fabrication, material-specific processing through direct tuning of laser radiation, and access to freeform shapes using refined beam delivery and focusing techniques. Nanosecond and microsecond pulse duration radiation has been used to perform successful melting-based polishing of a variety of different materials, but this approach leads to extensive heat accumulation resulting in subsurface damage. We have experimentally investigated the ability of femtosecond laser radiation to ablate silicon carbide and silicon. By substituting ultrafast laser radiation, polishing can be performed by direct evaporation of unwanted surface asperities with minimal heating and melting, potentially offering damage-free finishing of materials. Under unoptimized laser processing conditions, thermal effects can occur leading to material oxidation. To investigate these thermal effects, simulation of the heat accumulation mechanism in ultrafast laser ablation was performed. Simulations have been extended to investigate the optimum scanning speed and pulse energy required for processing various substrates. Modeling methodologies and simulation results will be presented.

Magnetorheological finishing (MRF) of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystals: nonaqueous fluids development, optical finish, and laser damage performance at 1064 nm and 532 nm

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Menapace, J. A.; Ehrmann, P. R.; Bickel, R. C.

2009-10-01

Over the past year we have been working on specialized MR fluids for polishing KDP crystals. KDP is an extremely difficult material to conventionally polish due to its water solubility, low hardness, and temperature sensitivity. Today, KDP crystals are finished using single-point diamond turning (SPDT) tools and nonaqueous lubricants/coolants. KDP optics fabricated using SPDT, however, are limited to surface corrections due to tool/method characteristics with surface quality driven by microroughness from machine pitch, speed, force, and diamond tool character. MRF polishing offers a means to circumvent many of these issues since it is deterministic which makes the technique practical for surface and transmitted wavefront correction, is low force, and is temperature independent. What is lacking is a usable nonaqueous MR fluid that is chemically and physically compatible with KDP which can be used for polishing and subsequently cleaned from the optical surface. In this study, we will present the fluid parameters important in the design and development of nonaqueous MR fluid formulations capable of polishing KDP and how these parameters affect MRF polishing. We will also discuss requirements peculiar to successful KDP polishing and how they affect optical figure/finish and laser damage performance at 1064 nm and 532 nm.

Characterizing the transplanar and in-plane water transport properties of fabrics under different sweat rate: Forced Flow Water Transport Tester

PubMed Central

Tang, K. P. M.; Chau, K. H.; Kan, C. W.; Fan, J. T.

2015-01-01

The water absorption and transport properties of fabrics are critical to wear comfort, especially for sportswear and protective clothing. A new testing apparatus, namely Forced Flow Water Transport Tester (FFWTT), was developed for characterizing the transplanar and in-plane wicking properties of fabrics based on gravimetric and image analysis technique. The uniqueness of this instrument is that the rate of water supply is adjustable to simulate varying sweat rates with reference to the specific end-use conditions ranging from sitting, walking, running to other strenuous activities. This instrument is versatile in terms of the types of fabrics that can be tested. Twenty four types of fabrics with varying constructions and surface finishes were tested. The results showed that FFWTT was highly sensitive and reproducible in differentiating these fabrics and it suggests that water absorption and transport properties of fabrics are sweat rate-dependent. Additionally, two graphic methods were proposed to map the direction of liquid transport and its relation to skin wetness, which provides easy and direct comparison among different fabrics. Correlation analysis showed that FFWTT results have strong correlation with subjective wetness sensation, implying validity and usefulness of the instrument. PMID:26593699

Characterizing the transplanar and in-plane water transport properties of fabrics under different sweat rate: Forced Flow Water Transport Tester

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tang, K. P. M.; Chau, K. H.; Kan, C. W.; Fan, J. T.

2015-11-01

The water absorption and transport properties of fabrics are critical to wear comfort, especially for sportswear and protective clothing. A new testing apparatus, namely Forced Flow Water Transport Tester (FFWTT), was developed for characterizing the transplanar and in-plane wicking properties of fabrics based on gravimetric and image analysis technique. The uniqueness of this instrument is that the rate of water supply is adjustable to simulate varying sweat rates with reference to the specific end-use conditions ranging from sitting, walking, running to other strenuous activities. This instrument is versatile in terms of the types of fabrics that can be tested. Twenty four types of fabrics with varying constructions and surface finishes were tested. The results showed that FFWTT was highly sensitive and reproducible in differentiating these fabrics and it suggests that water absorption and transport properties of fabrics are sweat rate-dependent. Additionally, two graphic methods were proposed to map the direction of liquid transport and its relation to skin wetness, which provides easy and direct comparison among different fabrics. Correlation analysis showed that FFWTT results have strong correlation with subjective wetness sensation, implying validity and usefulness of the instrument.

Characterizing the transplanar and in-plane water transport properties of fabrics under different sweat rate: Forced Flow Water Transport Tester.

PubMed

Tang, K P M; Chau, K H; Kan, C W; Fan, J T

2015-11-23

The water absorption and transport properties of fabrics are critical to wear comfort, especially for sportswear and protective clothing. A new testing apparatus, namely Forced Flow Water Transport Tester (FFWTT), was developed for characterizing the transplanar and in-plane wicking properties of fabrics based on gravimetric and image analysis technique. The uniqueness of this instrument is that the rate of water supply is adjustable to simulate varying sweat rates with reference to the specific end-use conditions ranging from sitting, walking, running to other strenuous activities. This instrument is versatile in terms of the types of fabrics that can be tested. Twenty four types of fabrics with varying constructions and surface finishes were tested. The results showed that FFWTT was highly sensitive and reproducible in differentiating these fabrics and it suggests that water absorption and transport properties of fabrics are sweat rate-dependent. Additionally, two graphic methods were proposed to map the direction of liquid transport and its relation to skin wetness, which provides easy and direct comparison among different fabrics. Correlation analysis showed that FFWTT results have strong correlation with subjective wetness sensation, implying validity and usefulness of the instrument.

Example Owner/Operator Certification for Painter Training Under National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutant (NESHAP): Area Source Standards for Nine Metal Fabrication and Finishing Source Categories 40 CFR 60 Subpart XXXXXX

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This example training certification format and any attached training documentation may be used to demonstrate, document and certify successful completion of required training topics under 40 CFR 63.11515(d)(6) for personnel, who spray apply surface coating

Finisher I (fabric. plastics prod.) 9-10.10--Technical Report on Standardization of the General Aptitude Test Battery.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Manpower Administration (DOL), Washington, DC. U.S. Training and Employment Service.

The United States Training and Employment Service General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB), first published in 1947, has been included in a continuing program of research to validate the tests against success in many different occupations. The GATB consists of 12 tests which measure nine aptitudes: General Learning Ability; Verbal Aptitude; Numerical…

46 CFR 160.076-29 - Production oversight.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...) Samples selected for the indicated tests may not be used for more than one test. (iii) If a sample fails... 12 months. (iii) One sample of each means of marking on each type of fabric or finish used in PFD... if any sample fails one or more tests. (3) In lots of more than 200 PFDs, the lot must be rejected if...

Experimental and theoretical analysis of defocused CO2 laser microchanneling on PMMA for enhanced surface finish

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Prakash, Shashi; Kumar, Subrata

2017-02-01

The poor surface finish of CO2 laser-micromachined microchannel walls is a major limitation of its utilization despite several key advantages, like low fabrication cost and low time consumption. Defocused CO2 laser beam machining is an effective solution for fabricating smooth microchannel walls on polymer and glass substrates. In this research work, the CO2 laser microchanneling process on PMMA has been analyzed at different beam defocus positions. Defocused processing has been investigated both theoretically and experimentally, and the depth of focus and beam diameter have been determined experimentally. The effect of beam defocusing on the microchannel width, depth, surface roughness, heat affected zone and microchannel profile were examined. A previously developed analytical model for microchannel depth prediction has been improved by incorporating the threshold energy density factor. A semi-analytical model for predicting the microchannel width at different defocus positions has been developed. A semi-empirical model has also been developed for predicting microchannel widths at different defocusing conditions for lower depth values. The developed models were compared and verified by performing actual experiments. Multi-objective optimization was performed to select the best optimum set of input parameters for achieving the desired surface roughness.

Investigation of rapidly solidified aluminum by using diamond turning and a magnetorheological finishing process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cheng, Yuan-Chieh; Hsu, Wei-Yao; Kuo, Ching-Hsiang; Abou-El-Hossein, Khaled; Otieno, Timothy

2015-08-01

The metal mirror has been widely used in optical application for a longtime. Especially the aluminum 6061 is often considered the preferred material for manufacturing optical components for ground-based astronomical applications. One reason for using this material is its high specific stiffness and excellent thermal properties. However, a large amount of data exists for this material and commercially available aluminum 6061 using single point diamond turning (SPDT) and polishing process can achieve surface roughness values of approximately 2 to 4 nm, which is adequate for applications that involve the infrared spectral range, but not for the shorter spectral range. A novel aluminum material, fabricated using a rapid solidification process that is equivalent to the conventional aluminum 6061 alloy grade has been used in optical applications in recent years because of its smaller grain size. In this study, the surface quality of the rapid solidification aluminum after single point diamond turning and followed by magnetorheological finish (MRF) process is investigated and compared with conventional aluminum 6061. Both the surface roughness Ra was evaluated using white light interferometers. Finally, indicators such as optimal fabrication parameter combination and optical performance are discussed.

Optimum processing parameters for the fabrication of twill flax fabric-reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zuhudi, Nurul Zuhairah Mahmud; Minhat, Mulia; Shamsuddin, Mohd Hafizi; Isa, Mohd Dali; Nur, Nurhayati Mohd

2017-12-01

In recent years, natural fabric thermoplastic composites such as flax have received much attention due to its attractive capabilities for structural applications. It is crucial to study the processing of flax fabric materials in order to achieve good quality and cost-effectiveness in fibre reinforced composites. Though flax fabric has been widely utilized for several years in composite applications due to its high strength and abundance in nature, much work has been concentrated on short flax fibre and very little work focused on using flax fabric. The effectiveness of the flax fabric is expected to give higher strength performance due to its structure but the processing needs to be optimised. Flax fabric composites were fabricated using compression moulding due to its simplicity, gives good surface finish and relatively low cost in terms of labour and production. Further, the impregnation of the polymer into the fabric is easier in this process. As the fabric weave structure contributes to the impregnation quality which leads to the overall performance, the processing parameters of consolidation i.e. pressure, time, and weight fraction of fabric were optimized using the Taguchi method. This optimization enhances the consolidation quality of the composite by improving the composite mechanical properties, three main tests were conducted i.e. tensile, flexural and impact test. It is observed that the processing parameter significantly affected the consolidation and quality of composite.

Marginal and internal discrepancies of zirconia copings: effects of milling system and finish line design.

PubMed

Ribeiro, Isabella Lima Arrais; Campos, Fernanda; Sousa, Rafael Santiago; Alves, Maria Luiza Lima; Rodrigues, Dalton Matos; Souza, Rodrigo Othavio Assuncão; Bottino, Marco Antonio

2015-01-01

Discrepancies at the abutment/crown interface can affect the longevity of zirconia restorations. The aim was to evaluate the marginal and internal discrepancies (MD and ID) of zirconia copings manufactured by two milling systems with different finish lines. Three aluminum-master-dies (h = 5.5 mm; Ψ =7.5 mm; 6΀), with different finish lines (large chamfer [LC]; tilted chamfer [TC]; rounded shoulder [RS]) were fabricated. Twenty impressions were made from each master die and poured. Sixty zirconia copings were manufactured and divided according to the factors "finish line" and "milling system" (n = 10): CAD LC = Computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) + LC; CAD TC = CAD/CAM + TC; CAD RS = CAD/CAM + RS; MAD LC = manually aided design/manually aided manufacturing (MAD/MAM) + LC; MAD TC = MAD/MAM + TC; and MAD RS = MAD/MAM + RS. For MD analysis, each coping was fixed, and the distance between the external edges of the coping and the edge of the cervical preparation was measured (50 points). Using the same copings, the ID of each coping was evaluated, by the replica technique, at 12 points equally distributed among the regions (n = 10): Ray (R), axial (A), and occlusal (Occl). The measurements were performed by optical microscopy (Χ250). The data (μm) were subjected to parametric and non-parametric statistical analyses. For the MAD/MAM system, the "finish line" (P = 0.0001) affected significantly the MD median values (μm): LC = 251.80 a , RS = 68.40 a and TC = 8.10 b (Dunn's test). For the CAD/CAM system, the median MD values (μm) were not affected by the factor "finish line" (P = 0.4037): LC = 0.82 a , RS = 0.52 a , and TC = 0.89 a . For the ID, it was observed interaction between the finish line types and the region (P = 0.0001) and between region and milling system (P = 0.0031) (RM-ANOVA). The CAD/CAM system presented lower MD values, regardless the finish line. However, the MAD/MAM system showed ID values smaller than those of CAD/CAM.

Sub-second thermoplastic forming of bulk metallic glasses by ultrasonic beating

PubMed Central

Ma, Jiang; Liang, Xiong; Wu, Xiaoyu; Liu, Zhiyuan; Gong, Feng

2015-01-01

The work proposed a novel thermoplastic forming approach–the ultrasonic beating forming (UBF) method for bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) in present work. The rapid forming approach can finish the thermoplastic forming of BMGs in less than one second, avoiding the time-dependent crystallization and oxidation to the most extent. Besides, the UBF is also proved to be competent in the fabrication of structures with the length scale ranging from macro scale to nano scale. Our results propose a novel route for the thermoplastic forming of BMGs and have promising applications in the rapid fabrication of macro to nano scale products and devices. PMID:26644149

Progress in composite structure and space construction systems technology

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bodle, J. B.; Jenkins, L. M.

1981-01-01

The development of deployable and fabricated composite trusses for large space structures by NASA and private industry is reviewed. Composite materials technology is discussed with a view toward fabrication processes and the characteristics of finished truss beams. Advances in roll-forming open section caps from graphite-composite strip material and new ultrasonic welding techniques are outlined. Vacuum- and gravity-effect test results show that the ultrasonic welding of graphite-thermoplastic materials in space is feasible. The structural characteristics of a prototype truss segment are presented. A new deployable graphite-composite truss with high packaging density for broad application to large space platforms is described.

Single-point diamond crushing of Zerodur with in-situ polishing and metrology on a diamond turning machine

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bryan, J.B.; Carter, D.L.

1985-04-01

Large, complicated, aspherical optical elements of glass are presently used in many astronomical devices, both on land and in space. Grazing-incident mirrors are envisioned for use in such missions as the proposed Advanced X-Ray Astrophysical Facility (AXAF), the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE), and others. These elements are very expensive to fabricate because a great deal of time and labor are required to shape a glass blank. The fabrication of these mirrors can best be achieved by applying precision machining techniques and precision machines for figuring and finishing low-expansion glasses such as Zerodur.

Understanding and reduction of defects on finished EUV masks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liang, Ted; Sanchez, Peter; Zhang, Guojing; Shu, Emily; Nagpal, Rajesh; Stivers, Alan

2005-05-01

To reduce the risk of EUV lithography adaptation for the 32nm technology node in 2009, Intel has operated a EUV mask Pilot Line since early 2004. The Pilot Line integrates all the necessary process modules including common tool sets shared with current photomask production as well as EUV specific tools. This integrated endeavor ensures a comprehensive understanding of any issues, and development of solutions for the eventual fabrication of defect-free EUV masks. Two enabling modules for "defect-free" masks are pattern inspection and repair, which have been integrated into the Pilot Line. This is the first time we are able to look at real defects originated from multilayer blanks and patterning process on finished masks over entire mask area. In this paper, we describe our efforts in the qualification of DUV pattern inspection and electron beam mask repair tools for Pilot Line operation, including inspection tool sensitivity, defect classification and characterization, and defect repair. We will discuss the origins of each of the five classes of defects as seen by DUV pattern inspection tool on finished masks, and present solutions of eliminating and mitigating them.

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Economic Affairs

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-06-28

reducing the application of melamine formaldehyde resins which are used for the final finishing processes of fabrics since a harmful sub- stance...superphosphate and urea for private plots. Many letters arrive from Siberia, the Urals, Moldavia and from the Moscow region. Even in Moscow itself...Progressive types of rolled metal, including galvanized steel sheet, as well as efficient plastics, resins , polymers, timber products etc., are being

Design and technical support for development of a molded fabric space suit joint

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Olson, L. Howard

1994-01-01

NASA Ames Research Center has under design a new joint or element for use in a space suit. The design concept involves molding a fabric to a geometry developed at Ames. Unusual characteristics of this design include the need to produce a fabric molding draw ratio on the order of thirty percent circumferentially on the surface. Previous work done at NASA on molded fabric joints has shown that standard, NASA qualified polyester fabrics as are currently available in the textile industry for use in suits have a maximum of about fifteen percent draw ratio. NASA has done the fundamental design for a prototype joint and of a mold which would impart the correct shape to the fabric support layer of the joint. NASA also has the capability to test a finished product for suitability and reliability. Responsibilities resting with Georgia Tech in the design effort for this project are textile related, namely fiber selection, fabric design to achieve the properties of the objective design, and determining production means and sources for the fabrics. The project goals are to produce a prototype joint using the NASA design for evaluation of effectiveness by NASA, and to establish the sources and specifications which would allow reliable and repeatable production of the joint.

Magnetorheological finishing (MRF) of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystals: nonaqueous fluids development, optical finish, and laser damage performance at 1064 nm and 532 nm

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Menapace, J A; Ehrmann, P R; Bickel, R C

2009-11-05

Over the past year we have been working on specialized MR fluids for polishing KDP crystals. KDP is an extremely difficult material to conventionally polish due to its water solubility, low hardness, and temperature sensitivity. Today, KDP crystals are finished using single-point diamond turning (SPDT) tools and nonaqueous lubricants/coolants. KDP optics fabricated using SPDT, however, are limited to surface corrections due to tool/method characteristics with surface quality driven by microroughness from machine pitch, speed, force, and diamond tool character. MRF polishing offers a means to circumvent many of these issues since it is deterministic which makes the technique practical formore » surface and transmitted wavefront correction, is low force, and is temperature independent. What is lacking is a usable nonaqueous MR fluid that is chemically and physically compatible with KDP which can be used for polishing and subsequently cleaned from the optical surface. In this study, we will present the fluid parameters important in the design and development of nonaqueous MR fluid formulations capable of polishing KDP and how these parameters affect MRF polishing. We will also discuss requirements peculiar to successful KDP polishing and how they affect optical figure/finish and laser damage performance at 1064 nm and 532 nm.« less

Ultrasound irradiation based in-situ synthesis of star-like Tragacanth gum/zinc oxide nanoparticles on cotton fabric.

PubMed

Ghayempour, Soraya; Montazer, Majid

2017-01-01

Application of natural biopolymers for green and safe synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the textiles is a novel and interesting approach. The present study offers the use of natural biopolymer, Tragacanth gum, as the reducing, stabilizing and binding agent for in-situ synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the cotton fabric. Ultrasonic irradiation leads to clean and easy synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles in short-time at low-temperature. FESEM/EDX, XRD, FT-IR spectroscopy, DSC, photocatalytic activities and antimicrobial assay are used to characterize Tragacanth gum/zinc oxide nanoparticles coated cotton fabric. The analysis confirmed synthesis of star-like zinc oxide nanoparticles with hexagonal wurtzite structure on the cotton fabric with the average particle size of 62nm. The finished cotton fabric showed a good photocatalytic activity on degradation of methylene blue and 100% antimicrobial properties with inhibition zone of 3.3±0.1, 3.1±0.1 and 3.0±0.1mm against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Laser surface modification of electrically conductive fabrics: Material performance improvement and design effects

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tunakova, Veronika; Hrubosova, Zuzana; Tunak, Maros; Kasparova, Marie; Mullerova, Jana

2018-01-01

Development of lightweight flexible materials for electromagnetic interference shielding has obtained increased attention in recent years particularly for clothing, textiles in-house use and technical applications especially in areas of aircraft, aerospace, automobiles and flexible electronics such as portable electronics and wearable devices. There are many references in the literature concerning development and investigation of electromagnetic shielding lightweight flexible materials especially textile based with different electrically conductive additives. However, only little attention is paid to designing and enhancing the properties of these special fabrics by textile finishing processes. Laser technology applied as a physical treatment method is becoming very popular and can be used in different applications to make improvement and even overcome drawbacks of some of the traditional processes. The main purpose of this study is firstly to analyze the possibilities of transferring design onto the surface of electrically conductive fabrics by laser beam and secondly to study of effect of surface modification degree on performance of conductive fabric including electromagnetic shielding ability and mechanical properties. Woven fabric made of yarns containing 10% of extremely thin stainless steel fiber was used as a conductive substrate.

Influence of Tow Architecture on Compaction and Nesting in Textile Preforms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yousaf, Z.; Potluri, P.; Withers, P. J.

2017-04-01

Transverse compression response of tows during processes such as vacuum infusion or autoclave curing has significant influence on resin permeability in fabrics as well as the laminate thickness, fibre volume fraction and tow orientations in the finished composite. This paper reports macro -scale deformations in dry fibre assemblies due to transverse compaction. In this study, influence of weave geometry and the presence of interlacements or stitches on the ply-level compaction as well as nesting have been investigated. 2D woven fabrics with a variety of interlacement patterns - plain, twill and sateen- as well as stitched Non-crimp (NCF) fabrics have been investigated for macro-level deformations. Compression response of single layer and multilayer stacks has been studied as a function of external pressure in order to establish nesting behaviour. It appears that the degree of individual ply compaction and degree of nesting between the plies are influenced by tow architectures. Inter-tow spacing and stitching thread thickness appears to influence the degree of nesting in non-crimp fabrics.

Preparation of rich handles soft cellulosic fabric using amino silicone based softener. Part-I: Surface smoothness and softness properties.

PubMed

Zia, Khalid Mahmood; Tabassum, Shazia; Barkaat-ul-Hasin, Syed; Zuber, Mohammad; Jamil, Tahir; Jamal, Muhammad Asghar

2011-04-01

A series of amino silicone based softeners with different emulsifiers were prepared and adsorbed onto the surfaces of cotton and blends of cotton/polyester fabrics. Factors affecting the performance properties of the finished substrate such as post-treatment with amino functional silicone based softener varying different emulsifiers in their formulations and its concentration on different processed fabrics were studied. Fixation of the amino-functional silicone softener onto/or within the cellulose structure is accompanied by the formation of semi-inter-penetrated network structure thereby enhancing both the extent of crosslinking and networking as well as providing very high softness. The results of the experiments indicate that the amino silicone can form a hydrophobic film on both cotton and blends of cotton/polyester fabrics and its coating reduces the surface roughness significantly. Furthermore, the roughness becomes lesser with an increase in the applied strength of amino silicone based softener. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Energy efficient engine shroudless, hollow fan blade technology report

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Michael, C. J.

1981-01-01

The Shroudless, Hollow Fan Blade Technology program was structured to support the design, fabrication, and subsequent evaluation of advanced hollow and shroudless blades for the Energy Efficient Engine fan component. Rockwell International was initially selected to produce hollow airfoil specimens employing the superplastic forming/diffusion bonding (SPF/DB) fabrication technique. Rockwell demonstrated that a titanium hollow structure could be fabricated utilizing SPF/DB manufacturing methods. However, some problems such as sharp internal cavity radii and unsatisfactory secondary bonding of the edge and root details prevented production of the required quantity of fatigue test specimens. Subsequently, TRW was selected to (1) produce hollow airfoil test specimens utilizing a laminate-core/hot isostatic press/diffusion bond approach, and (2) manufacture full-size hollow prototype fan blades utilizing the technology that evolved from the specimen fabrication effort. TRW established elements of blade design and defined laminate-core/hot isostatic press/diffusion bonding fabrication techniques to produce test specimens. This fabrication technology was utilized to produce full size hollow fan blades in which the HIP'ed parts were cambered/twisted/isothermally forged, finish machined, and delivered to Pratt & Whitney Aircraft and NASA for further evaluation.

Comparison of UV Protection Properties of Cotton Fabrics Treated with Aqueous and Methanolic Extracts of Achyranthes aspera and Alhagi maurorum Plants.

PubMed

Nazir, Ahsan; Saleem, Muhammad Asad; Nazir, Faiza; Hussain, Tanveer; Faizan, Muhammad Qasim; Usman, Muhammad

2016-03-01

UV radiations are high-energy radiations present in sunlight that can damage human skin. Protection against these radiations becomes vital especially in those areas of the globe where UV index is quite high that makes the inhabitants more prone to dangerous effects of UV radiations. Clothing materials are good blockers of UV radiations, particularly when the fabric cover factor is high and/or the fabrics contain suitable UV-blocking finishes. In this study, effect of application of aqueous and methanolic extracts of two different plants, i.e., Achyranthes aspera and Alhagi maurorum on UV protection properties of cotton fabric was investigated. The results showed that the fabric samples treated with extracts of both the plants have excellent UV protection properties as indicated by their ultraviolet protection factor. It was concluded that both the aqueous and methanolic plant extracts are very effective in blocking UVA and UVB radiations, when applied on cotton fabrics. The UV protection performance of Achyranthes aspera extracts was much better as compared to that of Alhagi maurorum, and methanolic extracts of both the plants outperformed the aqueous extracts in terms of UV protection. © 2016 The American Society of Photobiology.

Ecofriendly Fire Retardant and Rot Resistance Finishing of Jute Fabric Using Tin and Boron Based Compound

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Samanta, Ashis Kumar; Bagchi, Arindam

2017-06-01

Treatment with sodium stannate followed by treatment with boric acid imparts jute fabric wash fast fire resistance property as indicated by its Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) value and 45° inclined flammability test results. The treatment was carried out by impregnation of sodium stannate followed by impregnation with an aqueous solution of boric acid and drying. Application of sodium stannate (20%) and boric acid (20%) treatment on jute fabric showed balanced flame retardancy property (LOI value 34) with some loss in fabric tenacity (loss of tenacity is 14.5%). Treated fabric retained good fire retardant property after three consecutive washing. Treated fabric also possessed good rot resistance property as indicated by soil burial test and strength retention after 21 days soil burial was found to be 65%. It is found that of sodium stannate and boric acid combination by double bath process form a synergistic durable fire-retardant as well as rot resistant when impregnated on jute material, which is considerably greater than the use of either sodium stannate or boric acid alone. TGA, FTIR and SEM analysis are also reported to support the results and reaction mechanism.

CNC water-jet machining and cutting center

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bartlett, D. C.

1991-09-01

Computer Numerical Control (CNC) water-jet machining was investigated to determine the potential applications and cost-effectiveness that would result by establishing this capability in the engineering shops of Allied-Signal Inc., Kansas City Division (KCD). Both conductive and nonconductive samples were machined at KCD on conventional machining equipment (a three-axis conversational programmed mill and a wire electrical discharge machine) and on two current-technology water-jet machines at outside vendors. These samples were then inspected, photographed, and evaluated. The current-technology water-jet machines were not as accurate as the conventional equipment. The resolution of the water-jet equipment was only +/- 0.005 inch, as compared to +/- 0.0002 inch for the conventional equipment. The principal use for CNC water-jet machining would be as follows: Contouring to near finished shape those items made from 300 and 400 series stainless steels, titanium, Inconel, aluminum, glass, or any material whose fabrication tolerance is less than the machine resolution of +/- 0.005 inch; and contouring to finished shape those items made from Kevlar, rubber, fiberglass, foam, aluminum, or any material whose fabrication specifications allow the use of a machine with +/- 0.005 inch tolerance. Additional applications are possible because there is minimal force generated on the material being cut and because the water-jet cuts without generating dust.

Magnetorheological Finishing for Imprinting Continuous Phase Plate Structure onto Optical Surfaces

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Menapace, J A; Dixit, S N; Genin, F Y

2004-01-05

Magnetorheological finishing (MRF) techniques have been developed to manufacture continuous phase plates (CPP's) and custom phase corrective structures on polished fused silica surfaces. These phase structures are important for laser applications requiring precise manipulation and control of beam-shape, energy distribution, and wavefront profile. The MRF's unique deterministic-sub-aperture polishing characteristics make it possible to imprint complex topographical information onto optical surfaces at spatial scale-lengths approaching 1 mm. In this study, we present the results of experiments and model calculations that explore imprinting two-dimensional sinusoidal structures. Results show how the MRF removal function impacts and limits imprint fidelity and what must bemore » done to arrive at a high quality surface. We also present several examples of this imprinting technology for fabrication of phase correction plates and CPPs for use at high fluences.« less

Ultra precision machining

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Debra, Daniel B.; Hesselink, Lambertus; Binford, Thomas

1990-05-01

There are a number of fields that require or can use to advantage very high precision in machining. For example, further development of high energy lasers and x ray astronomy depend critically on the manufacture of light weight reflecting metal optical components. To fabricate these optical components with machine tools they will be made of metal with mirror quality surface finish. By mirror quality surface finish, it is meant that the dimensions tolerances on the order of 0.02 microns and surface roughness of 0.07. These accuracy targets fall in the category of ultra precision machining. They cannot be achieved by a simple extension of conventional machining processes and techniques. They require single crystal diamond tools, special attention to vibration isolation, special isolation of machine metrology, and on line correction of imperfection in the motion of the machine carriages on their way.

Effects of surface-finishing protocols on the roughness, color change, and translucency of different ceramic systems.

PubMed

Akar, Gülcan Coşkun; Pekkan, Gürel; Çal, Ebru; Eskitaşçıoğlu, Gürcan; Özcan, Mutlu

2014-08-01

Surface-finishing protocols have a mechanical impact on ceramic surfaces that could eventually affect surface topography and light scattering. An optimum protocol is needed to avoid damaging the optical properties of ceramics. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of different surface-finishing protocols on the surface roughness, color change, and translucency of ceramic and metal ceramic restorations. Standardized disk-shaped specimens (1.5 × 10 mm, n=128) were fabricated from 3 different ceramic core materials (aluminum oxide [Al2O3]-AL, zirconium oxide [ZrO2]-ZR, lithium disilicate [Li2Si2O5]-LIT), veneered (V) with dentin ceramics (n=32 per group), and placed in the following groups: ALV, ZRV, and LITV. The metal ceramic group acted as the control (n=32). Four different surface-finishing methods were tested. Airborne-particle abrasion with 50 μm Al2O3, polishing with adjustment kit, polishing with adjustment kit plus diamond polishing paste, and autoglazing (n=8 subgroup) were applied on the veneering ceramics. The specimens were analyzed with a profilometer for surface roughness, and color change and translucency were measured with a clinical spectrophotometer. Statistical analyses were performed with 1-way ANOVA and the Tukey honest significant difference tests (α=.05). Specimens treated with the airborne particle abrasion method showed significantly higher mean profilometer for surface roughness values in all groups (P<.05). The polishing with adjustment kit and autoglazing methods revealed statistically similar surface roughness values in all groups (P>.05). With the diamond polishing paste method, lower surface roughness values were achieved in the ZRV and metal ceramic groups acted as the control groups. Different surface-finishing methods affected the color change of the ceramic systems, except for ZRV. Surface-finishing protocols significantly affected the translucency values of the ALV, LITV, and metal ceramic groups (P<.05). No single surface-finishing protocol can be recommended to obtain the smoothest surface and the least color change without affecting translucency for the ceramics tested. The airborne-particle abrasion protocol created rougher surfaces and decreased translucency, and color change in zirconia was not affected by the finishing protocols. Copyright © 2014 Editorial Council for the Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Mechanical Reliability of the Epoxy Sn-58wt.%Bi Solder Joints with Different Surface Finishes Under Thermal Shock

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sung, Yong-Gue; Myung, Woo-Ram; Jeong, Haksan; Ko, Min-Kwan; Moon, Jeonghoon; Jung, Seung-Boo

2018-04-01

The effect of thermal shock on the mechanical reliability of epoxy Sn-58wt.%Bi composite (epoxy Sn-58wt.%Bi) solder joints was investigated with different surface-finished substrates. Sn-58wt.%Bi-based solder has been considered as a promising candidate for low-temperature solder among various lead-free solders. However, Sn-58wt.%Bi solder joints can be easily broken under impact conditions such as mechanical shock, drop tests, and bending tests because of their poor ductility. Therefore, previous researchers have tried to improve the mechanical property of Sn-58wt.%Bi solder by additional elements and mixtures of metal powder and epoxy resin. Epoxy Sn-58wt.%Bi solder paste was fabricated by mixing epoxy resin and Sn-58wt.%Bi solder powder to enhance the mechanical reliability of Sn-58wt.%Bi solder joints. The epoxy Sn-58wt.%Bi solder paste was screen-printed onto various printed circuit board surfaces finished with organic solder preservatives (OSP), electroless nickel immersion gold (ENIG), and electroless nickel electroless palladium immersion gold (ENEPIG). The test components were prepared by a reflow process at a peak temperature of 190°C. The thermal shock test was carried out under the temperature range of - 40 to 125°C to evaluate the reliability of Sn-58wt.%Bi and epoxy Sn-58wt.%Bi solder joints. The OSP-finished sample showed a relatively higher mechanical property than those of ENIG and ENEPIG after thermal shock. The average number of cycles for epoxy Sn-58wt.%Bi solder with the OSP surface finish were 6 times higher than that for Sn-58wt.%Bi solder with the same finish. The microstructures of the solder joints were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, and the composition of the intermetallic compound (IMC) layer was analyzed by using energy dispersive spectrometry. Cu6Sn5 IMC was formed by the reaction between Sn-58wt.%Bi solder and a OSP surface-finished Cu after the reflow process. Ni3Sn4 IMC and (Ni, Pd)3Sn4 IMC were formed at the solder joints between the ENIG and solder, and between ENEPIG surface finish and solders, respectively.

Mechanical Reliability of the Epoxy Sn-58wt.%Bi Solder Joints with Different Surface Finishes Under Thermal Shock

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sung, Yong-Gue; Myung, Woo-Ram; Jeong, Haksan; Ko, Min-Kwan; Moon, Jeonghoon; Jung, Seung-Boo

2018-07-01

The effect of thermal shock on the mechanical reliability of epoxy Sn-58wt.%Bi composite (epoxy Sn-58wt.%Bi) solder joints was investigated with different surface-finished substrates. Sn-58wt.%Bi-based solder has been considered as a promising candidate for low-temperature solder among various lead-free solders. However, Sn-58wt.%Bi solder joints can be easily broken under impact conditions such as mechanical shock, drop tests, and bending tests because of their poor ductility. Therefore, previous researchers have tried to improve the mechanical property of Sn-58wt.%Bi solder by additional elements and mixtures of metal powder and epoxy resin. Epoxy Sn-58wt.%Bi solder paste was fabricated by mixing epoxy resin and Sn-58wt.%Bi solder powder to enhance the mechanical reliability of Sn-58wt.%Bi solder joints. The epoxy Sn-58wt.%Bi solder paste was screen-printed onto various printed circuit board surfaces finished with organic solder preservatives (OSP), electroless nickel immersion gold (ENIG), and electroless nickel electroless palladium immersion gold (ENEPIG). The test components were prepared by a reflow process at a peak temperature of 190°C. The thermal shock test was carried out under the temperature range of - 40 to 125°C to evaluate the reliability of Sn-58wt.%Bi and epoxy Sn-58wt.%Bi solder joints. The OSP-finished sample showed a relatively higher mechanical property than those of ENIG and ENEPIG after thermal shock. The average number of cycles for epoxy Sn-58wt.%Bi solder with the OSP surface finish were 6 times higher than that for Sn-58wt.%Bi solder with the same finish. The microstructures of the solder joints were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, and the composition of the intermetallic compound (IMC) layer was analyzed by using energy dispersive spectrometry. Cu6Sn5 IMC was formed by the reaction between Sn-58wt.%Bi solder and a OSP surface-finished Cu after the reflow process. Ni3Sn4 IMC and (Ni, Pd)3Sn4 IMC were formed at the solder joints between the ENIG and solder, and between ENEPIG surface finish and solders, respectively.

Fabrication of robust tooling for mass production of polymeric microfluidic devices

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fu, G.; Tor, S. B.; Loh, N. H.; Hardt, D. E.

2010-08-01

Polymer microfluidic devices are gaining popularity for bio-applications. In both commonly used methods for the fabrication of polymer microfluidic devices, i.e. injection molding and hot-embossing, the quality of a mold insert is of high importance. Micro powder injection molding (μPIM) provides a suitable option for metal mold insert fabrication. In this paper, two mold inserts with micro-features of different patterns and sizes were produced using 316L stainless steel powder and an in-house binder system. The mold inserts were successfully used to produce cyclic olefin copolymer (COC, trade name TOPAS) micromixer plates with micro-channels of widths 100 µm and 50 µm. Compared with CNC-machined hot work steel mold inserts, the quality of the micro-channels is better as far as geometrical quality and dimensional tolerance are concerned. However, surface finish and flatness of the μPIM mold inserts are inferior to those of CNC-machined mold inserts.

High Tensile Strength Amalgams for In-Space Fabrication and Repair

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Grugel, Richard N.

2006-01-01

Amalgams are well known for their use in dental practice as a tooth filling material. They have a number of useful attributes that include room temperature fabrication, corrosion resistance, dimensional stability, and very good compressive strength. These properties well serve dental needs but, unfortunately, amalgams have extremely poor tensile strength, a feature that severely limits other potential applications. Improved material properties (strength and temperature) of amalgams may have application to the freeform fabrication of repairs or parts that might be necessary during an extended space mission. Advantages would include, but are not limited to: the ability to produce complex parts, a minimum number of processing steps, minimum crew interaction, high yield - minimum wasted material, reduced gravity compatibility, minimum final finishing, safety, and minimum power consumption. The work presented here shows how the properties of amalgams can be improved by changing particle geometries in conjunction with novel engineering metals.

Fabrication and testing of 4.2m off-axis aspheric primary mirror of Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Oh, Chang Jin; Lowman, Andrew E.; Smith, Greg A.; Su, Peng; Huang, Run; Su, Tianquan; Kim, Daewook; Zhao, Chunyu; Zhou, Ping; Burge, James H.

2016-07-01

Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope (formerly known as Advanced Technology Solar Telescope) will be the largest optical solar telescope ever built to provide greatly improved image, spatial and spectral resolution and to collect sufficient light flux of Sun. To meet the requirements of the telescope the design adopted a 4m aperture off-axis parabolic primary mirror with challenging specifications of the surface quality including the surface figure, irregularity and BRDF. The mirror has been completed at the College of Optical Sciences in the University of Arizona and it meets every aspect of requirement with margin. In fact this mirror may be the smoothest large mirror ever made. This paper presents the detail fabrication process and metrology applied to the mirror from the grinding to finish, that include extremely stable hydraulic support, IR and Visible deflectometry, Interferometry and Computer Controlled fabrication process developed at the University of Arizona.

Assessment of the influence of surface finishing and weld joints on the corrosion/oxidation behaviour of stainless steels in lead bismuth eutectic

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Martín-Muñoz, F. J.; Soler-Crespo, L.; Gómez-Briceño, D.

2011-09-01

The objective of this paper is to gain some insight into the influence of the surface finishing in the oxidation/corrosion behaviour of 316L and T91 steels in lead bismuth eutectic (LBE). Specimens of both materials with different surface states were prepared (as-received, grinded, grinded and polished, and electrolitically polished) and oxidation tests were carried out at 775 and 825 K from 100 to 2000 h for two different oxygen concentrations and for H 2/H 2O molar ratios of 3 and 0.03. The general conclusion for these tests is that the effect of surface finishing on the corrosion/protection processes is not significant under the tested conditions. In addition the behaviour of weld joints, T91-T91 Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) and T91-316L have been also studied under similar conditions. The conclusions are that, whereas T91-T91 welded joint shows the same corrosion properties as the parent materials for the conditions tested, AISI 316L-T91 welded joint, present an important dissolution over seam area that it associated to the electrode 309S used for the fabrication process.

A Flexible Alignment Fixture for the Fabrication of Replication Mandrels

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cuttino, James F.; Todd, Michael W.

1996-01-01

NASA uses precision diamond turning technology to fabricate replication mandrels for its X-ray Calibration Facility (XRCF) optics. The XRCF optics are tubular, and the internal surface contains a parabolic profile over the first section and a hyperbolic profile over the last. The optic is fabricated by depositing layers of gold and nickel on to the replication mandrel and then separating it from the mandrel. Since the mandrel serves as a replication form, it must contain the inverse image of the surface. The difficulty in aligning the mandrel comes from the fabrication steps which it undergoes. The mandrel is rough machined and heat treated prior to diamond turning. After diamond turning, silicon rubber separators which are undercut in radius by 3 mm (0.12 in.) are inserted between the two end caps of the mandrel to allow the plating to wrap around the ends (to prevent flaking). The mandrel is then plated with a nickel-phosphor alloy using an electroless nickel process. At this point, the separators are removed and the mandrel is reassembled for the final cut on the DTM. The mandrel is measured for profile and finish, and polished to achieve an acceptable surface finish. Wrapping the plating around the edges helps to prevent flaking, but it also destroys the alignment surfaces between the parts of the mandrel that insure that the axes of the parts are coincident. Several mandrels have been realigned by trial-and-error methods, consuming significant amounts of setup time. When the mandrel studied in this paper was reassembled, multiple efforts resulted in a minimum radial error motion of 100 microns. Since 50 microns of nickel plating was to be removed, and a minimum plating thickness of 25 microns was to remain on the part, the radial error motion had to be reduced to less than 25 microns. The mandrel was therefore not usable in its current state.

IRIS Health Assessment of 2,2',4,4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl Ether (BDE-47) CASRN 5436-43-12,2',4,4',5-Pentabromodiphenyl Ether (BDE-99) CASRN 60348-60-92,2',4,4',5,5'-Hexabromodiphenyl Ether (BDE-153) CASRN 68631-49-22,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'-Decabromodiphenyl Ether (BDE-209) CASRN 1163-19-5

EPA Science Inventory

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame retardants in furniture foam (pentaBDE), plastics for TV cabinets, consumer electronics, wire insulation, and backcoatings for draperies and upholstery (decaBDE), and plastics for personal computers and small appliances (oc...

Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium Proceedings Held in Austin, Texas on August 9-11, 1993

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-09-01

between the accuracy and the size of the geometric description. Highly non-linear surfaces, such as those that comprise turbine blades , manifolds...flange. The fan blades were modeled using different surfacing techniques. Seven blades are then combined with the rotor to make the completed fan. Figure...successfully cast in aluminum, titanium , beryllium-copper, and stainless steel, with RMS surface finish as low as 1 micrometer, without any subsequent

Design Guide: Designing and Building High Voltage Power Supplies. Volume 2

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-08-01

and edges. * Isolation system: * One layer ol’ Tedlar: or type 120 glass fabric with a compatible resin : or finish. 199 5.4.2 Composite Joints...plastics Cellulose esters Asphalt Cork Chloride flux Epoxy resins Copper (bare) Masonite Fiber board Melamine resins Greases Nylon Polyvinyl chloride resins ...cycloaliphatic epoxy to a level inferior to the porcelain. In one application having a glass -cloth epoxy- based laminate coated with cycloaliphatic epoxy the

Improved Net-Level Filling And Finishing Of Large Castings

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Johnson, Erik P.; Brown, Richard F.

1995-01-01

Improved method of vacuum casting of large, generally cylindrical objects to net sizes and shapes reduces amount of direct manual labor by workers in proximity to cast material. Original application for which method devised is fabrication of solid rocket-motor segments containing solid propellant, wherein need to minimize exposure of workers to propellant material being cast. Improved method adaptable to other applications involving large castings of toxic, flammable, or otherwise hazardous materials.

Precision machining of optical surfaces with subaperture correction technologies MRF and IBF

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schmelzer, Olaf; Feldkamp, Roman

2015-10-01

Precision optical elements are used in a wide range of technical instrumentations. Many optical systems e.g. semiconductor inspection modules, laser heads for laser material processing or high end movie cameras, contain precision optics even aspherical or freeform surfaces. Critical parameters for such systems are wavefront error, image field curvature or scattered light. Following these demands the lens parameters are also critical concerning power and RMSi of the surface form error and micro roughness. How can we reach these requirements? The emphasis of this discussion is set on the application of subaperture correction technologies in the fabrication of high-end aspheres and free-forms. The presentation focuses on the technology chain necessary for the production of high-precision aspherical optical components and the characterization of the applied subaperture finishing tools MRF (magneto-rheological finishing) and IBF (ion beam figuring). These technologies open up the possibility of improving the performance of optical systems.

Solid oxide fuel cell with multi-unit construction and prismatic design

DOEpatents

McPheeters, Charles C.; Dees, Dennis W.; Myles, Kevin M.

1999-01-01

A single cell unit of a solid oxide fuel cell that is individually fabricated and sintered prior to being connected to adjacent cells to form a solid oxide fuel cell. The single cell unit is comprised of a shaped anode sheet positioned between a flat anode sheet and an anode-electrolyte-cathode (A/E/C) sheet, and a shaped cathode sheet positioned between the A/E/C sheet and a cathode-interconnect-anode (C/I/A) sheet. An alternate embodiment comprises a shaped cathode sheet positioned between an A/E/C sheet and a C/I/A sheet. The shaped sheets form channels for conducting reactant gases. Each single cell unit is individually sintered to form a finished sub-assembly. The finished sub-assemblies are connected in electrical series by interposing connective material between the end surfaces of adjacent cells, whereby individual cells may be inspected for defects and interchanged with non-defective single cell units.

Effect of Sizings on the Durability of High Temperature Polymer Composites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Allred, Ronald E.; Shin, E. Eugene; Inghram, Linda; McCorkle, Linda; Papadopoulos, Demetrios; Wheeler, Donald; Sutter, James K.

2003-01-01

To increase performance and durability of high-temperature composite for potential rocket engine components, it is necessary to optimize wetting and interfacial bonding between high modulus carbon fibers and high-temperature polyimide resins. Sizing commercially supplied on most carbon fiber are not compatible with polyimides. In this study, the chemistry of sizing on two high modulus carbon fiber (M40J and M60J, Tiray) was characterized. A continuous desizling system that uses an environmentally friendly chemical-mechanical process was developed for tow level fiber. Composites were fabricated with fibers containing the manufacturer's sizing, desized, and further treated with a reactive finish. Results of room-temperature tests after thermal aging show that the reactive finish produces a higher strength and more durable interface compared to the manufacturer's sizing. When exposed to moisture blistering tests, however, the butter bonded composite displayed a tendency to delaminate, presumably due to trapping of volatiles.

Evaluation of materials proposed for use in space flight

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Duncan, W. C.

1981-01-01

The primary irritancy and allergenicity of flame resistant treated cotton knit shirts proposed for use in space flight were evaluated. The knitted shirts were supplied by NASA as follows: knitted shirts with collars were made of two-ply mercerized single-knit cotton jersey. The fabric was treated with tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium hydroxide and subsequently cured with gaseous ammonia (THPOH/NH3). The final treatment comprised adding on diammonium phosphate (DAP)/urea. The treated fabric was process scoured to remove extraneous materials, top softened and mechanically or chemically finished as required for specific needs. Diammonium phosphate is a more efficient flame inhabitant than the phosphonium; thus, the combination treatment served to impart higher resistance to ignition and sustained combustion as required by NASA test standard.

Parameter optimization for selective laser melting of TiAl6V4 alloy by CO2 laser

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Baitimerov, R. M.; Lykov, P. A.; Radionova, L. V.; Safonov, E. V.

2017-10-01

TiAl6V4 alloy is one of the widely used materials in powder bed fusion additive manufacturing technologies. In recent years selective laser melting (SLM) of TiAl6V4 alloy by fiber laser has been well studied, but SLM by CO2-lasers has not. SLM of TiAl6V4 powder by CO2-laser was studied in this paper. Nine 10×10×10 mm cubic specimens were fabricated using different SLM process parameters. All of the fabricated specimens have a good dense structure and a good surface finish quality without dimensional distortion. The lowest porosity that was achieved was about 0.5%.

Citric acid based durable and sustainable flame retardant treatment for lyocell fabric.

PubMed

Mengal, Naveed; Syed, Uzma; Malik, Samander Ali; Ali Sahito, Iftikhar; Jeong, Sung Hoon

2016-11-20

Pyrovatex CP New, is a commonly used organophosphorus based flame retardant (FR) reagent for cellulosic materials. However, it has a drawback of high formaldehyde release when used with methylated melamine (MM) based cross-linker, a known carcinogenous compound. In the present approach, a durable and sustainable flame retarding recipe formulation for lyocell fabrics is developed using citric acid (CA) as a cross-linker. The FR finish was applied by pad-dry-cure process. The treated fabrics were characterized for surface morphology, elemental analysis, TG analysis, char study and FT-IR spectroscopy. Furthermore, flame retardancy, washing durability, formaldehyde release and breaking strength were also assessed, and compared with the conventional MM based FR recipe. The fabric samples treated with 400gL(-1) of FR with either 40 or 80gL(-1) of CA demonstrate flame retardancy even after 10 washing cycles. Furthermore, a 75% reduction in formaldehyde release is achieved. Higher char yield and lower decomposition temperature are found compared to untreated and FR+ MM treated lyocell. Such an improved sustainable recipe formulation can be used for lyocell fabric without any health risk in apparel wear. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Combined fabrication technique for high-precision aspheric optical windows

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hu, Hao; Song, Ci; Xie, Xuhui

2016-07-01

Specifications made on optical components are becoming more and more stringent with the performance improvement of modern optical systems. These strict requirements not only involve low spatial frequency surface accuracy, mid-and-high spatial frequency surface errors, but also surface smoothness and so on. This presentation mainly focuses on the fabrication process for square aspheric window which combines accurate grinding, magnetorheological finishing (MRF) and smoothing polishing (SP). In order to remove the low spatial frequency surface errors and subsurface defects after accurate grinding, the deterministic polishing method MRF with high convergence and stable material removal rate is applied. Then the SP technology with pseudo-random path is adopted to eliminate the mid-and-high spatial frequency surface ripples and high slope errors which is the defect for MRF. Additionally, the coordinate measurement method and interferometry are combined in different phase. Acid-etched method and ion beam figuring (IBF) are also investigated on observing and reducing the subsurface defects. Actual fabrication result indicates that the combined fabrication technique can lead to high machining efficiency on manufaturing the high-precision and high-quality optical aspheric windows.

X-ray microfocusing with off-axis ellipsoidal mirror

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yumoto, Hirokatsu, E-mail: yumoto@spring8.or.jp; Koyama, Takahisa; Matsuyama, Satoshi

2016-07-27

High-precision ellipsoidal mirrors for two-dimensionally focusing X-rays to nanometer sizes have not been realized because of technical problems in their fabrication processes. The objective of the present study is to develop fabrication techniques for ellipsoidal focusing mirrors in the hard-X-ray region. We design an off-axis ellipsoidal mirror for use under total reflection conditions up to the X-ray energy of 8 keV. We fabricate an ellipsoidal mirror with a surface roughness of 0.3 nm RMS (root-mean-square) and a surface figure error height of 3.0 nm RMS by utilizing a surface profiler and surface finishing method developed by us. The focusing propertiesmore » of the mirror are evaluated at the BL29XUL beamline in SPring-8. A focusing beam size of 270 nm × 360 nm FWHM (full width at half maximum) at an X-ray energy of 7 keV is observed with the use of the knife-edge scanning method. We expect to apply the developed fabrication techniques to construct ellipsoidal nanofocusing mirrors.« less

Properties of M40J Carbon/PMR-II-50 Composites Fabricated with Desized and Surface Treated Fibers. Characterization of M40J Desized and Finished Fibers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Allred, Ronald E.; Gosau, Jan M.; Shin, E. Eugene; McCorkle, Linda S.; Sutter, James K.; OMalley, Michelle; Gray, Hugh R. (Technical Monitor)

2002-01-01

To increase performance and durability of high temperature composites for potential rocket engine components, it is necessary to optimize wetting and interfacial bonding between high modulus carbon fibers and high temperature polyimide resins. It has been previously demonstrated that the electro-oxidative shear treatments used by fiber manufacturers are not effective on higher modulus fibers that have fewer edge and defect sites in the surface crystallites. In addition, sizings commercially supplied on most carbon fibers are not compatible with polyimides. This study was an extension of prior work characterizing the surface chemistry and energy of high modulus carbon fibers (M40J and M60J, Torray) with typical fluorinated polyimide resins, such as PMR-II-50. A continuous desizing system which utilizes environmentally friendly chemical- mechanical processes was developed for tow level fiber and the processes were optimized based on weight loss behavior, surface elemental composition (XPS) and morphology (FE-SEM) analyses, and residual tow strength of the fiber, and the similar approaches have been applied on carbon fabrics. Both desized and further treated with a reactive finish were investigated for the composite reinforcement. The effects of desizing and/or subsequent surface retreatment on carbon fiber on composite properties and performance including fiber-matrix interfacial mechanical properties, thermal properties and blistering onset behavior will be discussed in this presentation.

Satisfaction with Facial Appearance and Quality of Life after Treatment of Face Scars with a Transparent Facial Pressure Mask.

PubMed

Kant, S B; Colla, C; Van den Kerckhove, E; Van der Hulst, R R W J; Piatkowski de Grzymala, A

2018-06-01

Treatment of facial hypertrophic scars and deformities has developed from the use of elastic fabric hoods to transparent facemasks. The clinical effects of these masks have been described. However, the psychological impact of wearing such a mask is not well documented. The aim of this study was to assess patients' satisfaction with their current facial appearance, to assess the end result of facemask therapy, and to assess the decision to have undergone facemask therapy by means of four different FACE-Q questionnaires. Out of the eligible 87 patients who completed the facemask therapy between January 2012 and November 2017, 42 filled out the questionnaires. These patients wore a custom-fabricated facemask because of facial hypertrophic scars and severe postsurgical facial irregularities. Patients who wore the mask 12 to 16 hours per day were significantly more satisfied with the end result compared with those who wore it 4 to 8 hours daily. Also, patients who wore the mask 8 to 12 and 12 to 16 hours each day were more satisfied to have undergone therapy compared with those who wore it 4 to 8 hours daily. Furthermore, patients who finished therapy 3 to 4 years and 4 to 5 years ago reported a significant higher satisfaction with facial appearance compared with those who completed therapy in a time period shorter than 1 year ago. Patients who finished therapy 3 to 4 years ago reported higher satisfaction with their facial appearance compared with those who finished therapy 2 to 3 years ago. Additionally, the Patient and Observer Scar Assessments Score (POSAS) showed a significant reduction between start and end of therapy. This study shows facemask therapy to result in long-lasting stable results. It also shows a longer daily wearing of the facemask to result in the highest satisfaction according to patients. Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Mach 5 electroformed nickel nozzle refurbishment FNAS investigation of ultra-smooth surfaces

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rood, Robert; Griffith, Charles; Engelhaupt, Darell

1992-01-01

This task is in support of the Quiet Hypersonic Wind Tunnel effort currently in effect at NASA Langley Research Center, VA. A laminar flow wind tunnel nozzle has been previously fabricated by electroforming pure nickel over a machined and polished two piece stainless steel mandrel. The mandrel was removed leaving the replicate nozzle surface. The nozzle was then pressed into a heavy stainless steel jacket for mounting features and rigidity. The original nickel surface was a replication of the polished mandrel but had degraded due to oxidation. The inside surface requirements are very stringent in order to achieve laminar or quiet flow at the desired pressure and temperature for the specific design of Mach 5. The throat area of the axisymmetric device must have a surface finish with no defects greater than 16 microinches. This requires an rms average background of about four microinches or better for inspection purposes. A coating of nickel-phosphorous alloy was applied by catalytic deposition and then the inside of the nozzle was polished retaining dimensional and surface finish tolerances as specified per drawings supplied. Since the unit is not an optical component, conventional optical inspection methods for surface finish and figure are not readily achieved. Measurements were made using surface profilometry.

Durable flame retardant and antibacterial finishing on cotton fabrics with cyclotriphosphazene/polydopamine/silver nanoparticles hybrid coatings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Yingzhan; Wang, Bijia; Sui, Xiaofeng; Xie, Ruyi; Xu, Hong; Zhang, Linping; Zhong, Yi; Mao, Zhiping

2018-03-01

Durable flame retardant and antibacterial hybrid coatings were developed for cotton fabrics via simultaneous polymerization of dopamine and hydrolytic condensation of N3P3[NH(CH2)3Si(OC2H5)3]6. Silver nanoparticles were also introduced to the coatings by in situ reaction of AgNO3 with catechol moieties on polydopamine (PDA) in the absence of any external reducing agents. Energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to study the morphology and constitution of the coatings. Thermal stability and combustion behaviors were characterized with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and vertical flammability tests. Considerable flame retardancy was obtained for the modified cotton fabrics, which also exhibited decent antibacterial activities (99.99%) against Gram-positive bacteria S. aureus and Gram-negative bacteria E. coli. The modification was durable with largely intact flame retardancy and antimicrobial properties after 30 washing cycles.

Flexible barrier materials for protection against electromagnetic fields and their characterization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jaroszewski, Maciej

2015-10-01

Composite materials for electromagnetic shielding can be manufactured as textiles using conductive yarns and textiles with conductivity obtained by various finishing processes on textile surfaces. The EM shielding effectiveness of fabrics are improved by lowering its conductivity using different methods and materials. An alternative is the usage of new light shielding materials in the form of metallized nonwoven fabrics or textiles. Their advantages are: a general availability on the market, a low price, good mechanical properties (strength, elasticity) and resistance to the environmental conditions. The composite anisotropic materials with a sandwich structure constituting of materials with different spatial orientations of fibers allow one to achieve relatively high and constant values of the shielding effectiveness which, together with the materials' mechanical properties, leads to a wide range of applicability in various disciplines of modern technology. This article is devoted to innovative flexible materials shielding electromagnetic field. The results of the PEM shielding effectiveness obtained for the polypropylene (PP) nonwoven fabrics metallized by pulsed magnetron sputtering are presented.

A paper-based device for double-stranded DNA detection with Zif268

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Daohong

2017-05-01

Here, a small analytical device was fabricated on both nitrocellulose membrane and filter paper, for the detection of biotinylated double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) from 1 nM. Zif268 was utilized for capturing the target DNA, which was a zinc finger protein that recognized only a dsDNA with specific sequence. Therefore, this detection platform could be utilized for PCR result detection, with the well-designed primers (interpolate both biotin and Zif268 binding sequence). The result of the assay could be recorded by a camera-phone, and analyzed with software. The whole assay finished within 1 hour. Due to the easy fabrication, operation and disposal of this device, this method can be employed in point-of-care detection or on-site monitoring.

Manufacturing PDMS micro lens array using spin coating under a multiphase system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sun, Rongrong; Yang, Hanry; Rock, D. Mitchell; Danaei, Roozbeh; Panat, Rahul; Kessler, Michael R.; Li, Lei

2017-05-01

The development of micro lens arrays has garnered much interest due to increased demand of miniaturized systems. Traditional methods for manufacturing micro lens arrays have several shortcomings. For example, they require expensive facilities and long lead time, and traditional lens materials (i.e. glass) are typically heavy, costly and difficult to manufacture. In this paper, we explore a method for manufacturing a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) micro lens array using a simple spin coating technique. The micro lens array, formed under an interfacial tension dominated system, and the influence of material properties and process parameters on the fabricated lens shape are examined. The lenses fabricated using this method show comparable optical properties—including surface finish and image quality—with a reduced cost and manufacturing lead time.

Mechanical properties of the fiberglass prepreg system used for the National Transonic Facility replacement blade set

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Young, Clarence P., Jr.; Wallace, John W.

1991-01-01

The results are presented of mechanical and physical properties characterization testing for the fiber glass prepreg system used to fabricate 15 of the replacement set of 25 fan blades for the National Transonic Facility. The fan blades were fabricated to be identical to the original blade set with the exception that the 7576 style E glass cloth used for the replacement set has a different surface finish than the original 7576 cloth. The 7781 E glass cloth and resin system were unchanged. The data are presented for elevated, room, and cryogenic temperatures. The results are compared with data from the original blade set and evaluated against selected structural design criteria. Test experience is described along with recommendations for future testing of these materials if required.

Automated fabrication of back surface field silicon solar cells with screen printed wraparound contacts

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Thornhill, J. W.

1977-01-01

The development of a process for fabricating 2 x 4 cm back surface field silicon solar cells having screen printed wraparound contacts is described. This process was specifically designed to be amenable for incorporation into the automated nonvacuum production line. Techniques were developed to permit the use of screen printing for producing improved back surface field structures, wraparound dielectric layers, and wraparound contacts. The optimized process sequence was then used to produce 1852 finished cells. Tests indicated an average conversion efficiency of 11% at AMO and 28 C, with an average degradation of maximum power output of 1.5% after boiling water immersion or thermal shock cycling. Contact adherence was satisfactory after these tests, as well as long term storage at high temperature and high humidity.

Phase Change Fabrics Control Temperature

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2009-01-01

Originally featured in Spinoff in 1997, Outlast Technologies Inc. (formerly Gateway Technologies Inc.) has built its entire product line on microencapsulated phase change materials, developed in Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) contracts with Johnson Space Center after initial development for the U.S. Air Force. The Boulder, Colorado-based company acquired the exclusive patent rights and now integrates these materials into textiles or onto finished apparel, providing temperature regulation in bedding materials and a full line of apparel for both ordinary and extreme conditions.

The mirrors for the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Finley, David S.; Green, James C.; Bowyer, Stuart; Malina, Roger F.

1986-01-01

Flight mirrors for the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer satellite are currently under fabrication. The grazing incidence metal mirrors are Wolter-Schwarzschild Type I and II and are figured by diamond turning. Imaging performance is excellent, with the figure after polishing for the best mirror being such that the full width-half maximum is 1.0 arc seconds and the half energy width is 8 arc seconds measured at visible wavelengths. Surface finish, as determined from scattering measurements in the extreme ultraviolet, is about 20 A rms.

Propolis induced antibacterial activity and other technical properties of cotton textiles.

PubMed

Sharaf, S; Higazy, A; Hebeish, A

2013-08-01

Propolis is a gum gathered by honey bees from various plants; the honey bees use propolis to seal holes in their honey combs, smooth out the internal wall and protect the entrance against intruders. It is composed of 50% resin (flavonoids and related phenolic acid), 30% wax, 10% essential oils, 5% pollen and 5% various organic components. As a natural mixture, propolis is widely used in medicine, cosmetics and food. So far no attempts have been yet made to make use of propolis in the realm of textile finishing. Current work presents the first systemic study targeted to build up a scientific basis for production of cotton textiles having antibacterial activity and other useful properties by making use of propolis as eco-friendly finish within the scope of green strategy. Propolis extract solution (70/30 ethanol/water) of 10% concentration was prepared as the stock. Different amounts of the latter were used along with a crosslinking agent and catalyst for treatment of cotton fabrics as per pad-dry-cure technique. Antibacterial activity of the so treated fabrics was obtained through monitoring the efficiency of the interaction of propolis with cotton cellulose. This interaction was expressed as inhibition zone diameter after the treated fabrics were exposed to (G+ve) and (G-ve) bacteria. Other properties include crease recovery, tensile strength and elongation at break. Factors affecting these properties such as type, nature and concentration of the crosslinking agent, concentration of propolis, and conditions of curing were investigated. In addition characterization of the propolis containing modified cotton fabrics including demonstration of the antibacterial activity, SEM, FTIR, durability to washing, UV protection and water repellency were performed. Based on results obtained, it is concluded that application of propolis along with glyoxal and Al2(SO4)3catalyst using pad-dry (3min/80°C), cure (5/140°C) bring about cotton textile with superior antibacterial activity, water repellent and ease of care characteristics as well as UV protection. Tentative mechanism of the reaction of propolis with cotton in the presence of glyoxal was also reported. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Evaluation of the surface hardness, roughness, gloss and color of composites after different finishing/polishing treatments and thermocycling using a multitechnique approach.

PubMed

Pala, Kanşad; Tekçe, Neslihan; Tuncer, Safa; Serim, Merve Efe; Demirci, Mustafa

2016-01-01

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the mechanical and physical properties of resin composites. The materials evaluated were the Clearfil Majesty Posterior, Filtek Z550 and G-aenial Posterior composites. A total of 189 specimens were fabricated for microhardness, roughness, gloss and color tests. The specimens were divided into three finishing and polishing systems: Enhance, OneGloss and Sof-Lex Spiral. Microhardness, roughness, gloss and color were measured after 24 h and after 10,000 thermocycles. Two samples from each group were evaluated using SEM and AFM. G-aenial Posterior exhibited the lowest microhardness values. The mean roughness ranged from 0.37 to 0.61 µm. The smoothest surfaces were obtained with Sof-Lex Spiral for each material. G-aenial Posterior with Enhance was determined to be the glossiest surfaces. All of the materials exhibited similar ΔE values ranging between 1.69 and 2.75. Sof-Lex Spiral discs could be used successfully to polish composites.

Solid oxide fuel cell with multi-unit construction and prismatic design

DOEpatents

McPheeters, C.C.; Dees, D.W.; Myles, K.M.

1999-03-16

A single cell unit of a solid oxide fuel cell is described that is individually fabricated and sintered prior to being connected to adjacent cells to form a solid oxide fuel cell. The single cell unit is comprised of a shaped anode sheet positioned between a flat anode sheet and an anode-electrolyte-cathode (A/E/C) sheet, and a shaped cathode sheet positioned between the A/E/C sheet and a cathode-interconnect-anode (C/I/A) sheet. An alternate embodiment comprises a shaped cathode sheet positioned between an A/E/C sheet and a C/I/A sheet. The shaped sheets form channels for conducting reactant gases. Each single cell unit is individually sintered to form a finished sub-assembly. The finished sub-assemblies are connected in electrical series by interposing connective material between the end surfaces of adjacent cells, whereby individual cells may be inspected for defects and interchanged with non-defective single cell units. 7 figs.

Three-Dimensional Printing Based Hybrid Manufacturing of Microfluidic Devices.

PubMed

Alapan, Yunus; Hasan, Muhammad Noman; Shen, Richang; Gurkan, Umut A

2015-05-01

Microfluidic platforms offer revolutionary and practical solutions to challenging problems in biology and medicine. Even though traditional micro/nanofabrication technologies expedited the emergence of the microfluidics field, recent advances in advanced additive manufacturing hold significant potential for single-step, stand-alone microfluidic device fabrication. One such technology, which holds a significant promise for next generation microsystem fabrication is three-dimensional (3D) printing. Presently, building 3D printed stand-alone microfluidic devices with fully embedded microchannels for applications in biology and medicine has the following challenges: (i) limitations in achievable design complexity, (ii) need for a wider variety of transparent materials, (iii) limited z-resolution, (iv) absence of extremely smooth surface finish, and (v) limitations in precision fabrication of hollow and void sections with extremely high surface area to volume ratio. We developed a new way to fabricate stand-alone microfluidic devices with integrated manifolds and embedded microchannels by utilizing a 3D printing and laser micromachined lamination based hybrid manufacturing approach. In this new fabrication method, we exploit the minimized fabrication steps enabled by 3D printing, and reduced assembly complexities facilitated by laser micromachined lamination method. The new hybrid fabrication method enables key features for advanced microfluidic system architecture: (i) increased design complexity in 3D, (ii) improved control over microflow behavior in all three directions and in multiple layers, (iii) transverse multilayer flow and precisely integrated flow distribution, and (iv) enhanced transparency for high resolution imaging and analysis. Hybrid manufacturing approaches hold great potential in advancing microfluidic device fabrication in terms of standardization, fast production, and user-independent manufacturing.

Three-Dimensional Printing Based Hybrid Manufacturing of Microfluidic Devices

PubMed Central

Shen, Richang; Gurkan, Umut A.

2016-01-01

Microfluidic platforms offer revolutionary and practical solutions to challenging problems in biology and medicine. Even though traditional micro/nanofabrication technologies expedited the emergence of the microfluidics field, recent advances in advanced additive manufacturing hold significant potential for single-step, stand-alone microfluidic device fabrication. One such technology, which holds a significant promise for next generation microsystem fabrication is three-dimensional (3D) printing. Presently, building 3D printed stand-alone microfluidic devices with fully embedded microchannels for applications in biology and medicine has the following challenges: (i) limitations in achievable design complexity, (ii) need for a wider variety of transparent materials, (iii) limited z-resolution, (iv) absence of extremely smooth surface finish, and (v) limitations in precision fabrication of hollow and void sections with extremely high surface area to volume ratio. We developed a new way to fabricate stand-alone microfluidic devices with integrated manifolds and embedded microchannels by utilizing a 3D printing and laser micromachined lamination based hybrid manufacturing approach. In this new fabrication method, we exploit the minimized fabrication steps enabled by 3D printing, and reduced assembly complexities facilitated by laser micromachined lamination method. The new hybrid fabrication method enables key features for advanced microfluidic system architecture: (i) increased design complexity in 3D, (ii) improved control over microflow behavior in all three directions and in multiple layers, (iii) transverse multilayer flow and precisely integrated flow distribution, and (iv) enhanced transparency for high resolution imaging and analysis. Hybrid manufacturing approaches hold great potential in advancing microfluidic device fabrication in terms of standardization, fast production, and user-independent manufacturing. PMID:27512530

Process development for high-resolution 3D-printing of bioresorbable vascular stents

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ware, Henry Oliver T.; Farsheed, Adam C.; van Lith, Robert; Baker, Evan; Ameer, Guillermo; Sun, Cheng

2017-02-01

The recent development of "continuous projection microstereolithography" also known as CLIP technology has successfully alleviated the main obstacles surrounding 3D printing technologies: production speed and part quality. Following the same working principle, we further developed the μCLIP process to address the needs for high-resolution 3D printing of biomedical devices with micron-scale precision. Compared to standard stereolithography (SLA) process, μCLIP fabrication can reduce fabrication time from several hours to as little as a few minutes. μCLIP can also produce better surface finish and more uniform mechanical properties than conventional SLA, as each individual "fabrication layer" continuously polymerizes into the subsequent layer. In this study, we report the process development in manufacturing high-resolution bioresorbable stents using our own μCLIP system. The bioresorbable photopolymerizable biomaterial (B-ink) used in this study is methacrylated poly(1, 12 dodecamethylene citrate) (mPDC). Through optimization of our μCLIP process and concentration of B-ink components, we have created a customizable bioresorbable stent with similar mechanical properties exhibited by nitinol stents. Upon optimization, fabricating a 2 cm tall vascular stent that comprises 4000 layers was accomplished in 26.5 minutes.

X-Ray Vision

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ramsey, B. D.; Elsner, R. F.; Engelhaupt, D.; Kolodziejczak, J. J.; ODell, S. L.; Speegle, C. O.; Weisskopf, M. C.

2004-01-01

We are fabricating optics for the hard-x-ray region using electroless nickel replication. The attraction of this process, which has been widely used elsewhere, is that the resulting full shell optics are inherently stable and thus can have very good angular resolution. The challenge with this process is to develop lightweight optics (nickel has a relatively high density of 8.9 g/cu cm), and to keep down the costs of mandrel fabrication. We accomplished the former through the development of high-strength nickel alloys that permit very thin shells without fabrication- and handling-induced deformations. For the latter, we have utilized inexpensive grinding and diamond turning to figure the mandrels and then purpose-built polishing machines to finish the surface. In-house plating tanks and a simple water-bath separation system complete the process. To date we have built shells ranging in size from 5 cm diameter to 50 cm, and with thickness down to 100 micron. For our HERO balloon program, we are fabricating over 200 iridium-coated shells, 250 microns thick, for hard-x-ray imaging up to 75 keV. Early test results on these have indicated half-power-diameters of 15 arcsec. The status of these and other hard-x-ray optics will be reviewed.

Multi-objective optimization in the development of oil and water repellent cellulose fabric based on response surface methodology and the desirability function

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ahmad, Naseer; Kamal, Shahid; Raza, Zulfiqar Ali; Hussain, Tanveer

2017-03-01

The present study investigated multi-response optimization of certain input parameters viz. concentrations of oil and water repellent finish (Oleophobol CP-C®), dimethylol dihydroxy ethylene urea based cross linking agent (Knittex FEL) and curing temperature on some mechanical, (i.e. tear and tensile strengths), functional (i.e., water contact angle ‘WCA’, oil contact angle ‘OCA’) and comfort (i.e. crease recovery angle ‘CRA’, air permeability ‘AP’, and stiffness) properties of an oleo-hydrophobic finished fabric under response surface methodology and the desirability function. The results have been examined using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and desirability function for the identification of optimum levels of input variables. The ANOVA was employed also to identify the percentage contribution of process factors. Under the optimized conditions, which were obtained with a total desirability value of 0.7769, the experimental values of Oleophobol CP-C® (O-CPC), Knittex FEL (K-FEL) and curing temperature (C-Temp) agreed closely with the predicted values. The optimized process parameters for maximum WCA (135°), OCA (129°), AP (290 m s-1), CRA (214°), tear (1492 gf) and tensile (764 N) strengths and minimum stiffness (3.2928 cm) were found to be: concentration of OCP-C as 44.44 g l-1, concentration of cross linker K-FEL as 32.07 g l-1 and C-Temp as 161.81 °C.

Toughness characterization by small specimen test technique for HIPed joints of F82H steel aiming at first wall fabrication in fusion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kishimoto, H.; Ono, T.; Sakasegawa, H.; Tanigawa, H.; Kohno, Y.; Kohyama, A.

2013-09-01

Reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steels (RAFMs), such as F82H steels, have been developed as candidates of structural materials for fusion. In the design of a fusion reactor, cooling channels are built in the first wall of the blanket. One large issue is to determine how to join rectangular tubes to thin panels to fabricate the first wall. Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIPing) is a solution to solve the issue. Because of the thin HIPed walls of the channels, the specimen size for inspection of HIPed interface is limited. In the present research, Small Specimen Test Techniques (SSTT) are screened for the destructive toughness investigation technique of HIPed F82H joints. 1/3 size Charpy V-notch impact (1/3 CVN) and small punch (SP) tests are employed for the present research. The toughness of the HIPed joints is strongly affected by various surface finishing of specimens treated previous to the HIPing. In the present research, several kinds of HIPed joints were surface finished by different methods and investigated by 1/3 CVN impact test. The HIPed F82H joints had different toughness ranging from 20% to 70% of the toughness of the F82H base metal. The SP test is also available for the investigation of toughness change by the HIPing. The sensitivity of 1/3 CVN impact test against toughness change was better than the SP test, it revealed that the SP test has some limitations.

Diamond Smoothing Tools

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Voronov, Oleg

2007-01-01

Diamond smoothing tools have been proposed for use in conjunction with diamond cutting tools that are used in many finish-machining operations. Diamond machining (including finishing) is often used, for example, in fabrication of precise metal mirrors. A diamond smoothing tool according to the proposal would have a smooth spherical surface. For a given finish machining operation, the smoothing tool would be mounted next to the cutting tool. The smoothing tool would slide on the machined surface left behind by the cutting tool, plastically deforming the surface material and thereby reducing the roughness of the surface, closing microcracks and otherwise generally reducing or eliminating microscopic surface and subsurface defects, and increasing the microhardness of the surface layer. It has been estimated that if smoothing tools of this type were used in conjunction with cutting tools on sufficiently precise lathes, it would be possible to reduce the roughness of machined surfaces to as little as 3 nm. A tool according to the proposal would consist of a smoothing insert in a metal holder. The smoothing insert would be made from a diamond/metal functionally graded composite rod preform, which, in turn, would be made by sintering together a bulk single-crystal or polycrystalline diamond, a diamond powder, and a metallic alloy at high pressure. To form the spherical smoothing tip, the diamond end of the preform would be subjected to flat grinding, conical grinding, spherical grinding using diamond wheels, and finally spherical polishing and/or buffing using diamond powders. If the diamond were a single crystal, then it would be crystallographically oriented, relative to the machining motion, to minimize its wear and maximize its hardness. Spherically polished diamonds could also be useful for purposes other than smoothing in finish machining: They would likely also be suitable for use as heat-resistant, wear-resistant, unlubricated sliding-fit bearing inserts.

Shape Memory Micro- and Nanowire Libraries for the High-Throughput Investigation of Scaling Effects.

PubMed

Oellers, Tobias; König, Dennis; Kostka, Aleksander; Xie, Shenqie; Brugger, Jürgen; Ludwig, Alfred

2017-09-11

The scaling behavior of Ti-Ni-Cu shape memory thin-film micro- and nanowires of different geometry is investigated with respect to its influence on the martensitic transformation properties. Two processes for the high-throughput fabrication of Ti-Ni-Cu micro- to nanoscale thin film wire libraries and the subsequent investigation of the transformation properties are reported. The libraries are fabricated with compositional and geometrical (wire width) variations to investigate the influence of these parameters on the transformation properties. Interesting behaviors were observed: Phase transformation temperatures change in the range from 1 to 72 °C (austenite finish, (A f ), 13 to 66 °C (martensite start, M s ) and the thermal hysteresis from -3.5 to 20 K. It is shown that a vanishing hysteresis can be achieved for special combinations of sample geometry and composition.

Belt-MRF for large aperture mirrors.

PubMed

Ren, Kai; Luo, Xiao; Zheng, Ligong; Bai, Yang; Li, Longxiang; Hu, Haixiang; Zhang, Xuejun

2014-08-11

With high-determinacy and no subsurface damage, Magnetorheological Finishing (MRF) has become an important tool in fabricating high-precision optics. But for large mirrors, the application of MRF is restricted by its small removal function and low material removal rate. In order to improve the material removal rate, shorten the processing cycle, we proposed a new MRF concept, named Belt-MRF to expand the application of MRF to large mirrors and made a prototype with a large remove function, using a belt instead of a very large polishing wheel to expand the polishing length. A series of experimental results on Silicon carbide (SiC) and BK 7 specimens and fabrication simulation verified that the Belt-MRF has high material removal rates, stable removal function and high convergence efficiency which makes it a promising technology for processing large aperture optical elements.

Mirror-finished superhydrophobic aluminum surfaces modified by anodic alumina nanofibers and self-assembled monolayers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nakajima, Daiki; Kikuchi, Tatsuya; Natsui, Shungo; Suzuki, Ryosuke O.

2018-05-01

We demonstrate mirror-finished superhydrophobic aluminum surfaces fabricated via the formation of anodic alumina nanofibers and subsequent modification with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). High-density anodic alumina nanofibers were formed on the aluminum surface via anodizing in a pyrophosphoric acid solution. The alumina nanofibers became tangled and bundled by further anodizing at low temperature because of their own weight, and the aluminum surface was completely covered by the long falling nanofibers. The nanofiber-covered aluminum surface exhibited superhydrophilic behavior, with a contact angle measuring less than 10°. As the nanofiber-covered aluminum surface was modified with n-alkylphosphonic acid SAMs, the water contact angle drastically shifted to superhydrophobicity, measuring more than 150°. The contact angle increased with the applied voltage during pyrophosphoric acid anodizing, the anodizing time, and the number of carbon atoms contained in the SAM molecules modified on the alumina nanofibers. By optimizing the anodizing and SAM-modification conditions, superhydrophobic behavior could be achieved with only a brief pyrophosphoric acid anodizing period of 3 min and subsequent simple immersion in SAM solutions. The superhydrophobic aluminum surface exhibited a high reflectance, measuring approximately 99% across most of the visible spectrum, similar to that of an electropolished aluminum surface. Therefore, our mirror-finished superhydrophobic aluminum surface based on anodic alumina nanofibers and SAMs can be used as a reflective mirror in various optical applications such as concentrated solar power systems.

Progress in ion figuring large optics

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Allen, L.N.

1995-12-31

Ion figuring is an optical fabrication method that provides deterministic surface figure error correction of previously polished surfaces by using a directed, inert and neutralized ion beam to physically sputter material from the optic surface. Considerable process development has been completed and numerous large optical elements have been successfully final figured using this process. The process has been demonstrated to be highly deterministic, capable of completing complex-shaped optical element configurations in only a few process iterations, and capable of achieving high-quality surface figure accuracy`s. A review of the neutral ion beam figuring process will be provided, along with discussion ofmore » processing results for several large optics. Most notably, processing of Keck 10 meter telescope primary mirror segments and correction of one other large optic where a convergence ratio greater than 50 was demonstrated during the past year will be discussed. Also, the process has been demonstrated on various optical materials, including fused silica, ULE, zerodur, silicon and chemically vapor deposited (CVD) silicon carbide. Where available, results of surface finish changes caused by the ion bombardment process will be discussed. Most data have shown only limited degradation of the optic surface finish, and that it is generally a function of the quality of mechanical polishing prior to ion figuring. Removals of from 5 to 10 {mu}m on some materials are acceptable without adversely altering the surface finish specularity.« less

The Effect of Various Finish Line Configurations on the Marginal Seal and Occlusal Discrepancy of Cast Full Crowns After Cementation - An In-vitro Study.

PubMed

Nemane, Vaishali; Akulwar, Ravikumar Suryakanth; Meshram, Suresh

2015-08-01

The marginal fit of crowns is of clinical importance. It is found that marginal and occlusal discrepancies are commonly increased following cementation. The resistance of cementing materials is a factor that prevents cast restorations from being correctly seated. Different finish lines behave differently in facilitating the escape of the cement. When the escape path of the cement decreases, the crown fails to seat further. This study was planned with an aim to evaluate the effect of various finish lines on the marginal seal and occlusal seat of full crown preparations. Six stainless steel metal dies were machined to simulate molar crown preparations. The diameter was 10 mm and height was 6mm. The occlusal surface was kept flat and a small circular dimple was machined for reorientation of the wax pattern and metal copings, margins of various designs were machined accurately. The margins prepared were Group A- 90(0)C shoulder, Group B- Rounded shoulder, Group C- 45 degree sloped shoulder, Group D- Chamfer, Group E- Long chamfer, Group F- Feather edge. Full cast metal crowns of base metal alloy were fabricated over the metal dies. Zinc phosphate luting cement was used for the cementation. After twenty four hours, the cemented crown and die assembly were embedded in clear acrylic resin so as to hold the assembly together while sectioning. Twenty four hours later, all the samples were sectioned sagitally. The sectioned halves were focused under a stereomicroscope and the cement spaces were measured to the nearest micron. The cement thickness was measured at two points on the occlusal surface and one at each margin. Significant differences were observed in the occlusal seat and marginal seal of all the finish line configurations. The rounded shoulder had the best occlusal seat, followed by 90(0)C shoulder. The occlusal seat and marginal seal afforded by the shoulder finish lines were similar whereas there was a vast difference in the seating and sealing of long chamfer and feather edged preparations. They showed the worst occlusal seat. It was found that the finish lines like shoulder preparations which exhibit poor sealing prior to complete cementation allow good seating whereas margins which seal earlier do not allow escape of cement and hence do not seat completely.

The Effect of Various Finish Line Configurations on the Marginal Seal and Occlusal Discrepancy of Cast Full Crowns After Cementation - An In-vitro Study

PubMed Central

Nemane, Vaishali; Meshram, Suresh

2015-01-01

Background The marginal fit of crowns is of clinical importance. It is found that marginal and occlusal discrepancies are commonly increased following cementation. The resistance of cementing materials is a factor that prevents cast restorations from being correctly seated. Different finish lines behave differently in facilitating the escape of the cement. When the escape path of the cement decreases, the crown fails to seat further. Materials and Methods This study was planned with an aim to evaluate the effect of various finish lines on the marginal seal and occlusal seat of full crown preparations. Six stainless steel metal dies were machined to simulate molar crown preparations. The diameter was 10 mm and height was 6mm. The occlusal surface was kept flat and a small circular dimple was machined for reorientation of the wax pattern and metal copings, margins of various designs were machined accurately. The margins prepared were Group A- 900C shoulder, Group B- Rounded shoulder, Group C- 45 degree sloped shoulder, Group D- Chamfer, Group E- Long chamfer, Group F- Feather edge. Full cast metal crowns of base metal alloy were fabricated over the metal dies. Zinc phosphate luting cement was used for the cementation. After twenty four hours, the cemented crown and die assembly were embedded in clear acrylic resin so as to hold the assembly together while sectioning. Twenty four hours later, all the samples were sectioned sagitally. The sectioned halves were focused under a stereomicroscope and the cement spaces were measured to the nearest micron. The cement thickness was measured at two points on the occlusal surface and one at each margin. Results Significant differences were observed in the occlusal seat and marginal seal of all the finish line configurations. The rounded shoulder had the best occlusal seat, followed by 900C shoulder. The occlusal seat and marginal seal afforded by the shoulder finish lines were similar whereas there was a vast difference in the seating and sealing of long chamfer and feather edged preparations. They showed the worst occlusal seat. Conclusion It was found that the finish lines like shoulder preparations which exhibit poor sealing prior to complete cementation allow good seating whereas margins which seal earlier do not allow escape of cement and hence do not seat completely. PMID:26436039

Clothing for Sports: Part 1: Fashion Foils Phidippides, Proves Fatal At Finish

PubMed Central

Schamberger, Wolf

1985-01-01

The choice of clothing for any particular sport can be made on a reasonably scientific basis, taking into account hot, cold or wet conditions, effects on temperature regulating mechanism, ability to enhance athletic performance, safety and comfort. Part 1 of this two-part article discusses the selection of garments for any sports activity according to specific properties of certain fabrics and also covers safety gear, sports brassieres and shoes. ImagesFig. 4Fig. 1Fig. 2Fig. 3Fig. 5 and 6Fig. 7Fig. 8 PMID:21274113

Characterising the thermoforming behaviour of glass fibre textile reinforced thermoplastic composite materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kuhtz, M.; Maron, B.; Hornig, A.; Müller, M.; Langkamp, A.; Gude, M.

2018-05-01

Textile reinforced thermoplastic composites are predestined for highly automated medium- and high-volume production processes. The presented work focusses on experimental studies of different types of glass fibre reinforced polypropylene (GF-PP) semi-finished thermoplastic textiles to characterise the forming behaviour. The main deformation modes fabric shear, tension, thought-thickness compression and bending are investigated with special emphasis on the impact of the textile structure, the deformation temperature and rate dependency. The understanding of the fundamental forming behaviour is required to allow FEM based assessment and improvement of thermoforming process chains.

The 4.5 inch diameter IPV Ni-H2 cell development program

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Miller, L.

1986-01-01

Interest in larger capacity Ni-H2 battery cells for space applications has resulted in the initiation of a development/qualification/production program. Cell component design was completed and component hardware fabricated and/or delivered. Finished cell design projections demonstrate favorable specific energies in the range of 70 to 75 Whr/Kg (32 to 34 Whr/Lb) for capacities of 100 to 250 Ah. It is further planned during this effort to evaluate the advanced cell design technology which has evolved from the work conducted at the NASA/Lewis Research Center.

The 4.5 inch diameter IPV Ni-H2 cell development program

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Miller, L.

1986-09-01

Interest in larger capacity Ni-H2 battery cells for space applications has resulted in the initiation of a development/qualification/production program. Cell component design was completed and component hardware fabricated and/or delivered. Finished cell design projections demonstrate favorable specific energies in the range of 70 to 75 Whr/Kg (32 to 34 Whr/Lb) for capacities of 100 to 250 Ah. It is further planned during this effort to evaluate the advanced cell design technology which has evolved from the work conducted at the NASA/Lewis Research Center.

Application of spark plasma sintering for fabricating Nd-Fe-B composite

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sivkov, A. A.; Ivashutenko, A. S.; Lomakina, A. A.

2015-10-01

Constant magnets are applied in such fields as electric equipment and electric generators with fixed rotor. Rare earth metal neodymium is well known as promising material. Production of magnets by sintering three elements (neodymium, iron and boron) is one the most promising methods. But there are difficulties in choosing the right temperature for sintering and further processing. Structure and properties of the product, consisted of rare earth metals, was analyzed. X-ray analysis of the resulting product and the finished constant magnet was performed. Vickers microhardness was obtained.

Some studies to prevent the production of some types of moire effects in fabrics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Serrano, Alfonso; Ponce, Rodrigo; Serroukh, Ibrahim

2004-09-01

The symmetry concerning the fabric pattern is not always suitable for the quality that we expected from fabric textile. The moire effects produced by a periodic structure may be caused by various and diverse factors as folds, lines, etc. The defect that we are concern is bright and dark fringes appearing in the Nylon Fabric are viewed with necked eye, from a particular angle using white light. To prevent these annoying effects, one should be focusing the research basically on geometrical fabric structure, physical, optical and dyeing. We start this work by an exhaustive study made to obtain enough information in order to identify and analyze the problem in order to identify, explain and prevent it appearance. To realize that we may define the factors that causes the phenomena. Concerning the experimental results, we begin with a conventional experiment called "Flat table examination" using Fluorescent white light bulb as types of illumination. We have used as well a microscope examination. It is useful to inspect the fiber and yarns which may have different characteristics of size and form. The light interaction with the fiber will produce especially kind of reflection and absorption. We finish the work by designing and developing an optical system able not only for detecting those kinds of fringes. As well to allow some defects inspection. We believe that some measurements are necessary during some process of fabrication (dyeing, spinning and knitting), at least to reduce this types of defects.

3D printed electromagnetic transmission and electronic structures fabricated on a single platform using advanced process integration techniques

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Deffenbaugh, Paul Issac

3D printing has garnered immense attention from many fields including in-office rapid prototyping of mechanical parts, outer-space satellite replication, garage functional firearm manufacture, and NASA rocket engine component fabrication. 3D printing allows increased design flexibility in the fabrication of electronics, microwave circuits and wireless antennas and has reached a level of maturity which allows functional parts to be printed. Much more work is necessary in order to perfect the processes of 3D printed electronics especially in the area of automation. Chapter 1 shows several finished prototypes of 3D printed electronics as well as newly developed techniques in fabrication. Little is known about the RF and microwave properties and applications of the standard materials which have been developed for 3D printing. Measurement of a wide variety of materials over a broad spectrum of frequencies up to 10 GHz using a variety of well-established measurement methods is performed throughout chapter 2. Several types of high frequency RF transmission lines are fabricated and valuable model-matched data is gathered and provided in chapter 3 for future designers' use. Of particular note is a fully 3D printed stripline which was automatically fabricated in one process on one machine. Some core advantages of 3D printing RF/microwave components include rapid manufacturing of complex, dimensionally sensitive circuits (such as antennas and filters which are often iteratively tuned) and the ability to create new devices that cannot be made using standard fabrication techniques. Chapter 4 describes an exemplary fully 3D printed curved inverted-F antenna.

ZnO deposition on metal substrates: Relating fabrication, morphology, and wettability

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Beaini, Sara S.; Kronawitter, Coleman X.; Carey, Van P.; Mao, Samuel S.

2013-05-01

It is not common practice to deposit thin films on metal substrates, especially copper, which is a common heat exchanger metal and practical engineering material known for its heat transfer properties. While single crystal substrates offer ideal surfaces with uniform structure for compatibility with oxide deposition, metallic surfaces needed for industrial applications exhibit non-idealities that complicate the fabrication of oxide nanostructure arrays. The following study explored different ZnO fabrication techniques to deposit a (super)hydrophobic thin film of ZnO on a metal substrate, specifically copper, in order to explore its feasibility as an enhanced condensing surface. ZnO was selected for its non-toxicity, ability to be made (super)hydrophobic with hierarchical roughness, and its photoinduced hydrophilicity characteristic, which could be utilized to pattern it to have both hydrophobic-hydrophilic regions. We investigated the variation of ZnO's morphology and wetting state, using SEMs and sessile drop contact angle measurements, as a function of different fabrication techniques: sputtering, pulsed laser deposition (PLD), electrodeposition and annealing Zn. We successfully fabricated (super)hydrophobic ZnO on a mirror finish, commercially available copper substrate using the scalable electrodeposition technique. PLD for ZnO deposition did not prove viable, as the ZnO samples on metal substrates were hydrophilic and the process does not lend itself to scalability. The annealed Zn sheets did not exhibit consistent wetting state results.

Effect of Surface Treatment on the Properties of Wool Fabric

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kan, C. W.; Yuen, C. W. M.; Chan, C. K.; Lau, M. P.

Wool fiber is commonly used in textile industry, however, it has some technical problems which affect the quality and performance of the finished products such as felting shrinkage, handle, lustre, pilling, and dyeability. These problems may be attributed mainly in the presence of wool scales on the fiber surface. Recently, chemical treatments such as oxidation and reduction are the commonly used descaling methods in the industry. However, as a result of the pollution caused by various chemical treatments, physical treatment such as low temperature plasma (LTP) treatment has been introduced recently because it is similarly capable of achieving a comparable descaling effect. Most of the discussions on the applications of LTP treatment on wool fiber were focused on applying this technique for improving the surface wettability and shrink resistance. Meanwhile, little discussion has been made on the mechanical properties, thermal properties, and the air permeability. In this paper, wool fabric was treated with LTP treatment with the use of a non-polymerizing gas, namely oxygen. After the LTP treatment, the fabrics low-stress mechanical properties, air permeability, and thermal properties were evaluated and discussed.

Induction of broad immunity by thermostabilised vaccines incorporated in dissolvable microneedles using novel fabrication methods.

PubMed

Vrdoljak, Anto; Allen, Evin A; Ferrara, Francesca; Temperton, Nigel J; Crean, Abina M; Moore, Anne C

2016-03-10

Dissolvable microneedle (DMN) patches for immunization have multiple benefits, including vaccine stability and ease-of-use. However, conventional DMN fabrication methods have several drawbacks. Here we describe a novel, microfluidic, drop dispensing-based dissolvable microneedle production method that overcomes these issues. Uniquely, heterogeneous arrays, consisting of microneedles of diverse composition, can be easily produced on the same patch. Robustness of the process was demonstrated by incorporating and stabilizing adenovirus and MVA vaccines. Clinically-available trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) in DMN patches is fully stable for greater than 6months at 40°C. Immunization using low dose TIV-loaded DMN patches induced significantly higher antibody responses compared to intramuscular-based immunization in mice. TIV-loaded patches also induced a broader, heterosubtypic neutralizing antibody response. By addressing issues that will be faced in large-scale fill-finish DMN fabrication processes and demonstrating superior thermostable characteristics and immunogenicity, this study progresses the translation of this microneedle platform to eventual clinical deployment. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Field test of short-notice random inspections for inventory-change verification at a low-enriched-uranium fuel-fabrication plant: Preliminary summary

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fishbone, L.G.; Moussalli, G.; Naegele, G.

1994-04-01

An approach of short-notice random inspections (SNRIs) for inventory-change verification can enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of international safeguards at natural or low-enriched uranium (LEU) fuel fabrication plants. According to this approach, the plant operator declares the contents of nuclear material items before knowing if an inspection will occur to verify them. Additionally, items about which declarations are newly made should remain available for verification for an agreed time. This report details a six-month field test of the feasibility of such SNRIs which took place at the Westinghouse Electric Corporation Commercial Nuclear Fuel Division. Westinghouse personnel made daily declarations aboutmore » both feed and product items, uranium hexafluoride cylinders and finished fuel assemblies, using a custom-designed computer ``mailbox``. Safeguards inspectors from the IAEA conducted eight SNRIs to verify these declarations. Items from both strata were verified during the SNRIs by means of nondestructive assay equipment. The field test demonstrated the feasibility and practicality of key elements of the SNRI approach for a large LEU fuel fabrication plant.« less

Simultaneous sonochemical-enzymatic coating of medical textiles with antibacterial ZnO nanoparticles.

PubMed

Petkova, Petya; Francesko, Antonio; Perelshtein, Ilana; Gedanken, Aharon; Tzanov, Tzanko

2016-03-01

The antimicrobial finishing is a must for production of medical textiles, aiming at reducing the bioburden in clinical wards and consequently decreasing the risk of hospital-acquired infections. This work reports for the first time on a simultaneous sonochemical/enzymatic process for durable antibacterial coating of cotton with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). The novel technology goes beyond the "stepwise" concept we proposed recently for enzymatic pre-activation of the fabrics and subsequent sonochemical nano-coating, and is designed to produce "ready-to-use" antibacterial medical textiles in a single step. A multilayer coating of uniformly dispersed NPs was obtained in the process. The enzymatic treatment provides better adhesion of the ZnO NPs and, as a consequence, enhanced coating stability during exploitation. The NPs-coated cotton fabrics inhibited the growth of the medically relevant Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli respectively by 67% and 100%. The antibacterial efficiency of these textile materials resisted the intensive laundry regimes used in hospitals, though only 33% of the initially deposited NPs remained firmly fixed onto the fabrics after multiple washings. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Optical fabrication and testing; Proceedings of the Meeting, Singapore, Oct. 22-27, 1990

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lorenzen, Manfred; Campbell, Duncan R.; Johnson, Craig W.

1991-03-01

Various papers on optical fabrication and testing are presented. Individual topics addressed include: interferometry with laser diodes, new methods for economic production of prisms and lenses, interferometer accuracy and precision, optical testing with wavelength scanning interferometer, digital Talbot interferometer, high-sensitivity interferometric technique for strain measurements, absolute interferometric testing of spherical surfaces, contouring using gratings created on an LCD panel, three-dimensional inspection using laser-based dynamic fringe projection, noncontact optical microtopography, laser scan microscope and infrared laser scan microscope, photon scanning tunneling microscopy. Also discussed are: combination-matching problems in the layout design of minilaser rangefinder, design and testing of a cube-corner array for laser ranging, mode and far-field pattern of diode laser-phased arrays, new glasses for optics and optoelectronics, optical properties of Li-doped ZnO films, application and machining of Zerodur for optical purposes, finish machining of optical components in mass production.

Development of flame resistant treatment for Nomex fibrous structures

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Toy, M. S.

1977-01-01

Flame resistant fibrous materials for space shuttle application were developed through chemical modification of commercially available aromatic polyamide fibrous products. The new surface treatment was achieved in the laboratory by ultraviolet activation of the fabric in the presence of fluoroolefin monomers and a diluent gas. The monomers grafted under these conditions provide the improved properties of the fabric in flame resistance, chemical inertness, and nonwettability without the sacrifice of color or physical properties. The laboratory reaction vessel was scaled-up to a batch continuous process, which treats ten yards of the commercial width textiles. The treated commercial width Nomex (HT-10-41) from the scaled-up reactor is self-extinguishing in an oxygen-enriched environment, water-repellent, soft, silky, and improved in chemical resistance. Unlike most textile processes, the grafting unit operates under dry conditions and no chemical by-products have to be washed out of the finished product.

Aesthetic finger prosthesis with silicone biomaterial

PubMed Central

Raghu, K M; Gururaju, C R; Sundaresh, K J; Mallikarjuna, Rachappa

2013-01-01

The fabrication of finger prosthesis is as much an art as it is science. The ideally constructed prosthesis must duplicate the missing structures so precisely that patients can appear in public without fear of attracting unwanted attraction. A 65-years-old patient reported with loss of his right index finger up to the second phalanx and wanted to get it replaced. An impression of the amputated finger and donor were made. A wax pattern of the prosthesis was fabricated using the donor impression; a trial was performed and flasked. Medical grade silicone was intrinsically stained to match the skin tone, following which it was packed, processed and finished. This clinical report describes a method of attaining retention by selective scoring of the master cast of partially amputated finger to enhance the vacuum effect at par with the proportional distribution of the positive forces on the tissues exerted by the prosthesis. PMID:23975917

Fully solution-processed, transparent organic power-generating polarizer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chou, Wei-Yu; Hsu, Fang-Chi; Chen, Yang-Fang

2017-03-01

We fabricate transparent organic power-generating polarizer by all solution process. Based on the conventional indium-tin-oxide-coated glass as the bottom cathode, the subsequent layers are prepared by a combination of solution processing methods. Sprayed silver nanowires film serves as the top anode and can transmit greater than 80% of the visible light with sheet resistance of 16 Ω/□. By adopting the quasi-bilayer structure for the photoactive layer composed of rubbed polymer donors to produce anisotropic optical property underneath fullerene acceptors, the finished device demonstrates a power conversion efficiency of 1.36% with unpolarized light, a dichroic ratio of 3.2, and a high short circuit current ratio of 2.6 with polarized light. Our proposed fabrication procedures of devices take into account not only the cost-effective production, but also the flexibility of devices for applying in flexible, scalable circuits to advance the development of future technology.

Combining retraction edge lithography and plasma etching for arbitrary contour nanoridge fabrication

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, Yiping; Jansen, Henri; de Boer, Meint; Berenschot, Erwin; Bouwes, Dominique; Gironès, Miriam; Huskens, Jurriaan; Tas, Niels

2010-09-01

Edge lithography in combination with fluorine-based plasma etching is employed to avoid the dependence on crystal orientation in single crystal silicon to create monolithic nanoridges with arbitrary contours. This is demonstrated by using a mask with circular structures and Si etching at cryogenic temperature with SF6+O2 plasma mixtures. Initially, the explored etch recipe was used with Cr as the masking material. Although nanoridges with perfect vertical sidewalls have been achieved, Cr causes severe sidewall roughness due to line edge roughness. Therefore, an SU-8 polymer is used instead. Although the SU-8 pattern definition needs further improvement, we demonstrate the possibility of fabricating Si nanoridges of arbitrary contours providing a width below 50 nm and a height between 25 and 500 nm with smooth surface finish. Artifacts in the ridge profile are observed and are mainly caused by the bird's beak phenomenon which is characteristic for the used LOCOS process.

Optical fabrication and testing; Proceedings of the Meeting, Singapore, Oct. 22-27, 1990

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lorenzen, M.; Campbell, D.R.; Johnson, C.W.

1991-01-01

Various papers on optical fabrication and testing are presented. Individual topics addressed include: interferometry with laser diodes, new methods for economic production of prisms and lenses, interferometer accuracy and precision, optical testing with wavelength scanning interferometer, digital Talbot interferometer, high-sensitivity interferometric technique for strain measurements, absolute interferometric testing of spherical surfaces, contouring using gratings created on an LCD panel, three-dimensional inspection using laser-based dynamic fringe projection, noncontact optical microtopography, laser scan microscope and infrared laser scan microscope, photon scanning tunneling microscopy. Also discussed are: combination-matching problems in the layout design of minilaser rangefinder, design and testing of a cube-corner arraymore » for laser ranging, mode and far-field pattern of diode laser-phased arrays, new glasses for optics and optoelectronics, optical properties of Li-doped ZnO films, application and machining of Zerodur for optical purposes, finish machining of optical components in mass production.« less

Fabrication of brittle materials -- current status

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Scattergood, R.O.

The research initiatives in the area of precision fabrication will be continued in the upcoming year. Three students, T. Bifano (PhD), P. Blake (PhD) and E. Smith (MS), finished their research programs in the last year. Sections 13 and 14 will summarize the essential results from the work of the Materials Engineering students Blake and Smith. Further details will be presented in forthcoming publications that are now in preparation. The results from Bifano`s thesis have been published in adequate detail and need not be summarized further. Three new students, S. Blackley (MS), H. Paul (PhD), and S. Smith (PhD) havemore » joined the program and will continue the research efforts in precision fabrication. The programs for these students will be outlined in Sections 15 and 16. Because of the success of the earlier work in establishing new process models and experimental techniques for the study of diamond turning and diamond grinding, the new programs will, in part, build upon the earlier work. This is especially true for investigations concerned with brittle materials. The basic understanding of material response of nominally brittle materials during machining or grinding operations remains as a challenge. The precision fabrication of brittle materials will continue as an area of emphasis for the Precision Engineering Center.« less

The Development of Hard-X-Ray Optics at MSFC

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ramsey, Brian D.; Elsner, R. F.; Engelhaupt, D. E.; Kolodziejczak, J. J.; ODell, S. L.; Speegle, C. O.; Weisskopf, M. C.; Six, Frank (Technical Monitor)

2002-01-01

We are fabricating optics for the hard-x-ray region using electroless nickel replication. The attraction of this process, which has been widely used elsewhere, is that the resulting full shell optics are inherently table and thus can have very good angular resolution. The challenge with this process is to develop lightweight optics (nickel has a relatively high density of 8.9 g / cu cm), and to keep down the costs of mandrel fabrication. We accomplished the former through the development of high-strength nickel alloys that permit very thin shells without fabrication- and handling-induced deformations. For the latter, we have utilized inexpensive grinding and diamond turning to figure the mandrels and then purpose-built polishing machines to finish the surface. In-house plating tanks and a simple water-bath separation system complete the process. To date we have built shells ranging in size from 5 cm diameter to 50 cm, and with thickness down to 100 micron. For our HERO (high energy replicated optics) balloon program, we are fabricating over 200 iridium-coated shells, 250 microns thick, for hard-x-ray imaging up to 75 keV. Early test results on these have indicated half-power-diameters of 15 arcsec. The status of these and other hard-x-ray optics will be reviewed.

Ultrathin hexagonal MgO nanoflakes coated medical textiles and their enhanced antibacterial activity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Veeran Ponnuvelu, Dinesh; Selvaraj, Aravind; Prema Suriyaraj, Shanmugam; Selvakumar, Rajendran; Pulithadathail, Biji

2016-10-01

A facile hydrothermal method for development of ultrathin MgO nanoplates from different precursors and their enhanced antibacterial activity after coating onto medical textiles is reported. Ultrathin MgO nanoplates having hexagonal structure were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction and high resolution transmission electron microscopy. The formation of MgO nanoplates was found to exhibit profound anionic effect leading to ultrathin, planar structures with exposed MgO [111] facets, which may be responsible for enhanced antimicrobial activity. Medical fabrics (bleached 100% cotton) were coated with MgO nanoplates using pad-dry-cure method. The antibacterial activity of these fabrics was tested against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. The MgO nanoplates coated onto the fabric were found to have good adherence properties owing to their two-dimensional structure and were durable even after repeated washings without substantial reduction in the antimicrobial activity. The enhanced antibacterial activity may be attributed to the presence of oxygen vacancies, surface oxygen anions and hydroxyl groups on the surface of MgO nanoplates. This cost-effective functional finish (anti-microbial) to cotton fabric using MgO nanoplates may be suitable for many prospective medical applications and can serve as an alternative to the costlier silver based antimicrobial textiles.

Status of candidate materials for full-scale tests in the 737 fuselage

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Supkis, D.

1979-01-01

The test program has the objectives to: (1) increase passenger evacuation time to a minimum of five minutes from commercial aircraft in case of a fire; (2) prevent an external fire from entering closed cabins for five minutes by using fire barrier materials in the exterior wall; (3) demonstrate that a closed cabin will not reach 400 F; and (4) prove that a fire near a cabin opening will not propagate through the cabin for a minimum of five minutes. The materials status is outlined for seat cushions, upholstery and associated seat materials, wall and ceiling panels, floor panels, carpet and carpet underlay, windows, cargo bay liners, insulation bagging, and thermal acoustical insulation.

Stent manufacturing using cobalt chromium molybdenum (CoCrMo) by selective laser melting technology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Omar, Mohd Asnawi; Baharudin, BT-HT; Sulaiman, S.

2017-12-01

This paper reviews the capabilities of additive manufacturing (AM) technology and the use of Cobalt super alloy stent fabrication by looking at the dimensional accuracy and mechanical properties of the stent. Current conventional process exhibit many processes which affect the supply chain, costing, and post processing. By alternatively switching to AM, the step of production can be minimized and thus customization of stent can be carried out according to patients need. The proposed methodology is a perfect choice as surgeons need to have an accurate size during stent implantation. It also is able to reduce time-to-market delivery in a matter of hours and from days. The suggested stent model was taken from the third party vendor and flow optimization was carried out using Materialise Magics TM software. By using SLM125TM printer, the printing parameters such as Energy Density (DE), Laser Power (PL), Scanning Speed (SS) and Hatching Distance (DH) was used to print the stent. The properties of the finished product, such as strength, surface finish and orientation was investigated.

Imprinting continuously varying topographical structure onto large-aperture optical surfaces using magnetorheological finishing

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Menapace, J A; Davis, P J; Dixit, S

2007-03-07

Over the past four years we have advanced Magnetorheological Finishing (MRF) techniques and tools to imprint complex continuously varying topographical structures onto large-aperture (430 x 430 mm) optical surfaces. These optics, known as continuous phase plates (CPPs), are important for high-power laser applications requiring precise manipulation and control of beam-shape, energy distribution, and wavefront profile. MRF's unique deterministic-sub-aperture polishing characteristics make it possible to imprint complex topographical information onto optical surfaces at spatial scale-lengths approaching 1 mm and surface peak-to-valleys as high as 22 {micro}m. During this discussion, we will present the evolution of the MRF imprinting technology and themore » MRF tools designed to manufacture large-aperture 430 x 430 mm CPPs. Our results will show how the MRF removal function impacts and limits imprint fidelity and what must be done to arrive at a high-quality surface. We also present several examples of this imprinting technology for fabrication of phase correction plates and CPPs for use in high-power laser applications.« less

Manufactured Textile Fibers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gupta, Bhupender S.

The first conversion of naturally occurring fibers into threads strong enough to be looped into snares, knit to form nets, or woven into fabrics is lost in prehistory. Unlike stone weapons, such threads, cords, and fabrics—being organic in nature—have in most part disappeared, although in some dry caves traces remain. There is ample evidence to indicate that spindles used to assist in the twisting of fibers together had been developed long before the dawn of recorded history. In that spinning process, fibers such as wool were drawn out of a loose mass, perhaps held in a distaff, and made parallel by human fingers. (A maidservant so spins in Giotto's The Annunciation to Anne, ca. A.D. 1306, Arena Chapel, Padua, Italy.1) A rod (spindle), hooked to the lengthening thread, was rotated so that the fibers while so held were twisted together to form additional thread. The finished length then was wound by hand around the spindle, which, in becoming the core on which the finished product was accumulated, served the dual role of twisting and storing, and, in so doing, established a principle still in use today.

Silesia Dryvit

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Presz, K.

1995-12-31

MT International, as a manufacturer and distributor for of US company named Dryvit Systems is focused on weatherization techniques as well as on facade and external wall finishing. The materials manufactured by Dryvit for building and construction purposes (plaster masses, building binders, insulating materials, reinforced fabric, etc.) are used at many sites. The consistent and well-selected composition of these materials guarantees highest quality of facade finishing in building structures of any type. The first implementation of Dryvit system in Warsaw was completed in 1974 and it remains the first exampled of professionally weatherized building in Poland. Different versions of Dryvitmore » system have been elaborated for various plaster base types. Consequently the assembling procedure differs, too. The main classification includes methods used directly on-site by a specialized contractor as well as prefabrication systems in which the ready-made elements prefabricated in a central plant or in a moveable unit are mounted on the walls. Distribution of materials and systems is based upon a network of branch offices and plaster mass mixter plants located in Warsaw, Szczecin, Lublin, Gdansk and Zabrze.« less

Combination spindle-drive system for high precision machining

DOEpatents

Gerth, Howard L.

1977-07-26

A combination spindle-drive is provided for fabrication of optical quality surface finishes. Both the spindle-and-drive utilize the spindle bearings for support, thereby removing the conventional drive-means bearings as a source of vibration. An airbearing spindle is modified to carry at the drive end a highly conductive cup-shaped rotor which is aligned with a stationary stator to produce torque in the cup-shaped rotor through the reaction of eddy currents induced in the rotor. This arrangement eliminates magnetic attraction forces and all force is in the form of torque on the cup-shaped rotor.

Eddy-Current Monitoring Of Composite Layups

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fox, Robert L.; Buckley, John D.

1993-01-01

Eddy-current-probe apparatus used to determine predominant orientations of fibers in fiber/matrix composite materials. Apparatus nondestructive, noninvasive means for monitoring composite prepregs and layups during fabrication to ensure predictable and repeatable mechanical properties of finished composite panels. Consists essentially of electromagnet coil wrapped around horseshoe-shaped powdered-iron or ferrite ore. Optionally, capacitor included in series or parallel with coil to form resonant circuit. Impedance monitor excites radio-frequency current in coil and measures impedance of probe circuit. Affected by whatever material placed near ends of core, where material intercepts alternating magnetic field excited in core by current in coil.

Associations between serum levels of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants and environmental and behavioral factors in pregnant women.

PubMed

Buttke, Danielle E; Wolkin, Amy; Stapleton, Heather M; Miranda, Marie Lynn

2013-03-01

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) are flame retardants that were previously used in upholstery, fabrics, and household appliances. PBDEs have been linked to adverse health outcomes, including neurotoxicity, thyroid hormone dysregulation, endocrine disruption, and poor semen quality. Because PBDEs pass into placental circulation, maternal exposures can approximate fetal exposures. Our objectives were to determine whether diet and specific human behaviors were significantly associated with PBDE exposures in a cohort of pregnant women. Women between the 34th and 38th week of pregnancy were given a questionnaire about behavioral, environmental, and dietary factors and asked to provide blood samples. Serum PBDE levels were measured using GS-MS and lipid adjusted. An adjusted ordinary least squares regression model was run to identify potential associations between behaviors and serum PBDE levels. Serum concentrations of BDEs 47, 99, 100, and 153 were found above the limit of detection in at least 50% of study participants and used in our models. Associations with serum PBDEs were observed with self-reported hand-to-mouth behaviors, including biting nails and licking fingers. Serum BDE levels of 47, 99, 153, and total PBDEs were also significantly higher in those individuals owning a large-screen TV compared with those who did not. Serum PBDE levels were comparable to levels reported in the general population. Hand-to-mouth behaviors may influence serum PBDE concentrations in adults. Household electronics such as large-screen TVs appear to serve as a significant source of PBDEs in pregnant women. Together, hand-to-mouth behaviors and TV ownership may serve as a route of exposure to PBDEs in adults.

Associations between serum levels of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) flame retardants and environmental and behavioral factors in pregnant women

PubMed Central

Buttke, Danielle E.; Wolkin, Amy; Stapleton, Heather M.; Miranda, Marie Lynn

2015-01-01

Background Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) are flame retardants that were previously used in upholstery, fabrics, and household appliances. PBDEs have been linked to adverse health outcomes, including neurotoxicity, thyroid hormone dysregulation, endocrine disruption, and poor semen quality. Because PBDEs pass into placental circulation, maternal exposures can approximate fetal exposures. Objectives Our objectives were to determine if diet and specific human behaviors were significantly associated with PBDE exposures in a cohort of pregnant women. Methods Women between the 34th and 38th week of pregnancy were given a questionnaire about behavioral, environmental, and dietary factors and asked to provide blood samples. Serum PBDE levels were measured using GS-MS and lipid adjusted. An adjusted ordinary least squares regression model was run to identify potential associations between behaviors and serum PBDE levels. Results Serum concentrations of BDEs 47, 99, 100, and 153 were found above the limit of detection in at least 50% of study participants and used in our models. Associations with serum PBDEs were observed with self-reported hand-to-mouth behaviors, including biting nails and licking fingers. Serum BDE levels of 47, 99, 153, and total PBDEs were also significantly higher in those individuals owning a large screen TV compared to those who did not. Serum PBDE levels were comparable to levels reported in the general population. Conclusions Hand-to-mouth behaviors may influence serum PBDE concentrations in adults. Household electronics such as large-screen TV’s appear to serve as a significant source of PBDEs in pregnant women. Together, hand-to-mouth behaviors and TV ownership may serve as a route of exposure to PBDEs in adults. PMID:22760441

Loading of chitosan - Nano metal oxide hybrids onto cotton/polyester fabrics to impart permanent and effective multifunctions.

PubMed

Ibrahim, Nabil A; Eid, Basma M; El-Aziz, Eman Abd; Elmaaty, Tarek M Abou; Ramadan, Shaimaa M

2017-12-01

New and durable multifunctional properties of cotton/polyester blended fabrics were developed through loading of chitosan (Cs) and various metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) namely ZnO, TiO 2 , and SiO 2 onto fabric surface using citric acid/Sodium hypophosphite for ester-crosslinking and creating new anchoring and binding sites, COOH groups, onto the ester-crosslinked fabrics surface. The surface morphology and the presence of active ingredients (Cs & MONPs) onto selected - coated fabric samples were analyzed by SEM images and confirmed by EDS spectrums. The influence of various finishing formulations on some performance and functional properties such as wettability, antibacterial activity, UV-protection, self-cleaning, resiliency and durability to wash were studied. The obtained results revealed that the extent of improvement in the imparted functional properties is governed by type of loaded-hybrid and follows the decreasing order: Cs-TiO 2 NPs>Cs-ZnONPs>SiO 2 NP s >Cs alone, as well as kind of substrate cotton/polyester (65/35)>cotton/polyester (50/50). Moreover, after 15 washing cycles, the durability of the imparted functional properties of Cs/TiO 2 NP s - loaded substrates marginally decreased indicating the strong fixation of the hybrid components onto the ester-crosslinked substrates. The obtained bioactive multifunctional textiles can be used for producing eco-friendly protective textile materials for numerous applications. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Original method to compute epipoles using variable homography: application to measure emergent fibers on textile fabrics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Jun; Cudel, Christophe; Kohler, Sophie; Fontaine, Stéphane; Haeberlé, Olivier; Klotz, Marie-Louise

2012-04-01

Fabric's smoothness is a key factor in determining the quality of finished textile products and has great influence on the functionality of industrial textiles and high-end textile products. With popularization of the zero defect industrial concept, identifying and measuring defective material in the early stage of production is of great interest to the industry. In the current market, many systems are able to achieve automatic monitoring and control of fabric, paper, and nonwoven material during the entire production process, however online measurement of hairiness is still an open topic and highly desirable for industrial applications. We propose a computer vision approach to compute epipole by using variable homography, which can be used to measure emergent fiber length on textile fabrics. The main challenges addressed in this paper are the application of variable homography on textile monitoring and measurement, as well as the accuracy of the estimated calculation. We propose that a fibrous structure can be considered as a two-layer structure, and then we show how variable homography combined with epipolar geometry can estimate the length of the fiber defects. Simulations are carried out to show the effectiveness of this method. The true length of selected fibers is measured precisely using a digital optical microscope, and then the same fibers are tested by our method. Our experimental results suggest that smoothness monitored by variable homography is an accurate and robust method of quality control for important industrial fabrics.

Using variable homography to measure emergent fibers on textile fabrics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Jun; Cudel, Christophe; Kohler, Sophie; Fontaine, Stéphane; Haeberlé, Olivier; Klotz, Marie-Louise

2011-07-01

A fabric's smoothness is a key factor to determine the quality of textile finished products and has great influence on the functionality of industrial textiles and high-end textile products. With popularization of the 'zero defect' industrial concept, identifying and measuring defective material in the early stage of production is of great interest for the industry. In the current market, many systems are able to achieve automatic monitoring and control of fabric, paper, and nonwoven material during the entire production process, however online measurement of hairiness is still an open topic and highly desirable for industrial applications. In this paper we propose a computer vision approach, based on variable homography, which can be used to measure the emergent fiber's length on textile fabrics. The main challenges addressed in this paper are the application of variable homography to textile monitoring and measurement, as well as the accuracy of the estimated calculation. We propose that a fibrous structure can be considered as a two-layer structure and then show how variable homography can estimate the length of the fiber defects. Simulations are carried out to show the effectiveness of this method to measure the emergent fiber's length. The true lengths of selected fibers are measured precisely using a digital optical microscope, and then the same fibers are tested by our method. Our experimental results suggest that smoothness monitored by variable homography is an accurate and robust method for quality control of important industrially fabrics.

Comparative carcass and tissue nutrient composition of transgenic Yorkshire pigs expressing phytase in the saliva and conventional Yorkshire pigs.

PubMed

Forsberg, C W; Meidinger, R G; Ajakaiye, A; Murray, D; Fan, M Z; Mandell, I B; Phillips, J P

2014-10-01

A transgenic line of Yorkshire (YK) pigs named the Cassie (CA) line was produced with a low copy number phytase transgene inserted in the genome. The transgenic line efficiently digests P, Ca, and other major minerals of plant dietary origin. The objectives of this study were to 1) compare carcass and tissue nutrient composition and meat quality traits for third generation hemizygous CA line market BW finisher pigs (n = 24) with age-matched conventional YK finisher pigs (n = 24) and 2) examine effects of outbreeding with high-index conventional YK boars on modifying carcass leanness from the third to sixth generations in CA line finisher boars (n = 73) and gilts (n = 103). Cassie boars (n = 12) and CA gilts (n = 12) were fed diets without supplemental P and comparable numbers of age-matched YK boars and gilts fed diets containing supplement P were raised throughout the finisher phase. The pigs were slaughtered and then fabricated into commercial pork primals before meat composition and quality evaluation. Proximate and major micronutrient composition was determined on tissues including fat, kidney, lean, liver, and skin. The main difference observed was greater (P = 0.033) crude fat content in CA boar carcasses and increased (P < 0.04) leaf lard in both CA boars and gilts but no differences were observed (P = 0.895 and P = 0.223, respectively) in carcass backfat thickness as compared with YK pigs. There were no substantive differences in tissue composition, except for CA boar kidneys. Numerous changes in the mineral, fatty acid, and indispensable AA composition for CA boar kidneys were not apparent in CA gilts. These changes may point to adaptive physiological changes in the boar kidney necessary for homeostatic regulation of mineral retention related to phytase action rather than to insertion of the transgene. However, from a meat composition perspective, transgenic expression of phytase in the CA line of YK pigs had little overall effect on meat composition. Outbreeding of high-index CA gilts with high-index commercial YK boars linearly reduced (P = 0.002) back fat thickness with a corresponding linear increase (P = 0.001) in lean yield in finisher CA gilts, although no change in these parameters was observed in CA finisher boars. The increase in lean yield in CA gilts by selective breeding without affecting the level of salivary phytase activity documents the value of conventional genetic selection in conjunction with genetic modification.

Durable antibacterial and cross-linking cotton with colloidal silver nanoparticles and butane tetracarboxylic acid without yellowing.

PubMed

Montazer, Majid; Alimohammadi, Farbod; Shamei, Ali; Rahimi, Mohammad Karim

2012-01-01

Colloidal nano silver was applied on the surface of cotton fabric and stabilized using 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA). The two properties of antimicrobial activity and resistance against creasing were imparted to the samples of fabric as a result of the treatment with silver nano colloid and BTCA. The antimicrobial property of samples was evaluated using two pathogenic bacteria including Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus as outstanding barometers in this field. The durability of applied nanoparticles, color variation, wettability and wrinkle recovery angle of the treated samples were investigated employing related credible standards. The presence of nano silver particles on the surface of treated cotton fabric was proved using EDS spectrum as well as the SEM images. Furthermore, the creation of cross-links was confirmed by the means of both ATR-FTIR and Raman spectra. In conclusion, it was observed that BTCA plays a prominent role in stabilizing silver nanoparticle. Besides, Wettability and winkle recovery angle of finished samples decreased and increased, respectively. In addition, it is noteworthy that no obvious color variation was observed. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Rapid fabrication of a silicon modification layer on silicon carbide substrate.

PubMed

Bai, Yang; Li, Longxiang; Xue, Donglin; Zhang, Xuejun

2016-08-01

We develop a kind of magnetorheological (MR) polishing fluid for the fabrication of a silicon modification layer on a silicon carbide substrate based on chemical theory and actual polishing requirements. The effect of abrasive concentration in MR polishing fluid on material removal rate and removal function shape is investigated. We conclude that material removal rate will increase and tends to peak value as the abrasive concentration increases to 0.3 vol. %, and the removal function profile will become steep, which is a disadvantage to surface frequency error removal at the same time. The removal function stability is also studied and the results show that the prepared MR polishing fluid can satisfy actual fabrication requirements. An aspheric reflective mirror of silicon carbide modified by silicon is well polished by combining magnetorheological finishing (MRF) using two types of MR polishing fluid and computer controlled optical surfacing (CCOS) processes. The surface accuracy root mean square (RMS) is improved from 0.087λ(λ=632.8  nm) initially to 0.020λ(λ=632.8  nm) in 5.5 h total and the tool marks resulting from MRF are negligible. The PSD analysis results also shows that the final surface is uniformly polished.

The Influence of Friction Between Football Helmet and Jersey Materials on Force: A Consideration for Sport Safety.

PubMed

Rossi, Anthony M; Claiborne, Tina L; Thompson, Gregory B; Todaro, Stacey

2016-09-01

The pocketing effect of helmet padding helps to dissipate forces experienced by the head, but if the player's helmet remains stationary in an opponent's shoulder pads, the compressive force on the cervical spine may increase. To (1) measure the coefficient of static friction between different football helmet finishes and football jersey fabrics and (2) calculate the potential amount of force on a player's helmet due to the amount of friction present. Cross-sectional study. Laboratory. Helmets with different finishes and different football jersey fabrics. The coefficient of friction was determined for 2 helmet samples (glossy and matte), 3 football jerseys (collegiate, high school, and youth), and 3 types of jersey numbers (silkscreened, sublimated, and stitched on) using the TAPPI T 815 standard method. These measurements determined which helmet-to-helmet, helmet-to-jersey number, and helmet-to-jersey material combination resulted in the least amount of static friction. The glossy helmet versus glossy helmet combination produced a greater amount of static friction than the other 2 helmet combinations (P = .013). The glossy helmet versus collegiate jersey combination produced a greater amount of static friction than the other helmet-to-jersey material combinations (P < .01). The glossy helmet versus silkscreened numbers combination produced a greater amount of static friction than the other helmet-to-jersey number combinations (P < .01). The force of static friction experienced during collisions can be clinically relevant. Conditions with higher coefficients of static friction result in greater forces. In this study, the highest coefficient of friction (glossy helmet versus silkscreened number) could increase the forces on the player's helmet by 3553.88 N when compared with other helmet-to-jersey combinations. Our results indicate that the makeup of helmet and uniform materials may affect sport safety.

Evaluation of marginal fit of 2 CAD-CAM anatomic contour zirconia crown systems and lithium disilicate glass-ceramic crown.

PubMed

Ji, Min-Kyung; Park, Ji-Hee; Park, Sang-Won; Yun, Kwi-Dug; Oh, Gye-Jeong; Lim, Hyun-Pil

2015-08-01

This study was to evaluate the marginal fit of two CAD-CAM anatomic contour zirconia crown systems compared to lithium disilicate glass-ceramic crowns. Shoulder and deep chamfer margin were formed on each acrylic resin tooth model of a maxillary first premolar. Two CAD-CAM systems (Prettau®Zirconia and ZENOSTAR®ZR translucent) and lithium disilicate glass ceramic (IPS e.max®press) crowns were made (n=16). Each crown was bonded to stone dies with resin cement (Rely X Unicem). Marginal gap and absolute marginal discrepancy of crowns were measured using a light microscope equipped with a digital camera (Leica DFC295) magnified by a factor of 100. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc Tukey's HSD test were conducted to analyze the significance of crown marginal fit regarding the finish line configuration and the fabrication system. The mean marginal gap of lithium disilicate glass ceramic crowns (IPS e.max®press) was significantly lower than that of the CAD-CAM anatomic contour zirconia crown system (Prettau®Zirconia) (P<.05). Both fabrication systems and finish line configurations significantly influenced the absolute marginal discrepancy (P<.05). The lithium disilicate glass ceramic crown (IPS e.max®press) had significantly smaller marginal gap than the CAD-CAM anatomic contour zirconia crown system (Prettau®Zirconia). In terms of absolute marginal discrepancy, the CAD-CAM anatomic contour zirconia crown system (ZENOSTAR®ZR translucent) had under-extended margin, whereas the CAD-CAM anatomic contour zirconia crown system (Prettau®Zirconia) and lithium disilicate glass ceramic crowns (IPS e.max®press) had overextended margins.

Developing magnetorheological finishing (MRF) technology for the manufacture of large-aperture optics in megajoule class laser systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Menapace, Joseph A.

2010-11-01

Over the last eight years we have been developing advanced MRF tools and techniques to manufacture meter-scale optics for use in Megajoule class laser systems. These systems call for optics having unique characteristics that can complicate their fabrication using conventional polishing methods. First, exposure to the high-power nanosecond and sub-nanosecond pulsed laser environment in the infrared (>27 J/cm2 at 1053 nm), visible (>18 J/cm2 at 527 nm), and ultraviolet (>10 J/cm2 at 351 nm) demands ultra-precise control of optical figure and finish to avoid intensity modulation and scatter that can result in damage to the optics chain or system hardware. Second, the optics must be super-polished and virtually free of surface and subsurface flaws that can limit optic lifetime through laser-induced damage initiation and growth at the flaw sites, particularly at 351 nm. Lastly, ultra-precise optics for beam conditioning are required to control laser beam quality. These optics contain customized surface topographical structures that cannot be made using traditional fabrication processes. In this review, we will present the development and implementation of large-aperture MRF tools and techniques specifically designed to meet the demanding optical performance challenges required in large aperture high-power laser systems. In particular, we will discuss the advances made by using MRF technology to expose and remove surface and subsurface flaws in optics during final polishing to yield optics with improve laser damage resistance, the novel application of MRF deterministic polishing to imprint complex topographical information and wavefront correction patterns onto optical surfaces, and our efforts to advance the technology to manufacture largeaperture damage resistant optics.

Developing Magnetorheological Finishing (MRF) Technology for the Manufacture of Large-Aperture Optics in Megajoule Class Laser Systems

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Menapace, J A

2010-10-27

Over the last eight years we have been developing advanced MRF tools and techniques to manufacture meter-scale optics for use in Megajoule class laser systems. These systems call for optics having unique characteristics that can complicate their fabrication using conventional polishing methods. First, exposure to the high-power nanosecond and sub-nanosecond pulsed laser environment in the infrared (>27 J/cm{sup 2} at 1053 nm), visible (>18 J/cm{sup 2} at 527 nm), and ultraviolet (>10 J/cm{sup 2} at 351 nm) demands ultra-precise control of optical figure and finish to avoid intensity modulation and scatter that can result in damage to the optics chainmore » or system hardware. Second, the optics must be super-polished and virtually free of surface and subsurface flaws that can limit optic lifetime through laser-induced damage initiation and growth at the flaw sites, particularly at 351 nm. Lastly, ultra-precise optics for beam conditioning are required to control laser beam quality. These optics contain customized surface topographical structures that cannot be made using traditional fabrication processes. In this review, we will present the development and implementation of large-aperture MRF tools and techniques specifically designed to meet the demanding optical performance challenges required in large-aperture high-power laser systems. In particular, we will discuss the advances made by using MRF technology to expose and remove surface and subsurface flaws in optics during final polishing to yield optics with improve laser damage resistance, the novel application of MRF deterministic polishing to imprint complex topographical information and wavefront correction patterns onto optical surfaces, and our efforts to advance the technology to manufacture large-aperture damage resistant optics.« less

Development of a 1K x 1K GaAs QWIP Far IR Imaging Array

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jhabvala, M.; Choi, K.; Goldberg, A.; La, A.; Gunapala, S.

2003-01-01

In the on-going evolution of GaAs Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors (QWIPs) we have developed a 1,024 x 1,024 (1K x1K), 8.4-9 microns infrared focal plane array (FPA). This 1 megapixel detector array is a hybrid using the Rockwell TCM 8050 silicon readout integrated circuit (ROIC) bump bonded to a GaAs QWIP array fabricated jointly by engineers at the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) and the Army Research Laboratory (ARL). The finished hybrid is thinned at the Jet Propulsion Lab. Prior to this development the largest format array was a 512 x 640 FPA. We have integrated the 1K x 1K array into an imaging camera system and performed tests over the 40K-90K temperature range achieving BLIP performance at an operating temperature of 76K (f/2 camera system). The GaAs array is relatively easy to fabricate once the superlattice structure of the quantum wells has been defined and grown. The overall arrays costs are currently dominated by the costs associated with the silicon readout since the GaAs array fabrication is based on high yield, well-established GaAs processing capabilities. In this paper we will present the first results of our 1K x 1K QWIP array development including fabrication methodology, test data and our imaging results.

Fabrication and properties of radially <001>C textured PMN-PT cylinders for transducer applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Poterala, Stephen F.; Meyer, Richard J.; Messing, Gary L.

2012-07-01

<001>C Textured PMN-PT ceramics have electromechanical properties (d33 = 850-1050 pm/V, k33 = 0.79-0.83) between those of conventional PZT ceramics and relaxor PMN-PT crystals. In this work, we tailor crystallographic orientation in textured PMN-PT ceramics for transducer designs with non-planar poling surfaces. Specifically, omni-directional cylindrical transducer elements were fabricated using monolithic, radially <001>C textured and poled PMN-PT ceramic. Texture was produced by templated grain growth using NBT-PT templates, which were oriented radially by wrapping green ceramic tapes around a cylindrical mandrel. Finished transducer elements measure ˜5 cm in diameter by ˜2.5 cm in height and demonstrate scalability of textured ceramic fabrication techniques. The fabricated cylinders are ˜50 vol. % textured and show high 31-mode electromechanical properties compared to PZT ceramics (d31 = -259 pm/V, k31 = 0.43, ɛT33 = 3000, and Qm = 350). Frequency bandwidth is related to the square of the hoop mode coupling coefficient kh2, which is ˜60% higher in textured PMN-PT cylinders compared to PZT 5H. Finite element simulations show that this parameter may be further increased by improving texture quality to ≥90 vol. %. Radially textured PMN-PT may thus improve performance in omni-directional cylindrical transducers while avoiding the need for segmented single crystal designs.

Selective Plasma Deposition of Fluorocarbon Films on SAMs

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Crain, Mark M., III; Walsh, Kevin M.; Cohn, Robert W.

2006-01-01

A dry plasma process has been demonstrated to be useful for the selective modification of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkanethiolates. These SAMs are used, during the fabrication of semiconductor electronic devices, as etch masks on gold layers that are destined to be patterned and incorporated into the devices. The selective modification involves the formation of fluorocarbon films that render the SAMs more effective in protecting the masked areas of the gold against etching by a potassium iodide (KI) solution. This modification can be utilized, not only in the fabrication of single electronic devices but also in the fabrication of integrated circuits, microelectromechanical systems, and circuit boards. In the steps that precede the dry plasma process, a silicon mold in the desired pattern is fabricated by standard photolithographic techniques. A stamp is then made by casting polydimethylsiloxane (commonly known as silicone rubber) in the mold. The stamp is coated with an alkanethiol solution, then the stamp is pressed on the gold layer of a device to be fabricated in order to deposit the alkanethiol to form an alkanethiolate SAM in the desired pattern (see figure). Next, the workpiece is exposed to a radio-frequency plasma generated from a mixture of CF4 and H2 gases. After this plasma treatment, the SAM is found to be modified, while the exposed areas of gold remain unchanged. This dry plasma process offers the potential for forming masks superior to those formed in a prior wet etching process. Among the advantages over the wet etching process are greater selectivity, fewer pin holes in the masks, and less nonuniformity of the masks. The fluorocarbon films formed in this way may also be useful as intermediate layers for subsequent fabrication steps and as dielectric layers to be incorporated into finished products.

An Investigation of Differential Deposition for Figure Corrections in Full-Shell Grazing-Incidents X-Ray Optics

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gubarev, Mikhail V.; Kilaru, Kirenmayee; Ramsey, Brian D.

2009-01-01

We are investigating differential deposition as a way of correcting small figure errors inside full-shell grazing-incidence x-ray optics. The optics in our study are fabricated using the electroformed-nickel-replication technique, and the figure errors arise from fabrication errors in the mandrel, from which the shells are replicated, as well as errors induced during the electroforming process. Combined, these give sub-micron-scale figure deviations which limit the angular resolution of the optics to approx. 10 arcsec. Sub-micron figure errors can be corrected by selectively depositing (physical vapor deposition) material inside the shell. The requirements for this filler material are that it must not degrade the ultra-smooth surface finish necessary for efficient x-ray reflection (approx. 5 A rms), and must not be highly stressed. In addition, a technique must be found to produce well controlled and defined beams within highly constrained geometries, as some of our mirror shells are less than 3 cm in diameter.

Engineering and fabrication cost considerations for cryogenic wind tunnel models

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Boykin, R. M., Jr.; Davenport, J. B., Jr.

1983-01-01

Design and fabrication cost drivers for cryogenic transonic wind tunnel models are defined. The major cost factors for wind tunnel models are model complexity, tolerances, surface finishes, materials, material validation, and model inspection. The cryogenic temperatures require the use of materials with relatively high fracture toughness but at the same time high strength. Some of these materials are very difficult to machine, requiring extensive machine hours which can add significantly to the manufacturing costs. Some additional engineering costs are incurred to certify the materials through mechanical tests and nondestructive evaluation techniques, which are not normally required with conventional models. When instrumentation such as accelerometers and electronically scanned pressure modules is required, temperature control of these devices needs to be incorporated into the design, which requires added effort. Additional thermal analyses and subsystem tests may be necessary, which also adds to the design costs. The largest driver to the design costs is potentially the additional static and dynamic analyses required to insure structural integrity of the model and support system.

High Tensile Strength Amalgams for In-Space Repair and Fabrication

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Grugel, R. N.

2005-01-01

Amalgams are defined as an alloy of mercury with one or more other metals. These, along with those based on gallium (also liquid at near room temperature), are widely used in dental practice as a tooth filling material. Amalgams have a number of useful attributes that indude room temperature compounding. corrosion resistance, dimensional stability, and good compressive strength. These properties well serve dental needs but, unfortunately, amalgams have extremely poor tensile strength, a feature that severely limits their applications. The work presented here demonstrates how, by modifying particle geometry, the tensile strength of amalgams can be increased and thus extending the range of potential applications. This is relevant to, for example, the freeform fabrication of replacement parts that might be necessary during an extended space mission. Advantages, i.e. Figures-of-Merit. include the ability to produce complex parts, minimum crew interaction, high yield - minimum wasted material, reduced gravity compatibility, minimum final finishing, safety, and minimum power consumption.

Research on subsurface defects of potassium dihydrogen phosphate crystals fabricated by single point diamond turning technique

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tie, Guipeng; Dai, Yifan; Guan, Chaoliang; Chen, Shaoshan; Song, Bing

2013-03-01

Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystals, which are widely used in high-power laser systems, are required to be free of defects on fabricated subsurfaces. The depth of subsurface defects (SSD) of KDP crystals is significantly influenced by the parameters used in the single point diamond turning technique. In this paper, based on the deliquescent magnetorheological finishing technique, the SSD of KDP crystals is observed and the depths under various cutting parameters are detected and discussed. The results indicate that no SSD is generated under small parameters and with the increase of cutting parameters, SSD appears and the depth rises almost linearly. Although the ascending trends of SSD depths caused by cutting depth and feed rate are much alike, the two parameters make different contributions. Taking the same material removal efficiency as a criterion, a large cutting depth generates shallower SSD depth than a large feed rate. Based on the experiment results, an optimized cutting procedure is obtained to generate defect-free surfaces.

UV-light assisted patterned metallization of textile fabrics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bahners, Thomas; Gebert, Beate; Prager, Andrea; Hartmann, Nils; Hagemann, Ulrich; Gutmann, Jochen S.

2018-04-01

A UV-assisted process allows full-faced or local deposition of silver domains on textiles made of natural as well as synthetic fibers, which act as nuclei for subsequent galvanic metallization. SEM and XPS analyses indicate that the process generates particulate depositions - particles, aggregates - of elementary silver. Masking the UV irradiation confines silver deposition strictly to the exposed areas thus allowing patterning. Adhesion of the deposited silver is high on the studied natural fiber cotton and polyamide fibers. Adhesion on smooth and chemically inert synthethic fibers such as, e.g., poly(ethylene terephthalate) or para- and meta-aramids could be enhanced by finishing with poly(vinylamine) thus providing complex-forming amino groups. Although the process does not deposit a closed, electrically conducting layer, all studied samples could be metallized by galvanization. The resulting metal coatings exhibit high conductivity and wash stability. Following a patterned silver deposition, the subsequent galvanic metallization produced conductive patterns of identical geometry thus opening an avenue towards printed circuits on textile fabrics.

Low-weight, low-cost, low-cycle time, replicated glass mirrors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Egerman, Robert; De Smitt, Steven; Strafford, David

2010-07-01

ITT has patented and continues to develop processes to fabricate low-cost borosilicate mirrors that can be used for both ground and space-based optical telescopes. Borosilicate glass is a commodity and is the material of choice for today's flat-panel televisions and monitors. Supply and demand has kept its cost low compared to mirror substrate materials typically found in telescopes. The current technology development is on the path to having the ability to deliver imaging quality optics of up to 1m (scalable to 2m) in diameter in three weeks. For those applications that can accommodate the material properties of borosilicate glasses, this technology has the potential to revolutionize ground and space-based astronomy. ITT Corporation has demonstrated finishing a planar, 0.6m borosilicate, optic to <100 nm-rms. This paper will provide an historical overview of the development in this area with an emphasis on recent technology developments to fabricate a 0.6m parabolic mirror under NASA Earth Science Technology Office (ESTO) grant #NNX09AD61G.

Enhancing the functionality of cotton fabric by physical and chemical pre-treatments: A comparative study.

PubMed

Gargoubi, Sondes; Tolouei, Ranna; Chevallier, Pascale; Levesque, Lucie; Ladhari, Neji; Boudokhane, Chedly; Mantovani, Diego

2016-08-20

Recently, antimicrobial and decontaminating textiles, such as cotton a natural carbohydrate polymer, are generating more attention. Plant materials used for natural dyes are expected to impart biofunctional properties and high added valued functional textiles. In the current study, surface modification of cotton to maximize the dye amount on the surface has been investigated. Physical modification using nitrogen-hydrogen plasma, chemical modification using chitosan and chemical modification using dopamine as biopolymers imparting amino groups were explored. Furthermore, dye exhaustion of curcumin, as a natural functional dye has been studied. Dye stability tests were also performed after fabric washing using hospital washing protocol to predict the durability of the functionalizations. The results demonstrated that cotton surfaces treated with dopamine exhibit a high level of dye uptake (78%) and a good washing fastness. The use of non-toxic and natural additives during cotton finishing process could give the opportunity of cradle to cradle design for antimicrobial textile industries. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Slicer Method Comparison Using Open-source 3D Printer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ariffin, M. K. A. Mohd; Sukindar, N. A.; Baharudin, B. T. H. T.; Jaafar, C. N. A.; Ismail, M. I. S.

2018-01-01

Open-source 3D printer has been one of the popular choices in fabricating 3D models. This technology is easily accessible and low in cost. However, several studies have been made to improve the performance of this low-cost technology in term of the accuracy of the parts finish. This study is focusing on the selection of slicer mode between CuraEngine and Slic3r. The effect on this slicer has been observe in terms of accuracy and surface visualization. The result shows that if the accuracy is the top priority, CuraEngine is the better option to use as contribute more accuracy as well as less filament is needed compared to the Slice3r. Slice3r may be very useful for complicated parts such as hanging structure due to excessive material which act as support material. The study provides basic platform for the user to have an idea which option to be used in fabricating 3D model.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dehoff, Ryan R.; List, III, Frederick Alyious; Carver, Keith

ORNL Manufacturing Demonstration Facility worked with ECM Technologies LLC to investigate the use of precision electro-chemical machining technology to polish the surface of parts created by Arcam electron beam melting. The goals for phase one of this project have been met. The project goal was to determine whether electro-chemical machining is a viable method to improve the surface finish of Inconel 718 parts fabricated using the Arcam EBM method. The project partner (ECM) demonstrated viability for parts of both simple and complex geometry. During the course of the project, detailed process knowledge was generated. This project has resulted in themore » expansion of United States operations for ECM Technologies.« less

Replicated Composite Optics Development

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Engelhaupt, Darell

1997-01-01

Advanced optical systems for applications such as grazing incidence Wolter I x-ray mirror assemblies require extraordinary mirror surfaces in ten-ns of fine surface finish and figure. The impeccable mirror surface is on the inside of the rotational mirror form. One practical method of producing devices with these requirements is to first fabricate an exterior surface for the optical device then replicate that surface to have the inverse component with lightweight characteristics. The replicate optic is not better than the master or mandrel from which it is made. This task is a continuance of previous studies to identify methods and materials for forming these extremely low roughness optical components.

Pressurized Shell Molds For Metal-Matrix Composites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kashalikar, Uday K.; Lusignea, Richard N.; Cornie, James

1993-01-01

Balanced-pressure molds used to make parts in complex shapes from fiber-reinforced metal-matrix composite materials. In single step, molding process makes parts in nearly final shapes; only minor finishing needed. Because molding pressure same on inside and outside, mold does not have to be especially strong and can be made of cheap, nonstructural material like glass or graphite. Fibers do not have to be cut to conform to molds. Method produces parts with high content of continuous fibers. Parts stiff but light in weight, and coefficients of thermal expansion adjusted. Parts resistant to mechanical and thermal fatigue superior to similar parts made by prior fabrication methods.

Marginal Accuracy and Internal Fit of Dental Copings Fabricated by Modern Additive and Subtractive Digital Technologies.

PubMed

Nelson, Neha; K S, Jyothi; Sunny, Kiran

2017-03-01

The margins of copings for crowns and retainers of fixed partial dentures affect the progress of microleakage and dental caries. Failures occur due to altered fit which is also influenced by the method of fabrication. An in-vitro study was conducted to determine among the cast base metal, copy milled zirconia, computer aided designing computer aided machining/manufacturing zirconia and direct metal laser sintered copings which showed best marginal accuracy and internal fit. Forty extracted maxillary premolars were mounted on an acrylic model and reduced occlusally using a milling machine up to a final tooth height of 4 mm from the cementoenamel junction. Axial reduction was accomplished on a surveyor and a chamfer finish line was given. The impressions and dies were made for fabrication of copings which were luted on the prepared teeth under standardized loading, embedded in self-cure acrylic resin, sectioned and observed using scanning electron microscope for internal gap and marginal accuracy. The copings fabricated using direct metal laser sintering technique exhibited best marginal accuracy and internal fit. Comparison of mean between the four groups by ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey HSD tests showed a statistically significant difference between all the groups (p⟨0.05). It was concluded that the copings fabricated using direct metal laser sintering technique exhibited best marginal accuracy and internal fit. Additive digital technologies such as direct metal laser sintering could be cost-effective for the clinician, minimize failures related to fit and increase longevity of teeth and prostheses. Copyright© 2017 Dennis Barber Ltd.

Development of an alternating magnetic-field-assisted finishing process for microelectromechanical systems micropore x-ray optics.

PubMed

Riveros, Raul E; Yamaguchi, Hitomi; Mitsuishi, Ikuyuki; Takagi, Utako; Ezoe, Yuichiro; Kato, Fumiki; Sugiyama, Susumu; Yamasaki, Noriko; Mitsuda, Kazuhisa

2010-06-20

X-ray astronomy research is often limited by the size, weight, complexity, and cost of functioning x-ray optics. Micropore optics promises an economical alternative to traditional (e.g., glass or foil) x-ray optics; however, many manufacturing difficulties prevent micropore optics from being a viable solution. Ezoe et al. introduced microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) micropore optics having curvilinear micropores in 2008. Made by either deep reactive ion etching or x-ray lithography, electroforming, and molding (LIGA), MEMS micropore optics suffer from high micropore sidewall roughness (10-30nmrms) which, by current standards, cannot be improved. In this research, a new alternating magnetic-field-assisted finishing process was developed using a mixture of ferrofluid and microscale abrasive slurry. A machine was built, and a set of working process parameters including alternating frequency, abrasive size, and polishing time was selected. A polishing experiment on a LIGA-fabricated MEMS micropore optic was performed, and a change in micropore sidewall roughness of 9.3+/-2.5nmrms to 5.7+/-0.7nmrms was measured. An improvement in x-ray reflectance was also seen. This research shows the feasibility and confirms the effects of this new polishing process on MEMS micropore optics.

Planarization of Isolated Defects on ICF Target Capsule Surfaces by Pulsed Laser Ablation

DOE PAGES

Alfonso, Noel; Carlson, Lane C.; Bunn, Thomas L.

2016-08-09

Demanding surface quality requirements for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) capsules motivated the development of a pulsed laser ablation method to reduce or eliminate undesirable surface defects. The pulsed laser ablation technique takes advantage of a full surface (4π) capsule manipulation system working in combination with an optical profiling (confocal) microscope. Based on the defect topography, the material removal rate, the laser pulse energy and its beam profile, a customized laser raster pattern is derived to remove the defect. The pattern is a table of coordinates and number of pulses that dictate how the defect will be vaporized until its heightmore » is level with the capsule surface. This paper explains how the raster patterns are optimized to minimize surface roughness and how surface roughness after laser ablation is simulated. The simulated surfaces are compared with actual ablated surfaces. Large defects are reduced to a size regime where a tumble finishing process produces very high quality surfaces devoid of high mode defects. The combined polishing processes of laser ablation and tumble finishing have become routine fabrication steps for National Ignition Facility capsule production.« less

Grain Size and Phase Purity Characterization of U 3Si 2 Pellet Fuel

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hoggan, Rita E.; Tolman, Kevin R.; Cappia, Fabiola

Characterization of U 3Si 2 fresh fuel pellets is important for quality assurance and validation of the finished product. Grain size measurement methods, phase identification methods using scanning electron microscopes equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction, and phase quantification methods via image analysis have been developed and implemented on U 3Si 2 pellet samples. A wide variety of samples have been characterized including representative pellets from an initial irradiation experiment, and samples produced using optimized methods to enhance phase purity from an extended fabrication effort. The average grain size for initial pellets was between 16 and 18 µm.more » The typical average grain size for pellets from the extended fabrication was between 20 and 30 µm with some samples exhibiting irregular grain growth. Pellets from the latter half of extended fabrication had a bimodal grain size distribution consisting of coarsened grains (>80 µm) surrounded by the typical (20-30 µm) grain structure around the surface. Phases identified in initial uranium silicide pellets included: U 3Si 2 as the main phase composing about 80 vol. %, Si rich phases (USi and U 5Si 4) composing about 13 vol. %, and UO 2 composing about 5 vol. %. Initial batches from the extended U 3Si 2 pellet fabrication had similar phases and phase quantities. The latter half of the extended fabrication pellet batches did not contain Si rich phases, and had between 1-5% UO 2: achieving U 3Si 2 phase purity between 95 vol. % and 98 vol. % U 3Si 2. The amount of UO 2 in sintered U 3Si 2 pellets is correlated to the length of time between U 3Si 2 powder fabrication and pellet formation. These measurements provide information necessary to optimize fabrication efforts and a baseline for future work on this fuel compound.« less

Advanced tow placement of composite fuselage structure

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Anderson, Robert L.; Grant, Carroll G.

1992-01-01

The Hercules NASA ACT program was established to demonstrate and validate the low cost potential of the automated tow placement process for fabrication of aircraft primary structures. The program is currently being conducted as a cooperative program in collaboration with the Boeing ATCAS Program. The Hercules advanced tow placement process has been in development since 1982 and was developed specifically for composite aircraft structures. The second generation machine, now in operation at Hercules, is a production-ready machine that uses a low cost prepreg tow material form to produce structures with laminate properties equivalent to prepreg tape layup. Current program activities are focused on demonstration of the automated tow placement process for fabrication of subsonic transport aircraft fuselage crown quadrants. We are working with Boeing Commercial Aircraft and Douglas Aircraft during this phase of the program. The Douglas demonstration panels has co-cured skin/stringers, and the Boeing demonstration panel is an intricately bonded part with co-cured skin/stringers and co-bonded frames. Other aircraft structures that were evaluated for the automated tow placement process include engine nacelle components, fuselage pressure bulkheads, and fuselage tail cones. Because of the cylindrical shape of these structures, multiple parts can be fabricated on one two placement tool, thus reducing the cost per pound of the finished part.

NDE standards for high temperature materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Vary, Alex

1991-01-01

High temperature materials include monolithic ceramics for automotive gas turbine engines and also metallic/intermetallic and ceramic matrix composites for a range of aerospace applications. These are materials that can withstand extreme operating temperatures that will prevail in advanced high-efficiency gas turbine engines. High temperature engine components are very likely to consist of complex composite structures with three-dimensionality interwoven and various intermixed ceramic fibers. The thermomechanical properties of components made of these materials are actually created in-place during processing and fabrication stages. The complex nature of these new materials creates strong incentives for exact standards for unambiguous evaluations of defects and microstructural characteristics. NDE techniques and standards that will ultimately be applicable to production and quality control of high temperature materials and structures are still emerging. The needs range from flaw detection to below 100 micron levels in monolithic ceramics to global imaging of fiber architecture and matrix densification anomalies in composites. The needs are different depending on the processing stage, fabrication method, and nature of the finished product. The standards are discussed that must be developed in concert with advances in NDE technology, materials processing research, and fabrication development. High temperature materials and structures that fail to meet stringent specifications and standards are unlikely to compete successfully either technologically or in international markets.

Experimental power spectral density analysis for mid- to high-spatial frequency surface error control.

PubMed

Hoyo, Javier Del; Choi, Heejoo; Burge, James H; Kim, Geon-Hee; Kim, Dae Wook

2017-06-20

The control of surface errors as a function of spatial frequency is critical during the fabrication of modern optical systems. A large-scale surface figure error is controlled by a guided removal process, such as computer-controlled optical surfacing. Smaller-scale surface errors are controlled by polishing process parameters. Surface errors of only a few millimeters may degrade the performance of an optical system, causing background noise from scattered light and reducing imaging contrast for large optical systems. Conventionally, the microsurface roughness is often given by the root mean square at a high spatial frequency range, with errors within a 0.5×0.5  mm local surface map with 500×500 pixels. This surface specification is not adequate to fully describe the characteristics for advanced optical systems. The process for controlling and minimizing mid- to high-spatial frequency surface errors with periods of up to ∼2-3  mm was investigated for many optical fabrication conditions using the measured surface power spectral density (PSD) of a finished Zerodur optical surface. Then, the surface PSD was systematically related to various fabrication process parameters, such as the grinding methods, polishing interface materials, and polishing compounds. The retraceable experimental polishing conditions and processes used to produce an optimal optical surface PSD are presented.

Fabrication and in vitro deployment of a laser-activated shape memory polymer vascular stent

PubMed Central

Baer, Géraldine M; Small, Ward; Wilson, Thomas S; Benett, William J; Matthews, Dennis L; Hartman, Jonathan; Maitland, Duncan J

2007-01-01

Background Vascular stents are small tubular scaffolds used in the treatment of arterial stenosis (narrowing of the vessel). Most vascular stents are metallic and are deployed either by balloon expansion or by self-expansion. A shape memory polymer (SMP) stent may enhance flexibility, compliance, and drug elution compared to its current metallic counterparts. The purpose of this study was to describe the fabrication of a laser-activated SMP stent and demonstrate photothermal expansion of the stent in an in vitro artery model. Methods A novel SMP stent was fabricated from thermoplastic polyurethane. A solid SMP tube formed by dip coating a stainless steel pin was laser-etched to create the mesh pattern of the finished stent. The stent was crimped over a fiber-optic cylindrical light diffuser coupled to an infrared diode laser. Photothermal actuation of the stent was performed in a water-filled mock artery. Results At a physiological flow rate, the stent did not fully expand at the maximum laser power (8.6 W) due to convective cooling. However, under zero flow, simulating the technique of endovascular flow occlusion, complete laser actuation was achieved in the mock artery at a laser power of ~8 W. Conclusion We have shown the design and fabrication of an SMP stent and a means of light delivery for photothermal actuation. Though further studies are required to optimize the device and assess thermal tissue damage, photothermal actuation of the SMP stent was demonstrated. PMID:18042294

Study of properties of modified silicones at solid-liquid interface: fabric-silicone interactions.

PubMed

Purohit, P; Somasundaran, P; Kulkarni, R

2006-06-15

Silicones are special reagents that impart desired surface properties such as softness, bounciness and antiwrinkle properties to fabrics and related materials. Although these finishing processes have been practiced routinely, very little is known about the mechanisms involved in modification so that they could be improved. The current study was undertaken to develop basic understanding of the mechanisms responsible for surface modification of fibers using silicones. PDMS based amino silicone emulsions, quaternized to various degrees using dimethyl sulphate, were used in the present study. The electrokinetic properties of the modified silicones were studied as a function of pH. It was expected that the silicone emulsions would show a steady positive zeta potential throughout the pH range due to the quaternization by dimethyl sulphate. Surprisingly, a sudden drop in the zeta potential was observed around pH 8 with the samples turning hazy in the pH range of 8-10. Turbidimetric studies also showed a sudden increase in the turbidity in the pH range 8-10 where commercial processes also encounter problems. It was concluded that the emulsions were destabilized at pH 8-10 thus rendering them ineffective for surface treatment. In order to identify reason for the improvement in fabric properties, fiber structure was monitored using atomic force microscopy. It was observed that the treated fibers were far smoother, relaxed and uniform as compared to the untreated fibers. Thus the morphology of the fabric is modified in a specific way by treatment with specialty silicones.

Study of micropart fabrication via 17-4 PH stainless nanopowder injection molding.

PubMed

Tirta, Andy; Prasetyo, Yus; Baek, Eung-Ryul; Choi, Chul-Jin

2011-01-01

Micropart fabrication via 17-4 PH stainless nanopowder injection molding was investigated. The nanopowder was mixed with a binder that was based on wax to produce a feedstock composed of 45% powder and binder (the powder load). Initially, the fit and proper test was done before the micropart was made by making some bars of green samples, which the properties were examined after the sintering process. The examination involved the mechanical properties such as the porosity, hardness, and some of metallurgical aspects, such as the second-phase formation and the final compound after the sintering. The results showed that utilizing 17-4 PH stainless nanopowder is promising for micropart fabrication since it can form a nearly full-density sintered sample with a low porosity and good toughness, and can provide a smooth surface finish. After this, the investigations followed with the injection of the feedstock into the PDMS micromold that was formed by the nickel pattern from the X-Ray LIGA process. The green samples successfully produced a high-aspect-ratio sample with a thickness of up to 1 mm and an aspect ratio of 15 in the microchannel part. Then the green samples were sintered at 1,300 degrees C for 2 h, since from the initial test, they showed optimum parameters with nearly full density, low porosity, and a high degree of hardness. The research shows the excellent results of the application of the 17-4 PH stainless nanopowder to micropart fabrication.

Effect of specific surface area of MWCNTS on surface roughness and delamination in drilling Epoxy/Glass Fabric Composite

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ponnuvel, S.; Ananth, M. Prem

2018-03-01

In this study the effect of specific surface area of the MWCNTs on the drilled hole qualities was investigated. Epoxy araldite LY556 with hardener HY951 and E-glass coarse plain weave fabric are used for the fabrication of reference material (specimen A). Multi-WalledCarbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) with diameters <8 nm and 20–30 nm are used for the fabrication of study materials, namely specimen B and specimen C respectively. In specimen B the epoxy resin was filled with MWCNTs having a specific surface area >500 m2 g‑1. MWCNTs in specimen C had a specific surface area >110 m2 g‑1. Drilling experiments were conducted on all the three specimens. Two dimensional delamination factor and the surface roughness of the inner wall of the drilled holes were investigated using Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) and Analysis of variance (ANOVA). Two dimensional delamination factor showed better performance from specimen B and specimen C in comparison with specimen A suggesting improvement in the bonding between epoxy and the glass fiber in the presence of MWCNTs. Similar observations were made for surface roughness of the inner wall of the drilled holes at 1250 rpm. Whereas the presence of MWCNTs (Specimen B and specimen C) produced poor surface finish at 500 rpm in comparison with specimen A. Variations in the hole quality characteristics between specimen B and specimen C was marginal with better observations in specimen C.

Palateless custom bar supported overdenture: a treatment modality to treat patient with severe gag reflex.

PubMed

Singh, Kunwarjeet; Gupta, Nidhi

2012-01-01

To suggest a custom bar supported overdenture treatment modality for prosthodontic management of patients with severe gag reflex. Some patients have a severe gag reflex and cannot tolerate conventional maxillary complete dentures with maximum palatal coverage and extensions of all borders. The condition further gets complicated in patients suffering from respiratory problems along with severe gag reflex. Severe gagging acts as a barrier to treat such patients with accepted clinical procedures and prevent patients from wearing the prosthesis. By saving some of the remaining natural teeth and fabricating, a horse shoe shape palateless simple tooth or bar supported overdenture can be successfully used for treating such patients. The remaining maxillary right and left canines were prepared with the tapered round end diamond bur to receive copings of custom bar after intentional root canal treatment of same teeth. Impression was made with light body and putty of the polyvinyl siloxane elastomer with double step putty wash technique. Impression was poured with die stone. Wax pattern of copings with bar was fabricated with inlay wax which was invested and casted. After retrieving the bar, it was finished and its fit was evaluated. The coping-bar assembly was finally cemented with the glass ionomer cement. Palateless overdenture was fabricated by conventional technique used for the fabrication of complete denture. Palateless custom bar supported overdenture procedure can be successfully used for the management of patients with severe gag reflex with improved denture retention, stability, chewing efficiency and comfort of the patient.

Eco-friendly rubberized cotton fabric roller for ginning machines.

PubMed

Iyer, G V

2007-01-01

This article discusses the pollution caused by chrome composite leather-clad (CCLC) rollers commonly used in cotton roller ginning mills and suggests an alternative roller material. CCLC rollers contain about 18,000 to 36,000 mg/kg (ppm) total chromium in trivalent and hexavalent forms, which are toxic to human health and carcinogenic. When seed-cotton is processed in double roller (DR) ginning machines, the lint is contaminated with chromium, and chromium particles are carried into the spun yarns and cotton by-products. Specifically, due to persistent rubbing of the leather-clad roller over the stationary knife during the ginning process, the lint is contaminated with about 140 to 1990 ppm of chromium, and the spun yarns and cotton by-products contain about 100 to 200 ppm, far in excess of the standard limit of 0.1 ppm. Gin and mill workers are directly exposed to this carcinogenic substance. To offset this problem, pollution-free rubberized cotton fabric (RCF) rollers have been fabricated and tested in roller gins. The RCF roller covering is made of multiple layers of fabric bonded together using a white rubber compound, which has a surface finish conducive to high ginning efficiency. This eliminates chromium contamination and pollution during the ginning process. On the basis of the design and development of various test rollers and subsequent evaluation studies, the performance of pollution-free RCF rollers has been demonstrated with reference to their commercial benefit and eco-friendliness in cotton ginning mills.

The influence of repellent coatings on surface free energy of glass plate and cotton fabric

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Černe, Lidija; Simončič, Barbara; Željko, Matjaž

2008-08-01

The aim of this research was to determine the influence of chemical finishes on the surface properties of glass plate, considered as a model homogeneous smooth surface and cotton fabric as a non-ideal heterogeneous rough surface. Microscopic slides and 100% cotton fabric in plain weave were coated with fluorocarbon polymers (FCP), paraffin waxes with zirconium salts (PWZ), methylolmelamine derivatives (MMD), polysiloxanes with side alkyldimethylammonium groups (PSAAC) and aminofunctional polysiloxanes (AFPS). From the goniometer contact angle measurements of different liquids, the surface free energy of the coated glass plates was calculated according to approaches by Owens-Wendt-Kaelble, Wu, van Oss-Chaudhury-Good, and Li-Neumann-Kwok. The results showed that all the coatings decreased the surface free energy of the substrate, which was also influenced by the liquid combination and the theoretical approach used. In spite of the fact that the liquid contact angles were much higher on the coated fabric samples than on glass plates and resulted in the lower values of work of adhesion, a very good correlation between the coatings deposited on both substrates was obtained. The presence of repellent coatings FCP, PWZ and MMD converted the solid surface from polar to highly apolar by masking the functional groups of glass and cellulose. PSAAC and AFPS coatings did not decrease the solid surface free energy to such an extent as the former three coatings due to their monopolar character.

Relative toxicity of pyrolysis products of some materials used in home furnishings

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hilado, C. J.; Furst, A.

1976-01-01

Seventy samples of cushioning and upholstery materials used in home furnishings were evaluated for relative toxicity by means of the USF/NASA toxicity screening test. The materials were variably toxic under pyrolysis conditions, and this test appeared suitable for discriminating among them on the bases of time to incapacitation and time to death. The addition of fire retardants to these materials to comply with flammability regulations either had no significant effect on toxicity, or resulted in a reduction in relative toxicity. The modification of materials to comply with California upholstered furniture flammability regulations appears to have resulted in desirable limitations on toxicity. Fifty percent of the 70 materials tested caused incapacitation earlier than did the materials in compliance, and 30 percent caused death earlier.

Systematic investigation of drip stains on apparel fabrics: The effects of prior-laundering, fibre content and fabric structure on final stain appearance.

PubMed

de Castro, Therese C; Taylor, Michael C; Kieser, Jules A; Carr, Debra J; Duncan, W

2015-05-01

Bloodstain pattern analysis is the investigation of blood deposited at crime scenes and the interpretation of that pattern. The surface that the blood gets deposited onto could distort the appearance of the bloodstain. The interaction of blood and apparel fabrics is in its infancy, but the interaction of liquids and apparel fabrics has been well documented and investigated in the field of textile science (e.g. the processes of wetting and wicking of fluids on fibres, yarns and fabrics). A systematic study on the final appearance of drip stains on torso apparel fabrics (100% cotton plain woven, 100% polyester plain woven, blend of polyester and cotton plain woven and 100% cotton single jersey knit) that had been laundered for six, 26 and 52 cycles prior to testing was investigated in the paper. The relationship between drop velocity (1.66±0.50m/s, 4.07±0.03m/s, 5.34±0.18m/s) and the stain characteristics (parent stain area, axes 1 and 2 and number of satellite stains) for each fabric was examined using analysis of variance. The experimental design and effect of storing blood were investigated on a reference sample, which indicated that the day (up to five days) at which the drops were generated did not affect the bloodstain. The effect of prior-laundering (six, 26 and 52 laundering cycles), fibre content (cotton vs. polyester vs. blend) and fabric structure (plain woven vs. single jersey knit) on the final appearance of the bloodstain were investigated. Distortion in the bloodstains produced on non-laundered fabrics indicated the importance of laundering fabrics to remove finishing treatments before conducting bloodstain experiments. For laundered fabrics, both the cotton fabrics and the blend had a circular to oval stain appearance, while the polyester fabric had a circular appearance with evidence of spread along the warp and weft yarns, which resulted in square-like stains at the lowest drop velocity. A significant (p<0.001) increase in the stain size on laundered blend fabric was identified. Bloodstain characteristics varied due to fibre content (p<0.001) and fabric structure (p<0.001). Blood on polyester fabric, after impact, primarily moved due to capillary force and wicking of the blood along the fibres/yarns, while for the cotton fabrics wicking was accompanied by movement of blood into the fibres/yarns. This study highlights the importance for forensic analysts of apparel evidence to consider the age, the fibre type and the fabric structure before interpreting bloodstain patterns. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Automated Finishing with Autofinish

PubMed Central

Gordon, David; Desmarais, Cindy; Green, Phil

2001-01-01

Currently, the genome sequencing community is producing shotgun sequence data at a very high rate, but finishing (collecting additional directed sequence data to close gaps and improve the quality of the data) is not matching that rate. One reason for the difference is that shotgun sequencing is highly automated but finishing is not: Most finishing decisions, such as which directed reads to obtain and which specialized sequencing techniques to use, are made by people. If finishing rates are to increase to match shotgun sequencing rates, most finishing decisions also must be automated. The Autofinish computer program (which is part of the Consed computer software package) does this by automatically choosing finishing reads. Autofinish is able to suggest most finishing reads required for completion of each sequencing project, greatly reducing the amount of human attention needed. Autofinish sometimes completely finishes the project, with no human decisions required. It cannot solve the most complex problems, so we recommend that Autofinish be allowed to suggest reads for the first three rounds of finishing, and if the project still is not finished completely, a human finisher complete the work. We compared this Autofinish-Hybrid method of finishing against a human finisher in five different projects with a variety of shotgun depths by finishing each project twice—once with each method. This comparison shows that the Autofinish-Hybrid method saves many hours over a human finisher alone, while using roughly the same number and type of reads and closing gaps at roughly the same rate. Autofinish currently is in production use at several large sequencing centers. It is designed to be adaptable to the finishing strategy of the lab—it can finish using some or all of the following: resequencing reads, reverses, custom primer walks on either subclone templates or whole clone templates, PCR, or minilibraries. Autofinish has been used for finishing cDNA, genomic clones, and whole bacterial genomes (see http://www.phrap.org). PMID:11282977

A review of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacture techniques for removable denture fabrication.

PubMed

Bilgin, Mehmet Selim; Baytaroğlu, Ebru Nur; Erdem, Ali; Dilber, Erhan

2016-01-01

The aim of this review was to investigate usage of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacture (CAD/CAM) such as milling and rapid prototyping (RP) technologies for removable denture fabrication. An electronic search was conducted in the PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases. Databases were searched from 1987 to 2014. The search was performed using a variety of keywords including CAD/CAM, complete/partial dentures, RP, rapid manufacturing, digitally designed, milled, computerized, and machined. The identified developments (in chronological order), techniques, advantages, and disadvantages of CAD/CAM and RP for removable denture fabrication are summarized. Using a variety of keywords and aiming to find the topic, 78 publications were initially searched. For the main topic, the abstract of these 78 articles were scanned, and 52 publications were selected for reading in detail. Full-text of these articles was gained and searched in detail. Totally, 40 articles that discussed the techniques, advantages, and disadvantages of CAD/CAM and RP for removable denture fabrication and the articles were incorporated in this review. Totally, 16 of the papers summarized in the table. Following review of all relevant publications, it can be concluded that current innovations and technological developments of CAD/CAM and RP allow the digitally planning and manufacturing of removable dentures from start to finish. As a result according to the literature review CAD/CAM techniques and supportive maxillomandibular relationship transfer devices are growing fast. In the close future, fabricating removable dentures will become medical informatics instead of needing a technical staff and procedures. However the methods have several limitations for now.

A review of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacture techniques for removable denture fabrication

PubMed Central

Bilgin, Mehmet Selim; Baytaroğlu, Ebru Nur; Erdem, Ali; Dilber, Erhan

2016-01-01

The aim of this review was to investigate usage of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacture (CAD/CAM) such as milling and rapid prototyping (RP) technologies for removable denture fabrication. An electronic search was conducted in the PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases. Databases were searched from 1987 to 2014. The search was performed using a variety of keywords including CAD/CAM, complete/partial dentures, RP, rapid manufacturing, digitally designed, milled, computerized, and machined. The identified developments (in chronological order), techniques, advantages, and disadvantages of CAD/CAM and RP for removable denture fabrication are summarized. Using a variety of keywords and aiming to find the topic, 78 publications were initially searched. For the main topic, the abstract of these 78 articles were scanned, and 52 publications were selected for reading in detail. Full-text of these articles was gained and searched in detail. Totally, 40 articles that discussed the techniques, advantages, and disadvantages of CAD/CAM and RP for removable denture fabrication and the articles were incorporated in this review. Totally, 16 of the papers summarized in the table. Following review of all relevant publications, it can be concluded that current innovations and technological developments of CAD/CAM and RP allow the digitally planning and manufacturing of removable dentures from start to finish. As a result according to the literature review CAD/CAM techniques and supportive maxillomandibular relationship transfer devices are growing fast. In the close future, fabricating removable dentures will become medical informatics instead of needing a technical staff and procedures. However the methods have several limitations for now. PMID:27095912

Digital versus conventional techniques for pattern fabrication of implant-supported frameworks

PubMed Central

Alikhasi, Marzieh; Rohanian, Ahmad; Ghodsi, Safoura; Kolde, Amin Mohammadpour

2018-01-01

Objective: The aim of this experimental study was to compare retention of frameworks cast from wax patterns fabricated by three different methods. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six implant analogs connected to one-piece abutments were divided randomly into three groups according to the wax pattern fabrication method (n = 12). Computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) milling machine, three-dimensional printer, and conventional technique were used for fabrication of waxing patterns. All laboratory procedures were performed by an expert-reliable technician to eliminate intra-operator bias. The wax patterns were cast, finished, and seated on related abutment analogs. The number of adjustment times was recorded and analyzed by Kruskal–Wallis test. Frameworks were cemented on the corresponding analogs with zinc phosphate cement and tensile resistance test was used to measure retention value. Statistical Analysis Used: One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc Tukey tests were used for statistical analysis. Level of significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: The mean retentive values of 680.36 ± 21.93 N, 440.48 ± 85.98 N, and 407.23 ± 67.48 N were recorded for CAD/CAM, rapid prototyping, and conventional group, respectively. One-way ANOVA test revealed significant differences among the three groups (P < 0.001). The post hoc Tukey test showed significantly higher retention for CAD/CAM group (P < 0.001), while there was no significant difference between the two other groups (P = 0.54). CAD/CAM group required significantly more adjustments (P < 0.001). Conclusions: CAD/CAM-fabricated wax patterns showed significantly higher retention for implant-supported cement-retained frameworks; this could be a valuable help when there are limitations in the retention of single-unit implant restorations. PMID:29657528

Digital versus conventional techniques for pattern fabrication of implant-supported frameworks.

PubMed

Alikhasi, Marzieh; Rohanian, Ahmad; Ghodsi, Safoura; Kolde, Amin Mohammadpour

2018-01-01

The aim of this experimental study was to compare retention of frameworks cast from wax patterns fabricated by three different methods. Thirty-six implant analogs connected to one-piece abutments were divided randomly into three groups according to the wax pattern fabrication method ( n = 12). Computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) milling machine, three-dimensional printer, and conventional technique were used for fabrication of waxing patterns. All laboratory procedures were performed by an expert-reliable technician to eliminate intra-operator bias. The wax patterns were cast, finished, and seated on related abutment analogs. The number of adjustment times was recorded and analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test. Frameworks were cemented on the corresponding analogs with zinc phosphate cement and tensile resistance test was used to measure retention value. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc Tukey tests were used for statistical analysis. Level of significance was set at P < 0.05. The mean retentive values of 680.36 ± 21.93 N, 440.48 ± 85.98 N, and 407.23 ± 67.48 N were recorded for CAD/CAM, rapid prototyping, and conventional group, respectively. One-way ANOVA test revealed significant differences among the three groups ( P < 0.001). The post hoc Tukey test showed significantly higher retention for CAD/CAM group ( P < 0.001), while there was no significant difference between the two other groups ( P = 0.54). CAD/CAM group required significantly more adjustments ( P < 0.001). CAD/CAM-fabricated wax patterns showed significantly higher retention for implant-supported cement-retained frameworks; this could be a valuable help when there are limitations in the retention of single-unit implant restorations.

Hot Isostatic Press Manufacturing Process Development for Fabrication of RERTR Monolithic Fuel Plates

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Crapps, Justin M.; Clarke, Kester D.; Katz, Joel D.

2012-06-06

We use experimentation and finite element modeling to study a Hot Isostatic Press (HIP) manufacturing process for U-10Mo Monolithic Fuel Plates. Finite element simulations are used to identify the material properties affecting the process and improve the process geometry. Accounting for the high temperature material properties and plasticity is important to obtain qualitative agreement between model and experimental results. The model allows us to improve the process geometry and provide guidance on selection of material and finish conditions for the process strongbacks. We conclude that the HIP can must be fully filled to provide uniform normal stress across the bondingmore » interface.« less

Back surface reflectors for solar cells

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chai, A. T.

1980-01-01

Sample solar cells were fabricated to study the effects of various back surface reflectors on the device performance. They are typical 50 micrometers thick, space quality, silicon solar cells except for variations of the back contact configuration. The back surfaces of the sample cells are polished to a mirror like finish, and have either conventional full contacts or grid finger contacts. Measurements and evaluation of various metallic back surface reflectors, as well as cells with total internal reflection, are presented. Results indicate that back surface reflectors formed using a grid finger back contact are more effective reflectors than cells with full back metallization and that Au, Ag, or Cu are better back surface reflector metals than Al.

Research, development and application of noncombustible Beta fiber structures. [for Apollo

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dillon, J. J.; Cobb, E. S.

1975-01-01

Beta fiber was selected as the primary material for flexible fibrous structures used in spacecraft and crew systems applications in the Apollo program because it was noncombustible in a 100 percent oxygen atmosphere up to 16.5 psia. It met NASA criteria for outgassing, toxicity, odor, and crew comfort, and possessed sufficient durability to last through the mission. Topics discussed include: study of spacecraft applications; design of Beta fiber textile structures to meet the requirements; selection of surface treatments (finishes, coatings, and printing systems) to impart the required durability and special functional use to the textile structures; development of sewing and fabrication techniques; and testing and evaluation programs, and development of production sources.

Effects of physical interventions on house dust mite allergen levels in carpet, bed, and upholstery dust in low-income, urban homes.

PubMed Central

Vojta, P J; Randels, S P; Stout, J; Muilenberg, M; Burge, H A; Lynn, H; Mitchell, H; O'Connor, G T; Zeldin, D C

2001-01-01

House dust mite allergen exposure is a postulated risk factor for allergic sensitization, asthma development, and asthma morbidity; however, practical and effective methods to mitigate these allergens from low-income, urban home environments remain elusive. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of physical interventions to mitigate house dust mite allergens in this setting. Homes with high levels of house dust mite allergen (Der f 1 + Der p 1 > or = 10 microg/g dust by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) in the bed, bedroom carpet, and/or upholstered furniture were enrolled in the study. Carpets and upholstered furniture were subjected to a single treatment of either dry steam cleaning plus vacuuming (carpet only) or intensive vacuuming alone. Bed interventions consisted of complete encasement of the mattress, box spring, and pillows plus either weekly professional or in-home laundering of nonencased bedding. Dust samples were collected at baseline and again at 3 days (carpet and upholstery only) and 2, 4, and 8 weeks posttreatment. We compared pretreatment mean allergen concentrations and loads to posttreatment values and performed between-group analyses after adjusting for differences in the pretreatment means. Both dry steam cleaning plus vacuuming and vacuuming alone resulted in a significant reduction in carpet house dust mite allergen concentration and load (p < 0.05). Levels approached pretreatment values by 4 weeks posttreatment in the intensive vacuuming group, whereas steam cleaning plus vacuuming effected a decrease that persisted for up to 8 weeks. Significant decreases in bed house dust mite allergen concentration and load were obtained in response to encasement and either professional or in-home laundering (p < 0.001). Between-group analysis revealed significantly less postintervention house dust mite allergen load in professionally laundered compared to home-laundered beds (p < 0.05). Intensive vacuuming and dry steam cleaning both caused a significant reduction in allergen concentration and load in upholstered furniture samples (p < 0.005). Based on these data, we conclude that physical interventions offer practical, effective means of reducing house dust mite allergen levels in low-income, urban home environments. PMID:11564617

The Influence of Sizings on the Durability of High-Temperature Polymer Composites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Allred, Ronald E.; Wesson, Sheldon P.; Shin, E. Eugene; Inghram, Linda; McCorkle, Linda; Papadopoulos, Demetrios; Wheeler, Donald; Sutter, James K.

2004-01-01

To increase performance and durability of high-temperature composites for potential rocket engine components, it is necessary to optimize wetting and interfacial bonding between high modulus carbon fibers and high-temperature polyimide resins. Sizings commercially supplied on most carbon fibers are not compatible with polyimides. In this study, the chemistry of sizings on two high-modulus carbon fibers (M40J and M60J, Toray) was characterized as was the chemistry of PMR-II-50 fluorinated polyimide resin. The carbon fibers were characterized using single filament wetting, scanning electron microscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopic measurements. The polyimide matrix resins were coated onto glass filaments for characterization by wetting measurements. Surface energy components were obtained by wetting with nondispersive (methylene iodide), acidic (ethylene glycol), and basic (formamide) probes. A continuous desizing system that uses an environmentally friendly chemical-mechanical process was developed for tow level fiber. Composites were fabricated with fibers containing the manufacturer's sizing, desized, and further treated with a reactive finish. Results of room-temperature tests after thermal aging show that the reactive finish produces a higher strength and more durable interface compared to the manufacturer's sizing. When exposed to moisture blistering tests, however, the better bonded composite displayed a tendency to delaminate, presumably due to trapping of volatiles.

Contributions of nanodiamond abrasives and deionized water in magnetorheological finishing of aluminum oxynitriden

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Miao, Chunlin; Lambropoulos, John C.; Romanofsky, Henry; Shafrir, Shai N.; Jacobs, Stephen D.

2009-08-01

Magnetorheological finishing (MRF) is a sub-aperture deterministic process for fabricating high-precision optics by removing material and smoothing the surface. The goal of this work is to study the relative contribution of nanodiamonds and water in material removal for MRF of aluminum oxynitride ceramic (ALON) based upon a nonaqueous magnetorheological (MR) fluid. Removal was enhanced by a high carbonyl iron concentration and the addition of nanodiamond abrasives. Small amounts of deionized (DI) water were introduced into the nonaqueous MR fluid to further influence the material removal process. Material removal data were collected with a spot-taking machine. Drag force (Fd) and normal force (Fn) before and after adding nanodiamonds or DI water were measured with a dual load cell. Both drag force and normal force were insensitive to the addition of nanodiamonds but increased with DI water content in the nonaqueous MR fluid. Shear stress (i.e., drag force divided by spot area) was calculated, and examined as a function of nanodiamond concentration and DI water concentration. Volumetric removal rate increased with increasing shear stress, which was shown to be a result of increasing viscosity after adding nanodiamonds and DI water. This work demonstrates that removal rate for a hard ceramic with MRF can be enhanced by adding DI water into a nonaqueous MR fluid.

Reduction of Surface Errors over a Wide Range of Spatial Frequencies Using a Combination of Electrolytic In-Process Dressing Grinding and Magnetorheological Finishing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kunimura, Shinsuke; Ohmori, Hitoshi

We present a rapid process for producing flat and smooth surfaces. In this technical note, a fabrication result of a carbon mirror is shown. Electrolytic in-process dressing (ELID) grinding with a metal bonded abrasive wheel, then a metal-resin bonded abrasive wheel, followed by a conductive rubber bonded abrasive wheel, and finally magnetorheological finishing (MRF) were performed as the first, second, third, and final steps, respectively in this process. Flatness over the whole surface was improved by performing the first and second steps. After the third step, peak to valley (PV) and root mean square (rms) values in an area of 0.72 x 0.54 mm2 on the surface were improved. These values were further improved after the final step, and a PV value of 10 nm and an rms value of 1 nm were obtained. Form errors and small surface irregularities such as surface waviness and micro roughness were efficiently reduced by performing ELID grinding using the above three kinds of abrasive wheels because of the high removal rate of ELID grinding, and residual small irregularities were reduced by short time MRF. This process makes it possible to produce flat and smooth surfaces in several hours.

Properties of Ti-6Al-4V spun formed fuze supports

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Moody, N.R.; Gates, G.

1985-05-01

Spin forming is designated as the primary fabrication process for the Ti-6A1-4V, W-87 fuze support. This process reduces the amount of rough machining during production, the cost of the starting material and the lead time from order to delivery of finished parts compared with parts made from forgings. However, because the amount of deformation from the spin forming process varies greatly within the part, the properties resulting from spin forming the fuze supports are unknown. This study shows that the properties and microstructure of the highly deformed walls of the fuze support are similar to those of forgings, while themore » properties and microstructure of the lightly deformed nose are similar to those of the parent plate. A solution treatment at 1750/sup 0/F/1h/WQ (954/sup 0/C) followed by a 900/sup 0/F (482/sup 0/C) four hour age gives the desired properties. Additionally, microstructural evaluation shows that the temperatures during spin forming are maintained within desired limits and that no significant microstructural changes occur during subsequent elevated temperature processing of the finished part. This study shows that solution treated and aged parts meet all required properties for all conditions to which the fuze supports will be subjected.« less

Supercritical carbon dioxide for textile applications and recent developments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Eren, H. A.; Avinc, O.; Eren, S.

2017-10-01

In textile industry, supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2), possessing liquid-like densities, mostly find an application on textile dyeing processes such as providing hydrophobic dyes an advantage on dissolving. Their gas-like low viscosities and diffusion properties can result in shorter dyeing periods in comparison with the conventional water dyeing process. Supercritical carbon dioxide dyeing is an anhydrous dyeing and this process comprises the usage of less energy and chemicals when compared to conventional water dyeing processes leading to a potential of up to 50% lower operation costs. The advantages of supercritical carbon dioxide dyeing method especially on synthetic fiber fabrics hearten leading textile companies to alter their dyeing method to this privileged waterless dyeing technology. Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) waterless dyeing is widely known and applied green method for sustainable and eco-friendly textile industry. However, not only the dyeing but also scouring, desizing and different finishing applications take the advantage of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2). In this review, not only the principle, advantages and disadvantages of dyeing in supercritical carbon dioxide but also recent developments of scCO2 usage in different textile processing steps such as scouring, desizing and finishing are explained and commercial developments are stated and summed up.

Micro-optical fabrication by ultraprecision diamond machining and precision molding

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Hui; Li, Likai; Naples, Neil J.; Roblee, Jeffrey W.; Yi, Allen Y.

2017-06-01

Ultraprecision diamond machining and high volume molding for affordable high precision high performance optical elements are becoming a viable process in optical industry for low cost high quality microoptical component manufacturing. In this process, first high precision microoptical molds are fabricated using ultraprecision single point diamond machining followed by high volume production methods such as compression or injection molding. In the last two decades, there have been steady improvements in ultraprecision machine design and performance, particularly with the introduction of both slow tool and fast tool servo. Today optical molds, including freeform surfaces and microlens arrays, are routinely diamond machined to final finish without post machining polishing. For consumers, compression molding or injection molding provide efficient and high quality optics at extremely low cost. In this paper, first ultraprecision machine design and machining processes such as slow tool and fast too servo are described then both compression molding and injection molding of polymer optics are discussed. To implement precision optical manufacturing by molding, numerical modeling can be included in the future as a critical part of the manufacturing process to ensure high product quality.

On Improving the Quality of Gas Tungsten Arc Welded 18Ni 250 Maraging Steel Rocket Motor Casings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gupta, Renu N.; Raja, V. S.; Mukherjee, M. K.; Narayana Murty, S. V. S.

2017-10-01

In view of their excellent combination of strength and toughness, maraging steels (18Ni 250 grade) are widely used for the fabrication of large sized solid rocket motor casings. Gas tungsten arc welding is commonly employed to fabricate these thin walled metallic casings, as the technique is not only simple but also provides the desired mechanical properties. However, sometimes, radiographic examination of welds reveals typical unacceptable indications requiring weld repair. As a consequence, there is a significant drop in weld efficiency and productivity. In this work, the nature and the cause of the occurrence of these defects have been investigated and an attempt is made to overcome the problem. It has been found that weld has a tendency to form typical Ca and Al oxide inclusions leading to the observed defects. The use of calcium fluoride flux has been found to produce a defect free weld with visible effect on weld bead finish. The flux promotes the separation of inclusions, refines the grain size and leads to significant improvement in mechanical properties of the weldment.

Relevance of ERTS to the State of Ohio

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sweet, D. C. (Principal Investigator)

1973-01-01

The author has identified the following significant results. A significant result was the fabrication of an image transfer and comparison device. To avoid problems and high costs encountered in manual drafting methods, Battelle staff members have fabricated an inexpensive, yet effective, technique for transferring ERTS-1 analysis displays from the Spatial Data 32-Color Viewer to maps and/or aircraft imagery. In brief, the image transfer-comparison device consists of a 2-way mirror which functions similar to a zoom transfer scope. However, the device permits multiuser viewing and real time photographic recording (35-mm and Polaroid) of enhanced ERTS-1 imagery superimposed over maps and aircraft photography. Thirty-five mm, 70 mm, and 4 in. x 5 in. photographs are taken of 80% of the TV screen of the Spatial Data Density Slicing Viewer. The resulting black and white and color imagery is then used in transparent overlays, viewgraphs, 35-mm and 70-mm transparencies, and paper prints for reports and publications. Annotations can be added on the TV screen or on the finished product.

Soil-release behaviour of polyester fabrics after chemical modification with polyethylene glycol

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Miranda, T. M. R.; Santos, J.; Soares, G. M. B.

2017-10-01

The fibres cleanability depends, among other characteristics, on their hydrophilicity. Hydrophilic fibres are easy-wash materials but hydrophobic fibres are difficult to clean due to their higher water-repellent surfaces. This type of surfaces, like polyester (PET), produce an accumulation of electrostatic charges, which favors adsorption and retention of dirt. Thus, the polyester soil-release properties can be increased by finishing processes that improve fiber hydrophilicity. In present study, PET fabric modification was described by using poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and N,N´-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethylene urea (DMDHEU) chemically modified resin. Briefly, the modification process was carried out in two steps, one to hydrolyse the polyester and create hydroxyl and carboxylic acid groups on the surface and other to crosslink the PEG chains. The resulting materials were characterized by contact angle, DSC and FTIR-ATR methods. Additionally, the soil release behavior and the mechanical properties of modified PET were evaluated. For the best process conditions, the treated PET presented 0° contact angle, grade 5 stain release and acceptable mechanical performance.

High temperature thermocouple development program, part A and part B

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Toenshoff, D. A.; Zysk, E. D.; Fleischner, P. L.

1972-01-01

The problem of extending the useful life of thermocouples intended for in-core and out-of-core thermionic applications in a vacuum environment at temperatures up to 2273 K for periods of time up to 10,000 hours was investigated. Many factors that may influence this useful life were examined, and a basic probe design was developed. With a few modifications, twenty-three thermocouple assemblies were fabricated. Generally the finished thermocouple consisted of solid doped W-3% Re and W-25% Re wires and high purity and high density BeO insulators, and was sheathed in a high purity tantalum tube. In a few probes, stranded thermocouple wires were substituted; commercial grade BeO was used; and in two cases, CVD W-22% Re tubing was used. Each of the components was made of the highest purity materials available; was subjected to special cleaning steps, and was assembled in a class 10,000 clean room. Pertinent physical and chemical properties were determined on each of the components. Special processing techniques were used in the fabrication of the high purity (99.95%), high density (over 95% of theoretical) BeO.

Microstructure and Magnetic Properties of Magnetic Material Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jhong, Kai Jyun; Huang, Wei-Chin; Lee, Wen Hsi

Selective Laser Melting (SLM) is a powder-based additive manufacturing which is capable of producing parts layer-by-layer from a 3D CAD model. The aim of this study is to adopt the selective laser melting technique to magnetic material fabrication. [1]For the SLM process to be practical in industrial use, highly specific mechanical properties of the final product must be achieved. The integrity of the manufactured components depend strongly on each single laser-melted track and every single layer, as well as the strength of the connections between them. In this study, effects of the processing parameters, such as the space distance of surface morphology is analyzed. Our hypothesis is that when a magnetic product is made by the selective laser melting techniques instead of traditional techniques, the finished component will have more precise and effective properties. This study analyzed the magnitudes of magnetic properties in comparison with different parameters in the SLM process and compiled a completed product to investigate the efficiency in contrast with products made with existing manufacturing processes.

The Influence of As-Built Surface Conditions on Mechanical Properties of Ti-6Al-4V Additively Manufactured by Selective Electron Beam Melting

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sun, Y. Y.; Gulizia, S.; Oh, C. H.; Fraser, D.; Leary, M.; Yang, Y. F.; Qian, M.

2016-03-01

Achieving a high surface finish is a major challenge for most current metal additive manufacturing processes. We report the first quantitative study of the influence of as-built surface conditions on the tensile properties of Ti-6Al-4V produced by selective electron beam melting (SEBM) in order to better understand the SEBM process. Tensile ductility was doubled along with noticeable improvements in tensile strengths after surface modification of the SEBM-fabricated Ti-6Al-4V by chemical etching. The fracture surfaces of tensile specimens with different surface conditions were characterised and correlated with the tensile properties obtained. The removal of a 650- μm-thick surface layer by chemical etching was shown to be necessary to eliminate the detrimental influence of surface defects on mechanical properties. The experimental results and analyses underline the necessity to modify the surfaces of SEBM-fabricated components for structural applications, particularly for those components which contain complex internal concave and convex surfaces and channels.

All Inkjet-Printed Amperometric Multiplexed Biosensors Based on Nanostructured Conductive Hydrogel Electrodes.

PubMed

Li, Lanlan; Pan, Lijia; Ma, Zhong; Yan, Ke; Cheng, Wen; Shi, Yi; Yu, Guihua

2018-06-13

Multiplexing, one of the main trends in biosensors, aims to detect several analytes simultaneously by integrating miniature sensors on a chip. However, precisely depositing electrode materials and selective enzymes on distinct microelectrode arrays remains an obstacle to massively produced multiplexed sensors. Here, we report on a "drop-on-demand" inkjet printing process to fabricate multiplexed biosensors based on nanostructured conductive hydrogels in which the electrode material and several kinds of enzymes were printed on the electrode arrays one by one by employing a multinozzle inkjet system. The whole inkjet printing process can be finished within three rounds of printing and only one round of alignment. For a page of sensor arrays containing 96 working electrodes, the printing process took merely ∼5 min. The multiplexed assays can detect glucose, lactate, and triglycerides in real time with good selectivity and high sensitivity, and the results in phosphate buffer solutions and calibration serum samples are comparable. The inkjet printing process exhibited advantages of high efficiency and accuracy, which opens substantial possibilities for massive fabrication of integrated multiplexed biosensors for human health monitoring.

PMR polyimide/graphite fiber composite fan blades

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cavano, P. J.; Winters, W. E.

1976-01-01

Ultrahigh speed fan blades, designed in accordance with the requirements of an ultrahigh tip speed blade axial flow compressor, were fabricated from a high strength graphite fiber tow and a PMR polyimide resin. The PMR matrix was prepared by combining three monomeric reactants in methyl alcohol, and the solution was applied directly to the reinforcing fiber for subsequent in situ polymerization. Some of the molded blades were completely finished by secondary bonding of root pressure pads and an electroformed nickel leading edge sheath prior to final machining. The results of the spin testing of nine PMR fan blades are given. Prior to blade fabrication, heat resin tensile properties of the PMR resin were examined at four formulated molecular weight levels. Additionally, three formulated molecular weight levels were investigated in composite form with both a high modulus and a high strength fiber, both as-molded and postcured, in room temperature and 232 C transverse tensile, flexure and short beam shear. Mixed fiber orientation panels simulating potential blade constructions were also evaluated. Flexure tests, short beam shear tests, and tensile tests were conducted on these angle-plied laminates.

Additive Manufacturing Thermal Performance Testing of Single Channel GRCop-84 SLM Components

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Garcia, Chance P.; Cross, Matthew

2014-01-01

The surface finish found on components manufactured by sinter laser manufacturing (SLM) is rougher (0.013 - 0.0006 inches) than parts made using traditional fabrication methods. Internal features and passages built into SLM components do not readily allow for roughness reduction processes. Alternatively, engineering literature suggests that the roughness of a surface can enhance thermal performance within a pressure drop regime. To further investigate the thermal performance of SLM fabricated pieces, several GRCop-84 SLM single channel components were tested using a thermal conduction rig at MSFC. A 20 kW power source running at 25% duty cycle and 25% power level applied heat to each component while varying water flow rates between 2.1 - 6.2 gallons/min (GPM) at a supply pressure of 550 to 700 psi. Each test was allowed to reach quasi-steady state conditions where pressure, temperature, and thermal imaging data were recorded. Presented in this work are the heat transfer responses compared to a traditional machined OHFC Copper test section. An analytical thermal model was constructed to anchor theoretical models with the empirical data.

40 CFR 63.5335 - How do I determine the actual HAP loss?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... and the mass fraction of HAP in each solvent/finish. (1) Measure Finish as Applied. Use a finish... and the mass fraction of HAP in each applied finish. Figure 1 of this subpart shows an example log for... each finish applied to the leather; (iii) Mass fraction of HAP in each applied finish; (iv) Date of the...

40 CFR 63.5335 - How do I determine the actual HAP loss?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... and the mass fraction of HAP in each solvent/finish. (1) Measure Finish as Applied. Use a finish... and the mass fraction of HAP in each applied finish. Figure 1 of this subpart shows an example log for... each finish applied to the leather; (iii) Mass fraction of HAP in each applied finish; (iv) Date of the...

40 CFR 63.5335 - How do I determine the actual HAP loss?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... and the mass fraction of HAP in each solvent/finish. (1) Measure Finish as Applied. Use a finish... and the mass fraction of HAP in each applied finish. Figure 1 of this subpart shows an example log for... each finish applied to the leather; (iii) Mass fraction of HAP in each applied finish; (iv) Date of the...

40 CFR Figure 1 to Subpart Tttt of... - Example Logs for Recording Leather Finish Use and HAP Content

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Finishing Operations Part 63, Subpt. TTTT, Fig. 1 Figure 1 to Subpart TTTT of Part 63—Example Logs for Recording Leather Finish Use and HAP Content Month:______Year:______ Finish Inventory Log Finish type Finish usage(pounds) HAP Content(mass fraction) Date and time Operator's name Product process operation Monthly...

Influence of parameters controlling the extrusion step in fused filament fabrication (FFF) process applied to polymers using numerical simulation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shahriar, Bakrani Balani; Arthur, Cantarel; France, Chabert; Valérie, Nassiet

2018-05-01

Extrusion is one of the oldest manufacturing processes; it is widely used for manufacturing finished and semi-finished products. Moreover, extrusion is also the main process in additive manufacturing technologies such as Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF). In FFF process, the parts are manufactured layer by layer using thermoplastic material. The latter in form of filament, is melted in the liquefier and then it is extruded and deposited on the previous layer. The mechanical properties of the printed parts rely on the coalescence of each extrudate with another one. The coalescence phenomenon is driven by the flow properties of the melted polymer when it comes out the nozzle just before the deposition step. This study aims to master the quality of the printed parts by controlling the effect of the parameters of the extruder on the flow properties in the FFF process. In the current study, numerical simulation of the polymer coming out of the extruder was carried out using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and two phase flow (TPF) simulation Level Set (LS) method by 2D axisymmetric module of COMSOL Multiphysics software. In order to pair the heat transfer with the flow simulation, an advection-diffusion equation was used. Advection-diffusion equation was implemented as a Partial Differential Equation (PDE) in the software. In order to define the variation of viscosity of the polymer with temperature, the rheological behaviors of two thermoplastics were measured by extensional rheometer and using a parallel-plate configuration of an oscillatory rheometer. The results highlight the influence of the environment temperature and the cooling rate on the temperature and viscosity of the extrudate exiting from the nozzle. Moreover, the temperature and its corresponding viscosity at different times have been determined using numerical simulation. At highest shear rates, the extrudate undergoes deformation from typical cylindrical shape. These results are required to predict the coalescence of filaments, a step towards understanding the mechanical properties of the printed parts.

The Influence of Friction Between Football Helmet and Jersey Materials on Force: A Consideration for Sport Safety

PubMed Central

Rossi, Anthony M.; Claiborne, Tina L.; Thompson, Gregory B.; Todaro, Stacey

2016-01-01

Context: The pocketing effect of helmet padding helps to dissipate forces experienced by the head, but if the player's helmet remains stationary in an opponent's shoulder pads, the compressive force on the cervical spine may increase. Objective: To (1) measure the coefficient of static friction between different football helmet finishes and football jersey fabrics and (2) calculate the potential amount of force on a player's helmet due to the amount of friction present. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Helmets with different finishes and different football jersey fabrics. Main Outcome Measure(s): The coefficient of friction was determined for 2 helmet samples (glossy and matte), 3 football jerseys (collegiate, high school, and youth), and 3 types of jersey numbers (silkscreened, sublimated, and stitched on) using the TAPPI T 815 standard method. These measurements determined which helmet-to-helmet, helmet-to-jersey number, and helmet-to-jersey material combination resulted in the least amount of static friction. Results: The glossy helmet versus glossy helmet combination produced a greater amount of static friction than the other 2 helmet combinations (P = .013). The glossy helmet versus collegiate jersey combination produced a greater amount of static friction than the other helmet-to-jersey material combinations (P < .01). The glossy helmet versus silkscreened numbers combination produced a greater amount of static friction than the other helmet-to-jersey number combinations (P < .01). Conclusions: The force of static friction experienced during collisions can be clinically relevant. Conditions with higher coefficients of static friction result in greater forces. In this study, the highest coefficient of friction (glossy helmet versus silkscreened number) could increase the forces on the player's helmet by 3553.88 N when compared with other helmet-to-jersey combinations. Our results indicate that the makeup of helmet and uniform materials may affect sport safety. PMID:27824251

Carcass quality and meat tenderness of Hawaii pasture-finished cattle and Hawaii-originated, mainland feedlot-finished cattle.

PubMed

Kim, Yong Soo; Fukumoto, Glen Kazumi; Kim, Sunae

2012-10-01

The objective of this study was to compare the carcass quality and meat tenderness of Hawaii cattle finished on subtropical pasture with those of mainland US feedlot-finished cattle that were shipped from Hawaii after weaning. Rib-eye steak samples were collected from 30 feedlot-finished cattle harvested at a slaughter house in Washington State, USA and from 13 subtropical pasture-finished cattle harvested at a local slaughter house in Hawaii, then shipped to meat science laboratory at the University of Hawaii, Manoa. Samples were aged for 2 weeks at 4°C and frozen for later proximate analysis and meat tenderness measurement. Feedlot-finished cattle had significantly heavier carcass weight (353 vs 290 kg) and thicker backfat (13.5 vs 6.6 mm), but no significant difference was observed in rib-eye area between the two groups. Marbling score (Small) and United States Department of Agriculture quality grade (Choice) of the pasture-finished beef were not significantly (P < 0.05) different from those of feedlot-finished beef. The shear force value of pasture-finished beef (5.18 kg) was not statistically different (P < 0.05) from that of feedlot-finished beef (4.40 kg). In conclusion, results of this study suggest that Hawaii cattle finished on subtropical pasture produced as tender beef as mainland feedlot-finished cattle with less intramuscular fat.

Integration of Sustainment Management Systems (SMS) with the Army Installation Status Report for Infrastructure (ISR-I)

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-09-01

Interior Wall Finishes Element: Walls Type: CMU Block, Drywall , Other Criteria: Green, Amber, Red Section Name: Administrative Space This linkage...1 EA C20 Staircases C2010 Stair Construction Stairwells Landings and Treads N/A 50 SF C30 Interior Finishes C3010 Wall Finishes Admin...Areas N/A N/A 100 SF C30 Interior Finishes C3010 Wall Finishes Corridors N/A N/A 100 SF C30 Interior Finishes C3010 Wall Finishes Lobby N/A N/A

Fatigue Life of Titanium Alloys Fabricated by Additive Layer Manufacturing Techniques for Dental Implants

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chan, Kwai S.; Koike, Marie; Mason, Robert L.; Okabe, Toru

2013-02-01

Additive layer deposition techniques such as electron beam melting (EBM) and laser beam melting (LBM) have been utilized to fabricate rectangular plates of Ti-6Al-4V with extra low interstitial (ELI) contents. The layer-by-layer deposition techniques resulted in plates that have different surface finishes which can impact significantly on the fatigue life by providing potential sites for fatigue cracks to initiate. The fatigue life of Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloys fabricated by EBM and LBM deposition techniques was investigated by three-point testing of rectangular beams of as-fabricated and electro-discharge machined surfaces under stress-controlled conditions at 10 Hz until complete fracture. Fatigue life tests were also performed on rolled plates of Ti-6Al-4V ELI, regular Ti-6Al-4V, and CP Ti as controls. Fatigue surfaces were characterized by scanning electron microscopy to identify the crack initiation site in the various types of specimen surfaces. The fatigue life data were analyzed statistically using both analysis of variance techniques and the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis method with the Gehan-Breslow test. The results indicate that the LBM Ti-6Al-4V ELI material exhibits a longer fatigue life than the EBM counterpart and CP Ti, but a shorter fatigue life compared to rolled Ti-6Al-4V ELI. The difference in the fatigue life behavior may be largely attributed to the presence of rough surface features that act as fatigue crack initiation sites in the EBM material.

The Finish Line.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cohen, Andrew

1998-01-01

Details what is expected in a good floor finish for athletic facilities, and explores the different categories of finishes and their content within the context of environmental regulation and manufacturing standards. Also discusses urethane finishings, the debate over using waterbased finishes, and the influence of regulatory control that may…

Physiological Effects of Touching Coated Wood.

PubMed

Ikei, Harumi; Song, Chorong; Miyazaki, Yoshifumi

2017-07-13

This study examined the physiological effects of touching wood with various coating with the palm of the hand on brain activity and autonomic nervous activity. Participants were 18 female university students (mean age, 21.7 ± 1.6 years). As an indicator of brain activity, oxyhemoglobin concentrations were measured in the left and right prefrontal cortices using near-infrared time-resolved spectroscopy. Heart rate variability (HRV) and heart rate were used as indicators of autonomic nervous activity. The high-frequency (HF) component of HRV, which reflects parasympathetic nervous activity, and the low-frequency (LF)/HF ratio, which reflects sympathetic nervous activity, were measured. Plates of uncoated, oil-finished, vitreous-finished, urethane-finished, and mirror-finished white oak wood were used as tactile stimuli. After sitting at rest with their eyes closed for 60 s, participants touched the stimuli with their palm for 90 s each. The results indicated that tactile stimulation with uncoated wood calmed prefrontal cortex activity (vs. urethane finish and mirror finish), increased parasympathetic nervous activity (vs. vitreous finish, urethane finish, and mirror finish), and decreased heart rate (vs. mirror finish), demonstrating a physiological relaxation effect. Further, tactile stimulation with oil- and vitreous-finished wood calmed left prefrontal cortex activity and decreased heart rate relative to mirror-finished wood.

Physiological Effects of Touching Coated Wood

PubMed Central

2017-01-01

This study examined the physiological effects of touching wood with various coating with the palm of the hand on brain activity and autonomic nervous activity. Participants were 18 female university students (mean age, 21.7 ± 1.6 years). As an indicator of brain activity, oxyhemoglobin concentrations were measured in the left and right prefrontal cortices using near-infrared time-resolved spectroscopy. Heart rate variability (HRV) and heart rate were used as indicators of autonomic nervous activity. The high-frequency (HF) component of HRV, which reflects parasympathetic nervous activity, and the low-frequency (LF)/HF ratio, which reflects sympathetic nervous activity, were measured. Plates of uncoated, oil-finished, vitreous-finished, urethane-finished, and mirror-finished white oak wood were used as tactile stimuli. After sitting at rest with their eyes closed for 60 s, participants touched the stimuli with their palm for 90 s each. The results indicated that tactile stimulation with uncoated wood calmed prefrontal cortex activity (vs. urethane finish and mirror finish), increased parasympathetic nervous activity (vs. vitreous finish, urethane finish, and mirror finish), and decreased heart rate (vs. mirror finish), demonstrating a physiological relaxation effect. Further, tactile stimulation with oil- and vitreous-finished wood calmed left prefrontal cortex activity and decreased heart rate relative to mirror-finished wood. PMID:28703777

DotLens smartphone microscopy for biological and biomedical applications (Conference Presentation)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sung, Yu-Lung; Zhao, Fusheng; Shih, Wei-Chuan

2017-02-01

Recent advances in inkjet-printed optics have created a new class of lens fabrication technique. Lenses with a tunable geometry, magnification, and focal length can be fabricated by dispensing controlled amounts of liquid polymer onto a heated surface. This fabrication technique is highly cost-effective, and can achieve optically smooth surface finish. Dubbed DotLens, a single of which weighs less than 50 mg and occupies a volume less than 50 μL. DotLens can be attached onto any smartphone camera akin to a contact lens, and enable smartphones to obtain image resolution as fine as 1 µm. The surface curvature modifies the optical path of light to the image sensor, and enables the camera to focus as close as 2 mm. This enables microscopic imaging on a smartphone without any additional attachments, and has shown great potential in mobile point-of-care diagnostic systems, particularly for histology of tissue sections and cytology of blood cells. DotLens Smartphone Microscopy represents an innovative approach fundamentally different from other smartphone microscopes. In this paper, we describe the application and performance of DotLens smartphone microscopy in biological and biomedical research. In particular, we show recent results from images collected from pathology tissue slides with cancer features. In addition, we show performance in cytological analysis of blood smear. This tool has empowered Citizen Science investigators to collect microscopic images from various interesting objects.

Multishell inertial confinement fusion target

DOEpatents

Holland, James R.; Del Vecchio, Robert M.

1984-01-01

A method of fabricating multishell fuel targets for inertial confinement fusion usage. Sacrificial hemispherical molds encapsulate a concentric fuel pellet which is positioned by fiber nets stretched tautly across each hemispherical mold section. The fiber ends of the net protrude outwardly beyond the mold surfaces. The joint between the sacrificial hemispheres is smoothed. A ceramic or glass cover is then deposited about the finished mold surfaces to produce an inner spherical surface having continuously smooth surface configuration. The sacrificial mold is removed by gaseous reaction accomplished through the porous ceramic cover prior to enclosing of the outer sphere by addition of an outer coating. The multishell target comprises the inner fuel pellet concentrically arranged within a surrounding coated cover or shell by fiber nets imbedded within the cover material.

Multishell inertial confinement fusion target

DOEpatents

Holland, James R.; Del Vecchio, Robert M.

1987-01-01

A method of fabricating multishell fuel targets for inertial confinement fusion usage. Sacrificial hemispherical molds encapsulate a concentric fuel pellet which is positioned by fiber nets stretched tautly across each hemispherical mold section. The fiber ends of the net protrude outwardly beyond the mold surfaces. The joint between the sacrificial hemispheres is smoothed. A ceramic or glass cover is then deposited about the finished mold surfaces to produce an inner spherical surface having continuously smooth surface configuration. The sacrificial mold is removed by gaseous reactions accomplished through the porous ceramic cover prior to enclosing of the outer sphere by addition of an outer coating. The multishell target comprises the inner fuel pellet concentrically arranged within a surrounding coated cover or shell by fiber nets imbedded within the cover material.

NDE of structural ceramics

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Klima, S. J.; Vary, A.

1986-01-01

Radiographic, ultrasonic, scanning laser acoustic microscopy (SLAM), and thermo-acoustic microscopy techniques were used to characterize silicon nitride and silicon carbide modulus-of-rupture test specimens in various stages of fabrication. Conventional and microfocus X-ray techniques were found capable of detecting minute high density inclusions in as-received powders, green compacts, and fully densified specimens. Significant density gradients in sintered bars were observed by radiography, ultrasonic velocity, and SLAM. Ultrasonic attenuation was found sensitive to microstructural variations due to grain and void morphology and distribution. SLAM was also capable of detecting voids, inclusions and cracks in finished test bars. Consideration is given to the potential for applying thermo-acoustic microscopy techniques to green and densified ceramics. The detection probability statistics and some limitations of radiography and SLAM also are discussed.

Solar industrial process heat: A study of applications and attitudes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wilson, V.

1981-04-01

Data were gathered through site visits to 100 industrial plants. The site specific data suggests several possible near term market opportunities for solar thermal energy systems. Plants using electricity as their primary fuel for industrial process heat were identified, on the basis of their high fuel prices, as attractive early entry markets for solar energy. Additional opportunities were reflected in plants that had accomplished much of their conservation plans, or bad sizeable percentages of their operating budgets committed to energy expenses. A suitability analysis identified eleven industrial plants as highly suitable for solar thermal applications, they included producers of fluid milk, pottery, canned and bottled soft drinks, fabricated structural metal, refined petroleum, aluminum cans, chrome and nickel plating and stamped frame metal and metal finishings.

Space Science

NASA Image and Video Library

1999-04-01

NASA's Space Optics Manufacturing Center has been working to expand our view of the universe via sophisticated new telescopes. The Optics Center's goal is to develop low-cost, advanced space optics technologies for the NASA program in the 21st century - including the long-term goal of imaging Earth-like planets in distant solar systems. To reduce the cost of mirror fabrication, Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) has developed replication techniques, the machinery, and materials to replicate electro-formed nickel mirrors. Optics replication uses reusable forms, called mandrels, to make telescope mirrors ready for final finishing. MSFC optical physicist Bill Jones monitors a device used to chill a mandrel, causing it to shrink and separate from the telescope mirror without deforming the mirror's precisely curved surface.

Shell Separation for Mirror Replication

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1999-01-01

NASA's Space Optics Manufacturing Center has been working to expand our view of the universe via sophisticated new telescopes. The Optics Center's goal is to develop low-cost, advanced space optics technologies for the NASA program in the 21st century - including the long-term goal of imaging Earth-like planets in distant solar systems. To reduce the cost of mirror fabrication, Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) has developed replication techniques, the machinery, and materials to replicate electro-formed nickel mirrors. Optics replication uses reusable forms, called mandrels, to make telescope mirrors ready for final finishing. MSFC optical physicist Bill Jones monitors a device used to chill a mandrel, causing it to shrink and separate from the telescope mirror without deforming the mirror's precisely curved surface.

Thin film microelectronics materials production in the vacuum of space

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ignatiev, A.; Sterling, M.; Horton, C.; Freundlich, A.; Pei, S.; Hill, R.

1997-01-01

The international Space Station era will open up a new dimension in the use of one of the unique attributes of space, vacuum, for the production of advanced semiconductor materials and devices for microelectronics applications. Ultra-vacuum is required for the fabrication in thin film form of high quality semiconductors. This can be accomplished behind a free flying platform similar to the current Wake Shield Facility which is specifically designed to support in-space production. The platform will require apparatus for thin film growth, a robotics interface to allow for the change out of raw materials and the harvesting of finished product, and a servicing plant incorporating Space Station that will support long-term utilization of the platform.

[The statistical analysis for the use of the 55,787 finished resin teeth].

PubMed

Wu, Shu-hong; Yu, Hai-yang; Wang, Lu; Xu, Ling; Xiao, Zhi-li

2010-08-01

To analyze the use situation of finished resin teeth for the different location, and to provide reference for manufacturers of finished resin teeth and all the buyers. To analyze the use situation of finished resin teeth in the Dental Laboratory of the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology of Chongqing Medical University from January 2006 to December 2008 by using statistic methods. During the use of 55,787 finished resin teeth, the study found some rules. (1) The top use of finished resin teeth was D6 with the percentage of 5.31%, and the lowest use of finished resin teeth was D3 with the percentage of 1.94%. (2) Except the maxillary canines and the mandibular lateral incisors, there was no significant difference between the usage of other same name finished resin teeth (P > 0.05). (3) Among all finished resin teeth, the usage of section B exceeded section A, and the usage of maxillary finished resin teeth exceeded mandibular finished resin teeth (P < 0.05). (4) The use of the complete denture and single complete denture was about 1/3 of the total usage of finished resin teeth. (5) Except the use situation of complete denture and single complete denture, the frequency of simultaneously using mandibular left and right central incisors was the most with the percentage of 81.46%, for the frequency of simultaneously using maxillary left and right canines was 43.26% of the total, which was the lowest. There is significant difference in the use frequency of finished resin teeth for different location. For such reason, the manufacturers should produce finished resin teeth pro rata as well as the buyers for their purchase.

9 CFR 381.309 - Finished product inspection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... Finished product inspection. (a) Finished product inspections must be handled according to: (1) A HACCP.... (b)-(c) [Reserved] (d) Procedures for finished product inspections where the HACCP plan for thermally...

40 CFR 63.5335 - How do I determine the actual HAP loss?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... to the leather; (iii) Mass fraction of HAP in each applied finish; (iv) Date of the recorded entry... recorded finish usage by the corresponding mass fraction of HAP in the finish. The result is the HAP loss... the pounds of each recorded finish usage by the corresponding mass fraction of HAP in the finish. The...

Finishing Techniques for Silicon Nitride Bearings

DTIC Science & Technology

1976-03-01

finishing procedures. Rolling contact fatigue lives of silicon nitride with selected smoother finishes tested at 800 ksi Hertz stress were an order...grinding. Rolling contact fatigue lives of silicon nitride with selected smoother finishes tested at 800 ksi Hertz stress were an order of magnitude...lives of silicon nitride with selected smoother finishes tested at 800 ksi Hertz stress were an order of magnitude longer than those

[Study of enzymes of xenobiotic metabolism in the evaluation of quality of protein-containing wheat germ flakes and wallpaper flour].

PubMed

Martinchuk, A N; E En Gyn; Safronova, A M; Peskova, E V

1991-01-01

Intake of wheat upholstery meal by growing rats was attended by a sharp decrease in the content and activity of xenobiotic metabolism enzymes in the hepatic microsomes, that was caused by the low biological value of the meal proteins. Hepatic microsomes of the rats that were fed with wheat germ flakes showed increased specific content of cytochromes P-450 and b5, but the total blood protein content per 100 g of body mass was lower than during casein consumption. No significant changes were detected in hydroxylation rate of benz(a)pyrene, aniline and ethylmorphine. During consumption of wheat germ flakes induction of UDP-glucuronide-transferase was detected in hepatic microsomes. Wheat germ flakes induced a 5-fold increase of Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity. Wheat germ flakes produced no significant effect on glutathione-S-aryltransferase and glutathione reductase activity.

Heart rate variability and short duration spaceflight: relationship to post-flight orthostatic intolerance

PubMed Central

Blaber, Andrew P; Bondar, Roberta L; Kassam, Mahmood S

2004-01-01

Background Upon return from space many astronauts experience symptoms of orthostatic intolerance. Research has implicated altered autonomic cardiovascular regulation due to spaceflight with further evidence to suggest that there might be pre-flight autonomic indicators of post-flight orthostatic intolerance. We used heart rate variability (HRV) to determine whether autonomic regulation of the heart in astronauts who did or did not experience post-flight orthostatic intolerance was different pre-flight and/or was differentially affected by short duration (8 – 16 days) spaceflight. HRV data from ten-minute stand tests collected from the 29 astronauts 10 days pre-flight, on landing day and three days post-flight were analysed using coarse graining spectral analysis. From the total power (PTOT), the harmonic component was extracted and divided into high (PHI: >0.15 Hz) and low (PLO: = 0.15 Hz) frequency power regions. Given the distribution of autonomic nervous system activity with frequency at the sinus node, PHI/PTOT was used as an indicator of parasympathetic activity; PLO/PTOT as an indicator of sympathetic activity; and, PLO/PHI as an estimate of sympathovagal balance. Results Twenty-one astronauts were classified as finishers, and eight as non-finishers, based on their ability to remain standing for 10 minutes on landing day. Pre-flight, non-finishers had a higher supine PHI/PTOT than finishers. Supine PHI/PTOT was the same pre-flight and on landing day in the finishers; whereas, in the non-finishers it was reduced. The ratio PLO/PHI was lower in non-finishers compared to finishers and was unaffected by spaceflight. Pre-flight, both finishers and non-finishers had similar supine values of PLO/PTOT, which increased from supine to stand. Following spaceflight, only the finishers had an increase in PLO/PTOT from supine to stand. Conclusions Both finishers and non-finishers had an increase in sympathetic activity with stand on pre-flight, yet only finishers retained this response on landing day. Non-finishers also had lower sympathovagal balance and higher pre-flight supine parasympathetic activity than finishers. These results suggest pre-flight autonomic status and post-flight impairment in autonomic control of the heart may contribute to orthostatic intolerance. The mechanism by which higher pre-flight parasympathetic activity might contribute to post-flight orthostatic intolerance is not understood and requires further investigation. PMID:15113425

LSP Composite Susbtrate Manufacturing Processing Guide

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kovach, Daniel J.; Griess, Kenneth H.

2013-01-01

This document is intended to define Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) test panel configurations that can be employed for the purposes of evaluating the protection capabilities of Lightning Strike Protection (LSP) materials developed by the Aerospace Industry. The configurations are intended to provide consistent behavior in their response to simulated lightning strikes at pre-defined levels when tested by a capable vendor according to a test procedure written to enable consistent results (ref section 2.1.2). In response to an attachment of a simulated lightning strike on a CFRP panel, one can expect to see various levels of ablation and delamination, both through the thickness of the panel and with respect to the amount of panel surface area that exhibits damage. Panel configurations defined in this document include: An "unprotected" configuration 128694-1 (ref section 4.1), consisting of a cured CFRP laminate stackup of tape and fabric prepregs, coated with a typical aerospace primer and paint finishing scheme, attached to aluminum grounding bars intended to draw electrical current from the lightning attachment point to the panel edges and thus to ground. A "protected" configuration 128694-2 (ref section 4.1), wherein a layer of an LSP material form often used in the Aerospace Industry is included in the laminate stackup prior to cure. The CFRP materials, finishes and grounding arrangement for ths configuration are the same as for the "unprotected" configuration.

Contributions of Nanodiamond Abrasives and Deionized Water in Magnetorheological Finishing of Aluminum Oxynitride

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Miao, C.; Lambropoulos, J.C.; Romanofsky, H.

2010-01-13

Magnetorheological finishing (MRF) is a sub-aperture deterministic process for fabricating high-precision optics by removing material and smoothing the surface. The goal of this work is to study the relative contribution of nanodiamonds and water in material removal for MRF of aluminum oxynitride ceramic (ALON) based upon a nonaqueous magnetorheological (MR) fluid. Removal was enhanced by a high carbonyl iron concentration and the addition of nanodiamond abrasives. Small amounts of deionized (DI) water were introduced into the nonaqueous MR fluid to further influence the material removal process. Material removal data were collected with a spot-taking machine. Drag force (Fd) and normalmore » force (Fn) before and after adding nanodiamonds or DI water were measured with a dual load cell. Both drag force and normal force were insensitive to the addition of nanodiamonds but increased with DI water content in the nonaqueous MR fluid. Shear stress (i.e., drag force divided by spot area) was calculated, and examined as a function of nanodiamond concentration and DI water concentration. Volumetric removal rate increased with increasing shear stress, which was shown to be a result of increasing viscosity after adding nanodiamonds and DI water. This work demonstrates that removal rate for a hard ceramic with MRF can be enhanced by adding DI water into a nonaqueous MR fluid.« less

Optimization of a Multi-Product Intra-Supply Chain System with Failure in Rework.

PubMed

Chiu, Singa Wang; Chen, Shin-Wei; Chang, Chih-Kai; Chiu, Yuan-Shyi Peter

2016-01-01

Globalization has created tremendous opportunities, but also made business environment highly competitive and turbulent. To gain competitive advantage, management of present-day transnational firms always seeks options to trim down various transaction and coordination costs, especially in the area of controllable intra-supply chain system. This study investigates a multi-product intra-supply chain system with failure in rework. To achieve maximum machine utilization, multiple products are fabricated in succession on a single machine. During the process, production of some defective items is inevitable. Reworking of nonconforming items is used to reduce the quality cost in production and achieving the goal of lower overall production cost. Because reworks are sometimes unsuccessful, failures in rework are also considered in this study. Finished goods for each product are transported to the sales offices when the entire production lot is quality assured after rework. A multi-delivery policy is used, wherein fixed quantity n installments of the finished lot are transported at fixed intervals during delivery time. The objective is to jointly determine the common production cycle time and the number of deliveries needed to minimize the long-term expected production-inventory-delivery costs for the problem. With the help of a mathematical model along with optimization technique, the optimal production-shipment policy is obtained. We have used a numerical example to demonstrate applicability of the result of our research.

Optimization of a Multi–Product Intra-Supply Chain System with Failure in Rework

PubMed Central

2016-01-01

Globalization has created tremendous opportunities, but also made business environment highly competitive and turbulent. To gain competitive advantage, management of present-day transnational firms always seeks options to trim down various transaction and coordination costs, especially in the area of controllable intra-supply chain system. This study investigates a multi–product intra-supply chain system with failure in rework. To achieve maximum machine utilization, multiple products are fabricated in succession on a single machine. During the process, production of some defective items is inevitable. Reworking of nonconforming items is used to reduce the quality cost in production and achieving the goal of lower overall production cost. Because reworks are sometimes unsuccessful, failures in rework are also considered in this study. Finished goods for each product are transported to the sales offices when the entire production lot is quality assured after rework. A multi-delivery policy is used, wherein fixed quantity n installments of the finished lot are transported at fixed intervals during delivery time. The objective is to jointly determine the common production cycle time and the number of deliveries needed to minimize the long–term expected production–inventory–delivery costs for the problem. With the help of a mathematical model along with optimization technique, the optimal production–shipment policy is obtained. We have used a numerical example to demonstrate applicability of the result of our research. PMID:27918588

Imparting pharmaceutical applications to the surface of fabrics for wound and skin care by ultrasonic waves.

PubMed

Gedanken, Aharon; Perkas, Nina; Perelshtein, Ilana; Lipovsky, Anat

2017-12-29

The review, reports on the functionalization of textiles for the treatment of wounds and skin diseases such as acne. In view of the growing demand for high-quality textiles, much research is focused on the creation of antimicrobial finishings for fabrics, in order to protect customers from pathogenic or odor-generating microorganisms. We present coatings from inorganic, organic and biochemical nanoparticles (NPs) on surfaces that impart the ability to kill bacteria, avoid biofilm formation and speed up the recovery of wounds. In all three cases, sonochemistry is used for immobilizing the nanoparticles on the surfaces. The Introduction broadly covers the progress of nanotechnology in the fields of wound and skin care. The first section of this review outlines the mechanism of the ultrasound-assisted deposition of nanoparticles on textiles. The coating can be performed by an in-situ process in which the nanoparticles are formed and subsequently thrown onto the surface of the fabrics at a very high speed. This approach was used in depositing metal-oxide NPs such as ZnO, CuO and Zn-CuO or the organic NPs of tannic acid, chitosan, etc. on textiles. In addition, the sonochemical process can be used as a "throwing stone" technique, namely, previously synthesized or commercially purchased NPs can be placed in the sonication bath and sonicated in the presence of the fabric. This section will also outline why sonochemical deposition on textiles is considered the best coating technique. The second section will discuss new applications of the sonochemically-coated textiles in killing bacteria, avoiding biofilm formation and more. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.org.

Form control in atmospheric pressure plasma processing of ground fused silica

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Duo; Wang, Bo; Xin, Qiang; Jin, Huiliang; Wang, Jun; Dong, Wenxia

2014-08-01

Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Processing (APPP) using inductively coupled plasma has demonstrated that it can achieve comparable removal rate on the optical surface of fused silica under the atmosphere pressure and has the advantage of inducing no sub-surface damage for its non-contact and chemical etching mechanism. APPP technology is a cost effective way, compared with traditional mechanical polishing, magnetorheological finishing and ion beam figuring. Thus, due to these advantages, this technology is being tested to fabricate large aperture optics of fused silica to help shorten the polishing time in optics fabrication chain. Now our group proposes to use inductively coupled plasma processing technology to fabricate ground surface of fused silica directly after the grinding stage. In this paper, form control method and several processing parameters are investigated to evaluate the removal efficiency and the surface quality, including the robustness of removal function, velocity control mode and tool path strategy. However, because of the high heat flux of inductively coupled plasma, the removal depth with time can be non-linear and the ground surface evolvement will be affected. The heat polishing phenomenon is founded. The value of surface roughness is reduced greatly, which is very helpful to reduce the time of follow-up mechanical polishing. Finally, conformal and deterministic polishing experiments are analyzed and discussed. The form error is less 3%, before and after the APPP, when 10μm depth of uniform removal is achieved on a 60×60mm ground fused silica. Also, a basin feature is fabricated to demonstrate the figuring capability and stability. Thus, APPP is a promising technology in processing the large aperture optics.

Monte-Carlo based Uncertainty Analysis For CO2 Laser Microchanneling Model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Prakash, Shashi; Kumar, Nitish; Kumar, Subrata

2016-09-01

CO2 laser microchanneling has emerged as a potential technique for the fabrication of microfluidic devices on PMMA (Poly-methyl-meth-acrylate). PMMA directly vaporizes when subjected to high intensity focused CO2 laser beam. This process results in clean cut and acceptable surface finish on microchannel walls. Overall, CO2 laser microchanneling process is cost effective and easy to implement. While fabricating microchannels on PMMA using a CO2 laser, the maximum depth of the fabricated microchannel is the key feature. There are few analytical models available to predict the maximum depth of the microchannels and cut channel profile on PMMA substrate using a CO2 laser. These models depend upon the values of thermophysical properties of PMMA and laser beam parameters. There are a number of variants of transparent PMMA available in the market with different values of thermophysical properties. Therefore, for applying such analytical models, the values of these thermophysical properties are required to be known exactly. Although, the values of laser beam parameters are readily available, extensive experiments are required to be conducted to determine the value of thermophysical properties of PMMA. The unavailability of exact values of these property parameters restrict the proper control over the microchannel dimension for given power and scanning speed of the laser beam. In order to have dimensional control over the maximum depth of fabricated microchannels, it is necessary to have an idea of uncertainty associated with the predicted microchannel depth. In this research work, the uncertainty associated with the maximum depth dimension has been determined using Monte Carlo method (MCM). The propagation of uncertainty with different power and scanning speed has been predicted. The relative impact of each thermophysical property has been determined using sensitivity analysis.

Best of both worlds : clear exterior finishes : in search of finishes that protect wood without hiding its natural beauty

Treesearch

Tom Daniels; Marc Hirsch; Ken McClelland; Alan Ross; Sam Williams

2000-01-01

In recent years, a number of clear wood finishes have been developed that protect wood while accentuating its natural beauty. The focus of this publication is on those finishes having little visible pigment. In some cases, the pigments are included but are finely ground to create a coating that is transparent to visible light. Most natural clear wood finishes are...

3D printing for health & wealth: Fabrication of custom-made medical devices through additive manufacturing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Colpani, Alessandro; Fiorentino, Antonio; Ceretti, Elisabetta

2018-05-01

Additive Manufacturing (AM) differs from traditional manufacturing technologies by its ability to handle complex shapes with great design flexibility. These features make the technique suitable to fabricate customized components, particularly answering specific custom needs. Although AM mainly referred to prototyping, nowadays the interest in direct manufacturing of actual parts is growing. This article shows the application of AM within the project 3DP-4H&W (3D Printing for Health & Wealth) which involves engineers and physicians for developing pediatric custom-made medical devices to enhance the fulfilling of the patients specific needs. In the project, two types of devices made of a two-component biocompatible silicone are considered. The first application (dental field) consists in a device for cleft lip and palate. The second one (audiological field) consists in an acoustic prosthesis. The geometries of the devices are based on the anatomy of the patient that is obtained through a 3D body scan process. For both devices, two different approaches were planned, namely direct AM and indirect Rapid Tooling (RT). In particular, direct AM consists in the FDM processing of silicone, while RT consists in molds FDM fabrication followed by silicone casting. This paper presents the results of the RT method that is articulated in different phases: the acquisition of the geometry to be realized, the design of the molds taking into account the casting feasibility (as casting channel, vents, part extraction), the realization of molds produced through AM, molds surface chemical finishing, pouring and curing of the silicone. The fabricated devices were evaluated by the physicians team that confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed procedure in fabricating the desired devices. Moreover, the procedure can be used as a general method to extend the range of applications to any custom-made device for anatomic districts, especially where complex shapes are present (as tracheal or maxillary prostheses).

POLLUTION PREVENTION IN THE METAL FINISHING INDUSTRY

EPA Science Inventory

A broad overview of the metal finishing processes in pollution prevention. The volume of hazardous/toxic waste streams produced from metal finishing operations is significant. It is common for product surfaces to undergo more than 10 finishing steps. The elimination of any of ...

Anisotropic Negative Thermal Expansion Behavior of the As-Fabricated Ti-Rich and Equiatomic Ti-Ni Alloys Induced by Preferential Grain Orientation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, Zhong-Xun; Ma, Xiao; Cao, Shan-Shan; Ke, Chang-Bo; Zhang, Xin-Ping

2017-12-01

The present study focuses on the anisotropic negative thermal expansion (NTE) behaviors of Ti-rich (Ti54Ni46) and equiatomic Ti-Ni (Ti50Ni50) alloys fabricated by vacuum arc melting and without subsequent plastic deformation. Both alloys exhibit NTE responses in vertical and horizontal directions, and the total strains and CTEs of the NTE stage along the two mutually perpendicular measuring directions are obviously different, indicating obvious anisotropic NTE behavior of the alloys. Besides, the numerical differences between the starting temperature of NTE and austenitic transformation and between the finishing temperature of NTE and austenitic transformation are very small, which indicates that an apparent relationship exists between the NTE behavior and the phase transformation. The microstructure in the vertical cross sections shows obviously preferential orientation characteristics: Ti2Ni phases of both alloys grow along the vertical direction, and B19' martensite of Ti50Ni50 alloy has distinct preferential orientation, which results from a large temperature gradient between the top and the bottom of the button ingots during solidification. The microstructure with preferential orientation induces the anisotropic NTE behavior of the samples.

Variable curvature mirror having variable thickness: design and fabrication

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, Hui; Xie, Xiaopeng; Xu, Liang; Ding, Jiaoteng; Shen, Le; Gong, Jie

2017-10-01

Variable curvature mirror (VCM) can change its curvature radius dynamically and is usually used to correct the defocus and spherical aberration caused by thermal lens effect to improve the output beam quality of high power solid-state laser. Recently, the probable application of VCM in realizing non-moving element optical zoom imaging in visible band has been paid much attention. The basic requirement for VCM lies in that it should provide a large enough saggitus variation and still maintains a high enough surface figure at the same time. Therefore in this manuscript, by combing the pressurization based actuation with a variable thickness mirror design, the purpose of obtaining large saggitus variation and maintaining quite good surface figure accuracy at the same time could be achieved. A prototype zoom mirror with diameter of 120mm and central thickness of 8mm is designed, fabricated and tested. Experimental results demonstrate that the zoom mirror having an initial surface figure accuracy superior to 1/80λ could provide bigger than 36um saggitus variation and after finishing the curvature variation its surface figure accuracy could still be superior to 1/40λ with the spherical aberration removed, which proves that the effectiveness of the theoretical design.

Anisotropic Negative Thermal Expansion Behavior of the As-Fabricated Ti-Rich and Equiatomic Ti-Ni Alloys Induced by Preferential Grain Orientation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, Zhong-Xun; Ma, Xiao; Cao, Shan-Shan; Ke, Chang-Bo; Zhang, Xin-Ping

2018-03-01

The present study focuses on the anisotropic negative thermal expansion (NTE) behaviors of Ti-rich (Ti54Ni46) and equiatomic Ti-Ni (Ti50Ni50) alloys fabricated by vacuum arc melting and without subsequent plastic deformation. Both alloys exhibit NTE responses in vertical and horizontal directions, and the total strains and CTEs of the NTE stage along the two mutually perpendicular measuring directions are obviously different, indicating obvious anisotropic NTE behavior of the alloys. Besides, the numerical differences between the starting temperature of NTE and austenitic transformation and between the finishing temperature of NTE and austenitic transformation are very small, which indicates that an apparent relationship exists between the NTE behavior and the phase transformation. The microstructure in the vertical cross sections shows obviously preferential orientation characteristics: Ti2Ni phases of both alloys grow along the vertical direction, and B19' martensite of Ti50Ni50 alloy has distinct preferential orientation, which results from a large temperature gradient between the top and the bottom of the button ingots during solidification. The microstructure with preferential orientation induces the anisotropic NTE behavior of the samples.

Recent researches concerning the obtaining of functional textiles based on conductive yarns

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Leon, A. L.; Manea, L. R.; Hristian, L.

2016-08-01

Modem textile industry is influenced both by consumers' lifestyle and by novel materials. Functional textiles can be included into the group of technical textiles. The functional activity can be shortly interpreted as "sense - react - adapt" to the environment while traditional materials meet only passive protective role, a barrier between body and environment. Functional materials cross the conventional limits because they are designed for specific performances, being part of domains as: telemedicine, medicine, aeronautics, biotechnology, nanotechnology, protective clothes, sportswear, etc. This paper highlights the most recent developments in the field of using conductive yarns for obtaining functional textiles. Conductive fabrics can be done by incorporating into the textile structure the conductive fibers / yarns. The technologies differ from embroidering, sewing, weaving, knitting to braiding and obtaining nonwovens. The conductive fabrics production has a quickly growth because it is a high demand for these textiles used for data transfer in clothing, monitoring vital signs, germ-free garments, brain-computer interface, etc. Nowadays it is of high interest surface treatments of fibers/yarns which can be considered as a novel kind of textile finishing. There are presented some researches related to obtaining conductive yarns by coating PET and PP yarns with PANi conductive polymer.

Simulation of Magnetic Field Assisted Finishing (MFAF) Process Utilizing Smart MR Polishing Tool

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barman, Anwesa; Das, Manas

2017-02-01

Magnetic field assisted finishing process is an advanced finishing process. This process is capable of producing nanometer level surface finish. In this process magnetic field is applied to control the finishing forces using magnetorheological polishing medium. In the current study, permanent magnet is used to provide the required magnetic field in the finishing zone. The working gap between the workpiece and the magnet is filled with MR fluid which is used as the polishing brush to remove surface undulations from the top surface of the workpiece. In this paper, the distribution of magnetic flux density on the workpiece surface and behaviour of MR polishing medium during finishing are analyzed using commercial finite element packages (Ansys Maxwell® and Comsol®). The role of magnetic force in the indentation of abrasive particles on the workpiece surface is studied. A two-dimensional simulation study of the steady, laminar, and incompressible MR fluid flow behaviour during finishing process is carried out. The material removal and surface roughness modelling of the finishing process are also presented. The indentation force by a single active abrasive particle on the workpiece surface is modelled during simulation. The velocity profile of MR fluid with and without application of magnetic field is plotted. It shows non-Newtonian property without application of magnetic field. After that the total material displacement due to one abrasive particle is plotted. The simulated roughness profile is in a good agreement with the experimental results. The conducted study will help in understanding the fluid behavior and the mechanism of finishing during finishing process. Also, the modelling and simulation of the process will help in achieving better finishing performance.

Percent recoveries of anthropogenic organic compounds with and without the addition of ascorbic acid to preserve finished-water samples containing free chlorine, 2004-10

USGS Publications Warehouse

Valder, Joshua F.; Delzer, Gregory C.; Bender, David A.; Price, Curtis V.

2011-01-01

This report presents finished-water matrix-spike recoveries of 270 anthropogenic organic compounds with and without the addition of ascorbic acid to preserve water samples containing free chlorine. Percent recoveries were calculated using analytical results from a study conducted during 2004-10 for the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The study was intended to characterize the effect of quenching on finished-water matrix-spike recoveries and to better understand the potential oxidation and transformation of 270 anthropogenic organic compounds. The anthropogenic organic compounds studied include those on analytical schedules 1433, 2003, 2033, 2060, 2020, and 4024 of the USGS National Water Quality Laboratory. Three types of samples were collected from 34 NAWQA locations across the Nation: (1) quenched finished-water samples (not spiked), (2) quenched finished-water matrix-spike samples, and (3) nonquenched finished-water matrix-spike samples. Percent recoveries of anthropogenic organic compounds in quenched and nonquenched finished-water matrix-spike samples are presented. Comparisons of percent recoveries between quenched and nonquenched spiked samples can be used to show how quenching affects finished-water samples. A maximum of 18 surface-water and 34 groundwater quenched finished-water matrix-spike samples paired with nonquenched finished-water matrix-spike samples were analyzed. Percent recoveries for the study are presented in two ways: (1) finished-water matrix-spike samples supplied by surface-water or groundwater, and (2) by use (or source) group category for surface-water and groundwater supplies. Graphical representations of percent recoveries for the quenched and nonquenched finished-water matrix-spike samples also are presented.

Genotype x environment interactions for fatty acid profiles in Bos indicus and Bos taurus finished on pasture or grain.

PubMed

Bressan, M C; Rossato, L V; Rodrigues, E C; Alves, S P; Bessa, R J B; Ramos, E M; Gama, L T

2011-01-01

A study was conducted to characterize lipid profiles in the M. longissimus thoracis of commercial Brazilian beef and to assess how those profiles are influenced by finishing system, genetic group, and their interaction. Intramuscular fat (IMF) and fatty acid (FA) profiles were determined in 160 bulls of the Bos taurus (n = 75) and Bos indicus (n = 85) genetic groups, finished on pasture (n = 46) or with grain supplementation (n = 114) and slaughtered in a commercial abattoir. Finishing system had a major impact on the deposition of IMF, as well as on the concentration of SFA, PUFA, and their ratio, but genetic groups showed important differences in the ability to convert SFA into cis-9 MUFA and to convert 16:0 into 18:0. When compared with pasture-finished animals, those finished with grain had greater content of IMF and SFA (P < 0.01), similar amounts of MUFA (P > 0.05), and about one-half the amount of PUFA (P < 0.01). Except for MUFA, differences in FA profiles among finishing systems were mostly mediated through their effect on IMF, even though the relationship of IMF with groups of FA differed among finishing systems. Under grain finishing, B. taurus had less SFA and greater MUFA than B. indicus (P < 0.01), but no differences were observed in PUFA (P > 0.05). With pasture-finishing, no differences were observed among the 2 genetic groups in SFA and MUFA (P > 0.05), but PUFA were decreased in B. taurus (P < 0.01). When genetic groups were compared in grain-finishing, B. taurus had a decreased ability for elongation and B. indicus had a decreased aptitude for desaturation of FA. On the other hand, with pasture-finishing a greater deposition of intermediate FA from ruminal biohydrogenation was observed in B. indicus than in B. taurus. Overall, FA profiles were affected more by finishing system in B. indicus than in B. taurus.

Effects of delayed finishing/polishing on surface roughness, hardness and gloss of tooth-coloured restorative materials.

PubMed

Yazici, A Ruya; Tuncer, Duygu; Antonson, Sibel; Onen, Alev; Kilinc, Evren

2010-01-01

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of delayed finishing/polishing on the surface roughness, hardness and gloss of tooth-coloured restorative materials. Four different tooth-coloured restoratives: a flowable resin composite- Tetric Flow, a hybrid resin composite- Venus, a nanohybrid resin composite- Grandio, and a polyacid modified resin composite- Dyract Extra were used. 30 specimens were made for each material and randomly assigned into three groups. The first group was finished/polished immediately and the second group was finished/polished after 24 hours. The remaining 10 specimens served as control. The surface roughness of each sample was recorded using a laser profilometer. Gloss measurements were performed using a small-area glossmeter. Vickers microhardness measurements were performed from three locations on each specimen surface under 100g load and 10s dwell time. Data for surface roughness and hardness were analyzed by Kruskal Wallis test and data for gloss were subjected to one-way ANOVA and Tukey test (P <.05). The smoothest surfaces were obtained under Mylar strip for all materials. While there were no significant differences in surface roughness of immediate and delayed finished/polished Dyract Extra samples, immediately finished/polished Venus and Grandio samples showed significantly higher roughness than the delayed polished samples (P <.05). In Tetric Flow samples, immediately finishing/polishing provided smoother surface than delayed finishing/polishing (P <.05). The highest gloss values were recorded under Mylar strip for all materials. While delayed finishing/polishing resulted in a significantly higher gloss compared to immediate finishing/polishing in Venus samples (P <.05), no differences were observed between delayed or immediate finishing/polishing for the other materials (P>.05). The lowest hardness values were found under Mylar strip. Delayed finishing/polishing significantly increased the hardness of all materials. The effect of delayed finishing/polishing on surface roughness, gloss and hardness appears to be material dependent.

27 CFR 19.601 - Finished products records.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... Finished products records. (a) Bottling and packaging. A proprietor must maintain daily transaction records and a daily summary record of the kind and quantity of finished products bottled or packaged within... daily records of the disposition of finished products from the processing account at the distilled...

Bag molding processes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Slobodzinsky, A.

Features, materials, and techniques of vacuum, pressure, and autoclave FRP bag molding processes are described. The bags are used in sealed environments, inflated to flexibly force a curing FRP laminate to conform to a stiff mold form which defines the shape of the finished product. Densification is achieved as the bag presses out the voids and excess resin from the laminate, and consolidation occurs as the plies and adherends are bonded by the bag pressure. Curing techniques nominally involved room temperature or high temperature, and investigations of alternative techniques, such as induction, dielectric, microwave, xenon flash, UV, electron beam, and gamma radiation heating are proceeding. Polysulfone is the most common thermoplastic. Details are given of mold preparations, peel plies or release films and fabrics, bagging techniques, and reusable venting blankets and silicone rubber bags.

Preparation of Fragrant Microencapsules and Coating on Textiles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shah Jafari, M. H.; Parvinzadeh, M.; Najafi, F.

2007-08-01

A microcapsule is a small sphere with a uniform wall around it. Microcapsules range in diameter from 1 to 1000 μm. The move by the more developed countries into textiles with new properties and added value, into medical and technical textiles, has encouraged the industry to use microencapsulation process as a means of imparting finishes and properties on textiles which were not possible or cost-effective using other technology. Numerous attempts have been made at adding fragrances directly to fiber and fabrics but all fail to survive after one or two wash cycle. Only through microencapsulation, fragrances are able to remain on a garment during a significant part of its lifetime. This research has tried to prepare microcapsules with poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) as wall and Rose fragrance as core.

Incorporating 3D-printing technology in the design of head-caps and electrode drives for recording neurons in multiple brain regions.

PubMed

Headley, Drew B; DeLucca, Michael V; Haufler, Darrell; Paré, Denis

2015-04-01

Recent advances in recording and computing hardware have enabled laboratories to record the electrical activity of multiple brain regions simultaneously. Lagging behind these technical advances, however, are the methods needed to rapidly produce microdrives and head-caps that can flexibly accommodate different recording configurations. Indeed, most available designs target single or adjacent brain regions, and, if multiple sites are targeted, specially constructed head-caps are used. Here, we present a novel design style, for both microdrives and head-caps, which takes advantage of three-dimensional printing technology. This design facilitates targeting of multiple brain regions in various configurations. Moreover, the parts are easily fabricated in large quantities, with only minor hand-tooling and finishing required. Copyright © 2015 the American Physiological Society.

Development of the heat treatment system for the 40 T hybrid magnet superconducting outsert.

PubMed

Chen, W G; Chen, Z M; Chen, Z Y; Huang, P C; He, P; Zhu, J W

2011-10-01

The heat treatment of Nb(3)Sn coil with the glass fabric insulation is one of the key and critical processes for the outsert solenoids of the 40 T hybrid magnet, which could be wound with cable-in-conduit conductors using the insulation-wind-and-react technique. The manufacturing of the large vertical type vacuum/Ar atmosphere-protection heat treatment system has been completed and recently installed in the High Magnetic Filed Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The heat treatment system composed mainly the furnace, the purging gas supply system, the control system, the gas impurities monitoring system, and so on. At present, the regulation and testing of the heat treatment system has been successfully finished, and all of technical parameters meet or exceed specifications.

Continuous and pulsed laser high power beam combiner for additive manufacturing applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bassignana, Marta; Califano, Alessio; Pescarmona, Francesco; Braglia, Andrea; Perrone, Guido

2018-02-01

Laser-based additive manufacturing (AM) from metal powders is emerging as the new industrial revolution, although current fabrication approaches still require long mechanical post-processing to improve the final surface quality and meet the design tolerances. To overcome this limitation, the next generation machines are expected to complement laser AM with laser ablation (LA) to implement surface finishing and micro texturing already during the device growth process. With this aim, a new beam combiner to allow the real-time interchange of additive and subtractive processes using the same scanner head has been designed. Extensive tests have been carried out using a 6 kW continuous-wave laser similar to that used for the metal powder fusion and a nanosecond 100W pulsed source similar to that used for laser ablation.

Development of the heat treatment system for the 40 T hybrid magnet superconducting outsert

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, W. G.; Chen, Z. M.; Chen, Z. Y.; Huang, P. C.; He, P.; Zhu, J. W.

2011-10-01

The heat treatment of Nb3Sn coil with the glass fabric insulation is one of the key and critical processes for the outsert solenoids of the 40 T hybrid magnet, which could be wound with cable-in-conduit conductors using the insulation-wind-and-react technique. The manufacturing of the large vertical type vacuum/Ar atmosphere-protection heat treatment system has been completed and recently installed in the High Magnetic Filed Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The heat treatment system composed mainly the furnace, the purging gas supply system, the control system, the gas impurities monitoring system, and so on. At present, the regulation and testing of the heat treatment system has been successfully finished, and all of technical parameters meet or exceed specifications.

Incorporating 3D-printing technology in the design of head-caps and electrode drives for recording neurons in multiple brain regions

PubMed Central

DeLucca, Michael V.; Haufler, Darrell; Paré, Denis

2015-01-01

Recent advances in recording and computing hardware have enabled laboratories to record the electrical activity of multiple brain regions simultaneously. Lagging behind these technical advances, however, are the methods needed to rapidly produce microdrives and head-caps that can flexibly accommodate different recording configurations. Indeed, most available designs target single or adjacent brain regions, and, if multiple sites are targeted, specially constructed head-caps are used. Here, we present a novel design style, for both microdrives and head-caps, which takes advantage of three-dimensional printing technology. This design facilitates targeting of multiple brain regions in various configurations. Moreover, the parts are easily fabricated in large quantities, with only minor hand-tooling and finishing required. PMID:25652930

Surface characterization protocol for precision aspheric optics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sarepaka, RamaGopal V.; Sakthibalan, Siva; Doodala, Somaiah; Panwar, Rakesh S.; Kotaria, Rajendra

2017-10-01

In Advanced Optical Instrumentation, Aspherics provide an effective performance alternative. The aspheric fabrication and surface metrology, followed by aspheric design are complementary iterative processes for Precision Aspheric development. As in fabrication, a holistic approach of aspheric surface characterization is adopted to evaluate actual surface error and to aim at the deliverance of aspheric optics with desired surface quality. Precision optical surfaces are characterized by profilometry or by interferometry. Aspheric profiles are characterized by contact profilometers, through linear surface scans to analyze their Form, Figure and Finish errors. One must ensure that, the surface characterization procedure does not add to the resident profile errors (generated during the aspheric surface fabrication). This presentation examines the errors introduced post-surface generation and during profilometry of aspheric profiles. This effort is to identify sources of errors and is to optimize the metrology process. The sources of error during profilometry may be due to: profilometer settings, work-piece placement on the profilometer stage, selection of zenith/nadir points of aspheric profiles, metrology protocols, clear aperture - diameter analysis, computational limitations of the profiler and the software issues etc. At OPTICA, a PGI 1200 FTS contact profilometer (Taylor-Hobson make) is used for this study. Precision Optics of various profiles are studied, with due attention to possible sources of errors during characterization, with multi-directional scan approach for uniformity and repeatability of error estimation. This study provides an insight of aspheric surface characterization and helps in optimal aspheric surface production methodology.

Designing fire safe interiors.

PubMed

Belles, D W

1992-01-01

Any product that causes a fire to grow large is deficient in fire safety performance. A large fire in any building represents a serious hazard. Multiple-death fires almost always are linked to fires that grow quickly to a large size. Interior finishes have large, continuous surfaces over which fire can spread. They are regulated to slow initial fire growth, and must be qualified for use on the basis of fire tests. To obtain meaningful results, specimens must be representative of actual installation. Variables--such as the substrate, the adhesive, and product thickness and density--can affect product performance. The tunnel test may not adequately evaluate some products, such as foam plastics or textile wall coverings, thermoplastic materials, or materials of minimal mass. Where questions exist, products should be evaluated on a full-scale basis. Curtains and draperies are examples of products that ignite easily and spread flames readily. The present method for testing curtains and draperies evaluates one fabric at a time. Although a fabric tested alone may perform well, fabrics that meet test standards individually sometimes perform poorly when tested in combination. Contents and furnishings constitute the major fuels in many fires. Contents may involve paper products and other lightweight materials that are easily ignited and capable of fast fire growth. Similarly, a small source may ignite many items of furniture that are capable of sustained fire growth. Upholstered furniture can reach peak burning rates in less than 5 minutes. Furnishings have been associated with many multiple-death fires.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Advances in photonic MOEMS-MEMS device thinning and polishing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McAneny, James J.; Kennedy, Mark; McGroggan, Tom

2010-02-01

As devices continue to increase in density and complexity, ever more stringent specifications are placed on the wafer scale equipment manufacturers to produce higher quality and higher output. This results in greater investment and more resource being diverted into producing tools and processes which can meet the latest demanding criteria. Substrate materials employed in the fabrication process range from Silicon through InP and include GaAs, InSb and other optical networking or waveguide materials. With this diversity of substrate materials presented, controlling the geometries and surfaces grows progressively more challenging. This article highlights the key parameters which require close monitoring and control in order to produce highly precise wafers as part of the fabrication process. Several as cut and commercially available standard polished wafer materials were used in empirical trials to test tooling options in generating high levels of geometric control over the dimensions while producing high quality surface finishes. Specific attention was given to the measurement and control of: flatness; parallelism/TTV; surface roughness and final target thickness as common specifications required by the industry. By combining the process variables of: plate speed, download pressure, slurry flow rate and concentration, pad type and wafer travel path across the polish pad, the effect of altering these variables was recorded and analysed to realize the optimum process conditions for the materials under test. The results being then used to design improved methods and tooling for the thinning and polishing of photonic materials applied to MOEMS-MEMS device fabrication.

Evaluation of the marginal fit of metal copings fabricated on three different marginal designs using conventional and accelerated casting techniques: an in vitro study.

PubMed

Vaidya, Sharad; Parkash, Hari; Bhargava, Akshay; Gupta, Sharad

2014-01-01

Abundant resources and techniques have been used for complete coverage crown fabrication. Conventional investing and casting procedures for phosphate-bonded investments require a 2- to 4-h procedure before completion. Accelerated casting techniques have been used, but may not result in castings with matching marginal accuracy. The study measured the marginal gap and determined the clinical acceptability of single cast copings invested in a phosphate-bonded investment with the use of conventional and accelerated methods. One hundred and twenty cast coping samples were fabricated using conventional and accelerated methods, with three finish lines: Chamfer, shoulder and shoulder with bevel. Sixty copings were prepared with each technique. Each coping was examined with a stereomicroscope at four predetermined sites and measurements of marginal gaps were documented for each. A master chart was prepared for all the data and was analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version. Evidence of marginal gap was then evaluated by t-test. Analysis of variance and Post-hoc analysis were used to compare two groups as well as to make comparisons between three subgroups . Measurements recorded showed no statistically significant difference between conventional and accelerated groups. Among the three marginal designs studied, shoulder with bevel showed the best marginal fit with conventional as well as accelerated casting techniques. Accelerated casting technique could be a vital alternative to the time-consuming conventional casting technique. The marginal fit between the two casting techniques showed no statistical difference.

MO-H-19A-03: Patient Specific Bolus with 3D Printing Technology for Electron Radiotherapy

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zou, W; Swann, B; Siderits, R

2014-06-15

Purpose: Bolus is widely used in electron radiotherapy to achieve desired dose distribution. 3D printing technologies provide clinicians with easy access to fabricate patient specific bolus accommodating patient body surface irregularities and tissue inhomogeneity. This study presents the design and the clinical workflow of 3D printed bolus for patient electron therapy in our clinic. Methods: Patient simulation CT images free of bolus were exported from treatment planning system (TPS) to an in-house developed software package. Bolus with known material properties was designed in the software package and then exported back to the TPS as a structure. Dose calculation was carriedmore » out to examine the coverage of the target. After satisfying dose distribution was achieved, the bolus structure was transferred in Standard Tessellation Language (STL) file format for the 3D printer to generate the machine codes for printing. Upon receiving printed bolus, a quick quality assurance was performed with patient resimulated with bolus in place to verify the bolus dosimetric property before treatment started. Results: A patient specific bolus for electron radiotherapy was designed and fabricated in Form 1 3D printer with methacrylate photopolymer resin. Satisfying dose distribution was achieved in patient with bolus setup. Treatment was successfully finished for one patient with the 3D printed bolus. Conclusion: The electron bolus fabrication with 3D printing technology was successfully implemented in clinic practice.« less

Printed Spacecraft Separation System

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Holmans, Walter; Dehoff, Ryan

In this project Planetary Systems Corporation proposed utilizing additive manufacturing (3D printing) to manufacture a titanium spacecraft separation system for commercial and US government customers to realize a 90% reduction in the cost and energy. These savings were demonstrated via “printing-in” many of the parts and sub-assemblies into one part, thus greatly reducing the labor associated with design, procurement, assembly and calibration of mechanisms. Planetary Systems Corporation redesigned several of the components of the separation system based on additive manufacturing principles including geometric flexibility and the ability to fabricate complex designs, ability to combine multiple parts of an assembly intomore » a single component, and the ability to optimize design for specific mechanical property targets. Shock absorption was specifically targeted and requirements were established to attenuate damage to the Lightband system from shock of initiation. Planetary Systems Corporation redesigned components based on these requirements and sent the designs to Oak Ridge National Laboratory to be printed. ORNL printed the parts using the Arcam electron beam melting technology based on the desire for the parts to be fabricated from Ti-6Al-4V based on the weight and mechanical performance of the material. A second set of components was fabricated from stainless steel material on the Renishaw laser powder bed technology due to the improved geometric accuracy, surface finish, and wear resistance of the material. Planetary Systems Corporation evaluated these components and determined that 3D printing is potentially a viable method for achieving significant cost and savings metrics.« less

Defined UV protection by apparel textiles.

PubMed

Hoffmann, K; Laperre, J; Avermaete, A; Altmeyer, P; Gambichler, T

2001-08-01

This article was written to update information on test methods and standards for determining the UV protection of apparel textiles and on factors affecting UV protective properties of fabrics, from dermatological and textile technological viewpoints. Articles from dermatological and textile technological journals published from 1990 to 2001 were identified from MEDLINE, Excerpta Medica/EMBASE, World Textiles, and Textile Technology Digest. Peer-reviewed dermatological articles, textile technological research articles, and normative publications were selected. Independent data extraction was performed by several observers. Spectrophotometry is the preferred method for determining UV protection factor of textile materials. Various textile qualities affect the UV protection factor of a finished garment; important elements are the fabric porosity, type, color, weight, and thickness. The application of UV absorbers in the yarns significantly improves the UV protection factor of a garment. With wear and use, several factors can alter the UV protective properties of a textile, including stretch, wetness, and degradation due to laundering. Standards in the field exist in Australia and Great Britain, and organizations such as the European Standardization Commission in Europe and the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists and the American Society for Testing and Materials in the United States are also establishing standards for the determination and labeling of sun protective clothing. Various textile qualities and conditions of wear and use affect UV protective properties of apparel textiles. The use of UV blocking fabrics can provide excellent protection against the hazards of sunlight; this is especially true for garments manufactured as UV protective clothing.

[Comparative analysis of 3D data visibility of the prepared tooth finishing line on a synthetic jaw model, captured by international scanners in a laboratory conditions].

PubMed

Ryakhovskiy, A N; Kostyukova, V V

The aim of the study was to compare accuracy of digital impression's finishing line and the zone under it taken by different intraoral scanning systems. Parameters of comparison were: different level of the finishing line to the gingiva and width of sulcus after retraction. For this purpose two synthetic jaw models with prepared teeth were scanned using intraoral scanning systems: 3D Progress (MHT S.P.A., IT - MHT Optic Research AG, CH); True Definition (3M ESPE, USA); Trios (3Shape A/S, DNK); CEREC AC Bluecam, CEREC Omnicam (Sirona Dental System GmbH, DE); Planscan (Planmeca, FIN) (each n=10). Reference-scanning was done by ATOS Core (GOM mbH, DE). The resulting digital impressions were superimposed with the master-scan. The lowest measured deviations (trueness) for intraoral scanners, where the finishing line was 0.5 mm above gingiva were with scanner True Definition - 18.8±6.63 (on the finishing line) and 51.0±14.33 µm (0.3 mm under the finishing line). In conditions where finishing line was on the same level with gingiva, scanner Trios showed the best results: 17.0±3.96 and 52.7±6.52 µm. When the finishing line was 0.5 mm under gingiva, none of the testing scanners could visualize the zone 0.3 mm lower the finishing line. The best results for accuracy o the finishing line in that circumstances showed Trios: 15.1±5.05 µm. The optimum visualization of the finishing line and the zone under it was reached when the sulcus was 0.3 mm after retraction. Thus, the best accuracy was obtained with Trios: 10.3±2.69 (on the finishing line) and 57.2±13.58 µm (0.3 mm under finishing line). The results show that intraoral scanners also provide enough accuracy for indicating finishing line and the zone under it in different conditions of preparation and gingiva retraction. However, not all of the testing scanners can properly indicate finishing line and the zone under it when shoulder is below gingiva and the width of sulcus is less than 0.2 mm.

School Building Finishing and Economy. The School Building Economy Series, No. 6.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Connecticut State Dept. of Education, Hartford.

Materials, elements, and methods of economical school construction are illustrated through explanatory outlines and accompany photographs and diagrams. Finishing elements covered include--(1) finished floorings, (2) ceilings and acoustical finishes, (3) carpentry and millwork, (4) chalkboards and tackboards, (5) toilet partitions, (6) finishing…

Surface texture of resin-modified glass ionomer cements: effects of finishing/polishing time.

PubMed

Yap, A U J; Ong, S B; Yap, W Y; Tan, W S; Yeo, J C

2002-01-01

This study compared the surface texture of resin-modified glass ionomer cements after immediate and delayed finishing with different finishing/polishing systems. Class V preparations were made on the buccal and lingual/palatal surfaces of 64 freshly extracted teeth. The cavities on each tooth were restored with Fuji II LC (GC) and Photac-Fil Quick (3M-ESPE) according to manufacturers' instructions. Immediately after light-polymerization, gross finishing was done with 8-fluted tungsten carbide burs. The teeth were then randomly divided into four groups of 16 teeth. Half of the teeth in each group were finished immediately, while the remaining half were finished after one-week storage in distilled water at 37 degrees C. The following finishing/polishing systems were employed: (a) Robot Carbides; (b) Super-Snap system; (c) OneGloss and (d) CompoSite Polishers. The mean surface roughness (microm; n=8) in vertical (RaV) and horizontal (RaH) axis was measured using a profilometer. Data was subjected to ANOVA/Scheffe's tests and Independent Samples t-test at significance level 0.05. Ra values were generally lower in both vertical and horizontal axis with delayed finishing/polishing. Although significant differences in RaV and RaH values were observed among several systems with immediate finishing/polishing, only one (Fuji II LC: RaH - Super-Snap < Robot Carbides) was observed with delayed finishing.

Fabrication methods for mesoscopic flying vehicle

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cheng, Yih-Lin

2001-10-01

Small-scale flying vehicles are attractive tools for atmospheric science research. A centimeter-size mesoscopic electric helicopter, the mesicopter, has been developed at Stanford University for these applications. The mesoscopic scale implies a design with critical features between tens of microns and several millimeters. Three major parts in the mesicopter are challenging to manufacture. Rotors require smooth 3D surfaces and a blade thickness of less than 100 mum. Components in the DC micro-motor must be made of engineering materials, which is difficult on the mesoscopic scale. Airframe fabrication has to integrate complex 3D geometry into one single structure at this scale. In this research, material selection and manufacturing approaches have been investigated and implemented. In rotor fabrication, high-strength polymers manufactured by the Shape Deposition Manufacturing (SDM) technique were the top choice. Aluminum alloys were only considered as the second choice because the fabrication process is more involved. Lift tests showed that the 4-blade polymer and aluminum rotors could deliver about 90% of the expected lift (4g). To explain the rotor performance, structural analyses of spinning rotors were performed and the fabricated geometry was investigated. The bending deflections and the torsional twists were found to be too small to degrade aerodynamic performance. The rotor geometry was verified by laser scanning and by cross-section observations. Commercially available motors are used in the prototypes but a smaller DC micro-motor was designed for future use. Components of the DC micro-motors were fabricated by the Mesoscopic Additive/Subtractive Material Processing technique, which is capable of shaping engineering materials on the mesoscopic scale. The approaches are described in this thesis. The airframe was manufactured using the SDM process, which is capable of building complex parts without assembly. Castable polymers were chosen and mixed with glass microspheres to reduce their density. The finished airframe (65.5 mm x 65.5 mm) weighed only 1.5g. Two mesicopter prototypes, weighing 3g and 17g, have illustrated that powered flight at this scale is feasible. This research provides solutions to manufacture the challenging parts for the mesicopter. The manufacturing approaches discussed here are applicable to other small flying vehicles in similar and even smaller size regimes.

77 FR 12227 - Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule: Uncovered Finished Water Reservoirs; Public...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-29

... Water Treatment Rule: Uncovered Finished Water Reservoirs; Public Meeting AGENCY: Environmental... review of the uncovered finished water reservoir requirement in the Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water... uncovered finished water reservoir requirement and the agency's Six Year Review process. EPA also plans to...

40 CFR 425.40 - Applicability; description of the retan-wet finish-sides subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... retan-wet finish-sides subcategory. 425.40 Section 425.40 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Retan-Wet Finish-Sides Subcategory § 425.40 Applicability; description of the retan-wet finish-sides subcategory. The provisions of this subpart are applicable to process wastewater...

40 CFR 425.40 - Applicability; description of the retan-wet finish-sides subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... retan-wet finish-sides subcategory. 425.40 Section 425.40 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... CATEGORY Retan-Wet Finish-Sides Subcategory § 425.40 Applicability; description of the retan-wet finish-sides subcategory. The provisions of this subpart are applicable to process wastewater discharges...

40 CFR 425.40 - Applicability; description of the retan-wet finish-sides subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... retan-wet finish-sides subcategory. 425.40 Section 425.40 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Retan-Wet Finish-Sides Subcategory § 425.40 Applicability; description of the retan-wet finish-sides subcategory. The provisions of this subpart are applicable to process wastewater...

40 CFR 425.40 - Applicability; description of the retan-wet finish-sides subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... retan-wet finish-sides subcategory. 425.40 Section 425.40 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Retan-Wet Finish-Sides Subcategory § 425.40 Applicability; description of the retan-wet finish-sides subcategory. The provisions of this subpart are applicable to process wastewater...

Characterization of M40J Desized and Finished Fibers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Allred, Ronald E.; Gosau, Jan-M.; Shin, E. Eugene; McCorkle, Linda; O'Malley, Michelle; Sutter, James K.; Wheeler, Don

1990-01-01

A viewgraph presentation on desized and finished M40J carbon fibers shown. The topics include: 1) Program Goals and Prior Year Results Summary; 2) Continuous Desizing and Finishing System Development; 3) Characterizzation of Desized and Finished M40J Carbon Fibers and 4) Conclusions and Future Work.

27 CFR 25.231 - Finished beer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Finished beer. 25.231... OF THE TREASURY LIQUORS BEER Beer Purchased From Another Brewer § 25.231 Finished beer. (a) A brewer may obtain beer in barrels and kegs, finished and ready for sale from another brewer. The purchasing...

27 CFR 25.231 - Finished beer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Finished beer. 25.231... OF THE TREASURY ALCOHOL BEER Beer Purchased From Another Brewer § 25.231 Finished beer. (a) A brewer may obtain beer in barrels and kegs, finished and ready for sale from another brewer. The purchasing...

27 CFR 25.231 - Finished beer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Finished beer. 25.231... OF THE TREASURY LIQUORS BEER Beer Purchased From Another Brewer § 25.231 Finished beer. (a) A brewer may obtain beer in barrels and kegs, finished and ready for sale from another brewer. The purchasing...

27 CFR 25.231 - Finished beer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Finished beer. 25.231... OF THE TREASURY ALCOHOL BEER Beer Purchased From Another Brewer § 25.231 Finished beer. (a) A brewer may obtain beer in barrels and kegs, finished and ready for sale from another brewer. The purchasing...

Nearly Finished Genomes Produced Using Gel Microdroplet Culturing (Seventh Annual Sequencing, Finishing, Analysis in the Future (SFAF) Meeting 2012)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fitzsimmons, Michael

2012-06-01

Michael Fitzsimmons from Los Alamos National Laboratory gives a talk titled "Nearly Finished Genomes Produced Using Gel Microdroplet Culturing" at the 7th Annual Sequencing, Finishing, Analysis in the Future (SFAF) Meeting held in June, 2012 in Santa Fe, NM.

76 FR 79221 - Penske Logistics, LLC, Customer Service Department General Motors and Tier Finished Goods...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-21

..., Customer Service Department General Motors and Tier Finished Goods/Finished Goods Division; a Subsidiary of... Manpower El Paso, TX; Amended Certification Regarding Eligibility To Apply for Worker Adjustment Assistance... should read Penske Logistics, LLC, Customer Service Department, General Motors and Tier Finished Goods...

DEVELOPING A CAPE-OPEN COMPLIANT METAL FINISHING FACILITY POLLUTION PREVENTION TOOL (CO-MFFP2T)

EPA Science Inventory

The USEPA is developing a Computer Aided Process Engineering (CAPE) software tool for the metal finishing industry that helps users design efficient metal finishing processes that are less polluting to the environment. Metal finishing process lines can be simulated and evaluated...

Nearly Finished Genomes Produced Using Gel Microdroplet Culturing (Seventh Annual Sequencing, Finishing, Analysis in the Future (SFAF) Meeting 2012)

ScienceCinema

Fitzsimmons, Michael

2018-01-22

Michael Fitzsimmons from Los Alamos National Laboratory gives a talk titled "Nearly Finished Genomes Produced Using Gel Microdroplet Culturing" at the 7th Annual Sequencing, Finishing, Analysis in the Future (SFAF) Meeting held in June, 2012 in Santa Fe, NM.

27 CFR 25.231 - Finished beer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Finished beer. 25.231... OF THE TREASURY LIQUORS BEER Beer Purchased From Another Brewer § 25.231 Finished beer. (a) A brewer may obtain beer in barrels and kegs, finished and ready for sale from another brewer. The purchasing...

DNA Damage and Oxidative Stress in Dyskeratosis Congenita: Analysis of Pathways and Therapeutic Stategies Using CPISPR and iPSC Model Systems

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-06-01

Milestone Achieved: HRPO/ACURO Approval 6 Finished Major Task 2 CRISPR knockout/RNAseq Viral infection/prep 3-6 CRISPR KO virus library prep...finished; RNA-Seq: ~75% Cell manipulation 3-6 CRISPR KO virus infection: 50%; Single cDNA infections: finished Bioinformatics 1 CRISPR KO library...characterization 1-3 Finished Update: production of iPSC clones harboring DC mutations generated by CRISPR : Design 1 Finished Update: production of

Finished Prokaryotic Genome Assemblies from a Low-cost Combination of Short and Long Reads (Seventh Annual Sequencing, Finishing, Analysis in the Future (SFAF) Meeting 2012)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yin, Shuangye

2012-06-01

Shuangye Yin on "Finished prokaryotic genome assemblies from a low-cost combination of short and long reads"; at the 2012 Sequencing, Finishing, Analysis in the Future Meeting held June 5-7, 2012 in Santa Fe, New Mexico.

24 CFR 200.946 - Building product standards and certification program for exterior finish and insulation systems...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... Glass Fiber Reinforcing Mesh for Use in Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFS), Class PB. (xv... certification program for exterior finish and insulation systems, use of Materials Bulletin UM 101. 200.946... product standards and certification program for exterior finish and insulation systems, use of Materials...

24 CFR 200.946 - Building product standards and certification program for exterior finish and insulation systems...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... Glass Fiber Reinforcing Mesh for Use in Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFS), Class PB. (xv... certification program for exterior finish and insulation systems, use of Materials Bulletin UM 101. 200.946... product standards and certification program for exterior finish and insulation systems, use of Materials...

Provenance of the oil in par-fried French fries after finish frying.

PubMed

Al-Khusaibi, Mohammed; Gordon, Michael H; Lovegrove, Julie A; Niranjan, Keshavan

2012-01-01

Frozen par-fried French fries are finish-fried either by using the same type of oil used for par frying, or a different type. The nutritive quality of the final oil contained in the product depends on the relative amounts and the fatty acid (FA) composition of the oils used for par frying and finish frying. With the aim of understanding the provenance of the oil in the final product, par-fried French fries-either purchased ready or prepared in the laboratory-were finish fried in oils different from the ones used for par frying. The moisture content, oil content, and FA compositions of the par-fried and finish-fried products were experimentally determined, and the relative amounts of each of the oils present in the final product were calculated using the FAs as markers and undertaking a mass balance on each component FA. The results demonstrate that 89% to 93% of the total oil in the final product originates from the finish-frying step. The study also shows that a significant proportion of the oil absorbed during par frying is expelled from the product during finish frying. Further, the expulsion of par-frying oil was found to occur in the early stages of the finish-frying step. Experiments involving different combinations of par-frying and finish-frying oils showed that the relative proportions of the 2 oils did not depend on the individual fatty acid profiles. This study concludes that any positive health benefits of using an oil having a favorable FA profile for par frying, can potentially be lost, if the oil used for finish frying has a less favorable composition. This paper estimates the relative amounts of oil in French fries that have been fried in 2 stages-a par-frying step and a finish-frying step-which is commonly practiced in food service establishments as well as homes. The 2 key conclusions are: (1) nearly 90% of the oil content of the final product is the one used for finish frying; that is, a processor may use very good oil for par frying but if the oil used for finish frying is inferior, its effect will dominate. (2) The paper also shows that a significant proportion of the oil used by the processor gets expelled during finish frying. © 2011 Institute of Food Technologists®

Fused deposition of ceramics: A comprehensive experimental, analytical and computational study of material behavior, fabrication process and equipment design

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bellini, Anna

Customer-driven product customization and continued demand for cost and time savings have generated a renewed interest in agile manufacturing based on improvements on Rapid Prototyping (RP) technologies. The advantages of RP technologies are: (1) ability to shorten the product design and development time, (2) suitability for automation and decrease in the level of human intervention, (3) ability to build many geometrically complex shapes. A shift from "prototyping" to "manufacturing" necessitates the following improvements: (1) Flexibility in choice of materials; (2) Part integrity and built-in characteristics to meet performance requirements; (3) Dimensional stability and tolerances; (4) Improved surface finish. A project funded by ONR has been undertaken to develop an agile manufacturing technology for fabrication of ceramic and multi-component parts to meet various needs of the Navy, such as transducers, etc. The project is based on adaptation of a layered manufacturing concept since the program required that the new technology be developed based on a commercially available RP technology. Among various RP technologies available today, Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) has been identified as the focus of this research because of its potential versatility in the choice of materials and deposition configuration. This innovative approach allows for designing and implementing highly complex internal architectures into parts through deposition of different materials in a variety of configurations in such a way that the finished product exhibit characteristics to meet the performance requirements. This implies that, in principle, one can tailor-make the assemble of materials and structures as per specifications of an optimum design. The program objectives can be achieved only through accurate process modeling and modeling of material behavior. Oftentimes, process modeling is based on some type of computational approach where as modeling of material behavior is based on extensive experimental investigations. Studies are conducted in the following categories: (1) Flow modeling during extrusion and deposition; (2) Thermal modeling; (3) Flow control during deposition; (4) Product characterization and property determination for dimensional analysis; (5) Development of a novel technology based on a mini-extrusion system. Studies in each of these stages have involved experimental as well as analytical approaches to develop a comprehensive modeling.

Additive direct-write microfabrication for MEMS: A review

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Teh, Kwok Siong

2017-12-01

Direct-write additive manufacturing refers to a rich and growing repertoire of well-established fabrication techniques that builds solid objects directly from computer- generated solid models without elaborate intermediate fabrication steps. At the macroscale, direct-write techniques such as stereolithography, selective laser sintering, fused deposition modeling ink-jet printing, and laminated object manufacturing have significantly reduced concept-to-product lead time, enabled complex geometries, and importantly, has led to the renaissance in fabrication known as the maker movement. The technological premises of all direct-write additive manufacturing are identical—converting computer generated three-dimensional models into layers of two-dimensional planes or slices, which are then reconstructed sequentially into threedimensional solid objects in a layer-by-layer format. The key differences between the various additive manufacturing techniques are the means of creating the finished layers and the ancillary processes that accompany them. While still at its infancy, direct-write additive manufacturing techniques at the microscale have the potential to significantly lower the barrier-of-entry—in terms of cost, time and training—for the prototyping and fabrication of MEMS parts that have larger dimensions, high aspect ratios, and complex shapes. In recent years, significant advancements in materials chemistry, laser technology, heat and fluid modeling, and control systems have enabled additive manufacturing to achieve higher resolutions at the micrometer and nanometer length scales to be a viable technology for MEMS fabrication. Compared to traditional MEMS processes that rely heavily on expensive equipment and time-consuming steps, direct-write additive manufacturing techniques allow for rapid design-to-prototype realization by limiting or circumventing the need for cleanrooms, photolithography and extensive training. With current direct-write additive manufacturing technologies, it is possible to fabricate unsophisticated micrometer scale structures at adequate resolutions and precisions using materials that range from polymers, metals, ceramics, to composites. In both academia and industry, direct-write additive manufacturing offers extraordinary promises to revolutionize research and development in microfabrication and MEMS technologies. Importantly, direct-write additive manufacturing could appreciably augment current MEMS fabrication technologies, enable faster design-to-product cycle, empower new paradigms in MEMS designs, and critically, encourage wider participation in MEMS research at institutions or for individuals with limited or no access to cleanroom facilities. This article aims to provide a limited review of the current landscape of direct-write additive manufacturing techniques that are potentially applicable for MEMS microfabrication.

40 CFR 63.1347 - Standards for raw and finish mills.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 11 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Standards for raw and finish mills. 63... and Operating Limits § 63.1347 Standards for raw and finish mills. The owner or operator of each new or existing raw mill or finish mill at a facility which is a major source subject to the provisions...

40 CFR 425.10 - Applicability; description of the hair pulp, chrome tan, retan-wet finishing subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Applicability; description of the hair... FINISHING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Hair Pulp, Chrome Tan, Retan-Wet Finish Subcategory § 425.10 Applicability; description of the hair pulp, chrome tan, retan-wet finishing subcategory. The provisions of this subpart are...

40 CFR 425.10 - Applicability; description of the hair pulp, chrome tan, retan-wet finishing subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Applicability; description of the hair... FINISHING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Hair Pulp, Chrome Tan, Retan-Wet Finish Subcategory § 425.10 Applicability; description of the hair pulp, chrome tan, retan-wet finishing subcategory. The provisions of this subpart are...