77 FR 40834 - Proposed Amendment of Class E Airspace; Dillon, MT

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-11

... further expand the previous proposed amendment of Class E airspace extending upward from 700 feet above... an amendment of Class E airspace extending upward from 700 feet above the surface. DATES: Comments... published a NPRM to modify Class E airspace, extending upward from 700 feet or more above the surface, at...

Absorption of Solar Radiation by Clouds: Interpretations of Satellite, Surface, and Aircraft Measurements

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cess, R. D.; Zhang, M. H.; Zhou, Y.; Jing, X.; Dvortsov, V.

1996-01-01

To investigate the absorption of shortwave radiation by clouds, we have collocated satellite and surface measurements of shortwave radiation at several locations. Considerable effort has been directed toward understanding and minimizing sampling errors caused by the satellite measurements being instantaneous and over a grid that is much larger than the field of view of an upward facing surface pyranometer. The collocated data indicate that clouds absorb considerably more shortwave radiation than is predicted by theoretical models. This is consistent with the finding from both satellite and aircraft measurements that observed clouds are darker than model clouds. In the limit of thick clouds, observed top-of-the-atmosphere albedos do not exceed a value of 0.7, whereas in models the maximum albedo can be 0.8.

Gravitaxis in Spherical Janus Swimming Devices

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

In this work, we show that the asymmetrical distribution of mass at the surface of catalytic Janus swimmers results in the devices preferentially propelling themselves upward in a gravitational field. We demonstrate the existence of this gravitaxis phenomenon by observing the trajectories of fueled Janus swimmers, which generate thrust along a vector pointing away from their metallically coated half. We report that as the size of the spherical swimmer increases, the propulsive trajectories are no longer isotropic with respect to gravity, and they start to show a pronounced tendency to move in an upward direction. We suggest that this effect is due to the platinum caps asymmetric mass exerting an increasing influence on the azimuthal angle of the Janus sphere with size, biasing its orientation toward a configuration where the heavier propulsion generating surface faces down. This argument is supported by the good agreement we find between the experimentally observed azimuthal angle distribution for the Janus swimmers and predictions made by simple Boltzmann statistics. This gravitaxis phenomenon provides a mechanism to autonomously control and direct the motion of catalytic swimming devices and so enable a route to make autonomous transport devices and develop new separation, sensing, and controlled release applications. PMID:24134682

Flower orientation enhances pollen transfer in bilaterally symmetrical flowers.

PubMed

Ushimaru, Atushi; Dohzono, Ikumi; Takami, Yasuoki; Hyodo, Fujio

2009-07-01

Zygomorphic flowers are usually more complex than actinomorphic flowers and are more likely to be visited by specialized pollinators. Complex zygomorphic flowers tend to be oriented horizontally. It is hypothesized that a horizontal flower orientation ensures effective pollen transfer by facilitating pollinator recognition (the recognition-facilitation hypothesis) and/or pollinator landing (the landing-control hypothesis). To examine these two hypotheses, we altered the angle of Commelina communis flowers and examined the efficiency of pollen transfer, as well as the behavior of their visitors. We exposed unmanipulated (horizontal-), upward-, and downward-facing flowers to syrphid flies (mostly Episyrphus balteatus), which are natural visitors to C. communis. The frequency of pollinator approaches and landings, as well as the amount of pollen deposited by E. balteatus, decreased for the downward-facing flowers, supporting both hypotheses. The upward-facing flowers received the same numbers of approaches and landings as the unmanipulated flowers, but experienced more illegitimate landings. In addition, the visitors failed to touch the stigmas or anthers on the upward-facing flowers, leading to reduced pollen export and receipt, and supporting the landing-control hypothesis. Collectively, our data suggested that the horizontal orientation of zygomorphic flowers enhances pollen transfer by both facilitating pollinator recognition and controlling pollinator landing position. These findings suggest that zygomorphic flowers which deviate from a horizontal orientation may have lower fitness because of decreased pollen transfer.

Derivation of high spatial resolution albedo from UAV digital imagery: application over the Greenland Ice Sheet

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ryan, Jonathan C.; Hubbard, Alun; Box, Jason E.; Brough, Stephen; Cameron, Karen; Cook, Joseph M.; Cooper, Matthew; Doyle, Samuel H.; Edwards, Arwyn; Holt, Tom; Irvine-Fynn, Tristram; Jones, Christine; Pitcher, Lincoln H.; Rennermalm, Asa K.; Smith, Laurence C.; Stibal, Marek; Snooke, Neal

2017-05-01

Measurements of albedo are a prerequisite for modelling surface melt across the Earth's cryosphere, yet available satellite products are limited in spatial and/or temporal resolution. Here, we present a practical methodology to obtain centimetre resolution albedo products with accuracies of 5% using consumer-grade digital camera and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technologies. Our method comprises a workflow for processing, correcting and calibrating raw digital images using a white reference target, and upward and downward shortwave radiation measurements from broadband silicon pyranometers. We demonstrate the method with a set of UAV sorties over the western, K-sector of the Greenland Ice Sheet. The resulting albedo product, UAV10A1, covers 280 km2, at a resolution of 20 cm per pixel and has a root-mean-square difference of 3.7% compared to MOD10A1 and 4.9% compared to ground-based broadband pyranometer measurements. By continuously measuring downward solar irradiance, the technique overcomes previous limitations due to variable illumination conditions during and between surveys over glaciated terrain. The current miniaturization of multispectral sensors and incorporation of upward facing radiation sensors on UAV packages means that this technique will likely become increasingly attractive in field studies and used in a wide range of applications for high temporal and spatial resolution surface mapping of debris, dust, cryoconite and bioalbedo and for directly constraining surface energy balance models.

Interfacial charging phenomena of aluminum (hydr)oxides

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hiemstra, T.; Yong, H.; Van Riemsdijk, W.H.

1999-08-31

The interfacial charging of Al(OH){sub 3} (gibbsite and bayerite) and Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} has been studied. For Al(OH){sub 3} it can be shown that the very strong variation in charging behavior for different preparations is related to the relative presence of differently reacting crystal planes. The edge faces of the hexagonal gibbsite crystals are proton reactive over the whole pH range, in contrast to the 001 plane, which is mainly uncharged below pH = 10. On this 001 face only doubly coordinated surface groups are found, in contrast to the edges which also have singly coordinated surface groups. The resultsmore » are fully in agreement with the predictions of the Multi site complexation (MUSIC) model. The proton adsorption, electrolyte ion adsorption, and shift of the IEP of gibbsite and aluminum oxide have been modeled simultaneously. For gibbsite, the ion pair formation of Na is larger than that of Cl, as is evidenced by modeling the experimentally observed upward shift on the IEP and charge reversal at high electrolyte concentrations. All these experimental results can be satisfactorily modeled with the MUSIC model, including the experimental surface potential of aluminum oxide (ISFET).« less

75 FR 65250 - Proposed Amendment of Class E Airspace and Revocation of Class E Airspace; Easton, MD

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-10-22

... rulemaking (NPRM). SUMMARY: This action proposes to modify Class E surface airspace and airspace 700 feet... modify Class E surface airspace and Class E airspace extending upward from 700 feet above the surface to... Class E airspace extending upward from 700 feet above the surface are published in Paragraph 6002, 6004...

77 FR 50417 - Proposed Amendment of Class D and Class E Airspace; Lewiston, ID

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-08-21

... Class E airspace extending upward from 700 feet above the surface and 1,200 feet above the surface, and...,200 feet above the surface area to enhance safety in the Lewiston-Nez Pearce County Airport, Lewiston... extending upward from 700 feet above the surface at Lewiston-Nez Perce County Airport, Lewiston, ID (77 FR...

Upward movement of plutonium to surface sediments during an 11-year field study.

PubMed

Kaplan, D I; Demirkanli, D I; Molz, F J; Beals, D M; Cadieux, J R; Halverson, J E

2010-05-01

An 11-year lysimeter study was established to monitor the movement of Pu through vadose zone sediments. Sediment Pu concentrations as a function of depth indicated that some Pu moved upward from the buried source material. Subsequent numerical modeling suggested that the upward movement was largely the result of invading grasses taking up the Pu and translocating it upward. The objective of this study was to determine if the Pu of surface sediments originated from atmosphere fallout or from the buried lysimeter source material (weapons-grade Pu), providing additional evidence that plants were involved in the upward migration of Pu. The (240)Pu/(239)Pu and (242)Pu/(239)Pu atomic fraction ratios of the lysimeter surface sediments, as determined by Thermal Ionization Mass Spectroscopy (TIMS), were 0.063 and 0.00045, respectively; consistent with the signatures of the weapons-grade Pu. Our numerical simulations indicate that because plants create a large water flux, small concentrations over multiple years may result in a measurable accumulation of Pu on the ground surface. These results may have implications on the conceptual model for calculating risk associated with long-term stewardship and monitored natural attenuation management of Pu contaminated subsurface and surface sediments. Copyright (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

PBF Reactor Building (PER620). Camera in first basement, facing south ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

PBF Reactor Building (PER-620). Camera in first basement, facing south and upward toward main floor. Cable trays being erected. Photographer: Kirsh. Date: May 20, 1969. INEEL negative no. 69-3110 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, SPERT-I & Power Burst Facility Area, Scoville, Butte County, ID

Local atmospheric response to warm mesoscale ocean eddies in the Kuroshio-Oyashio Confluence region.

PubMed

Sugimoto, Shusaku; Aono, Kenji; Fukui, Shin

2017-09-19

In the extratropical regions, surface winds enhance upward heat release from the ocean to atmosphere, resulting in cold surface ocean: surface ocean temperature is negatively correlated with upward heat flux. However, in the western boundary currents and eddy-rich regions, the warmer surface waters compared to surrounding waters enhance upward heat release-a positive correlation between upward heat release and surface ocean temperature, implying that the ocean drives the atmosphere. The atmospheric response to warm mesoscale ocean eddies with a horizontal extent of a few hundred kilometers remains unclear because of a lack of observations. By conducting regional atmospheric model experiments, we show that, in the Kuroshio-Oyashio Confluence region, wintertime warm eddies heat the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL), and accelerate westerly winds in the near-surface atmosphere via the vertical mixing effect, leading to wind convergence around the eastern edge of eddies. The warm-eddy-induced convergence forms local ascending motion where convective precipitation is enhanced, providing diabatic heating to the atmosphere above MABL. Our results indicate that warm eddies affect not only near-surface atmosphere but also free atmosphere, and possibly synoptic atmospheric variability. A detailed understanding of warm eddy-atmosphere interaction is necessary to improve in weather and climate projections.

Annual Cycle of Surface Longwave Radiation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mlynczak, Pamela E.; Smith, G. Louis; Wilber, Anne C.; Stackhouse, Paul W.

2011-01-01

The annual cycles of upward and downward longwave fluxes at the Earth s surface are investigated by use of the NASA/GEWEX Surface Radiation Budget Data Set. Because of the immense difference between the heat capacity of land and ocean, the surface of Earth is partitioned into these two categories. Principal component analysis is used to quantify the annual cycles. Over land, the first principal component describes over 95% of the variance of the annual cycle of the upward and downward longwave fluxes. Over ocean the first term describes more than 87% of these annual cycles. Empirical orthogonal functions show the corresponding geographical distributions of these cycles. Phase plane diagrams of the annual cycles of upward longwave fluxes as a function of net shortwave flux show the thermal inertia of land and ocean.

78 FR 5151 - Proposed Amendment of Class E Airspace; Omak, WA

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-24

... extending upward from 700 feet above the surface and 1,200 feet above the surface at Omak Airport, Omak, WA.... The size and shape of the airspace will remain the same by using the Airport Reference Point in... amended as follows: Paragraph 6005 Class E airspace areas extending upward from 700 feet or more above the...

78 FR 22413 - Amendment of Class E Airspace; Omak, WA

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-04-16

... upward from 4,500 feet Mean Sea Level (MSL). This improves the safety and management of Instrument Flight... airspace extending upward from 4,500 feet MSL be rewritten for clarity. With the exception of editorial... 700 feet above the surface and 1,200 feet above the surface at Omak Airport, Omak, WA. The Omak NDB...

76 FR 53352 - Proposed Amendment of Class E Airspace; Alice, TX

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-26

... procedures at Old Hoppe Place Airport, Agua Dulce, TX, has made this action necessary for the safety and..., area. Controlled airspace extending upward from 700 feet above the surface is being removed at Old... extending upward from 700 feet or more above the surface of the earth. * * * * * ASW TX E5 Alice, TX...

The Influence of Upward Groundwater between Joints on the Stability and the Behavior of Dip Slope Failures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Weng, C. H.; Lin, M. L.; Hsieh, P. C.

2016-12-01

In recent years, landslides have attracted much attention in the engineering field in Taiwan. As previous studies, landslides are induced by earthquakes, rainfall, and groundwater. That groundwater flows into upper layer through vertical joints, upward groundwater, erodes the slope and reduces its stability. Nevertheless, in the literature, the impact of upward groundwater to the location of sliding surface and the behaviors of dip slope failure has not be investigated. In this study, physical model tests with water flow inclinometers are used to investigate the kinematics of dip slope failures under various conditions and to identify the failure modes of specimens (Fig. 1). Besides, the mechanics of one landslide case owing to upward groundwater is studied by numerical simulation. In the physical tests, the effects of upward groundwater on slope stability are investigated with different angles of inclinometers, different position of joints on specimens and different locations of upward seepage. The test results suggest that the upward water pressure becomes lower when the number of joints increases. As the water pressure increases to 3.8 times the weight of one block of the specimen, the block will slide. Another, when the specimen is covered by one granular content layer (see Fig. 2), the failure surface tends to develop at the granular content layer, and its kinematics is similar to debris slide; when the clay seam is below of the specimen, the translational slide occurs along the bottom of the blocks. Moreover, one dip slope case, Taiwan's National Highway No. 3 landslide event, are studied by numerical simulation. According to the results, some points are concluded: water pressure makes tension cracks on the top of the vertical joints on weathered sandstones; with anchor attenuation, the sandstone moves downslope, which makes the shear strain of the slope toe region increases (see Fig. 3). If friction angle of the slope decreases, the slide surface occurs along the weak surface, and it develops to the toe of the slope.

76 FR 9965 - Amendment of Class E Airspace and Revocation of Class E Airspace; Easton, MD

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-23

...-5588. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: History On October 22, 2010, the FAA published in the Federal Register...] * * * * * Paragraph 6005 Class E Airspace Areas Extending Upward from 700 feet or More Above the Surface of the Earth...]04'08'' W.) That airspace extending upward from 700 feet above the surface of the Earth within a 6.5...

Simultaneous measurement of X-ray specular reflection and off-specular diffuse scattering from liquid surfaces using a two-dimensional pixel array detector: the liquid-interface reflectometer of BL37XU at SPring-8.

PubMed

Yano, Yohko F; Uruga, Tomoya; Tanida, Hajime; Toyokawa, Hidenori; Terada, Yasuko; Yamada, Hironari

2010-07-01

An X-ray reflectometer for simultaneous measurement of specular and off-specular reflection of liquid surfaces is described. The reflectometer, equipped with a two-dimensional single X-ray photon-counting pixel array detector obtained the full range of X-ray specular and off-specular reflections in an extremely short time (1 s). Both the specular and off-specular reflection of water exhibited good agreement with the predicted capillary-wave theory within the appropriate instrumental resolution. The approach is also demonstrated on an aqueous solution of 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride. The monolayer in which the dodecyl chain faces upwards and the Cl(-) anion locates next to the imidazolium ring formed on the water surface was found to be laterally homogeneous. The use of a pixel array detector will be particularly powerful for in situ measurements to investigate both out-of-plane and in-plane structures simultaneously, not only for liquid surfaces but also for other thin films.

Wave Impact on a Wall: Comparison of Experiments with Similarity Solutions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, A.; Duncan, J. H.; Lathrop, D. P.

2014-11-01

The impact of a steep water wave on a fixed partially submerged cube is studied with experiments and theory. The temporal evolution of the water surface profile upstream of the front face of the cube in its center plane is measured with a cinematic laser-induced fluorescence technique using frame rates up to 4,500 Hz. For a small range of cube positions, the surface profiles are found to form a nearly circular arc with upward curvature between the front face of the cube and a point just downstream of the wave crest. As the crest approaches the cube, the effective radius of this portion of the profile decreases rapidly. At the same time, the portion of the profile that is upstream of the crest approaches a straight line with a downward slope of about 15°. As the wave impact continues, the circular arc shrinks to zero radius with very high acceleration and a sudden transition to a high-speed vertical jet occurs. This flow singularity is modeled with a power-law scaling in time, which is used to create a time-independent system of equations of motion. The scaled governing equations are solved numerically and the similarly scaled measured free surface shapes, are favorably compared with the solutions. The support of the Office of Naval Research is gratefully acknowledged.

Characterization of a Low-Cost Multiparameter Sensor for Solar Resource Applications

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Habte, Aron M; Sengupta, Manajit; Andreas, Afshin M

Low-cost, multiparameter sensing and measurement devices enable cost-effective monitoring of the functional, operational reliability, efficiency, and resiliency of the electric grid. The National Renewable Research Laboratory (NREL) Solar Radiation Research Laboratory (SRRL), in collaboration with Arable Labs, Inc., deployed Arable Lab's Mark multiparameter sensor system. The device measures the downwelling and upwelling shortwave solar resource and longwave radiation, humidity, air temperature, and ground temperature. The system is also equipped with six downward-and upward-facing narrowband spectrometer channels that measure spectral radiation and surface spectral reflectance. This study describes the shortwave calibration, characterization, and validation of measurement accuracy of this instrument bymore » comparison with existing instruments that are part of NREL-SRRL's Baseline Measurement System.« less

78 FR 72001 - Amendment of Class D and E Airspace, and Establishment of Class E Airspace; Salisbury, MD

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-12-02

...'' W.) That airspace extending upward from the surface to and including 2,500 feet MSL [[Page 72002...] Salisbury-Ocean City Wicomico Regional Airport, MD (Lat. 38[deg]20'25'' N., long. 75[deg]30'34'' W.) That... (Lat. 38[deg]20'25'' N., long. 75[deg]30'34'' W.) That airspace extending upward from the surface...

78 FR 52109 - Proposed Amendment of Class D and E Airspace, and Establishment of Class E Airspace; Salisbury, MD

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-22

...]30'34'' W.) That airspace extending upward from the surface within 2.5 miles each side of a 133[deg...-Ocean City Wicomico Regional Airport, MD (Lat. 38[deg]20'25'' N., long. 75[deg]30'34'' W.) That airspace... (Lat. 38[deg]20'25'' N., long. 75[deg]30'34'' W.) That airspace extending upward from the surface...

Subaerial freshwater phosphatic stromatolites in Deer Cave, Sarawak — A unique geobiological cave formation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lundberg, Joyce; McFarlane, Donald A.

2011-05-01

A suite of distinctive freshwater subaerial phosphatic stromatolites is developed close to the northeastern entrance of Deer Cave, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Borneo, in conditions of very low light but ample supply of nutrients from guano. These stromatolites are not particulate; they are composed of alternating layers of more porous and more dense amorphous hydroxylapatite. This biomineralization occurs as moulds of coccoid (the majority) and filamentous (less abundant) cyanobacteria. Mineralization occurs at a pH of ~ 7.0 in the extracellular sheaths and in micro-domains of varying carbonate content in the surrounding mucus of the biofilm. The most recent surfaces that are not yet strongly mineralized show still-living filamentous, coccoid and rod-shaped forms. Trace element composition shows enrichment in metal ions, especially Mn and Zn. The stromatolites are present as horizontal shelves arranged in series on a steep rock face that is vertically under a guano-laden shelf. The rock face undergoes active dissolution from acidic guano drainage water (e.g., pH of 2.43) and from aggressive rainwater from an overhead discharge. However, the rock surface under the stromatolite is protected while the rest of the cliff face is backcut, creating a hoodoo-like effect. The stromatolites are ~ 15-20 cm deep, ~ 4-7 cm thick, and of variable width, generally ~ 50 cm. Eventually, guano and biological detritus in the descending water film lodge in the lee of the stromatolite lip, causing local acidification and erosion of stromatolite and rock on the underside of the ledge. A dynamic equilibrium is established between upward accretion of the fresh surface and destruction at the base such that the base of the stromatolite does not reflect the date of its inception and the stromatolite climbs up the wall.

Surface controlled blade stabilizer

DOEpatents

Russell, Larry R.

1983-01-01

Drill string stabilizer apparatus, controllable to expand and retract entirely from the surface by control of drill string pressure, wherein increase of drill string pressure from the surface closes a valve to create a piston means which is moved down by drill string pressure to expand the stabilizer blades, said valve being opened and the piston moving upward upon reduction of drill string pressure to retract the stabilizer blades. Upward and downward movements of the piston and an actuator sleeve therebelow are controlled by a barrel cam acting between the housing and the actuator sleeve.

29 CFR 1926.1050 - Scope, application, and definitions applicable to this subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... ladder component at any one time. Nosing means that portion of a tread projecting beyond the face of the... stairway means a series of steps attached to a vertical pole and progressing upward in a winding fashion...

76 FR 23254 - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Lamps, Reflective Devices, and Associated Equipment

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-26

... license numbers shall face between 30 degrees upward and 15 degrees downward from the vertical plane... requires license plates to be mounted at 15 degrees of perpendicular to the plane on which the vehicle...

Vertical gas injection into liquid cross-stream beneath horizontal surfaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, In-Ho; Makiharju, Simo; Lee, Inwon; Perlin, Marc; Ceccio, Steve

2013-11-01

Skin friction drag reduction on flat bottomed ships and barges can be achieved by creating an air layer immediately beneath the horizontal surface. The simplest way of introducing the gas is through circular orifices; however the dynamics of gas injection into liquid cross-streams under horizontal surfaces is not well understood. Experiments were conducted to investigate the development of the gas topology following its vertical injection through a horizontal surface. The liquid cross-flow, orifice diameter and gas flow rate were varied to investigate the effect of different ratios of momentum fluxes. The testing was performed on a 4.3 m long and 0.73 m wide barge model with air injection through a hole in the transparent bottom hull. The incoming boundary layer was measured via a pitot tube. Downstream distance based Reynolds number at the injection location was 5 × 105 through 4 × 106 . To observe the flow topology, still images and video were recorded from above the model (i.e. through the transparent hull), from beneath the bottom facing upward, and from the side at an oblique angle. The transition point of the flow topology was determined and analyzed.

Educational Pivotal Moments

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Espinoza, Roberta

2012-01-01

Minority students from low-income families face challenges in their daily lives that continually interfere with their academic performance as well as their ability to prepare for college. Although the educational system is viewed as "the great equalizer" that gives everyone an opportunity for upward social mobility, sociological and educational…

Detecting Upward Directed Charged Particle Fluxes in the Mars Science Laboratory Radiation Assessment Detector

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Appel, J. K.; Köehler, J.; Guo, J.; Ehresmann, B.; Zeitlin, C.; Matthiä, D.; Lohf, H.; Wimmer-Schweingruber, R. F.; Hassler, D.; Brinza, D. E.; Böhm, E.; Böttcher, S.; Martin, C.; Burmeister, S.; Reitz, G.; Rafkin, S.; Posner, A.; Peterson, J.; Weigle, G.

2018-01-01

The Mars Science Laboratory rover Curiosity, operating on the surface of Mars, is exposed to radiation fluxes from above and below. Galactic Cosmic Rays travel through the Martian atmosphere, producing a modified spectrum consisting of both primary and secondary particles at ground level. These particles produce an upward directed secondary particle spectrum as they interact with the Martian soil. Here we develop a method to distinguish the upward and downward directed particle fluxes in the Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD) instrument, verify it using data taken during the cruise to Mars, and apply it to data taken on the Martian surface. We use a combination of Geant4 and Planetocosmics modeling to find discrimination criteria for the flux directions. After developing models of the cruise phase and surface shielding conditions, we compare model-predicted values for the ratio of upward to downward flux with those found in RAD observation data. Given the quality of available information on Mars Science Laboratory spacecraft and rover composition, we find generally reasonable agreement between our models and RAD observation data. This demonstrates the feasibility of the method developed and tested here. We additionally note that the method can also be used to extend the measurement range and capabilities of the RAD instrument to higher energies.

Reactive-transport modeling of iron diagenesis and associated organic carbon remineralization in a Florida (USA) subterranean estuary

USGS Publications Warehouse

Roy, Moutusi; Martin, Jonathan B.; Smith, Christopher G.; Cable, Jaye E.

2011-01-01

Iron oxides are important terminal electron acceptors for organic carbon (OC) remineralization in subterranean estuaries, particularly where oxygen and nitrate concentrations are low. In Indian River Lagoon, Florida, USA, terrestrial Fe-oxides dissolve at the seaward edge of the seepage face and flow upward into overlying marine sediments where they precipitate as Fe-sulfides. The dissolved Fe concentrations vary by over three orders of magnitude, but Fe-oxide dissolution rates are similar across the 25-m wide seepage face, averaging around 0.21 mg/cm2/yr. The constant dissolution rate, but differing concentrations, indicate Fe dissolution is controlled by a combination of increasing lability of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and slower porewater flow velocities with distance offshore. In contrast, the average rate constants of Fe-sulfide precipitation decrease from 21.9 × 10-8 s-1 to 0.64 × 10-8 s-1 from the shoreline to the seaward edge of the seepage face as more oxygenated surface water circulates through the sediment. The amount of OC remineralized by Fe-oxides varies little across the seepage face, averaging 5.34 × 10-2 mg/cm2/yr. These rates suggest about 3.4 kg of marine DOC was remineralized in a 1-m wide, shore-perpendicular strip of the seepage face as the terrestrial sediments were transgressed over the past 280 years. During this time, about 10 times more marine solid organic carbon (SOC) accumulated in marine sediments than were removed from the underlying terrestrial sediments. Indian River Lagoon thus appears to be a net sink for marine OC.

In situ study of the electronic structure of atomic layer deposited oxide ultrathin films upon oxygen adsorption using ambient pressure XPS

DOE PAGES

Mao, Bao-Hua; Crumlin, Ethan; Tyo, Eric C.; ...

2016-07-21

In this work, ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS) was used to investigate the effect of oxygen adsorption on the band bending and electron affinity of Al 2O 3, ZnO and TiO 2 ultrathin films (~1 nm in thickness) deposited on a Si substrate by atomic layer deposition (ALD). Upon exposure to oxygen at room temperature (RT), upward band bending was observed on all three samples, and a decrease in electron affinity was observed on Al 2O 3 and ZnO ultrathin films at RT. At 80°C, the magnitude of the upward band bending decreased, and the change in the electronmore » affinity vanished. These results indicate the existence of two surface oxygen species: a negatively charged species that is strongly adsorbed and responsible for the observed upward band bending, and a weakly adsorbed species that is polarized, lowering the electron affinity. Based on the extent of upward band bending on the three samples, the surface coverage of the strongly adsorbed species exhibits the following order: Al 2O 3 > ZnO > TiO 2. This finding is in stark contrast to the trend expected on the surface of these bulk oxides, and highlights the unique surface activity of ultrathin oxide films with important implications, for example, in oxidation reactions taking place on these films or in catalyst systems where such oxides are used as a support material.« less

Tears of Wine

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gugliotti, Marcos

2004-01-01

The unique occurrence of the upward motion of a thin film of wine, and its formation into drops inside the wall of a wine glass is explained. Evaporation of alcohol generates a surface tension gradient, moving the film of wine upwards on the internal sides of a wine glass, where it collects and forms into drops or tears.

Surfacing behavior and gas release of the physostome sprat (Sprattus sprattus) in ice-free and ice-covered waters.

PubMed

Solberg, Ingrid; Kaartvedt, Stein

2014-01-01

Upward-facing echosounders that provided continuous, long-term measurements were applied to address the surfacing behavior and gas release of the physostome sprat ( Sprattus sprattus ) throughout an entire winter in a 150-m-deep Norwegian fjord. During ice-free conditions, the sprat surfaced and released gas bubbles at night with an estimated surfacing rate of 3.5 times per fish day -1 . The vertical swimming speeds during surfacing were considerably higher (~10 times) than during diel vertical migrations, especially when returning from the surface, and particularly when the fjord was not ice covered. The sprat released gas a few hours after surfacing, suggesting that the sprat gulped atmospheric air during its excursions to the surface. While the surface activity increased after the fjord became ice covered, the records of gas release decreased sharply. The under-ice fish then displayed a behavior interpreted as "searching for the surface" by repeatedly ascending toward the ice, apparently with limited success of filling the swim bladder. This interpretation was supported by lower acoustic target strength in ice-covered waters. The frequent surfacing behavior demonstrated in this study indicates that gulping of atmospheric air is an important element in the life of sprat. While at least part of the population endured overwintering in the ice-covered habitat, ice covering may constrain those physostome fishes that lack a gas-generating gland in ways that remain to be established.

Hiring Seniors: Everybody Gives, Everybody Benefits

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ruder, Robert

2011-01-01

Living on fixed incomes and faced with increasing taxes, senior citizens frequently feel the squeeze of a tightening economy more than other populations. Their retirement dollars buy less as their property taxes inch upward, despite the fact that they don't have school-age children. The Hempfield and Manheim Township School Districts in…

Clamp for use in winding large magnet coils

DOEpatents

Brown, Robert L.; Kenney, Walter J.

1983-01-01

In one aspect, the invention is a novel arrangement for applying forces to urns of a vertically extending helical coil which is wound about a support. The apparatus includes a first rigid member extending towards the turns. A second rigid member extends transversely from the end of the first and has a vertically extending face provided with a generally straight groove extending transversely of the turns. A longitudinal passage in the first member connects to the groove to form therewith a continuous guideway for rollable articles. A rigid lug longitudinally movable in the groove is provided with a projection which extends out of the groove and beneath the bottom of a selected turn of the coil. A train of rigid, rollable articles is disposed in the guideway inwardly of the lug. Means are provided for applying force to that end of the train which is relatively remote from the lug, to urge the latter against the bottom face of the selected turn. As a result, that turn is moved upward along the face of the support, establishing a selected spacing between that turn and the previously formed turn of the coil. When upward movement of the selected turn stops, the force applied to the lug immediately translates to a force which urges the above-mentioned grooved face against all of the formed turns, thus compressing them against the support. The above-mentioned first and second members are swingably mounted so that they can be temporarily moved out of the winding path, thus permitting continuous winding.

Clamp for use in winding large magnet coils

DOEpatents

Brown, R.L.; Kenney, W.J.

1981-05-05

In one aspect, the invention is a novel arrangement for applying forces to turns of a vertically extending helical coil which is wound about a support. The apparatus includes a first rigid member extending towards the turns. A second rigid member extends transversely from the end of the first and has a vertically extending face provided with a generally straight groove extending transversely of the turns. A longitudinal passage in the first member connects to the groove to form therewith a continuous guideway for rollable articles. A rigid lug longitudinally movable in the groove is provided with a projection which extends out of the groove and beneath the bottom of a selected turn of the coil. A train of rigid, rollable articles is disposed in the guideway inwardly of the lug. Means are provided for applying force to that end of the train which is relatively remote from the lug, to urge the latter against the bottom face of the selected turn. As a result, that turn is moved upward along the face of the support, establishing a selected spacing between that turn and the previously formed turn of the coil. When upward movement of the selected turn stops, the force applied to the lug immediately translates to a force which urges the above-mentioned grooved face against all of the formed turns, thus compressing them against the support. The above-mentioned first and second members are swingably mounted so that they can be temporarily moved out of the winding path, thus permitting continuous winding.

29 CFR 1926.1050 - Scope, application, and definitions applicable to this subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... traffic for employees ascending or descending. Equivalent means alternative designs, materials, or methods... ladder component at any one time. Nosing means that portion of a tread projecting beyond the face of the... stairway means a series of steps attached to a vertical pole and progressing upward in a winding fashion...

29 CFR 1926.1050 - Scope, application, and definitions applicable to this subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... traffic for employees ascending or descending. Equivalent means alternative designs, materials, or methods... ladder component at any one time. Nosing means that portion of a tread projecting beyond the face of the... stairway means a series of steps attached to a vertical pole and progressing upward in a winding fashion...

29 CFR 1926.1050 - Scope, application, and definitions applicable to this subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... traffic for employees ascending or descending. Equivalent means alternative designs, materials, or methods... ladder component at any one time. Nosing means that portion of a tread projecting beyond the face of the... stairway means a series of steps attached to a vertical pole and progressing upward in a winding fashion...

29 CFR 1926.1050 - Scope, application, and definitions applicable to this subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... traffic for employees ascending or descending. Equivalent means alternative designs, materials, or methods... ladder component at any one time. Nosing means that portion of a tread projecting beyond the face of the... stairway means a series of steps attached to a vertical pole and progressing upward in a winding fashion...

Video-Mediated Teacher Collaborative Inquiry: Focus on English Language Learners

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Baecher, Laura; Rorimer, Sarah; Smith, Leonore

2012-01-01

High school teachers today work in challenging, high-accountability instructional environments, striving to meet the needs of upwards of 100 learners per day. Rapidly growing numbers of English-language learners (ELLs) in U.S. classrooms have added to these pressures. Rather than using collaborative structures to face these challenges, the…

Sedimentation and fouling of optical surfaces at the ANTARES site

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

ANTARES Collaboration; CAU CEFREM Collaboration; Amram, P.; Anghinolfi, M.; Anvar, S.; Ardellier-Desages, F. E.; Aslanides, E.; Aubert, J.-J.; Azoulay, R.; Bailey, D.; Basa, S.; Battaglieri, M.; Bellotti, R.; Beltramelli, J.; Benhammou, Y.; Berthier, R.; Bertin, V.; Billault, M.; Blaes, R.; Bland, R. W.; Blondeau, F.; de Botton, N.; Boulesteix, J.; Brooks, C. B.; Brunner, J.; Cafagna, F.; Calzas, A.; Capone, A.; Caponetto, L.; Cârloganu, C.; Carmona, E.; Carr, J.; Cartwright, S. L.; Cecchini, S.; Ciacio, F.; Circella, M.; Compère, C.; Cooper, S.; Coyle, P.; Cuneo, S.; Danilov, M.; van Dantzig, R.; de Marzo, C.; Destelle, J.-J.; de Vita, R.; Dispau, G.; Druillole, F.; Engelen, J.; Feinstein, F.; Ferdi, C.; Festy, D.; Fopma, J.; Gallone, J.-M.; Giacomelli, G.; Goret, P.; Gournay, J.-F.; Hallewell, G.; Heijboer, A.; Hernández-Rey, J. J.; Hubbard, J. R.; Jaquet, M.; de Jong, M.; Karolak, M.; Keller, P.; Kooijman, P.; Kouchner, A.; Kudryavtsev, V. A.; Lafoux, H.; Lagier, P.; Lamare, P.; Languillat, J.-C.; Laubier, L.; Laugier, J.-P.; Leilde, B.; Le Provost, H.; Le van Suu, A.; Lo Nigro, L.; Lo Presti, D.; Loucatos, S.; Louis, F.; Lyashuk, V.; Magnier, P.; Marcelin, M.; Margiotta, A.; Masullo, R.; Mazéas, F.; Mazeau, B.; Mazure, A.; McMillan, J. E.; Migneco, E.; Millot, C.; Mols, P.; Montanet, F.; Montaruli, T.; Moscoso, L.; Musumeci, M.; Nezri, E.; Nooren, G. J.; Oberski, J. E. J.; Olivetto, C.; Oppelt-Pohl, A.; Palanque-Delabrouille, N.; Papaleo, R.; Payre, P.; Perrin, P.; Petruccetti, M.; Petta, C.; Piattelli, P.; Poinsignon, J.; Potheau, R.; Queinec, Y.; Racca, C.; Raia, G.; Randazzo, N.; Rethore, F.; Riccobene, G.; Ricol, J.-S.; Ripani, M.; Roca-Blay, V.; Romeyer, A.; Rostovstev, A.; Russo, G. V.; Sacquin, Y.; Salusti, E.; Schuller, J.-P.; Schuster, W.; Soirat, J.-P.; Souvorova, O.; Spooner, N. J. C.; Spurio, M.; Stolarczyk, T.; Stubert, D.; Taiuti, M.; Tao, C.; Thompson, L. F.; Tilav, S.; Triay, R.; Usik, A.; Valdy, P.; Valente, V.; Varlamov, I.; Vaudaine, G.; Vernin, P.; Vladimirsky, E.; Vorobiev, M.; de Witt Huberts, P.; de Wolf, E.; Zakharov, V.; Zavatarelli, S.; Zornoza, Juan de Dios; Zún~Iga, J.; Aloïsi, J.-C.; Kerhervé, Ph.; Monaco, A.

2003-05-01

ANTARES is a project leading towards the construction and deployment of a neutrino telescope in the deep Mediterranean Sea. The telescope will use an array of photomultiplier tubes to detect the Cherenkov light emitted by muons resulting from the interaction with matter of high energy neutrinos. In the vicinity of the deployment site the ANTARES Collaboration has performed a series of in situ measurements to study the change in light transmission through glass surfaces during immersions of several months. The average loss of light transmission is estimated to be only ~2% at the equator of a glass sphere one year after deployment. It decreases with increasing zenith angle, and tends to saturate with time. The transmission loss, therefore, is expected to remain small for the several year lifetime of the ANTARES detector whose optical modules are oriented downwards. The measurements were complemented by the analysis of the 210Pb activity profile in sediment cores and the study of biofouling on glass plates. Despite a significant sedimentation rate at the site, in the 0.02-0.05 cmyr-1 range, the sediments adhere loosely to the glass surfaces and can be washed off by water currents. Further, fouling by deposits of light-absorbing particulates is only significant for surfaces facing upwards.

The Influence of Social Comparison on Visual Representation of One's Face

PubMed Central

Zell, Ethan; Balcetis, Emily

2012-01-01

Can the effects of social comparison extend beyond explicit evaluation to visual self-representation—a perceptual stimulus that is objectively verifiable, unambiguous, and frequently updated? We morphed images of participants' faces with attractive and unattractive references. With access to a mirror, participants selected the morphed image they perceived as depicting their face. Participants who engaged in upward comparison with relevant attractive targets selected a less attractive morph compared to participants exposed to control images (Study 1). After downward comparison with relevant unattractive targets compared to control images, participants selected a more attractive morph (Study 2). Biased representations were not the products of cognitive accessibility of beauty constructs; comparisons did not influence representations of strangers' faces (Study 3). We discuss implications for vision, social comparison, and body image. PMID:22662124

Oscillation of Surface PM2.5 Concentration Resulting from an Alternation of Easterly and Southerly Winds in Beijing: Mechanisms and Implications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sun, Zhaobin; Zhang, Xiaoling; Zhao, Xiujuan; Xia, Xiangao; Miao, Shiguang; Li, Ziming; Cheng, Zhigang; Wen, Wei; Tang, Yixi

2018-04-01

We used simultaneous measurements of surface PM2.5 concentration and vertical profiles of aerosol concentration, temperature, and humidity, together with regional air quality model simulations, to study an episode of aerosol pollution in Beijing from 15 to 19 November 2016. The potential effects of easterly and southerly winds on the surface concentrations and vertical profiles of the PM2.5 pollution were investigated. Favorable easterly winds produced strong upward motion and were able to transport the PM2.5 pollution at the surface to the upper levels of the atmosphere. The amount of surface PM2.5 pollution transported by the easterly winds was determined by the strength and height of the upward motion produced by the easterly winds and the initial height of the upward wind. A greater amount of PM2.5 pollution was transported to upper levels of the atmosphere by upward winds with a lower initial height. The pollutants were diluted by easterly winds from clean ocean air masses. The inversion layer was destroyed by the easterly winds and the surface pollutants and warm air masses were then lifted to the upper levels of the atmosphere, where they re-established a multi-layer inversion. This region of inversion was strengthened by the southerly winds, increasing the severity of pollution. A vortex was produced by southerly winds that led to the convergence of air along the Taihang Mountains. Pollutants were transported from southern-central Hebei Province to Beijing in the boundary layer. Warm advection associated with the southerly winds intensified the inversion produced by the easterly winds and a more stable boundary layer was formed. The layer with high PM2.5 concentration became dee-per with persistent southerly winds of a certain depth. The polluted air masses then rose over the northern Taihang Mountains to the northern mountainous regions of Hebei Province.

Physical mechanism and numerical simulation of the inception of the lightning upward leader

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Li Qingmin; Lu Xinchang; Shi Wei

2012-12-15

The upward leader is a key physical process of the leader progression model of lightning shielding. The inception mechanism and criterion of the upward leader need further understanding and clarification. Based on leader discharge theory, this paper proposes the critical electric field intensity of the stable upward leader (CEFISUL) and characterizes it by the valve electric field intensity on the conductor surface, E{sub L}, which is the basis of a new inception criterion for the upward leader. Through numerical simulation under various physical conditions, we verified that E{sub L} is mainly related to the conductor radius, and data fitting yieldsmore » the mathematical expression of E{sub L}. We further establish a computational model for lightning shielding performance of the transmission lines based on the proposed CEFISUL criterion, which reproduces the shielding failure rate of typical UHV transmission lines. The model-based calculation results agree well with the statistical data from on-site operations, which show the effectiveness and validity of the CEFISUL criterion.« less

Progressive failure of sheeted rock slopes: the 2009–2010 Rhombus Wall rock falls in Yosemite Valley, California, USA

USGS Publications Warehouse

Stock, Greg M.; Martel, Stephen J.; Collins, Brian D.; Harp, Edwin L.

2012-01-01

Progressive rock-fall failures in natural rock slopes are common in many environments, but often elude detailed quantitative documentation and analysis. Here we present high-resolution photography, video, and laser scanning data that document spatial and temporal patterns of a 15-month-long sequence of at least 14 rock falls from the Rhombus Wall, a sheeted granitic cliff in Yosemite Valley, California. The rock-fall sequence began on 26 August 2009 with a small failure at the tip of an overhanging rock slab. Several hours later, a series of five rock falls totaling 736 m3progressed upward along a sheeting joint behind the overhanging slab. Over the next 3 weeks, audible cracking occurred on the Rhombus Wall, suggesting crack propagation, while visual monitoring revealed opening of a sheeting joint adjacent to the previous failure surface. On 14 September 2009 a 110 m3 slab detached along this sheeting joint. Additional rock falls between 30 August and 20 November 2010, totaling 187 m3, radiated outward from the initial failure area along cliff (sub)parallel sheeting joints. We suggest that these progressive failures might have been related to stress redistributions accompanying propagation of sheeting joints behind the cliff face. Mechanical analyses indicate that tensile stresses should occur perpendicular to the cliff face and open sheeting joints, and that sheeting joints should propagate parallel to a cliff face from areas of stress concentrations. The analyses also account for how sheeting joints can propagate to lengths many times greater than their depths behind cliff faces. We posit that as a region of failure spreads across a cliff face, stress concentrations along its margin will spread with it, promoting further crack propagation and rock falls.

Drying characteristics of electro-osmosis dewatered sludge.

PubMed

Ma, Degang; Qian, Jingjing; Zhu, Hongmin; Zhai, Jun

2016-12-01

Electro-osmotic dewatering (EDW) is one of the effective deeply dewatering technologies that is suitable for treating sludge with 55-80% of moisture content. Regarding EDW as the pre-treatment process of drying or incinerating, this article investigated the drying characteristics of electro-osmosis-dewatered sludge, including shear stress test, drying curves analysis, model analysis, and energy balance calculation. After EDW pre-treatment, sludge adhesion was reduced. The sludge drying rate was higher compared to the non-pre-treated sludge, especially under high temperatures (80-120°C). In addition, it is better to place the sludge cake with cathode surface facing upward for improving the drying rate. An adjusted model based on the Logarithmic model could better describe the EDW sludge drying process. Using the energy balance calculation, EDW can save the energy consumed in the process of sludge incineration and electricity generation and enable the system to run without extra energy input.

Upward-facing Lithium Flash Evaporator for NSTX-U

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Roquemore, A. L.

2013-07-09

NSTX plasma performance has been significantly enhanced by lithium conditioning [1]. To date, the lower divertor and passive plates have been conditioned by downward facing lithium evaporators (LITER) as appropriate for lower null plasmas. The higher power operation expected from NSTX-U requires double null plasma operation in order to distribute the heat flux between the upper and lower divertors making it desirable to coat the upper divertor region with Li as well. An upward aiming LITER (U-LITER) is presently under development and will be inserted into NSTX-U using a horizontal probe drive located in a 6" upper midplane port. Inmore » the retracted position the evaporator will be loaded with up to 300 mg of Li granules utilizing one of the calibrated NSTX Li powder droppers[2]. The evaporator will then be inserted into the vessel in a location within the shadow of the RF limiters and will remain in the vessel during the discharge. About 10 seconds before a discharge, it will be rapidly heated and the lithium completely evaporated onto the upper divertor, thus avoiding the complication of a shutter that prevents evaporation during the shot when the diagnostic shutters are open. The minimal time interval between the evaporation and the start of the discharge will avoid the passivation of the lithium by residual gases and enable the study of the conditioning effects of un-passivated Li surfaces [3]. Two methods are being investigated to accomplish the rapid (few second) heating of the lithium. A resistive method relies on passing a large current through a Li filled crucible. A second method requires using a 3 kW e-beam gun to heat the Li. In this paper the evaporator systems will be described and the pros and cons of each heating method will be discussed.« less

Intensity of Upward Muon Flux Due to Cosmic-Ray Neutrinos Produced in the Atmosphere

DOE R&D Accomplishments Database

Lee, T. D.; Robinson, H.; Schwartz, M.; Cool, R.

1963-06-01

Calculations were performed to determine the upward going muon flux leaving the earth's surface after production by cosmic-ray neutrinos in the crust. Only neutrinos produced in the earth's atmosphere are considered. Rates of the order of one per 100 sq m/day might be expected if an intermediate boson exists and has a mass less than 2 Bev. (auth)

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Hydrogen Trapping on Sigma 5 Tungsten Grain Boundaries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Al-Shalash, Aws Mohammed Taha

Tungsten as a plasma facing material is the predominant contender for future Tokamak reactor environments. The interaction between the plasma particles and tungsten is crucial to be studied for successful usage and design of tungsten in the plasma facing components ensuring the reliability and longevity of the fusion reactors. The bombardment of the sigma 5 polycrystalline tungsten was modeled using the molecular dynamics simulation through the large-scale atomic/molecular massively parallel simulator (LAMMPS) code and Tersoff type interatomic potential. By simulating the operational conditions of the Tokamak reactors, the hydrogen trapping rate, implantation distribution, and bubble formation was investigated at various temperatures (300-1200 K) and various hydrogen incident energy (20-100 eV). The substrate's temperature increases the deflected H atoms, and increases the penetration depth for the ones that go through. As well, the lower temperature tungsten substrates retain more H atoms. Increasing the bombarded hydrogen's energy increases the trapping and retention rate and the depth of penetration. Another experiments were conducted to determine whether the Sigma5 grain boundary's (GB) location affects the trapping profiles in H. The findings are ranges from small effect on deflection rates at low H energies to no effect at high H energies. However, there is a considerable effect on shifting the trapping depth profile upward toward the surface when raising the GB closer to the surface. Hydrogen atoms are highly mobile on tungsten substrate, yet no bubble formation was witnessed.

7 Questions to Ask Open Source Vendors

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Raths, David

2012-01-01

With their budgets under increasing pressure, many campus IT directors are considering open source projects for the first time. On the face of it, the savings can be significant. Commercial emergency-planning software can cost upward of six figures, for example, whereas the open source Kuali Ready might run as little as $15,000 per year when…

Surface mount component jig

DOEpatents

Kronberg, James W.

1990-08-07

A device for bending and trimming the pins of a dual-inline-package component and the like for surface mounting rather than through mounting to a circuit board comprises, in a first part, in pin cutter astride a holder having a recess for holding the component, a first spring therebetween, and, in a second part, two flat members pivotally interconnected by a hinge and urged to an upward peaked position from a downward peaked position by a second spring. As a downward force is applied to the pin cutter it urges the holder downward, assisted by the first spring and a pair of ridges riding on shoulders of the holder, to carry the component against the upward peaked flat members which guide the pins outwardly. As the holder continues downwardly, the flat members pivot to the downward peaked position bending the pins upwardly against the sides of the holder. When the downward movement is met with sufficient resistance, the ridges of the pin cutter ride over the holder's shoulders to continue downward to cut any excess length of pin.

Buoyant Effects on the Flammability of Silicone Samples Planned for the Spacecraft Fire Experiment (Saffire)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Niehaus, Justin; Ferkul, Paul V.; Gokoglu, Suleyman; Ruff, Gary

2015-01-01

Flammability experiments on silicone samples were conducted in anticipation of the Spacecraft Fire Experiment (Saffire). The sample geometry was chosen to match the NASA 6001 Test 1 specification, namely 5 cm wide by 30 cm tall. Four thicknesses of silicone (0.25, 0.36, 0.61 and 1.00 mm) were examined. Tests included traditional upward buoyant flame spread using Test 1 procedures, downward opposed flow flame spread, horizontal and angled flame spread, forced flow upward and downward flame spread. In addition to these configurations, upward and downward tests were also conducted in a chamber with varying oxygen concentrations. In the upward buoyant flame spread tests, the flame generally did not burn the entire sample. As thickness was increased, the flame spread distance decreased before flame extinguishment. For the thickest sample, ignition could not be achieved. In the downward tests, the two thinnest samples permitted the flame to burn the entire sample, but the spread rate was lower compared to the corresponding upward values. The other two thicknesses could not be ignited in the downward configuration. The increased flammability for downward spreading flames relative to upward ones is uncommon. The two thinnest samples also burned completely in the horizontal configuration, as well as at angles up to 75 degrees from the horizontal. The upward and downward flammability behavior was compared in atmospheres of varying oxygen concentration to determine a maximum oxygen concentration for each configuration. Upward tests in air with an added forced flow were more flammable. Complementary analyses using SEM and TGA techniques suggest the importance of the silica layer formed on the burned sample surface. As silicone burns upward, silica deposits downstream •If the silicone is ignited in the downward configuration, it burns the entire length of the sample •Burning upward at an angle increases the burn length in some cases possibly due to less silica deposition •Forced flow in the upward burning case increases flammability, likely due to an increase in convective flow preventing silica from depositing •Samples in upward configuration burning under forced flow self extinguish after forced flow is removed

Modifying a shrug exercise can facilitate the upward rotator muscles of the scapula.

PubMed

Pizzari, Tania; Wickham, James; Balster, Simon; Ganderton, Charlotte; Watson, Lyn

2014-02-01

Scapular dyskinesis, characterised by drooping scapulae and reduced upward rotation, has been implicated in the presentation of a number of shoulder disorders. Traditionally, in shoulder rehabilitation programmes, the shrug exercise has been prescribed to facilitate upward rotation of the scapula by strengthening the upper trapezius muscle. The aim of this research was to compare muscle activation levels during the standard shrug and the upward rotation shrug in a normal and pathological population. Surface electrodes recorded electromyographical activity from upper trapezius, middle trapezius, lower trapezius and serratus anterior muscles in 23 normal participants and 14 participants with multi-directional shoulder instability. Participants completed 10 trials of the standard shrug exercise at 0° of shoulder abduction and the upward rotation shrug exercise at 30° of shoulder abduction in the coronal plane. Muscle activity was expressed as a percentage of maximum voluntary isometric contraction. The four muscles tested performed at a higher intensity during the modified shrug than the standard shrug. Upper trapezius and lower trapezius activity was significantly greater (P < 0.05) in both populations. Though for middle trapezius and serratus anterior muscles, the modified shrug was statistically significant only in the normal population, P = 0.031 and P = <0.001 respectively. The upward rotation shrug is a more effective exercise for eliciting muscle activity of the upper and lower trapezius than the standard shrug in a normal and multi-directional instability population. Clinically, the upward rotation shrug might be useful to address scapular dyskinesis involving drooping shoulders and reduced scapula upward rotation. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Stable wafer-carrier system

DOEpatents

Rozenzon, Yan; Trujillo, Robert T; Beese, Steven C

2013-10-22

One embodiment of the present invention provides a wafer-carrier system used in a deposition chamber for carrying wafers. The wafer-carrier system includes a base susceptor and a top susceptor nested inside the base susceptor with its wafer-mounting side facing the base susceptor's wafer-mounting side, thereby forming a substantially enclosed narrow channel. The base susceptor provides an upward support to the top susceptor.

Effects of frequency shifts and visual gender information on vowel category judgments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Glidden, Catherine; Assmann, Peter F.

2003-10-01

Visual morphing techniques were used together with a high-quality vocoder to study the audiovisual contribution of talker gender to the identification of frequency-shifted vowels. A nine-step continuum ranging from ``bit'' to ``bet'' was constructed from natural recorded syllables spoken by an adult female talker. Upward and downward frequency shifts in spectral envelope (scale factors of 0.85 and 1.0) were applied in combination with shifts in fundamental frequency, F0 (scale factors of 0.5 and 1.0). Downward frequency shifts generally resulted in malelike voices whereas upward shifts were perceived as femalelike. Two separate nine-step visual continua from ``bit'' to ``bet'' were also constructed, one from a male face and the other a female face, each producing the end-point words. Each step along the two visual continua was paired with the corresponding step on the acoustic continuum, creating natural audiovisual utterances. Category boundary shifts were found for both acoustic cues (F0 and formant frequency shifts) and visual cues (visual gender). The visual gender effect was larger when acoustic and visual information were matched appropriately. These results suggest that visual information provided by the speech signal plays an important supplemental role in talker normalization.

Estimation of Leaf Area Index and Plant Area Index of a Submerged Macrophyte Canopy Using Digital Photography

PubMed Central

Zhao, Dehua; Xie, Dong; Zhou, Hengjie; Jiang, Hao; An, Shuqing

2012-01-01

Non-destructive estimation using digital cameras is a common approach for estimating leaf area index (LAI) of terrestrial vegetation. However, no attempt has been made so far to develop non-destructive approaches to LAI estimation for aquatic vegetation. Using the submerged plant species Potamogeton malainus, the objective of this study was to determine whether the gap fraction derived from vertical photographs could be used to estimate LAI of aquatic vegetation. Our results suggested that upward-oriented photographs taken from beneath the water surface were more suitable for distinguishing vegetation from other objects than were downward-oriented photographs taken from above the water surface. Exposure settings had a substantial influence on the identification of vegetation in upward-oriented photographs. Automatic exposure performed nearly as well as the optimal trial exposure, making it a good choice for operational convenience. Similar to terrestrial vegetation, our results suggested that photographs taken for the purpose of distinguishing gap fraction in aquatic vegetation should be taken under diffuse light conditions. Significant logarithmic relationships were observed between the vertical gap fraction derived from upward-oriented photographs and plant area index (PAI) and LAI derived from destructive harvesting. The model we developed to depict the relationship between PAI and gap fraction was similar to the modified theoretical Poisson model, with coefficients of 1.82 and 1.90 for our model and the theoretical model, respectively. This suggests that vertical upward-oriented photographs taken from below the water surface are a feasible alternative to destructive harvesting for estimating PAI and LAI for the submerged aquatic plant Potamogeton malainus. PMID:23226557

Re-aluminising the primary mirror of the South African Astronomical Observatory's 74-inch telescope

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Crause, Lisa A.; Stoffels, John; Koorts, Willie; Christian, Brendt; de Water, Wilhelmina; Fransman, Timothy; Gibbons, Denville; Machete, Nelson; Sefako, Ramotholo R.; Taaibos, Sinethemba

2016-07-01

Telescope mirrors reside in harsh environments and thus require periodic re-aluminisation to maintain their reflectivity. The SAAO's Sutherland field station suffers from dust and frequent bouts of high humidity. Dust settling on the mirrors adheres to the upward-facing optical surfaces and is not removed by CO2 cleaning. The 74-inch primary mirror was unsuccessfully re-aluminised in April 2015. Parts of the mirror proved difficult to clean and the resulting coating included hazy, white patches in those problem areas. Cotton wool soaked with ferric chloride was used to strip small patches of coating, confirming that no optical surface damage had occurred. The 55 year-old aluminising equipment for the 74-inch required an extensive overhaul and the spruced up system was then used to re-coat the primary mirror in November 2015. We used the same de-ionised water, potassium hydroxide, sodium lauryl sulphate, cotton wool, safety gear and cleaning techniques employed by the mirror coating team at the neighbouring Southern African Large Telescope, as well as their Ocean Optics reflectometer to quantify the improvement in reflectivity. Measurements at 320 nm on different parts of the dirty primary ranged between 10 % and 70 %, while the new coating exceeded 95 % over the entire surface.

Tightly-Coupled GNSS/Vision Using a Sky-Pointing Camera for Vehicle Navigation in Urban Areas

PubMed Central

2018-01-01

This paper presents a method of fusing the ego-motion of a robot or a land vehicle estimated from an upward-facing camera with Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals for navigation purposes in urban environments. A sky-pointing camera is mounted on the top of a car and synchronized with a GNSS receiver. The advantages of this configuration are two-fold: firstly, for the GNSS signals, the upward-facing camera will be used to classify the acquired images into sky and non-sky (also known as segmentation). A satellite falling into the non-sky areas (e.g., buildings, trees) will be rejected and not considered for the final position solution computation. Secondly, the sky-pointing camera (with a field of view of about 90 degrees) is helpful for urban area ego-motion estimation in the sense that it does not see most of the moving objects (e.g., pedestrians, cars) and thus is able to estimate the ego-motion with fewer outliers than is typical with a forward-facing camera. The GNSS and visual information systems are tightly-coupled in a Kalman filter for the final position solution. Experimental results demonstrate the ability of the system to provide satisfactory navigation solutions and better accuracy than the GNSS-only and the loosely-coupled GNSS/vision, 20 percent and 82 percent (in the worst case) respectively, in a deep urban canyon, even in conditions with fewer than four GNSS satellites. PMID:29673230

Tightly-Coupled GNSS/Vision Using a Sky-Pointing Camera for Vehicle Navigation in Urban Areas.

PubMed

Gakne, Paul Verlaine; O'Keefe, Kyle

2018-04-17

This paper presents a method of fusing the ego-motion of a robot or a land vehicle estimated from an upward-facing camera with Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals for navigation purposes in urban environments. A sky-pointing camera is mounted on the top of a car and synchronized with a GNSS receiver. The advantages of this configuration are two-fold: firstly, for the GNSS signals, the upward-facing camera will be used to classify the acquired images into sky and non-sky (also known as segmentation). A satellite falling into the non-sky areas (e.g., buildings, trees) will be rejected and not considered for the final position solution computation. Secondly, the sky-pointing camera (with a field of view of about 90 degrees) is helpful for urban area ego-motion estimation in the sense that it does not see most of the moving objects (e.g., pedestrians, cars) and thus is able to estimate the ego-motion with fewer outliers than is typical with a forward-facing camera. The GNSS and visual information systems are tightly-coupled in a Kalman filter for the final position solution. Experimental results demonstrate the ability of the system to provide satisfactory navigation solutions and better accuracy than the GNSS-only and the loosely-coupled GNSS/vision, 20 percent and 82 percent (in the worst case) respectively, in a deep urban canyon, even in conditions with fewer than four GNSS satellites.

Spatio-temporal dynamics of brain mechanisms in aversive classical conditioning: high-density event-related potential and brain electrical tomography analyses.

PubMed

Pizzagalli, Diego A; Greischar, Lawrence L; Davidson, Richard J

2003-01-01

Social cognition, including complex social judgments and attitudes, is shaped by individual learning experiences, where affect often plays a critical role. Aversive classical conditioning-a form of associative learning involving a relationship between a neutral event (conditioned stimulus, CS) and an aversive event (unconditioned stimulus, US)-represents a well-controlled paradigm to study how the acquisition of socially relevant knowledge influences behavior and the brain. Unraveling the temporal unfolding of brain mechanisms involved appears critical for an initial understanding about how social cognition operates. Here, 128-channel ERPs were recorded in 50 subjects during the acquisition phase of a differential aversive classical conditioning paradigm. The CS+ (two fearful faces) were paired 50% of the time with an aversive noise (CS upward arrow + /Paired), whereas in the remaining 50% they were not (CS upward arrow + /Unpaired); the CS- (two different fearful faces) were never paired with the noise. Scalp ERP analyses revealed differences between CS upward arrow + /Unpaired and CS- as early as approximately 120 ms post-stimulus. Tomographic source localization analyses revealed early activation modulated by the CS+ in the ventral visual pathway (e.g. fusiform gyrus, approximately 120 ms), right middle frontal gyrus (approximately 176 ms), and precuneus (approximately 240 ms). At approximately 120 ms, the CS- elicited increased activation in the left insula and left middle frontal gyrus. These findings not only confirm a critical role of prefrontal, insular, and precuneus regions in aversive conditioning, but they also suggest that biologically and socially salient information modulates activation at early stages of the information processing flow, and thus furnish initial insight about how affect and social judgments operate.

Face mask ventilation--the dos and don'ts.

PubMed

Wood, Fiona E; Morley, Colin J

2013-12-01

Face mask ventilation provides respiratory support to newly born or sick infants. It is a challenging technique and difficult to ensure that an appropriate tidal volume is delivered because large and variable leaks occur between the mask and face; airway obstruction may also occur. Technique is more important than the mask shape although the size must appropriately fit the face. The essence of the technique is to roll the mask on to the face from the chin while avoiding the eyes, with a finger and thumb apply a strong even downward pressure to the top of the mask, away from the stem and sloped sides or skirt of the mask, place the other fingers under the jaw and apply a similar upward pressure. Preterm infants require continuous end-expiratory pressure to facilitate lung aeration and maintain lung volume. This is best done with a T-piece device, not a self-inflating or flow-inflating bag. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Surface Warfare Community’s 360-Degree Feedback Pilot Program: A Preliminary Analysis and Evaluation Plan

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-06-01

the effectiveness of this program as a development tool spurred the remarkable growth of acceptance and use within corporate America. Luthans and...that it is a useful development tool for an organization. The study on upward feedback of student leaders and followers at the United States Naval...The subjects were 978 student leaders in their junior year and 1,232 student followers in their freshman year. The followers provided upward

Buoyant Effects on the Flammability of Silicone Samples Planned for the Spacecraft Fire Experiment (Saffire)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Niehaus, Justin E.; Ferkul, Paul V.; Gokoglu, Suleyman A.; Ruff, Gary A.

2015-01-01

Flammability experiments on silicone samples were conducted in anticipation of the Spacecraft Fire Experiment (Saffire). The sample geometry was chosen to match the NASA 6001 Test 1 specification, namely 5 cm wide by 30 cm tall. Four thicknesses of silicone (0.25, 0.36, 0.61 and 1.00 mm) were examined. Tests included traditional upward buoyant flame spread using Test 1 procedures, downward opposed-flow flame spread, horizontal and angled flame spread, and forced-flow upward and downward flame spread. In addition to these configurations, upward and downward tests were conducted in a chamber with varying oxygen concentrations. In the upward buoyant flame spread tests, the flame generally did not burn the entire sample. As thickness was increased, the flame spread distance decreased before flame extinguishment. For the thickest sample, ignition could not be achieved. In the downward tests, the two thinnest samples permitted the flame to burn the entire sample, but the spread rate was lower compared to the corresponding upward values. The other two thicknesses could not be ignited in the downward configuration. The increased flammability for downward spreading flames relative to upward ones is uncommon. The two thinnest samples also burned completely in the horizontal configuration, as well as at angles up to 75 degrees from the horizontal. Upward tests in air with an added forced flow were more flammable. The upward and downward flammability behavior was compared in atmospheres of varying oxygen concentration to determine a maximum oxygen concentration for each configuration. Complementary analyses using EDS, TGA, and SEM techniques suggest the importance of the silica layer deposited downstream onto the unburned sample surface.

Investigation on Surface Polarization of Al2O3-capped GaN/AlGaN/GaN Heterostructure by Angle-Resolved X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy.

PubMed

Duan, Tian Li; Pan, Ji Sheng; Wang, Ning; Cheng, Kai; Yu, Hong Yu

2017-08-17

The surface polarization of Ga-face gallium nitride (GaN) (2 nm)/AlGaN (22 nm)/GaN channel (150 nm)/buffer/Si with Al 2 O 3 capping layer is investigated by angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS). It is found that the energy band varies from upward bending to downward bending in the interface region, which is believed to be corresponding to the polarization variation. An interfacial layer is formed between top GaN and Al 2 O 3 due to the occurrence of Ga-N bond break and Ga-O bond forming during Al 2 O 3 deposition via the atomic layer deposition (ALD). This interfacial layer is believed to eliminate the GaN polarization, thus reducing the polarization-induced negative charges. Furthermore, this interfacial layer plays a key role for the introduction of the positive charges which lead the energy band downward. Finally, a N 2 annealing at 400 °C is observed to enhance the interfacial layer growth thus increasing the density of positive charges.

Molten metal injector system and method

DOEpatents

Meyer, Thomas N.; Kinosz, Michael J.; Bigler, Nicolas; Arnaud, Guy

2003-04-01

Disclosed is a molten metal injector system including a holder furnace, a casting mold supported above the holder furnace, and a molten metal injector supported from a bottom side of the mold. The holder furnace contains a supply of molten metal having a metal oxide film surface. The bottom side of the mold faces the holder furnace. The mold defines a mold cavity for receiving the molten metal from the holder furnace. The injector projects into the holder furnace and is in fluid communication with the mold cavity. The injector includes a piston positioned within a piston cavity defined by a cylinder for pumping the molten metal upward from the holder furnace and injecting the molten metal into the mold cavity under pressure. The piston and cylinder are at least partially submerged in the molten metal when the holder furnace contains the molten metal. The cylinder further includes a molten metal intake for receiving the molten metal into the piston cavity. The molten metal intake is located below the metal oxide film surface of the molten metal when the holder furnace contains the molten metal. A method of injecting molten metal into a mold cavity of a casting mold is also disclosed.

Hereditary premature closure of a coronal suture in the Abraham Lincoln family.

PubMed

Fishman, Ronald S

2013-10-01

The most easily recognized facial features of unilateral premature closure of a coronal suture in the skull are an upward arching of the superior orbital rim and a smaller face on the involved side. Photographs indicate that at least 9 individuals over 5 generations of the Abraham Lincoln family showed this anomaly. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Development of a nonlocal convective mixing scheme with varying upward mixing rates for use in air quality and chemical transport models.

PubMed

Mihailović, Dragutin T; Alapaty, Kiran; Sakradzija, Mirjana

2008-06-01

Asymmetrical convective non-local scheme (CON) with varying upward mixing rates is developed for simulation of vertical turbulent mixing in the convective boundary layer in air quality and chemical transport models. The upward mixing rate form the surface layer is parameterized using the sensible heat flux and the friction and convective velocities. Upward mixing rates varying with height are scaled with an amount of turbulent kinetic energy in layer, while the downward mixing rates are derived from mass conservation. This scheme provides a less rapid mass transport out of surface layer into other layers than other asymmetrical convective mixing schemes. In this paper, we studied the performance of a nonlocal convective mixing scheme with varying upward mixing in the atmospheric boundary layer and its impact on the concentration of pollutants calculated with chemical and air-quality models. This scheme was additionally compared versus a local eddy-diffusivity scheme (KSC). Simulated concentrations of NO(2) and the nitrate wet deposition by the CON scheme are closer to the observations when compared to those obtained from using the KSC scheme. Concentrations calculated with the CON scheme are in general higher and closer to the observations than those obtained by the KSC scheme (of the order of 15-20%). Nitrate wet deposition calculated with the CON scheme are in general higher and closer to the observations than those obtained by the KSC scheme. To examine the performance of the scheme, simulated and measured concentrations of a pollutant (NO(2)) and nitrate wet deposition was compared for the year 2002. The comparison was made for the whole domain used in simulations performed by the chemical European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme Unified model (version UNI-ACID, rv2.0) where schemes were incorporated.

75 FR 63730 - Proposed Establishment of Class E Airspace; Panguitch, UT

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-10-18

... include a portion extending upward from 1,200 feet above the surface at Panguitch Municipal Airport... controlled airspace from 700 feet above the surface. The FAA has reassessed the proposal to include Class E airspace 700 feet and 1,200 feet above the surface to further the safety and management of Instrument...

Very accurate upward continuation to low heights in a test of non-Newtonian theory

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Romaides, Anestis J.; Jekeli, Christopher

1989-01-01

Recently, gravity measurements were made on a tall, very stable television transmitting tower in order to detect a non-Newtonian gravitational force. This experiment required the upward continuation of gravity from the Earth's surface to points as high as only 600 m above ground. The upward continuation was based on a set of gravity anomalies in the vicinity of the tower whose data distribution exhibits essential circular symmetry and appropriate radial attenuation. Two methods were applied to perform the upward continuation - least-squares solution of a local harmonic expansion and least-squares collocation. Both methods yield comparable results, and have estimated accuracies on the order of 50 microGal or better (1 microGal = 10(exp -8) m/sq s). This order of accuracy is commensurate with the tower gravity measurments (which have an estimated accuracy of 20 microGal), and enabled a definitive detection of non-Newtonian gravity. As expected, such precise upward continuations require very dense data near the tower. Less expected was the requirement of data (though sparse) up to 220 km away from the tower (in the case that only an ellipsoidal reference gravity is applied).

14 CFR 77.29 - Airport imaginary surfaces for heli-ports.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... in size and shape with the designated take-off and landing area of a heliport. This surface is a... surface, and extends outward and upward for a horizontal distance of 4,000 feet where its width is 500 feet. The slope of the approach surface is 8 to 1 for civil heliports and 10 to 1 for military...

14 CFR 77.29 - Airport imaginary surfaces for heli-ports.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... primary surface coincides in size and shape with the designated take-off and landing area of a heliport... width as the primary surface, and extends outward and upward for a horizontal distance of 4,000 feet where its width is 500 feet. The slope of the approach surface is 8 to 1 for civil heliports and 10 to 1...

The boundary condition for vertical velocity and its interdependence with surface gas exchange

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kowalski, Andrew S.

2017-07-01

The law of conservation of linear momentum is applied to surface gas exchanges, employing scale analysis to diagnose the vertical velocity (w) in the boundary layer. Net upward momentum in the surface layer is forced by evaporation (E) and defines non-zero vertical motion, with a magnitude defined by the ratio of E to the air density, as w = E/ρ. This is true even right down at the surface where the boundary condition is w|0 = E/ρ|0 (where w|0 and ρ|0 represent the vertical velocity and density of air at the surface). This Stefan flow velocity implies upward transport of a non-diffusive nature that is a general feature of the troposphere but is of particular importance at the surface, where it assists molecular diffusion with upward gas migration (of H2O, for example) but opposes that of downward-diffusing species like CO2 during daytime. The definition of flux-gradient relationships (eddy diffusivities) requires rectification to exclude non-diffusive transport, which does not depend on scalar gradients. At the microscopic scale, the role of non-diffusive transport in the process of evaporation from inside a narrow tube - with vapour transport into an overlying, horizontal airstream - was described long ago in classical mechanics and is routinely accounted for by chemical engineers, but has been neglected by scientists studying stomatal conductance. Correctly accounting for non-diffusive transport through stomata, which can appreciably reduce net CO2 transport and marginally boost that of water vapour, should improve characterisations of ecosystem and plant functioning.

Reservoir characterization of Mesaverde (Campanian) bedload fluvial meanderbelt sandstones, northwestern Colorado

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jones, J.R. Jr.

1984-04-01

Reservoir characterization of Mesaverde meanderbelt sandstones is used to determined directional continuity of permeable zones. A 500-m (1600 ft) wide fluvial meanderbelt in the Mesaverde Group is exposed as laterally continuous 3-10-m (10-33-ft) high sandstone cliffs north of Rangely, Colorado. Forty-eight detailed measured sections through 3 point bar complexes oriented at right angles to the long axis of deposition and 1 complex oriented parallel to deposition were prepared. Sections were tied together by detailed sketches delineating and tracing major bounding surfaces such as scours and clay drapes. These complexes contain 3 to 8 multilateral sandstone packages separated by 5-20 cmmore » (2-8 in.) interbedded siltstone and shale beds. Component facies are point bars, crevasse splays, chute bars, and floodplain/overbank deposits. Two types of lateral accretion surfaces are recognized in the point bar facies. Gently dipping lateral accretions containing fining-upward sandstone packages. Large scale trough cross-bedding at the base grades upward into ripples and plane beds. Steeply dipping lateral accretion surfaces enclose beds characterized by climbing ripple cross laminations. Bounding surfaces draped by shale lags can seal vertically stacked point bars from reservoir communication. Scoured boundaries allow communication in some stacked point bars. Crevasse splays showing climbing ripples form tongues of very fine-grained sandstone which flank point bars. Chute channels commonly cut upper point bar surfaces at their downstream end. Chute facies are upward-fining with small scale troughs and common dewatering structures. Siltstones and shales underlie the point bar complexes and completely encase the meanderbelt system. Bounding surfaces at the base of the complexes are erosional and contain large shale rip-up clasts.« less

The diel vertical migration patterns and individual swimming behavior of overwintering sprat Sprattus sprattus

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Solberg, Ingrid; Kaartvedt, Stein

2017-02-01

We addressed the behavioral patterns and DVM dynamics of sprat overwintering in a Norwegian fjord (150 m) with increasing hypoxia by depth. An upward-facing echosounder deployed at the bottom and cabled to shore provided 4 months of continuous acoustic data. This enabled detailed studies of individual behavior, specifically allowing assessment of individual vertical migrations at dusk and dawn in relation to light, analysis of so-called rise-and-sink swimming, and investigation of the sprat' swimming activity and behavior in severely hypoxic waters. Field campaigns supplemented the acoustic studies. The acoustic records showed that the main habitat for sprat was the upper ∼65 m where oxygen concentrations were ⩾0.7 mL O2 L-1. The sprat schooled at ∼50 m during daytime and initiated an upward migration about 1 h prior to sunset. While some sprat migrated to surface waters, other individuals interrupted the ascent when at ∼20-30 m, and returned to deeper waters ∼20-50 min after sunset. Sprat at depth was on average larger, yet individuals made excursions to- and from upper layers. Sprat were swimming in a "rise and sink" pattern at depth, likely related to negative buoyancy. Short-term dives into waters with less than 0.45 mL O2 L-1 were interpreted as feeding forays for abundant overwintering Calanus spp. The deep group of sprat initiated a dawn ascent less than 1 h before sunrise, ending at 20-30 m where they formed schools. They subsequently returned to deeper waters about ∼20 min prior to sunrise. Measurements of surface light intensities indicated that the sprat experienced lower light levels in upper waters at dawn than at dusk. The vertical swimming speed varied significantly between the behavioral tasks. The mixed DVM patterns and dynamic nocturnal behavior of sprat persisted throughout winter, likely shaped by individual strategies involving optimized feeding and predator avoidance, as well as relating to temperature, hypoxia and negative buoyancy.

Apparatus for making photovoltaic devices

DOEpatents

Foote, James B.; Kaake, Steven A. F.; Meyers, Peter V.; Nolan, James F.

1994-12-13

A process and apparatus (70) for making a large area photovoltaic device (22) that is capable of generating low cost electrical power. The apparatus (70) for performing the process includes an enclosure (126) providing a controlled environment in which an oven (156) is located. At least one and preferably a plurality of deposition stations (74,76,78) provide heated vapors of semiconductor material within the oven (156) for continuous elevated temperature deposition of semiconductor material on a sheet substrate (24) including a glass sheet (26) conveyed within the oven. The sheet substrate (24) is conveyed on a roller conveyor (184) within the oven (156) and the semiconductor material whose main layer (82) is cadmium telluride is deposited on an upwardly facing surface (28) of the substrate by each deposition station from a location within the oven above the roller conveyor. A cooling station (86) rapidly cools the substrate (24) after deposition of the semiconductor material thereon to strengthen the glass sheet of the substrate.

Process for making photovoltaic devices and resultant product

DOEpatents

Foote, James B.; Kaake, Steven A. F.; Meyers, Peter V.; Nolan, James F.

1996-07-16

A process and apparatus (70) for making a large area photovoltaic device (22) that is capable of generating low cost electrical power. The apparatus (70) for performing the process includes an enclosure (126) providing a controlled environment in which an oven (156) is located. At least one and preferably a plurality of deposition stations (74,76,78) provide heated vapors of semiconductor material within the oven (156) for continuous elevated temperature deposition of semiconductor material on a sheet substrate (24) including a glass sheet (26) conveyed within the oven. The sheet substrate (24) is conveyed on a roller conveyor (184) within the oven (156) and the semiconductor material whose main layer (82) is cadmium telluride is deposited on an upwardly facing surface (28) of the substrate by each deposition station from a location within the oven above the roller conveyor. A cooling station (86) rapidly cools the substrate (24) after deposition of the semiconductor material thereon to strengthen the glass sheet of the substrate.

Process for making photovoltaic devices and resultant product

DOEpatents

Foote, James B.; Kaake, Steven A. F.; Meyers, Peter V.; Nolan, James F.

1995-11-28

A process and apparatus (70) for making a large area photovoltaic device (22) that is capable of generating low cost electrical power. The apparatus (70) for performing the process includes an enclosure (126) providing a controlled environment in which an oven (156) is located. At least one and preferably a plurality of deposition stations (74,76,78) provide heated vapors of semiconductor material within the oven (156) for continuous elevated temperature deposition of semiconductor material on a sheet substrate (24) including a glass sheet (26) conveyed within the oven. The sheet substrate (24) is conveyed on a roller conveyor (184) within the oven (156) and the semiconductor material whose main layer (82) is cadmium telluride is deposited on an upwardly facing surface (28) of the substrate by each deposition station from a location within the oven above the roller conveyor. A cooling station (86) rapidly cools the substrate (24) after deposition of the semiconductor material thereon to strengthen the glass sheet of the substrate.

Process for making photovoltaic devices and resultant product

DOEpatents

Foote, James B.; Kaake, Steven A. F.; Meyers, Peter V.; Nolan, James F.

1993-09-28

A process and apparatus (70) for making a large area photovoltaic device (22) that is capable of generating low cost electrical power. The apparatus (70) for performing the process includes an enclosure (126) providing a controlled environment in which an oven (156) is located. At least one and preferably a plurality of deposition stations (74,76,78) provide heated vapors of semiconductor material within the oven (156) for continuous elevated temperature deposition of semiconductor material on a sheet substrate (24) including a glass sheet (26) conveyed within the oven. The sheet substrate (24) is conveyed on a roller conveyor (184) within the oven (156) and the semiconductor material whose main layer (82) is cadmium telluride is deposited on an upwardly facing surface (28) of the substrate by each deposition station from a location within the oven above the roller conveyor. A cooling station (86) rapidly cools the substrate (24) after deposition of the semiconductor material thereon to strengthen the glass sheet of the substrate.

Maiden Voyage of the Under-Ice Float

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shcherbina, A.; D'Asaro, E. A.; Light, B.; Deming, J. W.; Rehm, E.

2016-02-01

The Under-Ice Float (UIF) is a new autonomous platform for sea ice and upper ocean observations in the marginal ice zone (MIZ). UIF is based on the Mixed Layer Lagrangian Float design, inheriting its accurate buoyancy control and relatively heavy payload capability. A major challenge for sustained autonomous observations in the MIZ is detection of open water for navigation and telemetry surfacings. UIF employs the new surface classification algorithm based on the spectral analysis of surface roughness sensed by an upward-looking sonar. A prototype UIF was deployed in the MIZ of the central Arctic Ocean in late August 2015. The main payload of the first UIF was a bio-optical suit consisting of upward- and downward hyperspectral radiometers; temperature, salinity, chlorophyll, turbidity, and dissolved oxygen sensors, and a high-definition photo camera. In the early stages of its mission, the float successfully avoided ice, detected leads, surfaced in open water, and transmitted data and photographs. We will present the analysis of these observations from the full UIF mission extending into the freeze-up season.

A comparison between active and passive sensing of soil moisture from vegetated terrains

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fung, A. K.; Eom, H. J.

1985-01-01

A comparison between active and passive sensing of soil moisture over vegetated areas is studied via scattering models. In active sensing three contributing terms to radar backscattering can be identified: (1) the ground surface scatter term; (2) the volume scatter term representing scattering from the vegetation layer; and (3) the surface volume scatter term accounting for scattering from both surface and volume. In emission three sources of contribution can also be identified: (1) surface emission; (2) upward volume emission from the vegetation layer; and (3) downward volume emission scattered upward by the ground surface. As ground moisture increases, terms (1) and (3) increase due to increase in permittivity in the active case. However, in passive sensing, term (1) decreases but term (3) increases for the same reason. This self compensating effect produces a loss in sensitivity to change in ground moisture. Furthermore, emission from vegetation may be larger than that from the ground. Hence, the presence of vegetation layer causes a much greater loss of sensitivity to passive than active sensing of soil moisture.

A comparison between active and passive sensing of soil moisture from vegetated terrains

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fung, A. K.; Eom, H. J.

1984-01-01

A comparison between active and passive sensing of soil moisture over vegetated areas is studied via scattering models. In active sensing three contributing terms to radar backscattering can be identified: (1) the ground surface scatter term; (2) the volume scatter term representing scattering from the vegetation layer; and (3) the surface volume scatter term accounting for scattering from both surface and volume. In emission three sources of contribution can also be identified: (1) surface emission; (2) upward volume emission from the vegetation layer; and (3) downward volume emission scattered upward by the ground surface. As ground moisture increases, terms (1) and (3) increase due to increase in permittivity in the active case. However, in passive sensing, term (1) decreases but term (3) increases for the same reason. This self conpensating effect produces a loss in sensitivity to change in ground moisture. Furthermore, emission from vegetation may be larger than that from the ground. Hence, the presence of vegetation layer causes a much greater loss of sensitivity to passive than active sensing of soil moisture.

Features of Upward Positive Leaders Initiated From Towers in Natural Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Based on Simultaneous High-Speed Videos, Measured Currents, and Electric Fields

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Visacro, Silverio; Guimaraes, Miguel; Murta Vale, Maria Helena

2017-12-01

Original simultaneous records of currents, close electric field, and high-speed videos of natural negative cloud-to-ground lightning striking the tower of Morro do Cachimbo Station are used to reveal typical features of upward positive leaders before the attachment, including their initiation and mode of propagation. According to the results, upward positive leaders initiate some hundreds of microseconds prior to the return stroke, while a continuous uprising current of about 4 A and superimposed pulses of a few tens amperes flow along the tower. Upon leader initiation, the electric field measured 50 m away from the tower at ground level is about 60 kV/m. The corresponding average field roughly estimated 0.5 m above the tower top is higher than 0.55 MV/m. As in laboratory experiments, the common propagation mode of upward positive leaders is developing continuously, without steps, from their initiation. Unlike downward negative leaders, upward positive leaders typically do not branch off, though they can bifurcate under the effect of a downward negative leader's secondary branch approaching their lateral surface. The upward positive leader's estimated average two-dimensional propagation speed, in the range of 0.06 × 106 to 0.16 × 106 m/s, has the same order of magnitude as that of downward negative leaders. Apparently, the speed tends to increase just before attachment.

Surviving annual performance reviews.

PubMed

Lazarus, Arthur

2008-01-01

Physicians who work in organizational settings can expect to be evaluated at least twice a year. Yet physicians are accustomed to functioning autonomously, and they may resist having their performance measured or become anxious at the thought of it. Several recommendations are made to help physicians survive the ordeal: (1) establish measurable goals and objectives for the year; (2) perform at your very best at all times; (3) obtain feedback about your performance from your colleagues; (4) ask for a mentor if you lack experience; (5) learn to manage upward; (6) let your boss know when other people have praised your work; (7) insist on face-to-face evaluations; and (8) sign your annual performance review and indicate agreement or disagreement.

Stratospheric cooling and downward planetary-wave propagation in the lowermost stratosphere during the 2010-11 winter

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nishii, K.; Nakamura, H.; Orsolini, Y. J.

2012-04-01

Dynamical cooling in the polar stratosphere is induced by weakening of E-P flux convergence (i.e. anomalous divergence) in the stratosphere. As the E-P flux convergence is mainly contributed to by upward planetary-wave (PW) propagation from the troposphere, the intensity of its propagation is well correlated with the E-P flux convergence and the polar stratospheric temperature. Recent studies (Orsolini et al. 2009, QJRMS; Nishii et al. 2010, GRL) pointed out that a tropospheric blocking high over the western Pacific, whose anomalous circulation is projected strongly onto the Western Pacific (WP) teleconnection pattern, tends to weaken the upward PW propagation and thus lower the polar stratospheric temperature. In this study, we present a possibility that downward PW propagation in the lowermost stratosphere can also cause the E-P flux divergence in the polar stratosphere and thereby the stratospheric cooling. On the basis of prominent downward events of the 100-hPa E-P flux averaged over the mid- to high-latitudes in the northern hemisphere, we performed a lag composite analysis for each of the terms of the transformed Eulerian mean (TEM) equation. In the composite time evolution, downward E-P flux in the lowermost stratosphere and the E-P flux divergence aloft are evident around the reference date, followed by persistent cooling of the polar stratosphere for more than two weeks. About one week before the reference date, enhanced upward E-P flux and its convergence lead to the deceleration of upper-stratospheric zonal winds and thus the weakening of their vertical shear , which may result in the formation of a turning surface for upward-propagating PWs. Our results are overall consistent with Harnik (2009, JGR), who showed that a short pulse of upward-propagating PWs forms a turning surface in the upper stratosphere, where the PWs that subsequently propagate upward can be reflected back. By taking above results into consideration, we analyzed the prolonged cold 2010-11 winter. We found that while three cooling events in December and January were accompanied by tropospheric WP pattern events, cooling in February and March was led by downward-propagating PW events.

Genesis and shape of natural solution cavities within salt deposits

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gechter, Daniel; Huggenberger, Peter; Ackerer, Philippe; Waber, H. Niklaus

2008-11-01

Since the genesis and shape of natural deep-seated cavities within a salt body are insufficiently understood, the current study tries to shed some light on this topic. To this end, freshwater was pumped slowly through a horizontal borehole in rock salt cores. Owing to fast halite dissolution kinetics, high solubility, and slow inflow rate, halite dissolution took place only in the inflow of the rock salt cylinder. The shape of the created cavities is an approximately symmetrical half cone with a horizontal base facing upward. A conceptual model is presented that is inspired by the experimental results and based on theoretical hydraulic-geochemical considerations, as well as on field observations. It proposes that triangular prism or conically shaped cavities develop within salt under confined conditions, where aggressive water flows upward along a fracture/conduit from an insoluble aquifer into the soluble stratum. Such cavity enlargements may cause land subsidence and structure collapse.

77 FR 12992 - Amendment of Class E Airspace; Jacksonville, NC

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-05

... the airport to aid in the navigation of our National Airspace System. The airport dimensions and... amending Class E surface airspace, and Class E airspace extending upward from 700 feet above the surface... change, and does not involve a change in the dimensions or operating requirements of that airspace...

Electronic and chemical structure of the H 2O/GaN(0001) interface under ambient conditions

DOE PAGES

Zhang, Xueqiang; Ptasinska, Sylwia

2016-04-25

We employed ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to investigate the electronic and chemical properties of the H 2O/GaN(0001) interface under elevated pressures and/or temperatures. A pristine GaN(0001) surface exhibited upward band bending, which was partially flattened when exposed to H 2O at room temperature. However, the GaN surface work function was slightly reduced due to the adsorption of molecular H 2O and its dissociation products. At elevated temperatures, a negative charge generated on the surface by a vigorous H 2O/GaN interfacial chemistry induced an increase in both the surface work function and upward band bending. We tracked the dissociative adsorptionmore » of H 2O onto the GaN(0001) surface by recording the core-level photoemission spectra and obtained the electronic and chemical properties at the H 2O/GaN interface under operando conditions. In conclusion, our results suggest a strong correlation between the electronic and chemical properties of the material surface, and we expect that their evolutions lead to significantly different properties at the electrolyte/ electrode interface in a photoelectrochemical solar cell.« less

A computer-generated animated face stimulus set for psychophysiological research

PubMed Central

Naples, Adam; Nguyen-Phuc, Alyssa; Coffman, Marika; Kresse, Anna; Faja, Susan; Bernier, Raphael; McPartland., James

2014-01-01

Human faces are fundamentally dynamic, but experimental investigations of face perception traditionally rely on static images of faces. While naturalistic videos of actors have been used with success in some contexts, much research in neuroscience and psychophysics demands carefully controlled stimuli. In this paper, we describe a novel set of computer generated, dynamic, face stimuli. These grayscale faces are tightly controlled for low- and high-level visual properties. All faces are standardized in terms of size, luminance, and location and size of facial features. Each face begins with a neutral pose and transitions to an expression over the course of 30 frames. Altogether there are 222 stimuli spanning 3 different categories of movement: (1) an affective movement (fearful face); (2) a neutral movement (close-lipped, puffed cheeks with open eyes); and (3) a biologically impossible movement (upward dislocation of eyes and mouth). To determine whether early brain responses sensitive to low-level visual features differed between expressions, we measured the occipital P100 event related potential (ERP), which is known to reflect differences in early stages of visual processing and the N170, which reflects structural encoding of faces. We found no differences between faces at the P100, indicating that different face categories were well matched on low-level image properties. This database provides researchers with a well-controlled set of dynamic faces controlled on low-level image characteristics that are applicable to a range of research questions in social perception. PMID:25028164

The role of global cloud climatologies in validating numerical models

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

HARSHVARDHAN

1992-01-01

Global maps of the monthly mean net upward longwave radiation flux at the ocean surface were obtained for April, July, October 1985 and January 1986. These maps were produced by blending information obtained from a combination of general circulation model cloud radiative forcing fields, the top of the atmosphere cloud radiative forcing from ERBE and TOVS profiles and sea surface temperature on ISCCP C1 tapes. The fields are compatible with known meteorological regimes of atmospheric water vapor content and cloudiness. There is a vast area of high net upward longwave radiation flux (greater than 80/sq Wm) in the eastern Pacific Ocean throughout most of the year. Areas of low net upward longwave radiation flux ((less than 40/sq Wm) are the tropical convective regions and extra tropical regions that tend to have persistent low cloud cover.The technique used relies on General Circulation Model simulations and so is subject to some of the uncertainties associated with the model. However, all input information regarding temperature, moisture, and cloud cover is from satellite data having near global coverage. This feature of the procedure alone warrants its consideration for further use in compiling global maps of longwave radiation.

Doing better (or worse) than one's parents: Social status, mobility, and performance-avoidance goals.

PubMed

Jury, Mickaël; Bruno, Alisée; Darnon, Céline

2018-01-11

Previous research has shown that, when succeeding in higher education, first-generation (FG) students endorse more performance-avoidance goals (i.e., the fear of performing poorly) than continuing-generation (CG) students. In this study, individual mobility is examined as a predictor of performance-avoidance goal endorsement. It is argued that FG students endorse more these goals than CG students because in higher education, the former (but not the latter) experience upward mobility. In addition, CG can also be at risk of endorsing these goals when they are confronted with downward mobility. Two studies were conducted with psychology students (N = 143 in Study 1; N = 176 in Study 2). In Study 1, FG and CG students' perceived upward mobility was measured. In Study 2, FG and CG students were provided with a feedback that suggested either upward or downward mobility. In both studies, participants reported their level of performance-avoidance goal endorsement. Results from Study 1 supported an indirect effect of status on performance-avoidance goals via a higher perception of upward mobility. Results from Study 2 supported that psychology students who face mobility (i.e., FG students who received better feedback than their usual level of performance, CG students who received worse feedback than their usual level of performance) increased their performance-avoidance goals the most. Taken together, the results of these studies support that one's actual social position and, even more, the social position one is about to reach are reliable predictors of performance-avoidance goals. © 2018 The British Psychological Society.

75 FR 67910 - Amendment of Class E Airspace; Charleston, SC

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-04

... upward from 700 feet above the surface at Charleston, SC, by removing the East Cooper Airport from the... dimensions or operating requirements for that airspace, notice and public procedures under 5 U.S.C. 553(b... feet or more above the surface of the earth. * * * * * ASO SC E5 Charleston, SC [Amended] Charleston...

75 FR 57846 - Amendment of Class E Airspace; Brewton, AL

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-23

... involve a change in the dimensions or operating requirements of that airspace, notice and public... Class E airspace areas extending upward from 700 feet above the surface of the earth. * * * * * ASO AL... feet above the surface within a 7-mile radius of the Brewton Municipal Airport and within 4 miles each...

Comparison of dew point temperature estimation methods in Southwestern Georgia

Treesearch

Marcus D. Williams; Scott L. Goodrick; Andrew Grundstein; Marshall Shepherd

2015-01-01

Recent upward trends in acres irrigated have been linked to increasing near-surface moisture. Unfortunately, stations with dew point data for monitoring near-surface moisture are sparse. Thus, models that estimate dew points from more readily observed data sources are useful. Daily average dew temperatures were estimated and evaluated at 14 stations in...

Gravity settling

DOEpatents

Davis, Hyman R.; Long, R. H.; Simone, A. A.

1979-01-01

Solids are separated from a liquid in a gravity settler provided with inclined solid intercepting surfaces to intercept the solid settling path to coalesce the solids and increase the settling rate. The intercepting surfaces are inverted V-shaped plates, each formed from first and second downwardly inclined upwardly curved intersecting conical sections having their apices at the vessel wall.

Vertical electrostatic force in MEMS cantilever IR sensor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rezadad, Imen; Boroumand Azad, Javaneh; Smith, Evan M.; Alhasan, Ammar; Peale, Robert E.

2014-06-01

A MEMS cantilever IR detector that repetitively lifts from the surface under the influence of a saw-tooth electrostatic force, where the contact duty cycle is a measure of the absorbed IR radiation, is analyzed. The design is comprised of three parallel conducting plates. Fixed buried and surface plates are held at opposite potential. A moveable cantilever is biased the same as the surface plate. Calculations based on energy methods with position-dependent capacity and electrostatic induction coefficients demonstrate the upward sign of the force on the cantilever and determine the force magnitude. 2D finite element method calculations of the local fields confirm the sign of the force and determine its distribution across the cantilever. The upward force is maximized when the surface plate is slightly larger than the other two. The electrostatic repulsion is compared with Casimir sticking force to determine the maximum useful contact area. MEMS devices were fabricated and the vertical displacement of the cantilever was observed in a number of experiments. The approach may be applied also to MEMS actuators and micromirrors.

Spatiotemporal changes of freezing/thawing indices and their response to recent climate change on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from 1980 to 2013

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, Tonghua; Qin, Yanhui; Wu, Xiaodong; Li, Ren; Zou, Defu; Xie, Changwei

2018-05-01

The spatial and temporal changes of the ground surface freezing indices (GFIs), ground surface thawing indices (GTIs), air freezing indices (AFIs), and air thawing indices (ATIs) in permafrost and seasonally frozen ground regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) were analyzed based on the daily ground surface and air temperatures from 69 meteorological stations using the Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope estimate. The spatial patterns of the freezing indices (FIs) and thawing indices (TIs) are nearly negatively correlated. On the annual scale, the GFI and GTI are greater than the AFI and ATI in both permafrost and seasonally frozen ground regions. The marked upward and downward trends have been observed for the time series of TI and FI, respectively, since 1998 on the QTP. Moreover, GFI and AFI decrease more significantly in permafrost regions than in seasonally frozen ground regions; the increasing rate of GTI and ATI in the seasonally frozen ground regions is greater than that in the permafrost regions. In permafrost regions, the downward trend of FI is greater than the upward trend of TI. However, the upward trend of TI shows a more drastic change than the FI in the seasonally frozen ground regions. The results indicate that the warming in the permafrost regions is more pronounced in winter than in the other seasons. The summer warming is more pronounced than the other seasons in the seasonally frozen ground regions. The decreasing rate of AFI and GFI increases as the altitude rises, while they decrease with increasing ATI. The average decreasing rate of GFI is greater than that of the AFI in different altitudinal zones. The greatest decrease of FI occurs in permafrost regions in the hinterland of the QTP, which indicates the dominant winter warming in this region. The downward trend of FI and upward trend of TI are responsible for the reported permafrost degradation on the QTP.

Near-surface enrichment of zooplankton over a shallow back reef: implications for coral reef food webs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alldredge, A. L.; King, J. M.

2009-12-01

Zooplankton were 3-8 times more abundant during the day near the surface than elsewhere in the water column over a 1-2.4 m deep back reef in Moorea, French Polynesia. Zooplankton were also significantly more abundant near the surface at night although gradients were most pronounced under moonlight. Zooplankton in a unidirectional current became concentrated near the surface within 2 m of departing a well-mixed trough immediately behind the reef crest, indicating that upward swimming behavior, rather than near-bottom depletion by reef planktivores, was the proximal cause of these gradients. Zooplankton were highly enriched near the surface before and after a full lunar eclipse but distributed evenly throughout the water column during the eclipse itself supporting light as a proximal cue for the upward swimming behavior of many taxa. This is the first investigation of the vertical distribution of zooplankton over a shallow back reef typical of island barrier reef systems common around the world. Previous studies on deeper fringing reefs found zooplankton depletion near the bottom but no enrichment aloft. In Moorea, where seawater is continuously recirculated out the lagoon and back across the reef crest onto the back reef, selection for upward swimming behavior may be especially strong, because the surface serves both as a refuge from predation and an optimum location for retention within the reef system. Planktivorous fish and corals that can forage or grow even marginally higher in the water column might have a substantial competitive advantage over those nearer the bottom on shallow reefs. Zooplankton abundance varied more over a few tens of centimeters vertical distance than it did between seasons or even between day and night indicating that great care must be taken to accurately assess the availability of zooplankton as food on shallow reefs.

76 FR 35967 - Amendment of Class E Airspace; Bozeman, MT

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-21

..., Gallatin Field Airport, Bozeman, MT, to accommodate aircraft using Instrument Landing System (ILS... 6005 Class E airspace areas extending upward from 700 feet or more above the surface of the earth...

Upward swimming of a sperm cell in shear flow.

PubMed

Omori, Toshihiro; Ishikawa, Takuji

2016-03-01

Mammalian sperm cells are required to swim over long distances, typically around 1000-fold their own length. They must orient themselves and maintain a swimming motion to reach the ovum, or egg cell. Although the mechanism of long-distance navigation is still unclear, one possible mechanism, rheotaxis, was reported recently. This work investigates the mechanism of the rheotaxis in detail by simulating the motions of a sperm cell in shear flow adjacent to a flat surface. A phase diagram was developed to show the sperm's swimming motion under different shear rates, and for varying flagellum waveform conditions. The results showed that, under shear flow, the sperm is able to hydrodynamically change its swimming direction, allowing it to swim upwards against the flow, which suggests that the upward swimming of sperm cells can be explained using fluid mechanics, and this can then be used to further understand physiology of sperm cell navigation.

The effects of surface tension on flooding in counter-current two-phase flow in an inclined tube

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Deendarlianto; Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Safety Research, P.O. Box 510 119, D-01314 Dresden; Ousaka, Akiharu

2010-10-15

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of surface tension on flooding phenomena in counter-current two-phase flow in an inclined tube. Previous studies by other researchers have shown that surface tension has a stabilizing effect on the falling liquid film under certain conditions and a destabilizing or unclear trend under other conditions. Experimental results are reported herein for air-water systems in which a surfactant has been added to vary the liquid surface tension without altering other liquid properties. The flooding section is a tube of 16 mm in inner diameter and 1.1 m length, inclined atmore » 30-60 from horizontal. The flooding mechanisms were observed by using two high-speed video cameras and by measuring the time variation of liquid hold-up along the test tube. The results show that effects of surface tension are significant. The gas velocity needed to induce flooding is lower for a lower surface tension. There was no upward motion of the air-water interfacial waves upon flooding occurrence, even for lower a surface tension. Observations on the liquid film behavior after flooding occurred suggest that the entrainment of liquid droplets plays an important role in the upward transport of liquid. Finally, an empirical correlation for flooding velocities is proposed that includes functional dependencies on surface tension and tube inclination. (author)« less

Impact of Native and Invasive Earthworm Activity on Forest Soil Organic Matter Dynamics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Top, Sara; Filley, Timothy

2010-05-01

Many northern North American forests are experiencing the introduction of exotic European lumbricid species earthworms with documented losses in litter layers, expansion of A-horizons, loss of the organic horizon, changes in fine root density, and shifts in microbial populations as a result. Some of these forests were previously devoid of these ecosystem engineers. We compare the soil isotope and molecular chemistry from two free air CO2 enrichment (FACE) forest experiments (aspen FACE at Rhinelander, Wisconsin and sweet gum FACE at Oak Ridge National Lab, Tennessee) that lie within the zones of earthworm invasion. These sites exhibit differences in amounts of exotic and native species as well as endogeic (predominantly mineral soil dwelling) and epigeic (litter and organic matter horizon dwelling) types. We investigated the impact of earthworm activity by tracking the relative abundance and stable carbon isotope compositions of lignin and substituted fatty acids extracted from isolated earthworms and their fecal pellets and from host soils. Additionally, 15N-labeled additions to the soil provide additional methods for tracking earthworm impacts. Indications of root vs leaf input to earthworm casts and fecal matter were derived from differences in the chemical composition of cutin, suberin, and lignin. The isotopically depleted CO2 used in FACE and the resulting isotopically depleted plant organic matter afford an excellent opportunity to assess biopolymer-specific turnover dynamics. We find that endogeic species are proportionately more responsible for fine root cycling while some epigeic species are responsible for microaggregation of foliar cutin. CSIA of fecal pellet lignin and SFA indicate how these biopolymer pools can be derived from variable sources, roots, background soil, foliar tissue within one earthworm. Additionally, CSIA indicates the distinct roles that different earthworm types have in "aging" surface soil biopolymer pools through encapsulation and upward transport of deeper soil carbon, and "freshening" deeper soil biopolymer pools through downward transport of surface carbon to deeper layers. Although, endogeic species burrow down below 30 cm in these systems, comparison of 13C and 15N in soil layers and fecal matter indicate their greatest impact is restricted to the upper 5 cm. As earthworm species abundance and activity are not is steady state in these forests, the role of these important invertebrates should be more considered when assessing the ability of forest soils to accumulate new plant input.

Role of Native and Exotic Earthworms in Plant Biopolymer Dynamics in Forest Soil

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Filley, Timothy

2010-05-01

Many forests within northern North America are experiencing the introduction of earthworms for the first time, presumably since before the last major glaciation. Forest dynamics are undergoing substantial changes because of the activity of the mainly European lumbricid species. Documented losses in litter layers, expansion of A-horizons, loss of the organic horizon, changes in fine root density, and shifts in microbial populations have all been documented in invaded zones. Two free air CO2 enrichment (FACE) forest experiments (aspen FACE at Rhinelander, Wisconsin and sweet gum FACE at Oak Ridge National Lab, Tennessee) lie within the zones of invasion and exhibit differences in amounts of exotic and native species as well as endogeic (predominantly mineral soil dwelling) and epigeic (litter and organic matter horizon dwelling) types. Considerations of carbon accrual dynamics and relative input of above vs. below ground plant input in these young successional systems do not consider the potential impact of these ecosystem engineers. We investigated the impact of earthworm activity by tracking the relative abundance and stable carbon isotope compositions of lignin and substituted fatty acids extracted from isolated earthworms and their fecal pellets and from host soils. Indications of root vs leaf input to earthworm casts and fecal matter were derived from differences in the chemical composition of cutin, suberin, and lignin. The isotopically depleted CO2 used in FACE and the resulting isotopically depleted plant organic matter afford an excellent opportunity to assess biopolymer-specific turnover dynamics. We find that endogeic species are proportionately more responsible for fine root cycling while some epigeic species are responsible for microaggregation of foliar cutin. CSIA of fecal pellet lignin and SFA indicates how these biopolymer pools can be derived from variable sources, roots, background soil, foliar tissue within one earthworm. Additionally, CSIA indicates the distinct roles that different earthworm types have in "aging" surface soil biopolymer pools through encapsulation and upward transport of deeper soil carbon, and "freshening" deeper soil biopolymer pools through downward transport of surface carbon to deeper layers,. As earthworm species abundance and activity are not is steady state in many forests, the role of these important invertebrates should be more considered when assessing the changing soil state.

75 FR 12972 - Amendment of Class E Airspace; Rawlins, WY

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-18

... Rawlins, WY, to accommodate aircraft using a new Area Navigation (RNAV) Global Positioning System (GPS... extending upward from 700 feet above the surface to accommodate IFR aircraft executing a new RNAV (GPS...

77 FR 13195 - Amendment of Class E Airspace; Springfield, TN

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-06

..., Georgia 30320; telephone (404) 305-6364. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: History On September 22, 2011, the FAA... areas extending upward from 700 feet or more above the surface of the earth. * * * * * ASO TN E5...

77 FR 38475 - Amendment of Class E Airspace; Woodland, CA

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-06-28

... Lind Avenue SW., Renton, WA 98057; telephone (425) 203-4537. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: History On...: Paragraph 6005 Class E airspace areas extending upward from 700 feet or more above the surface of the earth...

76 FR 1512 - Amendment of Class E Airspace; Savannah, TN

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-11

..., Georgia 30320; telephone (404) 305-5610. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: History On October 26, 2010, the FAA... areas extending upward from 700 feet or more above the surface of the earth. * * * * * ASO TN E5...

Upward Flame Spread Over Thin Solids in Partial Gravity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Feier, I. I.; Shih, H. Y.; Sacksteder, K. R.; Tien, J. S.

2001-01-01

The effects of partial-gravity, reduced pressure, and sample width on upward flame spread over a thin cellulose fuel were studied experimentally and the results were compared to a numerical flame spread simulation. Fuel samples 1-cm, 2-cm, and 4-cm wide were burned in air at reduced pressures of 0.2 to 0.4 atmospheres in simulated gravity environments of 0.1-G, 0.16-G (Lunar), and 0.38-G (Martian) onboard the NASA KC-135 aircraft and in normal-gravity tests. Observed steady flame propagation speeds and pyrolysis lengths were approximately proportional to the gravity level. Flames spread more quickly and were longer with the wider samples and the variations with gravity and pressure increased with sample width. A numerical simulation of upward flame spread was developed including three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations, one-step Arrhenius kinetics for the gas phase flame and for the solid surface decomposition, and a fuel-surface radiative loss. The model provides detailed structure of flame temperatures, the flow field interactions with the flame, and the solid fuel mass disappearance. The simulation agrees with experimental flame spread rates and their dependence on gravity level but predicts a wider flammable region than found by experiment. Some unique three-dimensional flame features are demonstrated in the model results.

Structures associated with strike-slip faults that bound landslide elements

USGS Publications Warehouse

Fleming, R.W.; Johnson, A.M.

1989-01-01

Large landslides are bounded on their flanks and on elements within the landslides by structures analogous to strike-slip faults. We observed the formation of thwse strike-slip faults and associated structures at two large landslides in central Utah during 1983-1985. The strike-slip faults in landslides are nearly vertical but locally may dip a few degrees toward or away from the moving ground. Fault surfaces are slickensided, and striations are subparallel to the ground surface. Displacement along strike-slip faults commonly produces scarps; scarps occur where local relief of the failure surface or ground surface is displaced and becomes adjacent to higher or lower ground, or where the landslide is thickening or thinning as a result of internal deformation. Several types of structures are formed at the ground surface as a strike-slip fault, which is fully developed at some depth below the ground surface, propagates upward in response to displacement. The simplest structure is a tension crack oriented at 45?? clockwise or counterclockwise from the trend of an underlying right- or left-lateral strike-slip fault, respectively. The tension cracks are typically arranged en echelon with the row of cracks parallel to the trace of the underlying strike-slip fault. Another common structure that forms above a developing strike-slip fault is a fault segment. Fault segments are discontinuous strike-slip faults that contain the same sense of slip but are turned clockwise or counterclockwise from a few to perhaps 20?? from the underlying strike-slip fault. The fault segments are slickensided and striated a few centimeters below the ground surface; continued displacement of the landslide causes the fault segments to open and a short tension crack propagates out of one or both ends of the fault segments. These structures, open fault segments containing a short tension crack, are termed compound cracks; and the short tension crack that propagates from the tip of the fault segment is typically oriented 45?? to the trend of the underlying fault. Fault segments are also typically arranged en echelon above the upward-propagating strike-slip fault. Continued displacement of the landslide causes the ground to buckle between the tension crack portions of the compound cracks. Still more displacement produces a thrust fault on one or both limbs of the buckle fold. These compressional structures form at right angles to the short tension cracks at the tips of the fault segments. Thus, the compressional structures are bounded on their ends by one face of a tension crack and detached from underlying material by thrusting or buckling. The tension cracks, fault segments, compound cracks, folds, and thrusts are ephemeral; they are created and destroyed with continuing displacement of the landslide. Ultimately, the structures are replaced by a throughgoing strike-slip fault. At one landslide, we observed the creation and destruction of the ephemeral structures as the landslide enlarged. Displacement of a few centimeters to about a decimeter was sufficient to produce scattered tension cracks and fault segments. Sets of compound cracks with associated folds and thrusts were produced by displacements of up to 1 m, and 1 to 2 m of displacement was required to produce a throughgoing strike-slip fault. The type of first-formed structure above an upward-propagating strike-slip fault is apparently controlled by the rheology of the material. Brittle material such as dry topsoil or the compact surface of a gravel road produces echelon tension cracks and sets of tension cracks and compressional structures, wherein the cracks and compressional structures are normal to each other and 45?? to the strike-slip fault at depth. First-formed structures in more ductile material such as moist cohesive soil are fault segments. In very ductile material such as soft clay and very wet soil in swampy areas, the first-formed structure is a throughgoing strike-slip fault. There are othe

FT-Raman spectroscopy, µ-EDXRF spectrometry, and microhardness analysis of the dentin of primary and permanent teeth.

PubMed

Torres, Carolina Paes; Miranda Gomes-Silva, Jaciara; Menezes-Oliveira, Maria Angélica Hueb; Silva Soares, Luís Eduardo; Palma-Dibb, Regina Guenka; Borsatto, Maria Cristina

2018-05-01

The chemical compositions (organic and inorganic contents) and mechanical behaviors of the dentin of permanent and deciduous teeth were analyzed and compared using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (µ-EDXRF) Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy (FT-Raman) and a microhardness test (HD). Healthy fresh human primary and permanent molars (n = 10) were selected, The buccal surfaces facing upwards were stabilized in an acrylic plate, flattened, polished, and submitted to the µ-EDXRF, FT-Raman, and HD analysis. The results of the analysis were subjected to ANOVAs and Mann-Whitney U/Student's t multiple comparisons tests. The data showed similar values for the dentin of the primary and permanent teeth in P content, organic content (amide I peak), inorganic content ( PO43- - 430 and 590), and microhardness, Nevertheless, Ca content and Ca/P weight ratio were higher, and the CO32- peak was lower in the dentin of the permanent teeth compared to primary teeth. It be concluded that despite permanent teeth showed more Ca element, both substrates showed similar behavior of chemical and physical properties. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Stratigraphic architecture of back-filled incised-valley systems: Pennsylvanian-Permian lower Cutler beds, Utah, USA

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wakefield, Oliver J. W.; Mountney, Nigel P.

2013-12-01

The Pennsylvanian to Permian lower Cutler beds collectively form the lowermost stratigraphic unit of the Cutler Group in the Paradox Basin, southeast Utah. The lower Cutler beds represent a tripartite succession comprising lithofacies assemblages of aeolian, fluvial and shallow-marine origin, in near equal proportion. The succession results from a series of transgressive-regressive cycles, driven by repeated episodes of climatic variation and linked changes in relative sea-level. Relative sea-level changes created a number of incised-valleys, each forming through fluvial incision during lowered base-level. Aeolian dominance during periods of relative sea-level lowstand aids incised-valley identification as the erosive bounding surface juxtaposes incised-valley infill against stacked aeolian faces. Relative sea-level rises resulted in back-flooding of the incised-valleys and their infill via shallow-marine and estuarine processes. Back-flooded valleys generated marine embayments within which additional local accommodation was exploited. Back-filling is characterised by a distinctive suite of lithofacies arranged into a lowermost, basal fill of fluvial channel and floodplain architectural elements, passing upwards into barform elements with indicators of tidal influence, including inclined heterolithic strata and reactivation surfaces. The incised-valley fills are capped by laterally extensive and continuous marine limestone elements that record the drowning of the valleys and, ultimately, flooding and accumulation across surrounding interfluves (transgressive surface). Limestone elements are characterised by an open-marine fauna and represent the preserved expression of maximum transgression.

The Effect of Variable Gravity on the Cooling Performance of a Partially-Confined FC-72 Spray

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-07-01

that takes place in pool boiling.(10),(11) However, it should be noted that Estes and Mudawar (12) found that for sprays with relatively high...than the upward-facing horizontal heater. Rybicki and Mudawar (23) reported on the effects of various parameters including orientation on spray...to that observed by Yoshida et al.,(28) Hunnel et al.,(45) Kim,(2) Mudawar ,(1) and Estes and Mudawar .(12) Elston(40) noted this trend, but also

Appearance-based face recognition and light-fields.

PubMed

Gross, Ralph; Matthews, Iain; Baker, Simon

2004-04-01

Arguably the most important decision to be made when developing an object recognition algorithm is selecting the scene measurements or features on which to base the algorithm. In appearance-based object recognition, the features are chosen to be the pixel intensity values in an image of the object. These pixel intensities correspond directly to the radiance of light emitted from the object along certain rays in space. The set of all such radiance values over all possible rays is known as the plenoptic function or light-field. In this paper, we develop a theory of appearance-based object recognition from light-fields. This theory leads directly to an algorithm for face recognition across pose that uses as many images of the face as are available, from one upwards. All of the pixels, whichever image they come from, are treated equally and used to estimate the (eigen) light-field of the object. The eigen light-field is then used as the set of features on which to base recognition, analogously to how the pixel intensities are used in appearance-based face and object recognition.

Optimal faces for gender and expression: a new technique for measuring dynamic templates used in face perception.

PubMed

Poirier, Frédéric J A M; Faubert, Jocelyn

2012-06-22

Facial expressions are important for human communications. Face perception studies often measure the impact of major degradation (e.g., noise, inversion, short presentations, masking, alterations) on natural expression recognition performance. Here, we introduce a novel face perception technique using rich and undegraded stimuli. Participants modified faces to create optimal representations of given expressions. Using sliders, participants adjusted 53 face components (including 37 dynamic) including head, eye, eyebrows, mouth, and nose shape and position. Data was collected from six participants and 10 conditions (six emotions + pain + gender + neutral). Some expressions had unique features (e.g., frown for anger, upward-curved mouth for happiness), whereas others had shared features (e.g., open eyes and mouth for surprise and fear). Happiness was different from other emotions. Surprise was different from other emotions except fear. Weighted sum morphing provides acceptable stimuli for gender-neutral and dynamic stimuli. Many features were correlated, including (1) head size with internal feature sizes as related to gender, (2) internal feature scaling, and (3) eyebrow height and eye openness as related to surprise and fear. These findings demonstrate the method's validity for measuring the optimal facial expressions, which we argue is a more direct measure of their internal representations.

76 FR 19281 - Proposed Amendment of Class E Airspace; Bozeman, MT

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-07

... Instrument Landing System (ILS) Localizer (LOC) standard instrument approach procedures at the airport. The... extending upward from 700 feet or more above the surface of the earth. * * * * * ANM MT E5 Bozeman, MT...

76 FR 3569 - Proposed Amendment of Class E Airspace; West Yellowstone, MT

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-20

... accommodate aircraft using the Instrument Landing System (ILS) Localizer (LOC) standard instrument approach... airspace areas extending upward from 700 feet or more above the surface of the earth. * * * * * ANM MT E5...

78 FR 27872 - Proposed Amendment of Class E Airspace; Salt Lake City, UT

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-05-13

... System (GPS) and Instrument Landing System (ILS) or Localizer (LOC) standard instrument approach...: Paragraph 6005 Class E airspace areas extending upward from 700 feet or more above the surface of the earth...

78 FR 38555 - Amendment of Class E Airspace; Selmer, TN

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-06-27

...: History On March 14, 2013, the FAA published in the Federal Register a notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM... E Airspace Areas Extending Upward from 700 feet or More Above the Surface of the Earth...

78 FR 52423 - Amendment of Class E Airspace; Plattsburgh, NY

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-23

... (404) 305-6364. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: History On May 7, 2013, the FAA published in the Federal... Airspace Areas Extending Upward from 700 feet or More Above the Surface of the Earth. * * * * * AEA NY E5...

76 FR 1512 - Amendment of Class E Airspace; Sturgis, KY

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-11

...: History On October 22, 2010, the FAA published in the Federal Register a notice of proposed rulemaking to... E airspace areas extending upward from 700 feet or more above the surface of the earth...

78 FR 34553 - Amendment of Class E Airspace; Bend, OR

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-06-10

...; telephone (425) 203-4537. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: History On March 1, 2013, the FAA published in the... 6005 Class E airspace areas extending upward from 700 feet or more above the surface of the earth...

78 FR 52425 - Establishment of Class E Airspace; Umatilla, FL

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-23

..., Georgia 30320; telephone (404) 305-6364. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: History On June 4, 2013, the FAA...: Paragraph 6005 Class E Airspace Areas Extending Upward from 700 feet or More Above the Surface of the Earth...

On vertical seismic profile processing

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tariel, P.; Michon, D.

1984-10-01

From the wealth of information which can be deduced from VSP, the information most directly comparable to well logs is considered: P-wave and S-wave interval velocity, acoustic impedance, and the velocity ratio ..gamma.. = V /SUB s/ /V /SUB p/ . This information not only allows better interpretation of surface seismic sections but also improves processing. For these results to be usable a number of precautions must be taken during acquisition and processing; the sampling in depth should be chosen in such a way that aliasing phenomena do not unnecessarily limit the spectra during the separation of upwards and downwardsmore » travelling waves. True amplitudes should be respected and checked by recording of signatures, and the interference of upwards and downwards travelling waves should be taken into account for the picking of first arrivals. The different steps in processing and the combination of results in the interpretation of surface seismic results are described with actual records.« less

Description and recognition of faces from 3D data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Coombes, Anne M.; Richards, Robin; Linney, Alfred D.; Bruce, Vicki; Fright, Rick

1992-12-01

A method based on differential geometry, is presented for mathematically describing the shape of the facial surface. Three-dimensional data for the face are collected by optical surface scanning. The method allows the segmentation of the face into regions of a particular `surface type,' according to the surface curvature. Eight different surface types are produced which all have perceptually meaningful interpretations. The correspondence of the surface type regions to the facial features are easily visualized, allowing a qualitative assessment of the face. A quantitative description of the face in terms of the surface type regions can be produced and the variation of the description between faces is demonstrated. A set of optical surface scans can be registered together and averages to produce an average male and average female face. Thus an assessment of how individuals vary from the average can be made as well as a general statement about the differences between male and female faces. This method will enable an investigation to be made as to how reliably faces can be individuated by their surface shape which, if feasible, may be the basis of an automatic system for recognizing faces. It also has applications in physical anthropology, for classification of the face, facial reconstructive surgery, to quantify the changes in a face altered by reconstructive surgery and growth, and in visual perception, to assess the recognizability of faces. Examples of some of these applications are presented.

Mechanics of gravitational spreading of steep-sided ridges («sackung»)

USGS Publications Warehouse

Savage, W.Z.; Varnes, D.J.

1987-01-01

Large-scale gravitational spreading of steep-sided ridges characterized by linear fissures, trenches, and uphill-facing scarps high on the sides and tops of ridges are known worldwide. Such spreading, termed sackung, is commonly attributed to pervasive plastic deformation of a rock mass, and is here analyzed as such. Beginning with a previously developed exact elastic solution for gravity-induced stresses in a symmetric ridge, stresses calculated from the exact solution are used in the Coulomb failure criterion to determine the extent of ridge failure under self-weight. Finally, when the regions of failure are established, a plastic flow solution is applied to predict the location of and sense of movement on upward-facing scarps near ridge crests and other features common in sackung. ?? 1987 International Assocaition of Engineering Geology.

78 FR 49116 - Modification of Class E Airspace; Brigham City, UT

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-13

...; telephone (425) 203-4537. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: History On June 5, 2013, the FAA published in the... extending upward from 700 feet or more above the surface of the earth. * * * * * ANM UT E5 Brigham City, UT...

78 FR 17084 - Establishment of Class E Airspace; Wilbur, WA

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-20

.... SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: History On December 21, 2012, the FAA published in the Federal Register a notice of...: Paragraph 6005 Class E airspace areas extending upward from 700 feet or more above the surface of the earth...

75 FR 226 - Establishment of Class E Airspace; Riverside/Rubidoux Flabob Airport, Riverside, CA

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-01-05

... Lind Avenue, SW., Renton, WA 98057; telephone (425) 203-4537. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: History On... 6005 Class E airspace areas extending upward from 700 feet or more above the surface of the earth...

75 FR 6094 - Modification of Class E Airspace; Grand Junction, CO

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-02-08

...; telephone (425) 203-4537. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: History On October 29, 2009, the FAA published in the... airspace areas extending upward from 700 feet or more above the surface of the earth. * * * * * ANM CO E5...

Global Surface Temperature Anomalies and Attribution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pietrafesa, L. J.

2017-12-01

We study Non-Stationary, Non-Linear time series of global surface temperatures from 1850 to 2016, and via an empirical, mathematical methodology, we reveal the buried, internal modes of variability of planetary temperatures over the past 167 years, and find periods of cooling and warming, both in the ocean and the atmosphere over land, with multiple modes of variability; seasonal, annual, inter-annual, multi-year, decadal, multi-decadal, centennial and overall warming trends in the ocean, atmosphere and the combination therein. The oceanic rate of warming is less than two thirds of that of the atmosphere. While our findings on overall trends of fossil fuel burning and planetary temperatures are only visually correlative, by employing a mathematical methodology well known in ergonomics, this study causally links the upward rise in planetary surface temperature from the latter part of the 19th Century and into the 21st Century, to the contemporaneous upward rise in fossil fuel burning and suggests that if present fossil fuel burning is not curtailed there will be continued warming of the planet in the future.

Probing Anisotropic Surface Properties of Molybdenite by Direct Force Measurements.

PubMed

Lu, Zhenzhen; Liu, Qingxia; Xu, Zhenghe; Zeng, Hongbo

2015-10-27

Probing anisotropic surface properties of layer-type mineral is fundamentally important in understanding its surface charge and wettability for a variety of applications. In this study, the surface properties of the face and the edge surfaces of natural molybdenite (MoS2) were investigated by direct surface force measurements using atomic force microscope (AFM). The interaction forces between the AFM tip (Si3N4) and face or edge surface of molybdenite were measured in 10 mM NaCl solutions at various pHs. The force profiles were well-fitted with classical DLVO (Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek) theory to determine the surface potentials of the face and the edge surfaces of molybdenite. The surface potentials of both the face and edge surfaces become more negative with increasing pH. At neutral and alkaline conditions, the edge surface exhibits more negative surface potential than the face surface, which is possibly due to molybdate and hydromolybdate ions on the edge surface. The point of zero charge (PZC) of the edge surface was determined around pH 3 while PZC of the face surface was not observed in the range of pH 3-11. The interaction forces between octadecyltrichlorosilane-treated AFM tip (OTS-tip) and face or edge surface of molybdenite were also measured at various pHs to study the wettability of molybdenite surfaces. An attractive force between the OTS-tip and the face surface was detected. The force profiles were well-fitted by considering DLVO forces and additional hydrophobic force. Our results suggest the hydrophobic feature of the face surface of molybdenite. In contrast, no attractive force between the OTS-tip and the edge surface was detected. This is the first study in directly measuring surface charge and wettability of the pristine face and edge surfaces of molybdenite through surface force measurements.

Upward And Downward Flame Spreading And Extinction In Partial Gravity Environments

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sacksteder, Kurt R.; Feier, Ioan I.; Ferkul, Paul V.; Kumar, Amit; T'ien, James S.

2003-01-01

The premise of this research effort has been to begin exploring the gap in the literature between studies of material flammability and flame spread phenomena in normal-gravity and those conducted in the microgravity environment, with or without forced flows. From a fundamental point of view, flame spreading in upward (concurrent) buoyant flow is considerably different from concurrent forced flow. The flow accelerates throughout the length of the buoyant flame bringing the streamlines and the flame closer to the fuel surface and strengthening the interaction between the flame and fuel. Forced flows are diverted around the flame and away from the fuel surface, except where the flow might be constrained by a finite duct. The differences may be most clearly felt as the atmospheric conditions, viz. pressure or oxygen content, approach the flammability limit. From a more practical point of view, flame spreading and material flammability behavior have not been studied under the partial gravity conditions that are the natural state in space exploration destinations such as the Moon and Mars. This effort constitutes the beginning of the research needed to engineer fire safety provisions for such future missions. In this program we have performed partial-gravity experiments (from 0.1 to 1 g/g(sub Earth)) considering both upward and downward flame spread over thin solid fuels aboard the NASA KC-135 aircraft. In those tests, the atmospheric pressure and the fuel sample width were varied. Steady flame spread rates and approximate extinction boundaries were determined. Flame images were recorded using video cameras and two-dimensional fuel surface temperature distributions were determined using an IR camera. These results are available, and complement our earlier work in downward spread in partial gravity varying oxygen content. In conjunction with the experiment, three-dimensional models of flame spreading in buoyant flow have been developed. Some of the computed results on upward spreading have been presented. A derivative three-dimensional model of downward spreading has been developed. It is currently being used to evaluate the standard limiting oxygen index (LOI) measuring device and its potential performance in different gravity levels.

Shallowing-upward cyclic patterns within larger-scale transgressive-regressive (T-R) sedimentary sequences, St. Peter through Decorah Formations, Ordovician, Iowa area

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Witzke, B.J.

1993-03-01

Four large-scale (2--8 Ma) T-R sedimentary sequences of M. Ord. age (late Chaz.-Sherm.) were delimited by Witzke Kolata (1980) in the Iowa area, each bounded by local to regional unconformity/disconformity surfaces. These encompass both siliciclastic and carbonate intervals, in ascending order: (1) St. Peter-Glenwood fms., (2) Platteville Fm., (3) Decorah Fm., (4) Dunleith/upper Decorah fms. Finer-scale resolution of depth-related depositional features has led to regional recognition of smaller-scale shallowing-upward cyclicity contained within each large-scale sequence. Such smaller-scale cyclicity encompasses stratigraphic intervals of 1--10 m thickness, with estimated durations of 0.5--1.5 Ma. The St. Peter Sandst. has long been regarded asmore » a classic transgressive sheet sand. However, four discrete shallowing-upward packages characterize the St. Peter-Glenwood interval regionally (IA, MN, NB, KS), including western facies displaying coarsening-upward sandstone packages with condensed conodont-rich brown shale and phosphatic sediments in their lower part (local oolitic ironstone), commonly above pyritic hardgrounds. Regional continuity of small-scale cyclic patterns in M. Ord. strata of the Iowa area may suggest eustatic controls; this can be tested through inter-regional comparisons.« less

Effect of microgravity and hypergravity on embryo axis alignment during postencystment embryogenesis in Artemia franciscana (Anostraca)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rosowski, J. R.; Gouthro, M. A.; Schmidt, K. K.; Klement, B. J.; Spooner, B. S.

1995-01-01

Cysts of brine shrimp attached with a liquid adhesive to 12-mm diameter glass coverslips in a syringe-type fluid processing apparatus were flown aboard the NASA space shuttle Discovery, flight STS-60, from 3-11 February 1994, and were allowed to undergo postencystment embryogenesis and to hatch in microgravity. The shuttle flight and the ground-based control coverslips with attached cysts were parallel to the earth's surface during incubation in salt water. Based on the position of the cyst shell crack in the attached cyst population, the ground-control nauplii emerged mostly upward. On the shuttle in microgravity, although our method of detection of orientation would not reveal emergence toward the coverslip, the ratio of the position of the cyst shell crack in the population after hatching best fit the predicted values of a random direction for nauplii emergence. Centrifugation on earth was then used to create hypergravity forces of up to 73 g during postencystment embryogenesis and hatching. The upward orientation of emerging nauplii showed a high degree of correlation (r(2) =98.8%) with a linear relationship to the log of g, with 78.2% of the total hatching upward at 1 g and 91.0% hatching upward at 73 g.

In situ changes of tropical crustose coralline algae along carbon dioxide gradients

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fabricius, K. E.; Kluibenschedl, A.; Harrington, L.; Noonan, S.; de'Ath, G.

2015-04-01

Crustose coralline algae (CCA) fulfill important ecosystem functions in coral reefs, including reef framework stabilization and induction of larval settlement. To investigate in situ the effects of high carbon dioxide on CCA communities, we deployed settlement tiles at three tropical volcanic CO2 seeps in Papua New Guinea along gradients spanning from 8.1 to 7.4 pH. After 5 and 13 months deployment, there was a steep transition from CCA presence to absence around pH 7.8 (660 μatm pCO2): 98% of tiles had CCA at pH > 7.8, whereas only 20% of tiles had CCA at pH <= 7.8. As pH declined from 8.0 to 7.8, the least and most sensitive CCA species lost 43% and 85% of cover, respectively. Communities on upward facing surfaces exposed to high light and high grazing pressure showed less steep losses than those on shaded surfaces with low grazing. Direct CO2 effects on early life stages were the main mechanisms determining CCA cover, rather than competitive interactions with other benthic groups. Importantly, declines were steepest at near-ambient pH, suggesting that CCA may have already declined in abundance due to the recent seawater pH decline of 0.1 units, and that future severe losses are likely with increasing ocean acidification.

77 FR 9839 - Amendment of Class D and Class E Airspace, and Establishment of Class E Airspace; Bozeman, MT

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-21

..., to accommodate aircraft using Instrument Landing System (ILS) Localizer (LOC) standard instrument... 6005 Class E airspace areas extending upward from 700 feet or more above the surface of the earth...

78 FR 32084 - Modification of Class D and Class E Airspace; Pueblo, CO

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-05-29

...; telephone (425) 203-4537. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: History On February 21, 2013, the FAA published in the... upward from 700 feet or more above the surface of the earth. * * * * * ANM CO E5 Pueblo, CO [Modified...

A three-dimensional autonomous nonlinear dynamical system modelling equatorial ocean flows

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ionescu-Kruse, Delia

2018-04-01

We investigate a nonlinear three-dimensional model for equatorial flows, finding exact solutions that capture the most relevant geophysical features: depth-dependent currents, poleward or equatorial surface drift and a vertical mixture of upward and downward motions.

Contributions of feature shapes and surface cues to the recognition and neural representation of facial identity.

PubMed

Andrews, Timothy J; Baseler, Heidi; Jenkins, Rob; Burton, A Mike; Young, Andrew W

2016-10-01

A full understanding of face recognition will involve identifying the visual information that is used to discriminate different identities and how this is represented in the brain. The aim of this study was to explore the importance of shape and surface properties in the recognition and neural representation of familiar faces. We used image morphing techniques to generate hybrid faces that mixed shape properties (more specifically, second order spatial configural information as defined by feature positions in the 2D-image) from one identity and surface properties from a different identity. Behavioural responses showed that recognition and matching of these hybrid faces was primarily based on their surface properties. These behavioural findings contrasted with neural responses recorded using a block design fMRI adaptation paradigm to test the sensitivity of Haxby et al.'s (2000) core face-selective regions in the human brain to the shape or surface properties of the face. The fusiform face area (FFA) and occipital face area (OFA) showed a lower response (adaptation) to repeated images of the same face (same shape, same surface) compared to different faces (different shapes, different surfaces). From the behavioural data indicating the critical contribution of surface properties to the recognition of identity, we predicted that brain regions responsible for familiar face recognition should continue to adapt to faces that vary in shape but not surface properties, but show a release from adaptation to faces that vary in surface properties but not shape. However, we found that the FFA and OFA showed an equivalent release from adaptation to changes in both shape and surface properties. The dissociation between the neural and perceptual responses suggests that, although they may play a role in the process, these core face regions are not solely responsible for the recognition of facial identity. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Arrangement for controlled engagement of the tools of a mining machine with a mine face

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Blumenthal, G.; Bollmann, A.

1981-07-28

An arrangement for controlled engagement of the tools of a coal planer, with a mine face comprises a scraper conveyor, provided on its front face directed toward the mine face with a guide rail guiding the coal planer for reciprocation along the mine face and a mechanism for tilting the conveyor and the coal planer about a substantially horizontal axis. The tilting mechanism is connected to the rear face of the conveyor and extends in its entirety rearwardly of the rear face of the latter. The tilting mechanism comprises a guide linkage pivotally connected at its front end to themore » rear face of the scraper conveyor while its rear end portion forms a housing for a fluid operated cylinder and piston unit, the piston rod of which is connected to a connecting rod guided by the guide linkage for movement in longitudinal direction and having an upwardly extending front section pivotally connected at its upper free end to the rear face of the scraper conveyor. The fluid operated cylinder-and-piston unit is thus considerably spaced from the scraper conveyor and the material transported thereby and especially coal dust raised during transport of the mined coal by the conveyor, whereby maintenance of the tilting unit is reduced. The guide linkage, the connecting rod and the tilting unit are all in close vicinity to the sole of the mine gallery to leave a considerable free space between the arrangement and the roof of the mine gallery.« less

77 FR 42430 - Revocation of Class E Airspace; Lloydsville, PA, and Amendment of Class D and E Airspace; Latrobe...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-19

... Heliport (old name), and incorporates Excela Health Latrobe Hospital Heliport (new name) onto Class [[Page... E airspace areas extending upward from 700 feet or more above the surface of the earth...

Salt water and its relation to fresh ground water in Harris County, Texas

USGS Publications Warehouse

Winslow, Allen G.; Doyel, William Watson; Wood, L.A.

1957-01-01

Other less probable potential sources of salt-water contamination which are discussed include upward movement of salt water from below, vertical movement around salt domes or along faults, downward seepage from surface sources, and contamination through leaking wells.

Evaluation of the prototype surface bypass for salmonid smolts in Spring 1996 and 1997 at Lower Granite Dam on the Snake River, Washington

USGS Publications Warehouse

Johnson, G.E.; Adams, N.S.; Johnson, Robert L.; Rondorf, D.W.; Dauble, D.D.; Barila, T.Y.

2000-01-01

In spring 1996 and 1997, we studied the prototype surface bypass and collector (SBC) at Lower Granite Dam on the Snake River in Washington. Our objectives were to determine the most efficient SBC configuration and to describe smolt movements and swimming behavior in the forebay. To do this, we used hydroacoustic and radiotelemetry techniques. The SBC was retrofitted onto the upstream face of the north half of the powerhouse to test the surface bypass method of diverting smolts from turbines. The SBC had three entrances, with mean velocities ranging from 0.37 to 1.92 m/s, and it discharged 113 m3/s through its outlet at Spill Bay 1, which was adjacent to the powerhouse. Different SBC configurations were created by altering the size and shape of entrances. During spring 1996 and 1997, river discharge was well above normal (123 and 154% of average, respectively). Powerhouse operations caused a strong downward component of flow upstream of the SBC. Many smolts (primarily steelhead and secondarily chinook salmon) were observed actively swimming upward in the water column. There were four times as many smolts diverted from turbines per unit volume of water with SBC flow than with spill flow, which indicated that the SBC may be an especially important bypass consideration in moderate- or low-flow years. The highest SBC efficiency (the proportion of total fish passing through the north half of the powerhouse by all routes that passed through the SBC) for any configuration tested was about 40%. Although no single SBC configuration stood out as the most efficient, the horizontal surface and maximum area configurations, or some combination of the two, are worth further investigation because they were moderately efficient.

Apparatus and method for electroforming high aspect ratio micro-parts

DOEpatents

Hachman, John T [Stockton, CA; Losey, Matthew W [Rancho Cucamonga, CA; McLean, Dorrance E [Manteca, CA

2009-11-27

A fixture is disclosed to more easily affix a workpiece in the proper orientation and spacing with sealed electrical interconnection within an electrochemical plating bath. The workpiece can be any planar metallic or non-metallic substrate such as a silicon wafer commonly used in LIGA or microsystem fabrication. The fixture described allows the workpiece to be submerged deep within an electrolytic cell, facing upwards, and allows easy transfer from one cell to another. The edges, backside, and electrical connections are sealed and protected from the electrolyte.

Thin-plate spline analysis of treatment effects of rapid maxillary expansion and face mask therapy in early Class III malocclusions.

PubMed

Baccetti, T; Franchi, L; McNamara, J A

1999-06-01

An effective morphometric method (thin-plate spline analysis) was applied to evaluate shape changes in the craniofacial configuration of a sample of 23 children with Class III malocclusions in the early mixed dentition treated with rapid maxillary expansion and face mask therapy, and compared with a sample of 17 children with untreated Class III malocclusions. Significant treatment-induced changes involved both the maxilla and the mandible. Major deformations consisted of forward displacement of the maxillary complex from the pterygoid region and of anterior morphogenetic rotation of the mandible, due to a significant upward and forward direction of growth of the mandibular condyle. Significant differences in size changes due to reduced increments in mandibular dimensions were associated with significant shape changes in the treated group.

Lithofacies variation across the Mammoth Cave-Pope Megagroup boundary -- a sequence stratigraphic approach

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

McDonald, T.A.; Tabor, E.; Marzolf, J.E.

1994-04-01

Regional stratigraphic relations in southern Illinois suggest a major unconformity near the top of the St. Genevieve Limestone. Large exposures below the unconformity within the Anna quarries display a retrogradational parasequence-stacking pattern. Eight to 12 m-thick parasequences comprise thinning-upward marine bioclastic wackestone overlain by oolitic and bioclastic thickening-upward eolian( ) grainstone. An eolian origin for the bioclastic grainstones is supported by large scale cross stratification (0.5 to 2 m-thick sets), reworked character of rounded, coated bioclasts, and preserved duneforms. At the quarries, the unconformity is directly overlain by mudstones and sandstones. Thinning-upward mudstones interbedded with very thin (1 to 3more » cm thick) intraclastic packstone tempestites crop out in a roadcut about 500 m NE of the quarries. Small-scale ripples and absence of trace fossils in lower mudstone units suggest an estuarine or lagoonal, brackish-waver environment. The trace fossil Conostichus and horizontal burrows appear abruptly in the upper, thin mudstone units. Highly bioturbated green and red shales overlying a 1 to 4 m-thick covered interval in a roadcut 610 m farther north are interbedded with tidally deposited, medium- to coarse-grained, bioclastic grainstones. The shale-draped, medium cross-bedded grainstones document ten or more tidal bundles. The cross-bedded grainstone is overlain by wavy- to flaser-bedded very fine-grained sandstone suggestive of sand flat origin. These sandstones are overlain by the Aux Vases Sandstone. Numerous low-angle bounding surfaces within the Aux Vases enclose low-angle, wedge-planar cross-bedding. A single irregular surface coated by a few centimeters of poorly sorted unstratified sandstone defines a ravinement surface near the base of the Aux Vases Sandstone.« less

Equilibrium and stability of axisymmetric drops on a conical substrate under gravity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nurse, A. K.; Colbert-Kelly, S.; Coriell, S. R.; McFadden, G. B.

2015-08-01

Motivated by recent investigations of toroidal tissue clusters that are observed to climb conical obstacles after self-assembly [Nurse et al., "A model of force generation in a three-dimensional toroidal cluster of cells," J. Appl. Mech. 79, 051013 (2012)], we study a related problem of the determination of the equilibrium and stability of axisymmetric drops on a conical substrate in the presence of gravity. A variational principle is used to characterize equilibrium shapes that minimize surface energy and gravitational potential energy subject to a volume constraint, and the resulting Euler equation is solved numerically using an angle/arclength formulation. The resulting equilibria satisfy a Laplace-Young boundary condition that specifies the contact angle at the three-phase trijunction. The vertical position of the equilibrium drops on the cone is found to vary significantly with the dimensionless Bond number that represents the ratio of gravitational and capillary forces; a global force balance is used to examine the conditions that affect the drop positions. In particular, depending on the contact angle and the cone half-angle, we find that the vertical position of the drop can either increase ("the drop climbs the cone") or decrease due to a nominal increase in the gravitational force. Most of the equilibria correspond to upward-facing cones and are analogous to sessile drops resting on a planar surface; however, we also find equilibria that correspond to downward facing cones that are instead analogous to pendant drops suspended vertically from a planar surface. The linear stability of the drops is determined by solving the eigenvalue problem associated with the second variation of the energy functional. The drops with positive Bond number are generally found to be unstable to non-axisymmetric perturbations that promote a tilting of the drop. Additional points of marginal stability are found that correspond to limit points of the axisymmetric base state. Drops that are far from the tip are subject to azimuthal instabilities with higher mode numbers that are analogous to the Rayleigh instability of a cylindrical interface. We have also found a range of completely stable solutions that correspond to small contact angles and cone half-angles.

REACTOR CONTROL

DOEpatents

Fortescue, P.; Nicoll, D.

1962-04-24

A control system employed with a high pressure gas cooled reactor in which a control rod is positioned for upward and downward movement into the neutron field from a position beneath the reactor is described. The control rod is positioned by a coupled piston cylinder releasably coupled to a power drive means and the pressurized coolant is directed against the lower side of the piston. The coolant pressure is offset by a higher fiuid pressure applied to the upper surface of the piston and means are provided for releasing the higher pressure on the upper side of the piston so that the pressure of the coolant drives the piston upwardly, forcing the coupled control rod into the ncutron field of the reactor. (AEC)

High-Resolution Seismic Reflection Imaging of the Reelfoot Fault, New Madrid, Missouri

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rosandich, B.; Harris, J. B.; Woolery, E. W.

2017-12-01

Earthquakes in the Lower Mississippi Valley are mainly concentrated in the New Madrid Seismic Zone and are associated with reactivated faults of the Reelfoot Rift. Determining the relationship between the seismogenic faults (in crystalline basement rocks) and deformation at the Earth's surface and in the shallow subsurface has remained an active research topic for decades. An integrated seismic data set, including compressional (P-) wave and shear (S-) wave seismic reflection profiles, was collected in New Madrid, Missouri, across the "New Madrid" segment of the Reelfoot Fault, whose most significant rupture produced the M 7.5, February 7, 1812, New Madrid earthquake. The seismic reflection profiles (215 m long) were centered on the updip projection of the fault, which is associated with a surface drainage feature (Des Cyprie Slough) located at the base of a prominent east-facing escarpment. The seismic reflection profiles were collected using 48-channel (P-wave) and 24-channel (S-wave) towable landsteamer acquisition equipment. Seismic energy was generated by five vertical impacts of a 1.8-kg sledgehammer on a small aluminum plate for the P-wave data and five horizontal impacts of the sledgehammer on a 10-kg steel I-beam for the S-wave data. Interpretation of the profiles shows a west-dipping reverse fault (Reelfoot Fault) that propagates upward from Paleozoic sedimentary rocks (>500 m deep) to near-surface Quaternary sediments (<10 m deep). The hanging wall of the fault is anticlinally folded, a structural setting almost identical to that imaged on the Kentucky Bend and Reelfoot Lake segments (of the Reelfoot Fault) to the south.

Multi-instrument observation on co-seismic ionospheric effects after great Tohoku earthquake

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hao, Y. Q.; Xiao, Z.; Zhang, D. H.

2012-02-01

In this paper, evidence of quake-excited infrasonic waves is provided first by a multi-instrument observation of Japan's Tohoku earthquake. The observations of co-seismic infrasonic waves are as follows: 1, effects of surface oscillations are observed by local infrasonic detector, and it seems these effects are due to surface oscillation-excited infrasonic waves instead of direct influence of seismic vibration on the detector; 2, these local excited infrasonic waves propagate upwards and correspond to ionospheric disturbances observed by Doppler shift measurements and GPS/TEC; 3, interactions between electron density variation and currents in the ionosphere caused by infrasonic waves manifest as disturbances in the geomagnetic field observed via surface magnetogram; 4, within 4 hours after this strong earthquake, disturbances in the ionosphere related to arrivals of Rayleigh waves were observed by Doppler shift sounding three times over. Two of the arrivals were from epicenter along the minor arc of the great circle (with the second arrival due to a Rayleigh wave propagating completely around the planet) and the other one from the opposite direction. All of these seismo-ionospheric effects observed by HF Doppler shift appear after local arrivals of surface Rayleigh waves, with a time delay of 8-10 min. This is the time required for infrasonic wave to propagate upwards to the ionosphere.

Closed depression topography and Harps soil, revisited

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The Harps soil (Fine-loamy, mixed superactive, mesic Typic Calciaquoll) developed around wetland depressions. The purpose of this study is 1) to delineate surface deposition of carbonates representing Harps soil which results from outward and upward flow around closed depressions, and 2) to relate t...

76 FR 34576 - Amendment of Class E Airspace; Waynesboro, VA

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-14

... Waynesboro, VA, to accommodate the additional airspace need for the Standard Instrument Approach Procedures developed for Eagle's Nest Airport. This action enhances the safety and management of Instrument Flight... upward from 700 feet above the surface to accommodate new standard instrument approach procedures...

77 FR 770 - Proposed Revocation of Class E Airspace; Southport, NC, and Proposed Establishment of Class E...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-01-06

... County Airport, Southport, NC, (old name), and establish Class E airspace extending upward from 700 feet... surface of the earth. * * * * * ASO NC E5 Southport, NC [Removed] * * * * * ASO NC E5 Oak Island, NC [New...

78 FR 67294 - Amendment of Class E Airspace; Wadena, MN

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-12

... Approach Procedures at Wadena Municipal Airport. The airport's geographic coordinates are also adjusted. This action enhances the safety and management of Instrument Flight Rule (IFR) operations at the... extending upward from 700 feet above the surface to accommodate new standard instrument approach procedures...

Method and apparatus for flash evaporation of liquids

DOEpatents

Bharathan, Desikan

1984-01-01

A vertical tube flash evaporator for introducing a superheated liquid into a flash evaporation chamber includes a vertical inlet tube with a flared diffuser portion at its upper outlet end. A plurality of annular screens are positioned in axially spaced-apart relation to each other around the periphery of the vertical tube and below the diffuser portion thereof. The screens are preferably curved upward in a cup-shaped configuration. These flash evaporators are shown in an ocean thermal energy conversion unit designed for generating electric power from differential temperature gradients in ocean water. The method of use of the flash evaporators of this invention includes flowing liquid upwardly through the vertical tube into the diffuser where initial expansion and boiling occurs quite violently and explosively. Unvaporized liquid sheets and drops collide with each other to enhance surface renewal and evaporation properties, and liquid flowing over the outlet end of the diffuser falls onto the curved screens for further surface renewal and evaporation.

Method and apparatus for flash evaporation of liquids

DOEpatents

Bharathan, D.

1984-01-01

A vertical tube flash evaporator for introducing a super-heated liquid into a flash evaporation chamber includes a vertical inlet tube with a flared diffuser portion at its upper outlet end. A plurality of annular screens are positioned in axially spaced-apart relation to each other around the periphery of the vertical tube and below the diffuser portion thereof. The screens are preferably curved upward in a cup-shaped configuration. These flash evaporators are shown in an ocean thermal energy conversion unit designed for generating electric power from differential temperature gradients in ocean water. The method of use of the flash evaporators of this invention includes flowing liquid upwardly through the vertical tube into the diffuser where initial expansion and boiling occurs quite violently and explosively. Unvaporized liquid sheets and drops collide with each other to enhance surface renewal and evaporation properties, and liquid flowing over the outlet end of the diffuser falls onto the curved screens for further surface renewal and evaporation.

Structural analysis of three extensional detachment faults with data from the 2000 Space-Shuttle Radar Topography Mission

USGS Publications Warehouse

Spencer, J.E.

2010-01-01

The Space-Shuttle Radar Topography Mission provided geologists with a detailed digital elevation model of most of Earth's land surface. This new database is used here for structural analysis of grooved surfaces interpreted to be the exhumed footwalls of three active or recently active extensional detachment faults. Exhumed fault footwalls, each with an areal extent of one hundred to several hundred square kilometers, make up much of Dayman dome in eastern Papua New Guinea, the western Gurla Mandhata massif in the central Himalaya, and the northern Tokorondo Mountains in central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Footwall curvature in profile varies from planar to slightly convex upward at Gurla Mandhata to strongly convex upward at northwestern Dayman dome. Fault curvature decreases away from the trace of the bounding detachment fault in western Dayman dome and in the Tokorondo massif, suggesting footwall flattening (reduction in curvature) following exhumation. Grooves of highly variable wavelength and amplitude reveal extension direction, although structural processes of groove genesis may be diverse.

Dimpled/grooved face on a fuel injection nozzle body for flame stabilization and related method

DOEpatents

Uhm, Jong Ho; Johnson, Thomas Edward; Kim, Kwanwoo; Zuo, Baifang

2013-08-20

A fuel injection head for a fuel nozzle used in a gas turbine combustor includes a substantially hollow body formed with an upstream end face, a downstream end face and a peripheral wall extending therebetween. A plurality of pre-mix tubes or passages extend axially through the hollow body with inlets at the upstream end face and outlets at the downstream end face. An exterior surface of the downstream end face is formed with three-dimensional surface features that increase a total surface area of the exterior surface as compared to a substantially flat, planar downstream end face.

Making Ends Meet After Prison

PubMed Central

Harding, David J.; Wyse, Jessica J.B.; Dobson, Cheyney; Morenoff, Jeffrey D.

2014-01-01

Former prisoners are at high risk of economic insecurity due to the challenges they face in finding employment and to the difficulties of securing and maintaining public assistance while incarcerated. This study examines the processes through which former prisoners attain economic security, examining how they meet basic material needs and achieve upward mobility over time. It draws on unique qualitative data from in-depth, unstructured interviews with a sample of former prisoners followed over a two to three year period to assess how subjects draw upon a combination of employment, social supports, and public benefits to make ends meet. Findings reveal considerable struggle among our subjects to meet even minimal needs for shelter and food, although economic security and stability could be attained when employment or public benefits were coupled with familial social support. Sustained economic security was rarely achieved absent either strong social support or access to long-term public benefits. However, a select few were able to leverage material support and social networks into trajectories of upward mobility and economic independence. Policy implications are discussed. PMID:25584015

Effects of thermal vapor diffusion on seasonal dynamics of water in the unsaturated zone

USGS Publications Warehouse

Milly, Paul C.D.

1996-01-01

The response of water in the unsaturated zone to seasonal changes of temperature (T) is determined analytically using the theory of nonisothermal water transport in porous media, and the solutions are tested against field observations of moisture potential and bomb fallout isotopic (36Cl and 3H) concentrations. Seasonally varying land surface temperatures and the resulting subsurface temperature gradients induce thermal vapor diffusion. The annual mean vertical temperature gradient is close to zero; however, the annual mean thermal vapor flux is downward, because the temperature‐dependent vapor diffusion coefficient is larger, on average, during downward diffusion (occurring at high T) than during upward diffusion (low T). The annual mean thermal vapor flux is shown to decay exponentially with depth; the depth (about 1 m) at which it decays to e−1of its surface value is one half of the corresponding decay depth for the amplitude of seasonal temperature changes. This depth‐dependent annual mean flux is effectively a source of water, which must be balanced by a flux divergence associated with other transport processes. In a relatively humid environment the liquid fluxes greatly exceed the thermal vapor fluxes, so such a balance is readily achieved without measurable effect on the dynamics of water in the unsaturated zone. However, if the mean vertical water flux through the unsaturated zone is very small (<1 mm y−1), as it may be at many locations in a desert landscape, the thermal vapor flux must be balanced mostly by a matric‐potential‐induced upward flux of water. This return flux may include both vapor and liquid components. Below any near‐surface zone of weather‐related fluctuations of matric potential, maintenance of this upward flux requires an increase with depth in the annual mean matric potential; this theoretical prediction is supported by long‐term field measurements in the Chihuahuan Desert. The analysis also makes predictions, confirmed by the field observations, regarding the seasonal variations of matric potential at a given depth. The conceptual model of unsaturated zone water transport developed here implies the possibility of near‐surface trapping of any aqueous constituent introduced at the surface.

Hip and trunk muscles activity during nordic hamstring exercise.

PubMed

Narouei, Shideh; Imai, Atsushi; Akuzawa, Hiroshi; Hasebe, Kiyotaka; Kaneoka, Koji

2018-04-01

The nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) is a dynamic lengthening hamstring exercise that requires trunk and hip muscles activation. Thigh muscles activation, specifically hamstring/quadriceps contractions has been previously examined during NHE. Trunk and hip muscles activity have not been enough studied. The aim of this study was to analyze of hip and trunk muscles activity during NHE. Surface electromyography (EMG) and kinematic data were collected during NHE. Ten healthy men with the age range of 21-36 years performed two sets of two repetitions with downward and upward motions each of NHE. EMG activity of fifteen trunk and hip muscles and knee kinematic data were collected. Muscle activity levels were calculated through repeated measure analysis of variance in downward and upward motions, through Paired t -test between downward and upward motions and gluteus maximus to erector spine activity ratio (Gmax/ES ratio) using Pearson correlation analyses were evaluated. Semitendinosus and biceps femoris muscles activity levels were the greatest in both motions and back extensors and internal oblique muscles activity were greater than other muscles ( P <0.05). The decreased Gmax/ES ratio was significantly related to peak knee extension angle in downward ( r =0.687) and upward motions ( r =0.753) ( P <0.05). These findings indicate the importance of synergistic muscles and trunk muscles coactivation in eccentric and concentric hamstrings contractions. It could be important for early assessment of subjects with hamstring injury risk.

Hip and trunk muscles activity during nordic hamstring exercise

PubMed Central

Narouei, Shideh; Imai, Atsushi; Akuzawa, Hiroshi; Hasebe, Kiyotaka; Kaneoka, Koji

2018-01-01

The nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) is a dynamic lengthening hamstring exercise that requires trunk and hip muscles activation. Thigh muscles activation, specifically hamstring/quadriceps contractions has been previously examined during NHE. Trunk and hip muscles activity have not been enough studied. The aim of this study was to analyze of hip and trunk muscles activity during NHE. Surface electromyography (EMG) and kinematic data were collected during NHE. Ten healthy men with the age range of 21–36 years performed two sets of two repetitions with downward and upward motions each of NHE. EMG activity of fifteen trunk and hip muscles and knee kinematic data were collected. Muscle activity levels were calculated through repeated measure analysis of variance in downward and upward motions, through Paired t-test between downward and upward motions and gluteus maximus to erector spine activity ratio (Gmax/ES ratio) using Pearson correlation analyses were evaluated. Semitendinosus and biceps femoris muscles activity levels were the greatest in both motions and back extensors and internal oblique muscles activity were greater than other muscles (P<0.05). The decreased Gmax/ES ratio was significantly related to peak knee extension angle in downward (r=0.687) and upward motions (r=0.753) (P<0.05). These findings indicate the importance of synergistic muscles and trunk muscles coactivation in eccentric and concentric hamstrings contractions. It could be important for early assessment of subjects with hamstring injury risk. PMID:29740557

A quick and reliable procedure for assessing foot alignment in athletes.

PubMed

De Michelis Mendonça, Luciana; Bittencourt, Natália Franco Netto; Amaral, Giovanna Mendes; Diniz, Lívia Santos; Souza, Thales Rezende; da Fonseca, Sérgio Teixeira

2013-01-01

Quick procedures with proper psychometric properties that can capture the combined alignment of the foot-ankle complex in a position that may be more representative of the status of the lower limb during ground contact are essential for assessing a large group of athletes. The assessed lower limb was positioned with the calcaneus surface facing upward in a way that all of the marks could be seen at the center of the camera display. After guaranteeing maintenance of the foot at 90° of dorsiflexion actively sustained by the athlete, the examiner took the picture of the foot-ankle alignment. Intraclass correlation coefficients ranging from 0.82 to 0.93 demonstrated excellent intratester and intertester reliability for the proposed measurements of forefoot, rearfoot, and shank-forefoot alignments. The intraclass correlation coefficient between the shank-forefoot measures and the sum of the rearfoot and forefoot measures was 0.98, suggesting that the shank-forefoot alignment measures can represent the combined rearfoot and forefoot alignments. This study describes a reliable and practical measurement procedure for rearfoot, forefoot, and shank-forefoot alignments that can be applied to clinical and research situations as a screening procedure for risk factors for lower-limb injuries in athletes.

Improving LED CCT uniformity using micropatterned films optimized by combining ray tracing and FDTD methods.

PubMed

Ding, Xinrui; Li, Jiasheng; Chen, Qiu; Tang, Yong; Li, Zongtao; Yu, Binhai

2015-02-09

Although the light-emitting diode (LED) has revolutionized lighting, the non-uniformity of its correlated color temperature (CCT) still remains a major concern. In this context, to improve the light distribution performance of remote phosphor LED lamps, we employ a micropatterned array (MPA) optical film fabricated using a low-cost molding process. The parameters of the MPA, including different installation configurations, positioning, and diameters, are optimized by combining the finite-difference time-domain and ray-tracing methods. Results show that the sample with the upward-facing convex-cone MPA film that has a diameter of half of that of the remote phosphor glass, and is tightly affixed to the inward surface of the remote phosphor glass renders a superior light distribution performance. When compared with the case in which no MPA film is used, the deviation of the CCT distribution decreases from 1033 K to 223 K, and the corresponding output power of the sample is an acceptable level of 85.6%. We perform experiments to verify our simulation results, and the two sets of results exhibit a close agreement. We believe that our approach can be used to optimize MPA films for various lighting applications.

Implied reading direction and prioritization of letter encoding.

PubMed

Holcombe, Alex O; Nguyen, Elizabeth H L; Goodbourn, Patrick T

2017-10-01

Capacity limits hinder processing of multiple stimuli, contributing to poorer performance for identifying two briefly presented letters than for identifying a single letter. Higher accuracy is typically found for identifying the letter on the left, which has been attributed to a right-hemisphere dominance for selective attention. Here, we use rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) of letters in two locations at once. The letters to be identified are simultaneous and cued by rings. In the first experiment, we manipulated implied reading direction by rotating or mirror-reversing the letters to face to the left rather than to the right. The left-side performance advantage was eliminated. In the second experiment, letters were positioned above and below fixation, oriented such that they appeared to face downward (90° clockwise rotation) or upward (90° counterclockwise rotation). Again consistent with an effect of implied reading direction, performance was better for the top position in the downward condition, but not in the upward condition. In both experiments, mixture modeling of participants' report errors revealed that attentional sampling from the two locations was approximately simultaneous, ruling out the theory that the letter on one side was processed first, followed by a shift of attention to sample the other letter. Thus, the orientation of the letters apparently controls not when the letters are sampled from the scene, but rather the dynamics of a subsequent process, such as tokenization or memory consolidation. Implied reading direction appears to determine the letter prioritized at a high-level processing bottleneck. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved).

78 FR 18326 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Comment Request; Upward Bound and Upward Bound Math...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-26

...; Comment Request; Upward Bound and Upward Bound Math Science Annual Performance Report AGENCY: The Office... considered public records. Title of Collection: Upward Bound and Upward Bound Math Science Annual Performance...) and Upward Bound Math and Science (UBMS) Programs. The Department is requesting a new APR because of...

Numerical Investigation of the Residual Stress Distribution of Flat-Faced and Convexly Curved Tablets Using the Finite Element Method.

PubMed

Otoguro, Saori; Hayashi, Yoshihiro; Miura, Takahiro; Uehara, Naoto; Utsumi, Shunichi; Onuki, Yoshinori; Obata, Yasuko; Takayama, Kozo

2015-01-01

The stress distribution of tablets after compression was simulated using a finite element method, where the powder was defined by the Drucker-Prager cap model. The effect of tablet shape, identified by the surface curvature, on the residual stress distribution was investigated. In flat-faced tablets, weak positive shear stress remained from the top and bottom die walls toward the center of the tablet. In the case of the convexly curved tablet, strong positive shear stress remained on the upper side and in the intermediate part between the die wall and the center of the tablet. In the case of x-axial stress, negative values were observed for all tablets, suggesting that the x-axial force always acts from the die wall toward the center of the tablet. In the flat tablet, negative x-axial stress remained from the upper edge to the center bottom. The x-axial stress distribution differed between the flat and convexly curved tablets. Weak stress remained in the y-axial direction of the flat tablet, whereas an upward force remained at the center of the convexly curved tablet. By employing multiple linear regression analysis, the mechanical properties of the tablets were predicted accurately as functions of their residual stress distribution. However, the multiple linear regression prediction of the dissolution parameters of acetaminophen, used here as a model drug, was limited, suggesting that the dissolution of active ingredients is not a simple process; further investigation is needed to enable accurate predictions of dissolution parameters.

78 FR 52083 - Amendment of Class E Airspace; Fort Polk, LA

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-22

...) Standard Instrument Approach Procedures at Polk Army Airfield (AAF). The airport's geographic coordinates are also adjusted. This action enhances the safety and management of Instrument Flight Rule (IFR... extending upward from 700 feet above the surface to accommodate new standard instrument approach procedures...

Restoration and Future Analysis of the Apollo Lunar Dust Detector Data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McBride, M.; Williams, D. R.; Hills, H. K.

2012-12-01

The Dust, Thermal and Radiation Engineering Measurement (DTREM) packages mounted on the central stations of the Apollo 11, 12, 14, and 15 ALSEPs (Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Packages) measured the outputs of exposed solar cells and thermistors over time. The goal of the experiment, also commonly known as the dust detector, was to study the long-term effects of dust, radiation, and temperature at the lunar surface on solar cells. The original data were never archived with NASA, with the exception of 38 reels of microfilm archived at the National Space Science Data Center. These reels contained images of computer printouts of times and raw and calibrated DTREM data for Apollo 14 and 15. The high volume of data is not readily accessible in this form. The raw telemetry for the DTREM also exists as part of the ALSEP housekeeping (Word 33) telemetry. As part of the lunar data restoration effort we are converting the telemetry to digital tables containing the fully calibrated dust detector data. These restored data sets will be archived through the Lunar Data Node of the Planetary Data System (PDS) for general use by the lunar community. In this form, these data will finally be amenable to study by modern techniques not available during the Apollo era. Over the past year, analysis of the correlation between the NSSDC microfilm record and the raw telemetry was used to determine the translations and calibrations necessary to convert the digital telemetry into a fully calibrated data set giving temperatures and solar cell outputs over time. The final data set consists of a reading every 54 seconds over periods of 5 years for Apollo 14 and 15. The sheer quantity of data shows why a fully digital form is necessary for proper analysis. The Apollo 11 DTREM was designed for a short lifetime and returned less than two lunations of data. We do not currently have the translation and calibration information necessary to convert the raw telemetry to a calibrated data set for Apollo 11, but we have found some preliminary information which we believe will lead to full restoration of this data set. The dust detector on Apollo 12 was configured differently from the other DTREMs. While the Apollo 11, 14, and 15 instruments had three upward-facing solar cells, one glass-covered, one uncovered, and one pre-irradiated and glass-covered, the Apollo 12 dust detector had three identical cells with only one facing upwards. The other two faced to the east and west, respectively. For Apollo 12 we have the raw telemetry but not the necessary calibration information to fully restore these data sets. As with Apollo 11, we are attempting to obtain the required information to translate the raw telemetry counts into voltages and temperatures and apply the correct calibrations. We are also currently analyzing the restored and raw data and will present results of our analysis, including revisiting the earlier published Apollo results. The scientific community has shown great interest in the outcome of these restorations. The microfilm data have been scanned and converted to PDS data sets which have undergone review and will be archived. The digital data sets will soon be available to the full lunar community after restoration has been completed and they have undergone PDS review and validation.

The inner core thermodynamics of the tropical cyclone boundary layer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Williams, Gabriel J.

2016-10-01

Although considerable progress has been made in understanding the inner-core dynamics of the tropical cyclone boundary layer (TCBL), our knowledge of the inner-core thermodynamics of the TCBL remains limited. In this study, the inner-core budgets of potential temperature (θ), specific humidity ( q), and reversible equivalent potential temperature (θ _e) are examined using a high-resolution multilevel boundary layer model. The potential temperature budgets show that the heat energy is dominated by latent heat release in the eyewall, evaporative cooling along the outer edge of the eyewall, and upward surface fluxes of sensible and latent heat from the underlying warm ocean. It is shown that the vertical θ advection overcompensates the sum of radial advective warming from the boundary layer outflow jet and latent heating for the development of cooling in the eyewall within the TCBL. The moisture budgets show the dominant upward transport of moisture in the eyewall updrafts, partly by the boundary-layer outflow jet from the bottom eye region, so that the eyewall remains nearly saturated. The θ _e budgets reveal that the TCBL is maintained thermodynamically by the upward surface flux of higher-θ _e air from the underlying warm ocean, the radial transport of low-θ _e air from the outer regions of the TCBL, and the dry adiabatic cooling associated by eyewall updrafts. These results underscore the significance of vertical motion and the location of the boundary layer outflow jet in maintaining the inner core thermal structure of the TCBL.

Upward nitrate transport by phytoplankton in oceanic waters: balancing nutrient budgets in oligotrophic seas.

PubMed

Villareal, Tracy A; Pilskaln, Cynthia H; Montoya, Joseph P; Dennett, Mark

2014-01-01

In oceanic subtropical gyres, primary producers are numerically dominated by small (1-5 µm diameter) pro- and eukaryotic cells that primarily utilize recycled nutrients produced by rapid grazing turnover in a highly efficient microbial loop. Continuous losses of nitrogen (N) to depth by sinking, either as single cells, aggregates or fecal pellets, are balanced by both nitrate inputs at the base of the euphotic zone and N2-fixation. This input of new N to balance export losses (the biological pump) is a fundamental aspect of N cycling and central to understanding carbon fluxes in the ocean. In the Pacific Ocean, detailed N budgets at the time-series station HOT require upward transport of nitrate from the nutricline (80-100 m) into the surface layer (∼0-40 m) to balance productivity and export needs. However, concentration gradients are negligible and cannot support the fluxes. Physical processes can inject nitrate into the base of the euphotic zone, but the mechanisms for transporting this nitrate into the surface layer across many 10s of m in highly stratified systems are unknown. In these seas, vertical migration by the very largest (10(2)-10(3) µm diameter) phytoplankton is common as a survival strategy to obtain N from sub-euphotic zone depths. This vertical migration is driven by buoyancy changes rather than by flagellated movement and can provide upward N transport as nitrate (mM concentrations) in the cells. However, the contribution of vertical migration to nitrate transport has been difficult to quantify over the required basin scales. In this study, we use towed optical systems and isotopic tracers to show that migrating diatom (Rhizosolenia) mats are widespread in the N. Pacific Ocean from 140°W to 175°E and together with other migrating phytoplankton (Ethmodiscus, Halosphaera, Pyrocystis, and solitary Rhizosolenia) can mediate time-averaged transport of N (235 µmol N m(-2) d(-1)) equivalent to eddy nitrate injections (242 µmol NO3 (-) m(-2) d(-1)). This upward biotic transport can close N budgets in the upper 250 m of the central Pacific Ocean and together with diazotrophy creates a surface zone where biological nutrient inputs rather than physical processes dominate the new N flux. In addition to these numerically rare large migrators, there is evidence in the literature of ascending behavior in small phytoplankton that could contribute to upward flux as well. Although passive downward movement has dominated models of phytoplankton flux, there is now sufficient evidence to require a rethinking of this paradigm. Quantifying these fluxes is a challenge for the future and requires a reexamination of individual phytoplankton sinking rates as well as methods for capturing and enumerating ascending phytoplankton in the sea.

Upward nitrate transport by phytoplankton in oceanic waters: balancing nutrient budgets in oligotrophic seas

PubMed Central

Pilskaln, Cynthia H.; Montoya, Joseph P.; Dennett, Mark

2014-01-01

In oceanic subtropical gyres, primary producers are numerically dominated by small (1–5 µm diameter) pro- and eukaryotic cells that primarily utilize recycled nutrients produced by rapid grazing turnover in a highly efficient microbial loop. Continuous losses of nitrogen (N) to depth by sinking, either as single cells, aggregates or fecal pellets, are balanced by both nitrate inputs at the base of the euphotic zone and N2-fixation. This input of new N to balance export losses (the biological pump) is a fundamental aspect of N cycling and central to understanding carbon fluxes in the ocean. In the Pacific Ocean, detailed N budgets at the time-series station HOT require upward transport of nitrate from the nutricline (80–100 m) into the surface layer (∼0–40 m) to balance productivity and export needs. However, concentration gradients are negligible and cannot support the fluxes. Physical processes can inject nitrate into the base of the euphotic zone, but the mechanisms for transporting this nitrate into the surface layer across many 10s of m in highly stratified systems are unknown. In these seas, vertical migration by the very largest (102–103 µm diameter) phytoplankton is common as a survival strategy to obtain N from sub-euphotic zone depths. This vertical migration is driven by buoyancy changes rather than by flagellated movement and can provide upward N transport as nitrate (mM concentrations) in the cells. However, the contribution of vertical migration to nitrate transport has been difficult to quantify over the required basin scales. In this study, we use towed optical systems and isotopic tracers to show that migrating diatom (Rhizosolenia) mats are widespread in the N. Pacific Ocean from 140°W to 175°E and together with other migrating phytoplankton (Ethmodiscus, Halosphaera, Pyrocystis, and solitary Rhizosolenia) can mediate time-averaged transport of N (235 µmol N m-2 d-1) equivalent to eddy nitrate injections (242 µmol NO3− m-2 d-1). This upward biotic transport can close N budgets in the upper 250 m of the central Pacific Ocean and together with diazotrophy creates a surface zone where biological nutrient inputs rather than physical processes dominate the new N flux. In addition to these numerically rare large migrators, there is evidence in the literature of ascending behavior in small phytoplankton that could contribute to upward flux as well. Although passive downward movement has dominated models of phytoplankton flux, there is now sufficient evidence to require a rethinking of this paradigm. Quantifying these fluxes is a challenge for the future and requires a reexamination of individual phytoplankton sinking rates as well as methods for capturing and enumerating ascending phytoplankton in the sea. PMID:24688877

The Nature of The Propagation of Sea Breeze Fronts in Central California

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-09-01

propagation vector % ith stations in the southern portion of Monterey Bay shows that the front is curved on the mesoscale. 20 Distribution Availabilit of...solar radiation warms the land more than the adjacent water . The resulting temperature contrast produces a slight variation in pressure. The isobaric...surfaces bend upward over the land, producing an upper-level high. The upper-level air flows seaward increasing the surface pressure over the water . The

Uncertainty Estimate of Surface Irradiances Computed with MODIS-, CALIPSO-, and CloudSat-Derived Cloud and Aerosol Properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kato, Seiji; Loeb, Norman G.; Rutan, David A.; Rose, Fred G.; Sun-Mack, Sunny; Miller, Walter F.; Chen, Yan

2012-07-01

Differences of modeled surface upward and downward longwave and shortwave irradiances are calculated using modeled irradiance computed with active sensor-derived and passive sensor-derived cloud and aerosol properties. The irradiance differences are calculated for various temporal and spatial scales, monthly gridded, monthly zonal, monthly global, and annual global. Using the irradiance differences, the uncertainty of surface irradiances is estimated. The uncertainty (1σ) of the annual global surface downward longwave and shortwave is, respectively, 7 W m-2 (out of 345 W m-2) and 4 W m-2 (out of 192 W m-2), after known bias errors are removed. Similarly, the uncertainty of the annual global surface upward longwave and shortwave is, respectively, 3 W m-2 (out of 398 W m-2) and 3 W m-2 (out of 23 W m-2). The uncertainty is for modeled irradiances computed using cloud properties derived from imagers on a sun-synchronous orbit that covers the globe every day (e.g., moderate-resolution imaging spectrometer) or modeled irradiances computed for nadir view only active sensors on a sun-synchronous orbit such as Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation and CloudSat. If we assume that longwave and shortwave uncertainties are independent of each other, but up- and downward components are correlated with each other, the uncertainty in global annual mean net surface irradiance is 12 W m-2. One-sigma uncertainty bounds of the satellite-based net surface irradiance are 106 W m-2 and 130 W m-2.

Counterintuitive effect of fall mixed layer deepening on eukaryotic new production in the Sargasso Sea

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fawcett, S. E.; Lomas, M. W.; Ward, B. B.; Sigman, D. M.

2012-12-01

The Sargasso Sea is characterized by a short period of deep vertical mixing in the late winter and early spring, followed by strong thermal stratification during the summer. Stratification persists into the fall, impeding the upward flux of nitrate from depth so that recycled forms of nitrogen (N) such as ammonium are thought to support most primary production. We collected particles from surface waters during March, July, October, and December, used flow cytometry to separate the prokaryotic and eukaryotic phytoplankton, and analyzed their respective 15N/14N. In all months, the 15N/14N of the prokaryotic genera, Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus, was low, indicative of reliance on recycled N throughout the year. In July, the 15N/14N of eukaryotic phytoplankton was variable but consistently higher than that of the prokaryotes, reflecting eukaryotic consumption of subsurface nitrate. Two eukaryotic profiles from October and December were similar to those from July. In three other fall profiles, the eukaryotes had a 15N/14N similar to that of the prokaryotes, suggesting a switch toward greater reliance on recycled N. This change in the dominant N source supporting eukaryotic production appears to be driven by the density structure of the upper water column. The very shallow low-density surface "mixed layer" (≤20 m) that develops in early-to-mid summer does not contribute to stratification at the base of the euphotic zone, and subsurface nitrate can mix up into the lower euphotic zone, facilitating continued production. The deepening of the mixed layer into the fall, typically taken as an indication of weaker overall stratification, actually strengthens the isolation of the euphotic zone as a whole, reducing the upward supply of nitrate to the photosynthetically active layer. The same counterintuitive dynamic explains the latitudinal patterns in a set of three October depth profiles. Two northern stations (32°N and 27°N) were characterized by a thick, low-density surface layer, and the 15N/14N of all phytoplankton was low, consistent with assimilation of recycled N. The southernmost station (23°N) had a shallower mixed layer, and eukaryote 15N/14N reflects growth on nitrate. In the subtropics, evidence for the direct supply of nitrate into surface waters in the face of the strong upper ocean stratification has long been sought. Our N isotope results suggest a mechanism by which subsurface nitrate is imported into shallow waters. This interpretation offers a new perspective on the relationship between euphotic zone stratification and nitrate assimilation, implying that significant new production occurs under conditions previously assumed to drive oligotrophy.

78 FR 40076 - Proposed Establishment and Modification of Class E Airspace; Oakland, CA

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-03

...; Oakland, CA AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), DOT. ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM). SUMMARY: This action proposes to establish Class E airspace extending upward from 700 feet above... instrument approach procedures at the airport. This action would also modify Class E surface airspace...

77 FR 29872 - Establishment of Class E Airspace; Pender, NE

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-21

... Instrument Approach Procedures at Pender Municipal Airport. The FAA is taking this action to enhance the safety and management of Instrument Flight Rule (IFR) operations at the airport. DATES: Effective date... extending upward from 700 feet above the surface to accommodate new standard instrument approach procedures...

INTEGRATING LIDAR AND SATELLITE OPTICAL DEPTH WITH AMBIENT MONITORING FOR 3-DIMENSIONAL PARTICULATE CHARACTERIZATION

EPA Science Inventory

A combination of in-situ PM2.5, sunphotometers, upward pointing lidar and satellite aerosol optical depth (AOD) instruments have been employed to better understand variability in the correlation between AOD and PM2.5 at the surface. Previous studies have shown good correlation be...

75 FR 67911 - Amendment of Class E Airspace; Jeannette, PA

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-04

...) 305-5588. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: History The Point in Space in the legal description of the Class... reference from the legal description. The Point in Space within the legal description will continue to serve... E airspace areas extending upward from 700 feet or more above the surface of the earth...

77 FR 41259 - Modification of Class E Airspace; Plentywood, MT

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-13

... Plentywood Sher-Wood Airport, Plentywood, MT. Controlled airspace is necessary to accommodate aircraft using... Plentywood Sher-Wood Airport. This improves the safety and management of Instrument Flight Rules (IFR... modifying Class E airspace extending upward from 700 feet above the surface at Plentywood Sher-Wood Airport...

More Realistic Face Model Surface Improves Relevance of Pediatric In-Vitro Aerosol Studies.

PubMed

Amirav, Israel; Halamish, Asaf; Gorenberg, Miguel; Omar, Hamza; Newhouse, Michael T

2015-01-01

Various hard face models are commonly used to evaluate the efficiency of aerosol face masks. Softer more realistic "face" surface materials, like skin, deform upon mask application and should provide more relevant in-vitro tests. Studies that simultaneously take into consideration many of the factors characteristic of the in vivo face are lacking. These include airways, various application forces, comparison of various devices, comparison with a hard-surface model and use of a more representative model face based on large numbers of actual faces. To compare mask to "face" seal and aerosol delivery of two pediatric masks using a soft vs. a hard, appropriately representative, pediatric face model under various applied forces. Two identical face models and upper airways replicas were constructed, the only difference being the suppleness and compressibility of the surface layer of the "face." Integrity of the seal and aerosol delivery of two different masks [AeroChamber (AC) and SootherMask (SM)] were compared using a breath simulator, filter collection and realistic applied forces. The soft "face" significantly increased the delivery efficiency and the sealing characteristics of both masks. Aerosol delivery with the soft "face" was significantly greater for the SM compared to the AC (p< 0.01). No statistically significant difference between the two masks was observed with the hard "face." The material and pliability of the model "face" surface has a significant influence on both the seal and delivery efficiency of face masks. This finding should be taken into account during in-vitro aerosol studies.

A multirotor platform for mapping and inspecting sub-vertical rock faces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Thoeni, Klaus; Renton, Christopher; Giacomini, Anna

2016-04-01

Only in recent years UAS technology has become accessible to everyone and, hence, it is rapidly becoming a valuable tool for researchers and scientists (Westoby et al., 2012; Nex and Remondino, 2014). Electric multicopters (i.e., multirotor helicopters) are one of the most exciting developments of the last couple of years. Only the development and implementation of advanced flight controllers made the use of multicopters possible. Generally being an aerodynamically unstable UAS they absolutely require a flight controller for stable flight. Several open-source and commercial flight controller are now available which makes it possible to build custom UAS. The current work presents a custom build hexacopter (i.e., a multicopter with six rotors) which was specifically developed for 3D mapping and inspection of sub-vertical rock faces. The main sensor installed on the platform is a Canon 100D DSLR camera. The camera is attached to a two axis gimbal. The roll angle is automatically controlled to keep the camera level during the flight whereas the user controls the tilt angle. The two forward facing arms of the hexacopter have been raised, i.e., they are located higher than the other four propellers (Mantis arms). This provides a clear field of view when looking forward and even makes it possible to look slightly upward without having the propellers in the field of view. A DJI A2 flight controller is installed on the platform and an additional FPV camera can be switched on if pictures are taken in manual mode. So far the flights are all performed in manual mode. The fact that the platform is generally flying very close to very irregular sub-vertical rock faces makes autonomous flights in GPS mode almost impossible. In addition, GPS reception is often very poor around sub-vertical rock faces. One main issue when flying in manual mode is to keep the hexacopter at a constant distance from the surface. As the rock surface gets higher and higher it becomes more and more difficult for the pilot to estimate this distance. Hence, some modifications are currently being implemented. A lightweight laser sensor will be installed to measure the distance between the drone and the sub-vertical rock surface in real time. The information will be transmitted to the pilot who can keep the hexacopter at the required distance. Some applications of the developed platform for the 3D mapping of highwalls in Australian coal mines are presented and the advantages over conventional methods (e.g., Thoeni et al., 2012) are discussed. References Nex, F., Remondino, F. (2014) UAV for 3D mapping applications: a review. Applied Geomatics 6(1), 1-15. Thoeni, K., Irschara, A., Giacomini, A. (2012) Efficient photogrammetric reconstruction of highwalls in open pit coal mines. 16th Australasian Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry Conference, 85-90. Westoby, M.J., Brasington, J., Glasser, N.F., Hambrey, M.J., Reynolds, J.M. (2012) 'Structure-from-Motion' photogrammetry: A low-cost, effective tool for geoscience applications. Geomorphology 179, 300-314.

Angular dependent XPS study of surface band bending on Ga-polar n-GaN

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huang, Rong; Liu, Tong; Zhao, Yanfei; Zhu, Yafeng; Huang, Zengli; Li, Fangsen; Liu, Jianping; Zhang, Liqun; Zhang, Shuming; Dingsun, An; Yang, Hui

2018-05-01

Surface band bending and composition of Ga-polar n-GaN with different surface treatments were characterized by using angular dependent X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Upward surface band bending of varying degree was observed distinctly upon to the treatment methods. Besides the nitrogen vacancies, we found that surface states of oxygen-containing absorbates (O-H component) also contribute to the surface band bending, which lead the Fermi level pined at a level further closer to the conduction band edge on n-GaN surface. The n-GaN surface with lower surface band bending exhibits better linear electrical properties for Ti/GaN Ohmic contacts. Moreover, the density of positively charged surface states could be derived from the values of surface band bending.

The role of global cloud climatologies in validating numerical models

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

HARSHVARDHAN

1991-01-01

Reliable estimates of the components of the surface radiation budget are important in studies of ocean-atmosphere interaction, land-atmosphere interaction, ocean circulation and in the validation of radiation schemes used in climate models. The methods currently under consideration must necessarily make certain assumptions regarding both the presence of clouds and their vertical extent. Because of the uncertainties in assumed cloudiness, all these methods involve perhaps unacceptable uncertainties. Here, a theoretical framework that avoids the explicit computation of cloud fraction and the location of cloud base in estimating the surface longwave radiation is presented. Estimates of the global surface downward fluxes and the oceanic surface net upward fluxes were made for four months (April, July, October and January) in 1985 to 1986. These estimates are based on a relationship between cloud radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere and the surface obtained from a general circulation model. The radiation code is the version used in the UCLA/GLA general circulation model (GCM). The longwave cloud radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere as obtained from Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) measurements is used to compute the forcing at the surface by means of the GCM-derived relationship. This, along with clear-sky fluxes from the computations, yield maps of the downward longwave fluxes and net upward longwave fluxes at the surface. The calculated results are discussed and analyzed. The results are consistent with current meteorological knowledge and explainable on the basis of previous theoretical and observational works; therefore, it can be concluded that this method is applicable as one of the ways to obtain the surface longwave radiation fields from currently available satellite data.

Method of fabricating a solar cell array

DOEpatents

Lazzery, Angelo G.; Crouthamel, Marvin S.; Coyle, Peter J.

1982-01-01

A first set of pre-tabbed solar cells are assembled in a predetermined array with at least part of each tab facing upward, each tab being fixed to a bonding pad on one cell and abutting a bonding pad on an adjacent cell. The cells are held in place with a first vacuum support. The array is then inverted onto a second vacuum support which holds the tabs firmly against the cell pads they abut. The cells are exposed to radiation to melt and reflow the solder pads for bonding the tab portions not already fixed to bonding pads to these pads.

Analysis of underwater radiance observations: Apparent optical properties and analytic functions describing the angular radiance distribution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aas, Eyvind; HøJerslev, Niels K.

1999-04-01

A primary data set consisting of 70 series of angular radiance distributions observed in clear blue western Mediterranean water and a secondary set of 12 series from the more green and turbid Lake Pend Oreille, Idaho, have been analyzed. The results demonstrate that the main variation of the shape of the downward radiance distribution occurs within the Snell cone. Outside the cone the variation of the shape decreases with increasing zenith angle. The most important shape changes of the upward radiance appear within the zenith angle range 90°-130°. The variation in shape reaches its minimum around nadir, where an almost constant upward radiance distribution implies that a flat sea surface acts like a Lambert emitter within ±8% in the zenith angle interval 140°-180° in air. The ratio Q of upward irradiance and nadir radiance, as well as the average cosines μd and μu for downward and upward radiance, respectively, have rather small standard deviations, ≤10%, within the local water type. In contrast, the irradiance reflectance R has been observed to change up to 400% with depth in the western Mediterranean, while the maximum observed change of Q with depth is only 40%. The dependence of Q on the solar elevation for blue light at 5 m depth in the Mediterranean coincides with observations from the central Atlantic as well as with model computations. The corresponding dependence of μd shows that diffuse light may have a significant influence on its value. Two simple functions describing the observed angular radiance distributions are proposed, and both functions can be determined by two field observations as input parameters. The ɛ function approximates the azimuthal means of downward radiance with an average error ≤7% and of upward radiance with an error of ˜1%. The α function describes the zenith angle dependence of the azimuthal means of upward radiance with an average error ≤7% in clear ocean water, increasing to ≤20% in turbid lake water. The a function suggests that the range of variation for μu falls between 0 and 1/2, and for Q it is between π and 2π. The limits of both ranges are confirmed by observations. By combining the ɛ and α functions, a complete angular description of the upward radiance field is achieved.

Solar Effects on Tensile and Optical Properties of Hubble Space Telescope Silver-Teflon(Registered Trademark) Insulation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

deGroh, Kim, K.; Dever, Joyce A.; Snyder, Aaron; Kaminski, Sharon; McCarthy, Catherine E.; Rapoport, Alison L.; Rucker, Rochelle N.

2006-01-01

A section of the retrieved Hubble Space Telescope (HST) solar array drive arm (SADA) multilayer insulation (MLI), which experienced 8.25 years of space exposure, was analyzed for environmental durability of the top layer of silver-Teflon (DuPont) fluorinated ethylene propylene (Ag-FEP). Because the SADA MLI had solar and anti-solar facing surfaces and was exposed to the space environment for a long duration, it provided a unique opportunity to study solar effects on the environmental degradation of Ag-FEP, a commonly used spacecraft thermal control material. Data obtained included tensile properties, solar absorptance, surface morphology and chemistry. The solar facing surface was found to be extremely embrittled and contained numerous through-thickness cracks. Tensile testing indicated that the solar facing surface lost 60% of its mechanical strength and 90% of its elasticity while the anti-solar facing surface had ductility similar to pristine FEP. The solar absorptance of both the solar facing surface (0.155 plus or minus 0.032) and the anti-solar facing surface (0.208 plus or minus 0.012) were found to be greater than pristine Ag-FEP (0.074). Solar facing and anti-solar facing surfaces were microscopically textured, and locations of isolated contamination were present on the anti-solar surface resulting in increased localized texturing. Yet, the overall texture was significantly more pronounced on the solar facing surface indicating a synergistic effect of combined solar exposure and increased heating with atomic oxygen erosion. The results indicate a very strong dependence of degradation, particularly embrittlement, upon solar exposure with orbital thermal cycling having a significant effect.

Cooling arrangement for a superconducting coil

DOEpatents

Herd, K.G.; Laskaris, E.T.

1998-06-30

A superconducting device is disclosed, such as a superconducting rotor for a generator or motor. A vacuum enclosure has an interior wall surrounding a cavity containing a vacuum. A superconductive coil is placed in the cavity. A generally-annularly-arranged, thermally-conductive sheet has an inward-facing surface contacting generally the entire outward-facing surface of the superconductive coil. A generally-annularly-arranged coolant tube contains a cryogenic fluid and contacts a generally-circumferential portion of the outward-facing surface of the sheet. A generally-annularly-arranged, thermally-insulative coil overwrap generally circumferentially surrounds the sheet. The coolant tube and the inward-facing surface of the coil overwrap together contact generally the entire outward-facing surface of the sheet. 3 figs.

Treatment of Skin Depression with Combined Upward Suture Traction and Percutaneous Subcision

PubMed Central

Bins-Ely, Jorge; Paulo, Elizabeth Machado; Lee, Kuang Hee

2015-01-01

Background: Scar retraction and soft-tissue depression may compromise aesthetics and cause social embarrassment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results of treating soft-tissue depressions or retractions at varied anatomy regions with combined upward suture traction and percutaneous subcision. Methods: There were 40 patients (age: mean, 39 years; range, 22–55 years; 39 women and 1 man) (total, 77 soft-tissue lesions) who had treatment with the present technique from 1996 to 2013. Postoperative follow-up was from 6 months to 2 years. The treated anatomic areas were evaluated in 5 groups: (1) face (8 patients; 8 lesions); (2) gluteal (16 patients; 46 lesions); (3) breast (7 patients; 10 lesions); (4) abdomen (7 patients; 7 lesions); and (5) lower limb (2 patients; 6 lesions). The technique included placing a 2-0 nylon monofilament suture deep at the core of the depression, pulling vertically up with the suture, and using a needle or miniblade (placed percutaneously or through a small incision) to release the adhesions. Results: The depressions were released successfully in all patients. Bruises around treated areas persisted for 2–3 weeks. Moderate induration persisted until 3 months. In the gluteal region, 6 patients who had retracted areas with diameter >5 cm developed seroma after treatment; the seromas resolved after needle aspiration or placement of a Penrose drain for 2 weeks (2 patients). Conclusion: The present results confirmed the efficacy of the combined subcision method with upward traction at diverse body sites as previously reported for inverted nipple in the breast. PMID:26579340

Vertical Redistribution of Ocean Salt Content

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liang, X.; Liu, C.; Ponte, R. M.; Piecuch, C. G.

2017-12-01

Ocean salinity is an important proxy for change and variability in the global water cycle. Multi-decadal trends have been observed in both surface and subsurface salinity in the past decades, and are usually attributed to the change in air-sea freshwater flux. Although air-sea freshwater flux, a major component of the global water cycle, certainly contributes to the change in surface and upper ocean salinity, the salt redistribution inside the ocean can affect the surface and upper ocean salinity as well. Also, the mechanisms controlling the surface and upper ocean salinity changes likely depend on timescales. Here we examined the ocean salinity changes as well as the contribution of the vertical redistribution of salt with a 20-year dynamically consistent and data-constrained ocean state estimate (ECCO: Estimating Circulation and Climate of the Ocean). A decrease in the spatial mean upper ocean salinity and an upward salt flux inside the ocean were observed. These findings indicate that over 1992-2011, surface freshwater fluxes contribute to the decrease in spatial mean upper ocean salinity and are partly compensated by the vertical redistribution of salt inside the ocean. Between advection and diffusion, the two major processes determining the vertical exchange of salt, the advective term at different depths shows a downward transport, while the diffusive term is the dominant upward transport contributor. These results suggest that the salt transport in the ocean interior should be considered in interpreting the observed surface and upper ocean salinity changes, as well as inferring information about the changes in the global water cycle.

34 CFR 645.12 - What services may regular Upward Bound and Upward Bound Math-Science projects provide?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 34 Education 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false What services may regular Upward Bound and Upward Bound Math-Science projects provide? 645.12 Section 645.12 Education Regulations of the Offices of the... services may regular Upward Bound and Upward Bound Math-Science projects provide? Any project assisted...

34 CFR 645.12 - What services may regular Upward Bound and Upward Bound Math-Science projects provide?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 34 Education 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false What services may regular Upward Bound and Upward Bound Math-Science projects provide? 645.12 Section 645.12 Education Regulations of the Offices of the... services may regular Upward Bound and Upward Bound Math-Science projects provide? Any project assisted...

34 CFR 645.12 - What services may regular Upward Bound and Upward Bound Math-Science projects provide?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 34 Education 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false What services may regular Upward Bound and Upward Bound Math-Science projects provide? 645.12 Section 645.12 Education Regulations of the Offices of the... services may regular Upward Bound and Upward Bound Math-Science projects provide? Any project assisted...

34 CFR 645.12 - What services may regular Upward Bound and Upward Bound Math-Science projects provide?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 34 Education 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false What services may regular Upward Bound and Upward Bound Math-Science projects provide? 645.12 Section 645.12 Education Regulations of the Offices of the... services may regular Upward Bound and Upward Bound Math-Science projects provide? Any project assisted...

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Baker, J.E.

Many robotic operations, e.g., mapping, scanning, feature following, etc., require accurate surface following of arbitrary targets. This paper presents a versatile surface following and mapping system designed to promote hardware, software and application independence, modular development, and upward expandability. These goals are met by: a full, a priori specification of the hardware and software interfaces; a modular system architecture; and a hierarchical surface-data analysis method, permitting application specific tuning at each conceptual level of topological abstraction. This surface following system was fully designed and independently of any specific robotic host, then successfully integrated with and demonstrated on a completely amore » priori unknown, real-time robotic system. 7 refs.« less

Electronic and elemental properties of the Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 surface and grain boundaries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Haight, Richard; Shao, Xiaoyan; Wang, Wei; Mitzi, David B.

2014-01-01

X-ray and femtosecond UV photoelectron spectroscopy, secondary ion mass spectrometry and photoluminescence imaging were used to investigate the electronic and elemental properties of the CZTS,Se surface and its oxides. Oxide removal reveals a very Cu poor and Zn rich surface relative to bulk composition. O and Na are observed at the surface and throughout the bulk. Upward bending of the valence bands indicates the presence of negative charge in the surface region and the Fermi level is found near the band gap center. The presence of point defects and the impact of these findings on grain boundary properties will be described.

Terrain following of arbitrary surfaces using a high intensity LED proximity sensor

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Baker, J.E.

1992-01-01

Many robotic operations, e.g., mapping, scanning, feature following, etc., require accurate surface following of arbitrary targets. This paper presents a versatile surface following and mapping system designed to promote hardware, software and application independence, modular development, and upward expandability. These goals are met by: a full, a priori specification of the hardware and software interfaces; a modular system architecture; and a hierarchical surface-data analysis method, permitting application specific tuning at each conceptual level of topological abstraction. This surface following system was fully designed and independently of any specific robotic host, then successfully integrated with and demonstrated on a completely amore » priori unknown, real-time robotic system. 7 refs.« less

75 FR 13453 - Proposed Amendment of Class E Airspace; Corpus Christi, TX

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-22

...-0089; Airspace Docket No. 10-ASW-1] Proposed Amendment of Class E Airspace; Corpus Christi, TX AGENCY... action proposes to amend Class E airspace in the Corpus Christi, TX area. Additional controlled airspace... adding additional Class E airspace extending upward from 700 feet above the surface in the Corpus Christi...

76 FR 41725 - Proposed Amendment of Class E Airspace; Miles City, MT

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-15

... Class E Airspace; Miles City, MT AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), DOT. ACTION: Notice of..., Miles City, MT, to accommodate aircraft using new Area Navigation (RNAV) Global Positioning System (GPS... airspace and Class E airspace extending upward from 700 feet above the surface at Frank Wiley Field, Miles...

ARSENIC TRANSPORT ACROSS THE GROUNDWATER – SURFACE WATER INTERFACE AT A SITE IN CENTRAL MASSACHUSETTS

EPA Science Inventory

Plow Shop Pond, located in central Massachusetts within the New England ‘arsenic belt,’ receives water from a series of interconnected upstream ponds as well as from upward-discharging groundwater. A small, shallow embayment on the southwest side of the pond is known as Red Cove...

77 FR 50646 - Proposed Establishment of Class D Airspace; Bryant AAF, Anchorage, AK

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-08-22

...-0433; Airspace Docket No. 12-AAL-5] Proposed Establishment of Class D Airspace; Bryant AAF, Anchorage...). SUMMARY: This action proposes to establish Class D airspace at Bryant Army Airfield (AAF), Anchorage AK... 71 by establishing Class D airspace extending upward from the surface at Bryant AAF, Anchorage AK...

Glassy-winged sharpshooter feeding does not cause air embolisms in xylem of well-watered plants.

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Plant xylem vessels are under negative hydrostatic pressure (tension) as evapotranspiration of water from the leaf surface pulls the column of water in xylem upwards. When xylem fluid flux is under extreme tension, any puncture or breakage of the xylem vessel wall can cause formation of air embolis...

Method for fabricating a substrate having spaced apart microcapillaries thereon

DOEpatents

Jarvis, Eric E.

1995-01-01

Methods for manufacturing a self-supporting substrate having a plurality of spaced-apart needles (spikes or microcapillaries) projecting upwardly from a major surface of the substrate. In a preferred method, metal is deposited onto a porous membrane such that the metal extends into the pores, after which the membrane is dissolved.

Effect of Aerosol Variation on Radiance in the Earth's Atmosphere-Ocean System.

PubMed

Plass, G N; Kattawar, G W

1972-07-01

The reflected and transmitted radiance is calculated for a realistic model of the atmosphere-ocean system. Multiple scattering to all orders as well as anisotropic scattering from aerosols are taken into account by a Monte Carlo technique. The probability for reflection or refraction at the ocean surface is calculated for each photon. Scattering and absorption by water molecules (Rayleigh) and by hydrosols (Mie) are taken into account within the ocean. The radiance is calculated for a normal aerosol distribution as well as for a three and ten times normal distribution. Calculations are also made for an aerosol layer near the earth as well as for one in the stratosphere. The upward radiance at the top of the atmosphere depends strongly on the total number of aerosols but not on their spatial distribution. Variations in the ozone amount also have little effect on the upward radiance. The calculations are made at the following wavelengths: 0.7 micro, 0.9 micro, 1.67 micro. The radiance above and below the ocean surface as well as the flux at various levels are also discussed.

Effects of pictorially-defined surfaces on visual search.

PubMed

Morita, Hiromi; Kumada, Takatsune

2003-08-01

Three experiments of visual search for a cube (for a square pillar in Experiment 3) with an odd conjunction of orientation of faces and color (a cube with a red top face and a green right face among cubes with a green top face and a red right face, for example) showed that the search is made more efficient by arranging cubes (or square pillars) so that their top faces lie in a horizontal surface defined by pictorial cues. This effect shows the same asymmetry as that of the surface defined by the disparity cue did [Perception and Psychophysics, 62 (2000) 540], implying that the effect is independent of the three-dimensional cue and the global surface structure influences the control of attention during the search.

Influence of Atomic Hydrogen, Band Bending, and Defects in the Top Few Nanometers of Hydrothermally Prepared Zinc Oxide Nanorods

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Al-Saadi, Mubarak J.; Al-Harthi, Salim H.; Kyaw, Htet H.; Myint, Myo T. Z.; Bora, Tanujjal; Laxman, Karthik; Al-Hinai, Ashraf; Dutta, Joydeep

2017-01-01

We report on the surface, sub-surface (top few nanometers) and bulk properties of hydrothermally grown zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods (NRs) prior to and after hydrogen treatment. Upon treating with atomic hydrogen (H*), upward and downward band bending is observed depending on the availability of molecular H2O within the structure of the NRs. In the absence of H2O, the H* treatment demonstrated a cleaning effect of the nanorods, leading to a 0.51 eV upward band bending. In addition, enhancement in the intensity of room temperature photoluminescence (PL) signals due to the creation of new surface defects could be observed. The defects enhanced the visible light activity of the ZnO NRs which were subsequently used to photocatalytically degrade aqueous phenol under simulated sunlight. On the contrary, in the presence of H2O, H* treatment created an electronic accumulation layer inducing downward band bending of 0.45 eV ( 1/7th of the bulk ZnO band gap) along with the weakening of the defect signals as observed from room temperature photoluminescence spectra. The results suggest a plausible way of tailoring the band bending and defects of the ZnO NRs through control of H2O/H* species.

Hydrate pingoes at Nyegga: some characteristic features

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hovland, M.

2009-04-01

Hydrate pingoes were observed on the seafloor during two different remotely operated vehicle (ROV)-dives, conducted by Statoil at complex-pockmark G11, at Nyegga, off Mid-Norway. Confirmation that these structures actually represent hydrate ice-cored sediment mounds (pingoes), was done by other investigators (Ivanov et al., 2006). Because it is expected that hydrate pingoes represent relatively dynamic seafloor topographic structures and that their shape and size most probably will change over relatively short time, it is important to know how to recognise them visually. Hovland and Svensen (2006) highlighted five different characteristic aspects that define hydrate pingoes on the sea floor: 1) They are dome- or disc-shaped features, which may attain any size from ~0.5 m in height and upwards. Inside pockmark G11, they were up to 1 m high. 2) They are circular or oval in plan view and may attain lateral sizes on the seafloor ranging upwards from ~0.5 m. Inside G11 they had lengths of several metres and widths of up to 4 m. 3) They have dense communities of organisms growing on their surfaces. At G11, they were overgrown with small pogonophoran tube-worms. 4) They have patches of white or grey bacterial mats growing on their surface, indicating advection (seepage) of reduced pore-waters. 5) They have small pits and patches of fluidized sediments on their surface, indicating pit corrosion of the sub-surface gas hydrate. Because gas hydrates often form in high-porosity, near-surface sediments, where water is readily available, it is thought that they will build up at locations where gases are actively migrating upwards from depth. However, gas hydrates are not stable in the presence of ambient seawater, as seawater is deficient in guest molecule gases (normally methane). Therefore, they tend to build up below surface above conduits for gas flow from depth. But, the near-surface hydrate ice-lenses will continually be corroded by seawater circulating into the sediments from above. It is, therefore, expected that hydrate pingoes continually accrete from below and ablate from above, processes which cause a continuous change of size and shape over time, as long as fluid migration is active. These active (mainly inorganic) processes also stimulate organic life, by the continuous release of: a) dissolved methane and other reduced chemical species, and b) low-salinity and/or high-salinity water, released by active hydrate formation and dissociation.

ELECTROSTATIC AIR CLEANING DEVICE AND METHOD

DOEpatents

Silverman, L.; Anderson, D.M.

1961-07-18

A method and apparatus for utilizing friction-charged particulate material from an aerosol are described. A bed of the plastic spheres is prepared, and the aerosol is passed upwardly through the bed at a rate just large enough to maintain the bed in a fluidized state wim over-all circulation of the balls. Wire members criss-crossing through the bed rub against the balls and maintain their surfaces with electrostatic charges. The particulate material in the aerosol adheres to the surfaces of the balls.

Use of chemical mechanical polishing in micromachining

DOEpatents

Nasby, Robert D.; Hetherington, Dale L.; Sniegowski, Jeffry J.; McWhorter, Paul J.; Apblett, Christopher A.

1998-01-01

A process for removing topography effects during fabrication of micromachines. A sacrificial oxide layer is deposited over a level containing functional elements with etched valleys between the elements such that the sacrificial layer has sufficient thickness to fill the valleys and extend in thickness upwards to the extent that the lowest point on the upper surface of the oxide layer is at least as high as the top surface of the functional elements in the covered level. The sacrificial oxide layer is then polished down and planarized by chemical-mechanical polishing. Another layer of functional elements is then formed upon this new planarized surface.

Chemical transport models: the combined non-local diffusion and mixing schemes, and calculation of in-canopy resistance for dry deposition fluxes.

PubMed

Mihailovic, Dragutin T; Alapaty, Kiran; Podrascanin, Zorica

2009-03-01

Improving the parameterization of processes in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) and surface layer, in air quality and chemical transport models. To do so, an asymmetrical, convective, non-local scheme, with varying upward mixing rates is combined with the non-local, turbulent, kinetic energy scheme for vertical diffusion (COM). For designing it, a function depending on the dimensionless height to the power four in the ABL is suggested, which is empirically derived. Also, we suggested a new method for calculating the in-canopy resistance for dry deposition over a vegetated surface. The upward mixing rate forming the surface layer is parameterized using the sensible heat flux and the friction and convective velocities. Upward mixing rates varying with height are scaled with an amount of turbulent kinetic energy in layer, while the downward mixing rates are derived from mass conservation. The vertical eddy diffusivity is parameterized using the mean turbulent velocity scale that is obtained by the vertical integration within the ABL. In-canopy resistance is calculated by integration of inverse turbulent transfer coefficient inside the canopy from the effective ground roughness length to the canopy source height and, further, from its the canopy height. This combination of schemes provides a less rapid mass transport out of surface layer into other layers, during convective and non-convective periods, than other local and non-local schemes parameterizing mixing processes in the ABL. The suggested method for calculating the in-canopy resistance for calculating the dry deposition over a vegetated surface differs remarkably from the commonly used one, particularly over forest vegetation. In this paper, we studied the performance of a non-local, turbulent, kinetic energy scheme for vertical diffusion combined with a non-local, convective mixing scheme with varying upward mixing in the atmospheric boundary layer (COM) and its impact on the concentration of pollutants calculated with chemical and air-quality models. In addition, this scheme was also compared with a commonly used, local, eddy-diffusivity scheme. Simulated concentrations of NO2 by the COM scheme and new parameterization of the in-canopy resistance are closer to the observations when compared to those obtained from using the local eddy-diffusivity scheme. Concentrations calculated with the COM scheme and new parameterization of in-canopy resistance, are in general higher and closer to the observations than those obtained by the local, eddy-diffusivity scheme (on the order of 15-22%). To examine the performance of the scheme, simulated and measured concentrations of a pollutant (NO2) were compared for the years 1999 and 2002. The comparison was made for the entire domain used in simulations performed by the chemical European Monitoring and Evaluation Program Unified model (version UNI-ACID, rv2.0) where schemes were incorporated.

Method for explosive expansion toward horizontal free faces for forming an in situ oil shale retort

DOEpatents

Ricketts, Thomas E.

1980-01-01

Formation is excavated from within a retort site in formation containing oil shale for forming a plurality of vertically spaced apart voids extending horizontally across different levels of the retort site, leaving a separate zone of unfragmented formation between each pair of adjacent voids. Explosive is placed in each zone, and such explosive is detonated in a single round for forming an in situ retort containing a fragmented permeable mass of formation particles containing oil shale. The same amount of formation is explosively expanded upwardly and downwardly toward each void. A horizontal void excavated at a production level has a smaller horizontal cross-sectional area than a void excavated at a lower level of the retort site immediately above the production level void. Explosive in a first group of vertical blast holes is detonated for explosively expanding formation downwardly toward the lower void, and explosive in a second group of vertical blast holes is detonated in the same round for explosively expanding formation upwardly toward the lower void and downwardly toward the production level void for forming a generally T-shaped bottom of the fragmented mass.

34 CFR 645.1 - What is the Upward Bound Program?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... the following three types of projects: (1) Regular Upward Bound projects. (2) Upward Bound Math and Science Centers. (3) Veterans Upward Bound projects. (Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1070a-11 and 1070a-13) ...) The Upward Bound Program provides Federal grants to projects designed to generate in program...

34 CFR 645.1 - What is the Upward Bound Program?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... the following three types of projects: (1) Regular Upward Bound projects. (2) Upward Bound Math and Science Centers. (3) Veterans Upward Bound projects. (Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1070a-11 and 1070a-13) ...) The Upward Bound Program provides Federal grants to projects designed to generate in program...

34 CFR 645.42 - What are Upward Bound stipends?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... grantee is permitted to provide: (1) For Regular Upward Bound projects and Upward Bound Math and Science... What are Upward Bound stipends? (a) An Upward Bound project may provide stipends for all participants... evidence of satisfactory participation in activities of the project including— (1) Regular attendance; and...

34 CFR 645.42 - What are Upward Bound stipends?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... grantee is permitted to provide: (1) For Regular Upward Bound projects and Upward Bound Math and Science... What are Upward Bound stipends? (a) An Upward Bound project may provide stipends for all participants... evidence of satisfactory participation in activities of the project including— (1) Regular attendance; and...

34 CFR 645.42 - What are Upward Bound stipends?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... grantee is permitted to provide: (1) For Regular Upward Bound projects and Upward Bound Math and Science... What are Upward Bound stipends? (a) An Upward Bound project may provide stipends for all participants... evidence of satisfactory participation in activities of the project including— (1) Regular attendance; and...

34 CFR 645.1 - What is the Upward Bound Program?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... the following three types of projects: (1) Regular Upward Bound projects. (2) Upward Bound Math and Science Centers. (3) Veterans Upward Bound projects. (Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1070a-11 and 1070a-13) ...) The Upward Bound Program provides Federal grants to projects designed to generate in program...

34 CFR 645.1 - What is the Upward Bound Program?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... the following three types of projects: (1) Regular Upward Bound projects. (2) Upward Bound Math and Science Centers. (3) Veterans Upward Bound projects. (Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1070a-11 and 1070a-13) ...) The Upward Bound Program provides Federal grants to projects designed to generate in program...

Recognizing an individual face: 3D shape contributes earlier than 2D surface reflectance information.

PubMed

Caharel, Stéphanie; Jiang, Fang; Blanz, Volker; Rossion, Bruno

2009-10-01

The human brain recognizes faces by means of two main diagnostic sources of information: three-dimensional (3D) shape and two-dimensional (2D) surface reflectance. Here we used event-related potentials (ERPs) in a face adaptation paradigm to examine the time-course of processing for these two types of information. With a 3D morphable model, we generated pairs of faces that were either identical, varied in 3D shape only, in 2D surface reflectance only, or in both. Sixteen human observers discriminated individual faces in these 4 types of pairs, in which a first (adapting) face was followed shortly by a second (test) face. Behaviorally, observers were as accurate and as fast for discriminating individual faces based on either 3D shape or 2D surface reflectance alone, but were faster when both sources of information were present. As early as the face-sensitive N170 component (approximately 160 ms following the test face), there was larger amplitude for changes in 3D shape relative to the repetition of the same face, especially over the right occipito-temporal electrodes. However, changes in 2D reflectance between the adapter and target face did not increase the N170 amplitude. At about 250 ms, both 3D shape and 2D reflectance contributed equally, and the largest difference in amplitude compared to the repetition of the same face was found when both 3D shape and 2D reflectance were combined, in line with observers' behavior. These observations indicate that evidence to recognize individual faces accumulate faster in the right hemisphere human visual cortex from diagnostic 3D shape information than from 2D surface reflectance information.

Downstream lightening and upward heavying, sorting of sediments of uniform grain size but differing in density

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Viparelli, E.; Solari, L.; Hill, K. M.

2014-12-01

Downstream fining, i.e. the tendency for a gradual decrease in grain size in the downstream direction, has been observed and studied in alluvial rivers and in laboratory flumes. Laboratory experiments and field observations show that the vertical sorting pattern over a small Gilbert delta front is characterized by an upward fining profile, with preferential deposition of coarse particles in the lowermost part of the deposit. The present work is an attempt to answer the following questions. Are there analogous sorting patterns in mixtures of sediment particles having the same grain size but differing density? To investigate this, we performed experiments at the Hydrosystems Laboratory at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. During the experiments a Gilbert delta formed and migrated downstream allowing for the study of transport and sorting processes on the surface and within the deposit. The experimental results show 1) preferential deposition of heavy particles in the upstream part of the deposit associated with a pattern of "downstream lightening"; and 2) a vertical sorting pattern over the delta front characterized by a pattern of "upward heavying" with preferential deposition of light particles in the lowermost part of the deposit. The observed downstream lightening is analogous of the downstream fining with preferential deposition of heavy (coarse) particles in the upstream part of the deposit. The observed upward heavying was unexpected because, considering the particle mass alone, the heavy (coarse) particles should have been preferentially deposited in the lowermost part of the deposit. Further, the application of classical fractional bedload transport relations suggests that in the case of mixtures of particles of uniform size and different densities equal mobility is not approached. We hypothesize that granular physics mechanisms traditionally associated with sheared granular flows may be responsible for the observed upward heavying and for the deviation from equal mobility.

76 FR 54689 - Amendment of Class E Airspace; Hawaiian Islands, HI

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-02

...; Airspace Docket No. 11-AWP-12] Amendment of Class E Airspace; Hawaiian Islands, HI AGENCY: Federal Aviation... for the Hawaiian Islands, HI. The FAA is taking this action in response to a request from the Honolulu... E airspace extending upward from 1,200 feet above the surface for the Hawaiian Islands, HI. This...

30 CFR 717.14 - Backfilling and grading of road cuts, mine entry area cuts, and other surface work areas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... order to prevent water pollution and sustained combustion, and to minimize adverse effects on plant growth and land uses. Where necessary to protect against upward migration of salts, exposure by erosion, to provide an adequate depth for plant growth, or to otherwise meet local conditions, the regulatory...

30 CFR 717.14 - Backfilling and grading of road cuts, mine entry area cuts, and other surface work areas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... order to prevent water pollution and sustained combustion, and to minimize adverse effects on plant growth and land uses. Where necessary to protect against upward migration of salts, exposure by erosion, to provide an adequate depth for plant growth, or to otherwise meet local conditions, the regulatory...

30 CFR 717.14 - Backfilling and grading of road cuts, mine entry area cuts, and other surface work areas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... order to prevent water pollution and sustained combustion, and to minimize adverse effects on plant growth and land uses. Where necessary to protect against upward migration of salts, exposure by erosion, to provide an adequate depth for plant growth, or to otherwise meet local conditions, the regulatory...

75 FR 5007 - Establishment of Class D and E Airspace; Panama City, FL

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-02-01

... airspace surrounding the old Panama City-Bay County Airport prior to closing the airport. Designations for.... * * * * * Paragraph 6005 Class E Airspace Extending Upward From 700 Feet or More Above the Surface of the Earth... of the Earth within a 7.2-mile radius of the Northwest Florida- Panama City International Airport...

Sinkhole formation by groundwater withdrawal: far west rand, South Africa.

PubMed

Foose, R M

1967-09-01

Sinkholes up to 125 meters wide and 50 meters deep have developed catastrophically in thick unconsolidated debris above pinnacle-weathered dolomite after lowering of the groundwater surface by at least 160 meters. They are caused by shrinkage of desiccated debris, downward migration of debris into bedrock openings, and upward growth of multiple debris "caverns" by roof spalling.

Carbon Nanotube Thermal Interfaces Enhanced with Sprayed on Nanoscale Polymer Coatings

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-02-20

temperature of the growth stage was lowered to 750 ◦C (a pyrometer measured the actual sample temperature to be approximately 630 ◦C, which is less than the...the heat is absorbed at the sample surface it is conducted both downward through the sample and upward into an acoustic chamber filled with He gas. The

Method for fabricating a substrate having spaced apart microcapillaries thereon

DOEpatents

Jarvis, E.E.

1995-01-24

Methods are disclosed for manufacturing a self-supporting substrate having a plurality of spaced-apart needles (spikes or microcapillaries) projecting upwardly from a major surface of the substrate. In a preferred method, metal is deposited onto a porous membrane such that the metal extends into the pores, after which the membrane is dissolved. 9 figures.

Comparison of Radiative Energy Flows in Observational Datasets and Climate Modeling

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Raschke, Ehrhard; Kinne, Stefan; Rossow, William B.; Stackhouse, Paul W. Jr.; Wild, Martin

2016-01-01

This study examines radiative flux distributions and local spread of values from three major observational datasets (CERES, ISCCP, and SRB) and compares them with results from climate modeling (CMIP3). Examinations of the spread and differences also differentiate among contributions from cloudy and clear-sky conditions. The spread among observational datasets is in large part caused by noncloud ancillary data. Average differences of at least 10Wm(exp -2) each for clear-sky downward solar, upward solar, and upward infrared fluxes at the surface demonstrate via spatial difference patterns major differences in assumptions for atmospheric aerosol, solar surface albedo and surface temperature, and/or emittance in observational datasets. At the top of the atmosphere (TOA), observational datasets are less influenced by the ancillary data errors than at the surface. Comparisons of spatial radiative flux distributions at the TOA between observations and climate modeling indicate large deficiencies in the strength and distribution of model-simulated cloud radiative effects. Differences are largest for lower-altitude clouds over low-latitude oceans. Global modeling simulates stronger cloud radiative effects (CRE) by +30Wmexp -2) over trade wind cumulus regions, yet smaller CRE by about -30Wm(exp -2) over (smaller in area) stratocumulus regions. At the surface, climate modeling simulates on average about 15Wm(exp -2) smaller radiative net flux imbalances, as if climate modeling underestimates latent heat release (and precipitation). Relative to observational datasets, simulated surface net fluxes are particularly lower over oceanic trade wind regions (where global modeling tends to overestimate the radiative impact of clouds). Still, with the uncertainty in noncloud ancillary data, observational data do not establish a reliable reference.

The bending strength of tablets with a breaking line--Comparison of the results of an elastic and a "brittle cracking" finite element model with experimental findings.

PubMed

Podczeck, Fridrun; Newton, J Michael; Fromme, Paul

2015-11-10

The aim of this work was to ascertain the influence of the position of the breaking line of bevel-edged tablets in a three-point bending test. Two different brands of commercially available, flat-round, bevel-edged tablets with a single central breaking line were studied. Breaking line positions tested, relative to the upper loading roll, were 0°, 22.5°, 45°, 67.5° and 90°. The breaking line faced either up- or downwards during the test. The practical results were compared with FEM results simulating similar test configurations. Tablets failed mainly across the failure plane, resulting in two tablet halves. An exception to this was found for tablets where the breaking line faced down and was positioned at an angle of 22.5° relative to the loading plane. Here the crack followed the breaking line in the centre of the tablets and only diverged towards the loading plane position at the edges of the tablets. The breaking line facing upwards resulted in a significantly higher tensile strength of the tablets compared to it facing downwards. However, with one exception, the orientation of the breaking line relative to the loading plane appeared not to affect the tensile strength values. A fully elastic FEM model indicated that both the position of the breaking line relative to the loading plane and as to whether the breaking line faced up- or downwards during the bending test would result in considerably different failure loads during practical experiments. The results also suggested that regardless of the breaking line position, when it is facing down crack propagation should start at the outer edges propagating towards the midpoint of the discs until failure occurs. Failure should hence always result in equal tablet halves, whereby the failure plane should coincide with the loading plane. Neither predictions fully reflected the practical behaviour of the tablets. Using a brittle cracking FEM model significantly larger tensile stresses for tablets with the breaking line positioned downwards at 0° or 22.5° relative to the loading plane were still predicted, but the differences between model and experimental values was greatly reduced. The remaining differences are more likely due to the inadequacy of the equation available to calculate the experimental tensile strength values. This equation cannot account for the presence of a breaking line and overestimates the thickness of the loading plane by the depth of the breaking line when in 0° or 22.5° position. If the depth of the breaking line is taken into account, the model predictions and the experimental findings are comparable. Also, in the brittle cracking FEM simulations the predicted crack propagation patterns were similar to those found in the experiments, and the model stress distributions across the lower surfaces were much more homogeneous and streamlined parallel to the loading plane. The brittle cracking model hence reflected the practicalities of the bending test more closely. The findings suggested that with the breaking line facing down fracture should always start in the centre of a tablet at its lower surface, initiated by the breaking line. Due to simultaneous development of larger stresses along the y-axis the tablet should still break into two equal halves along the loading plane, unless the position of the breaking line relative to the loading plane was 22.5°. In this case the tablet would fail by a mixed process, whereby failure would occur mainly along the breaking line, but due to simultaneous crack formation at the lower surface close to the bevel edge parallel to the loading plane the final breaking pattern would deviate from the breaking line about half-way from its centre, as seen in the practical experiments. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Physical determinants of phytoplankton production, algal stoichiometry, and vertical nutrient fluxes.

PubMed

Jäger, Christoph G; Diehl, Sebastian; Emans, Maximilian

2010-04-01

Most phytoplankters face opposing vertical gradients in light versus nutrient supplies but have limited capacities for vertical habitat choice. We therefore explored a dynamical model of negatively buoyant algae inhabiting a one-dimensional water column to ask how water column depth and turbulence constrain total (areal) phytoplankton biomass. We show that the population persistence boundaries in water column depth-turbulence space are set by sinking losses and light limitation but that nutrients are most limiting to total biomass in water columns that are neither too shallow or too weakly mixed (where sinking losses prevail) nor too deep and turbulent (where light limitation prevails). In shallow waters, the most strongly limiting process is nutrient influx to the bottom of the water column (e.g., from sediments). In deep waters, the most strongly limiting process is turbulent upward transport of nutrients to the photic zone. Consequently, the highest total biomasses are attained in turbulent waters at intermediate water column depths and in deep waters at intermediate turbulences. These patterns are insensitive to the assumption of fixed versus flexible algal carbon-to-nutrient stoichiometry, and they arise irrespective of whether the water column is a surface layer above a deep water compartment or has direct contact with sediments.

Controlled porous pattern of anodic aluminum oxide by foils laminate approach.

PubMed

Wang, Gou-Jen; Peng, Chi-Sheng

2006-04-01

A novel, much simpler, and low-cost method to fabricate the porous pattern of the anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) based on the aluminum foils laminate approach was carried out. During our experiments, it was found that the pores of the AAO on the upper foil grew bi-directionally from both the top and the bottom surfaces. Experimental results further indicate that the upward porous pattern of the upper foil is determined by the surface structure of the bottom surface of the upper foil. The porous pattern of AAO can be controlled by a pre-made pattern on the bottom surface. Furthermore, no Aluminum (Al) layer removing process is required in this novel laminate method.

Stratigraphic architecture of a fluvial-lacustrine basin-fill succession at Desolation Canyon, Uinta Basin, Utah: Reference to Walthers’ Law and implications for the petroleum industry

USGS Publications Warehouse

Ford, Grace L.; David R. Pyles,; Dechesne, Marieke

2016-01-01

Two large-scale (member-scale) upward patterns are noted: Waltherian, and non-Waltherian. The upward successions in Waltherian progressions record progradation or retrogradation of a linked fluvial-lacustrine system across the area; whereas the upward successions in non-Waltherian progressions record large-scale changes in the depositional system that are not related to progradation or retrogradation of the ancient lacustrine shoreline. Four Waltherian progressions are noted: 1) the Flagstaff Limestone to lower Wasatch Formation member records the upward transition from lacustrine to fluvial—or shallowing-upward succession; 2) the upper Wasatch to Uteland Butte records the upward transition from fluvial to lacustrine—or a deepening upward succession; 3) the Uteland Butte to Renegade Tongue records the upward transition from lacustrine to fluvial—a shallowing-upward succession; and 4) the Renegade Tongue to Mahogany oil shale interval records the upward transition from fluvial to lacustrine—a deepening upward succession. The two non-Waltherian progressions in the study area are: 1) the lower to middle Wasatch, which records the abrupt shift from low to high net-sand content fluvial system, and 2) the middle to upper Wasatch, which records the abrupt shift from high to intermediate net-sand content fluvial system.

Facies transition and depositional architecture of the Late Eocene tide-dominated delta in northern coast of Birket Qarun, Fayum, Egypt

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Abdel-Fattah, Zaki A.

2016-07-01

Late Eocene successions in the Fayum Depression display notable facies transition from open-marine to brackish-marine realms. Stratigraphic and sedimentologic characteristics of the depositional facies are integrated with ichnological data for the recognition of four facies associations (FA1 to FA4). The transition from open-marine sandstones (FA1) to the brackish-marine deposits (FA2) heralds a transgressive - regressive dislocation. The shallowing- and coarsening-upward progradation from the basal prodelta mudstone-dominated facies (FA2a) to deltafront heterolithics (FA2b) and sandstone facies (FA2c) are overlain by finning-upward delta plain deposits which are expressed by the delta plain mudstone (FA2d) and erosive-based distributary channel fills (FA4). Prodelta/deltfront deposits of FA2 are arranged in thinning- and coarsening-upward parasequences which are stacked in a shallowing-upward progressive cycle. Shallow-marine fossiliferous sandstones (FA3) mark the basal part of each parasequence. Stratigraphic and depositional architectures reflect a tide-dominated delta rather than an estuarine and incised valley (IV) model. This can be evinced by the progressive facies architecture, absence of basal regional incision or a subaerial unconformity and the stratigraphic position above a maximum flooding surface (MFS), in addition to the presence of multiple tidally-influenced distributary channels. Stratigraphic and depositional characteristics of the suggested model resemble those of modern tide-dominated deltaic systems. Accordingly, this model contributes to our understanding of the depositional models for analogous brackish-marine environments, particularly tide-dominated deltas in the rock record.

Dike/Drift Interactions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

E. Gaffiney

2004-11-23

This report presents and documents the model components and analyses that represent potential processes associated with propagation of a magma-filled crack (dike) migrating upward toward the surface, intersection of the dike with repository drifts, flow of magma in the drifts, and post-magma emplacement effects on repository performance. The processes that describe upward migration of a dike and magma flow down the drift are referred to as the dike intrusion submodel. The post-magma emplacement processes are referred to as the post-intrusion submodel. Collectively, these submodels are referred to as a conceptual model for dike/drift interaction. The model components and analyses ofmore » the dike/drift interaction conceptual model provide the technical basis for assessing the potential impacts of an igneous intrusion on repository performance, including those features, events, and processes (FEPs) related to dike/drift interaction (Section 6.1).« less

Searches for ultra-high energy neutrinos at the Pierre Auger observatory

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Alvarez-Muñiz, Jaime; Observatorio Pierre Auger, Av. San Martín Norte 304, 5613 Malargüe

2015-07-15

Neutrinos in the sub-EeV energy range and above can be detected and identified with the Surface Detector array of the Pierre Auger Observatory. The identification can be efficiently done for neutrinos of all flavours interacting in the atmosphere, typically above 60° (downward-going), as well as for “Earth-skimming” neutrino interactions in the case of tau neutrinos (upward-going). Three sets of identification criteria were designed to search for downward-going neutrinos in the zenith angle bins 60° − 75° and 75° − 90° as well as for upward-going neutrinos. The three searches have been recently combined, providing, in the absence of candidates inmore » data from 1 January 04 until 31 December 12, a stringent limit to the diffuse flux of ultra-high energy neutrinos.« less

Developmental prosopagnosia and super-recognition: no special role for surface reflectance processing

PubMed Central

Russell, Richard; Chatterjee, Garga; Nakayama, Ken

2011-01-01

Face recognition by normal subjects depends in roughly equal proportions on shape and surface reflectance cues, while object recognition depends predominantly on shape cues. It is possible that developmental prosopagnosics are deficient not in their ability to recognize faces per se, but rather in their ability to use reflectance cues. Similarly, super-recognizers’ exceptional ability with face recognition may be a result of superior surface reflectance perception and memory. We tested this possibility by administering tests of face perception and face recognition in which only shape or reflectance cues are available to developmental prosopagnosics, super-recognizers, and control subjects. Face recognition ability and the relative use of shape and pigmentation were unrelated in all the tests. Subjects who were better at using shape or reflectance cues were also better at using the other type of cue. These results do not support the proposal that variation in surface reflectance perception ability is the underlying cause of variation in face recognition ability. Instead, these findings support the idea that face recognition ability is related to neural circuits using representations that integrate shape and pigmentation information. PMID:22192636

Analysis of target wavefront error for secondary mirror of a spaceborne telescope

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chang, Shenq-Tsong; Lin, Wei-Cheng; Kuo, Ching-Hsiang; Chan, Chia-Yen; Lin, Yu-Chuan; Huang, Ting-Ming

2014-09-01

During the fabrication of an aspherical mirror, the inspection of the residual wavefront error is critical. In the program of a spaceborne telescope development, primary mirror is made of ZERODUR with clear aperture of 450 mm. The mass is 10 kg after lightweighting. Deformation of mirror due to gravity is expected; hence uniform supporting measured by load cells has been applied to reduce the gravity effect. Inspection has been taken to determine the residual wavefront error at the configuration of mirror face upwards. Correction polishing has been performed according to the measurement. However, after comparing with the data measured by bench test while the primary mirror is at a configuration of mirror face horizontal, deviations have been found for the two measurements. Optical system that is not able to meet the requirement is predicted according to the measured wavefront error by bench test. A target wavefront error of secondary mirror is therefore analyzed to correct that of primary mirror. Optical performance accordingly is presented.

Photonic Doppler velocimetry probe designed with stereo imaging

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Malone, Robert M.; Cata, Brian M.; Daykin, Edward P.; Esquibel, David L.; Frogget, Brent C.; Holtkamp, David B.; Kaufman, Morris I.; McGillivray, Kevin D.; Palagi, Martin J.; Pazuchanics, Peter; Romero, Vincent T.; Sorenson, Danny S.

2014-09-01

During the fabrication of an aspherical mirror, the inspection of the residual wavefront error is critical. In the program of a spaceborne telescope development, primary mirror is made of ZERODUR with clear aperture of 450 mm. The mass is 10 kg after lightweighting. Deformation of mirror due to gravity is expected; hence uniform supporting measured by load cells has been applied to reduce the gravity effect. Inspection has been taken to determine the residual wavefront error at the configuration of mirror face upwards. Correction polishing has been performed according to the measurement. However, after comparing with the data measured by bench test while the primary mirror is at a configuration of mirror face horizontal, deviations have been found for the two measurements. Optical system that is not able to meet the requirement is predicted according to the measured wavefront error by bench test. A target wavefront error of secondary mirror is therefore analyzed to correct that of primary mirror. Optical performance accordingly is presented.

On the mechanical interaction between a fluid-filled fracture and the earth's surface

USGS Publications Warehouse

Pollard, D.D.; Holzhausen, G.

1979-01-01

The mechanical interaction between a fluid-filled fracture (e.g., hydraulic fracture joint, or igneous dike) and the earth's surface is analyzed using a two-dimensional elastic solution for a slit of arbitrary inclination buried beneath a horizontal free surface and subjected to an arbitrary pressure distribution. The solution is obtained by iteratively superimposing two fundamental sets of analytical solutions. For uniform internal pressure the slit behaves essentially as if it were in an infinite region if the depth-to-center is three times greater than the half-length. For shallower slits interaction with the free surface is pronounced: stresses and displacements near the slit differ by more than 10% from values for the deeply buried slit. The following changes are noted as the depth-to-center decreases: 1. (1) the mode I stress intensity factor increases for both ends of the slit, but more rapidly at the upper end; 2. (2) the mode II stress-intensity factor is significantly different from zero (except for vertical slits) suggesting propagation out of the original plane of the slit; 3. (3) displacements of the slit wall are asymmetric such that the slit gaps open more widely near the upper end. Similar changes are noted if fluid density creates a linear pressure gradient that is smaller than the lithostatic gradient. Under such conditions natural fractures should propagate preferentially upward toward the earth's surface requiring less pressure as they grow in length. If deformation near the surface is of interest, the model should account explicitly for the free surface. Stresses and displacements at the free surface are not approximated very well by values calculated along a line in an infinite region, even when the slit is far from the line. As depth-to-center of a shallow pressurized slit decreases, the following changes are noted: 1. (1) displacements of the free surface increase to the same order of magnitude as the displacements of the slit walls, 2. (2) tensile stresses of magnitude greater than the pressure in the slit are concentrated along the free surface. The relative surface displacements over a shallow vertical slit are downward over the slit and upward to both sides of this area. The tensile stress acting parallel to the free surface over a shallow vertical slit is concentrated in two maxima adjacent to a point of very low stress immediately over the slit. The solution is used to estimate the length-to-depth ratio at which igneous sills have gained sufficient leverage on overlying strata to bend these strata upward and form a laccolith. The pronounced mode II stress intensity associated with shallow horizontal slits explains the tendency for some sills to climb to higher stratigraphie horizons as they grow in length. The bimodal tensile stress concentration over shallow vertical slits correlates qualitatively with the distribution of cracks and normal faults which flank fissure eruptions on volcanoes. The solution may be used to analyze surface displacements and tilts over massive hydraulic fractures in oil fields and to understand the behavior of hydraulic fractures in granite quarries. ?? 1979.

Surface properties of HMX crystal

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Yee, R. Y.; Adicoff, A.; Dibble, E. J.

1980-01-01

The surface properties of Beta-HMX crystals were studied. The surface energies of three principal crystal faces were obtained by measuring contact angles with several reference liquids. The surface energies and polarity of the three crystal faces are found to be different.

Determination of Villous Rigidity in the Distal Ileum of the Possum (Trichosurus vulpecula)

PubMed Central

Lim, Yuen Feung; Lentle, Roger G.; Janssen, Patrick W. M.; Williams, Martin A. K.; de Loubens, Clément; Mansel, Bradley W.; Chambers, Paul

2014-01-01

We investigated the passive mechanical properties of villi in ex vivo preparations of sections of the wall of the distal ileum from the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) by using a flow cell to impose physiological and supra-physiological levels of shear stress on the tips of villi. We directly determined the stress applied from the magnitude of the local velocities in the stress inducing flow and additionally mapped the patterns of flow around isolated villi by tracking the trajectories of introduced 3 µm microbeads with bright field micro particle image velocimetry (mPIV). Ileal villi were relatively rigid along their entire length (mean 550 µm), and exhibited no noticeable bending even at flow rates that exceeded calculated normal physiological shear stress (>0.5 mPa). However, movement of villus tips indicated that the whole rigid structure of a villus could pivot about the base, likely from laxity at the point of union of the villous shaft with the underlying mucosa. Flow moved upward toward the tip on the upper portions of isolated villi on the surface facing the flow and downward toward the base on the downstream surface. The fluid in sites at distances greater than 150 µm below the villous tips was virtually stagnant indicating that significant convective mixing in the lower intervillous spaces was unlikely. Together the findings indicate that mixing and absorption is likely to be confined to the tips of villi under conditions where the villi and intestinal wall are immobile and is unlikely to be greatly augmented by passive bending of the shafts of villi. PMID:24956476

Multi-scale responses of scattering layers to environmental variability in Monterey Bay, California

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Urmy, Samuel S.; Horne, John K.

2016-07-01

A 38 kHz upward-facing echosounder was deployed on the seafloor at a depth of 875 m in Monterey Bay, CA, USA (36° 42.748‧N, 122° 11.214‧W) from 27 February 2009 to 18 August 2010. This 18-month record of acoustic backscatter was compared to oceanographic time series from a nearby data buoy to investigate the responses of animals in sound-scattering layers to oceanic variability at seasonal and sub-seasonal time scales. Pelagic animals, as measured by acoustic backscatter, moved higher in the water column and decreased in abundance during spring upwelling, attributed to avoidance of a shoaling oxycline and advection offshore. Seasonal changes were most evident in a non-migrating scattering layer near 500 m depth that disappeared in spring and reappeared in summer, building to a seasonal maximum in fall. At sub-seasonal time scales, similar responses were observed after individual upwelling events, though they were much weaker than the seasonal relationship. Correlations of acoustic backscatter with oceanographic variability also differed with depth. Backscatter in the upper water column decreased immediately following upwelling, then increased approximately 20 days later. Similar correlations existed deeper in the water column, but at increasing lags, suggesting that near-surface productivity propagated down the water column at 10-15 m d-1, consistent with sinking speeds of marine snow measured in Monterey Bay. Sub-seasonal variability in backscatter was best correlated with sea-surface height, suggesting that passive physical transport was most important at these time scales.

More Realistic Face Model Surface Improves Relevance of Pediatric In-Vitro Aerosol Studies

PubMed Central

Amirav, Israel; Halamish, Asaf; Gorenberg, Miguel; Omar, Hamza; Newhouse, Michael T.

2015-01-01

Background Various hard face models are commonly used to evaluate the efficiency of aerosol face masks. Softer more realistic “face” surface materials, like skin, deform upon mask application and should provide more relevant in-vitro tests. Studies that simultaneously take into consideration many of the factors characteristic of the in vivo face are lacking. These include airways, various application forces, comparison of various devices, comparison with a hard-surface model and use of a more representative model face based on large numbers of actual faces. Aim To compare mask to “face” seal and aerosol delivery of two pediatric masks using a soft vs. a hard, appropriately representative, pediatric face model under various applied forces. Methods Two identical face models and upper airways replicas were constructed, the only difference being the suppleness and compressibility of the surface layer of the “face.” Integrity of the seal and aerosol delivery of two different masks [AeroChamber (AC) and SootherMask (SM)] were compared using a breath simulator, filter collection and realistic applied forces. Results The soft “face” significantly increased the delivery efficiency and the sealing characteristics of both masks. Aerosol delivery with the soft “face” was significantly greater for the SM compared to the AC (p< 0.01). No statistically significant difference between the two masks was observed with the hard “face.” Conclusions The material and pliability of the model “face” surface has a significant influence on both the seal and delivery efficiency of face masks. This finding should be taken into account during in-vitro aerosol studies. PMID:26090661

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lee, Ching-Pang; Tham, Kok-Mun; Schroeder, Eric

An outer rim seal arrangement (10), including: an annular rim (70) centered about a longitudinal axis (30) of a rotor disc (31), extending fore and having a fore-end (72), an outward-facing surface (74), and an inward-facing surface (76); a lower angel wing (62) extending aft from a base of a turbine blade (22) and having an aft end (64) disposed radially inward of the rim inward-facing surface to define a lower angel wing seal gap (80); an upper angel wing (66) extending aft from the turbine blade base and having an aft end (68) disposed radially outward of the rimmore » outward-facing surface to define a upper angel wing seal gap (80, 82); and guide vanes (100) disposed on the rim inward-facing surface in the lower angel wing seal gap. Pumping fins (102) may be disposed on the upper angel wing seal aft end in the upper angel wing seal gap.« less

Thermal shields for gas turbine rotor

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ross, Christopher W.; Acar, Bulent

A turbomachine including a rotor having an axis and a plurality of disks positioned adjacent to each other in the axial direction, each disk including opposing axially facing surfaces and a circumferentially extending radially facing surface located between the axially facing surfaces. At least one row of blades is positioned on each of the disks, and the blades include an airfoil extending radially outward from the disk A non-segmented circumferentially continuous ring structure includes an outer rim defining a thermal barrier extending axially in overlapping relation over a portion of the radially facing surface of at least one disk, andmore » extending to a location adjacent to a blade on the disk A compliant element is located between a radially inner circumferential portion of the ring structure and a flange structure that extends axially from an axially facing surface of the disk.« less

Evidence for asymmetric edge-on Langmuir monolayer: Application to surface potential measurements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

El Abed, A.; Ionov, R.; Goldmann, M.; Fontaine, P.; Billard, J.; Peretti, P.

2001-10-01

We show, using surface pressure vs. molecular area isotherm measurements and synchrotron grazing X-ray diffraction, that 4BCD12 molecules, which consist of a central flexible bowl-like core to which eight long lateral hydrocarbon chains are bound, form a stable edge-on monolayer. Experimental data indicate that six lateral hydrocarbon chains orient upwards to form a quasi-rectangular lattice of 43° tilted hydrocarbon chains. The obtained axially asymmetric phase, which we label edge26-on, allows using surface potential measurements, for the validation of literature electric models of a single monolayer spread at the air-water interface.

Use of chemical mechanical polishing in micromachining

DOEpatents

Nasby, R.D.; Hetherington, D.L.; Sniegowski, J.J.; McWhorter, P.J.; Apblett, C.A.

1998-09-08

A process for removing topography effects during fabrication of micromachines. A sacrificial oxide layer is deposited over a level containing functional elements with etched valleys between the elements such that the sacrificial layer has sufficient thickness to fill the valleys and extend in thickness upwards to the extent that the lowest point on the upper surface of the oxide layer is at least as high as the top surface of the functional elements in the covered level. The sacrificial oxide layer is then polished down and planarized by chemical-mechanical polishing. Another layer of functional elements is then formed upon this new planarized surface. 4 figs.

34 CFR 645.32 - How does the Secretary evaluate prior experience?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Upward Bound and Upward Bound Math and Science Centers PE criteria in paragraph (e)(1)(ii) of this...) Regular Upward Bound and Upward Bound Math and Science Centers. (i) (3 points) Number of participants...

34 CFR 645.32 - How does the Secretary evaluate prior experience?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Upward Bound and Upward Bound Math and Science Centers PE criteria in paragraph (e)(1)(ii) of this...) Regular Upward Bound and Upward Bound Math and Science Centers. (i) (3 points) Number of participants...

34 CFR 645.32 - How does the Secretary evaluate prior experience?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Upward Bound and Upward Bound Math and Science Centers PE criteria in paragraph (e)(1)(ii) of this...) Regular Upward Bound and Upward Bound Math and Science Centers. (i) (3 points) Number of participants...

34 CFR 645.32 - How does the Secretary evaluate prior experience?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Upward Bound and Upward Bound Math and Science Centers PE criteria in paragraph (e)(1)(ii) of this...) Regular Upward Bound and Upward Bound Math and Science Centers. (i) (3 points) Number of participants...

Radiation Products based on a constellation of Geostationary Satellites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Trigo, I. F.; Freitas, S. C.; Barroso, C.; Macedo, J.; Perdigão, R.; Silva, R.; Viterbo, P.

2012-04-01

The various components of the surface radiation budget present high variability in time and space, particularly over land surfaces where spatial heterogeneity of the upward fluxes is high. Geostationary satellites are well-suited to describe the daily cycle of downward and upward radiation fluxes and present spatial resolutions of the order of 3-to-5 km at sub-satellite point, acceptable for many applications. The work presented here is being carried out within the framework of Geoland-2 project, and aims the use of data from geostationary platforms to generate, archive and distribute in near real time four component of the surface radiation budget: land surface albedo, land surface temperature (LST) and downward short- and long-wave fluxes at the surface. All four components are retrieved from the following satellites - GOES-W covering North and South America, Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) covering essentially Europe and Africa, and MTSAT covering part of Asia and Australia. The variables are retrieved independently from each satellite and then merged into a single field, with a 5 km spatial resolution. Data are generated hourly in the case of the downward fluxes and LST, and 10-daily in the case of albedo. In regions covered by both GOES and MSG disks, the interpolated field makes use of both retrievals, giving more weight to those with lower uncertainty. The four components of the surface radiation budget described above are assessed through comparisons with similar parameters retrieved from other sensors (e.g., MODIS, CERES) or from models (e.g., ECMWF forecasts), as well as with in situ observations when available. The presentation will be focused on a brief description of algorithms and auxiliary data used in product estimation. The results of inter-comparisons with other data sources, along with the identification of the retrieval conditions that allow optimal / sub-optimal estimation of these surface radiation parameters will also be analysed. The radiation products generated within the Geoland-2 project are freely available to the user community.

Assessment of Satellite Surface Radiation Products in Highland Regions with Tibet Instrumental Data

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Yang, Kun; Koike, Toshio; Stackhouse, Paul; Mikovitz, Colleen

2006-01-01

This study presents results of comparisons between instrumental radiation data in the elevated Tibetan Plateau and two global satellite products: the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment - Surface Radiation Budget (GEWEX-SRB) and International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project - Flux Data (ISCCP-FD). In general, shortwave radiation (SW) is estimated better by ISCCP-FD while longwave radiation (LW) is estimated better by GEWEX-SRB, but all the radiation components in both products are under-estimated. Severe and systematic errors were found in monthly-mean SRB SW (on plateau-average, -48 W/sq m for downward SW and -18 W/sq m for upward SW) and FD LW (on plateau-average, -37 W/sq m for downward LW and -62 W/sq m for upward LW) for radiation. Errors in monthly-mean diurnal variations are even larger than the monthly mean errors. Though the LW errors can be reduced about 10 W/sq m after a correction for altitude difference between the site and SRB and FD grids, these errors are still higher than that for other regions. The large errors in SRB SW was mainly due to a processing mistake for elevation effect, but the errors in SRB LW was mainly due to significant errors in input data. We suggest reprocessing satellite surface radiation budget data, at least for highland areas like Tibet.

Surface charge features of kaolinite particles and their interactions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gupta, Vishal

Kaolinite is both a blessing and a curse. As an important industrial mineral commodity, kaolinite clays are extensively used in the paper, ceramic, paint, plastic and rubber industries. In all these applications the wettability, aggregation, dispersion, flotation and thickening of kaolinite particles are affected by its crystal structure and surface properties. It is therefore the objective of this research to investigate selected physical and surface chemical properties of kaolinite, specifically the surface charge of kaolinite particles. A pool of advanced analytical techniques such as XRD, XRF, SEM, AFM, FTIR and ISS were utilized to investigate the morphological and surface chemistry features of kaolinite. Surface force measurements revealed that the silica tetrahedral face of kaolinite is negatively charged at pH>4, whereas the alumina octahedral face of kaolinite is positively charged at pH<6, and negatively charged at pH>8. Based on electrophoresis measurements, the apparent iso-electric point for kaolinite particles was determined to be less than pH 3. In contrast, the point of zero charge was determined to be pH 4.5 by titration techniques, which corresponds to the iso-electric point of between pH 4 and 5 as determined by surface force measurements. Results from kaolinite particle interactions indicate that the silica face--alumina face interaction is dominant for kaolinite particle aggregation at low and intermediate pH values, which explains the maximum shear yield stress at pH 5-5.5. Lattice resolution images reveal the hexagonal lattice structure of these two face surfaces of kaolinite. Analysis of the silica face of kaolinite showed that the center of the hexagonal ring of oxygen atoms is vacant, whereas the alumina face showed that the hexagonal surface lattice ring of hydroxyls surround another hydroxyl in the center of the ring. High resolution transmission electron microscopy investigation of kaolinite has indicated that kaolinite is indeed composed of silica/alumina bilayers with a c-spacing of 7.2 A. The surface charge densities of the silica face, the alumina face and the edge surface of kaolinite all influence particle interactions, and thereby affect the mechanical properties of kaolinite suspensions. The improved knowledge of kaolinite surface chemistry from this dissertation research provides a foundation for the development of improved process strategies for both the use and disposal of clay particles such as kaolinite.

34 CFR 645.20 - How many applications for an Upward Bound award may an eligible applicant submit?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Upward Bound project, an Upward Bound Math and Science Center, or a Veterans Upward Bound project... additional application describes a project that serves a different participant population. (b) Each...

Effect of surface treatments on the bond strengths of facing composite resins to zirconia copings.

PubMed

Tsumita, M; Kokubo, Y; Kano, T

2012-09-01

The present study evaluated and compared the bond strength between zirconia and facing composite resin using different surface conditioning methods before and after thermocycling. Four primers, three opaque resins, and two facing composite resins were used, and 10 surface treatment procedures were conducted. The bond strength was measured before and after 4,000 cycles of thermocycling. The mean values of each group were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The bond strengths of facing composite resins to zirconia after various treatments varied depending on the primers, opaque resins, body resins, and thermocycling. The application of primers and opaque resins to the zirconia surface after sandblasting is expected to yield strong bond strength of the facing composite resin (Estenia CG&B) even after thermocycling.

75 FR 51171 - Amendment of Class D and Class E Airspace; Kaneohe, HI

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-19

...; Airspace Docket No. 10-AWP-10] Amendment of Class D and Class E Airspace; Kaneohe, HI AGENCY: Federal... Class D and Class E airspace at Kaneohe Bay Marine Corps Air Station (MCAS), Kaneohe, HI. The FAA is... airspace and Class E airspace upward from 700 feet above the surface at Kaneohe Bay MCAS, Kaneohe Bay, HI...

75 FR 57373 - Amendment to Class D Airspace; Miami Opa Locka Airport, FL, and Hollywood, FL

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-21

... administrative change, and does not involve a change in the dimensions or operating requirements of that airspace...[deg]14'26'' W.) That airspace extending upward from the surface to and including 2,500 feet MSL within... feet MSL within a 4-mile radius of the North Perry Airport; excluding the portion north of the north...

Measurements of upward turbulent ozone fluxes above a subalpine spruce-fir forest

Treesearch

Karl Zeller; Ted Hehn

1996-01-01

High rural concentrations of ozone (O3) are thought to be either stratospheric in origin, advected from upwind urban sources, or photochemically generated locally as a result of natural trace gas emissions. Ozone is known to be transported vertically downward from the above-canopy atmospheric surface layer and destroyed within stomata or on other biological and mineral...

76 FR 18040 - Amendment of Class E Airspace; West Yellowstone, MT

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-01

... reference action under 1 CFR Part 51, subject to the annual revision of FAA Order 7400.9 and publication of... CLASS A, B, C, D AND E AIRSPACE AREAS; AIR TRAFFIC SERVICE ROUTES; AND REPORTING POINTS 0 1. The... follows: Paragraph 6005 Class E airspace areas extending upward from 700 feet or more above the surface of...

Infants & Toddlers: "Baby Moves"

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Honig, Alice Sterling

2007-01-01

By three to four months of age, most babies placed on their tummies on a safe, warm surface push down with their arms and raise their chests, so that they can turn their heads to look about at the world around them. By five months, babies stretch both feet and hands upward in order to swipe at interesting mobiles placed overhead. At seven to nine…

78 FR 72007 - Establishment of Class E Airspace; McConnellsburg, PA

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-12-02

... mile radius of the point in space coordinates for Fulton County Medical Center Heliport, providing the...: Paragraph 6005 Class E Airspace Areas Extending Upward from 700 feet or More Above the Surface of the Earth...., long. 78[deg]00'27'' W.) Point in Space Coordinates (Lat. 39[deg]55'25'' N., long. 78[deg]00'26'' W...

A post-processing study on aluminum surface by fiber laser: Removing face milling patterns

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kayahan, Ersin

2018-05-01

The face milling process of the metal surface is a well-known machining process of using rotary cutters to remove material from a workpiece. Flat metal surfaces can be produced by a face milling process. However, in practice, visible, traced marks following the motion of points on the cutter's face are usually apparent. In this study, it was shown that milled patterns can be removed by means of 20 W fiber laser on the aluminum surface (AA7075). Experimental results also showed that roughened and hydrophobic surface can be produced with optimized laser parameters. It is a new approach to remove the patterns from the metal surface and can be explained through roughening by re-melting instead of ablation. The new method is a strong candidate to replace sandblasting the metal surface. It is also cheap and environmentally friendly.

Annual and interannual variations of phytoplankton pigment concentration and upwelling along the Pacific equator

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Halpern, David; Feldman, Gene C.

1994-01-01

The following variables along the Pacific equator from 145 deg E to 95 deg W were employed: surface layer phytoplankton pigment concentrations derived from Nimbus 7 coastal zone color scanner (CZCS) measurements of ocean color radiances; vertical velocities simulated at the 90-m bottom of the euphotic layer from a wind-driven ocean general circulation model; and nitrate concentrations estimated from model-simulated temperature. The upward flux of nitrate into the euphotic layer was calculated from the simulated vertical motion and nitrate concentration. The CZCS-derived phytoplankton pigment concentration was uniform from 175 deg to 95 deg W. Longitudinal profiles of upwelling, phytoplankton biomass, and 90-m nitrate flux were of different shapes. The small annual cycles of the phytoplankton pigment and nitrate flux were in phase: increased phytoplankton biomass was associated with increased upward nitrate flux, but the phase was not consistent with the annual cycles of the easterly wind or of the upwelling intensity. Variation of phytoplankton pigment concentration was greater during El Nino than during the annual cycle. The substantially reduced phytoplankton pigment concentration observed during El Nino was associated with smaller upward nitrate flux. Phytoplankton biomass during non-El Nino conditions was not related to nitrate flux into the euphotic layer.

Deep arid system hydrodynamics 1. Equilibrium states and response times in thick desert vadose zones

USGS Publications Warehouse

Walvoord, Michelle Ann; Plummer, Mitchell A.; Phillips, Fred M.; Wolfsberg, Andrew V.

2002-01-01

Quantifying moisture fluxes through deep desert soils remains difficult because of the small magnitude of the fluxes and the lack of a comprehensive model to describe flow and transport through such dry material. A particular challenge for such a model is reproducing both observed matric potential and chloride profiles. We propose a conceptual model for flow in desert vadose zones that includes isothermal and nonisothermal vapor transport and the role of desert vegetation in supporting a net upward moisture flux below the root zone. Numerical simulations incorporating this conceptual model match typical matric potential and chloride profiles. The modeling approach thereby reconciles the paradox between the recognized importance of plants, upward driving forces, and vapor flow processes in desert vadose zones and the inadequacy of the downward‐only liquid flow assumption of the conventional chloride mass balance approach. Our work shows that water transport in thick desert vadose zones at steady state is usually dominated by upward vapor flow and that long response times, of the order of 104–105 years, are required to equilibrate to existing arid surface conditions. Simulation results indicate that most thick desert vadose zones have been locked in slow drying transients that began in response to a climate shift and establishment of desert vegetation many thousands of years ago.

Apparatus for diffusion-gap thermal desalination

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lowenstein, Andrew

A thermal distillation apparatus including evaporation surfaces that are wetted with a solution, and from which at least some of the volatile solvent contained in the solution evaporates, condensers having an external surface in close proximity to, but not touching, a corresponding one of the one or more evaporation surfaces, and on which vapors of the solvent condense, releasing thermal energy that heats a flow of the solution moving upward within the condensers, spacers that prevent contact between the evaporating surfaces and the condensers, wherein spaces between the evaporating surfaces and the condensers are filled with a gaseous mixture composedmore » of solvent vapor and one or more non-condensable gases, and except for diffusion of the solvent vapor relative to the non-condensable gases, the gaseous mixture is stationary.« less

Developmental prosopagnosia and super-recognition: no special role for surface reflectance processing.

PubMed

Russell, Richard; Chatterjee, Garga; Nakayama, Ken

2012-01-01

Face recognition by normal subjects depends in roughly equal proportions on shape and surface reflectance cues, while object recognition depends predominantly on shape cues. It is possible that developmental prosopagnosics are deficient not in their ability to recognize faces per se, but rather in their ability to use reflectance cues. Similarly, super-recognizers' exceptional ability with face recognition may be a result of superior surface reflectance perception and memory. We tested this possibility by administering tests of face perception and face recognition in which only shape or reflectance cues are available to developmental prosopagnosics, super-recognizers, and control subjects. Face recognition ability and the relative use of shape and pigmentation were unrelated in all the tests. Subjects who were better at using shape or reflectance cues were also better at using the other type of cue. These results do not support the proposal that variation in surface reflectance perception ability is the underlying cause of variation in face recognition ability. Instead, these findings support the idea that face recognition ability is related to neural circuits using representations that integrate shape and pigmentation information. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Estimation of Multiple Parameters over Vegetated Surfaces by Integrating Optical-Thermal Remote Sensing Observations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ma, H.

2016-12-01

Land surface parameters from remote sensing observations are critical in monitoring and modeling of global climate change and biogeochemical cycles. Current methods for estimating land surface parameters are generally parameter-specific algorithms and are based on instantaneous physical models, which result in spatial, temporal and physical inconsistencies in current global products. Besides, optical and Thermal Infrared (TIR) remote sensing observations are usually separated to use based on different models , and the Middle InfraRed (MIR) observations have received little attention due to the complexity of the radiometric signal that mixes both reflected and emitted fluxes. In this paper, we proposed a unified algorithm for simultaneously retrieving a total of seven land surface parameters, including Leaf Area Index (LAI), Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR), land surface albedo, Land Surface Temperature (LST), surface emissivity, downward and upward longwave radiation, by exploiting remote sensing observations from visible to TIR domain based on a common physical Radiative Transfer (RT) model and a data assimilation framework. The coupled PROSPECT-VISIR and 4SAIL RT model were used for canopy reflectance modeling. At first, LAI was estimated using a data assimilation method that combines MODIS daily reflectance observation and a phenology model. The estimated LAI values were then input into the RT model to simulate surface spectral emissivity and surface albedo. Besides, the background albedo and the transmittance of solar radiation, and the canopy albedo were also calculated to produce FAPAR. Once the spectral emissivity of seven MODIS MIR to TIR bands were retrieved, LST can be estimated from the atmospheric corrected surface radiance by exploiting an optimization method. At last, the upward longwave radiation were estimated using the retrieved LST, broadband emissivity (converted from spectral emissivity) and the downward longwave radiation (modeled by MODTRAN). These seven parameters were validated over several representative sites with different biome type, and compared with MODIS and GLASS product. Results showed that this unified inversion algorithm can retrieve temporally complete and physical consistent land surface parameters with high accuracy.

Are face representations depth cue invariant?

PubMed

Dehmoobadsharifabadi, Armita; Farivar, Reza

2016-06-01

The visual system can process three-dimensional depth cues defining surfaces of objects, but it is unclear whether such information contributes to complex object recognition, including face recognition. The processing of different depth cues involves both dorsal and ventral visual pathways. We investigated whether facial surfaces defined by individual depth cues resulted in meaningful face representations-representations that maintain the relationship between the population of faces as defined in a multidimensional face space. We measured face identity aftereffects for facial surfaces defined by individual depth cues (Experiments 1 and 2) and tested whether the aftereffect transfers across depth cues (Experiments 3 and 4). Facial surfaces and their morphs to the average face were defined purely by one of shading, texture, motion, or binocular disparity. We obtained identification thresholds for matched (matched identity between adapting and test stimuli), non-matched (non-matched identity between adapting and test stimuli), and no-adaptation (showing only the test stimuli) conditions for each cue and across different depth cues. We found robust face identity aftereffect in both experiments. Our results suggest that depth cues do contribute to forming meaningful face representations that are depth cue invariant. Depth cue invariance would require integration of information across different areas and different pathways for object recognition, and this in turn has important implications for cortical models of visual object recognition.

Effect of aerosol variation on radiance in the earth's atmosphere-ocean system.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Plass, G. N.; Kattawar, G. W.

1972-01-01

Calculation of the radiance at the top and bottom of the atmosphere with a realistic model of both the atmosphere and ocean. It is found that the upward flux at the top of the atmosphere, as well as the angular distribution of the radiation, changes appreciably as the aerosol amount increases from normal to ten times normal. At the same time, the upward and downward radiance just above the ocean surface undergoes important changes. The radiance does not change appreciably with variations in the aerosol distribution with height so long as the total aerosol amount remains constant. Similarly, changes in the ozone amount cause only small changes in the radiance at the wavelengths considered (0.7, 0.9, and 1.67 micron). Very little radiation returns to the atmosphere from the ocean at 0.9 and 1.67 micron because of the high absorption of water at these wavelengths.

Effects of Shoulder Flexion Loaded by an Elastic Tubing Band on EMG Activity of the Gluteal Muscles during Squat Exercises

PubMed Central

Kang, Min-Hyeok; Jang, Jun-Hyeok; Kim, Tae-Hoon; Oh, Jae-Seop

2014-01-01

[Purpose] We investigated the effects of shoulder flexion loaded by an elastic tubing band during squat exercises, by assessing electromyographic activities of the gluteus maximus and gluteus medius. [Subjects] In total, 17 healthy males were recruited. [Methods] Participants performed squat exercises with and without shoulder flexion loaded by a tubing band. Gluteal muscle activities during the downward and upward phases of the squat exercises were recorded using a surface electromyography (EMG) system. The mean electromyographic activities of the gluteal muscles during squat exercises with and without loaded shoulder flexion were compared using the paired t-test. [Results] Electromyographic activities of the gluteus maximus and gluteus medius were greater in both the upward and downward phases of the squat with loaded shoulder flexion. [Conclusions] The combination of squat and loaded shoulder flexion can be an effective exercise for increasing gluteal muscle activity. PMID:25435701

An experimental study of the transient regime to fluidized chimney in a granular medium

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Philippe, Pierre; Mena, Sarah; Brunier-Coulin, Florian; Curtis, Jennifer

2017-06-01

Localized fluidization within a granular packing along an almost cylindrical chimney is observed when an upward fluid-flow, injected through a small port diameter, exceeds a critical flow-rate. Once this threshold reached, a fluidized area is first initiated in the close vicinity of the injection hole before gradually growing upward to the top surface of the granular layer. In this work, we present an experimental investigation specifically dedicated to the kinetics of chimney fluidization in an immersed granular bed. Two different transient regimes are identified depending on wether the expansion of the fluidized area is rather fast and regular, reaching the final chimney state typically in less than 10 seconds, or, on the contrary, slow and very progressively accelerated, giving rise to transient duration up to 1 hour or even more. Some systematic investigations allow to propose several empirical scaling relations for the kinetics of chimney fluidization in the fast regular regime.

Biogenic methane, hydrogen escape, and the irreversible oxidation of early Earth.

PubMed

Catling, D C; Zahnle, K J; McKay, C

2001-08-03

The low O2 content of the Archean atmosphere implies that methane should have been present at levels approximately 10(2) to 10(3) parts per million volume (ppmv) (compared with 1.7 ppmv today) given a plausible biogenic source. CH4 is favored as the greenhouse gas that countered the lower luminosity of the early Sun. But abundant CH4 implies that hydrogen escapes to space (upward arrow space) orders of magnitude faster than today. Such reductant loss oxidizes the Earth. Photosynthesis splits water into O2 and H, and methanogenesis transfers the H into CH4. Hydrogen escape after CH4 photolysis, therefore, causes a net gain of oxygen [CO2 + 2H2O --> CH4 + 2O2 --> CO2 + O2 + 4H(upward arrow space)]. Expected irreversible oxidation (approximately 10(12) to 10(13) moles oxygen per year) may help explain how Earth's surface environment became irreversibly oxidized.

Radiance distribution over a ruffled sea: contributions from glitter, sky, and ocean.

PubMed

Plass, G N; Kattawar, G W; Guinn, J A

1976-12-01

The upward radiance just above the ocean surface and at the top of the atmosphere is calculated for a realistic model including an ocean surface with waves. The separate contributions of the sun glitter, the reflected sky radiance, and the upwelling photons from the ocean are calculated. The Monte Carlo method takes account of both Rayleigh scattering by the molecules and Mie scattering by the aerosols as well as molecular and aerosol absorption in the atmosphere. Similarly, in the ocean, both Rayleigh scattering by the water molecules and Mie scattering by the hydrosols as well as absorption by the water molecules and hydrosols are considered. Separate single-scattering functions are used for the aerosols and hydrosols calculated from the Mie theory. Both the reflected and refracted rays, as well as the rays that undergo total internal reflection, are followed at the ocean surface. The wave slope is chosen from the Cox-Munk distribution. The upward radiance just above the ocean surface outside of the sun glitter region is dominated by the reflected sky radiation from the horizon to a nadir angle of observation of from 68 degrees to 23 degrees depending on the azimuthal angle and the solar zenith angle; the upwelling photons from the ocean dominate over the remainder of the hemisphere, except in the region of the sun glitter which centers around the mirror image of the sun on a calm ocean. It is possible to answer various questions about the interaction of light with the ocean from the quantitative results presented here.

Trend surface models in the representation and analysis of time factors in cancer mortality.

PubMed

Cislaghi, C; Negri, E; La Vecchia, C; Levi, F

1990-01-01

A method of graphic representation of time factors in cancer mortality is presented, based on different tonalities of grey applied to the surface of the matrix defined by various age-specific rates. It is illustrated using mortality data from cancers of the mouth or pharynx, oesophagus, larynx and lung in Italian and Swiss males. Progressively more complex regression surface equations are defined, on the basis of two independent variables (age and cohort) and a dependent one (each age-specific rate). General patterns of trends were thus identified, showing important similarities in cohort and period effects, but also noticeable differences in time-related factors in mortality from various neoplasms of the upper digestive and respiratory tract. For instance, there were declines in mortality from cancers of the mouth or pharynx in the oldest age groups, whereas rates were appreciably upwards at younger and middle age, particularly in Italy. Likewise, cancers of the oesophagus and, chiefly, of the larynx were substantially increasing, on a cohort basis, in oldest Italian males. Temporal pattern for laryngeal cancer in Italy was similar to that of lung cancer, thus suggesting that (cigarette) smoking has a greater impact on this cancer site as compared with alcohol. However, it is difficult to explain, on this basis alone, the totally diverging pattern for cancer of the larynx (downwards) and of the lung (upwards) observed among older Swiss males. These examples indicate that trend surface models are a useful summary guide to illustrate and understand the general patterns of age, period and cohort effects in cancer mortality.

Interaction transfer of silicon atoms forming Co silicide for Co/√(3)×√(3)R30°-Ag/Si(111) and related magnetic properties

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chang, Cheng-Hsun-Tony; Fu, Tsu-Yi; Tsay, Jyh-Shen, E-mail: jstsay@phy.ntnu.edu.tw

Combined scanning tunneling microscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, and surface magneto-optic Kerr effect studies were employed to study the microscopic structures and magnetic properties for ultrathin Co/√(3)×√(3)R30°-Ag/Si(111). As the annealing temperature increases, the upward diffusion of Si atoms and formation of Co silicides occurs at temperature above 400 K. Below 600 K, the √(3)×√(3)R30°-Ag/Si(111) surface structure persists. We propose an interaction transferring mechanism of Si atoms across the √(3)×√(3)R30°-Ag layer. The upward transferred Si atoms react with Co atoms to form Co silicide. The step height across the edge of the island, a separation of 0.75 nm from the analysis of the 2 × 2 structure,more » and the calculations of the normalized Auger signal serve as strong evidences for the formation of CoSi{sub 2} at the interface. The interaction transferring mechanism for Si atoms enhances the possibility of interactions between Co and Si atoms. The smoothness of the surface is advantage for that the easy axis of magnetization for Co/√(3)×√(3)R30°-Ag/Si(111) is in the surface plane. This provides a possible way of growing flat magnetic layers on silicon substrate with controllable silicide formation and shows potential applications in spintronics devices.« less

China's rise as a major contributor to science and technology.

PubMed

Xie, Yu; Zhang, Chunni; Lai, Qing

2014-07-01

In the past three decades, China has become a major contributor to science and technology. China now employs an increasingly large labor force of scientists and engineers at relatively high earnings and produces more science and engineering degrees than the United States at all levels, particularly bachelor's. China's research and development expenditure has been rising. Research output in China has been sharply increasing since 2002, making China the second largest producer of scientific papers after the United States. The quality of research by Chinese scientists has also been improving steadily. However, China's rise in science also faces serious difficulties, partly attributable to its rigid, top-down administrative system, with allegations of scientific misconduct trending upward.

Solar powered fishing lure

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Buchanan, B.J.

1986-12-02

This patent describes a solar powered fishing lure, comprising (a) a lure body carried on a fishing line proximate a hook, to be pulled in the water, (b) a solar cell on the body and proximate one side thereof to receive sunlight transmitted in the water and develop electrical power, and means carried by the body and receiving power from the cell to provide an output which tends to attract fish to the lure, (c) and means on the lure to cause the lure to cooperate with water flowing relatively past the lure to cause the front of the linemore » to be elevated relative to the rear of the lure, and the cell to face upwardly.« less

Drop Impact on Superheated Surfaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tran, Tuan; Staat, Hendrik J. J.; Prosperetti, Andrea; Sun, Chao; Lohse, Detlef

2012-01-01

At the impact of a liquid droplet on a smooth surface heated above the liquid’s boiling point, the droplet either immediately boils when it contacts the surface (“contact boiling”), or without any surface contact forms a Leidenfrost vapor layer towards the hot surface and bounces back (“gentle film boiling”), or both forms the Leidenfrost layer and ejects tiny droplets upward (“spraying film boiling”). We experimentally determine conditions under which impact behaviors in each regime can be realized. We show that the dimensionless maximum spreading γ of impacting droplets on the heated surfaces in both gentle and spraying film boiling regimes shows a universal scaling with the Weber number We (γ˜We2/5), which is much steeper than for the impact on nonheated (hydrophilic or hydrophobic) surfaces (γ˜We1/4). We also interferometrically measure the vapor thickness under the droplet.

Gas hydrate decomposition recorded by authigenic barite at pockmark sites of the northern Congo Fan

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kasten, Sabine; Nöthen, Kerstin; Hensen, Christian; Spieß, Volkhard; Blumenberg, Martin; Schneider, Ralph R.

2012-12-01

The geochemical cycling of barium was investigated in sediments of pockmarks of the northern Congo Fan, characterized by surface and subsurface gas hydrates, chemosynthetic fauna, and authigenic carbonates. Two gravity cores retrieved from the so-called Hydrate Hole and Worm Hole pockmarks were examined using high-resolution pore-water and solid-phase analyses. The results indicate that, although gas hydrates in the study area are stable with respect to pressure and temperature, they are and have been subject to dissolution due to methane-undersaturated pore waters. The process significantly driving dissolution is the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) above the shallowest hydrate-bearing sediment layer. It is suggested that episodic seep events temporarily increase the upward flux of methane, and induce hydrate formation close to the sediment surface. AOM establishes at a sediment depth where the upward flux of methane from the uppermost hydrate layer counterbalances the downward flux of seawater sulfate. After seepage ceases, AOM continues to consume methane at the sulfate/methane transition (SMT) above the hydrates, thereby driving the progressive dissolution of the hydrates "from above". As a result the SMT migrates downward, leaving behind enrichments of authigenic barite and carbonates that typically precipitate at this biogeochemical reaction front. Calculation of the time needed to produce the observed solid-phase barium enrichments above the present-day depths of the SMT served to track the net downward migration of the SMT and to estimate the total time of hydrate dissolution in the recovered sediments. Methane fluxes were higher, and the SMT was located closer to the sediment surface in the past at both sites. Active seepage and hydrate formation are inferred to have occurred only a few thousands of years ago at the Hydrate Hole site. By contrast, AOM-driven hydrate dissolution as a consequence of an overall net decrease in upward methane flux seems to have persisted for a considerably longer time at the Worm Hole site, amounting to a few tens of thousands of years.

Convective sources of trajectories traversing the tropical tropopause layer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tissier, Ann-Sophie; Legras, Bernard

2016-03-01

Transit properties across the tropical tropopause layer are studied using extensive forward and backward Lagrangian diabatic trajectories between cloud tops and the reference surface 380 K. After dividing the tropical domain into 11 subregions according to the distribution of land and convection, we estimate the contribution of each region to the upward mass flux across the 380 K surface and to the vertical distribution of convective sources and transit times over the period 2005-2008. The good agreement between forward and backward statistics is the basis of the results presented here. It is found that about 85 % of the tropical parcels at 380 K originate from convective sources throughout the year. From November to April, the sources are dominated by the warm pool which accounts for up to 70 % of the upward flux. During boreal summer, the Asian monsoon region is the largest contributor with similar contributions from the maritime and continental parts of the region; however, the vertical distributions and transit times associated with these two subregions are very different. Convective sources are generally higher over the continental part of the Asian monsoon region, with shorter transit times. We estimate the monthly averaged upward mass flux on the 380 K surface and show that the contribution from convective outflow accounts for 80 % on average and explains most of its seasonal variations. The largest contributor to the convective flux is the South Asian Pacific region (warm pool) at 39 % throughout the year followed by oceanic regions surrounding continental Asia at 18 % and Africa at 10.8 %. Continental Asian lowlands account for 8 %. The Tibetan Plateau is a minor overall contributor (0.8 %), but transport from convective sources in this region is very efficient due to its central location beneath the Asian upper level anticyclone. The core results are robust to uncertainties in data and methods, but the vertical source distributions and transit times exhibit some sensitivity to the representations of cloud tops and heating rates. The main sensitivity is to the radiative heating rates which vary among reanalyses.

Advanced Face Gear Surface Durability Evaluations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lewicki, David G.; Heath, Gregory F.

2016-01-01

The surface durability life of helical face gears and isotropic super-finished (ISF) face gears was investigated. Experimental fatigue tests were performed at the NASA Glenn Research Center. Endurance tests were performed on 10 sets of helical face gears in mesh with tapered involute helical pinions, and 10 sets of ISF-enhanced straight face gears in mesh with tapered involute spur pinions. The results were compared to previous tests on straight face gears. The life of the ISF configuration was slightly less than that of previous tests on straight face gears. The life of the ISF configuration was slightly greater than that of the helical configuration.

78 FR 54459 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Submission to the Office of Management and Budget for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-09-04

... Upward Bound Math Science Annual Performance Report AGENCY: Office of Postsecondary Education (OPE... Upward Bound Math Science Annual Performance Report. OMB Control Number: 1840-NEW. Type of Review: New... Upward Bound (UB) and Upward Bound Math and Science (UBMS) Programs. The Department is requesting a new...

Privacy Impact Assessment for the TRIO Programs Annual Performance Report (APR) System

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

US Department of Education, 2008

2008-01-01

The TRIO Programs Annual Performance Report (APR) System collects individual student records on individuals served by the following Federal TRIO Programs: Upward Bound (which includes regular Upward Bound (UB), Upward Bound Math-Science (UBMS), and Veterans Upward Bound (VUB)); Student Support Services (SSS); and the Ronald E. McNair Post…

How Upward Moral Comparison Influences Prosocial Behavioral Intention: Examining the Mediating Role of Guilt and the Moderating Role of Moral Identity.

PubMed

Zhang, Heyun; Chen, Sisi; Wang, Rong; Jiang, Jiang; Xu, Yan; Zhao, Huanhuan

2017-01-01

Although it has been shown that exceptional good deeds exert influences on people's prosocial behavior and intention, we have known little about how common moral actions in our daily life. The present study aimed to examine how upward moral comparison influenced prosocial behavioral intention as well as to explore the mediating role of guilt and the moderating role of moral identity in the focal relationship. An experimental study was conducted with 162 Chinese undergraduates (103 women, 59 men) randomly assigned to an upward moral comparison condition, an upward competence comparison condition or a control condition. Results indicated that participants in the upward moral comparison condition experienced higher levels of guilt and exhibited stronger motivation to act prosocially, relative to participants in the other two conditions. That is to say, upward moral comparison induces guilty experience, and then increases people's prosocial behavioral intention. Moreover, we have found that moral identity internalization moderates the upward moral comparison-guilt relationship, and the indirect effect of upward moral comparison on prosocial behavioral intention via guilt. The implications of these findings were discussed.

Dual-Polarization Radar Observations of Upward Lightning-Producing Storms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lueck, R.; Helsdon, J. H.; Warner, T.

2013-12-01

The Upward Lightning Triggering Study (UPLIGHTS) seeks to determine how upward lightning, which originates from the tips of tall objects, is triggered by nearby flash activity. As a component of this study we analyze standard and dual-polarization weather radar data. The Correlation Coefficient (CC) in particular can be used to identify and quantify the melting layer associated with storms that produce upward lightning. It has been proposed that positive charge generation due to aggregate shedding at the melting layer results in a positive charge region just above the cloud base. This positive charge region may serve as a positive potential well favorable for negative leader propagation, which initiate upward positive leaders from tall objects. We characterize the horizontal coverage, thickness and height of the melting layer in addition to cloud base heights when upward lightning occurs to determine trends and possible threshold criteria relating to upward lightning production. Furthermore, we characterize storm type and morphology using relevant schemes as well as precipitation type using the Hydrometer Classification Algorithm (HCA) for upward lightning-producing storms. Ice-phase hydrometeors have been shown to be a significant factor in thunderstorm electrification. Only a small fraction of storms produce upward lightning, so null cases will be examined and compared as well.

Mechanical spin bearings

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Vranish, John M. (Inventor)

1998-01-01

A spin bearing assembly including, a pair of mutually opposing complementary bearing support members having mutually spaced apart bearing support surfaces which may be, for example, bearing races and a set of spin bearings located therebetween. Each spin bearing includes a pair of end faces, a central rotational axis passing through the end faces, a waist region substantially mid-way between the end faces and having a first thickness dimension, and discrete side surface regions located between the waist region and the end faces and having a second thickness dimension different from the first thickness dimension of the waist region and wherein the side surface regions further have respective curvilinear contact surfaces adapted to provide a plurality of bearing contact points on the bearing support members.

A Quantitative Approach to Determining the Ideal Female Lip Aesthetic and Its Effect on Facial Attractiveness.

PubMed

Popenko, Natalie A; Tripathi, Prem B; Devcic, Zlatko; Karimi, Koohyar; Osann, Kathryn; Wong, Brian J F

2017-07-01

Aesthetic proportions of the lips and their effect on facial attractiveness are poorly defined. Established guidelines would aid practitioners in achieving optimal aesthetic outcomes during cosmetic augmentation. To assess the most attractive lip dimensions of white women based on attractiveness ranking of surface area, ratio of upper to lower lip, and dimensions of the lip surface area relative to the lower third of the face. In phase 1 of this study, synthetic morph frontal digital images of the faces of 20 white women ages 18 to 25 years old were used to generate 5 varied lip surface areas for each face. These 100 faces were cardinally ranked by attractiveness through our developed conventional and internet-based focus groups by 150 participants. A summed ranking score of each face was plotted to quantify the most attractive surface area. In phase 2 of the study, 4 variants for each face were created with 15 of the most attractive images manipulating upper to lower lip ratios while maintaining the most attractive surface area from phase 1. A total of 60 faces were created, and each ratio was ranked by attractiveness by 428 participants (internet-based focus groups). In phase 3, the surface area from the most attractive faces was used to determine the total lip surface area relative to the lower facial third. Data were collected from March 1 to November 31, 2010, and analyzed from June 1 to October 31, 2016. Most attractive lip surface area, ratio of upper to lower lip, and dimension of the lips relative to the lower facial third. In phase 1, all 100 faces were cardinally ranked by 150 individuals (internet-based focus groups [n = 130] and raters from conventional focus groups [conventional raters] [n = 20]). In phase 2, all 60 faces were cardinally ranked by 428 participants (internet-based focus groups [n = 408] and conventional raters [n = 20]). The surface area that corresponded to the range of 2.0 to 2.5 × 104 pixels represented the highest summed rank, generating a pool of 14 images. This surface area was determined to be the most attractive and corresponded to a 53.5% increase in surface area from the original image. With the highest mean and highest proportions of most attractive rankings, the 1:2 ratio was deemed most attractive. Conversely, the ratio of 2:1 was deemed least attractive, having the lowest mean at 1.61 and the highest proportion of ranks within 1 with 310 votes (72.3%). Using a robust sample size, this study found that the most attractive lip surface area represents a 53.5% increase from baseline, an upper to lower lip ratio of 1:2, and a surface area equal to 9.6% of the lower third of the face. Lip dimensions and ratios derived in this study may provide guidelines in improving overall facial aesthetics and have clinical relevance to the field of facial plastic surgery. NA.

Gas-driven water volcanism in the resurfacing of Europa

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Crawford, Glen D.; Stevenson, David J.

1988-01-01

The creation of pathways for resurfacing of water or volatiles in a model of Europa in which an ocean underlies a thin ice shell is subjected to linear elastic fracture mechanical treatment. The gas-filled portion of the upward-propagating cracks pinches off from the water-filled portion, and may rapidly rise to the surface. The eruption thus generated is at first dominated by gas, but may subsequently include a less extended foam eruption; there may be no direct relationship between this resurfacing phenomenon and the geological features thus far noted on the Europa surface.

Results from the Mars Pathfinder camera.

PubMed

Smith, P H; Bell, J F; Bridges, N T; Britt, D T; Gaddis, L; Greeley, R; Keller, H U; Herkenhoff, K E; Jaumann, R; Johnson, J R; Kirk, R L; Lemmon, M; Maki, J N; Malin, M C; Murchie, S L; Oberst, J; Parker, T J; Reid, R J; Sablotny, R; Soderblom, L A; Stoker, C; Sullivan, R; Thomas, N; Tomasko, M G; Wegryn, E

1997-12-05

Images of the martian surface returned by the Imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP) show a complex surface of ridges and troughs covered by rocks that have been transported and modified by fluvial, aeolian, and impact processes. Analysis of the spectral signatures in the scene (at 440- to 1000-nanometer wavelength) reveal three types of rock and four classes of soil. Upward-looking IMP images of the predawn sky show thin, bluish clouds that probably represent water ice forming on local atmospheric haze (opacity approximately 0.5). Haze particles are about 1 micrometer in radius and the water vapor column abundance is about 10 precipitable micrometers.

Ground albedo neutrons produced by cosmic radiations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kodama, M.

1983-05-01

Day-to-day variations of cosmic-ray-produced neutron fluxes near the earth's ground surface are measured by using three sets of paraffin-moderated BF3 counters, which are installed in different locations, 3 m above ground, ground level, and 20 cm under ground. Neutron flux decreases observed by these counters when snowcover exists show that there are upward-moving neutrons, that is, ground albedo neutron near the ground surface. The amount of albedo neutrons is estimated to be about 40 percent of total neutron flux in the energy range 1-10 to the 6th eV.

Gas-driven water volcanism in the resurfacing of Europa

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Crawford, G.D.; Stevenson, D.J.

1988-01-01

The creation of pathways for resurfacing of water or volatiles in a model of Europa in which an ocean underlies a thin ice shell is subjected to linear elastic fracture mechanical treatment. The gas-filled portion of the upward-propagating cracks pinches off from the water-filled portion, and may rapidly rise to the surface. The eruption thus generated is at first dominated by gas, but may subsequently include a less extended foam eruption; there may be no direct relationship between this resurfacing phenomenon and the geological features thus far noted on the Europa surface. 33 references.

Electron tube

DOEpatents

Suyama, Motohiro [Hamamatsu, JP; Fukasawa, Atsuhito [Hamamatsu, JP; Arisaka, Katsushi [Los Angeles, CA; Wang, Hanguo [North Hills, CA

2011-12-20

An electron tube of the present invention includes: a vacuum vessel including a face plate portion made of synthetic silica and having a surface on which a photoelectric surface is provided, a stem portion arranged facing the photoelectric surface and made of synthetic silica, and a side tube portion having one end connected to the face plate portion and the other end connected to the stem portion and made of synthetic silica; a projection portion arranged in the vacuum vessel, extending from the stem portion toward the photoelectric surface, and made of synthetic silica; and an electron detector arranged on the projection portion, for detecting electrons from the photoelectric surface, and made of silicon.

Multi-Dimensional, Non-Pyrolyzing Ablation Test Problems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Risch, Tim; Kostyk, Chris

2016-01-01

Non-pyrolyzingcarbonaceous materials represent a class of candidate material for hypersonic vehicle components providing both structural and thermal protection system capabilities. Two problems relevant to this technology are presented. The first considers the one-dimensional ablation of a carbon material subject to convective heating. The second considers two-dimensional conduction in a rectangular block subject to radiative heating. Surface thermochemistry for both problems includes finite-rate surface kinetics at low temperatures, diffusion limited ablation at intermediate temperatures, and vaporization at high temperatures. The first problem requires the solution of both the steady-state thermal profile with respect to the ablating surface and the transient thermal history for a one-dimensional ablating planar slab with temperature-dependent material properties. The slab front face is convectively heated and also reradiates to a room temperature environment. The back face is adiabatic. The steady-state temperature profile and steady-state mass loss rate should be predicted. Time-dependent front and back face temperature, surface recession and recession rate along with the final temperature profile should be predicted for the time-dependent solution. The second problem requires the solution for the transient temperature history for an ablating, two-dimensional rectangular solid with anisotropic, temperature-dependent thermal properties. The front face is radiatively heated, convectively cooled, and also reradiates to a room temperature environment. The back face and sidewalls are adiabatic. The solution should include the following 9 items: final surface recession profile, time-dependent temperature history of both the front face and back face at both the centerline and sidewall, as well as the time-dependent surface recession and recession rate on the front face at both the centerline and sidewall. The results of the problems from all submitters will be collected, summarized, and presented at a later conference.

A shape-based account for holistic face processing.

PubMed

Zhao, Mintao; Bülthoff, Heinrich H; Bülthoff, Isabelle

2016-04-01

Faces are processed holistically, so selective attention to 1 face part without any influence of the others often fails. In this study, 3 experiments investigated what type of facial information (shape or surface) underlies holistic face processing and whether generalization of holistic processing to nonexperienced faces requires extensive discrimination experience. Results show that facial shape information alone is sufficient to elicit the composite face effect (CFE), 1 of the most convincing demonstrations of holistic processing, whereas facial surface information is unnecessary (Experiment 1). The CFE is eliminated when faces differ only in surface but not shape information, suggesting that variation of facial shape information is necessary to observe holistic face processing (Experiment 2). Removing 3-dimensional (3D) facial shape information also eliminates the CFE, indicating the necessity of 3D shape information for holistic face processing (Experiment 3). Moreover, participants show similar holistic processing for faces with and without extensive discrimination experience (i.e., own- and other-race faces), suggesting that generalization of holistic processing to nonexperienced faces requires facial shape information, but does not necessarily require further individuation experience. These results provide compelling evidence that facial shape information underlies holistic face processing. This shape-based account not only offers a consistent explanation for previous studies of holistic face processing, but also suggests a new ground-in addition to expertise-for the generalization of holistic processing to different types of faces and to nonface objects. (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved).

Mechanisms of anterior-posterior stability of the knee joint under load-bearing.

PubMed

Reynolds, Ryan J; Walker, Peter S; Buza, John

2017-05-24

The anterior-posterior (AP) stability of the knee is an important aspect of functional performance. Studies have shown that the stability increases when compressive loads are applied, as indicated by reduced laxity, but the mechanism has not been fully explained. A test rig was designed which applied combinations of AP shear and compressive forces, and measured the AP displacements relative to the neutral position. Five knees were evaluated at compressive loads of 0, 250, 500, and 750N, with the knee at 15° flexion. At each load, three cycles of shear force at ±100N were applied. For the intact knee under load, the posterior tibial displacement was close to zero, due to the upward slope of the anterior medial tibial surface. The soft tissues were then resected in sequence to determine their role in AP laxity. After anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) resection, the anterior tibial displacement increased significantly even under load, highlighting its importance in stability. Meniscal resection further increased displacement but also the vertical displacement increased, implying the meniscus was providing a buffering effect. The PCL had no effect on any of the displacements under load. Plowing cartilage deformation and surface friction were negligible. This work highlighted the particular importance of the upward slope of the anterior medial tibial surface and the ACL to AP knee stability under load. The results are relevant to the design of total knees which reproduce anatomic knee stability behavior. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Pulsing Inertial Oscillation, Supercell Storms, and Surface Mesonetwork Data

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Costen, R. C.; Miller, L. J.

1998-01-01

The pulsing inertial oscillation (PIO) model is a nonlinear, time-dependent, translating vortex solution of the inviscid, compressible fluid dynamic equations in the middle troposphere. The translation of this vortex during a pulse is strikingly similar to that of a supercell storm -- a rotating thunderstorm that can generate tornadoes and hail. Two studies were performed to test the hypothesis that some supercell storms are manifestations of a PIO pulse. The first study applied the model to an intense interior draft whose buoyancy was bounded by a temperature excess of +/- 12 K. The peak updraft speed achieved was 41.5 m/ s and the peak Rossby number was 92.9. The study also pointed to an advanced concept for attaining higher values. The second study applied the PIO model to a supercell storm as a whole and succeeded in replicating its bulk properties, such as mesocyclonic circulation, net mass and moisture influxes, and time track. This study also identified a critical feature of the PIO model that could be tested against storm data: The average vertical draft is downward before the turn in the storm track and upward afterwards. In the conventional theory, the average vertical draft is upward from storm inception until dissipation. These differing draft predictions were compared with the best available data, which are surface mesonetwork data. These data were found to support the PIO model. However, surface data alone are not conclusive, and further measurements are warranted.

Electron affinity and surface states of GaN m -plane facets: Implication for electronic self-passivation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Portz, V.; Schnedler, M.; Eisele, H.; Dunin-Borkowski, R. E.; Ebert, Ph.

2018-03-01

The electron affinity and surface states are of utmost importance for designing the potential landscape within (heterojunction) nanowires and hence for tuning conductivity and carrier lifetimes. Therefore, we determined for stoichiometric nonpolar GaN (10 1 ¯0 ) m -plane facets, i.e., the dominating sidewalls of GaN nanowires, the electron affinity to 4.06 ±0.07 eV and the energy of the empty Ga-derived surface state in the band gap to 0.99 ±0.08 eV below the conduction band minimum using scanning tunneling spectroscopy. These values imply that the potential landscape within GaN nanowires is defined by a surface state-induced Fermi-level pinning, creating an upward band bending at the sidewall facets, which provides an electronic passivation.

CLIMATE CHANGE. Possible artifacts of data biases in the recent global surface warming hiatus.

PubMed

Karl, Thomas R; Arguez, Anthony; Huang, Boyin; Lawrimore, Jay H; McMahon, James R; Menne, Matthew J; Peterson, Thomas C; Vose, Russell S; Zhang, Huai-Min

2015-06-26

Much study has been devoted to the possible causes of an apparent decrease in the upward trend of global surface temperatures since 1998, a phenomenon that has been dubbed the global warming "hiatus." Here, we present an updated global surface temperature analysis that reveals that global trends are higher than those reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, especially in recent decades, and that the central estimate for the rate of warming during the first 15 years of the 21st century is at least as great as the last half of the 20th century. These results do not support the notion of a "slowdown" in the increase of global surface temperature. Copyright © 2015, American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Modeling of efficient light extraction in light-pipes through specular surfaces with elliptical and lineal front shapes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sánchez-Guerrero, Guillermo E.; Viera-González, Perla M.; Ceballos-Herrera, Daniel E.; Martínez-Guerra, Edgar

2016-09-01

Extraction light in light-pipes with different specular surfaces was analyzed. In the analysis, the impact of the surface shape in all properties of the extracted light in order to obtain an efficient extraction and a uniform illumination using a LED as light source. Also, several parameters of the specular surface to obtain spatial uniformity inside the light-pipe are considered. In this case, the simulation was made for a rectangular light­pipe. One objective of this work is to compare how the front face shape of the specular surface can affect the extraction of light in the lateral face of the light-pipe, only straight and elliptical front faces were used in this work and the comparison between them at different tilts and lengths were made. The main purpose of the front face was extract the light uniformly at the lateral face and this was done by studying simulations on OpticStudio Zemax. The results show how the extraction length is lower in the elliptical front but its total power performs better than the line front.

Reflectance from images: a model-based approach for human faces.

PubMed

Fuchs, Martin; Blanz, Volker; Lensch, Hendrik; Seidel, Hans-Peter

2005-01-01

In this paper, we present an image-based framework that acquires the reflectance properties of a human face. A range scan of the face is not required. Based on a morphable face model, the system estimates the 3D shape and establishes point-to-point correspondence across images taken from different viewpoints and across different individuals' faces. This provides a common parameterization of all reconstructed surfaces that can be used to compare and transfer BRDF data between different faces. Shape estimation from images compensates deformations of the face during the measurement process, such as facial expressions. In the common parameterization, regions of homogeneous materials on the face surface can be defined a priori. We apply analytical BRDF models to express the reflectance properties of each region and we estimate their parameters in a least-squares fit from the image data. For each of the surface points, the diffuse component of the BRDF is locally refined, which provides high detail. We present results for multiple analytical BRDF models, rendered at novel orientations and lighting conditions.

Connecting meteorology to surface transport in aeolian landscapes: Peering into the boundary layer with Doppler lidar

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gunn, A.; Jerolmack, D. J.; Edmonds, D. A.; Ewing, R. C.; Wanker, M.; David, S. R.

2017-12-01

Aolian sand dunes grow to 100s or 1000s of meters in wavelength by sand saltation, which also produces dust plumes that feed cloud formation and may spread around the world. The relations among sediment transport, landscape dynamics and wind are typically observed at the limiting ends of the relevant range: highly resolved and localized ground observations of turbulence and relevant fluxes; or regional and synoptic-scale meteorology and satellite imagery. Between the geostrophic winds aloft and shearing stress on the Earth's surface is the boundary layer, whose stability and structure determines how momentum is transferred and ultimately entrains sediment. Although the literature on atmospheric boundary layer flows is mature, this understanding is rarely applied to aeolian landscape dynamics. Moreover, there are few vertically and time-resolved datasets of atmospheric boundary layer flows in desert sand seas, where buoyancy effects are most pronounced. Here we employ a ground-based upward-looking doppler lidar to examine atmospheric boundary layer flow at the upwind margin of the White Sands (New Mexico) dune field, providing continuous 3D wind velocity data from the surface to 300-m aloft over 70 days of the characteristically windy spring season. Data show highly resolved daily cyles of convective instabilty due to daytime heating and stable stratification due to nightime cooling which act to enhance or depress, respectively, the surface wind stresses for a given free-stream velocity. Our data implicate convective instability in driving strong saltation and dust emission, because enhanced mixing flattens the vertical velocity profile (raising surface wind speed) while upward advection helps to deliver dust to the high atmosphere. We also find evidence for Ekman spiralling, with a magnitude that depends on atmospheric stability. This spiralling gives rise to a deflection in the direction between geostrophic and surface winds, that is significant for the orientation of dunes.

Discontinuity surfaces in the Lower Cretaceous of the high Andes (Mendoza, Argentina): Trace fossils and environmental implications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mangano, M. G.; Buatois, L. A.

The paleoecologic and paleoenvironmental significance of trace fossils related to discontinuity surfaces in the Lower Cretaceous marine deposits of the Aconcagua area are analysed here. Carbonate-evaporite shoaling-upward cycles, developed by high organic production in a shallow hypersaline restricted environment, make up the section. Two types of cycles are defined, being mainly distinguished by their subtidal unit. Cycle I begins with a highly dolomitized lower subtidal unit (Facies A), followed upward by an intensely bioturbated upper subtidal unit (Facies B). The nodular packstone facies (B 1) is capped by a discontinuity surface (firmground or hardground) and occasionally overlain by an oystreid bed (Facies C). Cycle II is characterized by a pelletoidal subtidal unit (Facies B 2) with an abnormal salinity impoverished fauna. Both cycles end with intertidal to supratidal evaporite deposits (Facies D and E, respectively). Attention is particularly focused on cycle I due to its ichologic content. The mode of preservation and the distribution of trace fossils in nodular packstone facies are controlled by original substrate consolidation. Thalassinoides paradoxicus (pre-omission suite) represents colonization in a soft bottom, while Thalassinoides suevicus (omission suite pre-lithification) is apparently restricted to firm substrates. When consolidation processes are interrupted early, only an embryonic hard-ground that represents a minor halt in sedimentation was developed. Sometimes, consolidation processes continued leading to an intraformational hardground. Colonization by Trypanites solitarius (omission suite post-lithification) and Exogyra-like oystreids possibly characterizes hard substrate stage. When two discontinuity surfaces follow closely, a post-omission suite may be defined in relation to the lower cemented surface. As trace fossils are so closely related to changes in the degree of bottom lithification, they prove to be very useful as indicators of substrate evolution. The presence of discontinuity surfaces, evidenced by trace fossil association, suggests changes of sedimentary rate and environmental conditions that should be taken into account in future studies seeking to erect depositional models for these Cretaceous deposits.

Computing Surface Coordinates Of Face-Milled Spiral-Bevel Gear Teeth

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Handschuh, Robert F.; Litvin, Faydor L.

1995-01-01

Surface coordinates of face-milled spiral-bevel gear teeth computed by method involving numerical solution of governing equations. Needed to generate mathematical models of tooth surfaces for use in finite-element analyses of stresses, strains, and vibrations in meshing spiral-bevel gears.

How Upward Moral Comparison Influences Prosocial Behavioral Intention: Examining the Mediating Role of Guilt and the Moderating Role of Moral Identity

PubMed Central

Zhang, Heyun; Chen, Sisi; Wang, Rong; Jiang, Jiang; Xu, Yan; Zhao, Huanhuan

2017-01-01

Although it has been shown that exceptional good deeds exert influences on people's prosocial behavior and intention, we have known little about how common moral actions in our daily life. The present study aimed to examine how upward moral comparison influenced prosocial behavioral intention as well as to explore the mediating role of guilt and the moderating role of moral identity in the focal relationship. An experimental study was conducted with 162 Chinese undergraduates (103 women, 59 men) randomly assigned to an upward moral comparison condition, an upward competence comparison condition or a control condition. Results indicated that participants in the upward moral comparison condition experienced higher levels of guilt and exhibited stronger motivation to act prosocially, relative to participants in the other two conditions. That is to say, upward moral comparison induces guilty experience, and then increases people's prosocial behavioral intention. Moreover, we have found that moral identity internalization moderates the upward moral comparison-guilt relationship, and the indirect effect of upward moral comparison on prosocial behavioral intention via guilt. The implications of these findings were discussed. PMID:28959221

Morning Transition Tracer Experiments in a Deep Narrow Valley.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Whiteman, C. David

1989-07-01

Three sulfur hexafluoride atmospheric tracer experiments were conducted during the post-sunrise temperature inversion breakup period in the deep, narrow Brush Creek Valley of Colorado. Experiments were conducted under clear, undisturbed weather conditions.A continuous elevated tracer plume was produced along the axis of the valley before sunrise and the behavior of the plume during the inversion breakup period was detected down-valley from the release point using an array of radio-controlled sequential bag samplers, a vertical SF6 profiling system carried on a tethered balloon, two portable gas chromatographs operated on a sidewall of the valley, and a continuous real-time SF6 monitor operated from a research aircraft. Supporting meteorological data came primarily from tethered balloon profilers. The nocturnal elevated plume was carried and diffused in down-valley flows. After sunrise, convective boundary layers grew upward from the sunlit valley surfaces, fumigating the elevated plume onto the valley floor and sidewalls. Upslope flow developed in the growing convective boundary layers, carrying fumigated SF6 up the sidewalls and causing a compensating subsidence over the valley center. High post-sunrise SF6 concentrations were experienced on the northeast-facing sidewall of the northwest-southeast oriented valley as a result of cross-valley flow, which developed due to differential solar heating of the sidewalls. Reversal of the down-valley wind system brought air with lower SF6 concentrations into the lower valley.

Using arm and hand gestures to command robots during stealth operations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stoica, Adrian; Assad, Chris; Wolf, Michael; You, Ki Sung; Pavone, Marco; Huntsberger, Terry; Iwashita, Yumi

2012-06-01

Command of support robots by the warfighter requires intuitive interfaces to quickly communicate high degree-offreedom (DOF) information while leaving the hands unencumbered. Stealth operations rule out voice commands and vision-based gesture interpretation techniques, as they often entail silent operations at night or in other low visibility conditions. Targeted at using bio-signal inputs to set navigation and manipulation goals for the robot (say, simply by pointing), we developed a system based on an electromyography (EMG) "BioSleeve", a high density sensor array for robust, practical signal collection from forearm muscles. The EMG sensor array data is fused with inertial measurement unit (IMU) data. This paper describes the BioSleeve system and presents initial results of decoding robot commands from the EMG and IMU data using a BioSleeve prototype with up to sixteen bipolar surface EMG sensors. The BioSleeve is demonstrated on the recognition of static hand positions (e.g. palm facing front, fingers upwards) and on dynamic gestures (e.g. hand wave). In preliminary experiments, over 90% correct recognition was achieved on five static and nine dynamic gestures. We use the BioSleeve to control a team of five LANdroid robots in individual and group/squad behaviors. We define a gesture composition mechanism that allows the specification of complex robot behaviors with only a small vocabulary of gestures/commands, and we illustrate it with a set of complex orders.

Using Arm and Hand Gestures to Command Robots during Stealth Operations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stoica, Adrian; Assad, Chris; Wolf, Michael; You, Ki Sung; Pavone, Marco; Huntsberger, Terry; Iwashita, Yumi

2012-01-01

Command of support robots by the warfighter requires intuitive interfaces to quickly communicate high degree-of-freedom (DOF) information while leaving the hands unencumbered. Stealth operations rule out voice commands and vision-based gesture interpretation techniques, as they often entail silent operations at night or in other low visibility conditions. Targeted at using bio-signal inputs to set navigation and manipulation goals for the robot (say, simply by pointing), we developed a system based on an electromyography (EMG) "BioSleeve", a high density sensor array for robust, practical signal collection from forearm muscles. The EMG sensor array data is fused with inertial measurement unit (IMU) data. This paper describes the BioSleeve system and presents initial results of decoding robot commands from the EMG and IMU data using a BioSleeve prototype with up to sixteen bipolar surface EMG sensors. The BioSleeve is demonstrated on the recognition of static hand positions (e.g. palm facing front, fingers upwards) and on dynamic gestures (e.g. hand wave). In preliminary experiments, over 90% correct recognition was achieved on five static and nine dynamic gestures. We use the BioSleeve to control a team of five LANdroid robots in individual and group/squad behaviors. We define a gesture composition mechanism that allows the specification of complex robot behaviors with only a small vocabulary of gestures/commands, and we illustrate it with a set of complex orders.

Self-handicapping, excuse making, and counterfactual thinking: consequences for self-esteem and future motivation.

PubMed

McCrea, Sean M

2008-08-01

Researchers interested in counterfactual thinking have often found that upward counterfactual thoughts lead to increased motivation to improve in the future, although at the cost of increased negative affect. The present studies suggest that because upward counterfactual thoughts indicate reasons for a poor performance, they can also serve as excuses. In this case, upward counterfactual thoughts should result in more positive self-esteem and reduced future motivation. Five studies demonstrated these effects in the context of self-handicapping. First, upward counterfactual thinking was increased in the presence of a self-handicap. Second, upward counterfactual thoughts indicating the presence of a self-handicap protected self-esteem following failure. Finally, upward counterfactual thoughts that protect self-esteem reduced preparation for a subsequent performance as well as performance itself. These findings suggest that the consequences of upward counterfactuals for affect and motivation are moderated by the goals of the individual as well as the content of the thoughts. (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved

Removal of atmospheric effects from satellite imagery of the oceans.

PubMed

Gordon, H R

1978-05-15

In attempting to observe the color of the ocean from satellites, it is necessary to remove the effects of atmospheric and sea surface scattering from the upward radiance at high altitude in order to observe only those photons which were backscattered out of the ocean and hence contain information about subsurface conditions. The observations that (1) the upward radiance from the unwanted photons can be divided into those resulting from Rayleigh scattering alone and those resulting from aerosol scattering alone, (2) the aerosol scattering phase function should be nearly independent of wavelength, and (3) the Rayleigh component can be computed without a knowledge of the sea surface roughness are combined to yield an algorithm for removing a large portion of this unwanted radiance from satellite imagery of the ocean. It is assumed that the ocean is totally absorbing in a band of wavelengths around 750 nm and shown that application of the proposed algorithm to correct the radiance at a wavelength lambda requires only the ratio () of the aerosol optical thickness at lambda to that at about 750 nm. The accuracy to which the correction can be made as a function of the accuracy to which can be found is in detail. A possible method of finding from satellite measurements alone is suggested.

Evaporation as the transport mechanism of metals in arid regions.

PubMed

Lima, Ana T; Safar, Zeinab; Loch, J P Gustav

2014-09-01

Soils of arid regions are exposed to drought and drastic temperature oscillations throughout the year. Transport mechanisms in these soils are therefore very different from the ones in temperate regions, where rain dictates the fate of most elements in soils. Due to the low rainfall and high evaporation rates in arid regions, groundwater quality is not threatened and all soil contamination issues tend to be overlooked. But if soil contamination happens, where do contaminants go? This study tests the hypothesis of upward metal movement in soils when evaporation is the main transport mechanism. Laboratory evaporation tests were carried out with heavy metal spiked Saudi soil, using circulation of air as the driving force (Fig. 1). Main results show that loamy soil retains heavy metals quite well while evaporation drives heavy metals to the surface of a sandy soil. Evaporation transports heavy metals upward in sandy soils of arid regions, making them accumulate at the soil surface. Sand being the dominating type of soil in arid regions, soils can then be a potential source of contaminated aerosols and atmospheric pollution - a transboundary problem. Some other repercussions for this problem are foreseen, such as the public ingestion or inhalation of dust. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A geophysical investigation of shallow deformation along an anomalous section of the Wasatch fault zone, Utah, USA

USGS Publications Warehouse

McBride, J.H.; Stephenson, W.J.; Thompson, T.J.; Harper, M.P.; Eipert, A.A.; Hoopes, J.C.; Tingey, D.G.; Keach, R.W.; Okojie-Ayoro, A. O.; Gunderson, K.L.; Meirovitz, C.D.; Hicks, T.C.; Spencer, C.J.; Yaede, J.R.; Worley, D.M.

2008-01-01

We report the results of a geophysical study of the Wasatch fault zone near the Provo and Salt Lake City segment boundary. This area is anomalous because the fault zone strikes more east-west than north-south. Vibroseis was used to record a common mid-point (CMP) profile that provides information to depths of ???500 m. A tomographic velocity model, derived from first breaks, constrained source and receiver static corrections; this was required due to complex terrain and significant lateral velocity contrasts. The profile reveals an ???250-m-wide graben in the hanging wall of the main fault that is associated with both synthetic and antithetic faults. Faults defined by apparent reflector offsets propagate upward toward topographic gradients. Faults mapped from a nearby trench and the seismic profile also appear to correlate with topographic alignments on LiDAR gradient maps. The faults as measured in the trench show a wide range of apparent dips, 20??-90??, and appear to steepen with depth on the seismic section. Although the fault zone is likely composed of numerous small faults, the broad asymmetric structure in the hanging wall is fairly simple and dominated by two inward-facing ruptures. Our results indicate the feasibility of mapping fault zones in rugged terrain and complex near-surface geology using low-frequency vibroseis. Further, the integration of geologic mapping and seismic reflection can extend surface observations in areas where structural deformation is obscured by poorly stratified or otherwise unmappable deposits. Therefore, the vibroseis technique, when integrated with geological information, provides constraints for assessing geologic hazards in areas of potential development.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fu, Congsheng; Wang, Guiling; Goulden, Michael L.

Effects of hydraulic redistribution (HR) on hydrological, biogeochemical, and ecological processes have been demonstrated in the field, but the current generation of standard earth system models does not include a representation of HR. Though recent studies have examined the effect of incorporating HR into land surface models, few (if any) have done cross-site comparisons for contrasting climate regimes and multiple vegetation types via the integration of measurement and modeling. Here, we incorporated the HR scheme of Ryel et al. (2002) into the NCAR Community Land Model Version 4.5 (CLM4.5), and examined the ability of the resulting hybrid model to capture themore » magnitude of HR flux and/or soil moisture dynamics from which HR can be directly inferred, to assess the impact of HR on land surface water and energy budgets, and to explore how the impact may depend on climate regimes and vegetation conditions. Eight AmeriFlux sites with contrasting climate regimes and multiple vegetation types were studied, including the Wind River Crane site in Washington State, the Santa Rita Mesquite savanna site in southern Arizona, and six sites along the Southern California Climate Gradient. HR flux, evapotranspiration (ET), and soil moisture were properly simulated in the present study, even in the face of various uncertainties. Our cross-ecosystem comparison showed that the timing, magnitude, and direction (upward or downward) of HR vary across ecosystems, and incorporation of HR into CLM4.5 improved the model-measurement matches of evapotranspiration, Bowen ratio, and soil moisture particularly during dry seasons. Lastly, our results also reveal that HR has important hydrological impact in ecosystems that have a pronounced dry season but are not overall so dry that sparse vegetation and very low soil moisture limit HR.« less

Combined measurement and modeling of the hydrological impact of hydraulic redistribution using CLM4.5 at eight AmeriFlux sites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fu, Congsheng; Wang, Guiling; Goulden, Michael L.; Scott, Russell L.; Bible, Kenneth; Cardon, Zoe G.

2016-05-01

Effects of hydraulic redistribution (HR) on hydrological, biogeochemical, and ecological processes have been demonstrated in the field, but the current generation of standard earth system models does not include a representation of HR. Though recent studies have examined the effect of incorporating HR into land surface models, few (if any) have done cross-site comparisons for contrasting climate regimes and multiple vegetation types via the integration of measurement and modeling. Here, we incorporated the HR scheme of Ryel et al. (2002) into the NCAR Community Land Model Version 4.5 (CLM4.5), and examined the ability of the resulting hybrid model to capture the magnitude of HR flux and/or soil moisture dynamics from which HR can be directly inferred, to assess the impact of HR on land surface water and energy budgets, and to explore how the impact may depend on climate regimes and vegetation conditions. Eight AmeriFlux sites with contrasting climate regimes and multiple vegetation types were studied, including the Wind River Crane site in Washington State, the Santa Rita Mesquite savanna site in southern Arizona, and six sites along the Southern California Climate Gradient. HR flux, evapotranspiration (ET), and soil moisture were properly simulated in the present study, even in the face of various uncertainties. Our cross-ecosystem comparison showed that the timing, magnitude, and direction (upward or downward) of HR vary across ecosystems, and incorporation of HR into CLM4.5 improved the model-measurement matches of evapotranspiration, Bowen ratio, and soil moisture particularly during dry seasons. Our results also reveal that HR has important hydrological impact in ecosystems that have a pronounced dry season but are not overall so dry that sparse vegetation and very low soil moisture limit HR.

Canopy Flow Analysis Reveals the Advantage of Size in the Oldest Communities of Multicellular Eukaryotes

PubMed Central

Ghisalberti, Marco; Gold, David A.; Laflamme, Marc; Clapham, Matthew E.; Narbonne, Guy M.; Summons, Roger E.; Johnston, David T.; Jacobs, David K.

2015-01-01

Summary At Mistaken Point, Newfoundland, Canada, rangeomorph “fronds” dominate the earliest (579–565 million years ago) fossil communities of large (0.1 to 2 m height) multicellular benthic eukaryotes. They lived in low-flow environments, fueled by uptake [1–3] of dissolved reactants (osmotrophy). However, prokaryotes are effective osmotrophs, and the advantage of taller eukaryotic osmotrophs in this deepwater community context has not been addressed. We reconstructed flow-velocity profiles and vertical mixing using canopy flow models appropriate to the densities of the observed communities. Further modeling of processes at organismal surfaces documents increasing uptake with height in the community as a function of thinning of the diffusive boundary layer with increased velocity. The velocity profile, produced by canopy flow in the community, generates this advantage of upward growth. Alternative models of upward growth advantage based on redox/resource gradients fail, given the efficiency of vertical mixing. In benthic communities of osmotrophs of sufficient density, access to flow in low-flow settings provides an advantage to taller architecture, providing a selectional driver for communities of tall eukaryotes in contexts where phototropism cannot contribute to upward growth. These Ediacaran deep-sea fossils were preserved during the increasing oxygenation prior to the Cambrian radiation of animals and likely represent an important phase in the ecological and evolutionary transition to more complex eukaryotic forms. PMID:24462003

Effect of surface site interactions on potentiometric titration of hematite (α-Fe2O3) crystal faces.

PubMed

Chatman, Shawn; Zarzycki, P; Preočanin, T; Rosso, K M

2013-02-01

Time dependent potentiometric pH titrations were used to study the effect of atomic scale surface structure on the protonation behavior of the structurally well-defined hematite/electrolyte interfaces. Our recently proposed thermodynamic model [1,25] was applied to measured acidimetric and alkalimetric titration hysteresis loops, collected from highly organized (001), (012), and (113) crystal face terminations using pH equilibration times ranging from 15 to 30 min. Hysteresis loop areas indicate that (001) faces equilibrate faster than the (012) and (113) faces, consistent with the different expected ensembles of singly-, doubly-, and triply-coordinated surface sites on each face. Strongly non-linear hysteretic pH-potential relationships were found, with slopes exceeding Nernstian, collectively indicating that protonation and deprotonation is much more complex than embodied in present day surface complexation models. The asymmetrical shape of the acidimetric and alkalimetric titration branches were used to illustrate a proposed steric "leaky screen" repulsion/trapping interaction mechanism that stems from high affinity singly-coordinated sites electrostatically and sterically screening lower affinity doubly- and triply-coordinated sites. Our data indicate that site interaction is the dominant phenomenon defining surface potential accumulation behavior on single crystal faces of metal oxide minerals. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

34 CFR 645.13 - What additional services do Upward Bound Math and Science Centers provide and how are they...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 34 Education 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false What additional services do Upward Bound Math and... Program? § 645.13 What additional services do Upward Bound Math and Science Centers provide and how are... provided under § 645.11(b), an Upward Bound Math and Science Center must provide— (1) Intensive instruction...

34 CFR 645.14 - What additional services do Upward Bound Math and Science Centers provide and how are they...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 34 Education 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false What additional services do Upward Bound Math and... Program? § 645.14 What additional services do Upward Bound Math and Science Centers provide and how are... provided under § 645.11(b), an Upward Bound Math and Science Center must provide— (1) Intensive instruction...

34 CFR 645.14 - What additional services do Upward Bound Math and Science Centers provide and how are they...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 34 Education 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false What additional services do Upward Bound Math and... Program? § 645.14 What additional services do Upward Bound Math and Science Centers provide and how are... provided under § 645.11(b), an Upward Bound Math and Science Center must provide— (1) Intensive instruction...

34 CFR 645.14 - What additional services do Upward Bound Math and Science Centers provide and how are they...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 34 Education 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false What additional services do Upward Bound Math and... Program? § 645.14 What additional services do Upward Bound Math and Science Centers provide and how are... provided under § 645.11(b), an Upward Bound Math and Science Center must provide— (1) Intensive instruction...

34 CFR 645.14 - What additional services do Upward Bound Math and Science Centers provide and how are they...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 34 Education 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false What additional services do Upward Bound Math and... Program? § 645.14 What additional services do Upward Bound Math and Science Centers provide and how are... provided under § 645.11(b), an Upward Bound Math and Science Center must provide— (1) Intensive instruction...

A case study of lightning attachment to flat ground showing multiple unconnected upward leaders

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cummins, Kenneth L.; Krider, E. Philip; Olbinski, Mike; Holle, Ronald L.

2018-04-01

On 10 July 2015, a cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning flash that produced two ground terminations was photographed from inside the safety of a truck in southern New Mexico. An analysis of archived NLDN data verified that this was a two-stroke flash, and a close-up view of the first stroke shows that it also initiated at least 12 unconnected, upward leaders (or "streamers") near the ground termination. No unconnected upward leaders were seen near the second ground attachment. After combining an analysis of the photograph with information provided by the NLDN, we infer that the first stroke was of negative (normal) polarity, had modest peak current, and struck about 460 m (± 24%) from the camera. Attachment occurred when an upward-propagating positive leader reached an inferred height of about 21 m above local ground. The second stroke struck ground about 740 m from the camera, and the height of its attachment leader is estimated to be 15 m. The estimated lengths of the unconnected upward leaders in the two-dimensional (2-D) plane of the first stroke range from 2 to 8 m, and all appear to be located within 15 m (2-D) of the main ground termination, with 24% uncertainty. Many of the unconnected upward leaders (inferred to be positive) exhibit multiple upward branches, and most of those branches have upward-directed forks or splits at their ends. This is the first report showing such extensive branching for positive upward leaders in natural lightning strikes to ground. None of the upward leaders can be seen to emanate from the tops of tall, isolated, or pointed objects on the ground, but they likely begin on small plants and rocks, or flat ground. In terms of lightning safety, this photo demonstrates that numerous upward leaders can be produced near a lightning strike point and have the potential to damage or cause injury at more than one specific point on the ground.

The (001) 3C SiC surface termination and band structure after common wet chemical etching procedures, stated by XPS, LEED, and HREELS

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tengeler, Sven; Kaiser, Bernhard; Ferro, Gabriel; Chaussende, Didier; Jaegermann, Wolfram

2018-01-01

The (001) surface of cubic silicon carbide (3C SiC) after cleaning, Ar sputtering and three different wet chemical etching procedures was thoroughly investigated via (angle resolved) XPS, HREELS, and LEED. While Ar sputtering was found to be unsuitable for surface preparation, all three employed wet chemical etching procedures (piranha/NH4F, piranha/HF, and RCA) provide a clean surface. HF as oxide removal agent tends to result in fluorine traces on the sample surface, despite thorough rinsing. All procedures yield a 1 × 1 Si-OH/C-H terminated surface. However, the XPS spectra reveal some differences in the resulting surface states. NH4F for oxide removal produces a flat band situation, whereas the other two procedures result in a slight downward (HF) or upward (RCA) band bending. Because the band bending is small, it can be concluded that the number of unsaturated surface defects is low.

A DFT study on the failure mechanism of Al2O3 film by various point defects in solution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Chuan-Hui; Chen, Bao; Jin, Ying; Sun, Dong-Bai

2018-03-01

The defects on oxide film surface are very important, and they would occur when the film is peeled or scratched. The periodic DFT calculations have been performed on Al2O3 surface to model the influences of various point-defects. Three kinds of point defect surfaces (vacancy, inversion, substitution) are considered, and the molecular H2O dissociation and the transition state are calculated. The predicted formation energy of O vacancy is 8.30 eV, whereas that corresponding to the formation of Al vacancy is found to be at least a 55% larger. On the vacancy point defect surfaces, upward H2O molecule surfaces prefer to occur chemical reaction, leading the surfaces to be hydroxylated. And then the D-Cl-substitution-Al surface is corroded, which suggests a Cl adsorption induced failure mechanism of the oxide film. At last, the process of H2O dissociation on the OH-substitution-Al surfaces with four or five transition paths are discussed.

Assessment of surface-water quantity and quality, Eagle River watershed, Colorado, 1947-2007

USGS Publications Warehouse

Williams, Cory A.; Moore, Jennifer L.; Richards, Rodney J.

2011-01-01

The spatial patterns for concentrations of trace metals (aluminum, cadmium, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc) indicate an increase in dissolved concentrations of these metals near historical mining areas in the Eagle River and several tributaries near Belden. In general, concentrations decrease downstream from mining areas. Concentrations typically are near or below reporting limits in Gore Creek and other tributaries within the watershed. Concentrations for trace elements (arsenic, selenium, and uranium) in the watershed usually are below the reporting limit, and no prevailing spatial patterns were observed in the data. Step-trend analysis and temporal-trend analysis provide evidence that remediation of historical mining areas in the upper Eagle River have led to observed decreases in metals concentrations in many surface-waters. Comparison of pre- and post-remediation concentrations for many metals indicates significant decreases in metals concentrations for cadmium, manganese, and zinc at sites downstream from the Eagle Mine Superfund Site. Some sites show order of magnitude reductions in median concentrations between these two periods. Evaluation of monotonic trends for dissolved metals concentrations show downward trends at numerous sites in, and downstream from, historic mining areas. The spatial pattern of nutrients shows lower concentrations on many tributaries and on the Eagle River upstream from Red Cliff with increases in nutrients downstream of major urban areas. Seasonal variations show that for many nutrient species, concentrations tend to be lowest May-June and highest January-March. The gradual changes in concentrations between seasons may be related to dilution effects from increases and decreases in streamflow. Upward trends in nutrients between the towns of Gypsum and Avon were detected for nitrate, orthophosphate, and total phosphorus. An upward trend in nitrite was detected in Gore Creek. No trends were detected in un-ionized ammonia within the ERW. Exceedances of State water-quality standards (nitrite, nitrate, and un-ionized ammonia) and levels higher than U.S. Environmental Protection Agency recommendations (total phosphorus) occur in several areas within the ERW. The majority of the exceedances are from comparisons to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency total phosphorus recommendations. A positive correlation was observed between suspended sediment and total phosphorus. An upward trend in total dissolved solids in Gore Creek may be the result of increases in chloride salts. Highly significant trends were detected in sodium, potassium, and chloride with a significant upward trend in magnesium and a weakly significant upward trend in calcium. A quantitative analysis of the relative abundance of calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium to the available anions suggests that chloride salts likely are the source for the detected upward trends because chloride is the only commonly occurring anion with a trend in Gore Greek. A potential source for the observed chloride salts may be the chemical anti-icing and deicing products used during winter road maintenance in municipal areas and on Interstate-70. A downward trend in dissolved solids in the Eagle River between Gypsum and Avon may be contributing to the detected trend on the Eagle River at Gypsum. Significant downward trends were detected in specific ions such as calcium, magnesium, sulfate, and silica. Measures of total dissolved solids as well as comparisons to specific ions show that in water-quality samples within the ERW concentrations generally are lower in the headwaters, with increases downstream from Wolcott. Differences in concentrations likely result from increased abundance of salt-bearing geologic units downstream from Avon. Few sites had measured concentrations that exceeded the State standards for chloride.

Comparison between Measured and Simulated Radiation Doses in the Matoroshka-R Spherical phantom Experiment#1 and Area Monitoring aboard International Space Station using PADLES from May - Sep. 2012

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nagamatsu, Aiko; Tolochek, Raisa; Shurshakov, Vyacheslav; Nikolaev, Igor; Tawara, Hiroko; Kitajo, Keiichi; Shimada, Ken

The measurement of radiation environmental parameters in space is essential to support radiation risk assessments for astronauts and establish a benchmark for space radiation models for present and future human space activities. Since Japanese Experiment Module ‘KIBO’ was attached to the International Space Station (ISS) in 2008, we have been performing continuous space radiation dosimetery using a PADLES (Passive Dosimeter for Life-Science Experiments in Space) consisting of CR-39 PNTDs (Plastic Nuclear track detectors) and TLD-MSOs (Mg2SiO4:Tb) for various space experiments onboard the ‘KIBO’ part of the ISS. The MATROSHKA-R experiments aims to verify of dose distributions in a human body during space flight. The phantom consists of tissue equivalent material covered by a poncho jacket with 32 pockets on the surface. 20 container rods with dosimeters can be struck into the spherical phantom. Its diameter is 370 mm and it is 32 kg in weight. The first experiment onboard the KIBO at Forward No.2 area (JPM1F2 Rack2) was conducted over 114 days from 21 May to 12 September 2012 (the installation schedule inside the phantom) on the way to solar cycle 24th upward curve. 16 PADLES packages were deployed into 16 poncho pockets on the surface of the spherical phantom. Another 12 PADLES packages were deployed inside 4 rods (3 packages per rod in the outer, middle and inner side). Area monitoring in the KIBO was conducted in the same period (Area PADLES series #8 from 15 May to 16 September, 2012). Absorbed doses were measured at 17 area monitoring points in the KIBO and 28 locations (16 packages in poncho pockets and 12 inside 4 rods) in the phantom. The maximum value measured with the PADLES in the poncho pockets on the surface of the spherical phantom facing the outer wall was 0.43 mGy/day and the minimum value measured with the PADLES in the poncho pockets on the surface of the spherical phantom facing the KIBO interior was 0.30 mGy/day. The maximum absorbed doses measured inside rods was 0.28 mGy/day and the minimum value was 0.19 mGy/day. This indicates doses measured from the dosimeters placed in the outer side of each rod are relatively high compared to the doses placed in the center of rod. At this time, we also would like to show the preliminary results of comparative study between measured and Simulated Radiation Doses using the Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (PHITS) calculations with well developed shielding model of the KIBO and numerical spherical phantom inside.

The effects of clouds on CO2 forcing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Randall, David A.

1990-01-01

The cloud radiative forcing (CRF) is the difference between the radiative flux (at the top of the atmosphere) which actually occurs in the presence of clouds, and that which would occur if the clouds were removed but the atmospheric state were otherwise unchanged. The CO2 forcing is defined, in analogy with the cloud forcing, as the difference in fluxes and/or infrared heating rates obtained by instantaneously changing CO2 concentration (doubling it) without changing anything else, i.e., without allowing any feedback. An increased CO2 concentration leads to a reduced net upward longwave flux at the Earth's surface. This induced net upward flux is due to an increased downward emission by the CO2 in the atmosphere above. The negative increment to the net upward flux becomes more intense at higher levels in the troposphere, reaching a peak intensity roughly at the tropopause. It then weakens with height in the stratosphere. This profile implies a warming of the troposphere and cooling of the stratosphere. The CSU GCM was recently used to make some preliminary CO2 forcing calculations, for a single simulated, for July conditions. The longwave radiation routine was called twice, to determine the radiative fluxes and heating rates for both 2 x CO2 and 1 x CO2. As diagnostics, the 2-D distributions of the longwave fluxes at the surface and the top of atmosphere, as well as the 3-D distribution of the longwave cooling in the interior was saved. In addition, the pressure was saved (near the tropopause) where the difference in the longwave flux due to CO2 doubling has its largest magnitude. For convenience, this level is referred to as the CO2 tropopause. The actual difference in the flux at that level was also saved. Finally, all of these fields were duplicated for the hypothetical case of no cloudiness (clear sky), so that the effects of the clouds can be isolated.

Modeling Paragenesis: Erosion Opposite to Gravity in Cave Channels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cooper, M. P.; Covington, M. D.

2017-12-01

Sediment plays an important role in bedrock channels, providing both tools and cover that influence patterns of bed erosion. It has also been shown that sediment load influences bedrock channel width, with increased sediment leading to wider channels. A variety of models have been developed to explore these effects. In caves, it is hypothesized that sediments covering the floors of fully flooded channels that are forming beneath the water table (phreatic zone) can force dissolution upwards towards the water table, leading to upward erosion balanced by gradual deposition of sediment within the channel bottom. This strange process is termed paragenesis, and while there are conceptual and experimental models of the process, no prior mathematical models of cave passage evolution has captured these effects. Consequently, there is little quantitative understanding of the processes that drive paragenesis and how they link to the morphology of the cave channels that develop. We adapt a previously developed algorithm for estimating boundary shear stress within channels with free-surface flows to enable calculation of boundary shear stress in pipe-full conditions. This model successfully duplicates scaling relationships in surface channels, and geometries of caves formed in the phreatic zone such as phreatic tubes. Once sediment flux is incorporated the model successfully duplicates the hypothesized processes of paragenetic gallery formation: the cover effect prevents dissolution in the direction of gravity; passages are enlarged upwards reducing the sediment transport capacity; sediment is deposited and the process drives a continuing feedback loop. Simulations reveal that equilibrium paragenetic channel widths scale with both sediment flux and discharge. Unlike in open channel settings, increased sediment load actually narrows paragenetic channels. The cross section evolution model also reveals that the existence of equilibrium widths in such galleries requires erosion to scale with shear stress, suggesting a role of either mechanical erosion or transport limited dissolution. These types of erosion contrast with current numerical models of speleogenesis, where chemically limited dissolution, a process independent of shear stress, is predicted to occur in most turbulent flow settings.

Constraints on Upward Migration of Hydraulic Fracturing Fluid and Brine

PubMed Central

Flewelling, Samuel A; Sharma, Manu

2014-01-01

Recent increases in the use of hydraulic fracturing (HF) to aid extraction of oil and gas from black shales have raised concerns regarding potential environmental effects associated with predictions of upward migration of HF fluid and brine. Some recent studies have suggested that such upward migration can be large and that timescales for migration can be as short as a few years. In this article, we discuss the physical constraints on upward fluid migration from black shales (e.g., the Marcellus, Bakken, and Eagle Ford) to shallow aquifers, taking into account the potential changes to the subsurface brought about by HF. Our review of the literature indicates that HF affects a very limited portion of the entire thickness of the overlying bedrock and therefore, is unable to create direct hydraulic communication between black shales and shallow aquifers via induced fractures. As a result, upward migration of HF fluid and brine is controlled by preexisting hydraulic gradients and bedrock permeability. We show that in cases where there is an upward gradient, permeability is low, upward flow rates are low, and mean travel times are long (often >106 years). Consequently, the recently proposed rapid upward migration of brine and HF fluid, predicted to occur as a result of increased HF activity, does not appear to be physically plausible. Unrealistically high estimates of upward flow are the result of invalid assumptions about HF and the hydrogeology of sedimentary basins. PMID:23895673

Reflectivity of the atmosphere-inhomogeneous surfaces system Laboratory simulation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mekler, Y.; Kaufman, Y. J.; Fraser, R. S.

1984-01-01

Theoretical two- and three-dimensional solutions of the radiative transfer equation have been applied to the earth-atmosphere system. Such solutions have not been verified experimentally. A laboratory experiment simulates such a system to test the theory. The atmosphere was simulated by latex spheres suspended in water and the ground by a nonuniform surface, half white and half black. A stable radiation source provided uniform illumination over the hydrosol. The upward radiance along a line orthogonal to the boundary of the two-halves field was recorded for different amounts of the hydrosol. The simulation is a well-defined radiative transfer experiment to test radiative transfer models involving nonuniform surfaces. Good agreement is obtained between the measured and theoretical results.

Am I a 6 or a 10? Mate Value Among Young Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer and Healthy Peers.

PubMed

Lehmann, Vicky; Tuinman, Marrit A; Keim, Madelaine C; Hagedoorn, Mariët; Gerhardt, Cynthia A

2018-02-01

This study focused on self-perceived mate value of young adult survivors of childhood cancer relative to healthy peers. Qualitative studies indicate potential problems surrounding romantic relationships among survivors, but systematic studies are missing. One-hundred forty-nine childhood cancer survivors and 149 matched controls completed online questionnaires about their mate value, social comparison strategies (i.e., upward/downward identifying/contrasting strategies), and marital status. Survivors and controls were aged 20-40 (M = 27.8), 55% were female, and survivors had been treated for brain tumors (n = 52; 35%), leukemia (n = 42; 28%), lymphoma (n = 31; 21%), or other solid tumors (n = 24; 16%) at 5-33 years before study participation. Survivors and controls did not differ on overall mate value, but on individual characteristics: Survivors thought they had a better sense of humor (d = 0.36), were more loyal (d = 0.32), had higher social status (d = 0.26), and were more ambitious (d = 0.19), while also considering themselves less sexually adventurous (d = 0.31), less healthy (d = 0.26), having less desire to have children (d = 0.21), and a less attractive face (d = 0.20). Higher mate value was related to being partnered, more upward-identifying, less upward-contrasting, and less downward-identifying strategies. Moreover, less downward-identifying was associated with higher mate value in survivors, but not controls; whereas greater downward-contrasting was associated with higher mate value among controls only (R 2  = 30.8%). Survivors do not generally view themselves as less valuable (potential) romantic partners, but they evaluate different characteristics either more positively or more negatively. Social comparison strategies offer targetable points of interventions to intervene on negative self-evaluations, potentially enhancing well-being.

En route to surface-bound electric field-driven molecular motors.

PubMed

Jian, Huahua; Tour, James M

2003-06-27

Four caltrop-shaped molecules that might be useful as surface-bound electric field-driven molecular motors have been synthesized. The caltrops are comprised of a pair of electron donor-acceptor arms and a tripod base. The molecular arms are based on a carbazole or oligo(phenylene ethynylene) core with a strong net dipole. The tripod base uses a silicon atom as its core. The legs of the tripod bear sulfur-tipped bonding units, as acetyl-protected benzylic thiols, for bonding to a gold surface. The geometry of the tripod base allows the caltrop to project upward from a metallic surface after self-assembly. Ellipsometric studies show that self-assembled monolayers of the caltrops are formed on Au surfaces with molecular thicknesses consistent with the desired upright-shaft arrangement. As a result, the zwitterionic molecular arms might be controllable when electric fields are applied around the caltrops, thereby constituting field-driven motors.

The changes of lumbar muscle flexion-relaxation phenomenon due to antero-posteriorly slanted ground surfaces.

PubMed

Hu, Boyi; Ning, Xiaopeng; Dai, Fei; Almuhaidib, Ibrahim

2016-09-01

Uneven ground surface is a common occupational injury risk factor in industries such as agriculture, fishing, transportation and construction. Studies have shown that antero-posteriorly slanted ground surfaces could reduce spinal stability and increase the risk of falling. In this study, the influence of antero-posteriorly slanted ground surfaces on lumbar flexion-relaxation responses was investigated. Fourteen healthy participants performed sagittally symmetric and asymmetric trunk bending motions on one flat and two antero-posteriorly slanted surfaces (-15° (uphill facing) and 15° (downhill facing)), while lumbar muscle electromyography and trunk kinematics were recorded. Results showed that standing on a downhill facing slanted surface delays the onset of lumbar muscle flexion-relaxation phenomenon (FRP), while standing on an uphill facing ground causes lumbar muscle FRP to occur earlier. In addition, compared to symmetric bending, when performing asymmetric bending, FRP occurred earlier on the contralateral side of lumbar muscles and significantly smaller maximum lumbar flexion and trunk inclination angles were observed. Practitioner Summary: Uneven ground surface is a common risk factor among a number of industries. In this study, we investigated the influence of antero-posteriorly slanted ground surface on trunk biomechanics during trunk bending. Results showed the slanted surface alters the lumbar tissue load-sharing mechanism in both sagittally symmetric and asymmetric bending.

Method of feeding particulate material to a fluidized bed

DOEpatents

Borio, Richard W.; Goodstine, Stephen L.

1984-01-01

A centrifugal spreader type feeder that supplies a mixture of particulate limestone and coal to the top of a fluidized bed reactor having a flow of air upward therethrough. Large particles of particulate matter are distributed over the upper surface of the bed to utilize the natural mixing within the bed, while fine particles are adapted to utilize an independent feeder that separates them from the large particles and injects them into the bed.

77 FR 43181 - Proposed Establishment of Class E Airspace; Coaldale, NV

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-24

... airspace extending upward from 1,200 feet above the surface bounded by a line beginning at lat. 38[deg]55... lat. 38[deg]16'55'' N., long. 118[deg]13'39'' W.; to lat. 38[deg]02'23'' N., long. 117[deg]56'00'' W.... 117[deg]54'28'' W.; to lat. 37[deg]55'00'' N., long. 118[deg]10'30'' W.; to lat. 38[deg]04'06'' N...

Flexible Polyhedral Surfaces.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Alexandrov, V. A.

1998-01-01

Discusses some questions connected with Cauchy's theorem which states that two convex closed polyhedral surfaces whose corresponding faces are congruent and whose faces adjoin each other in the same way are congruent. Describes how to construct a flexible polyhedron. (ASK)

Ocean acidification alters early successional coral reef communities and their rates of community metabolism.

PubMed

Noonan, Sam H C; Kluibenschedl, Anna; Fabricius, Katharina E

2018-01-01

Ocean acidification is expected to alter community composition on coral reefs, but its effects on reef community metabolism are poorly understood. Here we document how early successional benthic coral reef communities change in situ along gradients of carbon dioxide (CO2), and the consequences of these changes on rates of community photosynthesis, respiration, and light and dark calcification. Ninety standardised benthic communities were grown on PVC tiles deployed at two shallow-water volcanic CO2 seeps and two adjacent control sites in Papua New Guinea. Along the CO2 gradient, both the upward facing phototrophic and the downward facing cryptic communities changed in their composition. Under ambient CO2, both communities were dominated by calcifying algae, but with increasing CO2 they were gradually replaced by non-calcifying algae (predominantly green filamentous algae, cyanobacteria and macroalgae, which increased from ~30% to ~80% cover). Responses were weaker in the invertebrate communities, however ascidians and tube-forming polychaetes declined with increasing CO2. Differences in the carbonate chemistry explained a far greater amount of change in communities than differences between the two reefs and successional changes from five to 13 months, suggesting community successions are established early and are under strong chemical control. As pH declined from 8.0 to 7.8, rates of gross photosynthesis and dark respiration of the 13-month old reef communities (upper and cryptic surfaces combined) significantly increased by 10% and 20%, respectively, in response to altered community composition. As a consequence, net production remained constant. Light and dark calcification rates both gradually declined by 20%, and low or negative daily net calcification rates were observed at an aragonite saturation state of <2.3. The study demonstrates that ocean acidification as predicted for the end of this century will strongly alter reef communities, and will significantly change rates of community metabolism.

Ocean acidification alters early successional coral reef communities and their rates of community metabolism

PubMed Central

Kluibenschedl, Anna; Fabricius, Katharina E.

2018-01-01

Ocean acidification is expected to alter community composition on coral reefs, but its effects on reef community metabolism are poorly understood. Here we document how early successional benthic coral reef communities change in situ along gradients of carbon dioxide (CO2), and the consequences of these changes on rates of community photosynthesis, respiration, and light and dark calcification. Ninety standardised benthic communities were grown on PVC tiles deployed at two shallow-water volcanic CO2 seeps and two adjacent control sites in Papua New Guinea. Along the CO2 gradient, both the upward facing phototrophic and the downward facing cryptic communities changed in their composition. Under ambient CO2, both communities were dominated by calcifying algae, but with increasing CO2 they were gradually replaced by non-calcifying algae (predominantly green filamentous algae, cyanobacteria and macroalgae, which increased from ~30% to ~80% cover). Responses were weaker in the invertebrate communities, however ascidians and tube-forming polychaetes declined with increasing CO2. Differences in the carbonate chemistry explained a far greater amount of change in communities than differences between the two reefs and successional changes from five to 13 months, suggesting community successions are established early and are under strong chemical control. As pH declined from 8.0 to 7.8, rates of gross photosynthesis and dark respiration of the 13-month old reef communities (upper and cryptic surfaces combined) significantly increased by 10% and 20%, respectively, in response to altered community composition. As a consequence, net production remained constant. Light and dark calcification rates both gradually declined by 20%, and low or negative daily net calcification rates were observed at an aragonite saturation state of <2.3. The study demonstrates that ocean acidification as predicted for the end of this century will strongly alter reef communities, and will significantly change rates of community metabolism. PMID:29847575

Cosmetic surgery procedures as luxury goods: measuring price and demand in facial plastic surgery.

PubMed

Alsarraf, Ramsey; Alsarraf, Nicole W; Larrabee, Wayne F; Johnson, Calvin M

2002-01-01

To evaluate the relationship between cosmetic facial plastic surgery procedure price and demand, and to test the hypothesis that these procedures function as luxury goods in the marketplace, with an upward-sloping demand curve. Data were derived from a survey that was sent to every (N = 1727) active fellow, member, or associate of the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, assessing the costs and frequency of 4 common cosmetic facial plastic surgery procedures (face-lift, brow-lift, blepharoplasty, and rhinoplasty) for 1999 and 1989. An economic analysis was performed to assess the relationship of price and demand for these procedures. A significant association was found between increasing surgeons' fees and total charges for cosmetic facial plastic surgery procedures and increasing demand for these procedures, as measured by their annual frequency (P

Thermal expansion compensator having an elastic conductive element bonded to two facing surfaces

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Determan, William (Inventor); Matejczyk, Daniel Edward (Inventor)

2012-01-01

A thermal expansion compensator is provided and includes a first electrode structure having a first surface, a second electrode structure having a second surface facing the first surface and an elastic element bonded to the first and second surfaces and including a conductive element by which the first and second electrode structures electrically and/or thermally communicate, the conductive element having a length that is not substantially longer than a distance between the first and second surfaces.

Does urban sprawl hold down upward mobility?

USGS Publications Warehouse

Ewing, R.; Hamidi, Shima; Grace, James B.; Wei, Y.

2016-01-01

Contrary to the general perception, the United States has a much more class-bound society than other wealthy countries. The chance of upward mobility for Americans is just half that of the citizens of the Denmark and many other European countries. In addition to other influences, the built environment may contribute to the low rate of upward mobility in the U.S. This study tests the relationship between urban sprawl and upward mobility for commuting zones in the U.S. We examine potential pathways through which sprawl may have an effect on mobility. We use structural equation modeling to account for both direct and indirect effects of sprawl on upward mobility. We find that upward mobility is significantly higher in compact areas than sprawling areas. The direct effect, which we attribute to better job accessibility in more compact commuting zones, is stronger than the indirect effects. Of the indirect effects, only one, through the mediating variable income segregation, is significant.

Vertical migration of motile phytoplankton chains through turbulence

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Climent, Eric; Lovecchio, Salvatore; Durham, William; Stocker, Roman

2017-11-01

Daily, phytoplankton needs to migrate vertically from and towards the ocean surface to find nutrients such as dissolved oxygen. To travel through the water column they need to fight against gravity (by swimming) and fluid turbulence which can make their journey longer. It is often observed that cells migrate across the water column as chains. The first benefit to form chains is that micro-organisms sum up their thrust while reducing their drag. Therefore, upwards swimming is faster for chains in a quiescent fluid with steady vertical orientation. However, as chain length increases their tendency to periodically tumble in turbulent structures increases which reduces orientation stability and limits their capacity to swim upwards. The purpose of our study is to elaborate on this apparent contradiction. We carried out direct numerical simulations and physical analysis of the coupled system of homogeneous isotropic turbulence and chain trajectories through Lagrangian tracking. Formation of chains is indeed favorable for vertical migration through the upper layer of the ocean.

Numerical simulation of spatter formation during fiber laser welding of 5083 aluminum alloy at full penetration condition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, Dongsheng; Hua, Xueming; Huang, Lijin; Zhao, Jiang

2018-03-01

The droplet escape condition in laser welding is established in this paper. A three-dimensional numerical model is developed to study the weld pool convection and spatter formation at full penetration during the fiber laser welding of 5083 aluminum alloy. It is found that when laser power is 9 kW, the bottom of the keyhole is dynamically opened and closed. When the bottom of the keyhole is closed, the molten metal at the bottom of the back keyhole wall flows upwards along the fusion line. When the bottom of the keyhole is opened, few spatters can be seen around the keyhole at the top surface, two flow patterns exists in the rear part of the keyhole: a portion of molten metal flows upwards along the fusion line, other portion of molten metal flows to the bottom of the keyhole, which promote the spatter formation at the bottom of the keyhole rear wall.

Low noise wing slat system with rigid cove-filled slat

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Shmilovich, Arvin (Inventor); Yadlin, Yoram (Inventor)

2013-01-01

Concepts and technologies described herein provide for a low noise aircraft wing slat system. According to one aspect of the disclosure provided herein, a cove-filled wing slat is used in conjunction with a moveable panel rotatably attached to the wing slat to provide a high lift system. The moveable panel rotates upward against the rear surface of the slat during deployment of the slat, and rotates downward to bridge a gap width between the stowed slat and the lower wing surface, completing the continuous outer mold line shape of the wing, when the cove-filled slat is retracted to the stowed position.

The controlling effect of viscous dissipation on magma flow in silicic conduits

USGS Publications Warehouse

Mastin, L.G.

2005-01-01

Nearly all volcanic conduit models assume that flow is Newtonian and isothermal. Such models predict that, during high-flux silicic eruptions, gradients in pressure with depth increase upward as magma accelerates and becomes more viscous, leading to extremely low pressure and fragmentation at a depth of kilometers below the surface. In this paper I show that shear heating, also known as viscous dissipation, dramatically reduces the pressure gradient required for flow and concentrates shear in narrow zones along the conduit margin. The reduction in friction may eliminate the zone of low pressure predicted by isothermal models and move the fragmentation level up to the surface.

Solar-thermal-energy collection/storage-pond system

DOEpatents

Blahnik, D.E.

1982-03-25

A solar thermal energy collection and storage system is disclosed. Water is contained, and the water surface is exposed directly to the sun. The central part of an impermeable membrane is positioned below the water's surface and above its bottom with a first side of the membrane pointing generally upward in its central portion. The perimeter part of the membrane is placed to create a watertight boundary separating the water into a first volume which is directly exposable to the sun and which touches the membranes first side, and a second volumn which touches the membranes second side. A salt is dissolved in the first water volume.

Locking support for nuclear fuel assemblies

DOEpatents

Ledin, Eric

1980-01-01

A locking device for supporting and locking a nuclear fuel assembly within a cylindrical bore formed by a support plate, the locking device including a support and locking sleeve having upwardly extending fingers forming wedge shaped contact portions arranged for interaction between an annular tapered surface on the fuel assembly and the support plate bore as well as downwardly extending fingers having wedge shaped contact portions arranged for interaction between an annularly tapered surface on the support plate bore and the fuel assembly whereby the sleeve tends to support and lock the fuel assembly in place within the bore by its own weight while facilitating removal and/or replacement of the fuel assembly.

Corkscrew Claw.

PubMed

van Amstel, Sarel R

2017-07-01

Corkscrew claw (CSC) is a conformational abnormality of the digit and affecting mostly but not exclusively the claws of the back leg, first reported during the 1950s in Dutch black and white cattle. The affected claws are longer and narrower than the claw and have an inward and upward spiral rotation of the toe. Similarly, the bearing surface of the wall is displaced inward. The animal starts to bear weight on the abaxial wall surface, particularly the caudal segment, and the sole may become completely non-weight bearing. The axial wall is displaced dorsomedially and a fold develops in the wall. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Effects of lava-dome emplacement on the Mount St. Helens crater glacier

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Walder, J. S.; Schilling, S. P.; Denlinger, R. P.; Vallance, J. W.

2004-12-01

Since the end of the 1981-1986 episode of lava-dome growth at Mount St. Helens, an unusual glacier has grown rapidly within the crater of the volcano. The glacier, which is fed primarily by avalanching from the crater walls, contains about 30% rock debris by volume, has a maximum thickness of about 220 m and a volume of about 120 million cubic m, and forms a crescent that wraps around the old lava dome on both east and west sides. The new (October 2004) lava dome in the south of the crater began to grow centered roughly on the contact between the old lava dome and the glacier, in the process uplifting both ice and old dome rock. As the new dome is spreading to the south, the adjacent glacier is bulging upward. Firn layers on the outer flank of the glacier bulge have been warped upward almost vertically. In contrast, ice adjacent to the new dome has been thoroughly fractured. The overall style of deformation is reminiscent of that associated with salt-dome intrusion. Drawing an analogy to sand-box experiments, we suggest that the glacier is being deformed by high-angle reverse faults propagating upward from depth. Comparison of Lidar images of the glacier from September 2003 and October 2004 reveals not only the volcanogenic bulge but also elevated domains associated with the passage of kinematic waves, which are caused by glacier-mass-balance perturbations and have nothing to do with volcanic activity. As of 25 October 2004, growth of the new lava dome has had negligible hydrological consequences. Ice-surface cauldrons are common consequences of intense melting caused by either subglacial eruptions (as in Iceland) or subglacial venting of hot gases (as presently taking place at Mount Spurr, Alaska). However, there has been a notable absence of ice-surface cauldrons in the Mount St. Helens crater glacier, aside from a short-lived pond formed where the 1 October eruption pierced the glacier. We suggest that heat transfer to the glacier base is inefficient because cooling of the largely degassed magma is limited by conduction through the chilled margin, and because the bulged-up glacier is separated from magma by water-saturated rubble and pumice that accumulated before glacier formation. Minor amounts of tephra deposited on the glacier surface have caused almost no observable runoff. Diverse phenomena such as lahars triggered by avalanches of hot rock onto the glacier surface remain of concern from the perspective of hazards assessment, which is undergoing continual revision as the eruptive episode proceeds.

A Jurassic Shock-Aftershock Earthquake Sequence Recorded by Small Clastic Pipes and Dikes within Dune Cross-Strata, Zion National Park, Utah

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Loope, D. B.; Zlotnik, V. A.; Kettler, R. M.; Pederson, D. T.

2012-12-01

Eolian sandstones of south-central and southeast Utah contain large volumes of contorted cross-strata that have long been recognized as products of liquefaction caused by seismic shaking. Unlike most sites where Navajo Sandstone is exposed, in Zion National Park (southwestern Utah), the Navajo contains very, very few contorted strata. We have, however, mapped the distribution of more than 1,000 small-scale, vertical pipes and dikes in uncontorted cross-strata of the Navajo at two small study sites in Zion. Pipes are 2-5 cm in diameter and up to 3 m long; dikes are ~6 cm wide. Clusters of the water-escape structures lie directly above and below numerous, near-horizontal bounding surfaces. Dikes are restricted to the wind-ripple strata that lie above the bounding surfaces. Pipes are common both above and below the bounding surfaces. In map view, most pipes are arranged in lines. Near the bounding surfaces, pipes merge upward with shallow dikes trending parallel to the lines of pipes. Pipes formed in grainflows—homogeneous, well-sorted sand lacking cohesion. Dikes formed above the bounding surface, in more-cohesive, poorly sorted, wind-ripple strata. As liquefaction began, expansion of subsurface sand caused spreading within the unliquified (capping) beds near the land surface. Dikes intruded cracks in the wind-ripple strata, and pipes rose from the better-sorted sand to interdune surfaces, following trends of cracks. Because the wind-ripple strata had low cohesive strength, a depression formed around each rupture, and ejected sand built upward to a flat-topped surface rather than forming the cone of a classic sand volcano. In one 3 m2 portion of the map area, a cluster of about 20 pipes and dikes, many with truncated tops, record eight stratigraphically distinct seismic events. The large dunes that deposited the Navajo cross-strata likely moved ~1m/yr. When, in response to seismic shaking, a few liters of fluidized sand erupted onto the lowermost portion of the dune lee slope through a pipe, the erupted sand dried and was buried by climbing wind-ripple strata as the large dune continued to advance downwind. The mapped cluster recording eight distinct seismic events lies within thin-laminated sediment that was deposited by wind ripples during 1 m (~ 1 year) of southeastward dune migration. We conclude that the small pipes and dikes of our study sites are products of numerous >MM 5 earthquakes, some of which recurred at intervals of less than 2 months. We interpret one small cluster of pipes and dikes with well-defined upward terminations as a distinct shock-aftershock sequence. Because the largest modern earthquakes can produce surface liquefaction only up to about 175 km from their epicenters, the Jurassic epicenters must have been well within that distance. The tendency of modern plate boundaries to produce high-frequency aftershocks suggests that the epicenter for this Jurassic sequence lay to the southwest, within the plate boundary zone (not within continental rocks to the east). As eolian dunes steadily migrate over interdune surfaces underlain by water-saturated dune cross-strata, the thin, distinct laminae produced by the wind ripples that occupy dune toes can faithfully record high-frequency seismic events.

Potentiometric Surface of the Upper Floridan Aquifer in the St. Johns River Water Management District and Vicinity, Florida, May 2005

USGS Publications Warehouse

Kinnaman, Sandra L.

2006-01-01

INTRODUCTION This map depicts the potentiometric surface of the upper Floridan aquifer in the St. Johns River Water Management District and vicinity for May 2005. Potentiometric contours are based on water level measurements collected at 598 wens during the period May 5 - 31, near the end of the dry season. Some contours are inferred from previous potentiometric-surface maps with larger well networks. The potentiometric surface of the carbonate upper Floridan aquifer responds mainly to rainfall, and more locally, to ground water withdrawals. Potentiometric-surface highs generally correspond to topographic highs where the aquifer is recharged. Springs and areas of diffuse upward leakage naturally discharge water from the aquifer and are most prevalent along the St. Johns River. Areas of discharge are reflected by depressions in the potentiometric surface. Ground water withdrawals locally have lowered the potentiometric surface. Ground water in the upper Floridan aquifer generally flows from potentiometric highs to potentiometric lows in a direction perpendicular to the contours.

Direct measurement of the propagation velocity of defects using coherent X-rays

DOE PAGES

Ulbrandt, Jeffrey G.; Rainville, Meliha G.; Wagenbach, Christa; ...

2016-03-28

The properties of artificially grown thin films are often strongly affected by the dynamic relationships between surface growth processes and subsurface structure. Coherent mixing of X-ray signals promises to provide an approach to better understand such processes. Here, we demonstrate the continuously variable mixing of surface and bulk scattering signals during realtime studies of sputter deposition of a-Si and a-WSi2 films by controlling the X-ray penetration and escape depths in coherent grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering. Under conditions where the X-ray signal comes from both the growth surface and the thin film bulk, oscillations in temporal correlations arise from coherent interferencemore » between scattering from stationary bulk features and from the advancing surface. We also observe evidence that elongated bulk features propagate upwards at the same velocity as the surface. Moreover, a highly surface-sensitive mode is demonstrated that can access the surface dynamics independently of the subsurface structure.« less

Potentiometric Surface of the Upper Floridan Aquifer in the St. Johns River Water Management District and Vicinity, Florida, May 2009

USGS Publications Warehouse

Kinnaman, Sandra L.; Dixon, Joann F.

2009-01-01

This map depicts the potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the St. Johns River Water Management District and vicinity for May 2009. Potentiometric contours are based on water-level measurements collected at 625 wells during the period May 14 - May 29, near the end of the dry season. Some contours are inferred from previous potentiometric-surface maps with larger well networks. The potentiometric surface of the carbonate Upper Floridan aquifer responds mainly to rainfall, and more locally, to groundwater withdrawals and spring flow. Potentiometric-surface highs generally correspond to topographic highs where the aquifer is recharged. Springs and areas of diffuse upward leakage naturally discharge water from the aquifer and are most prevalent along the St. Johns River. Areas of discharge are reflected by depressions in the potentiometric surface. Groundwater withdrawals locally have lowered the potentiometric surface. Groundwater in the Upper Floridan aquifer generally flows from potentiometric highs to potentiometric lows in a direction perpendicular to the contours.

Potentiometric Surface of the Upper Floridan Aquifer in the St. Johns River Water Management District and Vicinity, Florida, May 2006

USGS Publications Warehouse

Kinnaman, Sandra L.

2006-01-01

Introduction: This map depicts the potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the St. Johns River Water Management District and vicinity for May 2006. Potentiometric contours are based on water-level measurements collected at 599 wells during the period May 14-31, near the end of the dry season. Some contours are inferred from previous potentiometric-surface maps with larger well networks. The potentiometric surface of the carbonate Upper Floridan aquifer responds mainly to rainfall, and more locally, to ground-water withdrawals and springflow. Potentiometric-surface highs generally correspond to topographic highs where the aquifer is recharged. Springs and areas of diffuse upward leakage naturally discharge water from the aquifer and are most prevalent along the St. Johns River. Areas of discharge are reflected by depressions in the potentiometric surface. Ground-water withdrawals locally have lowered the potentiometric surface. Ground water in the Upper Floridan aquifer generally flows from potentiometric highs to potentiometric lows in a direction perpendicular to the contours.

Potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the St. Johns River water management district and vicinity, Florida, September 2005

USGS Publications Warehouse

Kinnaman, Sandra L.

2006-01-01

This map depicts the potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the St. Johns River Water Management District and vicinity for September 2005. Potentiometric contours are based on water-level measurements collected at 643 wells during the period September 12-28, near the end of the wet season. Some contours are inferred from previous potentiometric-surface maps with larger well networks. The potentiometric surface of the carbonate Upper Floridan aquifer responds mainly to rainfall, and more locally, to ground-water withdrawals and springflow. Potentiometric-surface highs generally correspond to topographic highs where the aquifer is recharged. Springs and areas of diffuse upward leakage naturally discharge water from the aquifer and are most prevalent along the St. Johns River. Areas of discharge are reflected by depressions in the potentiometric surface. Ground-water withdrawals locally have lowered the potentiometric surface. Ground water in the Upper Floridan aquifer generally flows from potentiometric highs to potentiometric lows in a direction perpendicular to the contours.

Potentiometric Surface of the Upper Floridan Aquifer in the St. Johns River Water Management District and Vicinity, Florida, September 2006

USGS Publications Warehouse

Kinnaman, Sandra L.; Dixon, Joann F.

2007-01-01

Introduction This map depicts the potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the St. Johns River Water Management District and vicinity for September 2006. Potentiometric contours are based on water-level measurements collected at 571 wells during the period September 11-29, near the end of the wet season. Some contours are inferred from previouspotentiometric-surface maps with larger well networks. The potentiometric surface of the carbonate Upper Floridan aquifer responds mainly to rainfall, and more locally, to ground-water withdrawals and spring flow. Potentiometric-surface highs generally correspond to topographic highs where the aquifer is recharged. Springs and areas of diffuse upward leakage naturally discharge water from the aquifer and are most prevalent along the St. Johns River. Areas of discharge are reflected by depressions in the potentiometric surface. Ground-water withdrawals locally have lowered the potentiometric surface. Ground water in the Upper Floridan aquifer generally flows from potentiometric highs to potentiometric lows in a direction perpendicular to the contours.

Potentiometric Surface of the Upper Floridan Aquifer in the St. Johns River Water Management District and Vicinity, Florida, September 2008

USGS Publications Warehouse

Kinnaman, Sandra L.; Dixon, Joann F.

2009-01-01

This map depicts the potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the St. Johns River Water Management District and vicinity for September 2008. Potentiometric contours are based on water-level measurements collected at 589 wells during the period September 15-25, near the end of the wet season. Some contours are inferred from previous potentiometric-surface maps with larger well networks. The potentiometric surface of the carbonate Upper Floridan aquifer responds mainly to rainfall, and more locally, to ground-water withdrawals and spring flow. Potentiometric-surface highs generally correspond to topographic highs where the aquifer is recharged. Springs and areas of diffuse upward leakage naturally discharge water from the aquifer and are most prevalent along the St. Johns River. Areas of discharge are reflected by depressions in the potentiometric surface. Ground-water withdrawals locally have lowered the potentiometric surface. Ground water in the Upper Floridan aquifer generally flows from potentiometric highs to potentiometric lows in a direction perpendicular to the contours.

Potentiometric Surface of the Upper Floridan Aquifer in the St. Johns River Water Management District and Vicinity, Florida, September 2007

USGS Publications Warehouse

Kinnaman, Sandra L.; Dixon, Joann F.

2008-01-01

This map depicts the potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the St. Johns River Water Management District and vicinity for September 2007. Potentiometric contours are based on water-level measurements collected at 554 wells during the period September 15-27, near the end of the wet season. Some contours are inferred from previous potentiometric-surface maps with larger well networks. The potentiometric surface of the carbonate Upper Floridan aquifer responds mainly to rainfall, and more locally, to ground-water withdrawals and spring flow. Potentiometric-surface highs generally correspond to topographic highs where the aquifer is recharged. Springs and areas of diffuse upward leakage naturally discharge water from the aquifer and are most prevalent along the St. Johns River. Areas of discharge are reflected by depressions in the potentiometric surface. Ground-water withdrawals locally have lowered the potentiometric surface. Ground water in the Upper Floridan aquifer generally flows from potentiometric highs to potentiometric lows in a direction perpendicular to the contours.

Thermophysical properties of undercooled liquid Co-Mo alloys

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Han, X. J.; Wei, B.

2003-05-01

Using electromagnetic levitation in combination with the oscillating drop technique and drop calorimeter method, the surface tensions and specific heats of undercooled liquid Co-10 wt% Mo, Co-26.3 wt% Mo, and Co-37.6 wt% Mo alloys were measured. The containerless state during levitation produces substantial undercoolings up to 223 K (0.13TL), 213 K (0.13TL) and 110 K (0.07TL) respectively for these three alloys. In their respective undercooling ranges, the surface tensions were determined to be 1895 m 0.31(T m 1744), 1932 m 0.33(T m 1682), and 1989 m 0.34(T m 1607) mN mу. According to the Butler equation, the surface tensions of these three Co-Mo alloys were also calculated, and the results agree well with the experimental data. The specific heats of these three alloys are determined to be 41.85, 43.75 and 44.92 J molу Kу. Based on the determined surface tensions and specific heats, the changes in thermodynamics functions such as enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs free energy are predicted. Furthermore, the crystal nucleation, dendrite growth and Marangoni convection of undercooled Co-Mo alloys are investigated in the light of these measured thermophysical properties.