Flammability Limits of Gases Under Low Gravity Conditions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Strehlow, R. A.

1985-01-01

The purpose of this combustion science investigation is to determine the effect of zero, fractional, and super gravity on the flammability limits of a premixed methane air flame in a standard 51 mm diameter flammability tube and to determine, if possible, the fluid flow associated with flame passage under zero-g conditions and the density (and hence, temperature) profiles associated with the flame under conditions of incipient extinction. This is accomplished by constructing an appropriate apparatus for placement in NASA's Lewis Research Center Lear Jet facility and flying the prescribed g-trajectories while the experiment is being performed. Data is recorded photographically using the visible light of the flame. The data acquired is: (1) the shape and propagation velocity of the flame under various g-conditions for methane compositions that are inside the flammable limits, and (2) the effect of gravity on the limits. Real time accelerometer readings for the three orthogonal directions are displayed in full view of the cameras and the framing rate of the cameras is used to measure velocities.

46 CFR 154.1350 - Flammable gas detection system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... flammable gas concentration over the concentration or volume ranges under paragraph (t) or (u) of this... a cargo concentration that is 30% or less of the lower flammable limit in air of the cargo carried... the space where the gas detection system's readout is located and must meet § 154.1365. (h) Remote...

49 CFR 173.151 - Exceptions for Class 4.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... of Division 4.1. Limited quantities of flammable solids (Division 4.1) in Packing Group II or III are... are authorized: (1) For flammable solids in Packing Group II, inner packagings not over 1.0 kg (2.2... strong outer packaging. (2) For flammable solids in Packing Group III, inner packagings not over 5.0 kg...

DWPF Melter Off-Gas Flammability Assessment for Sludge Batch 9

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Choi, A. S.

2016-07-11

The slurry feed to the Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) melter contains several organic carbon species that decompose in the cold cap and produce flammable gases that could accumulate in the off-gas system and create potential flammability hazard. To mitigate such a hazard, DWPF has implemented a strategy to impose the Technical Safety Requirement (TSR) limits on all key operating variables affecting off-gas flammability and operate the melter within those limits using both hardwired/software interlocks and administrative controls. The operating variables that are currently being controlled include; (1) total organic carbon (TOC), (2) air purges for combustion and dilution, (3)more » melter vapor space temperature, and (4) feed rate. The safety basis limits for these operating variables are determined using two computer models, 4-stage cold cap and Melter Off-Gas (MOG) dynamics models, under the baseline upset scenario - a surge in off-gas flow due to the inherent cold cap instabilities in the slurry-fed melter.« less

Fluoroester Co-Solvents for Low-Temperature Li+ Cells

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Smart, Marshall; Bugga, Ratnakumar; Prakash, G. K. Surya; Smith, Kiah; Bhalla, Pooja

2009-01-01

Electrolytes comprising LiPF6 dissolved in alkyl carbonate/fluoroester mixtures have been found to afford improved low-temperature performance and greater high-temperature resilience in rechargeable lithium-ion electrochemical cells. These and other electrolytes comprising lithium salts dissolved mixtures of esters have been studied in continuing research directed toward extending the lower limit of operating temperatures of such cells. This research at earlier stages, and the underlying physical and chemical principles, were reported in numerous previous NASA Tech Briefs articles. The purpose of the present focus on high-temperature resilience in addition to low-temperature performance is to address issues posed by the flammability of the esters and, at temperatures near the upper end (about 55 C) of their intended operating temperature range, by their high chemical reactivity. As used here, high-temperature resilience signifies, loosely, a desired combination of low flammability of an electrolyte mixture and the ability of a cell that contains the mixture to sustain a relatively small loss of reversible charge/discharge capacity during storage in the fully charged condition at high temperature. The selection of fluoroesters for study as candidate electrolyte solvent components to increase high-temperature resilience was prompted in part by the observation that like other halogenated compounds, fluoroesters have low flammability. The fluoroesters investigated in this study include trifluoroethyl butyrate (TFEB), ethyl trifluoroacetate (ETFA), trifluoroethyl acetate (TFEA), and methyl pentafluoropropionate (MPFP). Solvent mixtures were prepared by mixing these fluoroesters with two other esters: ethylene carbonate (EC) and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC).

Space Systems - Safety and Compatibility of Materials - Method to Determine the Flammability Thresholds of Materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hirsch, David

2009-01-01

Spacecraft fire safety emphasizes fire prevention, which is achieved primarily through the use of fire-resistant materials. Materials selection for spacecraft is based on conventional flammability acceptance tests, along with prescribed quantity limitations and configuration control for items that are non-pass or questionable. ISO 14624-1 and -2 are the major methods used to evaluate flammability of polymeric materials intended for use in the habitable environments of spacecraft. The methods are upward flame-propagation tests initiated in static environments and using a well-defined igniter flame at the bottom of the sample. The tests are conducted in the most severe flaming combustion environment expected in the spacecraft. The pass/fail test logic of ISO 14624-1 and -2 does not allow a quantitative comparison with reduced gravity or microgravity test results; therefore their use is limited, and possibilities for in-depth theoretical analyses and realistic estimates of spacecraft fire extinguishment requirements are practically eliminated. To better understand the applicability of laboratory test data to actual spacecraft environments, a modified ISO 14624 protocol has been proposed that, as an alternative to qualifying materials as pass/fail in the worst-expected environments, measures the actual upward flammability limit for the material. A working group established by NASA to provide recommendations for exploration spacecraft internal atmospheres realized the importance of correlating laboratory data with real-life environments and recommended NASA to develop a flammability threshold test method. The working group indicated that for the Constellation Program, the flammability threshold information will allow NASA to identify materials with increased flammability risk from oxygen concentration and total pressure changes, minimize potential impacts, and allow for development of sound requirements for new spacecraft and extravehicular landers and habitats. Furthermore, recent research has shown that current normal gravity materials flammability tests do not correlate with flammability in ventilated, micro- or reduced-gravity conditions. Currently, the materials selection for spacecraft is based on the assumption of commonality between ground flammability test results and spacecraft environments, which does not appear to be valid. Materials flammability threshold data acquired in normal gravity can be correlated with data obtained in microgravity or reduced-gravity experiments, and consequently a more accurate assessment of the margin of safety of the material in the real environment can be made. In addition, the method allows the option of selecting better or best space system materials, as opposed to what would be considered just acceptable from a flammability point of view and realistic assessment of spacecraft fire extinguishment needs, which could result in significant weight savings. The knowledge afforded by this technique allows for limited extrapolations of flammability behavior to conditions not specifically tested and that could potentially result in significant cost and time savings. The intent of this Technical Specification is to bring to the attention of International Aerospace Community the importance of correlating laboratory test data with real-life space systems applications. The method presented is just one of the possibilities that are believed will lead to better understanding the applicability of laboratory aerospace materials flammability test data. International feedback on improving the proposed method, as well as suggestions for correlating other laboratory aerospace test data with real-life applications relevant to space systems are being sought.

Flammability on textile of flight crew professional clothing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Silva-Santos, M. C.; Oliveira, M. S.; Giacomin, A. M.; Laktim, M. C.; Baruque-Ramos, J.

2017-10-01

The issue about flammability of textile materials employed in passenger cabins of commercial aircrafts is an important part of safety routines planning. Once an in-flight emergency initiated with fire or smoke aboard, time becomes critical and the entire crew must be involved in the solution. It is part of the crew functions, notably the attendants, the in-flight firefighting. This study compares the values of textile material of flight attendant working cloths and galley curtain fabric with regard to flammability and Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI). Values to the professional clothing material indicate that they are flammable and the curtains, self-extinguishing. Thus, despite of the occurrences of fire outbreaks in aircrafts are unexceptional, the use of other materials and technologies for uniforms, such as alternative textile fibers and flame retardant finishes should be considered as well as the establishment of performance limits regarding flame and fire exposing.

RF number as a new index for assessing combustion hazard of flammable gases.

PubMed

Kondo, Shigeo; Takahashi, Akifumi; Tokuhashi, Kazuaki; Sekiya, Akira

2002-08-05

A new index called RF number has been proposed for assessing the combustion hazard of all sorts of flammable gases and their mixtures. RF number represents the total expectancy of combustion hazard in terms of flammability limits and heat of combustion for each known and unknown compounds. The advantage of RF number over others such as R-index and F-number for classification of combustion hazard has been highlighted.

Tank Vapor Characterization Project: Tank 241-S-102 fourth temporal study: Headspace gas and vapor characterization results from samples collected on December 19, 1996

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pool, K.H.; Evans, J.C.; Olsen, K.B.

1997-08-01

This report presents the results from analyses of samples taken from the headspace of waste storage tank 241-S-102 (Tank S-102) at the Hanford Site in Washington State. Tank headspace samples collected by SGN Eurisys Service Corporation (SESC) were analyzed by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) to determine headspace concentrations of selected non-radioactive analytes. Analyses were performed by the Vapor Analytical Laboratory (VAL) at PNNL. Vapor concentrations from sorbent trap samples are based on measured sample volumes provided by SESC. Ammonia was determined to be above the immediate notification limit of 150 ppm as specified by the sampling and analysis planmore » (SAP). Hydrogen was the principal flammable constituent of the Tank S-102 headspace, determined to be present at approximately 2.410% of its lower flammability limit (LFL). Total headspace flammability was estimated to be <2.973% of its lower flammability limit (LFL). Total headspace flammability was estimated to be <2.973% of the LFL. Average measured concentrations of targeted gases, inorganic vapors, and selected organic vapors are provided in Table S.1. A summary of experimental methods, including sampling methodology, analytical procedures, and quality assurance and control methods are presented in Section 2.0. Detailed descriptions of the analytical results are provided in Section 3.0.« less

Determination of the combustion behavior for pure components and mixtures using a 20-liter sphere

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mashuga, Chad Victor

1999-11-01

The safest method to prevent fires and explosions of flammable vapors is to prevent the existence of flammable mixtures in the first place. This methodology requires detailed knowledge of the flammability region as a function of the fuel, oxygen, and nitrogen concentrations. A triangular flammability diagram is the most useful tool to display the flammability region, and to determine if a flammable mixture is present during plant operations. An automated apparatus for assessing the flammability region and for determining the potential effect of confined fuel-air explosions is described. Data derived from the apparatus included the limits of combustion, maximum combustion pressure, and the deflagration index, or KG. Accurate measurement of these parameters can be influenced by numerous experimental conditions, including igniter energy, humidity and gas composition. Gas humidity had a substantial effect on the deflagration index, but had little effect on the maximum combustion pressure. Small changes in gas compositions had a greater effect on the deflagration index than the maximum combustion pressure. Both the deflagration indices and the maximum combustion pressure proved insensitive to the range of igniter energies examined. Estimation of flammability limits using a calculated adiabatic flame temperature (CAFT) method is demonstrated. The CAFT model is compared with the extensive experimental data from this work for methane, ethylene and a 50/50 mixture of methane and ethylene. The CAFT model compares well to methane and ethylene throughout the flammability zone when using a 1200K threshold temperature. Deviations between the method and the experimental data occurs in the fuel rich region. For the 50/50 fuel mixture the CAFT deviates only in the fuel rich region---the inclusion of carbonaceous soot as one of the equilibrium products improved the fit. Determination of burning velocities from a spherical flame model utilizing the extensive pressure---time data was also completed. The burning velocities determined compare well to other investigators using this method. The data collected for the methane/ethylene mixture was used to evaluate mixing rules for the flammability limits, maximum combustion pressure, deflagration index, and burning velocity. These rules attempt to predict the behavior of fuel mixtures from pure component data. Le Chatelier's law and averaging both work well for predicting the flammability boundary in the fuel lean region and for mixtures of inerted fuel and air. Both methods underestimate the flammability boundary in the fuel rich region. For a mixture of methane and ethylene, we were unable to identify mixing rules for estimating the maximum combustion pressure and the burning velocity from pure component data. Averaging the deflagration indices for fuel air mixtures did provide a adequate estimation of the mixture behavior. Le Chatelier's method overestimated the maximum deflagration index in air but provided a satisfactory estimation in the extreme fuel lean and rich regions.

Determination of flash point in air and pure oxygen using an equilibrium closed bomb apparatus.

PubMed

Kong, Dehong; am Ende, David J; Brenek, Steven J; Weston, Neil P

2003-08-29

The standard closed testers for flash point measurements may not be feasible for measuring flash point in special atmospheres like oxygen because the test atmosphere cannot be maintained due to leakage and the laboratory safety can be compromised. To address these limitations we developed a new "equilibrium closed bomb" (ECB). The ECB generally gives lower flash point values than standard closed cup testers as shown by the results of six flammable liquids. The present results are generally in good agreement with the values calculated from the reported lower flammability limits and the vapor pressures. Our measurements show that increased oxygen concentration had little effect on the flash points of the tested flammable liquids. While generally regarded as non-flammable because of the lack of observed flash point in standard closed cup flash point testers, dichloromethane is known to form flammable mixtures. The flash point of dichloromethane in oxygen measured in the ECB is -7.1 degrees C. The flash point of dichloromethane in air is dependent on the type and energy of the ignition source. Further research is being carried out to establish the relationship between the flash point of dichloromethane and the energy of the ignition source.

Pressure Flammability Thresholds in Oxygen of Selected Aerospace Materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hirsch, David; Williams, Jim; Harper, Susana; Beeson, Harold; Ruff, Gary; Pedley, Mike

2010-01-01

The experimental approach consisted of concentrating the testing in the flammability transition zone following the Bruceton Up-and-Down Method. For attribute data, the method has been shown to be very repeatable and most efficient. Other methods for characterization of critical levels (Karberand Probit) were also considered. The data yielded the upward limiting pressure index (ULPI), the pressure level where approx.50% of materials self-extinguish in a given environment.Parametric flammability thresholds other than oxygen concentration can be determined with the methodology proposed for evaluating the MOC when extinguishment occurs. In this case, a pressure threshold in 99.8% oxygen was determined with the methodology and found to be 0.4 to 0.9 psia for typical spacecraft materials. Correlation of flammability thresholds obtained with chemical, hot wire, and other ignition sources will be conducted to provide recommendations for using alternate ignition sources to evaluate flammability of aerospace materials.

TECHNICAL JUSTIFICATION FOR CHOOSING PROPANE AS A CALIBRATION AGENT FOR TOTAL FLAMMABLE VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND (VOC) DETERMINATIONS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

DOUGLAS, J.G.

2006-07-06

This document presents the technical justification for choosing and using propane as a calibration standard for estimating total flammable volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in an air matrix. A propane-in-nitrogen standard was selected based on a number of criteria: (1) has an analytical response similar to the VOCs of interest, (2) can be made with known accuracy and traceability, (3) is available with good purity, (4) has a matrix similar to the sample matrix, (5) is stable during storage and use, (6) is relatively non-hazardous, and (7) is a recognized standard for similar analytical applications. The Waste Retrieval Project (WRP) desiresmore » a fast, reliable, and inexpensive method for screening the flammable VOC content in the vapor-phase headspace of waste containers. Table 1 lists the flammable VOCs of interest to the WRP. The current method used to determine the VOC content of a container is to sample the container's headspace and submit the sample for gas chromatography--mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The driver for the VOC measurement requirement is safety: potentially flammable atmospheres in the waste containers must be allowed to diffuse prior to processing the container. The proposed flammable VOC screening method is to inject an aliquot of the headspace sample into an argon-doped pulsed-discharge helium ionization detector (Ar-PDHID) contained within a gas chromatograph. No actual chromatography is performed; the sample is transferred directly from a sample loop to the detector through a short, inert transfer line. The peak area resulting from the injected sample is proportional to the flammable VOC content of the sample. However, because the Ar-PDHID has different response factors for different flammable VOCs, a fundamental assumption must be made that the agent used to calibrate the detector is representative of the flammable VOCs of interest that may be in the headspace samples. At worst, we desire that calibration with the selected calibrating agent overestimate the value of the VOCs in a sample. By overestimating the VOC content of a sample, we want to minimize false negatives. A false negative is defined as incorrectly estimating the VOC content of the sample to be below programmatic action limits when, in fact, the sample,exceeds the action limits. The disadvantage of overestimating the flammable VOC content of a sample is that additional cost may be incurred because additional sampling and GC-MS analysis may be required to confirm results over programmatic action limits. Therefore, choosing an appropriate calibration standard for the Ar-PDHID is critical to avoid false negatives and to minimize additional analytical costs.« less

Flow Effects on the Flammability Diagrams of Solid Fuels: Microgravity Influence on Ignition Delay

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cordova, J. L.; Walther, D. C.; Fernandez-Pello, A. C.; Steinhaus, T.; Torero, J. L.; Quintere, J. G.; Ross, H. D.

1999-01-01

The possibility of an accidental fire in space-based facilities is a primary concern of space exploration programs. Spacecraft environments generally present low velocity air currents produced by ventilation and heating systems (of the order of 0.1 m/s), and fluctuating oxygen concentrations around that of air due to CO2 removal systems. Recent experiments of flame spread in microgravity show the spread rate to be faster and the limiting oxygen concentration lower than in normal-gravity. To date, there is not a material flammability-testing protocol that specifically addresses issues related to microgravity conditions. The present project (FIST) aims to establish a testing methodology that is suitable for the specific conditions of reduced gravity. The concepts underlying the operation of the LIFT apparatus, ASTM-E 1321-93, have been used to develop the Forced-flow Ignition and flame-Spread Test (FIST). As in the LIFT, the FIST is used to obtain the flammability diagrams of the material, i.e., graphs of ignition delay time and flame spread rate as a function of the externally applied radiant flux, but under forced flow rather than natural convection conditions, and for different oxygen concentrations. Although the flammability diagrams are similar, the flammability properties obtained with the FIST are found to depend on the flow characteristics. A research program is currently underway with the purpose of implementing the FIST as a protocol to characterize the flammability performance of solid materials to be used in microgravity facilities. To this point, tests have been performed with the FIST apparatus in both normal-gravity and microgravity conditions to determine the effects of oxidizer flow characteristics on the flammability diagrams of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) fuel samples. The experiments are conducted at reduced gravity in a KC- 135 aircraft following a parabolic flight trajectory that provides up to 25 seconds of low gravity. The objective of the experiments is to obtain data of ignition delay and flame spread rate at low flow velocities (0.1 to 0.2 m/s), which cannot be obtained under normal gravity because of the natural convection induced flows (approx. 0.5 m/s). Due to the limited reduced gravity time, the data can only be obtained for high radiant fluxes, and are consequently limited in scope. These tests do, however, provide insight into the flammability diagram characteristics at low velocity and reduced gravity, and also into the implications of the flow-dependence of the flammability properties under environments similar to those encountered in space facilities.

METHODOLOGY AND CALCULATIONS FOR THE ASSIGNMENT OF WASTE GROUPS FOR THE LARGE UNDERGROUND WASTE STORAGE TANKS AT THE HANFORD SITE

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

WEBER RA

2009-01-16

The Hanford Site contains 177 large underground radioactive waste storage tanks (28 double-shell tanks and 149 single-shell tanks). These tanks are categorized into one of three waste groups (A, B, and C) based on their waste and tank characteristics. These waste group assignments reflect a tank's propensity to retain a significant volume of flammable gases and the potential of the waste to release retained gas by a buoyant displacement gas release event. Assignments of waste groups to the 177 double-shell tanks and single-shell tanks, as reported in this document, are based on a Monte Carlo analysis of three criteria. Themore » first criterion is the headspace flammable gas concentration following release of retained gas. This criterion determines whether the tank contains sufficient retained gas such that the well-mixed headspace flammable gas concentration would reach 100% of the lower flammability limit if the entire tank's retained gas were released. If the volume of retained gas is not sufficient to reach 100% of the lower flammability limit, then flammable conditions cannot be reached and the tank is classified as a waste group C tank independent of the method the gas is released. The second criterion is the energy ratio and considers whether there is sufficient supernatant on top of the saturated solids such that gas-bearing solids have the potential energy required to break up the material and release gas. Tanks that are not waste group C tanks and that have an energy ratio < 3.0 do not have sufficient potential energy to break up material and release gas and are assigned to waste group B. These tanks are considered to represent a potential induced flammable gas release hazard, but no spontaneous buoyant displacement flammable gas release hazard. Tanks that are not waste group C tanks and have an energy ratio {ge} 3.0, but that pass the third criterion (buoyancy ratio < 1.0, see below) are also assigned to waste group B. Even though the designation as a waste group B (or A) tank identifies the potential for an induced flammable gas release hazard, the hazard only exists for specific operations that can release the retained gas in the tank at a rate and quantity that results in reaching 100% of the lower flammability limit in the tank headspace. The identification and evaluation of tank farm operations that could cause an induced flammable gas release hazard in a waste group B (or A) tank are included in other documents. The third criterion is the buoyancy ratio. This criterion addresses tanks that are not waste group C double-shell tanks and have an energy ratio {ge} 3.0. For these double-shell tanks, the buoyancy ratio considers whether the saturated solids can retain sufficient gas to exceed neutral buoyancy relative to the supernatant layer and therefore have buoyant displacement gas release events. If the buoyancy ratio is {ge} 1.0, that double-shell tank is assigned to waste group A. These tanks are considered to have a potential spontaneous buoyant displacement flammable gas release hazard in addition to a potential induced flammable gas release hazard. This document categorizes each of the large waste storage tanks into one of several categories based on each tank's waste characteristics. These waste group assignments reflect a tank's propensity to retain a significant volume of flammable gases and the potential of the waste to release retained gas by a buoyant displacement event. Revision 8 is the annual update of the calculations of the flammable gas Waste Groups for DSTs and SSTs.« less

Fire and Flammability Characteristics of Materials Used in Rail Passenger Cars. A Literature Survey.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-04-01

Charac- teristics of Fiber -Reinforced Organic-Matrix Composites ," Report No. MAT-77-21, David W. Taylor Naval Ship R&D Center, Annapolis, MD 21402, June...were limited to poly- vinyl chloride, urethanes, wool, and Nomex fiber ;and gas analysis was limited to carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, and...liberation, smoke emission, combustion products, toxicity, pyrolysis, plastics, polymers, synthetic fibers , flammability test methods. 20, A MT’NACT (mftM m

Seasonal and local differences in leaf litter flammability of six Mediterranean tree species.

PubMed

Kauf, Zorica; Fangmeier, Andreas; Rosavec, Roman; Španjol, Željko

2015-03-01

One of the suggested management options for reducing fire danger is the selection of less flammable plant species. Nevertheless, vegetation flammability is both complex and dynamic, making identification of such species challenging. While large efforts have been made to connect plant traits to fire behavior, seasonal changes and within species variability of traits are often neglected. Currently, even the most sophisticated fire danger systems presume that intrinsic characteristics of leaf litter stay unchanged, and plant species flammability lists are often transferred from one area to another. In order to assess if these practices can be improved, we performed a study examining the relationship between morphological characteristics and flammability parameters of leaf litter, thereby taking into account seasonal and local variability. Litter from six Mediterranean tree species was sampled throughout the fire season from three different locations along a climate gradient. Samples were subjected to flammability testing involving an epiradiator operated at 400 °C surface temperature with 3 g sample weight. Specific leaf area, fuel moisture content, average area, and average mass of a single particle had significant influences on flammability parameters. Effects of sampling time and location were significant as well. Due to the standardized testing conditions, these effects could be attributed to changes in intrinsic characteristics of the material. As the aforementioned effects were inconsistent and species specific, these results may potentially limit the generalization of species flammability rankings. Further research is necessary in order to evaluate the importance of our findings for fire danger modeling.

Estimation of the lower flammability limit of organic compounds as a function of temperature.

PubMed

Rowley, J R; Rowley, R L; Wilding, W V

2011-02-15

A new method of estimating the lower flammability limit (LFL) of general organic compounds is presented. The LFL is predicted at 298 K for gases and the lower temperature limit for solids and liquids from structural contributions and the ideal gas heat of formation of the fuel. The average absolute deviation from more than 500 experimental data points is 10.7%. In a previous study, the widely used modified Burgess-Wheeler law was shown to underestimate the effect of temperature on the lower flammability limit when determined in a large-diameter vessel. An improved version of the modified Burgess-Wheeler law is presented that represents the temperature dependence of LFL data determined in large-diameter vessels more accurately. When the LFL is estimated at increased temperatures using a combination of this model and the proposed structural-contribution method, an average absolute deviation of 3.3% is returned when compared with 65 data points for 17 organic compounds determined in an ASHRAE-style apparatus. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Impacts of initial temperature and cylindrical obstacles on the dispersing flammable limits of accidental methane releases in an LNG bunkering terminal.

PubMed

Choi, Byung Chul; Park, Kweon-Ha; Doh, Deog-Hee

2018-05-16

This paper presents a numerical study on the dispersing flammable limits with respect to the initial methane releases at T CH4,0  = -50 and -150 °C in the crosswind of ambient air according to the arrangement of (a) No Tank, (b) Tank I, (c) Tank II, and (d) Tank I and II on the ground. To provide a better physical insight on the dispersion behaviors of the methane releases, the spatial distributions of the quasi-averaged methane concentration and flow fields were mainly analyzed using 3-D large eddy simulations. Consequently, the results of both the parameters can be summarized in that the vortex characteristics of the rotating direction and vorticity generated by the interactions not only between the crosswind and cylindrical obstacles but also between the crosswind and releasing methane flows played important roles in determining the dispersing flammable limits depending on the mixing characteristics. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Shock wave induced condensation in fuel-rich gaseous and gas-particles mixtures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fomin, P. A.

2018-03-01

The possibility of fuel vapor condensation in shock waves in fuel-rich (cyclohexane-oxygen) gaseous mixtures and explosion safety aspects of this effect are discussed. It is shown, that condensation process can essentially change the chemical composition of the gas. For example, the molar fraction of the oxidizer can increase in a few times. As a result, mixtures in which the initial concentration of fuel vapor exceeds the Upper Flammability Limit can, nevertheless, explode, if condensation shifts the composition of the mixture into the ignition region. The rate of the condensation process is estimated. This process can be fast enough to significantly change the chemical composition of the gas and shift it into the flammable range during the compression phase of blast waves, generated by explosions of fuel-vapor clouds or rapture of pressurized chemical reactors, with characteristic size of a few meters. It is shown that the presence of chemically inert microparticles in the gas mixtures under consideration increases the degree of supercooling and the mass of fuel vapors that have passed into the liquid and reduces the characteristic condensation time in comparison with the gas mixture without microparticles. The fuel vapor condensation should be taken into account in estimation the explosion hazard of chemical reactors, industrial and civil constructions, which may contain fuel-rich gaseous mixtures of heavy hydrocarbons with air.

Spreaders, igniters, and burning shrubs: plant flammability explains novel fire dynamics in grass-invaded deserts.

PubMed

Fuentes-Ramirez, Andres; Veldman, Joseph W; Holzapfel, Claus; Moloney, Kirk A

2016-10-01

Novel fire regimes are an important cause and consequence of global environmental change that involve interactions among biotic, climatic, and human components of ecosystems. Plant flammability is key to these interactions, yet few studies directly measure flammability or consider how multiple species with different flammabilities interact to produce novel fire regimes. Deserts of the southwestern United States are an ideal system for exploring how novel fire regimes can emerge when fire-promoting species invade ecosystems comprised of species that did not evolve with fire. In these deserts, exotic annual grasses provide fuel continuity across landscapes that did not historically burn. These fires often ignite a keystone desert shrub, the fire-intolerant creosote bush, Larrea tridentata (DC.) Coville. Ignition of Larrea is likely catalyzed by fuels produced by native plants that grow beneath the shrubs. We hypothesize that invasive and native species exhibit distinct flammability characteristics that in combination determine spatial patterns of fire spread and intensity. We measured flammability metrics of Larrea, two invasive grasses, Schismus arabicus and Bromus madritensis, and two native plants, the sub-shrub Ambrosia dumosa and the annual herb Amsinckia menziesii. Results of laboratory experiments show that the grasses carry fire quickly (1.32 cm/s), but burn for short duration (0.5 min) at low temperatures. In contrast, native plants spread fire slowly (0.12 cm/s), but burn up to eight times longer (4 min) and produced hotter fires. Additional experiments on the ignition requirements of Larrea suggest that native plants burn with sufficient temperature and duration to ignite dead Larrea branches (time to ignition, 2 min; temperature at ignition 692°C). Once burning, these dead branches ignite living branches in the upper portions of the shrub. Our study provides support for a conceptual model in which exotic grasses are "spreaders" of fire and native plants growing beneath shrubs are "igniters" of dead Larrea branches. Once burning, flames produced by dead branches engulf the entire shrub, resulting in locally intense fires without historical precedent in this system. We suggest that fire models and conservation-focused management could be improved by incorporating the distinct flammability characteristics and spatial distributions of spreaders, igniters, and keystone shrubs. © 2016 by the Ecological Society of America.

Early Leakage Protection System of LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) Based on ATMega 16 Microcontroller

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sriwati; Ikhsan Ilahi, Nur; Musrawati; Baco, Syarifuddin; Suyuti'Andani Achmad, Ansar; Umrianah, Ejah

2018-04-01

LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas). LPG is a hydrocarbon gas production from refineries and gas refinery with the major components of propane gas (C3H8) and butane (C4H10). Limit flame (Flammable Range) or also called gas with air. Value Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) is the minimum limit of the concentration of fuel vapor in the air which if there is no source of fire, the gas will be burned. While the value of the Upper Explosive Limit (UEL), which limits the maximum concentration of fuel vapor in the air, which if no source of fire, the gas will be burned. Protection system is a defend mechanism of human, equipment, and buildings around the protected area. Goals to be achieved in this research are to design a protection system against the consequences caused by the leakage of LPG gas based on ATmega16 microcontroller. The method used in this research is to reduce the levels of leaked LPG and turned off the power source when the leakage of LPG is on the verge of explosive limit. The design of this protection system works accurately between 200 ppm up to 10000 ppm, which is still below the threshold of explosive. Thus protecting the early result of that will result in the leakage of LPG gas.

Flammability and thermal properties studies of nonwoven flax reinforced acrylic based polyester composites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rasyid, M. F. Ahmad; Salim, M. S.; Akil, H. M.; Ishak, Z. A. Mohd.

2017-12-01

In the pursuit of green and more sustainable product, natural fibre reinforced composites originating from renewable resources has gained interest in recent years. These natural fibres exhibit good mechanical properties, low production costs, and good environmental properties. However, one of the disadvantages of natural fibre reinforced composites is their high flammability that limits their application in many fields. Within this research, the effect of sodium silicate on the flammability and thermal properties of flax reinforced acrylic based polyester composites has been investigated. Sodium silicate is applied as binder and flame retardant system in impregnation process of the natural flax fiber mats. The addition of sodium silicate significantly improved the flame retardant efficiency but reduced the degree of crosslinking of the composites.

Flammability of gas mixtures. Part 1: fire potential.

PubMed

Schröder, Volkmar; Molnarne, Maria

2005-05-20

International and European dangerous substances and dangerous goods regulations refer to the standard ISO 10156 (1996). This standard includes a test method and a calculation procedure for the determination of the flammability of gases and gas mixtures in air. The substance indices for the calculation, the so called "Tci values", which characterise the fire potential, are provided as well. These ISO Tci values are derived from explosion diagrams of older literature sources which do not take into account the test method and the test apparatus. However, since the explosion limits are influenced by apparatus parameters, the Tci values and lower explosion limits, given by the ISO tables, are inconsistent with those measured according to the test method of the same standard. In consequence, applying the ISO Tci values can result in wrong classifications. In this paper internationally accepted explosion limit test methods were evaluated and Tci values were derived from explosion diagrams. Therefore, an "open vessel" method with flame propagation criterion was favoured. These values were compared with the Tci values listed in ISO 10156. In most cases, significant deviations were found. A detailed study about the influence of inert gases on flammability is the objective of Part 2.

Bifurcation and extinction limit of stretched premixed flames with chain-branching intermediate kinetics and radiative loss

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Huangwei; Chen, Zheng

2018-05-01

Premixed counterflow flames with thermally sensitive intermediate kinetics and radiation heat loss are analysed within the framework of large activation energy. Unlike previous studies considering one-step global reaction, two-step chemistry consisting of a chain branching reaction and a recombination reaction is considered here. The correlation between the flame front location and stretch rate is derived. Based on this correlation, the extinction limit and bifurcation characteristics of the strained premixed flame are studied, and the effects of fuel and radical Lewis numbers as well as radiation heat loss are examined. Different flame regimes and their extinction characteristics can be predicted by the present theory. It is found that fuel Lewis number affects the flame bifurcation qualitatively and quantitatively, whereas radical Lewis number only has a quantitative influence. Stretch rates at the stretch and radiation extinction limits respectively decrease and increase with fuel Lewis number before the flammability limit is reached, while the radical Lewis number shows the opposite tendency. In addition, the relation between the standard flammability limit and the limit derived from the strained near stagnation flame is affected by the fuel Lewis number, but not by the radical Lewis number. Meanwhile, the flammability limit increases with decreased fuel Lewis number, but with increased radical Lewis number. Radical behaviours at flame front corresponding to flame bifurcation and extinction are also analysed in this work. It is shown that radical concentration at the flame front, under extinction stretch rate condition, increases with radical Lewis number but decreases with fuel Lewis number. It decreases with increased radiation loss.

Assessment of the impact of TOA partitioning on DWPF off-gas flammability

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Daniel, W. E.

2013-06-01

An assessment has been made to evaluate the impact on the DWPF melter off-gas flammability of increasing the amount of TOA in the current solvent used in the Modular Caustic-Side Solvent Extraction Process Unit (MCU) process. The results of this study showed that the concentrations of nonvolatile carbon of the current solvent limit (150 ppm) in the Slurry Mix Evaporator (SME) product would be about 7% higher and the nonvolatile hydrogen would be 2% higher than the actual current solvent (126 ppm) with an addition of up to 3 ppm of TOA when the concentration of Isopar L in themore » effluent transfer is controlled below 87 ppm and the volume of MCU effluent transfer to DWPF is limited to 15,000 gallons per Sludge Receipt and Adjustment Tank (SRAT)/SME cycle. Therefore, the DWPF melter off-gas flammability assessment is conservative for up to an additional 3 ppm of TOA in the effluent based on these assumptions. This report documents the calculations performed to reach this conclusion.« less

Thermal Ignition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Boettcher, Philipp Andreas

Accidental ignition of flammable gases is a critical safety concern in many industrial applications. Particularly in the aviation industry, the main areas of concern on an aircraft are the fuel tank and adjoining regions, where spilled fuel has a high likelihood of creating a flammable mixture. To this end, a fundamental understanding of the ignition phenomenon is necessary in order to develop more accurate test methods and standards as a means of designing safer air vehicles. The focus of this work is thermal ignition, particularly auto-ignition with emphasis on the effect of heating rate, hot surface ignition and flame propagation, and puffing flames. Combustion of hydrocarbon fuels is traditionally separated into slow reaction, cool flame, and ignition regimes based on pressure and temperature. Standard tests, such as the ASTM E659, are used to determine the lowest temperature required to ignite a specific fuel mixed with air at atmospheric pressure. It is expected that the initial pressure and the rate at which the mixture is heated also influences the limiting temperature and the type of combustion. This study investigates the effect of heating rate, between 4 and 15 K/min, and initial pressure, in the range of 25 to 100 kPa, on ignition of n-hexane air mixtures. Mixtures with equivalence ratio ranging from 0.6 to 1.2 were investigated. The problem is also modeled computationally using an extension of Semenov's classical auto-ignition theory with a detailed chemical mechanism. Experiments and simulations both show that in the same reactor either a slow reaction or an ignition event can take place depending on the heating rate. Analysis of the detailed chemistry demonstrates that a mixture which approaches the ignition region slowly undergoes a significant modification of its composition. This change in composition induces a progressive shift of the explosion limit until the mixture is no longer flammable. A mixture that approaches the ignition region sufficiently rapidly undergoes only a moderate amount of thermal decomposition and explodes quite violently. This behavior can also be captured and analyzed using a one-step reaction model, where the heat release is in competition with the depletion of reactants. Hot surface ignition is examined using a glow plug or heated nickel element in a series of premixed n-hexane air mixtures. High-speed schlieren photography, a thermocouple, and a fast response pressure transducer are used to record flame characteristics such as ignition temperature, flame speed, pressure rises, and combustion mode. The ignition event is captured by considering the dominant balance of diffusion and chemical reaction that occurs near a hot surface. Experiments and models show a dependence of ignition temperature on mixture composition, initial pressure, and hot surface size. The mixtures exhibit the known lower flammability limit where the maximum temperature of the hot surface was insufficient at igniting the mixture. Away from the lower flammability limit, the ignition temperature drops to an almost constant value over a wide range of equivalence ratios (0.7 to 2.8) with large variations as the upper flammability limit is approached. Variations in the initial pressure and equivalence ratio also give rise to different modes of combustion: single flame, re-ignition, and puffing flames. These results are successfully compared to computational results obtained using a flamelet model and a detailed chemical mechanism for n-heptane. These different regimes can be delineated by considering the competition between inertia, i.e., flame propagation, and buoyancy, which can be expressed in the Richardson number. In experiments of hot surface ignition and subsequent flame propagation a 10 Hz puffing flame instability is visible in mixtures that are stagnant and premixed prior to the ignition sequence. By varying the size of the hot surface, power input, and combustion vessel volume, we determined that the instability is a function of the interaction of the flame with the fluid flow induced by the combustion products rather than the initial plume established by the hot surface. The phenomenon is accurately reproduced in numerical simulations and a detailed flow field analysis revealed a competition between the inflow velocity at the base of the flame and the flame propagation speed. The increasing inflow velocity, which exceeds the flame propagation speed, is ultimately responsible for creating a puff. The puff is then accelerated upward, allowing for the creation of the subsequent instabilities. The frequency of the puffing is proportional to the gravitational acceleration and inversely proportional to the flame speed. We propose a relation describing the dependence of the frequency on gravitational acceleration, hot surface diameter, and flame speed. This relation shows good agreement for lean and rich n-hexane-air as well as lean hydrogen-air flames.

Responding to Terrorist Incidents in Your Community: Flammable-Liquid Fire Fighting Techniques for Municipal and Rural Firefighters

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Denise Baclawski

2010-03-08

The University of Nevada, Reno Fire Science Academy (FSA) applied for grant funding to develop and deliver programs for municipal, rural, and volunteer firefighters. The FSA specializes in preparing responders for a variety of emergency events, including flammable liquid fires resulting from accidents, intentional acts, or natural disasters. Live fire training on full scale burnable props is the hallmark of FSA training, allowing responders to practice critical skills in a realistic, yet safe environment. Unfortunately, flammable liquid live fire training is often not accessible to municipal, rural, or volunteer firefighters due to limited department training budgets, even though most departmentmore » personnel will be exposed to flammable liquid fire incidents during the course of their careers. In response to this training need, the FSA developed a course during the first year of the grant (Year One), Responding to Terrorist Incidents in Your Community: Flammable-Liquid Fire Fighting Techniques for Municipal and Rural Firefighters. During the three years of the grant, a total of 2,029 emergency responders received this training. In Year Three, two new courses, a train-the-trainer for Responding to Terrorist Incidents in Your Community and Management of Large-Scale Disasters for Public Officials were developed and pilot tested during the Real-World Disaster Management Conference held at the FSA in June of 2007. Two research projects were conducted during Years Two and Three. The first, conducted over a two year period, evaluated student surveys regarding the value of the flammable liquids training received. The second was a needs assessment conducted for rural Nevada. Both projects provided important feedback and a basis for curricula development and improvements.« less

Evaluation of the Epoxy/Antimony Trioxide Nanocomposites as Flame Retardant

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dheyaa, Balqees M.; Jassim, Widad H.; Hameed, Noor A.

2018-05-01

Antimony trioxide nanopowder was added for epoxy resin in various amount weight percentages (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10) wt% to increase the combustion resistance and decrease the flammability for it. The study included three standard tests used to measure: limiting oxygen index (LOI), rate of burning (R.B), burning extent (E.B), burning time (T.B), maximum flame height (H) and residue percentage after burning in order to determine the effectiveness of the used additives to decrease the flammability of epoxy resin and increase the combustion resistance. Thermal test was done by using Lee’s disk to measure the thermal conductivity coefficient. The thermal stability and degradation kinetics of epoxy resin without reinforcement and with reinforcement by (10 wt%) were studied by using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The recorded results indicated that epoxy reinforced by (10 wt%) has a good effect as flame retardants for epoxy resin and active to inhibit burning and reduce the flammability.

75 FR 49379 - Correction to Internal Citation of “Extremely Flammable Solid” and “Flammable Solid”

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-13

... Flammable Solid'' and ``Flammable Solid'' AGENCY: Consumer Product Safety Commission. ACTION: Final rule... to correct internal citations to the definitions of ``extremely flammable solid'' and ``flammable solid'' in our regulations. DATES: This rule is effective on August 13, 2010. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION...

Species mixture effects on flammability across plant phylogeny: the importance of litter particle size and the special role for non-Pinus Pinaceae.

PubMed

Zhao, Weiwei; Cornwell, William K; van Pomeren, Marinda; van Logtestijn, Richard S P; Cornelissen, Johannes H C

2016-11-01

Fire affects and is affected by plants. Vegetation varies in flammability, that is, its general ability to burn, at different levels of ecological organization. To scale from individual plant traits to community flammability states, understanding trait effects on species flammability variation and their interaction is important. Plant traits are the cumulative result of evolution and they show, to differing extents, phylogenetic conservatism. We asked whether phylogenetic distance between species predicts species mixture effects on litterbed flammability. We conducted controlled laboratory burns for 34 phylogenetically wide-ranging species and 34 random two-species mixtures from them. Generally, phylogenetic distance did not predict species mixture effects on flammability. Across the plant phylogeny, most species were flammable except those in the non- Pinus Pinaceae, which shed small needles producing dense, poorly ventilated litterbeds above the packing threshold and therefore nonflammable. Consistently, either positive or negative dominance effects on flammability of certain flammable or those non-flammable species were found in mixtures involving the non- Pinus Pinaceae. We demonstrate litter particle size is key to explaining species nonadditivity in fuelbed flammability. The potential of certain species to influence fire disproportionately to their abundance might increase the positive feedback effects of plant flammability on community flammability state if flammable species are favored by fire.

Combustion Limits and Efficiency of Turbojet Engines

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Barnett, H. C.; Jonash, E. R.

1956-01-01

Combustion must be maintained in the turbojet-engine combustor over a wide range of operating conditions resulting from variations in required engine thrust, flight altitude, and flight speed. Furthermore, combustion must be efficient in order to provide the maximum aircraft range. Thus, two major performance criteria of the turbojet-engine combustor are (1) operatable range, or combustion limits, and (2) combustion efficiency. Several fundamental requirements for efficient, high-speed combustion are evident from the discussions presented in chapters III to V. The fuel-air ratio and pressure in the burning zone must lie within specific limits of flammability (fig. 111-16(b)) in order to have the mixture ignite and burn satisfactorily. Increases in mixture temperature will favor the flammability characteristics (ch. III). A second requirement in maintaining a stable flame -is that low local flow velocities exist in the combustion zone (ch. VI). Finally, even with these requirements satisfied, a flame needs a certain minimum space in which to release a desired amount of heat, the necessary space increasing with a decrease in pressure (ref. 1). It is apparent, then, that combustor design and operation must provide for (1) proper control of vapor fuel-air ratios in the combustion zone at or near stoichiometric, (2) mixture pressures above the minimum flammability pressures, (3) low flow velocities in the combustion zone, and (4) adequate space for the flame.

Lean flammability limit of downward propagating hydrogen-air flames

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Patnaik, G.; Kailasanath, K.

1992-01-01

Detailed multidimensional numerical simulations that include the effects of wall heat losses have been performed to study the dynamics of downward flame propagation and extinguishment in lean hydrogen-air mixtures. The computational results show that a downward propagating flame in an isothermal channel has a flammability limit of around 9.75 percent. This is in excellent agreement with experimental results. Also in excellent agreement are the detailed observations of the flame behavior at the point of extinguishment. The primary conclusion of this work is that detailed numerical simulations that include wall heat losses and the effect of gravity can adequately simulate the dynamics of the extinguishment process in downward-propagating hydrogen-air flames. These simulations can be examined in detail to gain understanding of the actual extinction process.

Flammability as an ecological and evolutionary driver

USGS Publications Warehouse

Pausas, Juli G.; Keeley, Jon E.; Schwilk, Dylan W.

2017-01-01

We live on a flammable planet yet there is little consensus on the origin and evolution of flammability in our flora.We argue that part of the problem lies in the concept of flammability, which should not be viewed as a single quantitative trait or metric. Rather, we propose that flammability has three major dimensions that are not necessarily correlated: ignitability, heat release and fire spread rate. These major axes of variation are controlled by different plant traits and have differing ecological impacts during fire.At the individual plant scale, these traits define three flammability strategies observed in fire-prone ecosystems: the non-flammable, the fast-flammable and the hot-flammable strategy (with low ignitability, high flame spread rate and high heat release, respectively). These strategies increase the survival or reproduction under recurrent fires, and thus, plants in fire-prone ecosystems benefit from acquiring one of them; they represent different (alternative) ways to live under recurrent fires.Synthesis. This novel framework based on different flammability strategies helps us to understand variability in flammability across scales, and provides a basis for further research.

30 CFR 77.1103 - Flammable liquids; storage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... drawn from storage shall be kept in properly identified safety cans. (b) Unburied flammable-liquid... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Flammable liquids; storage. 77.1103 Section 77... Fire Protection § 77.1103 Flammable liquids; storage. (a) Flammable liquids shall be stored in...

30 CFR 77.1103 - Flammable liquids; storage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... drawn from storage shall be kept in properly identified safety cans. (b) Unburied flammable-liquid... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Flammable liquids; storage. 77.1103 Section 77... Fire Protection § 77.1103 Flammable liquids; storage. (a) Flammable liquids shall be stored in...

16 CFR 1611.4 - Flammability test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Flammability test. 1611.4 Section 1611.4 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT REGULATIONS STANDARD FOR THE FLAMMABILITY OF VINYL PLASTIC FILM The Standard § 1611.4 Flammability test. (a) Apparatus and materials. The...

30 CFR 77.1103 - Flammable liquids; storage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Flammable liquids; storage. 77.1103 Section 77... Fire Protection § 77.1103 Flammable liquids; storage. (a) Flammable liquids shall be stored in... drawn from storage shall be kept in properly identified safety cans. (b) Unburied flammable-liquid...

30 CFR 77.1103 - Flammable liquids; storage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Flammable liquids; storage. 77.1103 Section 77... Fire Protection § 77.1103 Flammable liquids; storage. (a) Flammable liquids shall be stored in... drawn from storage shall be kept in properly identified safety cans. (b) Unburied flammable-liquid...

30 CFR 57.4460 - Storage of flammable liquids underground.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Storage of flammable liquids underground. 57... Fire Prevention and Control Flammable and Combustible Liquids and Gases § 57.4460 Storage of flammable liquids underground. (a) Flammable liquids shall not be stored underground, except— (1) Small quantities...

30 CFR 57.4460 - Storage of flammable liquids underground.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Storage of flammable liquids underground. 57... Fire Prevention and Control Flammable and Combustible Liquids and Gases § 57.4460 Storage of flammable liquids underground. (a) Flammable liquids shall not be stored underground, except— (1) Small quantities...

30 CFR 57.4460 - Storage of flammable liquids underground.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Storage of flammable liquids underground. 57... Fire Prevention and Control Flammable and Combustible Liquids and Gases § 57.4460 Storage of flammable liquids underground. (a) Flammable liquids shall not be stored underground, except— (1) Small quantities...

30 CFR 57.4460 - Storage of flammable liquids underground.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Storage of flammable liquids underground. 57... Fire Prevention and Control Flammable and Combustible Liquids and Gases § 57.4460 Storage of flammable liquids underground. (a) Flammable liquids shall not be stored underground, except— (1) Small quantities...

Numerical Simulation of Combustion and Extinction of a Solid Cylinder in Low-Speed Cross Flow

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tien, J. S.; Yang, Chin Tien

1998-01-01

The combustion and extinction behavior of a diffusion flame around a solid fuel cylinder (PMMA) in low-speed forced flow in zero gravity was studied numerically using a quasi-steady gas phase model. This model includes two-dimensional continuity, full Navier Stokes' momentum, energy, and species equations with a one-step overall chemical reaction and second-order finite-rate Arrhenius kinetics. Surface radiation and Arrhenius pyrolysis kinetics are included on the solid fuel surface description and a parameter Phi, representing the percentage of gas-phase conductive heat flux going into the solid, is introduced into the interfacial energy balance boundary condition to complete the description for the quasi-steady gas-phase system. The model was solved numerically using a body-fitted coordinate transformation and the SIMPLE algorithm. The effects of varying freestream velocity and Phi were studied. These parameters have a significant effect on the flame structure and extinction limits. Two flame modes were identified: envelope flame and wake flame. Two kinds of flammability limits were found: quenching at low-flow speeds due to radiative loss and blow-off at high flow speeds due to insufficient gas residence time. A flammability map was constructed showing the existence of maximum Phi above which the solid is not flammable at any freestream velocity.

Aircraft Engine Sump Fire Mitigation, Phase 2

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rosenlieb, J. W.

1978-01-01

The effect of changes in the input parameters (air leakage flow rate and temperature and lubricating oil inlet flow rate and temperature) over a specified range on the flammability conditions within an aircraft engine bearing sump was investigated. An analytical study was performed to determine the effect of various parameters on the generation rate of oil vapor from oil droplets in a hot air stream flowing in a cylindrical tube. The ignition of the vapor-air mixture by an ignition source was considered. The experimental investigation demonstrated that fires would be ignited by a spark ignitor over the full range of air and oil flow rates and air temperatures evaluated. However, no fires could be ignited when the oil inlet temperature was maintained below 41.7 K (290 F). The severity of the fires ignited were found to be directly proportional to the hot air flow rate. Reasonably good correlation was found between the mixture temperature in the sump at the ignitor location and the flammability limits as defined by flammability theory; thus a fairly reliable experimental method of determining flammable conditions within a sump was demonstrated. The computerized mathematical model shows that oil droplet size and air temperature have the greatest influence on the generation rate of oil vapor.

Explosion impacts during transport of hazardous cargo: GIS-based characterization of overpressure impacts and delineation of flammable zones for ammonia.

PubMed

Inanloo, Bahareh; Tansel, Berrin

2015-06-01

The aim of this research was to investigate accidental releases of ammonia followed by an en-route incident in an attempt to further predict the consequences of hazardous cargo accidents. The air dispersion model Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres (ALOHA) was employed to track the probable outcomes of a hazardous material release of a tanker truck under different explosion scenarios. The significance of identification of the flammable zones was taken into consideration; in case the flammable vapor causes an explosion. The impacted areas and the severity of the probable destructions were evaluated for an explosion by considering the overpressure waves. ALOHA in conjunction with ArcGIS was used to delineate the flammable and overpressure impact zones for different scenarios. Based on the results, flammable fumes were formed in oval shapes having a chief axis along the wind direction at the time of release. The expansions of the impact areas under the overpressure value which can lead to property damage for 2 and 20 tons releases, under very stable and unstable atmospheric conditions were estimated to be around 1708, 1206; 3742, 3527 feet, respectively, toward the wind direction. A sensitivity analysis was done to assess the significance of wind speed on the impact zones. The insight provided by this study can be utilized by decision makers in transportation of hazardous materials as a guide for possible rerouting, rescheduling, or limiting the quantity of hazardous cargo to reduce the possible impacts after hazardous cargo accidents during transport. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

49 CFR 172.419 - FLAMMABLE LIQUID label.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false FLAMMABLE LIQUID label. 172.419 Section 172.419... SECURITY PLANS Labeling § 172.419 FLAMMABLE LIQUID label. (a) Except for size and color the FLAMMABLE... color on the FLAMMABLE LIQUID label must be red. [Amdt. 172-123, 56 FR 66257, Dec. 20, 1991] ...

49 CFR 172.419 - FLAMMABLE LIQUID label.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false FLAMMABLE LIQUID label. 172.419 Section 172.419... SECURITY PLANS Labeling § 172.419 FLAMMABLE LIQUID label. (a) Except for size and color the FLAMMABLE... color on the FLAMMABLE LIQUID label must be red. [Amdt. 172-123, 56 FR 66257, Dec. 20, 1991] ...

49 CFR 172.419 - FLAMMABLE LIQUID label.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false FLAMMABLE LIQUID label. 172.419 Section 172.419... SECURITY PLANS Labeling § 172.419 FLAMMABLE LIQUID label. (a) Except for size and color the FLAMMABLE... color on the FLAMMABLE LIQUID label must be red. [Amdt. 172-123, 56 FR 66257, Dec. 20, 1991] ...

49 CFR 172.419 - FLAMMABLE LIQUID label.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false FLAMMABLE LIQUID label. 172.419 Section 172.419... SECURITY PLANS Labeling § 172.419 FLAMMABLE LIQUID label. (a) Except for size and color the FLAMMABLE... color on the FLAMMABLE LIQUID label must be red. [Amdt. 172-123, 56 FR 66257, Dec. 20, 1991] ...

49 CFR 172.419 - FLAMMABLE LIQUID label.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false FLAMMABLE LIQUID label. 172.419 Section 172.419... SECURITY PLANS Labeling § 172.419 FLAMMABLE LIQUID label. (a) Except for size and color the FLAMMABLE... color on the FLAMMABLE LIQUID label must be red. [Amdt. 172-123, 56 FR 66257, Dec. 20, 1991] ...

49 CFR 174.304 - Class 3 (flammable liquid) materials in tank cars.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Class 3 (flammable liquid) materials in tank cars... CARRIAGE BY RAIL Detailed Requirements for Class 3 (Flammable Liquid) Materials § 174.304 Class 3 (flammable liquid) materials in tank cars. A tank car containing a Class 3 (flammable liquid) material, other...

46 CFR 153.465 - Flammable vapor detector.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Flammable vapor detector. 153.465 Section 153.465... Requirements for Flammable Or Combustible Cargoes § 153.465 Flammable vapor detector. (a) A tankship that carries a flammable cargo must have two vapor detectors that meet § 35.30-15(b) of this chapter. (b) At...

46 CFR 153.465 - Flammable vapor detector.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Flammable vapor detector. 153.465 Section 153.465... Requirements for Flammable Or Combustible Cargoes § 153.465 Flammable vapor detector. (a) A tankship that carries a flammable cargo must have two vapor detectors that meet § 35.30-15(b) of this chapter. (b) At...

46 CFR 153.465 - Flammable vapor detector.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Flammable vapor detector. 153.465 Section 153.465... Requirements for Flammable Or Combustible Cargoes § 153.465 Flammable vapor detector. (a) A tankship that carries a flammable cargo must have two vapor detectors that meet § 35.30-15(b) of this chapter. (b) At...

46 CFR 153.465 - Flammable vapor detector.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Flammable vapor detector. 153.465 Section 153.465... Requirements for Flammable Or Combustible Cargoes § 153.465 Flammable vapor detector. (a) A tankship that carries a flammable cargo must have two vapor detectors that meet § 35.30-15(b) of this chapter. (b) At...

46 CFR 153.465 - Flammable vapor detector.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Flammable vapor detector. 153.465 Section 153.465... Requirements for Flammable Or Combustible Cargoes § 153.465 Flammable vapor detector. (a) A tankship that carries a flammable cargo must have two vapor detectors that meet § 35.30-15(b) of this chapter. (b) At...

16 CFR 1500.44 - Method for determining extremely flammable and flammable solids.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... and flammable solids. 1500.44 Section 1500.44 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION... ENFORCEMENT REGULATIONS § 1500.44 Method for determining extremely flammable and flammable solids. (a... with inner dimensions 6 inches long × 1 inch wide × one-fourth inch deep. (2) Rigid and pliable solids...

49 CFR 172.420 - FLAMMABLE SOLID label.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false FLAMMABLE SOLID label. 172.420 Section 172.420... SECURITY PLANS Labeling § 172.420 FLAMMABLE SOLID label. (a) Except for size and color, the FLAMMABLE SOLID... the FLAMMABLE SOLID label must be white with vertical red stripes equally spaced on each side of a red...

49 CFR 172.420 - FLAMMABLE SOLID label.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false FLAMMABLE SOLID label. 172.420 Section 172.420... SECURITY PLANS Labeling § 172.420 FLAMMABLE SOLID label. (a) Except for size and color, the FLAMMABLE SOLID... the FLAMMABLE SOLID label must be white with vertical red stripes equally spaced on each side of a red...

Spacecraft and Navy Materials Flammability: Review of Some Concepts and Test Methods

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hirsch, David

2004-01-01

The agenda covered by this viewgraph presentation includes: 1) Concepts of Spacecraft Fire Safety; 2) Spacecraft materials flammability test methods; 3) Evaluation of flight hardware flammability; 4) Review of flammability data in conditions of interest to the Navy; 5) Overview of some flammability test methods recommended for the Navy.

46 CFR 30.10-39 - Liquefied flammable gas-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Liquefied flammable gas-TB/ALL. 30.10-39 Section 30.10-39 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS GENERAL PROVISIONS Definitions § 30.10-39 Liquefied flammable gas—TB/ALL. The term liquefied flammable gas means any flammable gas...

46 CFR 30.10-39 - Liquefied flammable gas-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Liquefied flammable gas-TB/ALL. 30.10-39 Section 30.10-39 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS GENERAL PROVISIONS Definitions § 30.10-39 Liquefied flammable gas—TB/ALL. The term liquefied flammable gas means any flammable gas...

46 CFR 30.10-39 - Liquefied flammable gas-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Liquefied flammable gas-TB/ALL. 30.10-39 Section 30.10-39 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS GENERAL PROVISIONS Definitions § 30.10-39 Liquefied flammable gas—TB/ALL. The term liquefied flammable gas means any flammable gas...

46 CFR 30.10-39 - Liquefied flammable gas-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Liquefied flammable gas-TB/ALL. 30.10-39 Section 30.10-39 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS GENERAL PROVISIONS Definitions § 30.10-39 Liquefied flammable gas—TB/ALL. The term liquefied flammable gas means any flammable gas...

46 CFR 30.10-39 - Liquefied flammable gas-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Liquefied flammable gas-TB/ALL. 30.10-39 Section 30.10-39 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS GENERAL PROVISIONS Definitions § 30.10-39 Liquefied flammable gas—TB/ALL. The term liquefied flammable gas means any flammable gas...

Preliminary Results of the Third Test Series of Nonmetal Material Flammability Evaluation In SKOROST Apparatus on the Space Station Mir

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ivanov, A. V.; Alymov, V. F.; Smirnov, A. B.; Shalayev, S. P.; Ye.Belov, D.; Balashov, Ye.V.; Andreeva, T. V.; Semenov, A. V.; Melikhov, A. S.; Bolodyan, I. A.;

40 CFR 86.113-94 - Fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

..., antirust, pour depressant, dye, dispersant and biocide. Fuels specified for emissions testing are intended... detected down to a concentration in air of not over 1/5 (one-fifth) of the lower limit of flammability. (2...

Promoted combustion of nine structural metals in high-pressure gaseous oxygen - A comparison of ranking methods

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Steinberg, Theodore A.; Rucker, Michelle A.; Beeson, Harold D.

1989-01-01

The 316, 321, 440C, and 17-4 PH stainless steels, as well as Inconel 600, Inconel 718, Waspaloy, Monel 400, and Al 2219, have been evaluated for relative nonflammability in a high-pressure oxygen environment with a view to the comparative advantages of four different flammability-ranking methods. The effects of changes in test pressure, sample diameter, promoter type, and sample configuration on ranking method results are evaluated; ranking methods employing velocity as the primary ranking criterion are limited by diameter effects, while those which use extinguishing pressure are nonselective for metals with similar flammabilities.

30 CFR 57.4604 - Preparation of pipelines or containers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... contained flammable or combustible liquids, flammable gases, or explosive solids, the pipelines or... compatible; or (2) Determined to be free of flammable gases by a flammable gas detection device prior to and...

30 CFR 56.4604 - Preparation of pipelines or containers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... contained flammable or combustible liquids, flammable gases, or explosive solids, the pipelines or... compatible; or (2) Determined to be free of flammable gases by a flammable gas detection device prior to and...

30 CFR 56.4604 - Preparation of pipelines or containers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... contained flammable or combustible liquids, flammable gases, or explosive solids, the pipelines or... compatible; or (2) Determined to be free of flammable gases by a flammable gas detection device prior to and...

30 CFR 57.4604 - Preparation of pipelines or containers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... contained flammable or combustible liquids, flammable gases, or explosive solids, the pipelines or... compatible; or (2) Determined to be free of flammable gases by a flammable gas detection device prior to and...

30 CFR 57.4604 - Preparation of pipelines or containers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... contained flammable or combustible liquids, flammable gases, or explosive solids, the pipelines or... compatible; or (2) Determined to be free of flammable gases by a flammable gas detection device prior to and...

30 CFR 57.4604 - Preparation of pipelines or containers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... contained flammable or combustible liquids, flammable gases, or explosive solids, the pipelines or... compatible; or (2) Determined to be free of flammable gases by a flammable gas detection device prior to and...

30 CFR 56.4604 - Preparation of pipelines or containers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... contained flammable or combustible liquids, flammable gases, or explosive solids, the pipelines or... compatible; or (2) Determined to be free of flammable gases by a flammable gas detection device prior to and...

30 CFR 56.4604 - Preparation of pipelines or containers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... contained flammable or combustible liquids, flammable gases, or explosive solids, the pipelines or... compatible; or (2) Determined to be free of flammable gases by a flammable gas detection device prior to and...

29 CFR 1910.125 - Additional requirements for dipping and coating operations that use flammable or combustible...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... that use flammable or combustible liquids. 1910.125 Section 1910.125 Labor Regulations Relating to... requirements for dipping and coating operations that use flammable or combustible liquids. If you use flammable...: And: •The flashpoint of the flammable or combustible liquid is 200 °F (93.3 °C) or above •The liquid...

Periglacial fires and trees in a continental setting of Central Canada, Upper Pleistocene.

PubMed

Bélanger, N; Carcaillet, C; Padbury, G A; Harvey-Schafer, A N; Van Rees, K J C

2014-03-01

Fire is a key factor controlling global vegetation patterns and carbon cycling. It mostly occurs under warm periods during which fuel builds up with sufficient moisture, whereas such conditions stimulate fire ignition and spread. Biomass burning increased globally with warming periods since the last glacial era. Data confirming periglacial fires during glacial periods are very sparse because such climates are likely too cold to favour fires. Here, tree occurrence and fires during the Upper Pleistocene glacial periods in Central Canada are inferred from botanical identification and calibrated radiocarbon dates of charcoal fragments. Charcoal fragments were archived in sandy dunes of central Saskatchewan and were dated >50000-26600 cal BP. Fragments were mostly gymnosperms. Parallels between radiocarbon dates and GISP2-δ¹⁸O records deciphered relationships between fire and climate. Fires occurred either hundreds to thousands of years after Dansgaard-Oeschger (DO) interstadial warming events (i.e., the time needed to build enough fuel for fire ignition and spread) or at the onset of the DO event. The chronological uncertainties result from the dated material not precisely matching the fires and from the low residual ¹⁴C associated with old sample material. Dominance of high-pressure systems and low effective moisture during post-DO coolings likely triggered flammable periglacial ecosystems, while lower moisture and the relative abundance of fuel overshadowed lower temperatures for fire spread. Laurentide ice sheet (LIS) limits during DO events are difficult to assess in Central Canada due to sparse radiocarbon dates. Our radiocarbon data set constrains the extent of LIS. Central Saskatchewan was not covered by LIS throughout the Upper Pleistocene and was not a continental desert. Instead, our results suggest long-lasting periods where fluctuations of the northern tree limits and fires after interstadials occurred persistently. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Hydrogen flammability limits and implications on fire safety of transportation vehicles

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2008-01-01

The recent establishment of the National University Transportation Center at MST under the "Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users," expands the research and education activities to include alternative tr...

16 CFR 1609.1 - Text of the Flammable Fabrics Act of 1953, as amended in 1954.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Text of the Flammable Fabrics Act of 1953... FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT REGULATIONS TEXT OF THE FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT OF 1953, AS AMENDED IN 1954, PRIOR TO 1967 AMENDMENT AND REVISION § 1609.1 Text of the Flammable Fabrics Act of 1953, as amended in 1954. The...

29 CFR 1910.125 - Additional requirements for dipping and coating operations that use flammable liquids or liquids...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... that use flammable liquids or liquids with flashpoints greater than 199.4 °F (93 °C). 1910.125... flammable liquids or liquids with flashpoints greater than 199.4 °F (93 °C). If you use flammable liquids... provide: (i) Manual fire extinguishers that are suitable for flammable and combustible liquid fires and...

29 CFR 1910.125 - Additional requirements for dipping and coating operations that use flammable liquids or liquids...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... that use flammable liquids or liquids with flashpoints greater than 199.4 °F (93 °C). 1910.125... flammable liquids or liquids with flashpoints greater than 199.4 °F (93 °C). If you use flammable liquids... provide: (i) Manual fire extinguishers that are suitable for flammable and combustible liquid fires and...

16 CFR 1609.1 - Text of the Flammable Fabrics Act of 1953, as amended in 1954.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Text of the Flammable Fabrics Act of 1953... FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT REGULATIONS TEXT OF THE FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT OF 1953, AS AMENDED IN 1954, PRIOR TO 1967 AMENDMENT AND REVISION § 1609.1 Text of the Flammable Fabrics Act of 1953, as amended in 1954. The...

Predicted exhaust emissions from a methanol and jet fueled gas turbine combustor

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Adelman, H. G.; Browning, L. H.; Pefley, R. K.

1975-01-01

A computer model of a gas turbine combustor has been used to predict the kinetic combustion and pollutant formation processes for methanol and simulated jet fuel. Use of the kinetic reaction mechanisms has also allowed a study of ignition delay and flammability limit of these two fuels. The NOX emissions for methanol were predicted to be from 69 to 92% lower than those for jet fuel at the same equivalence ratio which is in agreement with experimentally observed results. The high heat of vaporization of methanol lowers both the combustor inlet mixture temperatures and the final combustion temperatures. The lower combustion temperatures lead to low NOX emissions while the lower inlet mixture temperatures increase methanol's ignition delay. This increase in ignition delay dictates the lean flammability limit of methanol to be 0.8, while jet fuel is shown to combust at 0.4.

Results of a Study Investigating the Plant Uptake of Explosive Residues From Compost of Explosives-Contaminated Soil Obtained from the Umatilla Army Depot Activity

DTIC Science & Technology

1998-11-01

Avoid contact with samples. Be aware of broken containers, corrosives, irritants, biohazards, flammability, pyrophoricity , reactivity, radioactivity...Revision RO 9/23/97 Page 3 NOj-N by Flow Injection Analysis 6.2.2.2 Low results may be obtained for samples that contain high concentrations of iron ...however, for analytes such as iron that may be found at high concentration, a more appropriate test would be to use a concentration near the upper

16 CFR Figure 1 to Part 1610 - Sketch of Flammability Apparatus

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Sketch of Flammability Apparatus 1 Figure 1 to Part 1610 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT... Flammability Apparatus ER25MR08.000 ...

16 CFR Figure 1 to Part 1610 - Sketch of Flammability Apparatus

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Sketch of Flammability Apparatus 1 Figure 1 to Part 1610 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT... Flammability Apparatus ER25MR08.000 ...

Bark flammability as a fire-response trait for subalpine trees

PubMed Central

Frejaville, Thibaut; Curt, Thomas; Carcaillet, Christopher

2013-01-01

Relationships between the flammability properties of a given plant and its chances of survival after a fire still remain unknown. We hypothesize that the bark flammability of a tree reduces the potential for tree survival following surface fires, and that if tree resistance to fire is provided by a thick insulating bark, the latter must be few flammable. We test, on subalpine tree species, the relationship between the flammability of bark and its insulating ability, identifies the biological traits that determine bark flammability, and assesses their relative susceptibility to surface fires from their bark properties. The experimental set of burning properties was analyzed by Principal Component Analysis to assess the bark flammability. Bark insulating ability was expressed by the critical time to cambium kill computed from bark thickness. Log-linear regressions indicated that bark flammability varies with the bark thickness and the density of wood under bark and that the most flammable barks have poor insulating ability. Susceptibility to surface fires increases from gymnosperm to angiosperm subalpine trees. The co-dominant subalpine species Larix decidua (Mill.) and Pinus cembra (L.) exhibit large differences in both flammability and insulating ability of the bark that should partly explain their contrasted responses to fires in the past. PMID:24324473

Influence of water mist on propagation and suppression of laminar premixed flame

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Belyakov, Nikolay S.; Babushok, Valeri I.; Minaev, Sergei S.

2018-03-01

The combustion of premixed gas mixtures containing micro droplets of water was studied using one-dimensional approximation. The dependencies of the burning velocity and flammability limits on the initial conditions and on the properties of liquid droplets were analyzed. Effects of droplet size and concentration of added liquid were studied. It was demonstrated that the droplets with smaller diameters are more effective in reducing the flame velocity. For droplets vaporizing in the reaction zone, the burning velocity is independent of droplet size, and it depends only on the concentration of added liquid. With further increase of the droplet diameter the droplets are passing through the reaction zone with completion of vaporization in the combustion products. It was demonstrated that for droplets above a certain size there are two stable stationary modes of flame propagation with transition of hysteresis type. The critical conditions of the transition are due to the appearance of the temperature maximum at the flame front and the temperature gradient with heat losses from the reaction zone to the products, as a result of droplet vaporization passing through the reaction zone. The critical conditions are similar to the critical conditions of the classical flammability limits of flame with the thermal mechanism of flame propagation. The maximum decrease in the burning velocity and decrease in the combustion temperature at the critical turning point corresponds to predictions of the classical theories of flammability limits of Zel'dovich and Spalding. The stability analysis of stationary modes of flame propagation in the presence of water mist showed the lack of oscillatory processes in the frames of the assumed model.

Flammability test for sunglasses: developing a system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Magri, Renan; Ventura, Liliane

2014-02-01

Recent investigations show the need for certificating sunglasses to ensure the safety and health to population. The Brazilian Standard ABNT NBR 15111 regulates features to sunglasses, however, there is not a sunglasses certification office in Brazil, therefore, our lab has been developing several equipment for sunglasses testing. This work refers to one of them: the flammability test system for sunglasses in compliance with the NBR 15111. The standard provides requirements for the flammability test procedure which requires that the equipment must operate at a temperature of 650 °C +/- 20 °C the end of a steel rod of 300 mm length and 6 mm diameter should be heated and pressed over the surface of the lenses for five seconds; the flammability is checked by visual inspection. The furnace is made of ceramic. We used a power electronic circuit to control the power in the furnace using ON/OFF mode and for measuring the temperature, we used a K-type thermocouple. A stepper motor with pulley lifts the steel rod. The system reaches the working temperature in 15 minutes for a step input of 61 V in open loop system. The electronics control are under development in order to shorten the time necessary to reach the working temperature and maintain the temperature variation in the furnace within the limits imposed by the standard as next steps.

16 CFR 1500.133 - Extremely flammable contact adhesives; labeling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Extremely flammable contact adhesives; labeling. 1500.133 Section 1500.133 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FEDERAL... REGULATIONS § 1500.133 Extremely flammable contact adhesives; labeling. (a) Extremely flammable contact...

16 CFR 1611.3 - Flammability-general requirement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Flammability-general requirement. 1611.3 Section 1611.3 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT REGULATIONS STANDARD FOR THE FLAMMABILITY OF VINYL PLASTIC FILM The Standard § 1611.3 Flammability—general requirement...

16 CFR 1611.3 - Flammability-general requirement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Flammability-general requirement. 1611.3 Section 1611.3 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT REGULATIONS STANDARD FOR THE FLAMMABILITY OF VINYL PLASTIC FILM The Standard § 1611.3 Flammability—general requirement...

16 CFR 1611.3 - Flammability-general requirement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Flammability-general requirement. 1611.3 Section 1611.3 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT REGULATIONS STANDARD FOR THE FLAMMABILITY OF VINYL PLASTIC FILM The Standard § 1611.3 Flammability—general requirement...

16 CFR 1611.3 - Flammability-general requirement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Flammability-general requirement. 1611.3 Section 1611.3 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT REGULATIONS STANDARD FOR THE FLAMMABILITY OF VINYL PLASTIC FILM The Standard § 1611.3 Flammability—general requirement...

16 CFR 1500.133 - Extremely flammable contact adhesives; labeling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Extremely flammable contact adhesives... REGULATIONS § 1500.133 Extremely flammable contact adhesives; labeling. (a) Extremely flammable contact adhesives, also known as contact bonding cements, when distributed in containers intended or suitable for...

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gardiner, D. P.; Bardon, M. F.; Clark, W.

This study assessed differences in headspace flammability for summertime gasolines and new high-ethanol content fuel blends. The results apply to vehicle fuel tanks and underground storage tanks. Ambient temperature and fuel formulation effects on headspace vapor flammability of ethanol/gasoline blends were evaluated. Depending on the degree of tank filling, fuel type, and ambient temperature, fuel vapors in a tank can be flammable or non-flammable. Pure gasoline vapors in tanks generally are too rich to be flammable unless ambient temperatures are extremely low. High percentages of ethanol blended with gasoline can be less volatile than pure gasoline and can produce flammablemore » headspace vapors at common ambient temperatures. The study supports refinements of fuel ethanol volatility specifications and shows potential consequences of using noncompliant fuels. E85 is flammable at low temperatures; denatured ethanol is flammable at warmer temperatures. If both are stored at the same location, one or both of the tanks' headspace vapors will be flammable over a wide range of ambient temperatures. This is relevant to allowing consumers to splash -blend ethanol and gasoline at fueling stations. Fuels compliant with ASTM volatility specifications are relatively safe, but the E85 samples tested indicate that some ethanol fuels may produce flammable vapors.« less

Aircraft engine sump-fire studies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Loomis, W. R.

1976-01-01

Results of ongoing experimental studies are reported in which a 125-millimeter-diameter-advanced-bearing test rig simulating an engine sump is being used to find the critical range of conditions for fires to occur. Design, material, and operating concepts and techniques are being studied with the objective of minimizing the problem. It has been found that the vapor temperature near a spark ignitor is most important in determining ignition potential. At temperatures producing oil vapor pressures below or much above the calculated flammability limits, fires have not been ignited. But fires have been routinely started within the theoretical flammability range. This indicates that generalizing the sump-fire problem may make it amenable to analysis, with the potential for realistic solutions.

Concept study of a hydrogen containment process during nuclear thermal engine ground testing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Ten-See; Stewart, Eric T.; Canabal, Francisco

A new hydrogen containment process was proposed for ground testing of a nuclear thermal engine. It utilizes two thermophysical steps to contain the hydrogen exhaust. First, the decomposition of hydrogen through oxygen-rich combustion at higher temperature; second, the recombination of remaining hydrogen with radicals at low temperature. This is achieved with two unit operations: an oxygen-rich burner and a tubular heat exchanger. A computational fluid dynamics methodology was used to analyze the entire process on a three-dimensional domain. The computed flammability at the exit of the heat exchanger was less than the lower flammability limit, confirming the hydrogen containment capability of the proposed process.

30 CFR 57.4431 - Surface storage restrictions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...: (1) Flammable liquids in safety cans or in other containers placed in tightly closed cabinets. The... Prevention and Control Flammable and Combustible Liquids and Gases § 57.4431 Surface storage restrictions. (a) On the surface, no unburied flammable or combustible liquids or flammable gases shall be stored...

30 CFR 57.4431 - Surface storage restrictions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...: (1) Flammable liquids in safety cans or in other containers placed in tightly closed cabinets. The... Prevention and Control Flammable and Combustible Liquids and Gases § 57.4431 Surface storage restrictions. (a) On the surface, no unburied flammable or combustible liquids or flammable gases shall be stored...

49 CFR 173.150 - Exceptions for Class 3 (flammable and combustible liquids).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Class 3 (flammable and combustible liquids). (a) General. Exceptions for hazardous materials shipments... flammable liquids (Class 3) and combustible liquids are excepted from labeling requirements, unless the... aircraft, the following combination packagings are authorized: (1) For flammable liquids in Packing Group I...

Microgravity Flammability of PMMA Rods in Concurrent Flow

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Olson, Sandra L.; Ferkul, Paul V.

2015-01-01

Microgravity experiments burning cast PMMA cylindrical rods in axial flow have been conducted aboard the International Space Station in the Microgravity Science Glovebox (MSG) facility using the Burning and Suppression of Solids (BASS) flow duct, as part of the BASS-II experiment. Twenty-four concurrent-flow tests were performed, focusing on finding flammability limits as a function of oxygen and flow speed. The oxygen was varied by using gaseous nitrogen to vitiate the working volume of the MSG. The speed of the flow parallel to the rod was varied using a fan at the entrance to the duct. Both blowoff and quenching limits were obtained at several oxygen concentrations. Each experiment ignited the rod at the initially hemispherical stagnation tip of the rod, and allowed the flame to develop and heat the rod at a sufficient flow to sustain burning. For blowoff limit tests, the astronaut quickly turned up the flow to obtain extinction. Complementary 5.18-second Zero Gravity Facility drop tests were conducted to compare blowoff limits in short and long duration microgravity. For quenching tests, the flow was incrementally turned down and the flame allowed to stabilize at the new flow condition for at least the solid-phase response time before changing it again. Quenching was observed when the flow became sufficiently weak that the flame could no longer provide adequate heat flux to compensate for the heat losses (conduction into the rod and radiation). A surface energy balance is presented that shows the surface radiative loss exceeds the conductive loss into the rod near the limit. The flammability boundary is shown to represent a critical Damkohler number, expressed in terms of the reaction rate divided by the stretch rate. For the blowoff branch, the boundary exhibits a linear dependence on oxygen concentration and stretch rate, indicating that the temperature at blowoff must be fairly constant. For the quenching branch, the dominance of the exponential nature of the Arrhenius kinetics reaction rate indicates that the temperature is critical.

Oxygen Partial Pressure and Oxygen Concentration Flammability: Can They Be Correlated?

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Harper, Susana A.; Juarez, Alfredo; Perez, Horacio, III; Hirsch, David B.; Beeson, Harold D.

2016-01-01

NASA possesses a large quantity of flammability data performed in ISS airlock (30% Oxygen 526mmHg) and ISS cabin (24.1% Oxygen 760 mmHg) conditions. As new programs develop, other oxygen and pressure conditions emerge. In an effort to apply existing data, the question arises: Do equivalent oxygen partial pressures perform similarly with respect to flammability? This paper evaluates how material flammability performance is impacted from both the Maximum Oxygen Concentration (MOC) and Maximum Total Pressures (MTP) perspectives. From these studies, oxygen partial pressures can be compared for both the MOC and MTP methods to determine the role of partial pressure in material flammability. This evaluation also assesses the influence of other variables on flammability performance. The findings presented in this paper suggest flammability is more dependent on oxygen concentration than equivalent partial pressure.

ISO 14624 Series - Space Systems - Safety and Compatibility of Materials Flammability Assessment of Spacecraft Materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hirsch, David B.

2007-01-01

A viewgraph presentation on the flammability of spacecraft materials is shown. The topics include: 1) Spacecraft Fire Safety; 2) Materials Flammability Test; 3) Impetus for enhanced materials flammability characterization; 4) Exploration Atmosphere Working Group Recommendations; 5) Approach; and 6) Status of implementation

14 CFR 25.1182 - Nacelle areas behind firewalls, and engine pod attaching structures containing flammable fluid...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... pod attaching structures containing flammable fluid lines. 25.1182 Section 25.1182 Aeronautics and..., and engine pod attaching structures containing flammable fluid lines. (a) Each nacelle area immediately behind the firewall, and each portion of any engine pod attaching structure containing flammable...

14 CFR 25.1182 - Nacelle areas behind firewalls, and engine pod attaching structures containing flammable fluid...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... pod attaching structures containing flammable fluid lines. 25.1182 Section 25.1182 Aeronautics and..., and engine pod attaching structures containing flammable fluid lines. (a) Each nacelle area immediately behind the firewall, and each portion of any engine pod attaching structure containing flammable...

16 CFR § 1611.3 - Flammability-general requirement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Flammability-general requirement. § 1611.3 Section § 1611.3 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT REGULATIONS STANDARD FOR THE FLAMMABILITY OF VINYL PLASTIC FILM The Standard § 1611.3 Flammability—general...

14 CFR 23.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 23.863... Construction Fire Protection § 23.863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids... fluids, shutting down equipment, fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of...

14 CFR 25.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 25.863....863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids or vapors might escape by..., fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of airplane components that are critical...

14 CFR 27.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 27.863....863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids or vapors might escape by..., fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of rotorcraft components that are...

46 CFR 194.05-11 - Flammable solids and oxidizing materials-Detail requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Flammable solids and oxidizing materials-Detail... and Marking § 194.05-11 Flammable solids and oxidizing materials—Detail requirements. (a) Flammable... 194.20. (b) Oxidizing materials used as blasting agents are regulated by the appropriate portions of...

46 CFR 194.05-11 - Flammable solids and oxidizing materials-Detail requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Flammable solids and oxidizing materials-Detail... and Marking § 194.05-11 Flammable solids and oxidizing materials—Detail requirements. (a) Flammable... 194.20. (b) Oxidizing materials used as blasting agents are regulated by the appropriate portions of...

46 CFR 194.05-11 - Flammable solids and oxidizing materials-Detail requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Flammable solids and oxidizing materials-Detail... and Marking § 194.05-11 Flammable solids and oxidizing materials—Detail requirements. (a) Flammable... 194.20. (b) Oxidizing materials used as blasting agents are regulated by the appropriate portions of...

14 CFR 27.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 27.863....863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids or vapors might escape by..., fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of rotorcraft components that are...

14 CFR 29.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 29.863... § 29.863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids or vapors might..., shutting down equipment, fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of rotorcraft...

14 CFR 29.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 29.863... § 29.863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids or vapors might..., shutting down equipment, fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of rotorcraft...

14 CFR 25.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 25.863....863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids or vapors might escape by..., fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of airplane components that are critical...

14 CFR 29.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 29.863... § 29.863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids or vapors might..., shutting down equipment, fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of rotorcraft...

14 CFR 23.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 23.863... Construction Fire Protection § 23.863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids... fluids, shutting down equipment, fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of...

14 CFR 23.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 23.863... Construction Fire Protection § 23.863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids... fluids, shutting down equipment, fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of...

14 CFR 29.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 29.863... § 29.863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids or vapors might..., shutting down equipment, fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of rotorcraft...

14 CFR 25.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 25.863....863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids or vapors might escape by..., fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of airplane components that are critical...

14 CFR 27.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 27.863....863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids or vapors might escape by..., fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of rotorcraft components that are...

14 CFR 25.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 25.863....863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids or vapors might escape by..., fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of airplane components that are critical...

14 CFR 27.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 27.863....863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids or vapors might escape by..., fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of rotorcraft components that are...

14 CFR 27.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 27.863....863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids or vapors might escape by..., fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of rotorcraft components that are...

14 CFR 23.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 23.863... Construction Fire Protection § 23.863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids... fluids, shutting down equipment, fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of...

16 CFR 1611.4 - Flammability test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Flammability test. 1611.4 Section 1611.4... FLAMMABILITY OF VINYL PLASTIC FILM The Standard § 1611.4 Flammability test. (a) Apparatus and materials. The... protect the igniter flame and specimen from air currents during tests, yet contain a suitable door or...

46 CFR 111.105-37 - Flammable anesthetics.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Flammable anesthetics. 111.105-37 Section 111.105-37...-GENERAL REQUIREMENTS Hazardous Locations § 111.105-37 Flammable anesthetics. Each electric installation where a flammable anesthetic is used or stored must meet NFPA 99 (incorporated by reference, see 46 CFR...

46 CFR 111.105-37 - Flammable anesthetics.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Flammable anesthetics. 111.105-37 Section 111.105-37...-GENERAL REQUIREMENTS Hazardous Locations § 111.105-37 Flammable anesthetics. Each electric installation where a flammable anesthetic is used or stored must meet NFPA 99 (incorporated by reference, see 46 CFR...

16 CFR 423.9 - Conflict with flammability standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Conflict with flammability standards. 423.9... TEXTILE WEARING APPAREL AND CERTAIN PIECE GOODS AS AMENDED § 423.9 Conflict with flammability standards. If there is a conflict between this regulation and any regulations issued under the Flammable Fabrics...

STEADY STATE FLAMMABLE GAS RELEASE RATE CALCULATION AND LOWER FLAMMABILITY LEVEL EVALUATION FOR HANFORD TANK WASTE

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

HU TA

2009-10-26

Assess the steady-state flammability level at normal and off-normal ventilation conditions. The hydrogen generation rate was calculated for 177 tanks using the rate equation model. Flammability calculations based on hydrogen, ammonia, and methane were performed for 177 tanks for various scenarios.

14 CFR 23.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 23.863... Construction Fire Protection § 23.863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids... protective devices. (4) Means available for controlling or extinguishing a fire, such as stopping flow of...

30 CFR 56.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... anticipated, will ignite, burn, support combustion, or release flammable vapors when subjected to fire or heat.... Flammable means capable of being easily ignited and of burning rapidly. Flammable gas means a gas that will burn in the normal concentrations of oxygen in the air. Flammable liquid means a liquid that has a...

10 CFR 36.69 - Irradiation of explosive or flammable materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Irradiation of explosive or flammable materials. 36.69... IRRADIATORS Operation of Irradiators § 36.69 Irradiation of explosive or flammable materials. (a) Irradiation... cause radiation overexposures of personnel. (b) Irradiation of more than small quantities of flammable...

10 CFR 36.69 - Irradiation of explosive or flammable materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Irradiation of explosive or flammable materials. 36.69... IRRADIATORS Operation of Irradiators § 36.69 Irradiation of explosive or flammable materials. (a) Irradiation... cause radiation overexposures of personnel. (b) Irradiation of more than small quantities of flammable...

10 CFR 36.69 - Irradiation of explosive or flammable materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Irradiation of explosive or flammable materials. 36.69... IRRADIATORS Operation of Irradiators § 36.69 Irradiation of explosive or flammable materials. (a) Irradiation... cause radiation overexposures of personnel. (b) Irradiation of more than small quantities of flammable...

10 CFR 36.69 - Irradiation of explosive or flammable materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Irradiation of explosive or flammable materials. 36.69... IRRADIATORS Operation of Irradiators § 36.69 Irradiation of explosive or flammable materials. (a) Irradiation... cause radiation overexposures of personnel. (b) Irradiation of more than small quantities of flammable...

10 CFR 36.69 - Irradiation of explosive or flammable materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Irradiation of explosive or flammable materials. 36.69... IRRADIATORS Operation of Irradiators § 36.69 Irradiation of explosive or flammable materials. (a) Irradiation... cause radiation overexposures of personnel. (b) Irradiation of more than small quantities of flammable...

46 CFR 111.105-37 - Flammable anesthetics.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Flammable anesthetics. 111.105-37 Section 111.105-37...-GENERAL REQUIREMENTS Hazardous Locations § 111.105-37 Flammable anesthetics. Each electric installation where a flammable anesthetic is used or stored must meet NFPA 99 (incorporated by reference, see 46 CFR...

46 CFR 111.105-37 - Flammable anesthetics.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Flammable anesthetics. 111.105-37 Section 111.105-37...-GENERAL REQUIREMENTS Hazardous Locations § 111.105-37 Flammable anesthetics. Each electric installation where a flammable anesthetic is used or stored must meet NFPA 99 (incorporated by reference, see 46 CFR...

46 CFR 111.105-37 - Flammable anesthetics.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Flammable anesthetics. 111.105-37 Section 111.105-37...-GENERAL REQUIREMENTS Hazardous Locations § 111.105-37 Flammable anesthetics. Each electric installation where a flammable anesthetic is used or stored must meet NFPA 99 (incorporated by reference, see 46 CFR...

16 CFR 1500.45 - Method for determining extremely flammable and flammable contents of self-pressurized containers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Method for determining extremely flammable and flammable contents of self-pressurized containers. 1500.45 Section 1500.45 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FEDERAL HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES ACT REGULATIONS HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES AND...

40 CFR 63.802 - Emission limits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... meet the upholstered seating flammability requirements of California Technical Bulletin 116, 117, or... owner or operator must operate and maintain any affected source, including associated air pollution control equipment and monitoring equipment, in a manner consistent with safety and good air pollution...

40 CFR 63.802 - Emission limits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... meet the upholstered seating flammability requirements of California Technical Bulletin 116, 117, or... owner or operator must operate and maintain any affected source, including associated air pollution control equipment and monitoring equipment, in a manner consistent with safety and good air pollution...

Chemical Safety Alert: Shaft Blow-Out Hazard of Check and Butterfly Valves

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Certain types of check and butterfly valves can undergo shaft-disk separation and fail catastrophically, even when operated within their design limits of pressure and temperature, causing toxic/flammable gas releases, fires, and vapor cloud explosions.

30 CFR 56.4531 - Flammable or combustible liquid storage buildings or rooms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Flammable or combustible liquid storage... combustible liquid storage buildings or rooms. (a) Storage buildings or storage rooms in which flammable or... no person's work station is in the building. (c) Flammable or combustible liquids in use for day-to...

30 CFR 56.4531 - Flammable or combustible liquid storage buildings or rooms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Flammable or combustible liquid storage... combustible liquid storage buildings or rooms. (a) Storage buildings or storage rooms in which flammable or... no person's work station is in the building. (c) Flammable or combustible liquids in use for day-to...

30 CFR 57.4531 - Surface flammable or combustible liquid storage buildings or rooms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Surface flammable or combustible liquid storage... flammable or combustible liquid storage buildings or rooms. (a) Surface storage buildings or storage rooms in which flammable or combustible liquids, including grease, are stored and that are within 100 feet...

30 CFR 57.4531 - Surface flammable or combustible liquid storage buildings or rooms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Surface flammable or combustible liquid storage... flammable or combustible liquid storage buildings or rooms. (a) Surface storage buildings or storage rooms in which flammable or combustible liquids, including grease, are stored and that are within 100 feet...

30 CFR 57.4531 - Surface flammable or combustible liquid storage buildings or rooms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Surface flammable or combustible liquid storage... flammable or combustible liquid storage buildings or rooms. (a) Surface storage buildings or storage rooms in which flammable or combustible liquids, including grease, are stored and that are within 100 feet...

30 CFR 57.4531 - Surface flammable or combustible liquid storage buildings or rooms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Surface flammable or combustible liquid storage... flammable or combustible liquid storage buildings or rooms. (a) Surface storage buildings or storage rooms in which flammable or combustible liquids, including grease, are stored and that are within 100 feet...

30 CFR 56.4531 - Flammable or combustible liquid storage buildings or rooms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Flammable or combustible liquid storage... combustible liquid storage buildings or rooms. (a) Storage buildings or storage rooms in which flammable or... no person's work station is in the building. (c) Flammable or combustible liquids in use for day-to...

30 CFR 56.4531 - Flammable or combustible liquid storage buildings or rooms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Flammable or combustible liquid storage... combustible liquid storage buildings or rooms. (a) Storage buildings or storage rooms in which flammable or... no person's work station is in the building. (c) Flammable or combustible liquids in use for day-to...

46 CFR 147.45 - Flammable and combustible liquids.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

.... (b) No flammable or combustible liquids may be stowed in any accommodation, control, or service space... in any machinery space. The flammable liquids must be in containers of 3.8 liters (one gallon) or... space. (e) An aggregate of more than 7.6 liters (two gallons) of flammable or combustible liquids stowed...

46 CFR 147.45 - Flammable and combustible liquids.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

.... (b) No flammable or combustible liquids may be stowed in any accommodation, control, or service space... in any machinery space. The flammable liquids must be in containers of 3.8 liters (one gallon) or... space. (e) An aggregate of more than 7.6 liters (two gallons) of flammable or combustible liquids stowed...

46 CFR 147.45 - Flammable and combustible liquids.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

.... (b) No flammable or combustible liquids may be stowed in any accommodation, control, or service space... in any machinery space. The flammable liquids must be in containers of 3.8 liters (one gallon) or... space. (e) An aggregate of more than 7.6 liters (two gallons) of flammable or combustible liquids stowed...

46 CFR 147.45 - Flammable and combustible liquids.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

.... (b) No flammable or combustible liquids may be stowed in any accommodation, control, or service space... in any machinery space. The flammable liquids must be in containers of 3.8 liters (one gallon) or... space. (e) An aggregate of more than 7.6 liters (two gallons) of flammable or combustible liquids stowed...

46 CFR 147.45 - Flammable and combustible liquids.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

.... (b) No flammable or combustible liquids may be stowed in any accommodation, control, or service space... in any machinery space. The flammable liquids must be in containers of 3.8 liters (one gallon) or... space. (e) An aggregate of more than 7.6 liters (two gallons) of flammable or combustible liquids stowed...

46 CFR 194.05-11 - Flammable solids and oxidizing materials-Detail requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Flammable solids and oxidizing materials-Detail... and Marking § 194.05-11 Flammable solids and oxidizing materials—Detail requirements. (a) Flammable solids and oxidizing materials used as chemical stores and reagents are governed by subparts 194.15 and...

49 CFR 172.546 - FLAMMABLE SOLID placard.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false FLAMMABLE SOLID placard. 172.546 Section 172.546... SECURITY PLANS Placarding § 172.546 FLAMMABLE SOLID placard. (a) Except for size and color, the FLAMMABLE SOLID placard must be as follows: EC02MR91.051 (b) In addition to complying with § 172.519, the...

49 CFR 172.546 - FLAMMABLE SOLID placard.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false FLAMMABLE SOLID placard. 172.546 Section 172.546... SECURITY PLANS Placarding § 172.546 FLAMMABLE SOLID placard. (a) Except for size and color, the FLAMMABLE SOLID placard must be as follows: EC02MR91.051 (b) In addition to complying with § 172.519, the...

46 CFR 194.05-11 - Flammable solids and oxidizing materials-Detail requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Flammable solids and oxidizing materials-Detail... and Marking § 194.05-11 Flammable solids and oxidizing materials—Detail requirements. (a) Flammable solids and oxidizing materials used as chemical stores and reagents are governed by subparts 194.15 and...

46 CFR 30.10-21 - Flammable or inflammable-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Flammable or inflammable-TB/ALL. 30.10-21 Section 30.10-21 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS GENERAL PROVISIONS Definitions § 30.10-21 Flammable or inflammable—TB/ALL. The words flammable and inflammable are interchangeable or...

46 CFR 30.10-21 - Flammable or inflammable-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Flammable or inflammable-TB/ALL. 30.10-21 Section 30.10-21 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS GENERAL PROVISIONS Definitions § 30.10-21 Flammable or inflammable—TB/ALL. The words flammable and inflammable are interchangeable or...

46 CFR 30.10-21 - Flammable or inflammable-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Flammable or inflammable-TB/ALL. 30.10-21 Section 30.10-21 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS GENERAL PROVISIONS Definitions § 30.10-21 Flammable or inflammable—TB/ALL. The words flammable and inflammable are interchangeable or...

46 CFR 30.10-21 - Flammable or inflammable-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Flammable or inflammable-TB/ALL. 30.10-21 Section 30.10-21 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS GENERAL PROVISIONS Definitions § 30.10-21 Flammable or inflammable—TB/ALL. The words flammable and inflammable are interchangeable or...

46 CFR 30.10-21 - Flammable or inflammable-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Flammable or inflammable-TB/ALL. 30.10-21 Section 30.10-21 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS GENERAL PROVISIONS Definitions § 30.10-21 Flammable or inflammable—TB/ALL. The words flammable and inflammable are interchangeable or...

44 CFR 9.4 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... includes those wetlands areas separated from their natural supply of water as a result of activities such... use, including, but not limited to, water and related land resources, planning, regulating and... which produce, use or store highly volatile, flammable, explosive, toxic or water-reactive materials; (b...

49 CFR 174.304 - Class 3 (flammable liquid) materials in tank cars.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Class 3 (flammable liquid) materials in tank cars... (flammable liquid) materials in tank cars. A tank car containing a Class 3 (flammable liquid) material, other... the liquid from the tank car to permanent storage tanks of sufficient capacity to receive the entire...

49 CFR 174.304 - Class 3 (flammable liquid) materials in tank cars.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Class 3 (flammable liquid) materials in tank cars... (flammable liquid) materials in tank cars. A tank car containing a Class 3 (flammable liquid) material, other... the liquid from the tank car to permanent storage tanks of sufficient capacity to receive the entire...

49 CFR 174.304 - Class 3 (flammable liquid) materials in tank cars.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Class 3 (flammable liquid) materials in tank cars... (flammable liquid) materials in tank cars. A tank car containing a Class 3 (flammable liquid) material, other... the liquid from the tank car to permanent storage tanks of sufficient capacity to receive the entire...

49 CFR 174.304 - Class 3 (flammable liquid) materials in tank cars.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Class 3 (flammable liquid) materials in tank cars... (flammable liquid) materials in tank cars. A tank car containing a Class 3 (flammable liquid) material, other... the liquid from the tank car to permanent storage tanks of sufficient capacity to receive the entire...

46 CFR 105.10-15 - Flammable liquid.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... Petroleum Products (Reid Method). (2) Grade B. Any flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure under 14 pounds and over 81/2 pounds. (3) Grade C. Any flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure of 81/2... 46 Shipping 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Flammable liquid. 105.10-15 Section 105.10-15 Shipping...

46 CFR 30.10-22 - Flammable liquid-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure of 14 pounds or more. 1 American Society for Testing... Petroleum Products (Reid Method). (b) Grade B. Any flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure under 14 pounds and over 81/2 pounds. (c) Grade C. Any flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure of 81/2...

46 CFR 105.10-15 - Flammable liquid.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Petroleum Products (Reid Method). (2) Grade B. Any flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure under 14 pounds and over 81/2 pounds. (3) Grade C. Any flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure of 81/2... 46 Shipping 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Flammable liquid. 105.10-15 Section 105.10-15 Shipping...

46 CFR 30.10-22 - Flammable liquid-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure of 14 pounds or more. 1 American Society for Testing... Petroleum Products (Reid Method). (b) Grade B. Any flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure under 14 pounds and over 81/2 pounds. (c) Grade C. Any flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure of 81/2...

46 CFR 30.10-22 - Flammable liquid-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure of 14 pounds or more. 1 American Society for Testing... Petroleum Products (Reid Method). (b) Grade B. Any flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure under 14 pounds and over 81/2 pounds. (c) Grade C. Any flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure of 81/2...

46 CFR 30.10-22 - Flammable liquid-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure of 14 pounds or more. 1 American Society for Testing... Petroleum Products (Reid Method). (b) Grade B. Any flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure under 14 pounds and over 81/2 pounds. (c) Grade C. Any flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure of 81/2...

46 CFR 105.10-15 - Flammable liquid.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Petroleum Products (Reid Method). (2) Grade B. Any flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure under 14 pounds and over 81/2 pounds. (3) Grade C. Any flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure of 81/2... 46 Shipping 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Flammable liquid. 105.10-15 Section 105.10-15 Shipping...

46 CFR 105.10-15 - Flammable liquid.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... Petroleum Products (Reid Method). (2) Grade B. Any flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure under 14 pounds and over 81/2 pounds. (3) Grade C. Any flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure of 81/2... 46 Shipping 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Flammable liquid. 105.10-15 Section 105.10-15 Shipping...

Applicability of Aerospace Materials Ground Flammability Test Data to Spacecraft Environments Theory and Applied Technologies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hirsch, David; Williams, Jim; Beeson, Harold

2009-01-01

This slide presentation reviews the use of ground test data in reference to flammability to spacecraft environments. It reviews the current approach to spacecraft fire safety, the challenges to fire safety that the Constellation program poses, the current trends in the evaluation of the Constellation materials flammability, and the correlation of test data from ground flammability tests with the spacecraft environment. Included is a proposal for testing and the design of experiments to test the flammability of materials under similar spacecraft conditions.

Flammability of self-extinguishing kenaf/ABS nanoclays composite for aircraft secondary structure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Karunakaran, S.; Majid, D. L.; Mohd Tawil, M. L.

2016-10-01

This study investigates the flammability properties of kenaf fiber reinforced acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) with nanoclays composites. Natural fiber is one of the potential materials to be used with thermoplastic as a composite due to its attractive properties such as lightweight and strong. In this paper, flammability properties of this material are evaluated through Underwriters Laboratory 94 Horizontal Burning (UL94 HB), which has been conducted for both controlled and uncontrolled conditions, smoke density and limiting oxygen index tests (LOI). These flammability tests are in compliance with the Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR) requirement. The results from UL94 HB and smoke density tests show that the presence of nanoclays with effective composition of kenaf fiber reinforced ABS has enhanced the burning characteristics of the material by hindering propagation of flame spread over the surface of the material through char formation. Consequently, this decreases the burning rate and produces low amount of smoke during burning. On contrary, through LOI test, this material requires less oxygen to burn when exposed to fire, which hinders the enhancement of burning characteristics. This is due to burning mechanism exhibited by nanoclays that catalyzes barrier formation and flame propagation rate over the surface of the biocomposite material. Overall, these experimental results suggest that this biocomposite material is capable of self-extinguishing and possesses effective fire extinction. The observed novel synergism from the result obtained is promising to be implemented in secondary structures of aircraft with significant benefits such as cost-effective, lightweight and biodegradable self-extinguishing biocomposite.

Flame Spread and Extinction Over a Thick Solid Fuel in Low-Velocity Opposed and Concurrent Flows

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhu, Feng; Lu, Zhanbin; Wang, Shuangfeng

2016-05-01

Flame spread and extinction phenomena over a thick PMMA in purely opposed and concurrent flows are investigated by conducting systematical experiments in a narrow channel apparatus. The present tests focus on low-velocity flow regime and hence complement experimental data previously reported for high and moderate velocity regimes. In the flow velocity range tested, the opposed flame is found to spread much faster than the concurrent flame at a given flow velocity. The measured spread rates for opposed and concurrent flames can be correlated by corresponding theoretical models of flame spread, indicating that existing models capture the main mechanisms controlling the flame spread. In low-velocity gas flows, however, the experimental results are observed to deviate from theoretical predictions. This may be attributed to the neglect of radiative heat loss in the theoretical models, whereas radiation becomes important for low-intensity flame spread. Flammability limits using oxygen concentration and flow velocity as coordinates are presented for both opposed and concurrent flame spread configurations. It is found that concurrent spread has a wider flammable range than opposed case. Beyond the flammability boundary of opposed spread, there is an additional flammable area for concurrent spread, where the spreading flame is sustainable in concurrent mode only. The lowest oxygen concentration allowing concurrent flame spread in forced flow is estimated to be approximately 14 % O2, substantially below that for opposed spread (18.5 % O2).

Differences in Leaf Flammability, Leaf Traits and Flammability-Trait Relationships between Native and Exotic Plant Species of Dry Sclerophyll Forest

PubMed Central

Murray, Brad R.; Hardstaff, Lyndle K.; Phillips, Megan L.

2013-01-01

The flammability of plant leaves influences the spread of fire through vegetation. Exotic plants invading native vegetation may increase the spread of bushfires if their leaves are more flammable than native leaves. We compared fresh-leaf and dry-leaf flammability (time to ignition) between 52 native and 27 exotic plant species inhabiting dry sclerophyll forest. We found that mean time to ignition was significantly faster in dry exotic leaves than in dry native leaves. There was no significant native-exotic difference in mean time to ignition for fresh leaves. The significantly higher fresh-leaf water content that was found in exotics, lost in the conversion from a fresh to dry state, suggests that leaf water provides an important buffering effect that leads to equivalent mean time to ignition in fresh exotic and native leaves. Exotic leaves were also significantly wider, longer and broader in area with significantly higher specific leaf area–but not thicker–than native leaves. We examined scaling relationships between leaf flammability and leaf size (leaf width, length, area, specific leaf area and thickness). While exotics occupied the comparatively larger and more flammable end of the leaf size-flammability spectrum in general, leaf flammability was significantly correlated with all measures of leaf size except leaf thickness in both native and exotic species such that larger leaves were faster to ignite. Our findings for increased flammability linked with larger leaf size in exotics demonstrate that exotic plant species have the potential to increase the spread of bushfires in dry sclerophyll forest. PMID:24260169

The Use of a Laser Doppler Velocimeter in a Standard Flammability Tube

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Strehlow, R. A.; Flynn, E. M.

1985-01-01

The use of the Laser Doppler Velocimeter, (LDV), to measure the flow associated with the passage of a flame through a standard flammability limit tube (SFLT) was studied. Four major results are presented: (1) it is shown that by using standard ray tracing calculations, the displacement of the LDV volume and the fringe rotation within the experimental error of measurement can be predicted; (2) the flow velocity vector field associated with passage of an upward propagating flame in an SFLT is determined; (3) it is determined that the use of a light interruption technique to track particles is not feasible; and (4) it is shown that a 25 mW laser is adequate for LDV measurements in the Shuttle or Spacelab.

Microgravity Flame Spread in Exploration Atmospheres: Pressure, Oxygen, and Velocity Effects on Opposed and Concurrent Flame Spread

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Olson, Sandra L.; Ruff, Gary A.; Fletcher, J. Miller

2008-01-01

Microgravity tests of flammability and flame spread were performed in a low-speed flow tunnel to simulate spacecraft ventilation flows. Three thin fuels were tested for flammability (Ultem 1000 (General Electric Company), 10 mil film, Nomex (Dupont) HT90-40, and Mylar G (Dupont) and one fuel for flame spread testing (Kimwipes (Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc.). The 1g Upward Limiting Oxygen Index (ULOI) and 1g Maximum Oxygen Concentration (MOC) are found to be greater than those in 0g, by up to 4% oxygen mole fraction, meaning that the fuels burned in 0g at lower oxygen concentrations than they did using the NASA Standard 6001 Test 1 protocol. Flame spread tests with Kimwipes were used to develop correlations that capture the effects of flow velocity, oxygen concentration, and pressure on flame spread rate. These correlations were used to determine that over virtually the entire range of spacecraft atmospheres and flow conditions, the opposed spread is faster, especially for normoxic atmospheres. The correlations were also compared with 1g MOC for various materials as a function of pressure and oxygen. The lines of constant opposed flow agreed best with the 1g MOC trends, which indicates that Test 1 limits are essentially dictated by the critical heat flux for ignition. Further evaluation of these and other materials is continuing to better understand the 0g flammability of materials and its effect on the oxygen margin of safety.

14 CFR 125.153 - Flammable fluids.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... AND OPERATORS FOR COMPENSATION OR HIRE: CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS....153 Flammable fluids. (a) No tanks or reservoirs that are a part of a system containing flammable...

14 CFR 125.153 - Flammable fluids.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... AND OPERATORS FOR COMPENSATION OR HIRE: CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS....153 Flammable fluids. (a) No tanks or reservoirs that are a part of a system containing flammable...

An Approach to the Flammability Testing of Aerospace Materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hirsch, David B.

2012-01-01

Presentation reviews: (1) Current approach to evaluation of spacecraft materials flammability (2) The need for and the approach to alternative routes (3) Examples of applications of the approach recommended a) Crew Module splash down b) Crew Module depressurization c) Applicability of NASA's flammability test data to other sample configurations d) Applicability of NASA's ground flammability test data to spacecraft environments

49 CFR 177.838 - Class 4 (flammable solid) materials, Class 5 (oxidizing) materials, and Division 4.2 (pyroforic...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... (flammable solid) or Class 5 (oxidizing) materials shall be contained entirely within the body of the motor.... Special care shall also be taken in the loading of any motor vehicle with Class 4 (flammable solid) or... 49 Transportation 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Class 4 (flammable solid) materials, Class 5...

49 CFR 177.838 - Class 4 (flammable solid) materials, Class 5 (oxidizing) materials, and Division 4.2 (pyroforic...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... (flammable solid) or Class 5 (oxidizing) materials shall be contained entirely within the body of the motor.... Special care shall also be taken in the loading of any motor vehicle with Class 4 (flammable solid) or... 49 Transportation 2 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Class 4 (flammable solid) materials, Class 5...

49 CFR 177.838 - Class 4 (flammable solid) materials, Class 5 (oxidizing) materials, and Division 4.2 (pyroforic...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... (flammable solid) or Class 5 (oxidizing) materials shall be contained entirely within the body of the motor.... Special care shall also be taken in the loading of any motor vehicle with Class 4 (flammable solid) or... 49 Transportation 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Class 4 (flammable solid) materials, Class 5...

Genetic component of flammability variation in a Mediterranean shrub.

PubMed

Moreira, B; Castellanos, M C; Pausas, J G

2014-03-01

Recurrent fires impose a strong selection pressure in many ecosystems worldwide. In such ecosystems, plant flammability is of paramount importance because it enhances population persistence, particularly in non-resprouting species. Indeed, there is evidence of phenotypic divergence of flammability under different fire regimes. Our general hypothesis is that flammability-enhancing traits are adaptive; here, we test whether they have a genetic component. To test this hypothesis, we used the postfire obligate seeder Ulex parviflorus from sites historically exposed to different fire recurrence. We associated molecular variation in potentially adaptive loci detected with a genomic scan (using AFLP markers) with individual phenotypic variability in flammability across fire regimes. We found that at least 42% of the phenotypic variation in flammability was explained by the genetic divergence in a subset of AFLP loci. In spite of generalized gene flow, the genetic variability was structured by differences in fire recurrence. Our results provide the first field evidence supporting that traits enhancing plant flammability have a genetic component and thus can be responding to natural selection driven by fire. These results highlight the importance of flammability as an adaptive trait in fire-prone ecosystems. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Experiments To Demonstrate Chemical Process Safety Principles.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dorathy, Brian D.; Mooers, Jamisue A.; Warren, Matthew M.; Mich, Jennifer L.; Murhammer, David W.

2001-01-01

Points out the need to educate undergraduate chemical engineering students on chemical process safety and introduces the content of a chemical process safety course offered at the University of Iowa. Presents laboratory experiments demonstrating flammability limits, flash points, electrostatic, runaway reactions, explosions, and relief design.…

40 CFR 86.1232-96 - Vehicle preconditioning.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... preconditioned separately. If production evaporative canisters are equipped with a functional service port... production evaporative canisters are equipped with a functional service port designed for vapor load or purge... provides at least a 4:1 safety factor against the lean flammability limit. (iii) The FID hydrocarbon...

On the hazard of hydrogen explosions at space shuttle launch pads

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Russell, John M.

1988-01-01

This report was prepared in support of efforts to assess the hazard of accidental explosions of unburned hydrogen at space shuttle launch pads. It begins with presentation of fundamental detonation theory and a review of relevent experiments. A scenario for a catastrophic explosion at a KSC launch pad and a list of necessary conditions contributing to it is proposed with a view to identifying those conditions which, if blocked, would prevent a catastrophe. The balance of the report is devoted to juxtaposition of reassuring and disquieting facts, presentation of a set of recommendations that ignition of hydrogen-air mixtures by weak ignition sources in unconfined geometries may produce a detonation, provided the effective flame area in the initial fireball is rapidly increased by turbulent mixing. Another conclusion is that detonability limits can be different from and narrower than flammability limits only if one restricts the rate of work that can be done on a flammable gas by mechanical agencies acting on its boundaries.

Polymers for new battery technologies.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Singh, Mohit

2009-03-01

The chemical and electrochemical reactivity of the components comprising today's lithium batteries has severely limited their lifetime and stability, and attempts to push the limits on energy density have exacerbated these stability issues. The weakest link in terms of safety and stability of Li ion systems is the organic liquid electrolyte that facilitates the Li^+ ion transport between the electrodes. The electrolyte is flammable and electrochemically unstable against the graphitic anode. It is the continuous electrochemical degradation of the electrolyte at the electrodes that leads to poor cycle life of the batteries, and in some cases runaway reactions that lead to explosions. Dry polymer electrolytes alleviate the electrochemical stability problem by offering a stable electrode-electrolyte interface. The absence of flammable liquids prevents runaway reactions. The main hurdle that has prevented dry polymer electrolytes from being commercialized is low ionic conductivity, and challenges in interfacing with the electrode materials. We demonstrate a novel approach towards addressing these challenges that renders batteries with excellent cycle lives, and thermal stability.

Flammable Gas Safety Self-Study 52827

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Glass, George

2016-03-17

This course, Flammable Gas Safety Self-Study (COURSE 52827), presents an overview of the hazards and controls associated with commonly used, compressed flammable gases at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL).

Correlation of Normal Gravity Mixed Convection Blowoff Limits with Microgravity Forced Flow Blowoff Limits

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Marcum, Jeremy W.; Olson, Sandra L.; Ferkul, Paul V.

2016-01-01

The axisymmetric rod geometry in upward axial stagnation flow provides a simple way to measure normal gravity blowoff limits to compare with microgravity Burning and Suppression of Solids - II (BASS-II) results recently obtained aboard the International Space Station. This testing utilized the same BASS-II concurrent rod geometry, but with the addition of normal gravity buoyant flow. Cast polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) rods of diameters ranging from 0.635 cm to 3.81 cm were burned at oxygen concentrations ranging from 14 to 18% by volume. The forced flow velocity where blowoff occurred was determined for each rod size and oxygen concentration. These blowoff limits compare favorably with the BASS-II results when the buoyant stretch is included and the flow is corrected by considering the blockage factor of the fuel. From these results, the normal gravity blowoff boundary for this axisymmetric rod geometry is determined to be linear, with oxygen concentration directly proportional to flow speed. We describe a new normal gravity 'upward flame spread test' method which extrapolates the linear blowoff boundary to the zero stretch limit in order to resolve microgravity flammability limits-something current methods cannot do. This new test method can improve spacecraft fire safety for future exploration missions by providing a tractable way to obtain good estimates of material flammability in low gravity.

46 CFR 35.30-40 - Flammable liquid and gas fuels as ship's stores-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Flammable liquid and gas fuels as ship's stores-TB/ALL... OPERATIONS General Safety Rules § 35.30-40 Flammable liquid and gas fuels as ship's stores—TB/ALL. Flammable liquids and gases other than diesel fuel, to be used as fuel for approved equipment must satisfy the...

46 CFR 35.30-40 - Flammable liquid and gas fuels as ship's stores-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Flammable liquid and gas fuels as ship's stores-TB/ALL... OPERATIONS General Safety Rules § 35.30-40 Flammable liquid and gas fuels as ship's stores—TB/ALL. Flammable liquids and gases other than diesel fuel, to be used as fuel for approved equipment must satisfy the...

46 CFR 35.30-40 - Flammable liquid and gas fuels as ship's stores-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Flammable liquid and gas fuels as ship's stores-TB/ALL... OPERATIONS General Safety Rules § 35.30-40 Flammable liquid and gas fuels as ship's stores—TB/ALL. Flammable liquids and gases other than diesel fuel, to be used as fuel for approved equipment must satisfy the...

46 CFR 35.30-40 - Flammable liquid and gas fuels as ship's stores-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Flammable liquid and gas fuels as ship's stores-TB/ALL... OPERATIONS General Safety Rules § 35.30-40 Flammable liquid and gas fuels as ship's stores—TB/ALL. Flammable liquids and gases other than diesel fuel, to be used as fuel for approved equipment must satisfy the...

46 CFR 35.30-40 - Flammable liquid and gas fuels as ship's stores-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Flammable liquid and gas fuels as ship's stores-TB/ALL... OPERATIONS General Safety Rules § 35.30-40 Flammable liquid and gas fuels as ship's stores—TB/ALL. Flammable liquids and gases other than diesel fuel, to be used as fuel for approved equipment must satisfy the...

16 CFR 1605.2 - Conduct and scope of inspections.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Conduct and scope of inspections. 1605.2 Section 1605.2 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT REGULATIONS... and all appropriate records, reports, books, documents and papers including, but not limited to, those...

Flammability Indices for Refrigerants

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kataoka, Osami

This paper introduces a new index to classify flammable refrigerants. A question on flammability indices that ASHRAE employs arose from combustion test results of R152a and ammonia. Conventional methods of not only ASHRAE but also ISO and Japanese High-pressure gas safety law to classify the flammability of refrigerants are evaluated to show why these methods conflict with the test results. The key finding of this paper is that the ratio of stoichiometric concentration to LFL concentration (R factor) represents the test results most precisely. In addition, it has excellent correlation with other flammability parameters such as flame speed and pressure rise coefficient. Classification according to this index gives reasonable flammability order of substances including ammonia, R152a and carbon monoxide. Theoretical background why this index gives good correlation is also discussed as well as the insufficient part of this method.

Flammability across the gymnosperm phylogeny: the importance of litter particle size.

PubMed

Cornwell, William K; Elvira, Alba; van Kempen, Lute; van Logtestijn, Richard S P; Aptroot, André; Cornelissen, J Hans C

2015-04-01

Fire is important to climate, element cycles and plant communities, with many fires spreading via surface litter. The influence of species on the spread of surface fire is mediated by their traits which, after senescence and abscission, have 'afterlife' effects on litter flammability. We hypothesized that differences in litter flammability among gymnosperms are determined by litter particle size effects on litterbed packing. We performed a mesocosm fire experiment comparing 39 phylogenetically wide-ranging gymnosperms, followed by litter size and shape manipulations on two chemically contrasting species, to isolate the underlying mechanism. The first-order control on litter flammability was, indeed, litter particle size in both experiments. Most gymnosperms were highly flammable, but a prominent exception was the non-Pinus Pinaceae, in which small leaves abscised singly produced dense, non-flammable litterbeds. There are two important implications: first, ecosystems dominated by gymnosperms that drop small leaves separately will develop dense litter layers, which will be less prone to and inhibit the spread of surface litter fire. Second, some of the needle-leaved species previously considered to be flammable in single-leaf experiments were among the least flammable in litter fuel beds, highlighting the role of the litter traits of species in affecting surface fire regimes. © 2015 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2015 New Phytologist Trust.

Clothing Flammability and Burn Injuries: Public Opinion Concerning an Overlooked, Preventable Public Health Problem.

PubMed

Frattaroli, Shannon; Spivak, Steven M; Pollack, Keshia M; Gielen, Andrea C; Salomon, Michele; Damant, Gordon H

2016-01-01

The objective of this study was to describe knowledge of clothing flammability risk, public support for clothing flammability warning labels, and stronger regulation to reduce the risk. As part of a national survey of homeowners about residential sprinkler systems, the authors included questions about clothing flammability. The authors used an online web panel to sample homeowners and descriptive methods to analyze the resulting data. The sample included 2333 homeowners. Knowledge of clothing flammability and government oversight of clothing flammability risk was low. Homeowners were evenly split about the effectiveness of current standards; however, when presented with clothing-related burn injury and death data, a majority (53%) supported stricter standards. Most homeowners (64%) supported warning labels and indicated that such labels would either have no effect on their purchasing decisions (64%) or be an incentive (24%) to purchase an item. Owners of sprinkler-equipped homes were more likely to support these interventions than owners of homes without sprinkler systems. Public knowledge about clothing flammability risks is low. Most homeowners supported clothing labels to inform consumers of this risk and increased government intervention to reduce the risk.

COMPARISON OF SELECTED LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT METERS USED BY USAF AND COMMERCIAL JET FUEL TANK ENTRY PERSONNEL

EPA Science Inventory

Thousands of military personnel and tens of thousands of civilian workers perform tank entry procedures. OSHA regulations (1910.146) require the internal atmosphere be tested, with a calibrated direct-reading instrument, for oxygen content, flammable gases and vapors, and poten...

46 CFR 105.15-10 - Application for inspection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... a commercial fishing vessel, intended for transporting combustible or flammable liquids in bulk in limited quantities for the purpose of dispensing those liquids, the owners, master, or agent shall submit... letter of compliance of a vessel shall be made in writing by the master, owner, or agent to an Officer in...

46 CFR 105.15-10 - Application for inspection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... a commercial fishing vessel, intended for transporting combustible or flammable liquids in bulk in limited quantities for the purpose of dispensing those liquids, the owners, master, or agent shall submit... letter of compliance of a vessel shall be made in writing by the master, owner, or agent to an Officer in...

46 CFR 105.15-10 - Application for inspection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... a commercial fishing vessel, intended for transporting combustible or flammable liquids in bulk in limited quantities for the purpose of dispensing those liquids, the owners, master, or agent shall submit... letter of compliance of a vessel shall be made in writing by the master, owner, or agent to an Officer in...

46 CFR 105.15-10 - Application for inspection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... a commercial fishing vessel, intended for transporting combustible or flammable liquids in bulk in limited quantities for the purpose of dispensing those liquids, the owners, master, or agent shall submit... letter of compliance of a vessel shall be made in writing by the master, owner, or agent to an Officer in...

46 CFR 105.15-10 - Application for inspection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... a commercial fishing vessel, intended for transporting combustible or flammable liquids in bulk in limited quantities for the purpose of dispensing those liquids, the owners, master, or agent shall submit... letter of compliance of a vessel shall be made in writing by the master, owner, or agent to an Officer in...

75 FR 906 - Airworthiness Directives; The Boeing Company Model 747-400, -400D, and -400F Series Airplanes

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-01-07

... aircraft for which a manufacturer's maintenance manual or instructions for continued airworthiness has been... maintenance program by incorporating new airworthiness limitations (AWLs) for fuel tank systems to satisfy... latent failures, alterations, repairs, or maintenance actions, which, in combination with flammable fuel...

30 CFR 7.96 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... diesel engine with an intake system, exhaust system, and a safety shutdown system installed. Dry exhaust.... A system connected to the outlet of the diesel engine which includes, but is not limited to, the... constructed that flame or sparks from the diesel engine cannot propagate an explosion of a flammable mixture...

30 CFR 7.96 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... diesel engine with an intake system, exhaust system, and a safety shutdown system installed. Dry exhaust.... A system connected to the outlet of the diesel engine which includes, but is not limited to, the... constructed that flame or sparks from the diesel engine cannot propagate an explosion of a flammable mixture...

30 CFR 57.4463 - Liquefied petroleum gas use underground.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Liquefied petroleum gas use underground. 57... Fire Prevention and Control Flammable and Combustible Liquids and Gases § 57.4463 Liquefied petroleum gas use underground. Use of liquefied petroleum gases underground shall be limited to maintenance work...

Relative toxicity of pyrolysis products of some materials used in home furnishings

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hilado, C. J.; Furst, A.

1976-01-01

Seventy samples of cushioning and upholstery materials used in home furnishings were evaluated for relative toxicity by means of the USF/NASA toxicity screening test. The materials were variably toxic under pyrolysis conditions, and this test appeared suitable for discriminating among them on the bases of time to incapacitation and time to death. The addition of fire retardants to these materials to comply with flammability regulations either had no significant effect on toxicity, or resulted in a reduction in relative toxicity. The modification of materials to comply with California upholstered furniture flammability regulations appears to have resulted in desirable limitations on toxicity. Fifty percent of the 70 materials tested caused incapacitation earlier than did the materials in compliance, and 30 percent caused death earlier.

Using a rainforest-flame forest mosaic to test the hypothesis that leaf and litter fuel flammability is under natural selection.

PubMed

Clarke, Peter J; Prior, Lynda D; French, Ben J; Vincent, Ben; Knox, Kirsten J E; Bowman, David M J S

2014-12-01

We used a mosaic of infrequently burnt temperate rainforest and adjacent, frequently burnt eucalypt forests in temperate eastern Australia to test whether: (1) there were differences in flammability of fresh and dried foliage amongst congeners from contrasting habitats, (2) habitat flammability was related to regeneration strategy, (3) litter fuels were more flammable in frequently burnt forests, (4) the severity of a recent fire influenced the flammability of litter (as this would suggest fire feedbacks), and (5) microclimate contributed to differences in fire hazard amongst habitats. Leaf-level comparisons were made among 11 congeneric pairs from rainforest and eucalypt forests. Leaf-level ignitability, combustibility and sustainability were not consistently higher for taxa from frequently burnt eucalypt forests, nor were they higher for species with fire-driven recruitment. The bulk density of litter-bed fuels strongly influenced flammability, but eucalypt forest litter was not less dense than rainforest litter. Ignitability, combustibility and flame sustainability of community surface fuels (litter) were compared using fuel arrays with standardized fuel mass and moisture content. Forests previously burned at high fire severity did not have consistently higher litter flammability than those burned at lower severity or long unburned. Thus, contrary to the Mutch hypothesis, there was no evidence of higher flammability of litter fuels or leaves from frequently burnt eucalypt forests compared with infrequently burnt rainforests. We suggest the manifest pyrogenicity of eucalypt forests is not due to natural selection for more flammable foliage, but better explained by differences in crown openness and associated microclimatic differences.

16 CFR Figure 2 to Part 1610 - Flammability Apparatus Views

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Flammability Apparatus Views 2 Figure 2 to Part 1610 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT REGULATIONS... Apparatus Views ER25MR08.001 ...

16 CFR Figure 2 to Part 1610 - Flammability Apparatus Views

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Flammability Apparatus Views 2 Figure 2 to Part 1610 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT REGULATIONS... Apparatus Views ER25MR08.001 ...

Mixed Convection Blowoff Limits as a Function of Oxygen Concentration and Upward Forced Stretch Rate for Burning Pmma Rods of Various Sizes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Marcum, Jeremy W.; Ferkul, Paul V.; Olson, Sandra L.

2017-01-01

Normal gravity flame blowoff limits in an axisymmetric pmma rod geometry in upward axial stagnation flow are compared with microgravity Burning and Suppression of Solids II (BASS-II) results recently obtained aboard the International Space Station. This testing utilized the same BASS-II concurrent rod geometry, but with the addition of normal gravity buoyant flow. Cast polymethylmethacrylate (pmma) rods of diameters ranging from 0.635 cm to 3.81 cm were burned at oxygen concentrations ranging from 14 to 18 by volume. The forced flow velocity where blowoff occurred was determined for each rod size and oxygen concentration. These blowoff limits compare favorably with the BASS-II results when the buoyant stretch is included and the flow is corrected by considering the blockage factor of the fuel. From these results, the normal gravity blowoff boundary for this axisymmetric rod geometry is determined to be linear, with oxygen concentration directly proportional to flow speed. We describe a new normal gravity upward flame spread test method which extrapolates the linear blowoff boundary to the zero stretch limit to resolve microgravity flammability limits, something current methods cannot do. This new test method can improve spacecraft fire safety for future exploration missions by providing a tractable way to obtain good estimates of material flammability in low gravity.

FLAMMABILITY OF HERBICIDE-TREATED GUAVA FOLIAGE

DTIC Science & Technology

Guava leaves treated with herbicide were found to be less flammable than untreated green leaves or dead leaves . Differences in flammability were...determined by small-scale laboratory fires, differential thermal analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis. The herbicide-treated leaves had a higher ash

Experimental study of the spill and vaporization of a volatile liquid.

PubMed

Bohl, Douglas; Jackson, Gregory

2007-02-09

Pool and vapor cloud characteristics of an acetone spill issuing from the downstream wall of a flow obstruction oriented perpendicular to a uniform flow were investigated experimentally. Data indicate that the spill event was largely governed by the temperature of the surface in relation to the boiling point of the spilled liquid. The free stream velocity (ranging from 0.75 to 3.0m/s) also impacted the spreading of the spill. Planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) was used to measure acetone vapor concentrations during the transient pool spreading and vaporization in a window 60cm long by 50cm high and located downstream of the 16cm high obstruction. The recirculation region induced by the flow obstruction caused upstream transport of the acetone vapor along the spill surface, after which it was convected vertically along the obstruction wall before being entrained into the flow and convected downstream. The recirculating flow caused regions of vapor within the flammability limits to be localized near the flow obstruction. These regions moved into and out of the measurement plane by large three-dimensional flow structures. The flammable region of the evolved vapor cloud was observed to grow well past the downstream edge of the measurement domain. With decreasing wind speeds, both the mass of acetone vapor within the flammability limits and the total spill event time increased significantly. The data presented herein provides a basis for validating future spill models of hazardous chemical releases, where complex turbulent flow modeling must be coupled with spill spreading and vaporization dynamics.

49 CFR 176.5 - Application to vessels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... purpose of carrying flammable or combustible liquid cargo in bulk in its own tanks, when only carrying... (explosive) materials, Class 3 (flammable liquids), or Division 2.1 (flammable gas) materials, in which case... Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY...

49 CFR 176.5 - Application to vessels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... purpose of carrying flammable or combustible liquid cargo in bulk in its own tanks, when only carrying... (explosive) materials, Class 3 (flammable liquids), or Division 2.1 (flammable gas) materials, in which case... Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY...

16 CFR 1500.133 - Extremely flammable contact adhesives; labeling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... under the Consumer Product Safety Act extremely flammable contact adhesives covered by this labeling... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Extremely flammable contact adhesives; labeling. 1500.133 Section 1500.133 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FEDERAL...

49 CFR 176.5 - Application to vessels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... purpose of carrying flammable or combustible liquid cargo in bulk in its own tanks, when only carrying... (explosive) materials, Class 3 (flammable liquids), or Division 2.1 (flammable gas) materials, in which case... Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY...

49 CFR 176.5 - Application to vessels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... purpose of carrying flammable or combustible liquid cargo in bulk in its own tanks, when only carrying... (explosive) materials, Class 3 (flammable liquids), or Division 2.1 (flammable gas) materials, in which case... Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY...

16 CFR 1500.133 - Extremely flammable contact adhesives; labeling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... under the Consumer Product Safety Act extremely flammable contact adhesives covered by this labeling... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Extremely flammable contact adhesives; labeling. 1500.133 Section 1500.133 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FEDERAL...

49 CFR 176.5 - Application to vessels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... purpose of carrying flammable or combustible liquid cargo in bulk in its own tanks, when only carrying... (explosive) materials, Class 3 (flammable liquids), or Division 2.1 (flammable gas) materials, in which case... Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY...

14 CFR 121.255 - Flammable fluids.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... AND OPERATORS FOR COMPENSATION OR HIRE: CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS OPERATING REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Special Airworthiness Requirements § 121.255 Flammable fluids. (a) No tanks or reservoirs that are a part of a system containing flammable fluids or gases may be located in...

14 CFR 121.255 - Flammable fluids.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... AND OPERATORS FOR COMPENSATION OR HIRE: CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS OPERATING REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Special Airworthiness Requirements § 121.255 Flammable fluids. (a) No tanks or reservoirs that are a part of a system containing flammable fluids or gases may be located in...

Fire blocking systems for aircraft seat cushions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Parker, J. A.; Kourtides, D. A. (Inventor)

1984-01-01

A configuration and method for reducing the flammability of bodies of organic materials that thermally decompose to give flammable gases comprises covering the body with a flexible matrix that catalytically cracks the flammable gases to less flammable species. Optionally, the matrix is covered with a gas impermeable outer layer. In a preferred embodiment, the invention takes the form of an aircraft seat in which the body is a poly(urethane) seat cushion, the matrix is an aramid fabric or felt and the outer layer is an aluminum film.

14 CFR 26.39 - Newly produced airplanes: Fuel tank flammability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Newly produced airplanes: Fuel tank... TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT CONTINUED AIRWORTHINESS AND SAFETY IMPROVEMENTS FOR TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Fuel Tank Flammability § 26.39 Newly produced airplanes: Fuel tank flammability. (a) Applicability: This...

14 CFR 26.39 - Newly produced airplanes: Fuel tank flammability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Newly produced airplanes: Fuel tank... TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT CONTINUED AIRWORTHINESS AND SAFETY IMPROVEMENTS FOR TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Fuel Tank Flammability § 26.39 Newly produced airplanes: Fuel tank flammability. (a) Applicability: This...

14 CFR 26.39 - Newly produced airplanes: Fuel tank flammability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Newly produced airplanes: Fuel tank... TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT CONTINUED AIRWORTHINESS AND SAFETY IMPROVEMENTS FOR TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Fuel Tank Flammability § 26.39 Newly produced airplanes: Fuel tank flammability. (a) Applicability: This...

14 CFR 26.39 - Newly produced airplanes: Fuel tank flammability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Newly produced airplanes: Fuel tank... TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT CONTINUED AIRWORTHINESS AND SAFETY IMPROVEMENTS FOR TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Fuel Tank Flammability § 26.39 Newly produced airplanes: Fuel tank flammability. (a) Applicability: This...

14 CFR 26.39 - Newly produced airplanes: Fuel tank flammability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Newly produced airplanes: Fuel tank... TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT CONTINUED AIRWORTHINESS AND SAFETY IMPROVEMENTS FOR TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Fuel Tank Flammability § 26.39 Newly produced airplanes: Fuel tank flammability. (a) Applicability: This...

16 CFR 1302.4 - Banned hazardous products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... BAN OF EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE CONTACT ADHESIVES § 1302.4 Banned hazardous products. Any extremely flammable contact adhesive and similar liquid or semiliquid consumer product as defined in § 1302.3 (b... hazardous product. In addition, any other extremely flammable contact adhesive and similar liquid or...

Initial parametric study of the flammability of plume releases in Hanford waste tanks

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Antoniak, Z.I.; Recknagle, K.P.

This study comprised systematic analyses of waste tank headspace flammability following a plume-type of gas release from the waste. First, critical parameters affecting plume flammability were selected, evaluated, and refined. As part of the evaluation the effect of ventilation (breathing) air inflow on the convective flow field inside the tank headspace was assessed, and the magnitude of the so-called {open_quotes}numerical diffusion{close_quotes} on numerical simulation accuracy was investigated. Both issues were concluded to be negligible influences on predicted flammable gas concentrations in the tank headspace. Previous validation of the TEMPEST code against experimental data is also discussed, with calculated results inmore » good agreements with experimental data. Twelve plume release simulations were then run, using release volumes and flow rates that were thought to cover the range of actual release volumes and rates. The results indicate that most plume-type releases remain flammable only during the actual release ends. Only for very large releases representing a significant fraction of the volume necessary to make the entire mixed headspace flammable (many thousands of cubic feet) can flammable concentrations persist for several hours after the release ends. However, as in the smaller plumes, only a fraction of the total release volume is flammable at any one time. The transient evolution of several plume sizes is illustrated in a number of color contour plots that provide insight into plume mixing behavior.« less

14 CFR 26.33 - Holders of type certificates: Fuel tank flammability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... in the Airworthiness Limitations Section (ALS) of the ICA required by 14 CFR 25.1529 or paragraph (f... 27, 2010, holders of type certificates affected by this section must establish an ALS of the... submit it to the FAA Oversight Office for approval. The ALS must include a section that contains the...

14 CFR 26.33 - Holders of type certificates: Fuel tank flammability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... in the Airworthiness Limitations Section (ALS) of the ICA required by 14 CFR 25.1529 or paragraph (f... 27, 2010, holders of type certificates affected by this section must establish an ALS of the... submit it to the FAA Oversight Office for approval. The ALS must include a section that contains the...

14 CFR 26.33 - Holders of type certificates: Fuel tank flammability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... in the Airworthiness Limitations Section (ALS) of the ICA required by 14 CFR 25.1529 or paragraph (f... 27, 2010, holders of type certificates affected by this section must establish an ALS of the... submit it to the FAA Oversight Office for approval. The ALS must include a section that contains the...

14 CFR 26.33 - Holders of type certificates: Fuel tank flammability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... in the Airworthiness Limitations Section (ALS) of the ICA required by 14 CFR 25.1529 or paragraph (f... 27, 2010, holders of type certificates affected by this section must establish an ALS of the... submit it to the FAA Oversight Office for approval. The ALS must include a section that contains the...

14 CFR 26.33 - Holders of type certificates: Fuel tank flammability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... in the Airworthiness Limitations Section (ALS) of the ICA required by 14 CFR 25.1529 or paragraph (f... 27, 2010, holders of type certificates affected by this section must establish an ALS of the... submit it to the FAA Oversight Office for approval. The ALS must include a section that contains the...

Fire environmental test chamber: its design and development

Treesearch

Clifford J. Auvil

1973-01-01

The Fire Environmental Test Chamber at the Forest Fire Laboratory, Riverside, California, can duplicate under controlled conditions the key factors that affect the flammability of wildland fuels. Within certain limits, it can produce air flow, solar radiation, temperatures, and relative humidity. First developed in 1962, the test chamber has since then undergoneseveral...

Numerical investigation of VOC levels in the area of petrol stations.

PubMed

Kountouriotis, A; Aleiferis, P G; Charalambides, A G

2014-02-01

In the area of petrol stations several Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) leak into the atmosphere due to the evaporation of liquid fuels, especially of gasoline that is predominantly composed of light hydrocarbons. The aim of the present study is to investigate the spatial distribution of various VOCs when leaked into the atmosphere in the area of a petrol station. The study is based on numerical simulations. The effect of wind speed and direction, as well as of air temperature has been studied. Gasoline components of different properties have been studied (e.g. pentane, iso-octane, o-xylene, toluene, benzene), as well as ethanol that is considered a new fuel blend component that can be found in different fractions in new gasoline blends worldwide. The area of flammable cloud near the source of the leak is investigated for various atmospheric conditions taking into account the lower and higher flammable limits of each compound. Lastly, the exposure to gasoline vapour is studied taking into consideration the recommended occupational exposure limits of various organisations. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A study of nonflammable ArCO 2-hydrocarbon gas mixtures for limited streamer tubes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cartwright, S.; Schneekloth, U.; Alpat, B.; Artemi, C.; Battiston, R.; Bilei, G.; Italiani, M.; Pauluzzi, M.; Servoli, L.; Messner, R.; Wyss, J.; Zdarko, R.; Johnson, J.

1989-04-01

The gas mixtures generally used until now in limited streamer tube detectors (Ar+C 4H 10 or Ar+CO 2+C 5H 12) are very flammable when leaked into air. The safety issues are therefore very relevant for large-volume underground experiments. We have found a set of completely safe (i.e. nonflammable) ternary mixtures of the kind Ar + hydrocarbon + CO 2 containing less than ˜ 5% of Ar and less than ˜ 10% of hydrocarbon. We tested C 4H 10, C 5H 12 and C 6H 14 as quenching agents. The main characteristics of the various mixtures have been measured: singles (untriggered) counting rate versus high voltage and with different dead times, and average charge. The stability of these mixtures is good, and their spurious streamer activity is compared with the standard binary or ternary mixture. We studied in particular the combination Ar(2.5%) + C 4H 10(9.5%) + CO 2(88%). All the data suggest that this or a similar gas mixture can successfully replace standard flammable mixtures both in tracking devices and hadron calorimeters.

46 CFR 109.557 - Flammable and combustible liquids: Carriage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Flammable and combustible liquids: Carriage. 109.557 Section 109.557 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) A-MOBILE OFFSHORE DRILLING UNITS OPERATIONS Miscellaneous § 109.557 Flammable and combustible liquids: Carriage. The master...

46 CFR 109.557 - Flammable and combustible liquids: Carriage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Flammable and combustible liquids: Carriage. 109.557 Section 109.557 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) A-MOBILE OFFSHORE DRILLING UNITS OPERATIONS Miscellaneous § 109.557 Flammable and combustible liquids: Carriage. The master...

46 CFR 109.557 - Flammable and combustible liquids: Carriage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Flammable and combustible liquids: Carriage. 109.557 Section 109.557 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) A-MOBILE OFFSHORE DRILLING UNITS OPERATIONS Miscellaneous § 109.557 Flammable and combustible liquids: Carriage. The master...

46 CFR 109.557 - Flammable and combustible liquids: Carriage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Flammable and combustible liquids: Carriage. 109.557 Section 109.557 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) A-MOBILE OFFSHORE DRILLING UNITS OPERATIONS Miscellaneous § 109.557 Flammable and combustible liquids: Carriage. The master...

46 CFR 109.557 - Flammable and combustible liquids: Carriage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Flammable and combustible liquids: Carriage. 109.557 Section 109.557 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) A-MOBILE OFFSHORE DRILLING UNITS OPERATIONS Miscellaneous § 109.557 Flammable and combustible liquids: Carriage. The master...

30 CFR 57.4460 - Storage of flammable liquids underground.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

....4460 Section 57.4460 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR METAL AND NONMETAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS-UNDERGROUND METAL AND NONMETAL MINES Fire Prevention and Control Flammable and Combustible Liquids and Gases § 57.4460 Storage of flammable...

49 CFR 176.315 - Fire protection requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... Detailed Requirements for Class 3 (Flammable) and Combustible Liquid Materials § 176.315 Fire protection... (flammable) or combustible liquid for which it is required. Each fire extinguisher must be accessible to the... (flammable) and combustible liquids stowage areas must be fitted with an approved combination solid stream...

Safety in School Science.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Education in Science, 1980

1980-01-01

Methods for organizing and storing chemicals in teaching laboratories and preparation rooms are given, emphasizing storing and handling of flammable liquids. Two appendices are given: (1) flash points and autoignition temperatures of common flammable liquids; (2) content of a kit, with instructions, for cleaning up spills of flammable liquids. (JN)

Review of the Flammability Hazard of Jet A Fuel Vapor in Civil Transport Aircraft Fuels Tanks

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1998-06-01

This report documents the findings of a Fuel Flammability Task Group made up of recognized fuel and combustion specialists investigating the flammability and explosiveness of fuel within an aircraft fuel tank. The task group reviewed all available re...

Facilities for microgravity combustion research

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sacksteder, Kurt R.

1988-01-01

Combustion science and applications have benefited in unforeseen ways from experimental research performed in the low-gravity environment. The capability to control for the first time the influence of gravitational buoyancy has provided some insight into soot formation in droplet combustion, the nature of flammability limits in premixed gases, and the relationship between normal-gravity and low-gravity material flammability that may influence how materials are best selected for routine use in habitable spacecraft. The opportunity to learn about these complex phenomena is derived from the control of the ambient body-force field and, perhaps as importantly, the simplified boundary conditions that can be established in well designed low-gravity combustion experiments. A description of the test facilities and typical experimental apparatus are provided; and conceptual plans for a Space Station Freedom capability, the Modular Combustion Facility, are described.

Pressure Flammability Thresholds of Selected Aerospace Materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hirsch, David B.; Williams, James H.; Harper, Susana A.; Beeson, Harold D.; Ruff, Gary A.; Pedley, Michael D.

2010-01-01

A test program was performed to determine the highest pressure in oxygen where materials used in the planned NASA Constellation Program Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) Crew Module (CM) would not propagate a flame if an ignition source was present. The test methodology used was similar to that previously used to determine the maximum oxygen concentration (MOC) at which self-extinguishment occurs under constant total pressure conditions. An upward limiting pressure index (ULPI) was determined, where approximately 50 percent of the materials self-extinguish in a given environment. Following this, the maximum total pressure (MTP) was identified; where all samples tested (at least five) self-extinguished following the NASA-STD-6001.A Test 1 burn length criteria. The results obtained on seven materials indicate that the non-metallic materials become flammable in oxygen between 0.4 and 0.9 psia.

46 CFR 154.1350 - Flammable gas detection system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... each flammable gas detection system that is in a gas-dangerous space or area must meet §§ 154.1000... 46 Shipping 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Flammable gas detection system. 154.1350 Section 154.1350 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CERTAIN BULK DANGEROUS CARGOES...

46 CFR 154.1350 - Flammable gas detection system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... each flammable gas detection system that is in a gas-dangerous space or area must meet §§ 154.1000... 46 Shipping 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Flammable gas detection system. 154.1350 Section 154.1350 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CERTAIN BULK DANGEROUS CARGOES...

14 CFR 25.1187 - Drainage and ventilation of fire zones.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... component containing flammable fluids. The drainage means must be— (1) Effective under conditions expected... flammable vapors. (c) No ventilation opening may be where it would allow the entry of flammable fluids... vapors will cause an additional fire hazard. (e) Unless the extinguishing agent capacity and rate of...

14 CFR 29.1187 - Drainage and ventilation of fire zones.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... component containing flammable fluids. The drainage means must be— (1) Effective under conditions expected... flammable vapors. (c) No ventilation opening may be where it would allow the entry of flammable fluids... section of the powerplant compartment) unless the amount of extinguishing agent and the rate of discharge...

14 CFR 25.1187 - Drainage and ventilation of fire zones.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... component containing flammable fluids. The drainage means must be— (1) Effective under conditions expected... flammable vapors. (c) No ventilation opening may be where it would allow the entry of flammable fluids... vapors will cause an additional fire hazard. (e) Unless the extinguishing agent capacity and rate of...

14 CFR 25.1187 - Drainage and ventilation of fire zones.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... component containing flammable fluids. The drainage means must be— (1) Effective under conditions expected... flammable vapors. (c) No ventilation opening may be where it would allow the entry of flammable fluids... vapors will cause an additional fire hazard. (e) Unless the extinguishing agent capacity and rate of...

14 CFR 29.1187 - Drainage and ventilation of fire zones.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... component containing flammable fluids. The drainage means must be— (1) Effective under conditions expected... flammable vapors. (c) No ventilation opening may be where it would allow the entry of flammable fluids... section of the powerplant compartment) unless the amount of extinguishing agent and the rate of discharge...

14 CFR 29.1187 - Drainage and ventilation of fire zones.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... component containing flammable fluids. The drainage means must be— (1) Effective under conditions expected... flammable vapors. (c) No ventilation opening may be where it would allow the entry of flammable fluids... section of the powerplant compartment) unless the amount of extinguishing agent and the rate of discharge...

14 CFR 29.1187 - Drainage and ventilation of fire zones.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... component containing flammable fluids. The drainage means must be— (1) Effective under conditions expected... flammable vapors. (c) No ventilation opening may be where it would allow the entry of flammable fluids... section of the powerplant compartment) unless the amount of extinguishing agent and the rate of discharge...

14 CFR 29.1187 - Drainage and ventilation of fire zones.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... component containing flammable fluids. The drainage means must be— (1) Effective under conditions expected... flammable vapors. (c) No ventilation opening may be where it would allow the entry of flammable fluids... section of the powerplant compartment) unless the amount of extinguishing agent and the rate of discharge...

14 CFR 25.1187 - Drainage and ventilation of fire zones.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... component containing flammable fluids. The drainage means must be— (1) Effective under conditions expected... flammable vapors. (c) No ventilation opening may be where it would allow the entry of flammable fluids... vapors will cause an additional fire hazard. (e) Unless the extinguishing agent capacity and rate of...

14 CFR 25.1187 - Drainage and ventilation of fire zones.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... component containing flammable fluids. The drainage means must be— (1) Effective under conditions expected... flammable vapors. (c) No ventilation opening may be where it would allow the entry of flammable fluids... vapors will cause an additional fire hazard. (e) Unless the extinguishing agent capacity and rate of...

46 CFR 188.10-43 - Liquefied flammable gas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Liquefied flammable gas. 188.10-43 Section 188.10-43 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VESSELS GENERAL PROVISIONS Definition of Terms Used in This Subchapter § 188.10-43 Liquefied flammable gas. This term means...

46 CFR 188.10-43 - Liquefied flammable gas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Liquefied flammable gas. 188.10-43 Section 188.10-43 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VESSELS GENERAL PROVISIONS Definition of Terms Used in This Subchapter § 188.10-43 Liquefied flammable gas. This term means...

46 CFR 188.10-43 - Liquefied flammable gas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Liquefied flammable gas. 188.10-43 Section 188.10-43 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VESSELS GENERAL PROVISIONS Definition of Terms Used in This Subchapter § 188.10-43 Liquefied flammable gas. This term means...

46 CFR 188.10-27 - Flammable liquid.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Flammable liquid. 188.10-27 Section 188.10-27 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VESSELS GENERAL PROVISIONS Definition of Terms Used in This Subchapter § 188.10-27 Flammable liquid. This term includes any...

46 CFR 188.10-43 - Liquefied flammable gas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Liquefied flammable gas. 188.10-43 Section 188.10-43 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VESSELS GENERAL PROVISIONS Definition of Terms Used in This Subchapter § 188.10-43 Liquefied flammable gas. This term means...

46 CFR 188.10-27 - Flammable liquid.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Flammable liquid. 188.10-27 Section 188.10-27 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VESSELS GENERAL PROVISIONS Definition of Terms Used in This Subchapter § 188.10-27 Flammable liquid. This term includes any...

46 CFR 188.10-27 - Flammable liquid.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Flammable liquid. 188.10-27 Section 188.10-27 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VESSELS GENERAL PROVISIONS Definition of Terms Used in This Subchapter § 188.10-27 Flammable liquid. This term includes any...

46 CFR 188.10-27 - Flammable liquid.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Flammable liquid. 188.10-27 Section 188.10-27 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VESSELS GENERAL PROVISIONS Definition of Terms Used in This Subchapter § 188.10-27 Flammable liquid. This term includes any...

46 CFR 188.10-43 - Liquefied flammable gas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Liquefied flammable gas. 188.10-43 Section 188.10-43 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VESSELS GENERAL PROVISIONS Definition of Terms Used in This Subchapter § 188.10-43 Liquefied flammable gas. This term means...

46 CFR 188.10-27 - Flammable liquid.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Flammable liquid. 188.10-27 Section 188.10-27 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VESSELS GENERAL PROVISIONS Definition of Terms Used in This Subchapter § 188.10-27 Flammable liquid. This term includes any...

16 CFR § 1500.133 - Extremely flammable contact adhesives; labeling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... under the Consumer Product Safety Act extremely flammable contact adhesives covered by this labeling... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Extremely flammable contact adhesives; labeling. § 1500.133 Section § 1500.133 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FEDERAL...

49 CFR 177.834 - General requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... transporting certain flammable material—(i) Use of combustion cargo heaters. A motor vehicle equipped with a combustion cargo heater may be used to transport Class 3 (flammable liquid) or Division 2.1 (flammable gas...) Heater requirements under § 393.77 of this title are complied with. (ii) Effective date for combustion...

77 FR 62224 - Hanford Tank Farms Flammable Gas Safety Strategy

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-10-12

... believes that actions are necessary to install real time monitoring to measure tank ventilation flowrates... monitoring. In its August letter, the Board noted that DOE's SAC for flammable gas monitoring exhibited a... flammable gas monitoring, it remained inadequate as a credited safety control. The SAC is less reliable than...

49 CFR 173.223 - Packagings for certain flammable solids.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Packagings for certain flammable solids. 173.223 Section 173.223 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS... Class 1 and Class 7 § 173.223 Packagings for certain flammable solids. (a) Packagings for “Musk xylene...

49 CFR 173.223 - Packagings for certain flammable solids.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Packagings for certain flammable solids. 173.223 Section 173.223 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS... Class 1 and Class 7 § 173.223 Packagings for certain flammable solids. (a) Packagings for “Musk xylene...

16 CFR 1610.5 - Test apparatus and materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Test apparatus and materials. 1610.5 Section... STANDARD FOR THE FLAMMABILITY OF CLOTHING TEXTILES The Standard § 1610.5 Test apparatus and materials. (a) Flammability apparatus. The flammability test apparatus consists of a draft-proof ventilated chamber enclosing...

16 CFR 1610.5 - Test apparatus and materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Test apparatus and materials. 1610.5 Section... STANDARD FOR THE FLAMMABILITY OF CLOTHING TEXTILES The Standard § 1610.5 Test apparatus and materials. (a) Flammability apparatus. The flammability test apparatus consists of a draft-proof ventilated chamber enclosing...

16 CFR 1500.46 - Method for determining flashpoint of extremely flammable contents of self-pressurized containers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... extremely flammable contents of self-pressurized containers. 1500.46 Section 1500.46 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FEDERAL HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES ACT REGULATIONS HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES AND... extremely flammable contents of self-pressurized containers. Use the apparatus described in § 1500.43a. Use...

49 CFR 173.8 - Exceptions for non-specification packagings used in intrastate transportation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... used to transport a flammable cryogenic liquid, hazardous substance, hazardous waste, or a marine... be used by an intrastate motor carrier for transportation of a flammable liquid petroleum product in... flammable liquid petroleum product in accordance with the provisions of paragraph (d) of this section. (d...

Species Composition and Fire: Non-Additive Mixture Effects on Ground Fuel Flammability

PubMed Central

van Altena, Cassandra; van Logtestijn, Richard S. P.; Cornwell, William K.; Cornelissen, Johannes H. C.

2012-01-01

Diversity effects on many aspects of ecosystem function have been well documented. However, fire is an exception: fire experiments have mainly included single species, bulk litter, or vegetation, and, as such, the role of diversity as a determinant of flammability, a crucial aspect of ecosystem function, is poorly understood. This study is the first to experimentally test whether flammability characteristics of two-species mixtures are non-additive, i.e., differ from expected flammability based on the component species in monospecific fuel. In standardized fire experiments on ground fuels, including monospecific fuels and mixtures of five contrasting subarctic plant fuel types in a controlled laboratory environment, we measured flame speed, flame duration, and maximum temperature. Broadly half of the mixture combinations showed non-additive effects for these flammability indicators; these were mainly enhanced dominance effects for temporal dynamics – fire speed and duration. Fuel types with the more flammable value for a characteristic determined the rate of fire speed and duration of the whole mixture; in contrast, maximum temperature of the fire was determined by the biomass-weighted mean of the mixture. These results suggest that ecological invasions by highly flammable species may have effects on ground-fire dynamics well out of proportion to their biomass. PMID:22639656

Offsite radiological consequence analysis for the bounding flammable gas accident

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

CARRO, C.A.

2003-03-19

The purpose of this analysis is to calculate the offsite radiological consequence of the bounding flammable gas accident. DOE-STD-3009-94, ''Preparation Guide for U.S. Department of Energy Nonreactor Nuclear Facility Documented Safety Analyses'', requires the formal quantification of a limited subset of accidents representing a complete set of bounding conditions. The results of these analyses are then evaluated to determine if they challenge the DOE-STD-3009-94, Appendix A, ''Evaluation Guideline,'' of 25 rem total effective dose equivalent in order to identify and evaluate safety class structures, systems, and components. The bounding flammable gas accident is a detonation in a single-shell tank (SST).more » A detonation versus a deflagration was selected for analysis because the faster flame speed of a detonation can potentially result in a larger release of respirable material. As will be shown, the consequences of a detonation in either an SST or a double-shell tank (DST) are approximately equal. A detonation in an SST was selected as the bounding condition because the estimated respirable release masses are the same and because the doses per unit quantity of waste inhaled are generally greater for SSTs than for DSTs. Appendix A contains a DST analysis for comparison purposes.« less

The Effect of the Presence of Ozone on the Lower Flammability Limit (LFL) of Hydrogen in Vessels Containing Savannah River Site High Level Waste - 12387

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sherburne, Carol; Osterberg, Paul

The Enhanced Chemical Cleaning (ECC) process uses ozone to effect the oxidation of metal oxalates produced during the dissolution of sludge in the Savannah River Site (SRS) waste tanks. The ozone reacts with the metal oxalates to form metal oxide and hydroxide precipitants, and the CO{sub 2}, O{sub 2}, H{sub 2}O and any unreacted O{sub 3} gases are discharged into the vapor space. In addition to the non-radioactive metals in the waste, however, the SRS radioactive waste also contains a variety of radionuclides, hence, hydrogen gas is also present in the vapor space of the ECC system. Because hydrogen ismore » flammable, the impact of this resultant gas stream on the Lower Flammability Limit (LFL) of hydrogen must be understood for all possible operating scenarios of both normal and off-normal situations, with particular emphasis at the elevated temperatures and pressures of the typical ECC operating conditions. Oxygen is a known accelerant in combustion reactions, but while there are data associated with the behavior of hydrogen/oxygen environments, recent, relevant studies addressing the effect of ozone on the flammability limit of hydrogen proved scarce. Further, discussions with industry experts verified the absence of data in this area and indicated that laboratory testing, specific to defined operating parameters, was needed to comprehensively address the issue. Testing was thus designed and commissioned to provide the data necessary to support safety related considerations for the ECC process. A test matrix was developed to envelope the bounding conditions considered credible during ECC processing. Each test consists of combining a gas stream of high purity hydrogen with a gas stream comprised of a specified mixture of ozone and oxygen in a temperature and pressure regulated chamber such that the relative compositions of the two streams are controlled. The gases are then stirred to obtain a homogeneous mixture and ignition attempted by applying 10J of energy to a fuse wire. A gas combination is considered flammable when a pressure rise of 7% of the initial absolute pressure is observed. The specified testing methodology is consistent with guidelines established in ASTM E-918-83 (2005) 'Standard Practices for Determining Limits of Flammability of Chemicals at Elevated Temperature and Pressure'. The LFL of hydrogen in air was determined and is in good agreement with the literature data. Ozone-oxygen mixtures were found to be flammable at concentrations above 8.3 vol.% based on the ASTM E918 7% pressure rise criteria for flame propagation. This result is lower than previously reported values which can be explained through the variations in the test setup and procedure. It is believed that the lower values obtained in this work are a result of improvements of the test methodology. Tests performed with hydrogen in various concentrations of ozone in oxygen have shown that the LFL of hydrogen decreases as the concentration of ozone in the mixture increases. This testing was designed to provide data under the conditions considered most optimal to produce deflagration. The geometry and materials of construction of the testing vessel; the location of the fuse wire; the magnitude of the supplied energy; the careful minimization of diluents and other contaminants; and meticulous procedural detail to maintain integrity of the ozone to the maximum extent practical, result in data that reflect not the expected process conditions, but those that enhance the possibility of flame propagation. For this reason, there is believed to be considerable conservatism in the indicated results. Per the vendor, the maximum possible ozone concentration producible by the planned ECC Ozone generator is 8 volume percent (the typical maximum operating setpoint concentration is 6.8 vol%), less than the 8.3 minimum volume % concentration shown to be flammable in a 99.999% pure O{sub 2} environment at the optimally conservative conditions established in this testing. Further, the feed to the ECC ozone generator is only 87% oxygen, the remainder, water vapor and nitrogen, both powerful diluents. It is, thus, believed not credible that deflagration can occur at this maximum feed concentration condition. In addition, once the ozone stream contacts the waste stream, the many simultaneous oxidizing reactions will rapidly decompose available ozone to well below flammable levels. Further, because the radiolytically generated hydrogen quantity is negligible compared to the supplied ozone/oxygen stream (0.0004 moles per minute H{sub 2} vs 76 moles per minute ozone/oxygen), even the total H{sub 2}/O{sub 3} mixture, without crediting decomposition reactions, does not approach flammable concentrations. Finally, even at the 'end' of the ECC batch cycle, when most of the metal oxalates have been decomposed, testing has indicated that the ozone concentration in the vapor space of the ECC process vessel reaches a concentration of no more than 3 vol%, remaining well below concentrations of concern. The major issue for the ECC operation established by this testing is the impact of the data when applied to off normal conditions. While it is possible to discontinue ozone addition to the reaction vessel at any time, the radiolytic hydrogen generation rate continues, varying slightly as ambient pressures and temperatures change. Relative to the data generated and analyzed in this testing, the ECC hazards analysis team will re-evaluate off normal conditions (e.g. those during which process exhaust ventilation is lost) such that issues involving mixtures of hydrogen and ozone in the vapor space can be appropriately controlled. (authors)« less

Assessing and ranking the flammability of some ornamental plant species to select firewise plants for landscaping in WUI (SE France).

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ganteaume, A.; Jappiot, M.; Lampin, C.

2012-04-01

The increasing urbanization of Wildland-Urban Interfaces (WUI) as well as the high fire occurrence in these areas requires the assessment and the ranking of the flammability of the ornamental vegetation surrounding houses especially that planted in hedges. Thus, the flammability of seven species, among those most frequently planted in hedges in Provence (South-Eastern France), were studied at particle level and at dead surface fuel level (litters) under laboratory conditions. The flammability parameters (ignition frequency, time-to-ignition, flaming duration) of the very fine particles (live leaves and particles <2 mm in diameter) were measured using an epiradiator as burning device. The flammability parameters (ignition frequency, time-to-ignition, flaming duration and initial flame propagation) of the undisturbed litter samples were recorded during burning experiments performed on fire bench. Burning experiments using the epiradiator showed that live leaves of Phyllostachys sp., Photinia frasei and Prunus laurocerasus had the shortest time-to-ignition and the highest ignition frequency and flaming duration whereas Pittosporum tobira and Nerium oleander were the longest to ignite with a low frequency. Phyllostachys sp. and Nerium oleander litters were the shortest to ignite while Prunus laurocerasus litter had the lowest bulk density and long time-to-ignition, but high flame propagation. Photinia fraseri litter ignited frequently and had a high flame spread while Pittosporum tobira litter ignited the least frequently and for the shortest duration. Cupressus sempervirens litter had the highest bulk density and the longest flaming duration but the lowest flame propagation. Pyracantha coccinea litter was the longest to ignite and flame propagation was low but lasted a long time. Hierarchical cluster analysis performed on the flammability parameters of live leaves and of litters ranked the seven species in four distinct clusters from the most flammable (Prunus laurocerasus and Pyracantha coccinea) to the least flammable (Pittosporum tobira and Nerium oleander); the other species displaying two groups of intermediate flammabilities (Phyllostachys sp.- Photinia fraseri and Cupressus sempervirens ). The species with highly flammable characteristics should not be used in hedges planted in WUIs in South-Eastern France.

46 CFR 30.10-22 - Flammable liquid-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Flammable liquid-TB/ALL. 30.10-22 Section 30.10-22 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS GENERAL PROVISIONS Definitions § 30.10... flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure of 14 pounds or more. 1 American Society for Testing...

16 CFR 1610.39 - Shipments under section 11(c) of the Act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... duly authorized agent so as to render them not so highly flammable under the provisions of section 4 of.... 1610.39 Section 1610.39 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT... processing to render them not so highly flammable as to be dangerous when worn by individuals, shall contain...

16 CFR 1610.39 - Shipments under section 11(c) of the Act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... duly authorized agent so as to render them not so highly flammable under the provisions of section 4 of.... 1610.39 Section 1610.39 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT... processing to render them not so highly flammable as to be dangerous when worn by individuals, shall contain...

16 CFR 1610.39 - Shipments under section 11(c) of the Act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... duly authorized agent so as to render them not so highly flammable under the provisions of section 4 of.... 1610.39 Section 1610.39 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT... processing to render them not so highly flammable as to be dangerous when worn by individuals, shall contain...

16 CFR 1610.39 - Shipments under section 11(c) of the Act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... duly authorized agent so as to render them not so highly flammable under the provisions of section 4 of.... 1610.39 Section 1610.39 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT... processing to render them not so highly flammable as to be dangerous when worn by individuals, shall contain...

46 CFR 132.390 - Added requirements for carriage of flammable or combustible cargo.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... if GT ITC is not assigned). (b) Cargo tanks containing flammable or combustible liquids must not be located beneath the accommodations or machinery space. Separation by cofferdams is not acceptable for... cubic meters or more intended for the carriage of flammable or combustible liquids with a closed-cup...

46 CFR 147A.43 - Other sources of ignition; flammable fumigants.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... sources of ignition; flammable fumigants. While the space that is fumigated is being sealed or during fumigation, no person may use matches, smoking materials, fires, open flames, or any other source of ignition... 46 Shipping 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Other sources of ignition; flammable fumigants. 147A.43...

Numerical Investigation of the Hydrogen Jet Flammable Envelope Extent with Account for Unsteady Phenomena

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chernyavsky, Boris; Benard, Pierre

2010-11-01

An important aspect of safety analysis in hydrogen applications is determination of the extent of flammable gas envelope in case of hydrogen jet release. Experimental investigations had shown significant disagreements between the extent of average flammable envelope predicted by steady-state numerical methods, and the region observed to support ignition, with proposed cause being non-steady jet phenomena resulting in significant variations of instantaneous gas concentration and velocity fields in the jet. In order to investigate the influence of these transient phenomena, a numerical investigation of hydrogen jet at low Mach number had been performed using unsteady Large Eddy Simulation. Instantaneous hydrogen concentration and velocity fields were monitored to determine instantaneous flammable envelope. The evolution of the instantaneous fields, including the development of the turbulence structures carrying hydrogen, their extent and frequency, and their relation with averaged fields had been characterized. Simulation had shown significant variability of the flammable envelope, with jet flapping causing shedding of large scale rich and lean gas pockets from the main jet core, which persist for significant times and substantially alter the extent of flammability envelope.

Experiments on Induction Times of Diesel-Fuels and its Surrogates

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Eigenbrod, Christian; Reimert, Manfredo; Marks, Guenther; Rickmers, Peter; Klinkov, Konstantin; Moriue, Osamu

Aiming for as low polluting combustion control as possible in Diesel-engines or gas-turbines, pre-vaporized and pre-mixed combustion at low mean temperature levels marks the goal. Low-est emissions of nitric-oxides are achievable at combustion temperatures associated to mixture ratios close to the lean flammability limit. In order to prevent local mixture ratios to be below the flammability limit (resulting in flame extinction or generation of unburned hydrocarbons and carbon-monoxide) or to be richer than required (resulting in more nitric-oxide than possi-ble), well-stirred conditioning is required. The time needed for spray generation, vaporization and turbulent mixing is limited through the induction time to self-ignition in a hot high-pressure ambiance. Therefore, detailed knowledge about the autoignition of fuels is a pre-requisit. Experiments were performed at the Bremen drop tower to investigate the self-ignition behavior of single droplets of fossil-Diesel oil, rapeseed-oil, Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) synthetic Diesel-oil and the fossil Diesel surrogates n-heptane, n-tetradecane, 50 n-tetradecane/ 50 1-methylnaphthalene as well as on the GTL-surrogates n-tetradecane / bicyclohexyl and n-tetradecane / 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane (iso-cetane). The rules for selection of the above fuels and the experimental results are presented and dis-cussed.

The behavior of fuel-lean premixed flames in a standard flammability limit tube under controlled gravity conditions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wherley, B. L.; Strehlow, R. A.

1986-01-01

Fuel-lean flames in methane-air mixtures from 4.90 to 6.20 volume percent fuel and propane-air mixtures from 1.90 to 3.00 volume percent fuel were studied in the vicinity of the limit for a variety of gravity conditions. The limits were determined and the behavior of the flames studied for one g upward, one g downward, and zero g propagation. Photographic records of all flammability tube firings were obtained. The structure and behavior of these flames were detailed including the variations of the curvature of the flame front, the skirt length, and the occurrence of cellular instabilities with varying gravity conditions. The effect of ignition was also discussed. A survey of flame speeds as a function of mixture strength was made over a range of lean mixture compositions for each of the fuels studied. The results were presented graphically with those obtained by other researchers. The flame speed for constant fractional gravity loadings were plotted as a function of gravity loadings from 0.0 up to 2.0 g's against flame speeds extracted from the transient gravity flame histories for corresponding gravity loadings. The effects of varying gravity conditions on the extinguishment process for upward and downward propagating flames were investigated.

Recent burning of boreal forests exceeds fire regime limits of the past 10,000 years

PubMed Central

Kelly, Ryan; Chipman, Melissa L.; Higuera, Philip E.; Stefanova, Ivanka; Brubaker, Linda B.; Hu, Feng Sheng

2013-01-01

Wildfire activity in boreal forests is anticipated to increase dramatically, with far-reaching ecological and socioeconomic consequences. Paleorecords are indispensible for elucidating boreal fire regime dynamics under changing climate, because fire return intervals and successional cycles in these ecosystems occur over decadal to centennial timescales. We present charcoal records from 14 lakes in the Yukon Flats of interior Alaska, one of the most flammable ecoregions of the boreal forest biome, to infer causes and consequences of fire regime change over the past 10,000 y. Strong correspondence between charcoal-inferred and observational fire records shows the fidelity of sedimentary charcoal records as archives of past fire regimes. Fire frequency and area burned increased ∼6,000–3,000 y ago, probably as a result of elevated landscape flammability associated with increased Picea mariana in the regional vegetation. During the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA; ∼1,000–500 cal B.P.), the period most similar to recent decades, warm and dry climatic conditions resulted in peak biomass burning, but severe fires favored less-flammable deciduous vegetation, such that fire frequency remained relatively stationary. These results suggest that boreal forests can sustain high-severity fire regimes for centuries under warm and dry conditions, with vegetation feedbacks modulating climate–fire linkages. The apparent limit to MCA burning has been surpassed by the regional fire regime of recent decades, which is characterized by exceptionally high fire frequency and biomass burning. This extreme combination suggests a transition to a unique regime of unprecedented fire activity. However, vegetation dynamics similar to feedbacks that occurred during the MCA may stabilize the fire regime, despite additional warming. PMID:23878258

Recent burning of boreal forests exceeds fire regime limits of the past 10,000 years.

PubMed

Kelly, Ryan; Chipman, Melissa L; Higuera, Philip E; Stefanova, Ivanka; Brubaker, Linda B; Hu, Feng Sheng

2013-08-06

Wildfire activity in boreal forests is anticipated to increase dramatically, with far-reaching ecological and socioeconomic consequences. Paleorecords are indispensible for elucidating boreal fire regime dynamics under changing climate, because fire return intervals and successional cycles in these ecosystems occur over decadal to centennial timescales. We present charcoal records from 14 lakes in the Yukon Flats of interior Alaska, one of the most flammable ecoregions of the boreal forest biome, to infer causes and consequences of fire regime change over the past 10,000 y. Strong correspondence between charcoal-inferred and observational fire records shows the fidelity of sedimentary charcoal records as archives of past fire regimes. Fire frequency and area burned increased ∼6,000-3,000 y ago, probably as a result of elevated landscape flammability associated with increased Picea mariana in the regional vegetation. During the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA; ∼1,000-500 cal B.P.), the period most similar to recent decades, warm and dry climatic conditions resulted in peak biomass burning, but severe fires favored less-flammable deciduous vegetation, such that fire frequency remained relatively stationary. These results suggest that boreal forests can sustain high-severity fire regimes for centuries under warm and dry conditions, with vegetation feedbacks modulating climate-fire linkages. The apparent limit to MCA burning has been surpassed by the regional fire regime of recent decades, which is characterized by exceptionally high fire frequency and biomass burning. This extreme combination suggests a transition to a unique regime of unprecedented fire activity. However, vegetation dynamics similar to feedbacks that occurred during the MCA may stabilize the fire regime, despite additional warming.

Feasibility of reduced gravity experiments involving quiescent, uniform particle cloud combustion

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ross, Howard D.; Facca, Lily T.; Berlad, Abraham L.; Tangirala, Venkat

1989-01-01

The study of combustible particle clouds is of fundamental scientific interest as well as a practical concern. The principal scientific interests are the characteristic combustion properties, especially flame structure, propagation rates, stability limits, and the effects of stoichiometry, particle type, transport phenomena, and nonadiabatic processes on these properties. The feasibility tests for the particle cloud combustion experiment (PCCE) were performed in reduced gravity in the following stages: (1) fuel particles were mixed into cloud form inside a flammability tube; (2) when the concentration of particles in the cloud was sufficiently uniform, the particle motion was allowed to decay toward quiescence; (3) an igniter was energized which both opened one end of the tube and ignited the suspended particle cloud; and (4) the flame proceeded down the tube length, with its position and characteristic features being photographed by high-speed cameras. Gravitational settling and buoyancy effects were minimized because of the reduced gravity enviroment in the NASA Lewis drop towers and aircraft. Feasibility was shown as quasi-steady flame propagation which was observed for fuel-rich mixtures. Of greatest scientific interest is the finding that for near-stoichiometric mixtures, a new mode of flame propagation was observed, now called a chattering flame. These flames did not propagate steadily through the tube. Chattering modes of flame propagation are not expected to display extinction limits that are the same as those for acoustically undisturbed, uniform, quiescent clouds. A low concentration of fuel particles, uniformly distributed in a volume, may not be flammable but may be made flammable, as was observed, through induced segregation processes. A theory was developed which showed that chattering flame propagation was controlled by radiation from combustion products which heated the successive discrete laminae sufficiently to cause autoignition.

Rheological behavior of FM-9 solutions and correlation with flammability test results and interpretations. [fuel thickening additive

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Peng, S. T. J.; Landel, R. F.

1983-01-01

The rheological behavior of progressively shear thickening FM-9 solutions, a time-dependent shear thickening material with characteristics of threshold behavior, is investigated as part of a study of the rheological properties of antimisting jet fuel. Flammability test results and test configurations from various sources are evaluated. A correlation is obtained between the rheological behavior and the flammability tests such that, for a given system, such as a fixed solvent system and the FM-9 polymer system, the flammability criterion can be applied to a wide range of concentrations and temperatures.

Evaluation of Less-Flammable Insulation Fluids and Fire-Prevention Guidance for Transformers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yamagishi, Akira; Sugawa, Osami

This paper concerns the definition and evaluation of less-flammable of insulation fluids for transformers. In particular it focuses on the ISO5660 cone calorimeter method, which is widely used as an evaluation method for the less-flammable of solids, and proposes that such method is also valid for quantitative evaluation of the less-flammable of insulating fluids. Quantifying the combustion characteristics of insulation fluids and analyzing the causes of fires can be said to be the first step toward implementing appropriate safety measures that will render electric utility equipment more fire retardant or fireproof in the future.

Measuring moisture dynamics to predict fire severity in longleaf pine forests.

Treesearch

Sue A. Ferguson; Julia E. Ruthford; Steven J. McKay; David Wright; Clint Wright; Roger Ottmar

2002-01-01

To understand the combustion limit of biomass fuels in a longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) forest, an experiment was conducted to monitor the moisture content of potentially flammable forest floor materials (litter and duff) at Eglin Air Force Base in the Florida Panhandle. While longleaf pine forests are fire dependent ecosystems, a long history of...

40 CFR Appendix C to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Subject to Use Restrictions and Unacceptable Substitutes Listed in the May 22, 1996...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

..., the statement “This refrigerant is FLAMMABLE. Take appropriate precautions.” b. This label must be... Narrowed Use Limits: Streaming Agents Application Substitute Decision Comments Halon 1211 CF3 I Acceptable in non-residential uses only Streaming Agents Aerosols—Proposed Acceptable Subject to Use Conditions...

Energy Conversion and Combustion Sciences

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-03-08

Property issues Flameholding (flammability limit) Flame propagation (turbulent-flame speed) combustion-Mixing interaction shock Cavity Based Scramjet ...focusing: • “Very-high” speed (space access) region • Overlapping interests and close coordination with AF programs ( scramjet , rockets etc.). • NSF...and Relevant Conditions Hypersonics Gas Turbines Rockets M > 0.1 Re ? Da ? wrinkled flame ball laminar flame Auto Engines PGC (1

Improved Method for Synthesis of Difunctional Fluoroalcohols.

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-06-03

26 PRODUCTION OF HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT PERFLUOROPOLYETHER DIOLS...the temperature and other factors. For some solvents such as 3M’s FC-75 (mostly perfluorobutyltetrahydrofuran ) it is lower than 20 percent fluorine...As long as flammable limits are not exceeded and there are no hot spots, the solvent will not react with fluorine. The perfluorinated diacids made in

46 CFR 111.105-32 - Bulk liquefied flammable gas and ammonia carriers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Bulk liquefied flammable gas and ammonia carriers. 111... gas and ammonia carriers. (a) Each vessel that carries bulk liquefied flammable gases or ammonia as a.... (2) The term “gas-dangerous” does not include the weather deck of an ammonia carrier. (c) Each...

46 CFR 111.105-32 - Bulk liquefied flammable gas and ammonia carriers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Bulk liquefied flammable gas and ammonia carriers. 111... gas and ammonia carriers. (a) Each vessel that carries bulk liquefied flammable gases or ammonia as a.... (2) The term “gas-dangerous” does not include the weather deck of an ammonia carrier. (c) Each...

46 CFR 111.105-32 - Bulk liquefied flammable gas and ammonia carriers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Bulk liquefied flammable gas and ammonia carriers. 111... gas and ammonia carriers. (a) Each vessel that carries bulk liquefied flammable gases or ammonia as a.... (2) The term “gas-dangerous” does not include the weather deck of an ammonia carrier. (c) Each...

46 CFR 111.105-32 - Bulk liquefied flammable gas and ammonia carriers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Bulk liquefied flammable gas and ammonia carriers. 111... gas and ammonia carriers. (a) Each vessel that carries bulk liquefied flammable gases or ammonia as a.... (2) The term “gas-dangerous” does not include the weather deck of an ammonia carrier. (c) Each...

46 CFR 111.105-32 - Bulk liquefied flammable gas and ammonia carriers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Bulk liquefied flammable gas and ammonia carriers. 111... gas and ammonia carriers. (a) Each vessel that carries bulk liquefied flammable gases or ammonia as a.... (2) The term “gas-dangerous” does not include the weather deck of an ammonia carrier. (c) Each...

49 CFR 173.125 - Class 4-Assignment of packing group.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... rate of evolution of flammable gases is equal or greater than 10 L per kilogram of material over any... such that the maximum rate of evolution of flammable gases is equal to or greater than 20 L per... of evolution of flammable gases is greater than 1 L per kilogram of material per hour, and which does...

49 CFR 173.125 - Class 4-Assignment of packing group.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... rate of evolution of flammable gases is equal or greater than 10 L per kilogram of material over any... such that the maximum rate of evolution of flammable gases is equal to or greater than 20 L per... of evolution of flammable gases is greater than 1 L per kilogram of material per hour, and which does...

49 CFR 173.125 - Class 4-Assignment of packing group.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... rate of evolution of flammable gases is equal or greater than 10 L per kilogram of material over any... such that the maximum rate of evolution of flammable gases is equal to or greater than 20 L per... of evolution of flammable gases is greater than 1 L per kilogram of material per hour, and which does...

49 CFR 173.125 - Class 4-Assignment of packing group.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... rate of evolution of flammable gases is equal or greater than 10 L per kilogram of material over any... such that the maximum rate of evolution of flammable gases is equal to or greater than 20 L per... of evolution of flammable gases is greater than 1 L per kilogram of material per hour, and which does...

49 CFR 173.125 - Class 4-Assignment of packing group.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... rate of evolution of flammable gases is equal or greater than 10 L per kilogram of material over any... such that the maximum rate of evolution of flammable gases is equal to or greater than 20 L per... of evolution of flammable gases is greater than 1 L per kilogram of material per hour, and which does...

Flammable gas technical basis document

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

CARRO, C.A.

2003-03-22

This document qualitatively evaluates the frequency and consequences of DST and SST representative flammable gas accidents and associated represented hazardous conditions without controls. Based on the evaluation, it was determined that safety-significant SSCs and/or TSRs were required to prevent or mitigate flammable gas accidents. Controls were selected and the accidents re-evaluated taking credit for the controls.

14 CFR Appendix N to Part 25 - Fuel Tank Flammability Exposure and Reliability Analysis

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... the performance of a flammability reduction means (FRM) if installed. (c) The following definitions... average fuel temperature within the fuel tank or different sections of the tank if the tank is subdivided... the flight time, and the post-flight time is a constant 30 minutes. (c) Flammable. With respect to a...

14 CFR Appendix N to Part 25 - Fuel Tank Flammability Exposure and Reliability Analysis

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... the performance of a flammability reduction means (FRM) if installed. (c) The following definitions... average fuel temperature within the fuel tank or different sections of the tank if the tank is subdivided... the flight time, and the post-flight time is a constant 30 minutes. (c) Flammable. With respect to a...

Control of Materials Flammability Hazards

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Griffin, Dennis E.

2003-01-01

This viewgraph presentation provides information on selecting, using, and configuring spacecraft materials in such a way as to minimize the ability of fire to spread onboard a spacecraft. The presentation gives an overview of the flammability requirements of NASA-STD-6001, listing specific tests and evaluation criteria it requires. The presentation then gives flammability reduction methods for specific spacecraft items and materials.

16 CFR § 1610.39 - Shipments under section 11(c) of the Act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... finished by the undersigned or by a duly authorized agent so as to render them not so highly flammable...§ 1610.39 Section § 1610.39 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS... finishing or processing to render them not so highly flammable as to be dangerous when worn by individuals...

16 CFR 1611.39 - Shipments under section 11(c) of the act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... undersigned or by a duly authorized agent so as to render them not so highly flammable under the provisions of.... 1611.39 Section 1611.39 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT... processing to render them not so highly flammable as to be dangerous when worn by individuals, shall contain...

16 CFR 1611.39 - Shipments under section 11(c) of the act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... undersigned or by a duly authorized agent so as to render them not so highly flammable under the provisions of.... 1611.39 Section 1611.39 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT... processing to render them not so highly flammable as to be dangerous when worn by individuals, shall contain...

16 CFR § 1611.39 - Shipments under section 11(c) of the act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

...§ 1611.39 Section § 1611.39 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS... finishing or processing to render them not so highly flammable as to be dangerous when worn by individuals... wearing apparel or textile fabric not so highly flammable under section 4 of the act, as to be dangerous...

16 CFR 1611.39 - Shipments under section 11(c) of the act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... undersigned or by a duly authorized agent so as to render them not so highly flammable under the provisions of.... 1611.39 Section 1611.39 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT... processing to render them not so highly flammable as to be dangerous when worn by individuals, shall contain...

49 CFR 176.400 - Stowage of Division 1.5, Class 4 (flammable solids) and Class 5 (oxidizers and organic peroxides...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Stowage of Division 1.5, Class 4 (flammable solids... Regulations Relating to Transportation PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION HAZARDOUS MATERIALS REGULATIONS CARRIAGE BY VESSEL Detailed Requirements for Class 4 (Flammable...

46 CFR 38.01-2 - Transportation of portable cylinders or portable tanks containing or having previously contained...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

..., as defined in 49 CFR 173.50. (ii) Flammable solids. (iii) Oxidizing materials. (iv) Corrosive liquids... containing or having previously contained liquefied flammable gases in dry cargo spaces-TB/ALL. 38.01-2 Section 38.01-2 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS LIQUEFIED FLAMMABLE...

49 CFR 173.2 - Hazardous materials classes and index to hazard class definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

....50 1 1.6 Extremely insensitive detonating substances 173.50 2 2.1 Flammable gas 173.115 2 2.2 Non-flammable compressed gas 173.115 2 2.3 Poisonous gas 173.115 3 Flammable and combustible liquid 173.120 4 4... PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION HAZARDOUS MATERIALS...

49 CFR 173.2 - Hazardous materials classes and index to hazard class definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

....50 1 1.6 Extremely insensitive detonating substances 173.50 2 2.1 Flammable gas 173.115 2 2.2 Non-flammable compressed gas 173.115 2 2.3 Poisonous gas 173.115 3 Flammable and combustible liquid 173.120 4 4... PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION HAZARDOUS MATERIALS...

49 CFR 173.2 - Hazardous materials classes and index to hazard class definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

....50 1 1.6 Extremely insensitive detonating substances 173.50 2 2.1 Flammable gas 173.115 2 2.2 Non-flammable compressed gas 173.115 2 2.3 Poisonous gas 173.115 3 Flammable and combustible liquid 173.120 4 4... PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION HAZARDOUS MATERIALS...

49 CFR 173.2 - Hazardous materials classes and index to hazard class definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

....50 1 1.6 Extremely insensitive detonating substances 173.50 2 2.1 Flammable gas 173.115 2 2.2 Non-flammable compressed gas 173.115 2 2.3 Poisonous gas 173.115 3 Flammable and combustible liquid 173.120 4 4... PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION HAZARDOUS MATERIALS...

46 CFR 38.01-2 - Transportation of portable cylinders or portable tanks containing or having previously contained...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

..., as defined in 49 CFR 173.50. (ii) Flammable solids. (iii) Oxidizing materials. (iv) Corrosive liquids... containing or having previously contained liquefied flammable gases in dry cargo spaces-TB/ALL. 38.01-2 Section 38.01-2 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS LIQUEFIED FLAMMABLE...

49 CFR 176.400 - Stowage of Division 1.5, Class 4 (flammable solids) and Class 5 (oxidizers and organic peroxides...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Stowage of Division 1.5, Class 4 (flammable solids... Regulations Relating to Transportation PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION HAZARDOUS MATERIALS REGULATIONS CARRIAGE BY VESSEL Detailed Requirements for Class 4 (Flammable...

46 CFR 38.01-2 - Transportation of portable cylinders or portable tanks containing or having previously contained...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

..., as defined in 49 CFR 173.50. (ii) Flammable solids. (iii) Oxidizing materials. (iv) Corrosive liquids... containing or having previously contained liquefied flammable gases in dry cargo spaces-TB/ALL. 38.01-2 Section 38.01-2 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS LIQUEFIED FLAMMABLE...

46 CFR 38.01-2 - Transportation of portable cylinders or portable tanks containing or having previously contained...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

..., as defined in 49 CFR 173.50. (ii) Flammable solids. (iii) Oxidizing materials. (iv) Corrosive liquids... containing or having previously contained liquefied flammable gases in dry cargo spaces-TB/ALL. 38.01-2 Section 38.01-2 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS LIQUEFIED FLAMMABLE...

49 CFR 176.400 - Stowage of Division 1.5, Class 4 (flammable solids) and Class 5 (oxidizers and organic peroxides...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Stowage of Division 1.5, Class 4 (flammable solids... Regulations Relating to Transportation PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION HAZARDOUS MATERIALS REGULATIONS CARRIAGE BY VESSEL Detailed Requirements for Class 4 (Flammable...

Flammability tests for regulation of building and construction materials

Treesearch

K. Sumathipala

2006-01-01

The regulation of building materials and products for flammability is critical to ensure the safety of occupants in buildings and other structures. The involvement of exposed building materials and products in fires resulting in the loss of human life often spurs an increase in regulation and new test methods to address the problem. Flammability tests range from those...

Flammability of litter from southeastern trees: a preliminary assessment

Treesearch

J. Morgan Varner; Jeffrey M. Kane; Erin M. Banwell; Jesse K. Kreye

2015-01-01

The southeastern United States possesses a great diversity of woody species and an equally impressive history of wildland fires. Species are known to vary in their flammability, but little is known about southeastern species. We used published data and our own collections to perform standard litter flammability tests on a diverse suite of 25 native overstory trees from...

75 FR 260 - Airworthiness Directives; Empresa Brasileira de Aeronautica S.A. (EMBRAER) Model ERJ 170...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-01-05

..., migration of flammable vapors and fluids to middle electronic bay may occur, which then could lead to an..., migration of flammable vapors and fluids to middle electronic bay may occur, which then could lead to an... assembly, migration of flammable vapors and fluids to middle electronic bay may occur, which then could...

49 CFR 173.150 - Exceptions for Class 3 (flammable and combustible liquids).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

....11), when transported via motor vehicle, vessel, or rail, is not subject to the requirements of this... containing ethyl alcohol classed as a flammable liquid or flammable solid containing not more than 70% ethyl alcohol by volume for liquids, by weight for solids are excepted from the HMR provided that: (i) For non...

Modelling leaf, plant and stand flammability for ecological and operational decision making

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zylstra, Philip

2014-05-01

Numerous factors have been found to affect the flammability of individual leaves and plant parts; however the way in which these factors relate to whole plant flammability, fire behaviour and the overall risk imposed by fire is not straightforward. Similarly, although the structure of plant communities is known to affect the flammability of the stand, a quantified, broadly applicable link has proven difficult to establish and validate. These knowledge gaps have presented major obstacles to the integration into fire behaviour science of research into factors affecting plant flammability, physiology, species succession and structural change, so that the management of ecosystems for fire risk is largely uninformed by these fields. The Forest Flammability Model (Zylstra, 2011) is a process-driven, complex systems model developed specifically to address this disconnect. Flame dimensions and position are calculated as properties emerging from the capacity for convective heat to propagate flame between horizontally and vertically separated leaves, branches, plants and plant strata, and this capacity is determined dynamically from the ignitability, combustibility and sustainability of those objects, their spatial arrangement and a vector-based model of the plume temperature from each burning fuel. All flammability properties as well as the physics of flame dimensions, angle and temperature distributions and the vertical structure of wind within the plant array use published sub-models which can be replaced as further work is developed. This modular structure provides a platform for the immediate application of new work on any aspect of leaf flammability or fire physics. Initial validation of the model examined its qualitative predictions for trends in forest flammability as a function of time since fire. The positive feedback predicted for the subalpine forest examined constituted a 'risky prediction' by running counter to the expectations of the existing approach, however examination of historical fire sizes confirmed the positive feedback (Zylstra, 2013). The capacity to model even counter-intuitive trends in flammability represents a fundamental advance in the management of fire risk, underpinning the importance of work on those fields that compose the sub-models. Ongoing validation work has focused on accuracy in flame height and fire severity prediction, with excellent results to date. Further studies will examine quantitative estimates of fire risk parameters and the reliability of rate of spread predictions. By accurately modelling the relationship between seemingly disparate studies of leaf flammability, moisture, physiology and forest structure, the Forest Flammability Model has the potential to resolve some long-standing questions (Yebra et al., 2013) as well as to provide insight into the effect of climate or management-induced ecosystem changes on fire behaviour and risk. References Yebra, M., Dennison, P. E., Chuvieco, E., Riaño, D., Zylstra, P., Hunt, E. R., … Jurdao, S. (2013). A global review of remote sensing of live fuel moisture content for fire danger assessment: Moving towards operational products. Remote Sensing of Environment, 136, 455-468. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2013.05.029 Zylstra, P. (2011). Forest Flammability: Modelling and Managing a Complex System. PhD Thesis, University of NSW @ ADFA. Retrieved from http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/51656 Zylstra, P. (2013). The historical influence of fire on the flammability of subalpine Snowgum forest and woodland. Victorian Naturalist, 130(6), 232-239.

Survey of Hydrogen Combustion Properties

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Drell, Isadore L; Belles, Frank E

1958-01-01

This literature digest of hydrogen-air combustion fundamentals presents data on flame temperature, burning velocity, quenching distance, flammability limits, ignition energy, flame stability, detonation, spontaneous ignition, and explosion limits. The data are assessed, recommended values are given, and relations among various combustion properties are discussed. New material presented includes: theoretical treatment of variation in spontaneous ignition lag with temperature, pressure, and composition, based on reaction kinetics of hydrogen-air composition range for 0.01 to 100 atmospheres and initial temperatures of 0 degrees to 1400 degrees k.

Slurry growth, gas retention, and flammable gas generation by Hanford radioactive waste tanks: Synthetic waste studies, FY 1991

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bryan, S.A.; Pederson, L.R.; Ryan, J.L.

1992-08-01

Of 177 high-level waste storage tanks on the Hanford Site, 23 have been placed on a safety watch list because they are suspected of producing flammable gases in flammable or explosive concentrate. One tankin particular, Tank 241-SY-101 (Tank 101-SY), has exhibited slow increases in waste volume followed by a rapid decrease accompanied by venting of large quantities of gases. The purpose of this study is to help determine the processes by which flammable gases are produced, retained, and eventually released from Tank 101-SY. Waste composition data for single- and double-shell waste tanks on the flammable gas watch listare critically reviewed.more » The results of laboratory studies using synthetic double-shell wastes are summarized, including physical and chemical properties of crusts that are formed, the stoichiometry and rate ofgas generation, and mechanisms responsible for formation of a floating crust.« less

Characterization of flammability properties of some thermoplastic and thermoset resins. [for aircraft interiors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kourtides, D. A.; Parker, J. A.

1978-01-01

The thermochemical and flammability properties of some thermally stable polymers considered for use in aircraft interiors are described. The properties studied include: (1) thermomechanical properties such as glass transition and melt temperature; (2) dynamic thermogravimetric analysis in anaerobic environment; (3) flammability properties such as oxygen index, flame spread, and smoke evolution; and (4) selected physical properties. The thermoplastic polymers evaluated included polyphenylene sulfide, polyaryl sulfone, 9,9-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-fluorene polycarbonate-poly(dimethylsiloxane) and polyether sulfone. The thermoset polymers evaluated included epoxy, bismaleimide, a modified phenolic and polyaromatic melamine resin. These resins were primarily used in the fabrication of glass reinforced prepregs for the construction of experimental panels. Test results and relative rankings of some of the flammability parameters are presented and the relationship of the molecular structure, char yield, and flammability properties of these polymers are discussed.

Flammable Gas Technical Basis Document

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

CARRO, C.A.

2003-07-30

This document qualitatively evaluates the frequency and consequences of DST and SST representative flammable gas accidents and associated represented hazardous conditions without controls. Based on the evaluation, it was determined that safety-significant SSCs and/or TSRs were required to prevent or mitigate flammable gas accidents. Controls were selected and the accidents re-evaluated taking credit for the controls. Revision 1 incorporates comments received from ORP.

16 CFR § 1611.34 - Only uncovered or exposed parts of wearing apparel to be tested.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT REGULATIONS STANDARD FOR THE FLAMMABILITY OF VINYL PLASTIC FILM Rules and... applicable procedures set forth in section 4(a) of the act. Note: If the outer layer of plastic film or... shall be tested under part 1611—Standard for the Flammability of Vinyl Plastic Film. If the outer layer...

16 CFR 1611.34 - Only uncovered or exposed parts of wearing apparel to be tested.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT REGULATIONS STANDARD FOR THE FLAMMABILITY OF VINYL PLASTIC FILM Rules and Regulations... procedures set forth in section 4(a) of the act. Note: If the outer layer of plastic film or plastic-coated... under part 1611—Standard for the Flammability of Vinyl Plastic Film. If the outer layer adheres to all...

16 CFR 1611.34 - Only uncovered or exposed parts of wearing apparel to be tested.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT REGULATIONS STANDARD FOR THE FLAMMABILITY OF VINYL PLASTIC FILM Rules and Regulations... procedures set forth in section 4(a) of the act. Note: If the outer layer of plastic film or plastic-coated... under part 1611—Standard for the Flammability of Vinyl Plastic Film. If the outer layer adheres to all...

16 CFR 1611.34 - Only uncovered or exposed parts of wearing apparel to be tested.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT REGULATIONS STANDARD FOR THE FLAMMABILITY OF VINYL PLASTIC FILM Rules and Regulations... procedures set forth in section 4(a) of the act. Note: If the outer layer of plastic film or plastic-coated... under part 1611—Standard for the Flammability of Vinyl Plastic Film. If the outer layer adheres to all...

Safe Handling and Use of Flammable and Combustible Materials. Module SH-30. Safety and Health.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Center for Occupational Research and Development, Inc., Waco, TX.

This student module on safe handling and use of flammable and combustible materials is one of 50 modules concerned with job safety and health. This module introduces the student to the hazards of flammable and combustible materials and the measures necessary to control those hazards. Following the introduction, 14 objectives (each keyed to a page…

16 CFR 1611.34 - Only uncovered or exposed parts of wearing apparel to be tested.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT REGULATIONS STANDARD FOR THE FLAMMABILITY OF VINYL PLASTIC FILM Rules and Regulations... procedures set forth in section 4(a) of the act. Note: If the outer layer of plastic film or plastic-coated... under part 1611—Standard for the Flammability of Vinyl Plastic Film. If the outer layer adheres to all...

Man-rating of a launch vehicle

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Soeffker, D.

Analysis techniques for hazard identification, classification, and control, developed for Spacelab, are presented. Hazards were classified as catastrophic (leading to crew or vehicle loss) critical (could lead to serious injury or damage) and controlled (counteracted by design). All nonmetallic materials were rated for flammability in oxygen enriched atmospheres, toxic offgassing, and odor. Any element with less than 200 mission capability was rated life limited.

49 CFR Appendix B to Part 238 - Test Methods and Performance Criteria for the Flammability and Smoke Emission Characteristics of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Flammability of Flexible Cellular Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source. (v) ASTM E 119-00a, Standard... Method for Surface Flammability of Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source. (vii) ASTM E 648-00, Standard Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor-Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source...

49 CFR Appendix B to Part 238 - Test Methods and Performance Criteria for the Flammability and Smoke Emission Characteristics of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... Flammability of Flexible Cellular Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source. (v) ASTM E 119-00a, Standard... Method for Surface Flammability of Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source. (vii) ASTM E 648-00, Standard Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor-Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source...

49 CFR Appendix B to Part 238 - Test Methods and Performance Criteria for the Flammability and Smoke Emission Characteristics of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Flammability of Flexible Cellular Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source. (v) ASTM E 119-00a, Standard... Method for Surface Flammability of Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source. (vii) ASTM E 648-00, Standard Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor-Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source...

49 CFR Appendix B to Part 238 - Test Methods and Performance Criteria for the Flammability and Smoke Emission Characteristics of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... Flammability of Flexible Cellular Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source. (v) ASTM E 119-00a, Standard... Method for Surface Flammability of Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source. (vii) ASTM E 648-00, Standard Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor-Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source...

49 CFR 173.2 - Hazardous materials classes and index to hazard class definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Explosives (with no significant blast hazard) 173.50 1 1.5 Very insensitive explosives; blasting agents 173.50 1 1.6 Extremely insensitive detonating substances 173.50 2 2.1 Flammable gas 173.115 2 2.2 Non-flammable compressed gas 173.115 2 2.3 Poisonous gas 173.115 3 Flammable and combustible liquid 173.120 4 4...

49 CFR 173.120 - Class 3-Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... Materials Other Than Class 1 and Class 7 § 173.120 Class 3—Definitions. (a) Flammable liquid. For the purpose of this subchapter, a flammable liquid (Class 3) means a liquid having a flash point of not more...) and below 93 °C (200 °F). (2) A flammable liquid with a flash point at or above 38 °C (100 °F) that...

49 CFR 173.120 - Class 3-Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Materials Other Than Class 1 and Class 7 § 173.120 Class 3—Definitions. (a) Flammable liquid. For the purpose of this subchapter, a flammable liquid (Class 3) means a liquid having a flash point of not more...) and below 93 °C (200 °F). (2) A flammable liquid with a flash point at or above 38 °C (100 °F) that...

49 CFR 173.120 - Class 3-Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... Materials Other Than Class 1 and Class 7 § 173.120 Class 3—Definitions. (a) Flammable liquid. For the purpose of this subchapter, a flammable liquid (Class 3) means a liquid having a flash point of not more...) and below 93 °C (200 °F). (2) A flammable liquid with a flash point at or above 38 °C (100 °F) that...

49 CFR 173.120 - Class 3-Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Materials Other Than Class 1 and Class 7 § 173.120 Class 3—Definitions. (a) Flammable liquid. For the purpose of this subchapter, a flammable liquid (Class 3) means a liquid having a flash point of not more...) and below 93 °C (200 °F). (2) A flammable liquid with a flash point at or above 38 °C (100 °F) that...

49 CFR 176.400 - Stowage of Division 1.5, Class 4 (flammable solids) and Class 5 (oxidizers and organic peroxides...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Stowage of Division 1.5, Class 4 (flammable solids... Solids), Class 5 (Oxidizers and Organic Peroxides), and Division 1.5 Materials § 176.400 Stowage of Division 1.5, Class 4 (flammable solids) and Class 5 (oxidizers and organic peroxides) materials. (a) Class...

Operation and Development Status of the Spacecraft Fire Experiments (Saffire)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ruff, Gary A.; Urban, David L.

2016-01-01

Since 2012, a series of Spacecraft Fire Experiments (Saffire) have been under development by the Spacecraft Fire Safety Demonstration (SFS Demo) project, funded by NASA's Advanced Exploration Systems Division. The overall objective of this project is to reduce the uncertainty and risk associated with the design of spacecraft fire safety systems for NASA's exploration missions. The approach to achieving this goal has been to define, develop, and conduct experiments that address gaps in spacecraft fire safety knowledge and capabilities identified by NASA's Fire Safety System Maturation Team. The Spacecraft Fire Experiments (Saffire-I, -II, and -III) are material flammability tests at length scales that are realistic for a spacecraft fire in low-gravity. The specific objectives of these three experiments are to (1) determine how rapidly a large scale fire grows in low-gravity and (2) investigate the low-g flammability limits compared to those obtained in NASA's normal gravity material flammability screening test. The experiments will be conducted in Orbital ATK's Cygnus vehicle after it has unberthed from the International Space Station. The tests will be fully automated with the data downlinked at the conclusion of the test before the Cygnus vehicle reenters the atmosphere. This paper discusses the status of the Saffire-I, II, and III experiments followed by a review of the fire safety technology gaps that are driving the development of objectives for the next series of experiments, Saffire-IV, V, and VI.

Offsite Radiological Consequence Analysis for the Bounding Flammable Gas Accident

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

CARRO, C.A.

2003-07-30

This document quantifies the offsite radiological consequences of the bounding flammable gas accident for comparison with the 25 rem Evaluation Guideline established in DOE-STD-3009, Appendix A. The bounding flammable gas accident is a detonation in a single-shell tank The calculation applies reasonably conservation input parameters in accordance with DOE-STD-3009, Appendix A, guidance. Revision 1 incorporates comments received from Office of River Protection.

Operational Considerations for Oxygen Flammability Risks: Concentrated Oxygen Diffusion and Permeation Behaviors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Harper, Susana; Smith, Sarah; Juarez, Alfredo; Hirsch, David

2010-01-01

Increased human spaceflight operations utilize oxygen concentrations that are frequently varied with use of concentrations up to 100 percent oxygen. Even after exiting a higher percentage oxygen environment, high oxygen concentrations can still be maintained due to material saturation and oxygen entrapment between barrier materials. This paper examines the material flammability concerns that arise from changing oxygen environments during spaceflight operations. We examine the time required for common spacecraft and spacesuit materials exposed to oxygen to return to reduced ignitability and flammability once removed from the increased concentration. Various common spacecraft materials were considered: spacecraft cabin environment foams, Extra Vehicular Mobility Unit materials and foams, Advanced Crew Escape Suit materials, and other materials of interest such as Cotton, Nomex^ HT90-40, and Tiburon Surgical Drape. This paper presents calculated diffusion coefficients derived from experimentally obtained oxygen transmission rates for the tested materials and the analytically derived times necessary for reduced flammability to be achieved based on NASA flammability criteria. Oxygen material saturation and entrapment scenarios are examined. Experimental verification data on oxygen diffusion in saturation scenarios are also presented and discussed. We examine how to use obtained data to address flammability concerns during operational planning to reduce the likelihood of fires while improving efficiency for procedures.

Household hazardous wastes as a potential source of pollution: a generation study.

PubMed

Ojeda-Benítez, Sara; Aguilar-Virgen, Quetzalli; Taboada-González, Paul; Cruz-Sotelo, Samantha E

2013-12-01

Certain domestic wastes exhibit characteristics that render them dangerous, such as explosiveness, flammability, spontaneous combustion, reactivity, toxicity and corrosiveness. The lack of information about their generation and composition hinders the creation of special programs for their collection and treatment, making these wastes a potential threat to human health and the environment. We attempted to quantify the levels of hazardous household waste (HHW) generated in Mexicali, Mexico. The analysis considered three socioeconomic strata and eight categories. The sampling was undertaken on a house-by-house basis, and hypothesis testing was based on differences between two proportions for each of the eight categories. In this study, HHW comprised 3.49% of the total generated waste, which exceeded that reported in previous studies in Mexico. The greatest quantity of HHW was generated by the middle stratum; in the upper stratum, most packages were discarded with their contents remaining. Cleaning products represent 45.86% of the HHW generated. Statistical differences were not observed for only two categories among the three social strata. The scarcity of studies on HHW generation limits direct comparisons. Any decrease in waste generation within the middle social stratum will have a large effect on the total amount of waste generated, and decrease their impact on environmental and human health.

Additively Manufactured Metals in Oxygen Systems Project

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tylka, Jonathan

2015-01-01

Metals produced by additive manufacturing methods, such as Powder Bed Fusion Technology, are now mature enough to be considered for qualification in human spaceflight oxygen systems. The mechanical properties of metals produced through AM processes are being systematically studied. However, it is unknown whether AM metals in oxygen applications may present an increased risk of flammability or ignition as compared to wrought metals of the same metallurgical composition due to increased porosity. Per NASA-STD-6001B materials to be used in oxygen system applications shall be based on flammability and combustion test data, followed by a flammability assessment. Without systematic flammability and ignition testing in oxygen there is no credible method for NASA to accurately evaluate the risk of using AM metals in oxygen systems.

Credit PSR. The flammable waste materials shed appears as seen ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Credit PSR. The flammable waste materials shed appears as seen when looking south (186°) from South Liquid Loop Road. Note the catch basin for retaining accidentally spilled substances. Wastes are stored in drums and other safety containers until disposal by burning at the Incinerator (4249/E-50) or by other means. Note the nearby sign warning of corrosive, flammable materials, and calling attention to a fire extinguisher; a telephone is provided to call for assistance in the event of an emergency. This structure is isolated to prevent the spread of fire, and it is lightly built so damage from a fire will be inexpensive to repair - Jet Propulsion Laboratory Edwards Facility, Waste Flammable Storage Building, Edwards Air Force Base, Boron, Kern County, CA

A risk-based approach to flammable gas detector spacing.

PubMed

Defriend, Stephen; Dejmek, Mark; Porter, Leisa; Deshotels, Bob; Natvig, Bernt

2008-11-15

Flammable gas detectors allow an operating company to address leaks before they become serious, by automatically alarming and by initiating isolation and safe venting. Without effective gas detection, there is very limited defense against a flammable gas leak developing into a fire or explosion that could cause loss of life or escalate to cascading failures of nearby vessels, piping, and equipment. While it is commonly recognized that some gas detectors are needed in a process plant containing flammable gas or volatile liquids, there is usually a question of how many are needed. The areas that need protection can be determined by dispersion modeling from potential leak sites. Within the areas that must be protected, the spacing of detectors (or alternatively, number of detectors) should be based on risk. Detector design can be characterized by spacing criteria, which is convenient for design - or alternatively by number of detectors, which is convenient for cost reporting. The factors that influence the risk are site-specific, including process conditions, chemical composition, number of potential leak sites, piping design standards, arrangement of plant equipment and structures, design of isolation and depressurization systems, and frequency of detector testing. Site-specific factors such as those just mentioned affect the size of flammable gas cloud that must be detected (within a specified probability) by the gas detection system. A probability of detection must be specified that gives a design with a tolerable risk of fires and explosions. To determine the optimum spacing of detectors, it is important to consider the probability that a detector will fail at some time and be inoperative until replaced or repaired. A cost-effective approach is based on the combined risk from a representative selection of leakage scenarios, rather than a worst-case evaluation. This means that probability and severity of leak consequences must be evaluated together. In marine and offshore facilities, it is conventional to use computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling to determine the size of a flammable cloud that would result from a specific leak scenario. Simpler modeling methods can be used, but the results are not very accurate in the region near the release, especially where flow obstructions are present. The results from CFD analyses on several leak scenarios can be plotted to determine the size of a flammable cloud that could result in an explosion that would generate overpressure exceeding the strength of the mechanical design of the plant. A cloud of this size has the potential to produce a blast pressure or flying debris capable of causing a fatality or subsequent damage to vessels or piping containing hazardous material. In cases where the leak results in a fire, rather than explosion, CFD or other modeling methods can estimate the size of a leak that would cause a fire resulting in subsequent damage to the facility, or would prevent the safe escape of personnel. The gas detector system must be capable of detecting a gas release or vapor cloud, and initiating action to prevent the leak from reaching a size that could cause injury or severe damage upon ignition.

Dissolution flowsheet for high flux isotope reactor fuel

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Foster, T.

2016-09-27

As part of the Spent Nuclear Fuel (SNF) processing campaign, H-Canyon is planning to begin dissolving High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) fuel in late FY17 or early FY18. Each HFIR fuel core contains inner and outer fuel elements which were fabricated from uranium oxide (U 3O 8) dispersed in a continuous Al phase using traditional powder metallurgy techniques. Fuels fabricated in this manner, like other SNF’s processed in H-Canyon, dissolve by the same general mechanisms with similar gas generation rates and the production of H 2. The HFIR fuel cores will be dissolved and the recovered U will be down-blendedmore » into low-enriched U. HFIR fuel was previously processed in H-Canyon using a unique insert in both the 6.1D and 6.4D dissolvers. Multiple cores will be charged to the same dissolver solution maximizing the concentration of dissolved Al. The objective of this study was to identify flowsheet conditions through literature review and laboratory experimentation to safely and efficiently dissolve the HFIR fuel in H-Canyon. Laboratory-scale experiments were performed to evaluate the dissolution of HFIR fuel using both Al 1100 and Al 6061 T6 alloy coupons. The Al 1100 alloy was considered a representative surrogate which provided an upper bound on the generation of flammable (i.e., H 2) gas during the dissolution process. The dissolution of the Al 6061 T6 alloy proceeded at a slower rate than the Al 1100 alloy and was used to verify that the target Al concentration in solution could be achieved for the selected Hg concentration. Mass spectrometry and Raman spectroscopy were used to provide continuous monitoring of the concentration of H 2 and other permanent gases in the dissolution offgas allowing the development of H 2 generation rate profiles. The H 2 generation rates were subsequently used to evaluate if a full HFIR core could be dissolved in an H-Canyon dissolver without exceeding 60% of the calculated lower flammability limit (LFL) for H 2 at a given Hg concentration.« less

Impact of scaling on the nitric-glycolic acid flowsheet

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lambert, D.

Savannah River Remediation (SRR) is considering using glycolic acid as a replacement for formic acid in Sludge Receipt and Adjustment Tank (SRAT) processing in the Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF). Catalytic decomposition of formic acid is responsible for the generation of hydrogen, a potentially flammable gas, during processing. To prevent the formation of a flammable mixture in the offgas, an air purge is used to dilute the hydrogen concentration below the 60% of the Composite Lower Flammability Limit (CLFL). The offgas is continuously monitored for hydrogen using Gas Chromatographs (GCs). Since formic acid is much more volatile and toxic thanmore » glycolic acid, a formic acid spill would lead to the release of much larger quantities to the environment. Switching from formic acid to glycolic acid is expected to eliminate the hydrogen flammability hazard leading to lower air purges, thus downgrading of Safety Significant GCs to Process Support GCs, and minimizing the consequence of a glycolic acid tank leak in DWPF. Overall this leads to a reduction in process operation costs and an increase in safety margin. Experiments were completed at three different scales to demonstrate that the nitric-glycolic acid flowsheet scales from the 4-L lab scale to the 22-L bench scale and 220-L engineering scale. Ten process demonstrations of the sludge-only flowsheet for SRAT and Slurry Mix Evaporator (SME) cycles were performed using Sludge Batch 8 (SB8)-Tank 40 simulant. No Actinide Removal Process (ARP) product or strip effluent was added during the runs. Six experiments were completed at the 4-L scale, two experiments were completed at the 22-L scale, and two experiments were completed at the 220-L scale. Experiments completed at the 4-L scale (100 and 110% acid stoichiometry) were repeated at the 22-L and 220-L scale for scale comparisons.« less

Gas Retention, Gas Release, and Fluidization of Spherical Resorcinol-Formaldehyde (sRF) Ion Exchange Resin

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gauglitz, Phillip A.; Rassat, Scot D.; Linn, Diana

The Low-Activity Waste Pretreatment System (LAWPS) is being developed to provide treated supernatant liquid from the Hanford tank farms directly to the Low-Activity Waste (LAW) Vitrification Facility at the Hanford Tank Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant. The design and development of the LAWPS is being conducted by Washington River Protection Solutions, LLC. A key process in LAWPS is the removal of radioactive Cs in ion exchange (IX) columns filled with spherical resorcinol-formaldehyde (sRF) resin. When loaded with radioactive Cs, radiolysis of water in the LAW liquid will generate hydrogen gas. In normal operations, the generated hydrogen is expected to remainmore » dissolved in the liquid and be continuously removed by liquid flow. One accident scenario being evaluated is the loss of liquid flow through the sRF resin bed after it has been loaded with radioactive Cs and hydrogen gas is being generated by radiolysis. For an accident scenario with a loss of flow, hydrogen gas can be retained within the IX column both in the sRF resin bed and below the bottom screen that supports the resin within the column, which creates a hydrogen flammability hazard. Because there is a potential for a large fraction of the retained hydrogen to be released over a short duration as a gas release event, there is a need to quantify the size and rate of potential gas release events. Due to the potential for a large, rapid gas release event, an evaluation of mitigation methods to eliminate the hydrogen hazard is also needed. One method being considered for mitigating the hydrogen hazard during a loss of flow accident is to have a secondary flow system, with two redundant pumps operating in series, that re-circulates liquid upwards through the bed and into a vented break tank where hydrogen gas is released from the liquid and removed by venting the headspace of the break tank. The mechanism for inducing release of gas from the sRF bed is to fluidize the bed, which should allow retained bubbles to rise and be carried to the break tank. The overall conclusion of the testing is that fluidization is an effective method to remove hydrogen gas from a bed of sRF resin, but that a single fluidization velocity that is adequate to release gas in 55 ºC water will over-fluidize sRF resin in most LAW liquids, including both nominal and high-limit LAW simulants used in testing. An upper packed bed can retain hydrogen gas and pose a flammability hazard. Using periodic on:off fluidization, such as 5:55 min. on:off cycles, is effective at releasing gas while not creating an upper packed bed. Note that lengthening the fluidization duration in a one-hour cycle did result in a stable upper packed bed in one case with the nominal LAW simulant, so testing focused on shorter “on” periods which are needed for effective hydrogen release with periodic on:off fluidization« less

A summary description of the flammable gas tank safety program

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Johnson, G.D.; Sherwood, D.J.

1994-10-01

Radioactive liquid waste may produce hydrogen as result of the interaction of gamma radiation and water. If the waste contains organic chelating agents, additional hydrogen as well as nitrous oxide and ammonia may be produced by thermal and radiolytic decomposition of these organics. Several high-level radioactive liquid waste storage tanks, located underground at the Hanford Site in Washington State, are on a Flammable Gas Watch List. Some contain waste that produces and retains gases until large quantities of gas are released rapidly to the tank vapor space. Tanks nearly-filled to capacity have relatively little vapor space; therefore if the wastemore » suddenly releases a large amount of hydrogen and nitrous oxide, a flammable gas mixture could result. The most notable example of a Hanford waste tank with a flammable gas problem is tank 241-SY-101. Upon occasion waste stored in this tank has released enough flammable gas to burn if an ignition source had been present inside of the tank. Several, other Hanford waste tanks exhibit similar behavior although to a lesser magnitude. Because this behavior was hot adequately-addressed in safety analysis reports for the Hanford Tank Farms, an unreviewed safety question was declared, and in 1990 the Flammable Gas Tank Safety Program was established to address this problem. The purposes of the program are a follows: (1) Provide safety documents to fill gaps in the safety analysis reports, and (2) Resolve the safety issue by acquiring knowledge about gas retention and release from radioactive liquid waste and developing mitigation technology. This document provides the general logic and work activities required to resolve the unreviewed safety question and the safety issue of flammable gas mixtures in radioactive liquid waste storage tanks.« less

Integration of the Uncertainties of Anion and TOC Measurements into the Flammability Control Strategy for Sludge Batch 8 at the DWPF

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Edwards, T. B.

2013-03-14

The Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) has been working with the Savannah River Remediation (SRR) Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) in the development and implementation of a flammability control strategy for DWPF’s melter operation during the processing of Sludge Batch 8 (SB8). SRNL’s support has been in response to technical task requests that have been made by SRR’s Waste Solidification Engineering (WSE) organization. The flammability control strategy relies on measurements that are performed on Slurry Mix Evaporator (SME) samples by the DWPF Laboratory. Measurements of nitrate, oxalate, formate, and total organic carbon (TOC) standards generated by the DWPF Laboratory aremore » presented in this report, and an evaluation of the uncertainties of these measurements is provided. The impact of the uncertainties of these measurements on DWPF’s strategy for controlling melter flammability also is evaluated. The strategy includes monitoring each SME batch for its nitrate content and its TOC content relative to the nitrate content and relative to the antifoam additions made during the preparation of the SME batch. A linearized approach for monitoring the relationship between TOC and nitrate is developed, equations are provided that integrate the measurement uncertainties into the flammability control strategy, and sample calculations for these equations are shown to illustrate the impact of the uncertainties on the flammability control strategy.« less

Have plants evolved to self-immolate?

PubMed Central

Bowman, David M. J. S.; French, Ben J.; Prior, Lynda D.

2014-01-01

By definition fire prone ecosystems have highly combustible plants, leading to the hypothesis, first formally stated by Mutch in 1970, that community flammability is the product of natural selection of flammable traits. However, proving the “Mutch hypothesis” has presented an enormous challenge for fire ecologists given the difficulty in establishing cause and effect between landscape fire and flammable plant traits. Individual plant traits (such as leaf moisture content, retention of dead branches and foliage, oil rich foliage) are known to affect the flammability of plants but there is no evidence these characters evolved specifically to self-immolate, although some of these traits may have been secondarily modified to increase the propensity to burn. Demonstrating individual benefits from self-immolation is extraordinarily difficult, given the intersection of the physical environmental factors that control landscape fire (fuel production, dryness and ignitions) with community flammability properties that emerge from numerous traits of multiple species (canopy cover and litter bed bulk density). It is more parsimonious to conclude plants have evolved mechanisms to tolerate, but not promote, landscape fire. PMID:25414710

46 CFR 182.480 - Flammable vapor detection systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 100 GROSS TONS) MACHINERY INSTALLATION Specific Machinery Requirements § 182.480 Flammable vapor... permit calibration in a vapor free atmosphere. (g) Electrical connections, wiring, and components for a...

Polymer flammability

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2005-05-01

This report provides an overview of polymer flammability from a material science perspective and describes currently accepted test methods to quantify burning behavior. Simplifying assumptions about the gas and condensed phase processes of flaming co...

Fire-extinguishing organic electrolytes for safe batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Jianhui; Yamada, Yuki; Sodeyama, Keitaro; Watanabe, Eriko; Takada, Koji; Tateyama, Yoshitaka; Yamada, Atsuo

2018-01-01

Severe safety concerns are impeding the large-scale employment of lithium/sodium batteries. Conventional electrolytes are highly flammable and volatile, which may cause catastrophic fires or explosions. Efforts to introduce flame-retardant solvents into the electrolytes have generally resulted in compromised battery performance because those solvents do not suitably passivate carbonaceous anodes. Here we report a salt-concentrated electrolyte design to resolve this dilemma via the spontaneous formation of a robust inorganic passivation film on the anode. We demonstrate that a concentrated electrolyte using a salt and a popular flame-retardant solvent (trimethyl phosphate), without any additives or soft binders, allows stable charge-discharge cycling of both hard-carbon and graphite anodes for more than 1,000 cycles (over one year) with negligible degradation; this performance is comparable or superior to that of conventional flammable carbonate electrolytes. The unusual passivation character of the concentrated electrolyte coupled with its fire-extinguishing property contributes to developing safe and long-lasting batteries, unlocking the limit toward development of much higher energy-density batteries.

Development of aircraft lavatory compartments with improved fire resistance characteristics. Phase 4: Sandwich panel decorative ink development

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jayarajan, A.; Johnson, G. A.; Korver, G. L.; Anderson, R. A.

1983-01-01

Five chemically different resin systems with improved fire resistance properties were studied for a possible screenprinting ink application. Fire resistance is hereby defined as the cured ink possessing improvements in flammability, smoke emission, and thermal stability. The developed ink is for application to polyvinyl fluoride film. Only clear inks without pigments were considered. Five formulations were evaluated compared with KC4900 clear acrylic ink, which was used as a baseline. The tests used in the screening evaluation included viscosity, smoke and toxic gas emission, limiting oxygen index (LOI), and polyvinyl fluoride film (PVF) printability. A chlorofluorocarbon resin (FPC461) was selected for optimization studies. The parameters for optimization included screenprinting process performance, quality of coating, and flammability of screenprinted 0.051-mm (0.002-in.) white Tedlar. The quality of the screenprinted coating on Tedlar is dependent on viscosity, curing time, adhesion to polyvinyl fluoride film, drying time (both inscreen and as an applied film), and silk screen mesh material and porosity.

Flammable and noxious gas sensing using a microtripolar electrode sensor with diameter and chirality sorted single-walled carbon nanotubes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cai, Shengbing; Duan, Zhe min; Zhang, Yong

2013-08-01

We report on the utilization of densely packed (˜10 SWCNTs µm-1), well-aligned arrays of single-chirality single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as an effective thin-film for integration into a gas sensor with a microtripolar electrode, based on field ionization by dielectrophoretic assembly from a monodisperse SWCNTs solution obtained by polymer-mediated sorting. The sensor is characterized as a field ionization electrode with sorted SWCNTs acting as both the sensing material and transducer gas concentrated directly into an electrical signal, an extractor serving to improve electric field uniformity and a collector electrode completing the current path. The gas sensing properties toward flammable and noxious gases, such as CO and H2, were investigated at room temperature. Besides the high sensitivity, the as-fabricated sensor exhibited attractive behaviors in terms of both the detection limit and a fast response, suggesting that our sensor could be used to partly circumvent the low sensing selectivity, long recovery time or irreversibility and allow for a preferential identification of the selected flammable and noxious analytes. Interestingly, the excellent sensing behaviors of the sensors based on the field ionization effect derive directly from the combined effects of the high-quality, low defect SWCNTs arrays, which leads to a small device-to-device variation in the properties and the optimization of electrode fabrication, highlighting the sensor as an appealing candidate in view of nanotube electronics.

Flammability screening tests of resins

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Arhart, R. W.; Farrar, D. G.; Hughes, B. M.

1979-01-01

Selected flammability characteristics of glass cloth laminates of thermosetting resins are evaluated. A protocol for the evaluation of the flammability hazards presented by glass cloth laminates of thermosetting resins and the usefulness of that protocol with two laminates are presented. The glass laminates of an epoxy resin, M-751 are evaluated for: (1) determination of smoke generation from the laminates; (2) analysis of products of oxidative degradation of the laminates; (3) determination of minimum oxygen necessary to maintain flaming oxidation; (4) evaluation of toxicological hazards.

Effects of Radiative Emission and Absorption on the Propagation and Extinction of Premixed Gas Flames

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ju, Yiguang; Masuya, Goro; Ronney, Paul D.

1998-01-01

Premixed gas flames in mixtures of CH4, O2, N2, and CO2 were studied numerically using detailed chemical and radiative emission-absorption models to establish the conditions for which radiatively induced extinction limits may exist independent of the system dimensions. It was found that reabsorption of emitted radiation led to substantially higher burning velocities and wider extinction limits than calculations using optically thin radiation models, particularly when CO2, a strong absorber, is present in the unburned gas, Two heat loss mechanisms that lead to flammability limits even with reabsorption were identified. One is that for dry hydrocarbon-air mixtures, because of the differences in the absorption spectra of H2O and CO2, most of the radiation from product H2O that is emitted in the upstream direction cannot be absorbed by the reactants. The second is that the emission spectrum Of CO2 is broader at flame temperatures than ambient temperature: thus, some radiation emitted near the flame front cannot be absorbed by the reactants even when they are seeded with CO2 Via both mechanisms, some net upstream heat loss due to radiation will always occur, leading to extinction of sufficiently weak mixtures. Downstream loss has practically no influence. Comparison with experiment demonstrates the importance of reabsorption in CO2 diluted mixtures. It is concluded that fundamental flammability limits can exist due to radiative heat loss, but these limits are strongly dependent on the emission-absorption spectra of the reactant and product -gases and their temperature dependence and cannot be predicted using gray-gas or optically thin model parameters. Applications to practical flames at high pressure, in large combustion chambers, and with exhaust-gas or flue-gas recirculation are discussed.

Design and Fabrication of a Hele-Shaw Apparatus for Observing Instabilities of Diffusion Flames

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wichman, I. S.; Oravecz-Simpkins, L.; Olson, S.

2001-01-01

Examinations of flame fronts spreading over solid fuels in an opposed flow of oxidizer have shown that the flame front fragments into smaller (cellular) flames. These 'flamelets' will oscillate, recombine, or extinguish, indicating that they are in the near extinction limit regime (i.e., to one side of the quenching branch of the flammability map). Onset of unstable cellular flamelet formation for flame spread over thin fuels occurs when a heat-sink substrate is placed a small distance from the underside of the fuel. This heat-sink substrate (or backing) displaces the quenching branch of the flammability map in a direction that causes the instabilities to occur at higher air velocities. Similar near-limit behavior has been observed in other works using different fuels, thus suggesting that these dynamic mechanisms are fuel-independent and therefore fundamental attributes of flames in this near-limit flame spread regime. The objective of this project is to determine the contributions of the hydrodynamic and thermodiffusive mechanisms to the observed formation of flame instabilities. From this, a model of diffusion flame instabilities shall be generated. Previously, experiments were conducted in NASA drop towers, thereby limiting observation time to O(1-5 sec). The NASA tests exhibited flamelet survival for the entire drop time, suggesting that flamelets (i.e., small cellular flames) might exist, if permitted, for longer time periods. By necessity, experiments were limited to thermally thin cellulose fuels (approximately 0.001 in thick): instabilities could form by virtue of faster spread rates over thin fuels. Unstable behavior was unlikely in the short drop time for thicker fuels. In the International Space Station (ISS), microgravity time is unlimited, so both thin and thick fuels can be tested.

Effects of Gas-Phase Radiation and Detailed Kinetics on the Burning and Extinction of a Solid Fuel

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rhatigan, Jennifer L.

2001-01-01

This is the first attempt to analyze both radiation and detailed kinetics on the burning and extinction of a solid fuel in a stagnation-point diffusion flame. We present a detailed and comparatively accurate computational model of a solid fuel flame along with a quantitative study of the kinetics mechanism, radiation interactions, and the extinction limits of the flame. A detailed kinetics model for the burning of solid trioxane (a trimer of formaldehyde) is coupled with a narrowband radiation model, with carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and water vapor as the gas-phase participating media. The solution of the solid trioxane diffusion flame over the flammable regime is presented in some detail, as this is the first solution of a heterogeneous trioxane flame. We identify high-temperature and low-temperature reaction paths for the heterogeneous trioxane flame. We then compare the adiabatic solution to solutions that include Surface radiation only and gas-phase and surface radiation using a black surface model. The analysis includes discussion of detailed flame chemistry over the flammable regime and, in particular, at the low stretch extinction limit. We emphasize the low stretch regime of the radiatively participating flame, since this is the region representative of microgravity flames. When only surface radiation is included, two extinction limits exist (the blow-off limit, and the low stretch radiative limit), and the burning rate and maximum flame temperatures are lower, as expected. With the inclusion of surface and gas-phase radiation, results show that, while flame temperatures are lower, the burning rate of the trioxane diffusion flame may actually increase at low stretch rate due to radiative feedback from the flame to the surface.

49 CFR 195.403 - Emergency response training.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

..., including, in case of flammable HVL, flammability of mixtures with air, odorless vapors, and water reactions... malfunctions or failures and hazardous liquids or carbon dioxide spills, and take appropriate corrective action...

Stationary premixed flames in spherical and cylindrical geometries

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ronney, P. D.; Whaling, K. N.; Abbud-Madrid, A.; Gatto, J. L.; Pisowiscz, V. L.

1994-01-01

Stationary source-free spherical flames ('flame balls') in premixed combustible gases were studied by employing low-gravity (micro-g) environments in a drop tower and an aircraft flying parabolic trajectories to diminish the impact of buoyancy-induced convective flow. Flame balls were found in all mixture families tested when: (1) the Lewis number Le of the deficient reactant was sufficiently low; and (2) the compositions were sufficiently close to the flammability limits. Probably as a consequence of the reduction in buoyant convection, the flammability limits at micro-g were significantly more dilute than those at Earth gravity; for example, 3.35% H2 vs 4.0% H2 in lean H2-air mixtures. By comparison with analytical and computational models, it is inferred that the phenomenon is probably related to diffusive-thermal effects in low-Le mixtures in conjunction with flame-front curvature and radiative heat losses from the combustion products. The chemical reaction mechanism appears to play no qualitative role. In the aircraft experiments, the gravity levels (approximately equal 10(exp -2)g(sub 0)) were found to cause noticeable motion of flame balls due to buoyancy, which in turn influenced the behavior of flame balls. At these g levels, a new type of transient, nearly cylindrical flame structure, termed 'flame strings,' was observed.

Numerical Study of Stratified Charge Combustion in Wave Rotors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nalim, M. Razi

1997-01-01

A wave rotor may be used as a pressure-gain combustor effecting non-steady flow, and intermittent, confined combustion to enhance gas turbine engine performance. It will be more compact and probably lighter than an equivalent pressure-exchange wave rotor, yet will have similar thermodynamic and mechanical characteristics. Because the allowable turbine blade temperature limits overall fuel/air ratio to sub-flammable values, premixed stratification techniques are necessary to burn hydrocarbon fuels in small engines with compressor discharge temperature well below autoignition conditions. One-dimensional, unsteady numerical simulations of stratified-charge combustion are performed using an eddy-diffusivity turbulence model and a simple reaction model incorporating a flammability limit temperature. For good combustion efficiency, a stratification strategy is developed which concentrates fuel at the leading and trailing edges of the inlet port. Rotor and exhaust temperature profiles and performance predictions are presented at three representative operating conditions of the engine: full design load, 40% load, and idle. The results indicate that peak local gas temperatures will result in excessive temperatures within the rotor housing unless additional cooling methods are used. The rotor itself will have acceptable temperatures, but the pattern factor presented to the turbine may be of concern, depending on exhaust duct design and duct-rotor interaction.

41 CFR 109-40.5005 - Description of property for shipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... AVIATION, TRANSPORTATION, AND MOTOR VEHICLES 40-TRANSPORTATION AND TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT 40.50-Bills of Lading... explosives, radioactive materials, flammable liquids, flammable solids, oxidizers, or poison A or poison B...

41 CFR 109-40.5005 - Description of property for shipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... AVIATION, TRANSPORTATION, AND MOTOR VEHICLES 40-TRANSPORTATION AND TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT 40.50-Bills of Lading... explosives, radioactive materials, flammable liquids, flammable solids, oxidizers, or poison A or poison B...

41 CFR 109-40.5005 - Description of property for shipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... AVIATION, TRANSPORTATION, AND MOTOR VEHICLES 40-TRANSPORTATION AND TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT 40.50-Bills of Lading... explosives, radioactive materials, flammable liquids, flammable solids, oxidizers, or poison A or poison B...

41 CFR 109-40.5005 - Description of property for shipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... AVIATION, TRANSPORTATION, AND MOTOR VEHICLES 40-TRANSPORTATION AND TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT 40.50-Bills of Lading... explosives, radioactive materials, flammable liquids, flammable solids, oxidizers, or poison A or poison B...

41 CFR 109-40.5005 - Description of property for shipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... AVIATION, TRANSPORTATION, AND MOTOR VEHICLES 40-TRANSPORTATION AND TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT 40.50-Bills of Lading... explosives, radioactive materials, flammable liquids, flammable solids, oxidizers, or poison A or poison B...

46 CFR 105.10-15 - Flammable liquid.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... FISHING VESSELS DISPENSING PETROLEUM PRODUCTS Definition of Terms Used in This Part § 105.10-15 Flammable... vapor pressure of 14 pounds or more. 1 American Society of Testing Materials Standard D 323...

16 CFR 1302.2 - Purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... FLAMMABLE CONTACT ADHESIVES § 1302.2 Purpose. The purpose of this rule is to ban extremely flammable contact adhesives which have been found to present an unreasonable risk of injury to consumers of burns resulting...

FLAMMABLE GAS TECHNICAL BASIS DOCUMENT

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

KRIPPS, L.J.

2005-02-18

This document describes the qualitative evaluation of frequency and consequences for double shell tank (DST) and single shell tank (SST) representative flammable gas accidents and associated hazardous conditions without controls. The evaluation indicated that safety-significant SSCs and/or TSRS were required to prevent or mitigate flammable gas accidents. Discussion on the resulting control decisions is included. This technical basis document was developed to support of the Tank Farms Documented Safety Analysis (DSA) and describes the risk binning process for the flammable gas representative accidents and associated represented hazardous conditions. The purpose of the risk binning process is to determine the needmore » for safety-significant structures, systems, and components (SSC) and technical safety requirement (TSR)-level controls for a given representative accident or represented hazardous condition based on an evaluation of the event frequency and consequence.« less

Antimisting kerosene atomization and flammability

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fleeter, R.; Petersen, R. A.; Toaz, R. D.; Jakub, A.; Sarohia, V.

1982-01-01

Various parameters found to affect the flammability of antimisting kerosene (Jet A + polymer additive) are investigated. Digital image processing was integrated into a technique for measurement of fuel spray characteristics. This technique was developed to avoid many of the error sources inherent to other spray assessment techniques and was applied to the study of engine fuel nozzle atomization performance with Jet A and antimisting fuel. Aircraft accident fuel spill and ignition dynamics were modeled in a steady state simulator allowing flammability to be measured as a function of airspeed, fuel flow rate, fuel jet Reynolds number and polymer concentration. The digital imaging technique was employed to measure spray characteristics in this simulation and these results were related to flammability test results. Scaling relationships were investigated through correlation of experimental results with characteristic dimensions spanning more than two orders of magnitude.

Thermochemical characterization of some thermally stable thermoplastic and thermoset polymers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kourtides, D. A.; Gilwee, W. J., Jr.; Parker, J. A.

1979-01-01

The thermochemical and flammability properties of some thermally stable polymers considered for use in aircraft interiors are described. The properties studied include: (1) thermomechanical properties such as glass transition and melt temperature; (2) dynamic thermogravimetric analysis in anaerobic environment; (3) flammability properties such as oxygen index, flame spread, and smoke evolution; and (4) selected physical properties. The thermoplastic polymers evaluated include polyphenylene sulfide, polyaryl sulfone, 9,9-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-fluorene polycarbonate-poly(dimethylsiloxane) and polyether sulfone. The thermoset polymers evaluated include epoxy, bismaleimide, a modified phenolic, and polyaromatic melamine resin. These resins were primarily used in the fabrication of glass-reinforced prepregs for the construction of experimental panels. Test results and relative rankings of some of the flammability parameters are presented, and the relationship of the molecular structure, char yield, and flammability properties of these polymers are discussed.

SIMPLE TRANSIENT CALCULATIONS OF CELL FLAMMABLE GAS CONCENTRATIONS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NOEMAIL), J; David Allison; John Mccord, J

2009-05-06

The Saltstone Facility at Savannah River Site (SRS) mixes low-level radiological liquid waste with grout for permanent disposal as cement in vault cells. The grout mixture is poured into each cell in approximately 17 batches (8 to 10 hours duration). The grout mixture contains ten flammable gases of concern that are released from the mixture into the cell. Prior to operations, simple parametric transient calculations were performed to develop batch parameters (including schedule of batch pours) to support operational efficiency while ensuring that a flammable gas mixture does not develop in the cell vapor space. The analysis demonstrated that amore » nonflammable vapor space environment can be achieved, with workable operational constraints, without crediting the ventilation flow as a safety system control. Isopar L was identified as the primary flammable gas of concern. The transient calculations balanced inflows of the flammable gases into the vapor space with credited outflows of diurnal breathing through vent holes and displacement from new grout pours and gases generated. Other important features of the analyses included identifying conditions that inhibited a well-mixed vapor space, the expected frequency and duration of such conditions, and the estimated level of stratification that could develop.« less

16 CFR § 1611.1 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... FOR THE FLAMMABILITY OF VINYL PLASTIC FILM The Standard § 1611.1 Purpose and scope. The purpose of this standard is to promulgate a minimum standard for flammability of vinyl plastic film which are...

Design review report for rotary mode core sample truck (RMCST) modifications for flammable gas tanks, preliminary design

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Corbett, J.E.

1996-02-01

This report documents the completion of a preliminary design review for the Rotary Mode Core Sample Truck (RMCST) modifications for flammable gas tanks. The RMCST modifications are intended to support core sampling operations in waste tanks requiring flammable gas controls. The objective of this review was to validate basic design assumptions and concepts to support a path forward leading to a final design. The conclusion reached by the review committee was that the design was acceptable and efforts should continue toward a final design review.

Development of a Flammability Test Method for Aircraft Blankets

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1996-03-01

Flammability testing of aircraft blankets was conducted in order to develop a fire performance test method and performance criteria for blankets supplied to commercial aircraft operators. Aircraft blankets were subjected to vertical Bunsen burner tes...

14 CFR 25.1183 - Flammable fluid-carrying components.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... safeguard against the ignition of leaking flammable fluid. An integral oil sump of less than 25-quart..., essential services or equipment. [Doc. No. 5066, 29 FR 18291, Dec. 24, 1964, as amended by Amdt. 25-11, 32...

14 CFR 25.1183 - Flammable fluid-carrying components.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... safeguard against the ignition of leaking flammable fluid. An integral oil sump of less than 25-quart..., essential services or equipment. [Doc. No. 5066, 29 FR 18291, Dec. 24, 1964, as amended by Amdt. 25-11, 32...

16 CFR 1611.1 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... FLAMMABILITY OF VINYL PLASTIC FILM The Standard § 1611.1 Purpose and scope. The purpose of this standard is to promulgate a minimum standard for flammability of vinyl plastic film which are subject to the requirements of...

16 CFR 1611.1 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... FLAMMABILITY OF VINYL PLASTIC FILM The Standard § 1611.1 Purpose and scope. The purpose of this standard is to promulgate a minimum standard for flammability of vinyl plastic film which are subject to the requirements of...

16 CFR 1611.1 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... FLAMMABILITY OF VINYL PLASTIC FILM The Standard § 1611.1 Purpose and scope. The purpose of this standard is to promulgate a minimum standard for flammability of vinyl plastic film which are subject to the requirements of...

Chemical Safety Alert: Lightning Hazard to Facilities Handling Flammable Substances

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Raises awareness about lightning strikes, which cause more death/injury and damage than all other environmental elements combined, so industry can take proper precautions to protect equipment and storage or process vessels containing flammable materials.

16 CFR 1611.1 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... FLAMMABILITY OF VINYL PLASTIC FILM The Standard § 1611.1 Purpose and scope. The purpose of this standard is to promulgate a minimum standard for flammability of vinyl plastic film which are subject to the requirements of...

14 CFR 25.1183 - Flammable fluid-carrying components.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... safeguard against the ignition of leaking flammable fluid. An integral oil sump of less than 25-quart..., essential services or equipment. [Doc. No. 5066, 29 FR 18291, Dec. 24, 1964, as amended by Amdt. 25-11, 32...

14 CFR 25.1183 - Flammable fluid-carrying components.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... safeguard against the ignition of leaking flammable fluid. An integral oil sump of less than 25-quart..., essential services or equipment. [Doc. No. 5066, 29 FR 18291, Dec. 24, 1964, as amended by Amdt. 25-11, 32...

Experimental Limiting Oxygen Concentrations for Nine Organic Solvents at Temperatures and Pressures Relevant to Aerobic Oxidations in the Pharmaceutical Industry

PubMed Central

2015-01-01

Applications of aerobic oxidation methods in pharmaceutical manufacturing are limited in part because mixtures of oxygen gas and organic solvents often create the potential for a flammable atmosphere. To address this issue, limiting oxygen concentration (LOC) values, which define the minimum partial pressure of oxygen that supports a combustible mixture, have been measured for nine commonly used organic solvents at elevated temperatures and pressures. The solvents include acetic acid, N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethyl sulfoxide, tert-amyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, methanol, acetonitrile, and toluene. The data obtained from these studies help define safe operating conditions for the use of oxygen with organic solvents. PMID:26622165

Method for Predicting Hypergolic Mixture Flammability Limits

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-02-01

liquid phase, in the gas phase, at the liquid / liquid interface and at the gas / liquid interface during hypergolic ignition and the interactions...of what happens in the liquid phase, in the gas phase, at the liquid / liquid interface and at the gas / liquid interface during hypergolic ignition...and the interactions of all these phases. The ignition happens in the gas -phase but products formed here and there (in the liquid phase or at

Thermal Flammable Gas Production from Bulk Vitrification Feed

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Scheele, Randall D.; McNamara, Bruce K.; Bagaasen, Larry M.

2008-05-21

The baseline bulk-vitrification (BV) process (also known as in-container vitrification ICV™) includes a mixer/dryer to convert liquid low-activity waste (LAW) into a dried, blended feed for vitrification. Feed preparation includes blending LAW with glass-forming minerals (GFMs) and cellulose and drying the mixture to a suitable dryness, consistency, and particle size for transport to the ICVTM container. The cellulose is to be added to the BV feed at a rate sufficient to destroy 75% of the nitrogen present as nitrate or nitrite. Concern exists that flammable gases may be produced during drying operations at levels that could pose a risk. Themore » drying process is conducted under vacuum in the temperature range of 60 to 80°C. These flammable gases could be produced either through thermal decomposition of cellulose or waste organics or as a by-product of the reaction of cellulose and/or waste organics with nitrate or the postulated small amount of nitrite present in the waste. To help address the concern about flammable gas production during drying, the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) performed studies to identify the gases produced at dryer temperatures and at possible process upset conditions. Studies used a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) up to 525°C and isothermal testing up to 120°C to determine flammable gas production resulting from the cellulose and organic constituents in bulk vitrification feed. This report provides the results of those studies to determine the effects of cellulose and waste organics on flammable gas evolution« less

46 CFR 70.05-30 - Combustible and flammable liquid cargo in bulk.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... GENERAL PROVISIONS Application § 70.05-30 Combustible and flammable liquid cargo in bulk. Note... in a portable tank, including a marine portable tank, in accordance with subpart 98.30 or 98.33 of...

Flammability, odor, offgassing, thermal vacuum stability, and compatibility with aerospace fluids of wire insulations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hirsch, David; Johnson, Harry

1994-01-01

The NASA Lewis Research Center requested NASA Johnson Space Center White Sands Test Facility to conduct flammability, odor, offgassing, thermal vacuum stability, and compatibility tests with aerospace fluids of several wire insulations.

49 CFR 193.2059 - Flammable vapor-gas dispersion protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Flammable vapor-gas dispersion protection. 193.2059 Section 193.2059 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) PIPELINE...

16 CFR 1605.9 - Written interrogatories.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

....9 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT REGULATIONS INVESTIGATIONS, INSPECTIONS AND INQUIRIES PURSUANT TO THE FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT Procedures for Investigations... interrogatories shall be answered by the individual or by any agent or officer of the sole proprietorship...

16 CFR 1605.9 - Written interrogatories.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

....9 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT REGULATIONS INVESTIGATIONS, INSPECTIONS AND INQUIRIES PURSUANT TO THE FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT Procedures for Investigations... interrogatories shall be answered by the individual or by any agent or officer of the sole proprietorship...

16 CFR 1605.9 - Written interrogatories.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

....9 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT REGULATIONS INVESTIGATIONS, INSPECTIONS AND INQUIRIES PURSUANT TO THE FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT Procedures for Investigations... interrogatories shall be answered by the individual or by any agent or officer of the sole proprietorship...

16 CFR 1605.9 - Written interrogatories.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

....9 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT REGULATIONS INVESTIGATIONS, INSPECTIONS AND INQUIRIES PURSUANT TO THE FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT Procedures for Investigations... interrogatories shall be answered by the individual or by any agent or officer of the sole proprietorship...

Compression testing of flammable liquids

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Briles, O. M.; Hollenbaugh, R. P.

1979-01-01

Small cylindrical test chamber determines catalytic effect of given container material on fuel that might contribute to accidental deflagration or detonation below expected temperature under adiabatic compression. Device is useful to producers and users of flammable liquids and to safety specialists.

46 CFR 147A.43 - Other sources of ignition; flammable fumigants.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... in any spaces that are not determined to be safe for occupancy under § 147A.11(b)(1)(i). ... sources of ignition; flammable fumigants. While the space that is fumigated is being sealed or during...

49 CFR 172.604 - Emergency response telephone number.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... vehicle. Carbon dioxide, solid. Castor bean. Castor flake. Castor meal. Castor pomace. Consumer commodity. Dry ice. Engines, internal combustion. Fish meal, stabilized. Fish scrap, stabilized. Refrigerating machine. Vehicle, flammable gas powered. Vehicle, flammable liquid powered. Wheelchair, electric. (3...

DOE/DOE Tight Oil Flammability & Transportation Spill Safety

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lord, David L.

2014-12-01

This presentation describes crude oils, their phase behavior, the SPR vapor pressure program, and presents data comparisons from various analytical techniques. The overall objective is to describe physical properties of crude oil relevant to flammability and transport safety

24 CFR 581.6 - Suitability criteria.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

..., the property will not be determined unsuitable on this basis. (2) Property containing flammable or... handling flammable or explosive material (excluding underground storage) will be determined unsuitable..., friable asbestos, PCB's, or natural hazardous substances such as radon, periodic flooding, sinkholes or...

14 CFR 25.1727 - Flammable fluid shutoff means: EWIS.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Flammable fluid shutoff means: EWIS. 25.1727 Section 25.1727 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Electrical Wiring Interconnection...

14 CFR 25.1723 - Flammable fluid fire protection: EWIS.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection: EWIS. 25.1723 Section 25.1723 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Electrical Wiring Interconnection...

Wire insulation degradation and flammability in low gravity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Friedman, Robert

1994-01-01

This view-graph presentation covers the following topics: an introduction to spacecraft fire safety, concerns in fire prevention in low gravity, shuttle wire insulation flammability experiment, drop tower risk-based fire safety experiment, and experimental results, conclusions, and proposed studies.

Efficiency Assessment of Using Flammable Compounds from Water Treatment and Methanol Production Waste for Plasma Synthesis of Iron-Containing Pigments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shekhovtsova, Anastasia P.; Karengin, Alexander G.

2016-08-01

This article describes the possibility of applying the low-temperature plasma for obtaining iron-containing pigments from water purification and flammable methanol production waste. In this paper were calculated combustion parameters of water-saltorganic compositions (WSOC) with different consists. Authors determined the modes of energy- efficient processing of the previously mentioned waste in an air plasma. Having considered the obtained results there were carried out experiments with flammable dispersed water-saltorganic compositions on laboratory plasma stand. All the experimental results are confirmed by calculations.

Accuracy of reported flash point values on material safety data sheets and the impact on product classification.

PubMed

Radnoff, Diane

2013-01-01

Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) are the foundation of worker right-to-know legislation for chemical hazards. Suppliers can use product test data to determine a product's classification. Alternatively, they may use evaluation and professional judgment based on test results for the product or a product, material, or substance with similar properties. While the criteria for classifying products under the new Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS) are different, a similar process is followed. Neither the current Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) nor GHS require suppliers to test their products to classify them. In this project 83 samples of products classified as flammable or combustible, representing a variety of industry sectors and product types, were collected. Flash points were measured and compared to the reported values on the MSDSs. The classifications of the products were then compared using the WHMIS and GHS criteria. The results of the study indicated that there were significant variations between the disclosed and measured flash point values. Overall, more than one-third of the products had flash points lower than that disclosed on the MSDS. In some cases, the measured values were more than 20°C lower than the disclosed values. This could potentially result in an underestimation regarding the flammability of the product so it is important for employers to understand the limitations in the information provided on MSDSs when developing safe work procedures and training programs in the workplace. Nearly one-fifth of the products were misclassified under the WHMIS system as combustible when the measured flash point indicated that they should be classified as flammable when laboratory measurement error was taken into account. While a similar number of products were misclassified using GHS criteria, the tendency appeared to be to "over-classify" (provide a hazard class that was more conservative). So the transition to GHS may potentially decrease the possibility of "under-classifying" flammable and combustible products where no test data on the product are available.

An Experimental Study of Upward Burning Over Long Solid Fuels: Facility Development and Comparison

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kleinhenz, Julie; Yuan, Zeng-Guang

2011-01-01

As NASA's mission evolves, new spacecraft and habitat environments necessitate expanded study of materials flammability. Most of the upward burning tests to date, including the NASA standard material screening method NASA-STD-6001, have been conducted in small chambers where the flame often terminates before a steady state flame is established. In real environments, the same limitations may not be present. The use of long fuel samples would allow the flames to proceed in an unhindered manner. In order to explore sample size and chamber size effects, two large chambers were developed at NASA GRC under the Flame Prevention, Detection and Suppression (FPDS) project. The first was an existing vacuum facility, VF-13, located at NASA John Glenn Research Center. This 6350 liter chamber could accommodate fuels sample lengths up to 2 m. However, operational costs and restricted accessibility limited the test program, so a second laboratory scale facility was developed in parallel. By stacking additional two chambers on top of an existing combustion chamber facility, this 81 liter Stacked-chamber facility could accommodate a 1.5 m sample length. The larger volume, more ideal environment of VF-13 was used to obtain baseline data for comparison with the stacked chamber facility. In this way, the stacked chamber facility was intended for long term testing, with VF-13 as the proving ground. Four different solid fuels (adding machine paper, poster paper, PMMA plates, and Nomex fabric) were tested with fuel sample lengths up to 2 m. For thin samples (papers) with widths up to 5 cm, the flame reached a steady state length, which demonstrates that flame length may be stabilized even when the edge effects are reduced. For the thick PMMA plates, flames reached lengths up to 70 cm but were highly energetic and restricted by oxygen depletion. Tests with the Nomex fabric confirmed that the cyclic flame phenomena, observed in small facility tests, continued over longer sample. New features were also observed at the higher oxygen/pressure conditions available in the large chamber. Comparison of flame behavior between the two facilities under identical conditions revealed disparities, both qualitative and quantitative. This suggests that, in certain ranges of controlling parameters, chamber size and shape could be one of the parameters that affect the material flammability. If this proves to be true, it may limit the applicability of existing flammability data.

Medicaid program; revision to Medicaid upper payment limit requirements for hospital services, nursing facility services, intermediate care facility services for the mentally retarded, and clinic services. Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA), HHS. Final rule.

PubMed

2001-01-12

This final rule modifies the Medicaid upper payment limits for inpatient hospital services, outpatient hospital services, nursing facility services, intermediate care facility services for the mentally retarded, and clinic services. For each type of Medicaid inpatient service, existing regulations place an upper limit on overall aggregate payments to all facilities and a separate aggregate upper limit on payments made to State-operated facilities. This final rule establishes an aggregate upper limit that applies to payments made to government facilities that are not State government-owned or operated, and a separate aggregate upper limit on payments made to privately-owned and operated facilities. This rule also eliminates the overall aggregate upper limit that had applied to these services. With respect to outpatient hospital and clinic services, this final rule establishes an aggregate upper limit on payments made to State government-owned or operated facilities, an aggregate upper limit on payments made to government facilities that are not State government-owned or operated, and an aggregate upper limit on payments made to privately-owned and operated facilities. These separate upper limits are necessary to ensure State Medicaid payment systems promote economy and efficiency. We are allowing a higher upper limit for payment to non-State public hospitals to recognize the higher costs of inpatient and outpatient services in public hospitals. In addition, to ensure continued beneficiary access to care and the ability of States to adjust to the changes in the upper payment limits, the final rule includes a transition period for States with approved rate enhancement State plan amendments.

16 CFR 1605.2 - Conduct and scope of inspections.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... Section 1605.2 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT REGULATIONS INVESTIGATIONS, INSPECTIONS AND INQUIRIES PURSUANT TO THE FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT Procedures for Investigations.... Upon presenting such notice, along with appropriate credentials, to the person, or agent-in-charge of...

16 CFR § 1605.9 - Written interrogatories.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

...§ 1605.9 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT REGULATIONS INVESTIGATIONS, INSPECTIONS AND INQUIRIES PURSUANT TO THE FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT Procedures for Investigations... interrogatories shall be answered by the individual or by any agent or officer of the sole proprietorship...

16 CFR 1605.2 - Conduct and scope of inspections.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... Section 1605.2 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT REGULATIONS INVESTIGATIONS, INSPECTIONS AND INQUIRIES PURSUANT TO THE FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT Procedures for Investigations.... Upon presenting such notice, along with appropriate credentials, to the person, or agent-in-charge of...

16 CFR 1605.2 - Conduct and scope of inspections.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... Section 1605.2 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT REGULATIONS INVESTIGATIONS, INSPECTIONS AND INQUIRIES PURSUANT TO THE FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT Procedures for Investigations.... Upon presenting such notice, along with appropriate credentials, to the person, or agent-in-charge of...

30 CFR 57.4400 - Use restrictions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR METAL AND NONMETAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS-UNDERGROUND METAL AND NONMETAL MINES Fire Prevention and Control Flammable and Combustible Liquids and Gases § 57.4400 Use restrictions. (a) Flammable liquids...

30 CFR 57.4400 - Use restrictions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR METAL AND NONMETAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS-UNDERGROUND METAL AND NONMETAL MINES Fire Prevention and Control Flammable and Combustible Liquids and Gases § 57.4400 Use restrictions. (a) Flammable liquids...

30 CFR 56.4400 - Use restrictions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR METAL AND NONMETAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS-SURFACE METAL AND NONMETAL MINES Fire Prevention and Control Flammable and Combustible Liquids and Gases § 56.4400 Use restrictions. (a) Flammable liquids...

30 CFR 57.4400 - Use restrictions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR METAL AND NONMETAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS-UNDERGROUND METAL AND NONMETAL MINES Fire Prevention and Control Flammable and Combustible Liquids and Gases § 57.4400 Use restrictions. (a) Flammable liquids...

46 CFR 154.1848 - Inerting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CERTAIN BULK DANGEROUS CARGOES SAFETY STANDARDS FOR SELF... oxygen concentration is 8 percent or less by volume when flammable cargoes are carried; (2) Hold and... vessel with full secondary barriers when non-flammable cargoes are carried; and (iii) A vessel with...

16 CFR 1302.4 - Banned hazardous products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... flammable contact adhesive and similar liquid or semiliquid consumer product as defined in § 1302.3 (b... hazardous product. In addition, any other extremely flammable contact adhesive and similar liquid or... 1302.4 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT REGULATIONS...

16 CFR 1302.4 - Banned hazardous products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... flammable contact adhesive and similar liquid or semiliquid consumer product as defined in § 1302.3 (b... hazardous product. In addition, any other extremely flammable contact adhesive and similar liquid or... 1302.4 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT REGULATIONS...

46 CFR 154.1848 - Inerting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CERTAIN BULK DANGEROUS CARGOES SAFETY STANDARDS FOR SELF... oxygen concentration is 8 percent or less by volume when flammable cargoes are carried; (2) Hold and... vessel with full secondary barriers when non-flammable cargoes are carried; and (iii) A vessel with...

30 CFR 57.4400 - Use restrictions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR METAL AND NONMETAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS-UNDERGROUND METAL AND NONMETAL MINES Fire Prevention and Control Flammable and Combustible Liquids and Gases § 57.4400 Use restrictions. (a) Flammable liquids...

46 CFR 154.1848 - Inerting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CERTAIN BULK DANGEROUS CARGOES SAFETY STANDARDS FOR SELF... oxygen concentration is 8 percent or less by volume when flammable cargoes are carried; (2) Hold and... vessel with full secondary barriers when non-flammable cargoes are carried; and (iii) A vessel with...

16 CFR 1302.4 - Banned hazardous products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... flammable contact adhesive and similar liquid or semiliquid consumer product as defined in § 1302.3 (b... hazardous product. In addition, any other extremely flammable contact adhesive and similar liquid or... 1302.4 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT REGULATIONS...

30 CFR 56.4400 - Use restrictions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR METAL AND NONMETAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS-SURFACE METAL AND NONMETAL MINES Fire Prevention and Control Flammable and Combustible Liquids and Gases § 56.4400 Use restrictions. (a) Flammable liquids...

30 CFR 57.4401 - Storage tank foundations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... and Control Flammable and Combustible Liquids and Gases § 57.4401 Storage tank foundations. Fixed, unburied, flammable or combustible liquid storage tanks shall be securely mounted on firm foundations....4401 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR METAL AND NONMETAL...

30 CFR 57.4401 - Storage tank foundations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... and Control Flammable and Combustible Liquids and Gases § 57.4401 Storage tank foundations. Fixed, unburied, flammable or combustible liquid storage tanks shall be securely mounted on firm foundations....4401 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR METAL AND NONMETAL...

30 CFR 56.4400 - Use restrictions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR METAL AND NONMETAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS-SURFACE METAL AND NONMETAL MINES Fire Prevention and Control Flammable and Combustible Liquids and Gases § 56.4400 Use restrictions. (a) Flammable liquids...

30 CFR 56.4400 - Use restrictions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR METAL AND NONMETAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS-SURFACE METAL AND NONMETAL MINES Fire Prevention and Control Flammable and Combustible Liquids and Gases § 56.4400 Use restrictions. (a) Flammable liquids...

46 CFR 154.1848 - Inerting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CERTAIN BULK DANGEROUS CARGOES SAFETY STANDARDS FOR SELF... oxygen concentration is 8 percent or less by volume when flammable cargoes are carried; (2) Hold and... vessel with full secondary barriers when non-flammable cargoes are carried; and (iii) A vessel with...

16 CFR 1633.8 - Findings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT REGULATIONS STANDARD FOR THE FLAMMABILITY... regulation has been adopted and implemented. (c) Relationship of benefits to costs. The Commission estimates the potential total lifetime benefits of a mattress that complies with this standard to range from $45...

49 CFR 238.103 - Fire safety.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... September 9, 2002, shall meet the test performance criteria for flammability and smoke emission..., refurbishment, or overhaul of the car or cab, shall meet the test performance criteria for flammability and... of tests of material conducted in accordance with the standards and performance criteria for...

45 CFR 12a.6 - Suitability criteria.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... basis. (2) Property containing flammable or explosive materials. A property located within 2000 feet of an industrial, commercial or Federal facility handling flammable or explosive material (excluding... substances such as radon, periodic flooding, sinkholes or earth slides. (6) Inaccessible. A property that is...

Interim Air Purity Guidelines for Dry Deck Shelter (DDS) Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-10-01

The acceptable limits for gaseous contaminants in submarine compressed air for use as diver’s breathing air are derived from the 8-hour Time Weighted...accompanying documentation. Cylinders must be declared as hazardous cargo (" Air , Compressed Non-Flammable Gas") prior to air transport. Analysis of cylinder...capi NAVAL MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE Bethesda, MD 20889-5055 NMRI 90-109 October 1990 AD-A231 432 INTERIM AIR PURITY GUIDELINES FOR DRY DECK

Turbulent Flame Stabilization Methods Using Confinement, Diluents, and High-Potential Electric Fields

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-08-03

the corona discharge was optimal for flame stabilization when it was located where fuel/air mixtures were within flammability limits locally...field [56]. This ionic wind is also known as the “ corona wind” [57] due to the corona discharge that develops at the sharp edge of the charged... Corona Discharge ,” Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, Part I: Communication and Electronics, vol. 80, no. 2, pp. 143-150

Studies of Flame Structure in Microgravity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Law, C. K.; Sung, C. J.; Zhu, D. L.

1997-01-01

The present research endeavor is concerned with gaining fundamental understanding of the configuration, structure, and dynamics of laminar premixed and diffusion flames under conditions of negligible effects of gravity. Of particular interest is the potential to establish and hence study the properties of spherically- and cylindrically-symmetric flames and their response to external forces not related to gravity. For example, in an earlier experimental study of the burner-stabilized cylindrical premixed flames, the possibility of flame stabilization through flow divergence was established, while the resulting one-dimensional, adiabatic, stretchless flame also allowed an accurate means of determining the laminar flame speeds of combustible mixtures. We have recently extended our studies of the flame structure in microgravity along the following directions: (1) Analysis of the dynamics of spherical premixed flames; (2) Analysis of the spreading of cylindrical diffusion flames; (3) Experimental observation of an interesting dual luminous zone structure of a steady-state, microbuoyancy, spherical diffusion flame of air burning in a hydrogen/methane mixture environment, and its subsequent quantification through computational simulation with detailed chemistry and transport; (4) Experimental quantification of the unsteady growth of a spherical diffusion flame; and (5) Computational simulation of stretched, diffusionally-imbalanced premixed flames near and beyond the conventional limits of flammability, and the substantiation of the concept of extended limits of flammability. Motivation and results of these investigations are individually discussed.

NASA-STD-6001B Test 1 Upward Flame Propagation; Sample Length Impact on MOC Investigation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Harper, Susana Tapia; Juarez, Alfredo; Woods, Brenton L.; Beeson, Harold D.

2017-01-01

Understanding the combustion behavior of materials in the elevated oxygen environments of habitable spacecraft is of utmost importance to crew safety and mission success. Currently, certification for unrestricted flight usage of a material with respect to flammability involves passing the Upward Flame Propagation Test of NASA-STD-6001B (Test 1). This test evaluates materials in a standardized test configuration for two failure criteria: self-extinguishment within 15 cm (6 in.) and the propensity of flame propagation by means of flaming material transfer. By the NASA standard, full-length samples are 30 cm (12 in.) in length; however, factors independent of the test method such as limited material availability or various nonstandard test configurations limit the full pretest sample lengths available for test. This paper characterizes the dependence, if any, of pretest sample length on NASA-STD-6001B Test 1 results. Testing was performed using the Maximum Oxygen Concentration (MOC) Threshold Method to obtain a data set for each sample length tested. In addition, various material types, including cloth (Nomex), foam (TA-301) and solids (Ultem), were tested to investigate potential effects of test specimen types. Though additional data needs to be generated to provide statistical confidence, preliminary findings are that use of variable sample lengths has minimal impact on NASA-STD-6001B flammability performance and MOC determination.

Flow Effects on the Flammability Diagrams of Solid Fuels

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cordova, J. L.; Ceamanos, J.; Fernandez-Pello, A. C.; Long, R. T.; Torero, J. L.; Quintiere, J. G.

1997-01-01

A research program is currently underway with the final objective of developing a fundamental understanding of the controlling mechanisms underlying the flammability diagrams of solid combustible materials and their derived fire properties. Given that there is a high possibility of an accidental fire occurring in a space-based facility, understanding the fire properties of materials that will be used in such facilities is of critical importance. With this purpose, the flammability diagrams of the materials, as those produced by the Lateral Ignition and Flame Spread Test (LIFT) apparatus and by a new forced flow device, the Forced Flow Ignition and Flame Spread Test (FIST) apparatus, will be obtained. The specific objective of the program is to apply the new flammability apparatus, which will more accurately reflect the potential ambient conditions of space-based environments, to the characterization of the materials for space applications. This paper presents a parametric study of oxidizer flow effects on the ignition curve of the flammability diagrams of PMMA. The dependence of the ignition delay time on the external radiant flux and either the sample width (LIFT) or the flow velocity (FIST) has been studied. Although preliminary, the results indicate that natural and forced convection flow changes, affect the characteristics of the ignition curves of the flammability diagrams. The major effect on the ignition time appears to be due to convective transfer variations at the fuel surface. At high radiant fluxes or high flow velocities, however, it appears that gas phase processes become increasingly important, affecting the overall ignition delay time. A numerical analysis of the solid fuel heating and pyrolysis has also been developed. The theoretical predictions approximate the experiments well for conditions in which the gas phase induction time is negligible.

Bio-based barium alginate film: Preparation, flame retardancy and thermal degradation behavior.

PubMed

Liu, Yun; Zhang, Chuan-Jie; Zhao, Jin-Chao; Guo, Yi; Zhu, Ping; Wang, De-Yi

2016-03-30

A bio-based barium alginate film was prepared via a facile ionic exchange and casting approach. Its flammability, thermal degradation and pyrolysis behaviors, thermal degradation mechanism were studied systemically by limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning (UL-94), microscale combustion calorimetry (MCC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) coupled with Fourier transform infrared analysis (FTIR) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS). It showed that barium alginate film had much higher LOI value (52.0%) than that of sodium alginate film (24.5%). Moreover, barium alginate film passed the UL-94 V-0 rating, while the sodium alginate film showed no classification. Importantly, peak of heat release rate (PHRR) of barium alginate film in MCC test was much lower than that of sodium alginate film, suggested that introduction of barium ion into alginate film significantly decreased release of combustible gases. TG-FTIR and Py-GC-MS results indicated that barium alginate produced much less flammable products than that of sodium alginate in whole thermal degradation procedure. Finally, a possible degradation mechanism of barium alginate had been proposed. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The USML-1 wire insulation flammability glovebox experiment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Greenberg, Paul S.; Sacksteder, Kurt R.; Kashiwagi, Takashi

1995-01-01

Flame spreading tests have been conducted using thin fuels in microgravity where buoyant convection is suppressed. In spacecraft experiments flames were ignited in quiescent atmospheres with an elevated oxygen content, demonstrating that diffusional mechanisms can be sufficient alone to sustain flame spreading. In ground-based facilities (i.e. drop towers and parabolic aircraft) low-speed convection sustains flames at much lower concentrations of atmospheric oxygen than in quiescent microgravity. Ground-based experiments are limited to very thin fuels (e.g., tissue paper); practical fuels, which are thicker, require more test time than is available. The Glovebox Facility provided for the USML 1 mission provided an opportunity to obtain flame spreading data for thicker fuel Herein we report the results from the Wire Insulation Flammability (WIF) Experiment performed in the Glovebox Facility. This experiment explored the heating, ignition and burning of 0.65 mm thick polyethylene wire insulation in low-speed flows in a reduced gravity environment. Four tests were conducted, two each in concurrent flow (WIF A and C) and opposed flow (WIF B and D), providing the first demonstration of flame spreading in controlled forced convection conducted in space.

Materials Safety - Not just Flammability and Toxic Offgassing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pedley, Michael D.

2007-01-01

For many years, the safety community has focused on a limited subset of materials and processes requirements as key to safety: Materials flammability, Toxic offgassing, Propellant compatibility, Oxygen compatibility, and Stress-corrosion cracking. All these items are important, but the exclusive focus on these items neglects many other items that are equally important to materials safety. Examples include (but are not limited to): 1. Materials process control -- proper qualification and execution of manufacturing processes such as structural adhesive bonding, welding, and forging are crucial to materials safety. Limitation of discussions on materials process control to an arbitrary subset of processes, known as "critical processes" is a mistake, because any process where the quality of the product cannot be verified by inspection can potentially result in unsafe hardware 2 Materials structural design allowables -- development of valid design allowables when none exist in the literature requires extensive testing of multiple lots of materials and is extremely expensive. But, without valid allowables, structural analysis cannot verify structural safety 3. Corrosion control -- All forms of corrosion, not just stress corrosion, can affect structural integrity of hardware 4. Contamination control during ground processing -- contamination control is critical to manufacturing processes such as adhesive bonding and also to elimination foreign objects and debris (FOD) that are hazardous to the crew of manned spacecraft in microgravity environments. 5. Fasteners -- Fastener design, the use of verifiable secondary locking features, and proper verification of fastener torque are essential for proper structural performance This presentation discusses some of these key factors and the importance of considering them in ensuring the safety of space hardware.

75 FR 2445 - Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-01-15

... Homeland Security EPA--Environmental Protection Agency RMP--Risk Management Program SSP--Site Security Plan...) under the Clean Air Act's Risk Management Program (RMP) for counting-- or excluding--flammable chemicals... of flammable chemicals in gasoline from the RMP rules was mandated by the Chemical Safety...

77 FR 18929 - Seagoing Barges

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-29

... changes to the tables. Additionally, this correcting amendment corrects the amendatory instructions of the... flammable liquid international for-hire, except and 6. listed in part cargo in bulk.\\5\\ voyage, except those..., 3, 4, oceanographic in bulk that are flammable liquid international vessels, not 6, and 7. research...

30 CFR 56.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... anticipated, will ignite, burn, support combustion, or release flammable vapors when subjected to fire or heat... covering is one means for making the conductor insulated. Insulation means a dielectric substance offering... flammable vapors when subjected to fire or heat. Concrete, masonry block, brick, and steel are examples of...

16 CFR 1605.3 - Compulsory processes and the service thereof.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

.... 1605.3 Section 1605.3 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT REGULATIONS INVESTIGATIONS, INSPECTIONS AND INQUIRIES PURSUANT TO THE FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT Procedures for...) By personal service upon the person, or agent-in-charge of the sole proprietorship, partnership, or...