32 CFR 706.2 - Certifications of the Secretary of the Navy under Executive Order 11964 and 33 U.S.C. 1605.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... USS NEW ORLEANS LPD 18 2.36 below USS MESA VERDE LPD 19 1.42 below USS GREEN BAY LPD 20 1.29 below USS... astern USS SAN ANTONIO LPD 17 10 USS NEW ORLEANS LPD 18 10 USS MESA VERDE LPD 19 10 USS GREEN BAY LPD 20... VERDE LPD 19 X 70.9 USS GREENBAY LPD 20 X 70.9 USS NEW YORK LPD 21 X 71.0 USS TRIPOLI LPH 10 X X 12 USS...

Analysis of Radiation Exposure for Naval Units of Operation CROSSROADS. Volume 1. Basic Report

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-03-03

m^m 341500 2195F UNDERWAY "ROM ANCHORAGE 341623 2000E ANCHORED IN BERTH #219 341829 2000E UNDERWAY LL RIVER . PROCEEDING TO ANCHORAGE IN VICINITY...DUTTON (AGS-8) USS ENOREE (AO-69) USS ETLAH (AN-79) USS FALL RIVER (CA-131) USS FLUSSER (DD-368) USS FULTON (AS-11) USS FURSE (DD-882) USS...24) USS SUNCOCK (AN-80) USS SYLVANIA (AKA-44) USSTELAMON(ARB-8) USSTOMBIGBEE(AOG-ll) USS TURNER (DD-834) USS WALKE (DD-723) USS WENATCHEE (ATF

Compendium of Proposed NTPR Expedited Processing Groups

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-11-01

seven ships (USS COGSWELL, USS COMSTOCK, USS EPPERSON, USS HITCHITI, USS SILVERSTEIN, USS TILLAMOOK, and USS TORTUGA ) that only participated in shots at...230 USS TILLAMOOK (ATA 192) Johnston Island July 28 August 7 ~20 USS TORTUGA (LSD 26) Enewetak Atoll Pre-Operation March 1 April 14 326 Total...radioactivity found in water samples drawn at these times and distances would have been so dilute as to preclude measureable exposure. USS TORTUGA

ULTRA STEEP SPECTRUM RADIO SOURCES IN THE LOCKMAN HOLE: SERVS IDENTIFICATIONS AND REDSHIFT DISTRIBUTION AT THE FAINTEST RADIO FLUXES

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Afonso, J.; Bizzocchi, L.; Grossi, M.

2011-12-20

Ultra steep spectrum (USS) radio sources have been successfully used to select powerful radio sources at high redshifts (z {approx}> 2). Typically restricted to large-sky surveys and relatively bright radio flux densities, it has gradually become possible to extend the USS search to sub-mJy levels, thanks to the recent appearance of sensitive low-frequency radio facilities. Here a first detailed analysis of the nature of the faintest USS sources is presented. By using Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope and Very Large Array radio observations of the Lockman Hole at 610 MHz and 1.4 GHz, a sample of 58 USS sources, with 610more » MHz integrated fluxes above 100 {mu}Jy, is assembled. Deep infrared data at 3.6 and 4.5 {mu}m from the Spitzer Extragalactic Representative Volume Survey (SERVS) are used to reliably identify counterparts for 48 (83%) of these sources, showing an average total magnitude of [3.6]{sub AB} = 19.8 mag. Spectroscopic redshifts for 14 USS sources, together with photometric redshift estimates, improved by the use of the deep SERVS data, for a further 19 objects, show redshifts ranging from z = 0.1 to z = 2.8, peaking at z {approx} 0.6 and tailing off at high redshifts. The remaining 25 USS sources, with no redshift estimate, include the faintest [3.6] magnitudes, with 10 sources undetected at 3.6 and 4.5 {mu}m (typically [3.6] {approx}> 22-23 mag from local measurements), which suggests the likely existence of higher redshifts among the sub-mJy USS population. The comparison with the Square Kilometre Array Design Studies Simulated Skies models indicates that Fanaroff-Riley type I radio sources and radio-quiet active galactic nuclei may constitute the bulk of the faintest USS population, and raises the possibility that the high efficiency of the USS technique for the selection of high-redshift sources remains even at the sub-mJy level.« less

Remote Sensing of the Environmental Impacts of Utility-Scale Solar Energy Plants

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Edalat, Mohammad Masih

Solar energy has many environmental benefits compared with fossil fuels but solar farming can have environmental impacts especially during construction and development. Thus, in order to enhance environmental sustainability, it is imperative to understand the environmental impacts of utility-scale solar energy (USSE) plants. During recent decades, remote sensing techniques and geographic information systems have become standard techniques in environmental applications. In this study, the environmental impacts of USSE plants are investigated by analyzing changes to land surface characteristics using remote sensing. The surface characteristics studied include land cover, land surface temperature, and hydrological response whereas changes are mapped by comparing pre-, syn-, and post- construction conditions. In order to study the effects of USSE facilities on land cover, the changes in the land cover are measured and analyzed inside and around two USSE facilities. The principal component analysis (PCA), minimum noise fraction (MNF), and spectral mixture analysis (SMA) of remote sensing images are used to estimate the subpixel fraction of four land surface endmembers: high-albedo, low-albedo, shadow, and vegetation. The results revealed that USSE plants do not significantly impact land cover outside the plant boundary. However, land-cover radiative characteristics within the plant area are significantly affected after construction. During the construction phase, site preparation practices including shrub removal and land grading increase high-albedo and decrease low-albedo fractions. The thermal effects of USSE facilities are studied by the time series analysis of remote sensing land surface temperature (LST). A statistical trend analysis of LST, with seasonal trends removed is performed with a particular consideration of panel shadowing by analyzing sun angles for different times of year. The results revealed that the LST outside the boundary of the solar plant does not change, whereas it significantly decreases inside the plant at 10 AM after the construction. The decrease in LST mainly occurred in winters due to lower sun's altitude, which casts longer shadows on the ground. In order to study the hydrological impacts of PV plants, pre- and post-installation hydrological response over single-axis technology is compared. A theoretical reasoning is developed to explain flows under the influence of PV panels. Moreover, a distributed parametric hydrologic model is used to estimate runoff before and after the construction of PV plants. The results revealed that peak flow, peak flow time, and runoff volume alter after panel installation. After panel installation, peak flow decreases and is observed to shift in time, which depends on orientation. Likewise, runoff volume increases irrespective of panel orientation. The increase in the tilt angle of panel results in decrease in the peak flow, peak flow time, and runoff. This study provides an insight into the environmental impacts of USSE development using remote sensing. The research demonstrates that USSE plants are environmentally sustainable due to minimal impact on land cover and surface temperature in their vicinity. In addition, this research explains the role of rainfall shadowing on hydrological behavior at USSE plants.

An Analysis of U.S. Navy Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-06-01

orders to USS Tortuga (LSD 46) as the Chief Engineer. LT Cameron Ingram graduated from the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy in Kings Point, NY, in...HSV USS BATAAN LHD USS IWO JIMA LHD H R R R USS SHREVEPORT LPD H R R R USS TORTUGA LSD H R R R USS WHIDBEY ISLAND LSD USS SCOUT MCM/MHC USS DEFENDER

Topical methotrexate alters solute and water transport in the rat jejunum in vivo and rabbit ileum in vitro.

PubMed Central

Pinkerton, C R; Booth, I W; Milla, P J

1985-01-01

The topical effect of methotrexate (MTX) on small intestinal hexose and ion transport has been studied using an in vivo steady state jejunal perfusion technique in the rat, and short circuited rabbit terminal ileum in Ussing chambers in vitro. In rat jejunum, perfusion with MTX (1 mumol/l) caused significant reductions in water, sodium, and glucose absorption within 110 minutes of exposure. Fructose absorption was, however, unimpaired. The same concentration of MTX, when added to the mucosal side of distal rabbit ileum caused significant increases in transmucosal potential difference, short circuit current and the unidirectional flux of chloride from serosa to mucosa. In the presence of a subphysiological magnesium concentration (0.3 mmol/l), MTX resulted in the abolition of net sodium absorption and the conversion of net chloride absorption to secretion. We conclude that MTX has a topical effect on small intestinal transport which is independent of its effect on crypt cell kinetics. PMID:4018634

Stimulation of Intestinal Cl- Secretion Through CFTR by Caffeine Intake in Salt-Sensitive Hypertensive Rats.

PubMed

Wei, Xiao; Lu, Zongshi; Yang, Tao; Gao, Peng; Chen, Sijiao; Liu, Daoyan; Zhu, Zhiming

2018-03-16

High salt consumption is a major risk factor for hypertension, and sodium homeostasis is regulated by both intestinal sodium absorption and urinary sodium excretion. Chronic caffeine intake has been reported to attenuate salt-sensitive hypertension by promoting urinary sodium excretion; however, its exact role in intestinal sodium absorption remains unknown. Here, we investigated whether and how chronic caffeine consumption antagonizes salt-sensitive hypertension by inhibiting intestinal sodium absorption. Dahl salt-sensitive rats were fed 8% NaCl chow and 0.1% caffeine in their drinking water for 15 days. The blood pressure and fecal sodium content were measured. The effect of caffeine on the movement of Cl- in enterocyte cells was determined with the Ussing chamber assay. Rats that were treated with caffeine displayed significantly lower mean blood pressure and higher fecal sodium content than the controls. Consistent with these findings, caffeine intake decreased fluid absorption by the intestine in the fluid perfusion experiment. Further, the results from the Ussing chamber assay indicated that caffeine promoted Cl- secretion through enterocyte apical cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), and thus inhibited sodium absorption. Moreover, depletion of cAMP or inhibition of CFTR completely abolished the effect of caffeine on Cl- secretion. The results indicate that chronic caffeine consumption reduces sodium absorption by promoting CFTR-mediated Cl- secretion in the intestine, which contributes to the anti-hypertensive effect of caffeine in salt-sensitive rats. © 2018 The Author(s). Published by S. Karger AG, Basel.

Lactobacillus plantarum 299v inhibits Escherichia coli-induced intestinal permeability.

PubMed

Mangell, Peter; Nejdfors, Pernilla; Wang, Mei; Ahrné, Siv; Weström, Bjorn; Thorlacius, Henrik; Jeppsson, Bengt

2002-03-01

The purpose of this work was to investigate whether a probiotic bacterium, Lactobacillus plantarum 299v, could affect Escherichia coli-induced passage of mannitol across the intestinal wall. Sprague-Dawley rats were pretreated for one week by either tube feeding with L. plantarum 299v twice daily, free access to L. plantarum 299v by adding the bacterium in the drinking water, or negative control receiving regular feeding. Intestinal segments were mounted in Ussing chambers and the mucosa was exposed to control medium, E. coli, and L. plantarum 299v (alone or together). [14C]Mannitol was added as a marker of intestinal permeability and samples were taken from the serosal side. E. coli exposure induced a 53% increase in mannitol passage across the intestinal wall (P < 0.05). One week of pretreatment with L. plantarum 299v in the drinking water abolished the E. coli-induced increase in permeability. Tube feeding for one week or short-term addition of L. plantarum 299v in the Ussing chambers had no effect on the permeability provoked by E. coli challenge. Notably, L. plantanum 299v itself did not change the intestinal passage of mannitol. These data demonstrate that pretreatment with L. plantarum 299v, which is a probiotic bacterium, protects against E. coli-induced increase in intestinal permeability, and that L. plantarum 299v alone has no influence on the intestinal permeability. Thus, this study supports the concept that probiotics may exert beneficial effects in the gastrointestinal tract.

Dacomitinib-induced diarrhea: Targeting chloride secretion with crofelemer.

PubMed

Van Sebille, Ysabella Z A; Gibson, Rachel J; Wardill, Hannah R; Ball, Imogen A; Keefe, Dorothy M K; Bowen, Joanne M

2018-01-15

Dacomitinib, an irreversible small-molecule pan-ErbB TKI, has a high incidence of diarrhea, which has been suggested to be due to chloride secretory mechanisms. Based on this hypothesis, crofelemer, an antisecretory agent may be an effective intervention. T84 monolayers were treated with 1 µM dacomitinib and 10 µM crofelemer, and mounted into Ussing chambers for electrogenic ion analysis. Crofelemer attenuated increases in chloride secretion in cells treated with dacomitinib. Albino Wistar rats (n = 48) were treated with 7.5 mg/kg dacomitinib and/or 25 mg/kg crofelemer via oral gavage for 21 days. Crofelemer significantly worsened dacomitinib-induced diarrhea (p = 0.0003), and did not attenuate weight loss (p < 0.0001). Sections of the ileum and colon were mounted into Ussing chambers, and secretory processes analyzed. This indicated that crofelemer lost its anti-secretory action in the presence of dacomitinib in this model. Mass spectrometry revealed that crofelemer did not change serum concentration of dacomitinib. Serum FITC dextran levels indicated that crofelemer was unable to attenuate dacomitinib-induced barrier dysfunction. Tight junction proteins were visualized with immunofluorescence. Qualitative analysis showed dacomitinib induced proteolysis of ZO-1 and occludin, and internalization of claudin-1, which was not attenuated by crofelemer. Detailed histopathological analysis showed that crofelemer was unable to attenuate dacomitinib-induced ileal damage. Crofelemer worsened dacomitinib-induced diarrhea, suggesting that antisecretory drug therapy may be ineffective in this setting. © 2017 UICC.

Regulation of Cl(-) secretion by AMPK in vivo.

PubMed

Kongsuphol, Patthara; Hieke, Bernhard; Ousingsawat, Jiraporn; Almaca, Joana; Viollet, Benoit; Schreiber, Rainer; Kunzelmann, Karl

2009-03-01

Previous in vitro studies suggested that Cl(-) currents produced by the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR; ABCC7) are inhibited by the alpha1 isoform of the adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-stimulated kinase (AMPK). AMPK is a serine/threonine kinase that is activated during metabolic stress. It has been proposed as a potential mediator for transport-metabolism coupling in epithelial tissues. All previous studies have been performed in vitro and thus little is known about the regulation of Cl(-) secretion by AMPK in vivo. Using AMPKalpha1(-/-) mice and wild-type littermates, we demonstrate that phenformin, an activator of AMPK, strongly inhibits cAMP-activated Cl(-) secretion in mouse airways and colon, when examined in ex vivo in Ussing chamber recordings. However, phenformin was equally effective in AMPKalpha1(-/-) and wild-type animals, suggesting additional AMPK-independent action of phenformin. Phenformin inhibited CFTR Cl(-) conductance in basolaterally permeabilized colonic epithelium from AMPKalpha1(+/+) but not AMPKalpha1(-/-) mice. The inhibitor of AMPK compound C enhanced CFTR-mediated Cl(-) secretion in epithelial tissues of AMPKalpha1(-/-) mice, but not in wild-type littermates. There was no effect on Ca(2+)-mediated Cl(-) secretion, activated by adenosine triphosphate or carbachol. Moreover CFTR-dependent Cl(-) secretion was enhanced in the colon of AMPKalpha1(-/-) mice, as indicated in Ussing chamber ex vivo and rectal PD measurements in vivo. Taken together, these data suggest that epithelial Cl(-) secretion mediated by CFTR is controlled by AMPK in vivo.

32 CFR 706.2 - Certifications of the Secretary of the Navy under Executive Order 11964 and 33 U.S.C. 1605.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 773 3.5 USS VIRGINIA SSN 774 2.9 USS TEXAS SSN 775 2.90 USS HAWAII SSN 776 2.90 USS NORTH CAROLINA SSN... 1.1 below USS SHAMAL PC 13 1 28.26 3.01 1.1 below USS TORNADO PC 14 1 27.8 3.01 1.1 below USS... SSN 774 205° 4.37 11.05 2.8 0.30 below USS TEXAS SSN 775 210.2° 4.37 11.05 2.8 0.30 below USS HAWAII...

Validation of the urinary sensation scale (USS).

PubMed

Coyne, Karin S; Margolis, Mary Kay; Hsieh, Ray; Vats, Vasudha; Chapple, Christopher R

2011-03-01

The purpose of this study was to assess the validity of the Urinary Sensation Scale (USS) in men with overactive bladder and voiding symptoms (OAB-LUTS) and women with overactive bladder (OAB). Data from two OAB clinical trials of tolterodine were used. The USS, a 5-point scale, assesses the amount of urinary urgency associated with each urination. Three methods to calculate the USS are: mean urgency (Mean USS); mode urgency (Mode USS); and sum urgency (sum USS). The validity and responsiveness of the scoring methods was assessed using Spearman's correlations, general linear models, and effect sizes. Data from 650 men (Study 1) and 413 women (Study 2) were analyzed. Mean age was 65.2 (men) and 47.8 (women); 70% were Caucasian in both studies. Correlations of USS scores with bladder diary variables were small to moderate and higher among Sum USS than Mean USS (r=0.02-0.64). Correlations among the USS and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) were again small to moderate and higher with Sum USS (r=0.05-0.41). Both the Mean USS and Sum USS significantly discriminated (all P<0.001) among all bladder diary variables (except nocturia and UUI in men) when grouped as improved/not improved as well as by the PROs. Effect sizes for men and women, respectively, were -0.52 and -1.09 for Mean USS and -0.72 and -1.36 for Sum USS. The USS is a valid and highly responsive measure of urinary urgency in men with OAB-LUTS and women with OAB. Copyright © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

32 CFR 706.2 - Certifications of the Secretary of the Navy under Executive Order 11964 and 33 U.S.C. 1605.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 772 3.5 USS CHEYENNE SSN 773 3.5 USS VIRGINIA SSN 774 2.9 USS TEXAS SSN 775 2.90 USS HAWAII SSN 776 2... below USS TORNADO PC 14 1 27.8 3.01 1.1 below USS DOLPHIN AGSS 555 227.51/2 1191/2 1911/2 2.1 10.8 1.8 0... SSN 773 209° 4.4 6.1 3.4 1.7 below USS VIRGINIA SSN 774 205° 4.37 11.05 2.8 0.30 below USS TEXAS SSN...

32 CFR 706.2 - Certifications of the Secretary of the Navy under Executive Order 11964 and 33 U.S.C. 1605.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 772 3.5 USS CHEYENNE SSN 773 3.5 USS VIRGINIA SSN 774 2.9 USS TEXAS SSN 775 2.90 USS HAWAII SSN 776 2... PC 13 1 28.26 3.01 1.1 below USS TORNADO PC 14 1 27.8 3.01 1.1 below USS DOLPHIN AGSS 555 227.51/2... SSN 773 209° 4.4 6.1 3.4 1.7 below USS VIRGINIA SSN 774 205° 4.37 11.05 2.8 0.30 below USS TEXAS SSN...

32 CFR 706.2 - Certifications of the Secretary of the Navy under Executive Order 11964 and 33 U.S.C. 1605.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 774 2.9 USS TEXAS SSN 775 2.90 USS HAWAII SSN 776 2.90 USS NORTH CAROLINA SSN 777 2.90 USS NEW....1 below USS TORNADO PC 14 1 27.8 3.01 1.1 below USS DOLPHIN AGSS 555 227.51/2 1191/2 1911/2 2.1 10.8... SSN 773 209° 4.4 6.1 3.4 1.7 below USS VIRGINIA SSN 774 205° 4.37 11.05 2.8 0.30 below USS TEXAS SSN...

Uropathogenic E. coli Promote a Paracellular Urothelial Barrier Defect Characterized by Altered Tight Junction Integrity, Epithelial Cell Sloughing and Cytokine Release

PubMed Central

Wood, M. W.; Breitschwerdt, E. B.; Nordone, S. K.; Linder, K. E.; Gookin, J. L.

2013-01-01

Summary The urinary bladder is a common site of bacterial infection with a majority of cases attributed to uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Sequels of urinary tract infections (UTIs) include the loss of urothelial barrier function and subsequent clinical morbidity secondary to the permeation of urine potassium, urea and ammonia into the subepithelium. To date there has been limited research describing the mechanism by which this urothelial permeability defect develops. The present study models acute uropathogenic E. coli infection in vitro using intact canine bladder mucosa mounted in Ussing chambers to determine whether infection induces primarily a transcellular or paracellular permeability defect. The Ussing chamber sustains tissue viability while physically separating submucosal and lumen influences, so this model is ideal for quantitative measurement of transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) to assess alterations of urothelial barrier function. Using this model, changes in both tissue ultrastructure and TER indicated that uropathogenic E. coli infection promotes a paracellular permeability defect associated with the failure of umbrella cell tight junction formation and umbrella cell sloughing. In addition, bacterial interaction with the urothelium promoted secretion of cytokines from the urinary bladder with bioactivity capable of modulating epithelial barrier function including tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-15. IL-15 secretion by the infected bladder mucosa is a novel finding and, because IL-15 plays key roles in reconstitution of tight junction function in damaged intestine, this study points to a potential role for IL-15 in UTI-induced urothelial injury. PMID:22014415

Epithelial propionyl‐ and butyrylcholine as novel regulators of colonic ion transport

PubMed Central

Moreno, Sarah; Gerbig, Stefanie; Schulz, Sabine; Spengler, Bernhard; Bader, Sandra

2016-01-01

Abstract Background and Purpose The colonic surface epithelium produces acetylcholine, released after the binding of propionate to GPCRs for this short‐chain fatty acid (SCFA). This epithelial acetylcholine then induces anion secretion via stimulation of acetylcholine receptors. The key enzyme responsible for acetylcholine synthesis, choline acetyltransferase, is known to be unselective as regards the fatty acid used for esterification of choline. As the colonic epithelium is permanently exposed to high concentrations of different SCFAs produced by bacterial fermentation, we investigated whether choline esters other than acetylcholine, propionylcholine and butyrylcholine, are produced by the colonic epithelium, too, and whether these ‘atypical’ esters are able to stimulate the acetylcholine receptors involved in the regulation of colonic ion transport. Experimental Approach Desorption electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (DESI‐MS), Ussing chamber and Ca2+‐imaging experiments were performed on rat distal colon. Key Results DESI‐MS analyses revealed the production of acetylcholine, propionylcholine and butyrylcholine in the surface epithelium. Relative expression rates were 2–3% in comparison with acetylcholine. In Ussing chamber experiments, both atypical choline esters caused a concentration‐dependent increase in short‐circuit current, that is, stimulated anion secretion. Inhibitor experiments in the absence and presence of the submucosal plexus revealed the involvement of neuronal and epithelial acetylcholine receptors. While butyrylcholine obviously stimulated both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors, propionylcholine predominantly acted on muscarinic receptors. Conclusions and Implications These results suggest a novel pathway for communication between intestinal microbes producing SCFA and the host via modification of epithelial production of choline esters involved in the paracrine regulation of the colonic epithelium. PMID:27423041

Neurophysiological mechanisms of bradykinin-evoked mucosal chloride secretion in guinea pig small intestine.

PubMed

Qu, Mei-Hua; Ji, Wan-Sheng; Zhao, Ting-Kun; Fang, Chun-Yan; Mao, Shu-Mei; Gao, Zhi-Qin

2016-02-15

To investigate the mechanism for bradykinin (BK) to stimulate intestinal secretomotor neurons and intestinal chloride secretion. Muscle-stripped guinea pig ileal preparations were mounted in Ussing flux chambers for the recording of short-circuit current (Isc). Basal Isc and Isc stimulated by BK when preincubated with the BK receptors antagonist and other chemicals were recorded using the Ussing chamber system. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in the intestine was determined by enzyme immunologic assay (EIA). Application of BK or B2 receptor (B2R) agonist significantly increased the baseline Isc compared to the control. B2R antagonist, tetrodotoxin and scopolamine (blockade of muscarinic receptors) significantly suppressed the increase in Isc evoked by BK. The BK-evoked Isc was suppressed by cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 or COX-2 specific inhibitor as well as nonselective COX inhibitors. Preincubation of submucosa/mucosa preparations with BK for 10 min significantly increased PGE2 production and this was abolished by the COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors. The BK-evoked Isc was suppressed by nonselective EP receptors and EP4 receptor antagonists, but selective EP1 receptor antagonist did not have a significant effect on the BK-evoked Isc. Inhibitors of PLC, PKC, calmodulin or CaMKII failed to suppress BK-induced PGE2 production. The results suggest that BK stimulates neurogenic chloride secretion in the guinea pig ileum by activating B2R, through COX increasing PGE2 production. The post-receptor transduction cascade includes activation of PLC, PKC, CaMK, IP3 and MAPK.

Optimization of the Ussing chamber setup with excised rat intestinal segments for dissolution/permeation experiments of poorly soluble drugs.

PubMed

Forner, Kristin; Roos, Carl; Dahlgren, David; Kesisoglou, Filippos; Konerding, Moritz A; Mazur, Johanna; Lennernäs, Hans; Langguth, Peter

2017-02-01

Prediction of the in vivo absorption of poorly soluble drugs may require simultaneous dissolution/permeation experiments. In vivo predictive media have been modified for permeation experiments with Caco-2 cells, but not for excised rat intestinal segments. The present study aimed at improving the setup of dissolution/permeation experiments with excised rat intestinal segments by assessing suitable donor and receiver media. The regional compatibility of rat intestine in Ussing chambers with modified Fasted and Fed State Simulated Intestinal Fluids (Fa/FeSSIF mod ) as donor media was evaluated via several parameters that reflect the viability of the excised intestinal segments. Receiver media that establish sink conditions were investigated for their foaming potential and toxicity. Dissolution/permeation experiments with the optimized conditions were then tested for two particle sizes of the BCS class II drug aprepitant. Fa/FeSSIF mod were toxic for excised rat ileal sheets but not duodenal sheets, the compatibility with jejunal segments depended on the bile salt concentration. A non-foaming receiver medium containing bovine serum albumin (BSA) and Antifoam B was nontoxic. With these conditions, the permeation of nanosized aprepitant was higher than of the unmilled drug formulations. The compatibility of Fa/FeSSIF mod depends on the excised intestinal region. The chosen conditions enable dissolution/permeation experiments with excised rat duodenal segments. The experiments correctly predicted the superior permeation of nanosized over unmilled aprepitant that is observed in vivo. The optimized setup uses FaSSIF mod as donor medium, excised rat duodenal sheets as permeation membrane and a receiver medium containing BSA and Antifoam B.

Recapitalization of Amphibious Operation and Lift

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-06-01

CA LSD-45 USS Comstock San Diego, CA LSD-46 USS Tortuga Sasebo, Japan LSD-47 USS Rushmore San Diego, CA LSD-48 USS Ashland Little Creek, VA Table...elements 8) Conduct land missions to take over hostile nation forces The LSD: The USS Tortuga (LSD-46), located in its homeport of Sasebo, Japan, is...ATF from surface, subsurface, and air threats while conducting the assault. Once on station, the USS Tortuga is capable of conducting amphibious

'USS Alabama', 'USS Mississippi', 'USS Missouri', 'USS Tennessee' and 'USS Texas' Chinese hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinenis L.)

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Five new Chinese hibiscus cultivars are products from a planned hibiscus breeding program conducted by the inventors at Poplarville, MS. The goal of the research is to produce new clones with a combination of desirable horticultural traits. Desirable floral traits include early bloom, uniform flower...

A Methodological Approach for Conducting a Business Case Analysis for the Joint Distance Support and Response (JDSR) Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (ACTD)

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-12-01

24 $8,018.84 63 $104,722.97 AOE 0006 USS SUPPLY 4 $6,319.85 21 $26,655.18 AOE 0007 USS RAINIER 0 $0.00 4 $2,547.89 AOE 0008 USS ARCTIC 8 $1,778.17...0.00 4 $9,987.61 LCC 0020 USS MOUNT WHITNEY 5 $709.19 90 $99,210.49 LCM 0008 USS LCM-8 0 $0.00 2 $590.00 38 LCU 1634 LCU-1634 0 $0.00 2 $2,281.91...636.88 38 $38,446.13 LSD 0036 USS ANCHORAGE 1 $320.22 1 $582.12 LSD 0037 USS PORTLAND 1 $0.00 46 $53,501.29 LSD 0039 USS MOUNT VERNON 1 $339.04 0

Online sexual victimization in youth: predictors and cross-sectional associations with depressive symptoms.

PubMed

Zetterström Dahlqvist, Heléne; Gillander Gådin, Katja

2018-06-02

The aim was to analyze (i) the prevalence of online unwanted sexual solicitation (USS) victimization, (ii) predictors of online USS and (iii) the associations between online USS and depressive symptoms in Swedish pupils in grades 7-9. An electronic questionnaire was disseminated in 2011 in schools in a municipality in the northern part of Sweden. Total n = 1193 (boys n = 566; girls n = 627). Logistic regression models were fitted to test the cross-sectional associations between predictors of online USS and depressive symptoms, respectively. One third of girls and every fifth boy reported online USS victimization. In boys, predictors associated with online USS were offline bullying and sexual harassment victimization. Only offline sexual harassment victimization was associated with online USS in girls. Girls victimized by online USS had about twice the likelihood to report depressive symptoms compared to non-victimized girls. There were no associations between online USS and depressive symptoms in boys. While offline bullying was associated with depressive symptoms in both genders, offline sexual harassment victimization increased the likelihood to report depressive symptoms in girls only. Online USS was common among Swedish youth, particularly among girls. Schools, parents and internet safety educators should look at co-occurrence of different forms of victimization as offline victimization was a predictor of online USS. Online USS was associated with depressive symptoms in girls and may hence be a factor driving gender inequity in mental health in youth.

pH Dependent but not P-gp Dependent Bidirectional Transport Study of S-propranolol: The Importance of Passive Diffusion.

PubMed

Zheng, Yi; Benet, Leslie Z; Okochi, Hideaki; Chen, Xijing

2015-08-01

Recent controversial publications, citing studies purporting to show that P-gp mediates the transport of propranolol, proposed that passive biological membrane transport is negligible. Based on the BDDCS, the extensively metabolized-highly permeable-highly soluble BDDCS class 1 drug, propranolol, shows a high passive permeability at concentrations unrestricted by solubility that can overwhelm any potential transporter effects. Here we reinvestigate the effects of passive diffusion and carrier-mediated transport on S-propranolol. Bidirectional permeability and inhibition of efflux transport studies were carried out in MDCK, MDCK-MDR1 and Caco-2 cell lines at different concentrations. Transcellular permeability studies were conducted at different apical pHs in the rat jejunum Ussing chamber model and PAMPA system. S-propranolol exhibited efflux ratios lower than 1 in MDCK, MDCK-MDR1 and Caco-2 cells. No significant differences of Papp, B->A in the presence and absence of the efflux inhibitor GG918 were observed. However, an efflux ratio of 3.63 was found at apical pH 6.5 with significant decrease in Papp, A->B and increase in Papp, B->A compared to apical pH 7.4 in Caco-2 cell lines. The pH dependent permeability was confirmed in the Ussing chamber model. S-propranolol flux was unchanged during inhibition by verapamil and rifampin. Furthermore, pH dependent permeability was also observed in the PAMPA system. S-propranolol does not exhibit active transport as proposed previously. The "false" positive efflux ratio can be explained by the pH partition theory. As expected, passive diffusion, but not active transport, plays the primary role in the permeability of the BDDCS class 1 drug propranolol.

pH dependent but not P-gp dependent bidirectional transport study of S-propranolol: the importance of passive diffusion

PubMed Central

Zheng, Yi; Benet, Leslie Z.; Okochi, Hideaki; Chen, Xijing

2016-01-01

Purpose Recent controversial publications, citing studies purporting to show that P-gp mediates the transport of propranolol, proposed that passive biological membrane transport is negligible. Based on the BDDCS, the extensively metabolized-highly permeable-highly soluble BDDCS class 1 drug, propranolol, shows a high passive permeability at concentrations unrestricted by solubility that can overwhelm any potential transporter effects. Here we reinvestigate the effects of passive diffusion and carrier-mediated transport on S-propranolol. Methods Bidirectional permeability and inhibition of efflux transport studies were carried out in MDCK, MDCK-MDR1 and Caco-2 cell lines at different concentrations. Transcellular permeability studies were conducted at different apical pHs in the rat jejunum Ussing chamber model and PAMPA system. Results S-propranolol exhibited efflux ratios lower than 1 in MDCK, MDCK-MDR1 and Caco-2 cells. No significant differences of Papp, B->A in the presence and absence of the efflux inhibitor GG918 were observed. However, an efflux ratio of 3.63 was found at apical pH 6.5 with significant decrease in Papp, A->B and increase in Papp, B->A compared to apical pH 7.4 in Caco-2 cell lines. The pH dependent permeability was confirmed in the Ussing chamber model. S-propranolol flux was unchanged during inhibition by verapamil and rifampin. Furthermore, pH dependent permeability was also observed in the PAMPA system. Conclusions S-propranolol does not exhibit active transport as proposed previously. The "false" positive efflux ratio can be explained by the pH partition theory. As expected, passive diffusion, but not active transport, plays the primary role in the permeability of the BDDCS class 1 drug propranolol. PMID:25690341

The novel formulation design of self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) type O/W microemulsion III: the permeation mechanism of a poorly water soluble drug entrapped O/W microemulsion in rat isolated intestinal membrane by the Ussing chamber method.

PubMed

Araya, Hiroshi; Tomita, Mikio; Hayashi, Masahiro

2006-02-01

We used ibuprofen as a poorly water soluble model drug, to examine the influence of bile salts and mucin layers on the permeability of that entrapped in an O/W microemulsion, in a rat isolated intestinal membrane by the Ussing chamber method. Under the presence of 3 kinds of the primary bile salts such a sodium taurocholate, etc., or a secondary bile salt such a sodium taurochenodeoxycholate at 0.01 mmol/L concentration, a significant difference was not demonstrated in the permeation clearance of the ibuprofen entrapped O/W microemulsion, as compared with the case without the bile salts. Thus, the bile salts did not have a remarkable influence on the permeability of the drug entrapped in the O/W microemulsion, and it was verified that this O/W microemulsion was hardly influenced by the flow of the bile secretion. On the other hand, when N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) with the removal ability of a mucin layer was combined with the ibuprofen entrapped O/W microemulsion at the concentration of 3 and 10 mmol/L, it was shown that the permeation clearance of free ibuprofen did not decrease, but that of ibuprofen entrapped in the O/W microemulsion decreased with the increase of the NAC concentration. Therefore, it is confirmed that the mucin layer participates in the permeability of the drug entrapped in the O/W microemulsion. From these results, the mechanism in which the drug entrapped in the O/W microemulsion is released in a mucin layer, without passing through the route of the mixed micelle formation by bile, thereafter the drug permeates an intestinal membrane, is supposed.

Choline acetyltransferase and organic cation transporters are responsible for synthesis and propionate-induced release of acetylcholine in colon epithelium.

PubMed

Bader, Sandra; Klein, Jochen; Diener, Martin

2014-06-15

Acetylcholine is not only a neurotransmitter, but is found in a variety of non-neuronal cells. For example, the enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), catalyzing acetylcholine synthesis, is expressed by the colonic epithelium of different species. These cells release acetylcholine across the basolateral membrane after luminal exposure to propionate, a short-chain fatty acid. The functional consequence is the induction of chloride secretion, measurable as increase in short-circuit current (Isc) in Ussing chamber experiments. It is unclear how acetylcholine is produced and released by colonic epithelium. Therefore, the aim of the present study was the identification (on mRNA and protein level) and functional characterization (in Ussing chamber experiments combined with HPLC detection of acetylcholine) of transporters/enzymes in the cholinergic system of rat colonic epithelium. Immunohistochemical staining as well as RT-PCR revealed the expression of high-affinity choline transporter, ChAT, carnitine acetyltransferase (CarAT), vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), and organic cation transporters (OCT 1, 2, 3) in colonic epithelium. In contrast to blockade of ChAT with bromoacetylcholine, inhibition of CarAT with mildronate did not inhibit the propionate-induced increase in Isc, suggesting a predominant synthesis of epithelial acetylcholine by ChAT. Although being expressed, blockade of VAChT with vesamicol was ineffective, whereas inhibition of OCTs with omeprazole and corticosterone inhibited propionate-induced Isc and the release of acetylcholine into the basolateral compartment. In summary, OCTs seem to be involved in regulated acetylcholine release by colonic epithelium, which is assumed to be involved in chemosensing of luminal short-chain fatty acids by the intestinal epithelium. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Dextran sodium sulphate-induced colitis perturbs muscarinic cholinergic control of colonic epithelial ion transport

PubMed Central

Sayer, Brooke; Lu, Jun; Green, Christina; Söderholm, Johan D; Akhtar, Mahmood; McKay, Derek M

2002-01-01

Neuronal cholinergic input is an important regulator of epithelial electrolyte transport and hence water movement in the gut. In this study, colitis was induced by treating mice with 4% (w v−1) dextran sodium-sulphate (DSS)-water for 5 days followed by 3 days of normal water. Mid-colonic segments were mounted in Ussing chambers and short-circuit current (Isc, indicates net ion movement) responses to the cholinergic agonist, carbachol (CCh; 10−4 M)±tetrodotoxin, atropine (ATR), hexamethonium (HEX), naloxone or phenoxybenzamine were assessed. Tissues from mice with DSS-induced colitis displayed a drop in Isc in response to CCh (−11.3±3.3 μA/cm2), while those from control mice showed a transient increase in Isc (76.3±13.0 μA/cm2). The ΔIsc in colon from DSS-treated mice was tetrodotoxin-sensitive, atropine-insensitive and was reversed by hexamethonium (HEX+CCh=16.7±7.8 μA/cm2), indicating involvement of a nicotinic receptor. CCh induced a drop in Isc in tissues from controls only when they were pretreated with the cholinergic muscarinic receptor blocker, atropine: ATR+CCh=−21.3±7.0 μA/cm2. Nicotine elicited a drop in Isc in Ussing-chambered colon from both control and DSS-treated mice that was TTX-sensitive. The drop in Isc evoked by CCh challenge of colonic tissue from DSS-treated mice or ATR+CCh challenge of control tissue was not significantly affected by blockade of opiate or α-adrenergic receptors by naloxone or phenoxybenzamine, respectively. The data indicate that DSS-colitis reveals a nicotinic receptor that becomes important in cholinergic regulation of ion transport. PMID:11934821

Perinatal supplementation of 4-phenylbutyrate and glutamine attenuates endoplasmic reticulum stress and improves colonic epithelial barrier function in rats born with intrauterine growth restriction.

PubMed

Désir-Vigné, Axel; Haure-Mirande, Vianney; de Coppet, Pierre; Darmaun, Dominique; Le Dréan, Gwenola; Segain, Jean-Pierre

2018-05-01

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) can affect the structure and function of the intestinal barrier and increase digestive disease risk in adulthood. Using the rat model of maternal dietary protein restriction (8% vs. 20%), we found that the colon of IUGR offspring displayed decreased mRNA expression of epithelial barrier proteins MUC2 and occludin during development. This was associated with increased mRNA expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress marker XBP1s and increased colonic permeability measured in Ussing chambers. We hypothesized that ER stress contributes to colonic barrier alterations and that perinatal supplementation of dams with ER stress modulators, phenylbutyrate and glutamine (PG) could prevent these defects in IUGR offspring. We first demonstrated that ER stress induction by tunicamycin or thapsigargin increased the permeability of rat colonic tissues mounted in Ussing chamber and that PG treatment prevented this effect. Therefore, we supplemented the diet of control and IUGR dams with PG during gestation and lactation. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and histological analysis of colons from 120-day-old offspring revealed that perinatal PG treatment partially prevented the increased expression of ER stress markers but reversed the reduction of crypt depth and goblet cell number in IUGR rats. In dextran sodium sulfate-induced injury and recovery experiments, the colon of IUGR rats without perinatal PG treatment showed higher XBP1s mRNA levels and histological scores of inflammation than IUGR rats with perinatal PG treatment. In conclusion, these data suggest that perinatal supplementation with PG could alleviate ER stress and prevent epithelial barrier dysfunction in IUGR offspring. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Hydrostatic pressure activates ATP-sensitive K+ channels in lung epithelium by ATP release through pannexin and connexin hemichannels.

PubMed

Richter, Katrin; Kiefer, Kevin P; Grzesik, Benno A; Clauss, Wolfgang G; Fronius, Martin

2014-01-01

Lungs of air-breathing vertebrates are constantly exposed to mechanical forces and therefore are suitable for investigation of mechanotransduction processes in nonexcitable cells and tissues. Freshly dissected Xenopus laevis lungs were used for transepithelial short-circuit current (ISC) recordings and were exposed to increased hydrostatic pressure (HP; 5 cm fluid column, modified Ussing chamber). I(SC) values obtained under HP (I(5cm)) were normalized to values before HP (I(0cm)) application (I(5cm)/I(0cm)). Under control conditions, HP decreased I(SC) (I(5cm)/I(0cm)=0.84; n=68; P<0.0001). This effect was reversible and repeatable ≥30 times. Preincubation with ATP-sensitive K(+) channel (K(ATP)) inhibitors (HMR1098 and glibenclamide) prevented the decrease in I(SC) (I(5cm)/I(0cm): HMR1098=1.19, P<0.0001; glibenclamide=1.11, P<0.0001). Similar effects were observed with hemichannel inhibitors (I(5cm)/I(0cm): meclofenamic acid=1.09, P<0.0001; probenecid=1.0, P<0.0001). The HP effect was accompanied by release of ATP (P<0.05), determined by luciferin-luciferase luminescence in perfusion solution from the luminal side of an Ussing chamber. ATP release was abrogated by both meclofenamic acid and probenecid. RT-PCR experiments revealed the expression of pannexin and connexin hemichannels and KATP subunit transcripts in X. laevis lung. These data show an activation of KATP in pulmonary epithelial cells in response to HP that is induced by ATP release through mechanosensitive pannexin and connexin hemichannels. These findings represent a novel mechanism of mechanotransduction in nonexcitable cells.

Rapid elevation of sodium transport through insulin is mediated by AKT in alveolar cells

PubMed Central

Mattes, Charlott; Laube, Mandy; Thome, Ulrich H.

2014-01-01

Abstract Alveolar fluid clearance is driven by vectorial Na+ transport and promotes postnatal lung adaptation. The effect of insulin on alveolar epithelial Na+ transport was studied in isolated alveolar cells from 18–19‐day gestational age rat fetuses. Equivalent short‐circuit currents (ISC) were measured in Ussing chambers and different kinase inhibitors were used to determine the pathway of insulin stimulation. In Western Blot measurements the activation of mediators stimulated by insulin was analyzed. The ISC showed a fast dose‐dependent increase by insulin, which could be attributed to an increased ENaC (epithelial Na+ channel) activity in experiments with permeabilized apical or basolateral membrane. 5‐(N‐Ethyl‐N‐isopropyl)amiloride inhibition of ISC was not affected, however, benzamil‐sensitive ISC was increased in insulin‐stimulated monolayers. The application of LY‐294002 and Akti1/2 both completely blocked the stimulating effect of insulin on ISC. PP242 partly blocked the effect of insulin, whereas Rapamycin evoked no inhibition. Western Blot measurements revealed an increased phosphorylation of AKT after insulin stimulation. SGK1 activity was also increased by insulin as shown by Western Blot of pNDRG1. However, in Ussing chamber measurements, GSK650394, an inhibitor of SGK1 did not prevent the increase in ISC induced by insulin. The application of IGF‐1 mimicked the effect of insulin and increased the ENaC activity. In addition, an increased autophosphorylation of the IGF‐1R/IR was observed after insulin stimulation. We conclude that insulin rapidly increases epithelial Na+ transport by enhancing the activity of endogenous ENaC through activation of PI3K/AKT in alveolar cells. PMID:24760523

Zone Logic Applications for Submarine Overhauls (The National Shipbuilding Research Program)

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-08-01

outfitting and work packaging are parts of this more general management 5B-1 figure 1 - USS Bluefish Pilot Project Key Events figure 2 - USS Bluefish ...met. This approach to organizing work was expanded in the next pilot project on the overhaul of the USS Bluefish . Zone Outfitting on the USS Bluefish ...Portsmouth developed a pilot project on the overhaul of the USS Bluefish . The intention of this pilot project has been to explore the technical

Surface Warfare: A Total Force. Volume 19. Number 4, July/August 1994

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-08-01

USS Puget Sound (AD 38) (AOE 1) Support USS Grasp (ARS 51) Combat Logistics (med/small) USS Mauna Lea (AE 22) COMINEWARCOM: Repair USS Acadia (AD 42...structure is Operational Reserve Carrier ( ORC ). When USS John being shaped to expand this role. In the recently P. Eznnedy (CV 67) joins the NRF in...A typical Aegis engagement sequence begins as a engineer and test the fought in the waters of Port RoyalAegis Combat System. Sound and on the adjacent

Perturbative universal state-selective correction for state-specific multi-reference coupled cluster methods

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Brabec, Jiri; Banik, Subrata; Kowalski, Karol

2016-10-28

The implementation details of the universal state-selective (USS) multi-reference coupled cluster (MRCC) formalism with singles and doubles (USS(2)) are discussed on the example of several benchmark systems. We demonstrate that the USS(2) formalism is capable of improving accuracies of state specific multi-reference coupled-cluster (MRCC) methods based on the Brillouin-Wigner and Mukherjee’s sufficiency conditions. Additionally, it is shown that the USS(2) approach significantly alleviates problems associated with the lack of invariance of MRCC theories upon the rotation of active orbitals. We also discuss the perturbative USS(2) formulations that significantly reduce numerical overhead of the full USS(2) method.

33 CFR 165.112 - Safety Zone: USS CASSIN YOUNG, Boston, Massachusetts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Safety Zone: USS CASSIN YOUNG... Safety Zone: USS CASSIN YOUNG, Boston, Massachusetts. (a) Location. The following area is a safety zone... underway. The zone extends 100 yards in all directions in the waters around the USS CASSIN YOUNG and...

'USS Arizona' and 'USS California' tropical hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.)

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Both ‘USS Arizona’ and ‘USS California’ were selected for use as accent plants for patios, pools or other outside areas in climates with warm summers or as perennial flowering landscape shrubs in USDA hardiness zones 9 and 10. The cultivars were selected for their exceptional vibrant flowers, well-b...

Environmental impacts of utility-scale solar energy

USGS Publications Warehouse

Hernandez, R.R.; Easter, S.B.; Murphy-Mariscal, M. L.; Maestre, F.T.; Tavassoli, M.; Allen, E.B.; Barrows, C.W.; Belnap, J.; Ochoa-Hueso, R.; Ravi, S.; Allen, M.F.

2014-01-01

Renewable energy is a promising alternative to fossil fuel-based energy, but its development can require a complex set of environmental tradeoffs. A recent increase in solar energy systems, especially large, centralized installations, underscores the urgency of understanding their environmental interactions. Synthesizing literature across numerous disciplines, we review direct and indirect environmental impacts – both beneficial and adverse – of utility-scale solar energy (USSE) development, including impacts on biodiversity, land-use and land-cover change, soils, water resources, and human health. Additionally, we review feedbacks between USSE infrastructure and land-atmosphere interactions and the potential for USSE systems to mitigate climate change. Several characteristics and development strategies of USSE systems have low environmental impacts relative to other energy systems, including other renewables. We show opportunities to increase USSE environmental co-benefits, the permitting and regulatory constraints and opportunities of USSE, and highlight future research directions to better understand the nexus between USSE and the environment. Increasing the environmental compatibility of USSE systems will maximize the efficacy of this key renewable energy source in mitigating climatic and global environmental change.

A comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of MARS MRI and ultrasound of the painful metal-on-metal hip arthroplasty.

PubMed

Siddiqui, Imran A; Sabah, Shiraz A; Satchithananda, Keshthra; Lim, Adrian K; Cro, Suzie; Henckel, Johann; Skinner, John A; Hart, Alister J

2014-08-01

Metal artifact reduction sequence (MARS) MRI and ultrasound scanning (USS) can both be used to detect pseudotumors, abductor muscle atrophy, and tendinous pathology in patients with painful metal-on-metal (MOM) hip arthroplasty. We wanted to determine the diagnostic test characteristics of USS using MARS MRI as a reference for detection of pseudotumors and muscle atrophy. PatienTS AND METHODS: We performed a prospective cohort study to compare MARS MRI and USS findings in 19 consecutive patients with unilateral MOM hips. Protocolized USS was performed by consultant musculoskeletal radiologists who were blinded regarding clinical details. Reports were independently compared with MARS MRI, the imaging gold standard, to calculate predictive values. The prevalence of pseudotumors on MARS MRI was 68% (95% CI: 43-87) and on USS it was 53% (CI: 29-76). The sensitivity of USS in detecting pseudotumors was 69% (CI 39-91) and the specificity was 83% (CI: 36-97). The sensitivity of detection of abductor muscle atrophy was 47% (CI: 24-71). In addition, joint effusion was detected in 10 cases by USS and none were seen by MARS MRI. We found a poor agreement between USS and MARS MRI. USS was inferior to MARS MRI for detection of pseudotumors and muscle atrophy, but it was superior for detection of joint effusion and tendinous pathologies. MARS MRI is more advantageous than USS for practical reasons, including preoperative planning and longitudinal comparison.

Thermographic inspection of marine composite structures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jones, Thomas S.; Lindgren, Eric A.

1994-03-01

The marine industry is now facing the problems that were faced by the aircraft industry 20 to 25 years ago: glass-fiber-composite structures do not lend themselves to traditional methods of interrogation. Both the material response and the failure modes of composites are different from traditional materials. Infrared thermographic techniques were investigated for application to composite hull structures and found to be very effective in locating and identifying damage to both solid laminate and sandwich panel construction. The thermographic techniques have been applied to cruising as well as racing yachts with good results. Indicated damage has matched well with the damage discovered during repair operations. More recently, the thermographic techniques have been applied to much thicker solid laminate hull construction used in a new U.S. Navy mine hunter, the MHC-51, U.S.S. Osprey. Thermographic investigations were performed on large test panels used to evaluate different material systems for this vessel and on the vessel itself to provide a baseline thermal characterization. Later this year, shock trials will be performed on the U.S.S. Osprey. Additional thermographic studies are planned following the shock trials.

Propofol inhibits carbachol-induced chloride secretion by directly targeting the basolateral K+ channel in rat ileum epithelium.

PubMed

Tang, S-H; Wang, H-Y; Sun, H; An, N; Xiao, L; Sun, Q; Zhao, D-B

2017-02-01

Propofol is a widely used intravenous general anesthetic. Acetylcholine (ACh) is critical in controlling epithelial ion transport. This study was to investigate the effects of propofol on ACh-evoked secretion in rat ileum epithelium. The Ussing chamber technique was used to investigate the effects of propofol on carbachol (CCh)-evoked short-circuit currents (Isc). Propofol (10 -2 -10 -6  mol/L) attenuated CCh-evoked Isc of rat ileum mucosa in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibitory effect of propofol was only evident after application to the serosal side. Pretreatment with tetrodotoxin (TTX, 0.3 μmol/L, n=5) had no effect on propofol-induced inhibitory effect, whereas serosal application of K + channel inhibitor, glibenclamide, but not, an ATP-sensitive K + channel inhibitor, largely reduced the inhibitory effect of propofol. In addition, pretreatment with either hexamethonium bromide (HB, nicotinic nACh receptor antagonist) or Cl - channel blockers niflumic acid and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (inh)-172 did not produce any effect on the propofol-induced inhibitory effect. Propofol inhibits CCh-induced intestinal secretion by directly targeting basolateral K + channels. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

A preliminary assessment of avian mortality at utility-scale solar energy facilities in the United States

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Walston, Leroy J.; Rollins, Katherine E.; LaGory, Kirk E.

Despite the benefits of reduced toxic and carbon emissions and a perpetual energy resource, there is potential for negative environmental impacts resulting from utility-scale solar energy (USSE) development. Although USSE development may represent an avian mortality source, there is little knowledge regarding the magnitude of these impacts in the context of other avian mortality sources. In this study we present a first assessment of avian mortality at USSE facilities through a synthesis of available avian monitoring and mortality information at existing USSE facilities. Using this information, we contextualize USSE avian mortality relative to other forms of avian mortality at 2more » spatial scales: a regional scale (confined to southern California) and a national scale. Systematic avian mortality information was available for three USSE facilities in the southern California region. We estimated annual USSE-related avian mortality to be between 16,200 and 59,400 birds in the southern California region, which was extrapolated to between 37,800 and 138,600 birds for all USSE facilities across the United States that are either installed or under construction. We also discuss issues related to avian–solar interactions that should be addressed in future research and monitoring programs.« less

Surgical Efficacy Among Laparoscopic Ultrasonic Dissectors: Are We Advancing Safely? A Review of Literature.

PubMed

Devassy, Rajesh; Gopalakrishnan, Sreelatha; De Wilde, Rudy Leon

2015-10-01

The specialty of laparoscopy has evolved with the advent of new technologies over the last few years. Energy-based devices and Ultrasonic dissectors are used with a lot of factors in play-including ergonomics and economics during surgery. Here an attempt is based to review the surgical efficacy and safety of these dissectors with importance to plume production and lateral thermal damage. The factors contributing to adversities to the dissectors are also to be noted. The strategy adopted was aimed at finding relevant studies from PubMed from 1995 to 2014. The basic principle of plume production and thermal damage are studied in this review. Factors contributing to the same that can lead to adversities during laparoscopic surgeries are identified. Summarizing key points that increase lateral thermal damage and plume production amongst different ultrasonic shears and suggesting a technique to identify the right balance between the existing dissectors was possible. The RF Device and USS are both useful and widely used and are more safer than monopolar devices. RF Device is considerably slower than USS, as it cannot achieve coagulation and cutting at the same time. Although USS definitely improvises dissection and has less thermal injury than RF Device, the clinical implications in balancing dissection efficacy with hemostasis need to be investigated further. The ideal haemostatic energy-based shear device would be one with excellent hemostatic results and visual acuity while allowing none or minimal thermal energy escape at the point of application. In our current setting, a combined use of both RF and USS device usage as applied in the particular situations has potential.

Zinc attenuates forskolin-stimulated electrolyte secretion without involvement of the enteric nervous system in small intestinal epithelium from weaned piglets.

PubMed

Feng, Zike; Carlson, Dorthe; Poulsen, Hanne Damgaard

2006-11-01

In a previous study, we found that secretagogue-stimulated electrolyte secretion was attenuated by dietary and serosal zinc in piglet small intestinal epithelium in Ussing chambers. Several studies show that the enteric nervous system (ENS) is involved in regulation of electrolyte and/or fluid transport in intestinal epithelium from many species. The aim of the present study is to examine the mechanisms behind the attenuating effect of zinc on electrolyte secretion and to study whether the ENS is involved in this effect of zinc in vitro. Twenty-four piglets (six litters of four piglets) were allocated randomly to one of two dietary treatments consisting of a basic diet supplemented with 100 mg zinc/kg (Zn(100)) or 2500 mg zinc/kg (Zn(2500)), as ZnO. All the piglets were killed at 5-6 days after weaning and in vitro experiments with small intestinal epithelium in Ussing chambers were carried out. Furthermore, zinc, copper, alkaline phosphatase (AP) and metallothionein (MT) in mucosa, liver, and plasma were measured. These measurements showed that zinc status was increased in the Zn(2500) compared to the Zn(100) fed piglets. The in vitro studies did not confirm previous findings of attenuating effects of dietary zinc and zinc in vitro on the 5-HT induced secretion. But it showed that the addition of zinc at the serosal side attenuated the forskolin (FSK) (cAMP-dependent) induced ion secretion in epithelium from piglets fed with Zn(100) diet. Blocking the ENS with lidocaine or hexamethonium apparently slightly reduced this effect of zinc in vitro, but did not remove the effect of zinc. Consequently, it is suggested that zinc attenuates the cAMP dependent ion secretion mainly due to an effect on epithelial cells rather than affecting the mucosal neuronal pathway.

Iterative universal state selective correction for the Brillouin-Wigner multireference coupled-cluster theory

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Banik, Subrata; Ravichandran, Lalitha; Brabec, Jiri

2015-03-21

As a further development of the previously introduced a posteriori Universal State-Selective (USS) corrections [K. Kowalski, J. Chem. Phys. 134, 194107 (2011)] and [Brabec et al., J. Chem. Phys., 136, 124102 (2012)], we suggest an iterative form of the USS correction by means of correcting effective Hamiltonian matrix elements. We also formulate USS corrections via the left Bloch equations. The convergence of the USS corrections with excitation level towards the FCI limit is also investigated. Various forms of the USS and simplified diagonal USSD corrections at the SD and SD(T) levels are numerically assessed on several model systems and onmore » the ozone and tetramethyleneethane molecules. It is shown that the iterative USS correction can successfully replace the previously developed a posteriori BWCC size-extensivity correction, while it is not sensitive to intruder states and performs well also in other cases when the a posteriori one fails, like e.g. for the asymmetric vibration mode of ozone.« less

Understanding Social Situations (USS): A proof-of-concept social-cognitive intervention targeting theory of mind and attributional bias in individuals with psychosis.

PubMed

Fiszdon, Joanna M; Roberts, David L; Penn, David L; Choi, Kee-Hong; Tek, Cenk; Choi, Jimmy; Bell, Morris D

2017-03-01

In this proof-of-concept trial, we examined the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of Understanding Social Situations (USS), a new social-cognitive intervention that targets higher level social-cognitive skills using methods common to neurocognitive remediation, including drill and practice and hierarchically structured training, which may compensate for the negative effects of cognitive impairment on learning. Thirty-eight individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders completed the same baseline assessment of cognitive and social-cognitive functioning twice over a 1-month period to minimize later practice effects, then received 7-10 sessions of USS training, and then completed the same assessment again at posttreatment. USS training was well tolerated and received high treatment satisfaction ratings. Large improvements on the USS Skills Test, which contained items similar to but not identical to training stimuli, suggest that we were effective in teaching specific training content. Content gains generalized to improvements on some of the social-cognitive tasks, including select measures of attributional bias and theory of mind. Importantly, baseline neurocognition did not impact the amount of learning during USS (as indexed by the USS Skills Test) or the amount of improvement on social-cognitive measures. USS shows promise as a treatment for higher level social-cognitive skills. Given the lack of relationship between baseline cognition and treatment effects, it may be particularly appropriate for individuals with lower range cognitive function. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved).

Understanding Social Situations (USS): A proof-of-concept social cognitive intervention targeting theory of mind and attributional bias in individuals with psychosis

PubMed Central

Fiszdon, Joanna M.; Roberts, David L.; Penn, David L.; Choi, Kee-Hong; Tek, Cenk; Choi, Jimmy; Bell, Morris D.

2016-01-01

Objectives In this proof-of-concept trial, we examined the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of Understanding Social Situations (USS), a new social cognitive intervention that targets higher-level social cognitive skills using methods common to neurocognitive remediation, including drill and practice and hierarchically structured training, which may compensate for the negative effects of cognitive impairment on learning. Methods Thirty-eight individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders completed the same baseline assessment of cognitive and social cognitive functioning twice over a one month period to minimize later practice effects, then received 7–10 sessions of USS training, and then completed the same assessment again at post-treatment Results USS training was well tolerated and received high treatment satisfaction ratings. Large improvements on the USS Skills Test, which contained items similar to but not identical to training stimuli, suggest that we were effective in teaching specific training content. Content gains generalized to improvements on some of the social cognitive tasks, including select measures of attributional bias and theory of mind. Importantly, baseline neurocognition did not impact the amount of learning during USS (as indexed by USS Skills test), nor the amount of improvement on social cognitive measures. Conclusions and Implications for Practice USS shows promise as a treatment for higher-level social cognitive skills. Given the lack of relationship between baseline cognition and treatment effects, it may be particularly appropriate for individuals with lower-range cognitive function. PMID:27281040

32 CFR 705.31 - USS Arizona Memorial, Pearl Harbor.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 32 National Defense 5 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false USS Arizona Memorial, Pearl Harbor. 705.31 Section 705.31 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY UNITED STATES NAVY REGULATIONS AND OFFICIAL RECORDS PUBLIC AFFAIRS REGULATIONS § 705.31 USS Arizona Memorial, Pearl...

Land-use efficiency of big solar.

PubMed

Hernandez, Rebecca R; Hoffacker, Madison K; Field, Christopher B

2014-01-21

As utility-scale solar energy (USSE) systems increase in size and numbers globally, there is a growing interest in understanding environmental interactions between solar energy development and land-use decisions. Maximizing the efficient use of land for USSE is one of the major challenges in realizing the full potential of solar energy; however, the land-use efficiency (LUE; Wm(-2)) of USSE remains ambiguous. We quantified the capacity-based LUE of 183 USSE installations (>20 MW; planned, under construction, and operating) using California as a case study. In California, USSE installations are concentrated in the Central Valley and interior regions of southern California and have a LUE of 35.0 Wm(-2). The installations occupy approximately 86,000 ha and more land is allocated for photovoltaic schemes (72 294 ha) than for concentrating solar power (13,604 ha). Photovoltaic installations are greater in abundance (93%) than concentrating solar power, but technology type and nameplate capacity has no impact on capacity-based LUE. More USSE installations are on private land (80%) and have a significantly greater LUE (35.8 Wm(-2)) than installations on public land (25.4 Wm(-2)). Our findings can be used to better understand and improve the LUE of USSE, thereby maximizing economic, energetic, and environmental returns on investments.

Solar energy development impacts on land cover change and protected areas

PubMed Central

Hernandez, Rebecca R.; Hoffacker, Madison K.; Murphy-Mariscal, Michelle L.; Wu, Grace C.; Allen, Michael F.

2015-01-01

Decisions determining the use of land for energy are of exigent concern as land scarcity, the need for ecosystem services, and demands for energy generation have concomitantly increased globally. Utility-scale solar energy (USSE) [i.e., ≥1 megawatt (MW)] development requires large quantities of space and land; however, studies quantifying the effect of USSE on land cover change and protected areas are limited. We assessed siting impacts of >160 USSE installations by technology type [photovoltaic (PV) vs. concentrating solar power (CSP)], area (in square kilometers), and capacity (in MW) within the global solar hot spot of the state of California (United States). Additionally, we used the Carnegie Energy and Environmental Compatibility model, a multiple criteria model, to quantify each installation according to environmental and technical compatibility. Last, we evaluated installations according to their proximity to protected areas, including inventoried roadless areas, endangered and threatened species habitat, and federally protected areas. We found the plurality of USSE (6,995 MW) in California is sited in shrublands and scrublands, comprising 375 km2 of land cover change. Twenty-eight percent of USSE installations are located in croplands and pastures, comprising 155 km2 of change. Less than 15% of USSE installations are sited in “Compatible” areas. The majority of “Incompatible” USSE power plants are sited far from existing transmission infrastructure, and all USSE installations average at most 7 and 5 km from protected areas, for PV and CSP, respectively. Where energy, food, and conservation goals intersect, environmental compatibility can be achieved when resource opportunities, constraints, and trade-offs are integrated into siting decisions. PMID:26483467

Solar Energy Development Impacts on Land-Cover Change and Protected Areas

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hoffacker, M. K.; Hernandez, R. R.; Murphy-Mariscal, M. L.; Wu, G. C.; Allen, M. F.

2015-12-01

Decisions determining the use of land for energy are of exigent concern as land scarcity, the need for ecosystem services, and demands for energy generation have concomitantly increased globally. Utility-scale solar energy (USSE; i.e., ≥ 1 megawatt [MW]) development requires large quantities of space and land; however, studies quantifying the effect of USSE on land-cover change and protected areas are limited. We assessed siting impacts of >160 USSE installations by technology type (photovoltaic [PV] vs. concentrating solar power [CSP]), area (km2), and capacity (MW) within the global solar hotspot of the state of California (USA). Additionally, we utilized the Carnegie Energy and Environmental Compatibility Model, a multiple criteria model, to quantify each installation according to environmental and technical compatibility. Lastly, we evaluated installations according to their proximity to protected areas, including inventoried roadless areas, endangered and threatened species habitat, and federally protected areas. We found the plurality of USSE (6,995 MW) in California is sited in shrub- and scrublands, comprising 375 km2 of land-cover change. Twenty-eight percent of USSE installations are located in croplands and pastures, comprising 155 km2 of change. Less than 15% of USSE installations are sited in compatible areas. The majority of incompatible USSE power plants are sited far from existing transmission infrastructure and all USSE installations average at most seven and five km from protected areas, for PV and CSP, respectively. Where energy, food, and conservation goals intersect, environmental compatibility can be achieved when resource opportunities, constraints, and trade-offs are integrated into siting decisions.

Solar energy development impacts on land cover change and protected areas.

PubMed

Hernandez, Rebecca R; Hoffacker, Madison K; Murphy-Mariscal, Michelle L; Wu, Grace C; Allen, Michael F

2015-11-03

Decisions determining the use of land for energy are of exigent concern as land scarcity, the need for ecosystem services, and demands for energy generation have concomitantly increased globally. Utility-scale solar energy (USSE) [i.e., ≥ 1 megawatt (MW)] development requires large quantities of space and land; however, studies quantifying the effect of USSE on land cover change and protected areas are limited. We assessed siting impacts of >160 USSE installations by technology type [photovoltaic (PV) vs. concentrating solar power (CSP)], area (in square kilometers), and capacity (in MW) within the global solar hot spot of the state of California (United States). Additionally, we used the Carnegie Energy and Environmental Compatibility model, a multiple criteria model, to quantify each installation according to environmental and technical compatibility. Last, we evaluated installations according to their proximity to protected areas, including inventoried roadless areas, endangered and threatened species habitat, and federally protected areas. We found the plurality of USSE (6,995 MW) in California is sited in shrublands and scrublands, comprising 375 km(2) of land cover change. Twenty-eight percent of USSE installations are located in croplands and pastures, comprising 155 km(2) of change. Less than 15% of USSE installations are sited in "Compatible" areas. The majority of "Incompatible" USSE power plants are sited far from existing transmission infrastructure, and all USSE installations average at most 7 and 5 km from protected areas, for PV and CSP, respectively. Where energy, food, and conservation goals intersect, environmental compatibility can be achieved when resource opportunities, constraints, and trade-offs are integrated into siting decisions.

Secretory effects of a luminal bitter tastant and expressions of bitter taste receptors, T2Rs, in the human and rat large intestine.

PubMed

Kaji, Izumi; Karaki, Shin-ichiro; Fukami, Yasuyuki; Terasaki, Masaki; Kuwahara, Atsukazu

2009-05-01

Taste transduction molecules, such as Galpha(gust), and taste receptor families for bitter [taste receptor type 2 (T2R)], sweet, and umami, have previously been identified in taste buds and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract; however, their physiological functions in GI tissues are still unclear. Here, we investigated the physiological function and expression of T2R in human and rat large intestine using various physiological and molecular biological techniques. To study the physiological function of T2R, the effect of a bitter compound, 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil (6-PTU), on transepithelial ion transport was investigated using the Ussing chamber technique. In mucosal-submucosal preparations, mucosal 6-PTU evoked Cl(-) and HCO(3)(-) secretions in a concentration-dependent manner. In rat middle colon, levels of 6-PTU-evoked anion secretion were higher than in distal colon, but there was no such difference in human large intestine. The response to 6-PTU was greatly reduced by piroxicam, but not by tetrodotoxin. Additionally, prostaglandin E(2) concentration-dependently potentiated the response to 6-PTU. Transcripts of multiple T2Rs (putative 6-PTU receptors) were detected in both human and rat colonic mucosa by RT-PCR. In conclusion, these results suggest that the T2R ligand, 6-PTU, evokes anion secretion, and such response is regulated by prostaglandins. This luminal bitter sensing mechanism may be important for host defense in the GI tract.

75 FR 11936 - USS Clairton Coke Works, Clairton, PA; Notice of Termination of Investigation

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-12

... DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Employment and Training Administration [TA-W-71,419] USS Clairton Coke Works, Clairton, PA; Notice of Termination of Investigation Pursuant to Section 223 of the Trade Act of 1974, as... official on behalf of workers of USS Clairton Coke Works, Clairton, Pennsylvania. The petitioner has...

33 CFR 165.111 - Safety Zone: Boston Harbor, Boston, Massachusetts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... zones during the conditions specified: (1) Around the U.S.S. Constitution or any accompanying parade vessels when Constitution is under way—300 yards in all directions in the waters around the U.S.S. Constitution and each parade vessel accompanying Constitution whenever the U.S.S. Constitution is underway in...

33 CFR 165.111 - Safety Zone: Boston Harbor, Boston, Massachusetts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... zones during the conditions specified: (1) Around the U.S.S. Constitution or any accompanying parade vessels when Constitution is under way—300 yards in all directions in the waters around the U.S.S. Constitution and each parade vessel accompanying Constitution whenever the U.S.S. Constitution is underway in...

33 CFR 165.111 - Safety Zone: Boston Harbor, Boston, Massachusetts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... zones during the conditions specified: (1) Around the U.S.S. Constitution or any accompanying parade vessels when Constitution is under way—300 yards in all directions in the waters around the U.S.S. Constitution and each parade vessel accompanying Constitution whenever the U.S.S. Constitution is underway in...

33 CFR 165.111 - Safety Zone: Boston Harbor, Boston, Massachusetts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... zones during the conditions specified: (1) Around the U.S.S. Constitution or any accompanying parade vessels when Constitution is under way—300 yards in all directions in the waters around the U.S.S. Constitution and each parade vessel accompanying Constitution whenever the U.S.S. Constitution is underway in...

Sustainability of utility-scale solar energy: Critical environmental concepts

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hernandez, R. R.; Moore-O'Leary, K. A.; Johnston, D. S.; Abella, S.; Tanner, K.; Swanson, A.; Kreitler, J.; Lovich, J.

2017-12-01

Renewable energy development is an arena where ecological, political, and socioeconomic values collide. Advances in renewable energy will incur steep environmental costs to landscapes in which facilities are constructed and operated. Scientists - including those from academia, industry, and government agencies - have only recently begun to quantify trade-off in this arena, often using ground-mounted, utility-scale solar energy facilities (USSE, ≥ 1 megawatt) as a model. Here, we discuss five critical ecological concepts applicable to the development of more sustainable USSE with benefits over fossil-fuel-generated energy: (1) more sustainable USSE development requires careful evaluation of trade-offs between land, energy, and ecology; (2) species responses to habitat modification by USSE vary; (3) cumulative and large-scale ecological impacts are complex and challenging to mitigate; (4) USSE development affects different types of ecosystems and requires customized design and management strategies; and (5) long-term ecological consequences associated with USSE sites must be carefully considered. These critical concepts provide a framework for reducing adverse environmental impacts, informing policy to establish and address conservation priorities, and improving energy production sustainability.

Sustainability of utility-scale solar energy – critical ecological concepts

USGS Publications Warehouse

Moore-O'Leary, Kara A.; Hernandez, Rebecca R.; Johnston, Dave S.; Abella, Scott R.; Tanner, Karen E.; Swanson, Amanda C.; Kreitler, Jason R.; Lovich, Jeffrey E.

2017-01-01

Renewable energy development is an arena where ecological, political, and socioeconomic values collide. Advances in renewable energy will incur steep environmental costs to landscapes in which facilities are constructed and operated. Scientists – including those from academia, industry, and government agencies – have only recently begun to quantify trade-offs in this arena, often using ground-mounted, utility-scale solar energy facilities (USSE, ≥1 megawatt) as a model. Here, we discuss five critical ecological concepts applicable to the development of more sustainable USSE with benefits over fossil-fuel-generated energy: (1) more sustainable USSE development requires careful evaluation of trade-offs between land, energy, and ecology; (2) species responses to habitat modification by USSE vary; (3) cumulative and large-scale ecological impacts are complex and challenging to mitigate; (4) USSE development affects different types of ecosystems and requires customized design and management strategies; and (5) long-term ecological consequences associated with USSE sites must be carefully considered. These critical concepts provide a framework for reducing adverse environmental impacts, informing policy to establish and address conservation priorities, and improving energy production sustainability.

Analysis of Gene Expression Profiles of Multiple Skin Diseases Identifies a Conserved Signature of Disrupted Homeostasis.

PubMed

Mills, Kevin J; Robinson, Michael K; Sherrill, Joseph D; Schnell, Daniel J; Xu, Jun

2018-05-28

Triggers of skin disease pathogenesis vary, but events associated with the elicitation of a lesion share many features in common. Our objective was to examine gene expression patterns in skin disease to develop a molecular signature of disruption of cutaneous homeostasis. Gene expression data from common inflammatory skin diseases (e.g., psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis and acne), and a novel statistical algorithm were used to define a unifying molecular signature referred to as the "Unhealthy Skin Signature" (USS). Using a pattern matching algorithm, analysis of public data repositories revealed that the USS is found in diverse epithelial diseases. Studies of milder disruptions of epidermal homeostasis have also shown that these conditions converge, to varying degrees, on the USS and that the degree of convergence is related directly to the severity of homeostatic disruption. The USS contains genes that had no prior published association with skin, but that play important roles in many different disease processes, supporting the importance of the USS to homeostasis. Finally, we show through pattern matching that the USS can be used to discover new potential dermatologic therapeutics. The USS provides a new means to further interrogate epithelial homeostasis and potentially develop novel therapeutics with efficacy across a spectrum of skin conditions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Use of Naval Force in Crises: A Theory of Stratified Crisis Interaction. Volume 1

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-12-01

of other Western navies. On November 9, 1970, a Soviet Kotlin -class destroyer that had been harassing the British aircraft carrier Ark Royal and her...with the destroyer USS Lawe (DD 763) and the America. On March 31, 1972, a Soviet Kotlin -class destroyer harassed USS Sims (DE 1059) and USS Pratt

78 FR 14188 - Safety Zone, Change to Enforcement Period, Patapsco River, Northwest and Inner Harbors; Baltimore...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-05

... enforcement period of a safety zone regulation for the annual movement of the historic sloop-of-war USS... sloop-of-war USS CONSTELLATION in Baltimore, Maryland on the Thursday before Memorial Day (observed... McHenry National Monument and Historic Site. Beginning at 3 p.m., the historic Sloop-of-War USS...

Adrenomedullin increases the short-circuit current in the mouse seminal vesicle: actions on chloride secretion.

PubMed

Liao, S B; Cheung, K H; O, W S; Tang, Fai

2014-08-01

Adrenomedullin (ADM) may regulate seminal vesicle fluid secretion, and this may affect sperm quality. In this study, we investigated the effect of ADM on chloride secretion in the mouse seminal vesicle. The presence of ADM in mouse seminal vesicle was confirmed using immunostaining, and the molecular species was determined using gel filtration chromatography coupled with enzyme-linked assay for ADM. The effects of ADM on chloride secretion were studied by short-circuit current technique in a whole-mount preparation of mouse seminal vesicle in an Ussing chamber. The effects of specific ADM and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonists were investigated. Whether the ADM effect depended on the cAMP- and/or calcium-activated chloride channel was also studied using specific chloride channel blockers. The results showed that ADM was present in seminal vesicle epithelial cells. The major molecular species was precursor in the mouse seminal vesicle. ADM increased short-circuit current through the calcium-activated chloride channel in mouse seminal vesicle, and CGRP receptor was involved. We conclude that ADM may regulate chloride and fluid secretion from the seminal vesicle, which may affect the composition of the seminal plasma bathing the sperm and, hence, fertility. © 2014 by the Society for the Study of Reproduction, Inc.

Adrenomedullin increases the short-circuit current in the rat prostate: Receptors, chloride channels, the effects of cAMP and calcium ions and implications on fluid secretion.

PubMed

Liao, S B; Cheung, K H; Cheung, M P L; Wong, P F; O, W S; Tang, F

2014-05-01

In this study, we have investigated the effects of adrenomedullin on chloride and fluid secretion in the rat prostate. The presence of adrenomedullin (ADM) in rat prostate was confirmed using immunostaining, and the molecular species was determined using gel filtration chromatography coupled with an enzyme-linked assay for ADM. The effects of ADM on fluid secretion were studied by short-circuit current technique in a whole mount preparation of the prostate in an Ussing chamber. The results indicated that the ADM level was higher in the ventral than the dorso-lateral prostate and the major molecular species was the active peptide. ADM increased the short-circuit current through both the cAMP- and calcium-activated chloride channels in the ventral lobe, but only through the calcium-activated channels in the dorso-lateral lobe. These stimulatory effects were blocked by the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonist, hCGRP8-37. We conclude that ADM may regulate prostatic fluid secretion through the chloride channels, which may affect the composition of the seminal plasma bathing the spermatozoa and hence fertility. © 2014 American Society of Andrology and European Academy of Andrology.

Achieving Land, Energy, and Environmental Compatibility: Utility-Scale Solar Energy Potential and Land-Use in California

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hoffacker, M. K.; Hernandez, R. R.; Field, C. B.

2013-12-01

Solar energy is an archetype renewable energy technology with great potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions when substituted for carbon-intensive energy. Utility-scale solar energy (USSE; i.e., > 1 MW) necessitates large quantities of space making the efficient use of land for USSE development critical to realizing its full potential. However, studies elucidating the interaction between land-use and utility-scale solar energy (USSE) are limited. In this study, we assessed 1) the theoretical and technical potential of terrestrial-based USSE systems, and 2) land-use and land-cover change impacts from actual USSE installations (> 20 MW; planned, under construction, operating), using California as a case study due to its early adoption of renewable energy systems, unique constraints on land availability, immense energy demand, and vast natural resources. We used topo-climatic (e.g., slope, irradiance), infrastructural (e.g., proximity to transmission lines), and ecological constraints (e.g., threatened and endangered species) to determine highly favorable, favorable, and unfavorable locations for USSE and to assess its technical potential. We found that the theoretical potential of photovoltaic (PV) and concentrating solar power (CSP) in California is 26,097 and 29,422 kWh/m2/day, respectively. We identified over 150 planned, under construction, and operating USSE installations in California, ranging in size from 20 to 1,000 MW. Currently, 29% are located on shrub- and scrublands, 23% on cultivated crop land, 13% on pasture/hay areas, 11% on grassland/herbaceous and developed open space, and 7% in the built environment. Understanding current land-use decisions of USSE systems and assessing its future potential can be instructive for achieving land, energy, and environmental compatibility, especially for other global regions that share similar resource demands and limitations.

Enhancements to TetrUSS for NASA Constellation Program

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pandya, Mohagna J.; Frink, Neal T.; Abdol-Hamid, Khaled S.; Samareh, Jamshid A,; Parlete, Edward B.; Taft, James R.

2011-01-01

The NASA Constellation program is utilizing Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) predictions for generating aerodynamic databases and design loads for the Ares I, Ares I-X, and Ares V launch vehicles and for aerodynamic databases for the Orion crew exploration vehicle and its launch abort system configuration. This effort presents several challenges to applied aerodynamicists due to complex geometries and flow physics, as well as from the juxtaposition of short schedule program requirements with high fidelity CFD simulations. NASA TetrUSS codes (GridTool/VGRID/USM3D) have been making extensive contributions in this effort. This paper will provide an overview of several enhancements made to the various elements of TetrUSS suite of codes. Representative TetrUSS solutions for selected Constellation program elements will be shown. Best practices guidelines and scripting developed for generating TetrUSS solutions in a production environment will also be described.

78 FR 1795 - Safety Zone, Change to Enforcement Period, Patapsco River, Northwest and Inner Harbors; Baltimore...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-09

... historic sloop-of-war USS CONSTELLATION. This regulation applies to a recurring event that takes place in... Ships in Baltimore is planning to conduct its turn-around ceremony involving the sloop-of-war USS... Monument and Historic Site. Beginning at 3 p.m., the historic Sloop-of-War USS CONSTELLATION will be towed...

Apollo 9 crew prepares to cut cake on U.S.S. Guadalcanal

NASA Image and Video Library

1969-03-13

The Apollo 9 crew prepares to cut the 350-pound cake which was baked on the U.S.S. Guadalcanal in their honor. Left to right, are Astronauts Russell L. Schweickart, David R. Scott, and James A. McDivitt. Looking on at right is Capt. Roy M. Sudduth, commanding officer of the U.S.S. Guadalcanal.

18. Historic view, Test of Marine Railway, USS Grebe and ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

18. Historic view, Test of Marine Railway, USS Grebe and USS Acushnet. View to soutwest, June 10, 1919. Photographic copy of photo. Boston National Historical Park Archives, Charlestown Navy Yard. BOSTS 8962, USN #5080, 6/10/19 - Charlestown Navy Yard, Marine Railway, Between Piers 2 & 3, on Charlestown Waterfront at west end of Navy Yard, Boston, Suffolk County, MA

77 FR 24612 - Certifications and Exemptions Under the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-25

... determined that USS ASHLAND (LSD 48) is a vessel of the Navy which, due to its special construction and... Secretary of the Navy, has certified that USS ASHLAND (LSD 48) is a vessel of the Navy which, due to its... by adding, in alpha numerical order, by vessel number, an entry for USS ASHLAND (LSD 48); and 0 B. In...

Changing US Attributes After CS-US Pairings Changes CS-Attribute-Assessments: Evidence for CS-US Associations in Attribute Conditioning.

PubMed

Förderer, Sabine; Unkelbach, Christian

2016-03-01

Attribute Conditioning (AC) refers to people's changed assessments of stimuli's (CSs) attributes due to repeated pairing with stimuli (USs) possessing these attributes; for example, when an athletic person (US) is paired with a neutral person (CS), the neutral person is judged to be more athletic after the pairing. We hypothesize that this AC effect is due to CSs' associations with USs rather than direct associations with attributes. Three experiments test this hypothesis by changing US attributes after CS-US pairings. Experiments 1 and 2 conditioned athleticism by pairing neutral men (CSs) with athletic and non-athletic USs. Post-conditioning, USs' athleticism was reversed, which systematically influenced participants' assessment of CS athleticism. Experiment 3 conditioned athleticism and changed USs' musicality after CS-US pairings. This post-conditioning change affected musicality assessments of CSs but did not influence athleticism-assessments. The results indicate that AC effects are based on an associative CS-US-attribute structure. © 2016 by the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.

Examining the Potential for Agricultural Benefits from Pollinator Habitat at Solar Facilities in the United States.

PubMed

Walston, Leroy J; Mishra, Shruti K; Hartmann, Heidi M; Hlohowskyj, Ihor; McCall, James; Macknick, Jordan

2018-06-13

Of the many roles insects serve for ecosystem function, pollination is possibly the most important service directly linked to human well-being. However, land use changes have contributed to the decline of pollinators and their habitats. In agricultural landscapes that also support renewable energy developments such as utility-scale solar energy [USSE] facilities, opportunities may exist to conserve insect pollinators and locally restore their ecosystem services through the implementation of vegetation management approaches that aim to provide and maintain pollinator habitat at USSE facilities. As a first step toward understanding the potential agricultural benefits of solar-pollinator habitat, we identified areas of overlap between USSE facilities and surrounding pollinator-dependent crop types in the United States (U.S.). Using spatial data on solar energy developments and crop types across the U.S., and assuming a pollinator foraging distance of 1.5 km, we identified over 3,500 km 2 of agricultural land near existing and planned USSE facilities that may benefit from increased pollination services through the creation of pollinator habitat at the USSE facilities. The following five pollinator-dependent crop types accounted for over 90% of the agriculture near USSE facilities, and these could benefit most from the creation of pollinator habitat at existing and planned USSE facilities: soybeans, alfalfa, cotton, almonds, and citrus. We discuss how our results may be used to understand potential agro-economic implications of solar-pollinator habitat. Our results show that ecosystem service restoration through the creation of pollinator habitat could improve the sustainability of large-scale renewable energy developments in agricultural landscapes.

Urgency severity scale could predict urodynamic detrusor overactivity in patients with overactive bladder syndrome.

PubMed

Chung, Shiu-Dong; Liao, Chun-Hou; Chen, Yi-Chou; Kuo, Hann-Chorng

2011-09-01

To evaluate the correlation between an urgency severity scale (USS) based on a voiding diary with detrusor overactivity (DO) in a videourodynamic study in patients with an overactive bladder (OAB). We prospectively enrolled 190 consecutive patients with OAB. All patients were assessed using a USS and completed a 3-day voiding diary that recorded urgency and urgency urinary incontinence (UUI) episodes and the degree of urgency severity. The highest recorded USS score in the voiding diary was considered as the USS score. A videourodynamic study was performed, and the presence of increased bladder sensation (IBS) or DO was recorded. These clinical findings and videourodynamic data were analyzed. This study enrolled 65 men and 125 women. The mean patient age was 66.4 years (21-88). Among them, 82.6% had urodynamic DO, 7.9% had IBS, and 9.5% had normal urodynamic findings. The prevalence of DO was 50%, 76%, and 94% in patients with a USS = 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Multivariate analysis indicated that OAB wet, high USS and UUI were significantly associated with the presence of DO. Urodynamic DO was present in most patients with OAB wet (94.1%) or USS = 4 (95.5%); however, only 63.9% of OAB dry patients had DO. In the OAB dry patients, 11/25 (44%) with USS = 2, 30/42 (71%) with USS = 3, and 5/5 (100%) with USS = 4 had DO. A high USS recorded in conjunction with a voiding diary and OAB wet were strongly associated with urodynamic DO. Copyright © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Implementation of Siemens USS protocol into LabVIEW.

PubMed

Hosek, P; Diblik, M

2011-10-01

This article gives basic overview of the USS protocol as a communication interface to drive Siemens frequency inverters. It presents our implementation of this protocol into LabVIEW, as there was permanent demand from the community of the users to have native LabVIEW implementation of the USS protocol. It also states encountered problems and their solutions. Copyright © 2011 Society for Laboratory Automation and Screening. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

UTM UAS Service Supplier Specification

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rios, Joseph Lucio

2017-01-01

Within the Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Traffic Management (UTM) system, the UAS Service Supplier (USS) is a key component. The USS serves several functions. At a high level, those include the following: Bridging communication between UAS Operators and Flight Information Management System (FIMS) Supporting planning of UAS operations Assisting strategic deconfliction of the UTM airspace Providing information support to UAS Operators during operations Helping UAS Operators meet their formal requirements This document provides the minimum set of requirements for a USS. In order to be recognized as a USS within UTM, successful demonstration of satisfying the requirements described herein will be a prerequisite. To ensure various desired qualities (security, fairness, availability, efficiency, maintainability, etc.), this specification relies on references to existing public specifications whenever possible.

Thermodynamic analysis of active sodium and potassium transport in the frog corneal epithelium.

PubMed

Candia, O A; Reinach, P S

1982-06-01

The formalism of linear nonequilibrium thermodynamics for a three-flow system was applied to the isolated frog corneal epithelium to study the coupling between metabolism and the Na-K transport system across this layer. There is little or no net ion transport across the isolated frog corneal epithelium bathed in Na2SO4 Ringer. Addition of amphotericin B to the tear side solution increases apical membrane permeability, which results in a net Na transport (from tear to stroma) and a net K transport in the opposite direction. Corneas were mounted in a modified Ussing chamber that permitted the simultaneous measurements of electrical parameters and O2 consumption by means of Clark-type oxygen electrodes. The overall degree of coupling, q, of the Na-K transport system to metabolism was calculated from measuring the suprabasal O2 consumption rate at "static head" and "level flow" conditions and by a second independent technique. Measurements of electrical conductance used in conjunction with other previously measured parameters allowed the calculation of the affinity, A, of the metabolic reaction driving transport, all phenomenological coefficients, and the electromotive forces of sodium (ENa) and potassium transport (EK). Values of q determined by the two techniques agreed (q = 0.80 and 0.84, respectively). This indicates incomplete coupling and a variable stoichiometric relationship among O2 consumption rate, net Na transport, and net K transport. The value calculated for A was 70.5 kcal.mol-1, for ENa 142.5 mV, and for EK -34.9 mV.

USS Cal Builders, Inc. Information Sheet

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

USS Cal Builders, Inc. (the Company) is located in Stanton, California. The settlement involves renovation activities conducted at property constructed prior to 1978, located in San Francisco, California.

The Land-Use Efficiency of Big Solar

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hernandez, R. R.; Hoffacker, M.; Field, C. B.

2013-12-01

As utility-scale solar energy (USSE) systems increase in size and numbers globally, there is a growing interest in understanding environmental interactions between solar energy development and land-use decisions. Maximizing the efficient use of land for USSE is one of the major challenges in realizing the full potential of solar energy, however, the land-use efficiency (LUE; Wm-2) of USSE remains unknown. We quantified the nominal LUE of 183 USSE installations (> 20 megawatts; planned, under construction, and operating) using California as a case study. In California, we found that USSE installations are concentrated in the Central Valley and desert interior of southern California and have a LUE of 35.01 Wm-2. The installations comprise approximately 86,000 hectares (ha) and more land is allocated for photovoltaic schemes (72,294 ha) than for concentrating solar power (13,604 ha). Photovoltaic installations are greater in abundance (93%) than concentrating solar power, but technology type and nameplate capacity has no impact on LUE. More USSE installations are on private land (80%) and have a significantly greater LUE (35.83 Wm-2) than installations on public land (25.42 Wm-2). We show how LUE can be improved and how co-benefit opportunities can be integrated with USSE enterprises to maximize their economic, energetic, and environmental returns on investment. (Left) The distribution of utility-scale solar energy installations in California (constructed and in progress) by technology type: concentrating solar power and photovoltaic with county lines shown. (Right) The distribution of utility-scale solar energy installations in California (constructed and in progress) by location: public or privately owned land. Larger capacity installations (megawatts) have relatively greater point size.

Examining the Potential for Agricultural Benefits from Pollinator Habitat at Solar Facilities in the United States

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

McCall, James D; Macknick, Jordan E; Walston, Leroy J.

Of the many roles insects serve for ecosystem function, pollination is possibly the most important service directly linked to human well-being. However, land use changes have contributed to the decline of pollinators and their habitats. In agricultural landscapes that also support renewable energy developments such as utility-scale solar energy [USSE] facilities, opportunities may exist to conserve insect pollinators and locally restore their ecosystem services through the implementation of vegetation management approaches that aim to provide and maintain pollinator habitat at USSE facilities. As a first step toward understanding the potential agricultural benefits of solar-pollinator habitat, we identified areas of overlapmore » between USSE facilities and surrounding pollinator-dependent crop types in the United States (U.S.). Using spatial data on solar energy developments and crop types across the U.S., and assuming a pollinator foraging distance of 1.5 km, we identified over 3,500 km2 of agricultural land near existing and planned USSE facilities that may benefit from increased pollination services through the creation of pollinator habitat at the USSE facilities. The following five pollinator-dependent crop types accounted for over 90% of the agriculture near USSE facilities, and these could benefit most from the creation of pollinator habitat at existing and planned USSE facilities: soybeans, alfalfa, cotton, almonds, and citrus. We discuss how our results may be used to understand potential agro-economic implications of solar-pollinator habitat. Our results show that ecosystem service restoration through the creation of pollinator habitat could improve the sustainability of large-scale renewable energy developments in agricultural landscapes.« less

50 CFR 216.163 - Mitigation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... of Marine Mammals Incidental to Shock Testing the USS MESA VERDE (LPD 19) by Detonation of... USS MESA VERDE, detonation must be delayed until the marine mammals are positively resighted outside...

Variable Sweep Transition Flight Experiment (VSTFE): Unified Stability System (USS). Description and Users' Manual

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rozendaal, Rodger A.; Behbehani, Roxanna

1990-01-01

NASA initiated the Variable Sweep Transition Flight Experiment (VSTFE) to establish a boundary layer transition database for laminar flow wing design. For this experiment, full-span upper surface gloves were fitted to a variable sweep F-14 aircraft. The development of an improved laminar boundary layer stability analysis system called the Unified Stability System (USS) is documented and results of its use on the VSTFE flight data are shown. The USS consists of eight computer codes. The theoretical background of the system is described, as is the input, output, and usage hints. The USS is capable of analyzing boundary layer stability over a wide range of disturbance frequencies and orientations, making it possible to use different philosophies in calculating the growth of disturbances on sweptwings.

ACF7 regulates colonic permeability.

PubMed

Liang, Yong; Shi, Chenzhang; Yang, Jun; Chen, Hongqi; Xia, Yang; Zhang, Peng; Wang, Feng; Han, Huazhong; Qin, Huanlong

2013-04-01

Colonic paracellular permeability is regulated by various factors, including dynamics of the cytoskeleton. Recently, ACF7 has been found to play a critical role in cytoskeletal dynamics as an essential integrator. To elucidate the physiological importance of ACF7 and paracellular permeability, we conditionally knocked out ACF7 in the intestinal mucosa of mice. Histopathological findings indicated that ACF7 deficiency resulted in significant interstitial proliferation and columnar epithelial cell rearrangement. Decreased colonic paracellular permeability was detected using a Ussing chamber and the FITC-inulin method. In order to clarify the underlying mechanism, we further analyzed the expression levels of three important tight junction proteins. Downregulation of ZO-1, occludin and claudin-1 was identified. Immunofluorescence provided strong evidence that ZO-1, occludin and claudin-1 were weakly stained. We hypothesized that ACF7 regulates cytoskeleton dynamics to alter mucosal epithelial arrangement and colonic paracellular permeability.

Operation DOMINIC I-1962.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-02-01

ISLAND DANGER AREA IS A CIRCLE WITH RADII" JOHNSTON ISLAND (1) 470 nm- ( 871 km) 30 APRIL-12 JUNE 1962 AND DANGER AREA 22 SEPTEMBER-1S OCTOBER 1962 (21...AFCRL. Prolect Report: Reference C. 2018 . .I Project 6.4 -- E- and F-Region Physical Chemistry Agencies: Air Force Cambtidge Research Laboratory (AFCRL...1076) USS RECLAIMER (ARS-42) LISSTO LOVANA (AO- 64) 0USS GURKE (00-783) 2 - USS HALSEY POWELL (DO-686) aJ H I TM SI L N SURFACE ZERO S10- 0 30 60 Go

Assault on the USS LIBERTY: Deliberate Action or Tragic Accident?

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-03-30

fear of an Egyptian attack from the sea compounded with the explosion at al-‘Arish, set the events into motion.74 The torpedo boats miscalculated...differences with the USS Liberty. The Liberty is 200 feet longer, covered with antennas, and has a state-of-the-art parabolic satellite dish.85 Perhaps...collection position.] 14 Ibid, 13. 15 Ibid, 14. 16 William D. Gerhard and Henry W. Millington, Attack on a Sigint Collector , the U.S.S Liberty

Leveraging Naval Riverine Forces to Achieve Information Superiority in Stability Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-12-01

Commanding Officer, USS TORTUGA (LSD-46) surveys the extent of flooding in the 9th Ward, New Orleans, LA, after Hurricane Katrina (From Watkins...13). Even though forces had been on site for many days prior to the author’s arrival on USS TORTUGA eight days after the storm, on the first day...Commanding Officer, USS TORTUGA (LSD-46) surveys the extent of flooding in the 9th Ward, New Orleans, LA, after Hurricane Katrina (From Watkins, 2005

Omeprazole decreases magnesium transport across Caco-2 monolayers

PubMed Central

Thongon, Narongrit; Krishnamra, Nateetip

2011-01-01

AIM: To elucidate the effect and underlying mechanisms of omeprazole action on Mg2+ transport across the intestinal epithelium. METHODS: Caco-2 monolayers were cultured in various dose omeprazole-containing media for 14 or 21 d before being inserted into a modified Ussing chamber apparatus to investigate the bi-directional Mg2+ transport and electrical parameters. Paracellular permeability of the monolayer was also observed by the dilution potential technique and a cation permeability study. An Arrhenius plot was performed to elucidate the activation energy of passive Mg2+ transport across the Caco-2 monolayers. RESULTS: Both apical to basolateral and basolateral to apical passive Mg2+ fluxes of omeprazole-treated epithelium were decreased in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Omeprazole also decreased the paracellular cation selectivity and changed the paracellular selective permeability profile of Caco-2 epithelium to Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, and Cs+ from series VII to series VI of the Eisenman sequence. The Arrhenius plot revealed the higher activation energy for passive Mg2+ transport in omeprazole-treated epithelium than that of control epithelium, indicating that omeprazole affected the paracellular channel of Caco-2 epithelium in such a way that Mg2+ movement was impeded. CONCLUSION: Omeprazole decreased paracellular cation permeability and increased the activation energy for passive Mg2+ transport of Caco-2 monolayers that led to the suppression of passive Mg2+ absorption. PMID:21472124

Na+/H+ exchanger 3 inhibitor diminishes hepcidin-enhanced duodenal calcium transport in hemizygous β-globin knockout thalassemic mice.

PubMed

Charoenphandhu, Narattaphol; Kraidith, Kamonshanok; Lertsuwan, Kornkamon; Sripong, Chanakarn; Suntornsaratoon, Panan; Svasti, Saovaros; Krishnamra, Nateetip; Wongdee, Kannikar

2017-03-01

Recent investigation has shown that the liver-derived iron-regulating hormone, hepcidin, can potentiate intestinal calcium absorption in hemizygous β-globin knockout thalassemic (BKO) mice. Since the upregulation of Fe 2+ and H + cotransporter, divalent metal transporter (DMT)-1, has been shown to correlate with thalassemia-induced intestinal calcium absorption impairment, the inhibition of the apical Na + /H + exchanger (NHE)-3 that is essential for cytoplasmic pH regulation and transepithelial sodium absorption was hypothesized to negatively affect hepcidin action. Herein, the positive effect of hepcidin on the duodenal calcium transport was evaluated using Ussing chamber technique. The results showed that BKO mice had lower absorptive surface area and duodenal calcium transport than wild-type mice. Besides, paracellular transport of zinc in BKO mice was compromised. Hepcidin administration completely restored calcium transport. Since this hepcidin action was totally abolished by inhibitors of the basolateral calcium transporters, Na + /Ca 2+ exchanger (NCX1) and plasma membrane Ca 2+ -ATPase (PMCA 1b ), the enhanced calcium flux potentially occurred through the transcellular pathway rather than paracellular pathway. Interestingly, the selective NHE3 inhibitor, 100 nM tenapanor, markedly inhibited hepcidin-enhanced calcium transport. Accordingly, hepcidin is one of the promising therapeutic agents for calcium malabsorption in β-thalassemia. It mainly stimulates the transcellular calcium transport across the duodenal epithelium in an NHE3-dependent manner.

Na+/H+ exchanger 3 inhibitor diminishes the amino-acid-enhanced transepithelial calcium transport across the rat duodenum.

PubMed

Thammayon, Nithipak; Wongdee, Kannikar; Lertsuwan, Kornkamon; Suntornsaratoon, Panan; Thongbunchoo, Jirawan; Krishnamra, Nateetip; Charoenphandhu, Narattaphol

2017-04-01

Na + /H + exchanger (NHE)-3 is important for intestinal absorption of nutrients and minerals, including calcium. The previous investigations have shown that the intestinal calcium absorption is also dependent on luminal nutrients, but whether aliphatic amino acids and glucose, which are abundant in the luminal fluid during a meal, similarly enhance calcium transport remains elusive. Herein, we used the in vitro Ussing chamber technique to determine epithelial electrical parameters, i.e., potential difference (PD), short-circuit current (Isc), and transepithelial resistance, as well as 45 Ca flux in the rat duodenum directly exposed on the mucosal side to glucose or various amino acids. We found that mucosal glucose exposure led to the enhanced calcium transport, PD, and Isc, all of which were insensitive to NHE3 inhibitor (100 nM tenapanor). In the absence of mucosal glucose, several amino acids (12 mM in the mucosal side), i.e., alanine, isoleucine, leucine, proline, and hydroxyproline, markedly increased the duodenal calcium transport. An inhibitor for NHE3 exposure on the mucosal side completely abolished proline- and leucine-enhanced calcium transport, but not transepithelial transport of both amino acids themselves. In conclusion, glucose and certain amino acids in the mucosal side were potent stimulators of the duodenal calcium absorption, but only amino-acid-enhanced calcium transport was NHE3-dependent.

Omeprazole decreases magnesium transport across Caco-2 monolayers.

PubMed

Thongon, Narongrit; Krishnamra, Nateetip

2011-03-28

To elucidate the effect and underlying mechanisms of omeprazole action on Mg(2+) transport across the intestinal epithelium. Caco-2 monolayers were cultured in various dose omeprazole-containing media for 14 or 21 d before being inserted into a modified Ussing chamber apparatus to investigate the bi-directional Mg(2+) transport and electrical parameters. Paracellular permeability of the monolayer was also observed by the dilution potential technique and a cation permeability study. An Arrhenius plot was performed to elucidate the activation energy of passive Mg(2+) transport across the Caco-2 monolayers. Both apical to basolateral and basolateral to apical passive Mg(2+) fluxes of omeprazole-treated epithelium were decreased in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Omeprazole also decreased the paracellular cation selectivity and changed the paracellular selective permeability profile of Caco-2 epithelium to Li(+), Na(+), K(+), Rb(+), and Cs(+) from series VII to series VI of the Eisenman sequence. The Arrhenius plot revealed the higher activation energy for passive Mg(2+) transport in omeprazole-treated epithelium than that of control epithelium, indicating that omeprazole affected the paracellular channel of Caco-2 epithelium in such a way that Mg(2+) movement was impeded. Omeprazole decreased paracellular cation permeability and increased the activation energy for passive Mg(2+) transport of Caco-2 monolayers that led to the suppression of passive Mg(2+) absorption.

Synthesis and Characterization of LaTiO2N

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rugen, Evan E.

Photocatalysts offer an excellent opportunity to shift the global energy landscape from a fossil fuel-dependent paradigm to sustainable and carbon-neutral solar fuels. Oxynitride materials such as LaTiO2N are potential photocatalysts for the water splitting reaction due to their high oxidative stability and their narrow band gaps, which are suitable for visible light absorption. However, facile synthetic routes to metal oxynitrides with controlled morphologies are rare, and the local structures of these materials are under-characterized. Ultrasonic spray synthesis (USS) offers a facile method toward complex metal oxides which can potentially be converted to oxynitrides with preservation of the microsphere structures that typify the products from such aerosol routes. Here, La-Ti-O microspheres were facilely produced by USS and converted by ammonolysis to LaTiO2N microspheres with porous shells and hollow interiors. This particle architecture is accounted for by coupling suitable combustion chemistry with the aerosol technique, producing precursor particles where the La3+ and Ti4+ are well-mixed at small length scales; this feature enables preservation of the microsphere morphology during nitridation despite the crystallographic changes that occur. The LaTiO2N microspheres are comparable oxygen evolving photocatalysts to samples produced by conventional solid state methods. Pair distribution function (PDF) analysis is a local probe designed to examine the structure of disordered crystalline materials, and is an ideal technique for characterizing the ordering of anions in oxynitrides. Preliminary studies using PDF analysis to determine the presence of anion ordering and local structure in LaTiO2N produced by solid state methods are presented here. Future experiments are proposed that will grant detailed insight into the factors driving the degree of anion ordering in these types of materials. These results demonstrate the utility of USS as a facile, potentially scalable route to complex photocatalytic materials and their precursors, and the feasibility of PDF analysis for the determination of local structures in complex oxynitrides.

[Measurement of unemployment-related psychological stress: Validation of the Unemployment Stress (USS)].

PubMed

Szabóné Kapuvári, Virág; Martos, Tamás

2016-01-01

Nowadays the theme of unemployment and the given answers of it are up to date questions in psychology. In spite of this fact, the psychological methods measuring this phenomenon are often missing. That is why the Unemployment Stress Scale (USS) is presented in this article. The aim of our study is to develop a scale called USS and test it's validity and reliability. There were 287 adult unemployed persons asked in this study. Besides the USS we used the Beck Depression Scale, the Spielberger Anxiety Scale (TRAIT), the Sense of Coherence Scale (Hungarian version) and the Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale. According to our results, USS has showed an excellent criterion and construct validity. A useful scale has been formed according to test-retest results. (Cronbach-alfa: 0.88 and 0.86 according to the samples). Moreover our scale has a strong correlation with the Spielberger Anxiety Scale (TRAIT) and the Beck Depression Scale. These chracteristics of the new scale proved that we fond a factor, independent from the self esteem and the sense of coherence, which represents the stress level in the situation of unemployment. This scale is a professional construction to measure stress contributed to unemployment. The USS can be a useful scale in clinical practice because after measuring with this scale we can protect the personality of the unemployed by representing the actual unemployment stress level. That is why professionals can help earlier in a crisis like this.

Joint Force Quarterly. Issue 74, 3rd Quarter, July 2014

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-07-01

staging base USS Ponce during International Mine Countermeasures Exercise 13 (DOD/T. Scot Cregan) 16 Forum / Contexts of Future Conflict and War JFQ 74...perspective. Evolution According to David L. Woods in A History of Tactical Communication Techniques, “Since wars began, com- manders have sought...coalition personnel to meet the dynamic joint interoperability challenges within the MTN after nearly four decades. JFQ Notes 1 David L. Woods , A

ACOSS Eight (Active Control of Space Structures), Phase 2

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-09-01

A-2 A-2 Nominal Model - Equipment Section and Solar Panels ....... A-3 A-3 Nominal Model - Upper Support .-uss ...... ............ A-4 A...sensitivity analysis technique ef selecting critical system parameters is applied tc the Diaper tetrahedral truss structure (See Section 4-2...and solar panels are omitted. The precision section is mounted on isolators to inertially r•" I fixed rigid support. The mode frequencies of this

Unilateral Atraumatic Expulsion of an Ectopic Pregnancy in a Case of Bilateral Ectopic Pregnancy

PubMed Central

Mogekwu, Oluremi; Ahmed, Ammar; Bano, Farida

2017-01-01

Ectopic pregnancy occurs in 1-2% of pregnancies. The fallopian tube is the most common site; however, bilateral tubal ectopic pregnancy is an extremely rare phenomenon, seen in approximately 1/200,000 pregnancies. It is usually the result of assisted reproductive techniques (ART). Ultrasound (USS) and serial beta-hCG levels have shown poor efficacy for accurate diagnosis. Laparoscopy is the diagnostic gold standard. The majority of cases are managed surgically with bilateral salpingectomy. A 26-year-old female presented to our early pregnancy unit with pain and vaginal bleeding at 5-week gestation after IVF. USS was inconclusive and her b-hCG levels rose with worsening pain; therefore, a decision was made for diagnostic laparoscopy. Although there was a clear right sided ectopic pregnancy, the left tube was swollen and therefore a methylene blue dye test was carried out to confirm blockage. Atraumatic milking, to expose the dye, expelled necrotic tissue which histology confirmed to be a second ectopic pregnancy. She made a good recovery with falling beta-hCG levels and left tubal preservation. As the use of ART increases, bilateral ectopic pregnancies will become more common. Novel and established techniques should be used to help confirm the diagnosis and assist in tubal preservation. PMID:29090103

Travels with Panetta - October 2011

Science.gov Websites

Lee Myung-bak Panetta Visits Troops in South Korea Panetta Visits USS Blue Ridge Panetta Visits Hall Meeting with Secretary Panetta with U.S. Military Aboard the USS Blue Ridge at Yokosuka Naval Base

Weld Residual Stress and Distortion Analysis of the ARES I-X Upper Stage Simulator (USS)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Raju, Ivatury; Dawicke, David; Cheston, Derrick; Phillips, Dawn

2008-01-01

An independent assessment was conducted to determine the critical initial flaw size (CIFS) for the flange-to-skin weld in the Ares I-X Upper Stage Simulator (USS). The Ares system of space launch vehicles is the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration s plan for replacement of the aging space shuttle. The new Ares space launch system is somewhat of a combination of the space shuttle system and the Saturn launch vehicles used prior to the shuttle. Here, a series of weld analyses are performed to determine the residual stresses in a critical region of the USS. Weld residual stresses both increase constraint and mean stress thereby having an important effect on fatigue and fracture life. While the main focus of this paper is a discussion of the weld modeling procedures and results for the USS, a short summary of the CIFS assessment is provided.

Characterization of Ocular Iontophoretic Drug Transport of Ionic and Non-ionic Compounds in Isolated Rabbit Cornea and Conjunctiva.

PubMed

Sekijima, Hidehisa; Ehara, Junya; Hanabata, Yusuke; Suzuki, Takumi; Kimura, Soichiro; Lee, Vincent H L; Morimoto, Yasunori; Ueda, Hideo

2016-06-01

Ocular iontophoresis (IP) in isolated rabbit cornea and conjunctiva was examined in terms of transport enhancement, tissue viability and integrity using electrophysiological parameters by the Ussing-type chamber technique. Lidocaine hydrochloride (LC, a cationic compound), sodium benzoate (BA, anionic compound), and fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled dextran (molecular weight 4400 Da, FD-4, hydrophilic large compound) were used as model permeants. Direct electric current was applied at 0.5-5.0 mA/cm(2) for the cornea and 0.5-20 mA/cm(2) for the conjunctiva for 30 min. LC and BA fluxes across the cornea and conjunctiva were significantly increased by the application of electric current up to 2.3- and 2.5-fold and 4.0- and 3.4-fold, respectively, and returned to their baseline level on stopping the current. Furthermore, a much higher increase by IP application was obtained for the FD-4 transport. The increased FD-4 flux in the conjunctiva returned to baseline on stopping the current, whereas the flux in the cornea was sustained at a higher level after stopping the current. The transepithelial electric resistance of the cornea and conjunctiva was lowered by electric current application but fully recovered after stopping the current up to 2.0 mA/cm(2) for the cornea and 10 mA/cm(2) for the conjunctiva, suggesting that the corneal and conjunctival viability and integrity are maintained even after application of these current densities. These results indicate that ocular IP may be a useful non-invasive technique to achieve drug delivery of hydrophilic large molecules into the eyes.

U. S. Naval Forces, Vietnam Monthly Historical Summary for January 1970

DTIC Science & Technology

1970-03-10

T; J. *• i »• hi*?*; iu: ? . •* •-• 7"*" .1 <ZZZcZZ^X^J?^^l^-i?^7^?^ /»round, makes movc-m:nt extremely difficult. Communications vern ...USS KRISHNA (ARL 38) completed a restricted availability at Yokohama and was positioned off Square Bay to support Sea Float operations. The USS...8217.•. -.•’.•.". ’w,’?,"-. r. T -/—’-’r - ) ,. During January repair support was provided to TF-115 Market Time units by the ÜSS TUTUILA (ARG 4), USS KRISHNA (ARL

VizieR Online Data Catalog: MRCR-SUMSS Ultra-steep-spectrum (USS) sample (Broderick+, 2007)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Broderick, J. W.; Bryant, J. J.; Hunstead, R. W.; Sadler, E. M.; Murphy, T.

2008-09-01

This paper introduces a new program to find high-redshift radio galaxies in the Southern hemisphere through ultra-steep spectrum (USS) selection. We define a sample of 234 USS radio sources with spectral indices {alpha}843408<=-1.0 (S{nu}{prop.to}{nu}alpha) and flux densities S408>=200mJy in a region of 0.35sr, chosen by cross-correlating the revised 408MHz Molonglo Reference Catalogue, the 843MHz Sydney University Molonglo Sky Survey and the 1400MHz NRAO VLA Sky Survey in the overlap region -40{deg}

Astronaut John Glenn is lifted into the recovery helicopter after MA-6 flight

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1962-01-01

Astronaut John H. Glenn, Jr., is lifted into the recovery helicopter from the USS Noa for transfer to the USS Randolph (CVS-15). Glenn's Friendship 7 Mercury spacecraft landed in an area in the Atlantic approximately 800 miles southeast of Cape Canaveral in the vicinity of Grand Turk Island. He landed 41 miles west and 19 miles north of the planned landing target. Glenn and his spacecraft were recovered by the destroyer USS Noa. The Noa had the spacecraft aboard 21 minutes after landing and Glenn remained in the spacecraft during the recovery operation.

Wind Measuring and Indication System Maintenance Plan

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-01-01

t a . C ".Z H Q 4 f) ) .0 a) $I * LA ’fl r- Q0’Y 0 -1 N~ M IV LA ro c E I IZTv Ln Ln i tn C ’ 0 0 0 0 0 00 10 D 0 I E-4 a) 0 a) 0a) a) Zaw U) zz z z z...Z0 OnO l DER 324 USS FALGOUT Z7 00001 DER 326 TUNS BOURGUIBA Zo 0000I DR 332 USS PRICE 78 00001 LSD S ARG C 0 DC LAALA ZA 00001 LSD 29 USS PLYMOUTH

Apollo 9 Crewmen - Arrival - USS Guadalcanal

NASA Image and Video Library

1969-03-13

S69-20060 (13 March 1969) --- The Apollo 9 crewmen arrive aboard the USS Guadalcanal as they step from a helicopter to receive a red-carpet welcome. Two of the crewmen salute the crowd of newsmen, Navy and NASA personnel gathered to greet them. Left to right, are astronauts Russell L. Schweickart, lunar module pilot; David R. Scott (in back), command module pilot; and James A. McDivitt, commander. Splashdown occurred at 12:00:53 p.m. (EST), March 13, 1969, only 4.5 nautical miles from the USS Guadalcanal, prime recovery ship, to conclude a successful 10-day Earth-orbital space mission.

Apollo 9 crewmen arrive aboard U.S.S. Guadelcanal

NASA Image and Video Library

1969-03-13

S69-27921 (13 March 1969) --- The Apollo 9 crewmen arrive aboard the USS Guadalcanal as they step from a helicopter to receive a red-carpet welcome. Two of the crewmen salute the crowd of newsmen, Navy and NASA personnel gathered to greet them. Left to right, are astronauts Russell L. Schweickart, David R. Scott, and James A. McDivitt. Splashdown occurred at 12:00:53 p.m. (EST), March 13, 1969, only 4.5 nautical miles from the USS Guadalcanal, prime recovery ship, to conclude a successful 10-day Earth-orbital space mission. Photo credit: NASA

50 CFR 216.161 - Specified activity and incidental take levels by species.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... the USS MESA VERDE (LPD 19) by Detonation of Conventional Explosives in the Offshore Waters of the U.S... one full ship-shock trial (FSST) of the USS MESA VERDE (LPD 19) during the time period between July 23...

U.S.S. Bennington during recovery operations for Apollo 4

NASA Image and Video Library

1967-11-09

U.S.S. Bennington comes alongside the floating Apollo spacecraft 017 Command Module during recovery operations in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The Command Module splashed down at 3:37 p.m., November 9, 1967, 934 nautical miles northwest of Honolulu, Hawaii.

Apollo 11 spacecraft Command Module hoisted aboard U.S.S. Hornet

NASA Image and Video Library

1969-07-24

The Apollo 11 spacecraft Command Module is photographed being lowered to the deck of the U.S.S. Hornet, prime recovery ship for the historic lunar landing mission. Note the flotation ring attached by Navy divers has been removed from the capsule.

Astronauts Conrad and Cooper slice cake on U.S.S. Lake Champlain

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1965-01-01

Astronauts Charles Conrad Jr. (left) and L. Gordon Cooper Jr. prepate to slice into the huge cake prepared for them by the cooks onboard the aircraft carrier U.S.S. Lake Champlain. They are using ornamental Navy swords for knives.

Wildlife conservation and solar energy development in the Desert Southwest, United States

USGS Publications Warehouse

Lovich, Jeffrey E.; Ennen, Josua R.

2011-01-01

Large areas of public land are currently being permitted or evaluated for utility-scale solar energy development (USSED) in the southwestern United States, including areas with high biodiversity and protected species. However, peer-reviewed studies of the effects of USSED on wildlife are lacking. The potential effects of the construction and the eventual decommissioning of solar energy facilities include the direct mortality of wildlife; environmental impacts of fugitive dust and dust suppressants; destruction and modification of habitat, including the impacts of roads; and off-site impacts related to construction material acquisition, processing, and transportation. The potential effects of the operation and maintenance of the facilities include habitat fragmentation and barriers to gene flow, increased noise, electromagnetic field generation, microclimate alteration, pollution, water consumption, and fire. Facility design effects, the efficacy of site-selection criteria, and the cumulative effects of USSED on regional wildlife populations are unknown. Currently available peer-reviewed data are insufficient to allow a rigorous assessment of the impact of USSED on wildlife.

Universal state-selective corrections to multireference coupled-cluster theories with single and double excitations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Brabec, Jiri; van Dam, Hubertus JJ; Pittner, Jiri

2012-03-28

The recently proposed Universal State-Selective (USS) corrections [K. Kowalski, J. Chem. Phys. 134, 194107 (2011)] to approximate Multi-Reference Coupled Cluster (MRCC) energies can be commonly applied to any type of MRCC theory based on the Jeziorski-Monkhorst [B. Jeziorski, H.J. Monkhorst, Phys. Rev. A 24, 1668 (1981)] exponential Ansatz. In this letter we report on the performance of a simple USS correction to the Brillouin-Wigner MRCC (BW-MRCC) formalism employing single and double excitations (BW-MRCCSD). It is shown that the resulting formalism (USS-BW-MRCCSD), which uses the manifold of single and double excitations to construct the correction, can be related to a posteriorimore » corrections utilized in routine BW-MRCCSD calculations. In several benchmark calculations we compare the results of the USS-BW-MRCCSD method with results of the BW-MRCCSD approach employing a posteriori corrections and with results obtained with the Full Configuration Interaction (FCI) method.« less

Bridging single and multireference coupled cluster theories with universal state selective formalism

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bhaskaran-Nair, Kiran; Kowalski, Karol

2013-05-28

The universal state selective (USS) multireference approach is used to construct new energy functionals which offers a unique possibility of bridging single and multireference coupled cluster theories (SR/MRCC). These functionals, which can be used to develop iterative and non-iterative approaches, utilize a special form of the trial wavefunctions, which assure additive separability (or size-consistency) of the USS energies in the non-interacting subsystem limit. When the USS formalism is combined with approximate SRCC theories, the resulting formalism can be viewed as a size-consistent version of the method of moments of coupled cluster equations (MMCC) employing a MRCC trial wavefunction. Special casesmore » of the USS formulations, which utilize single reference state specific CC (V.V. Ivanov, D.I. Lyakh, L. Adamowicz, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 11, 2355 (2009)) and tailored CC (T. Kinoshita, O. Hino, R.J. Bartlett, J. Chem. Phys. 123, 074106 (2005)) expansions are also discussed.« less

Day 3 on the USS Anchorage for the Recovery of Orion

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-12-03

On the third day of preparations for recovery of Orion after its splashdown in the Pacific Ocean, the USNS Salvor is in the Pacific Ocean, nearby the USS Anchorage, about 600 miles off the coast of Baja, California. The Salvor will be used to recover Orion in the event that the spacecraft cannot be recovered using the well deck of the USS Anchorage. NASA, Lockheed Martin and U.S. Navy personnel are preparing for recovery of the crew module, forward bay cover and parachutes after the spacecraft's return from space and splashdown in the Pacific Ocean. The Ground Systems Development and Operations Program is leading the recovery efforts.

ARES I-X USS Fracture Analysis Loads Spectra Development

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Larsen, Curtis; Mackey, Alden

2008-01-01

This report describes the development of a set of bounding load spectra for the ARES I-X launch vehicle. These load spectra are used in the determination of the critical initial flaw size (CIFS) of the welds in the ARES I-X upper stage simulator (USS).

1. AERIAL VIEW, NAVAL INACTIVE SHIPS MAINTENANCE FACILITY, SINCLAIR ISLET, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. AERIAL VIEW, NAVAL INACTIVE SHIPS MAINTENANCE FACILITY, SINCLAIR ISLET, BREMERTON, KITSAP COUNTY, WASHINGTON WITH EX-USS HORNET CVS-12, THREE MINECRAFT ALONGSIDE TO PORT. OTHER INACTIVE SHIPS IN BACKGROUND. - U.S.S. HORNET, Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Sinclair Inlet, Bremerton, Kitsap County, WA

Bumetanide increases Cl--dependent short-circuit current in late distal colon: Evidence for the presence of active electrogenic Cl- absorption.

PubMed

Tang, Lieqi; Fang, Xiefan; Winesett, Steven P; Cheng, Catherine Y; Binder, Henry J; Rivkees, Scott A; Cheng, Sam X

2017-01-01

Mammalian colonic epithelia consist of cells that are capable of both absorbing and secreting Cl-. The present studies employing Ussing chamber technique identified two opposing short-circuit current (Isc) responses to basolateral bumetanide in rat distal colon. Apart from the transepithelial Cl--secretory Isc in early distal colon that was inhibited by bumetanide, bumetanide also stimulated Isc in late distal colon that had not previously been identified. Since bumetanide inhibits basolateral Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter (NKCC) in crypt cells and basolateral K+-Cl- cotransporter (KCC) in surface epithelium, we proposed this stimulatory Isc could represent a KCC-mediated Cl- absorptive current. In support of this hypothesis, ion substitution experiments established Cl- dependency of this absorptive Isc and transport inhibitor studies demonstrated the involvement of an apical Cl- conductance. Current distribution and RNA sequencing analyses revealed that this Cl- absorptive Isc is closely associated with epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) but is not dependent on ENaC activity. Thus, inhibition of ENaC by 10 μM amiloride or benzamil neither altered the direction nor its activity. Physiological studies suggested that this Cl- absorptive Isc senses dietary Cl- content; thus when dietary Cl- was low, Cl- absorptive Isc was up-regulated. In contrast, when dietary Cl- was increased, Cl- absorptive Isc was down-regulated. We conclude that an active Cl- extrusion mechanism exists in ENaC-expressing late distal colon and likely operates in parallel with ENaC to facilitate NaCl absorption.

Surface-functionalized polymethacrylic acid based hydrogel microparticles for oral drug delivery.

PubMed

Sajeesh, S; Bouchemal, K; Sharma, C P; Vauthier, C

2010-02-01

Aim of the present work was to develop novel thiol-functionalized hydrogel microparticles based on poly(methacrylic acid)-chitosan-poly(ethylene glycol) (PCP) for oral drug delivery applications. PCP microparticles were prepared by a modified ionic gelation process in aqueous medium. Thiol modification of surface carboxylic acid groups of PCP micro particles was carried out by coupling l-cysteine with a water-soluble carbodiimide. Ellman's method was adopted to quantify the sulfhydryl groups, and dynamic light-scattering technique was used to measure the average particle size. Cytotoxicity of the modified particles was evaluated on Caco 2 cells by MTT assay. Effect of thiol modification on permeability of paracellular marker fluorescence dextran (FD4) was evaluated on Caco 2 cell monolayers and freshly excised rat intestinal tissue with an Ussing chamber set-up. Mucoadhesion experiments were carried out by an ex vivo bioadhesion method with excised rat intestinal tissue. The average size of the PCP microparticles was increased after thiol modification. Thiolated microparticles significantly improved the paracellular permeability of FD4 across Caco 2 cell monolayers, with no sign of toxicity. However, the efficacy of thiolated system remained low when permeation experiments were carried out across excised intestinal membrane. This was attributed to the high adhesion of the thiolated particles on the gut mucosa. Nevertheless, it can be concluded that surface thiolation is an interesting strategy to improve paracellular permeability of hydrophilic macromolecules. Copyright (c) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Orion's Neutral Buoyancy Lab (NBL) Activities

NASA Image and Video Library

2016-09-21

U.S. Navy divers, Air Force pararescuemen and Coast Guard rescue swimmers practice Orion recovery techniques at the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL) at the agency’s Johnson Space Center in Houston. The recovery team is practicing underway recovery techniques using a test version of the Orion spacecraft. Training will help the team prepare for Underway Recovery Test 5 for Exploration Mission 1 aboard the USS San Diego in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of California in October. The Ground Systems Development and Operations Program, along with the U.S. Navy and Lockheed Martin, are preparing the recovery team, hardware and operations to support EM-1 recovery.

U.S.S. Hornet moves toward the Apollo 12 Command Module to retrieve it

NASA Image and Video Library

1969-11-24

U.S.S. Hornet, prime recovery vessel for the Apollo 12 lunar landing mission, moves toward the Apollo 12 Command Module to retrieve the spacecraft. A helicopter from the recovery ship, which took part in the recovery operations, hovers over the scene of the splashdown.

77 FR 31186 - Security Zone; USS MISSISSIPPI Commissioning; Pascagoula Harbor & Pascagoula River; Pascagoula, MS

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-25

... significant effect on the human environment. This rule involves security during the arrival, commissioning... DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY Coast Guard 33 CFR Part 165 [Docket No. USCG-2012-0333] RIN 1625-AA87 Security Zone; USS MISSISSIPPI Commissioning; Pascagoula Harbor & Pascagoula River; Pascagoula, MS...

President Nixon welcomes the Apollo 11 astronauts aboard the U.S.S. Hornet

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1969-01-01

President Richard M. Nixon welcomes the Apollo 11 astronauts aboard the U.S.S. Hornet. Already confined to the Mobile Quarantine Facility are (left to right) Neil A. Armstrong, commander; Michael Collins, command module pilot; and Edwin E. Aldrin Jr., lunar module pilot.

2. AERIAL VIEW EXUSS HORNET CVS12 LOOKING PORT TO STARBOARD, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

2. AERIAL VIEW EX-USS HORNET CVS-12 LOOKING PORT TO STARBOARD, THREE MINECRAFT MORRED ALONGSIDE ON PORT AFT QUARTER. OTHER INACTIVE SHIPS IN BACKGROUND, PUGET SOUND NAVEL SHIPYARD TO LEFT SIDE OF PHOTO. - U.S.S. HORNET, Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Sinclair Inlet, Bremerton, Kitsap County, WA

77 FR 11434 - Safety Zone; Patapsco River, Northwest and Inner Harbors, Baltimore, MD

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-27

... and Historic Shrine in Baltimore, Maryland, and its return. This action will restrict vessel traffic... Historic Shrine, Baltimore, Maryland. After being turned-around, the USS CONSTELLATION will be returned to... of the historic sloop-of-war USS CONSTELLATION on May 25, 2012. This action is necessary to provide...

20. Scrapping C112 U.S.S. Marblehead. Naval Shipyard Philadelphia. January 10, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

20. Scrapping C1-12 U.S.S. Marblehead. Naval Shipyard Philadelphia. January 10, 1946. Original Photograph In Collection of National Archives, Mid-Atlantic Regional Records Center, Philadelphia. - Naval Base Philadelphia-Philadelphia Naval Shipyard, Dry Dock No. 4, Broad Street south of Government Avenue, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA

Intraoperative ultrasound guidance in breast-conserving surgery shows superiority in oncological outcome, long-term cosmetic and patient-reported outcomes: Final outcomes of a randomized controlled trial (COBALT).

PubMed

Volders, J H; Haloua, M H; Krekel, N M A; Negenborn, V L; Kolk, R H E; Lopes Cardozo, A M F; Bosch, A M; de Widt-Levert, L M; van der Veen, H; Rijna, H; Taets van Amerongen, A H M; Jóźwiak, K; Meijer, S; van den Tol, M P

2017-04-01

The multicenter randomized controlled COBALT trial demonstrated that ultrasound-guided breast-conserving surgery (USS) results in a significant reduction of margin involvement (3.1% vs. 13%) and excision volumes compared to palpation-guided surgery (PGS). The aim of the present study was to determine long term oncological and patient-reported outcomes including quality of life (QoL), together with their progress over time. 134 patients with T1-T2 breast cancer were randomized to USS (N = 65) or PGS (N = 69). Cosmetic outcomes were assessed with the Breast Cancer Conservative Treatment cosmetic results (BCCT.core) software, panel-evaluation and patient self-evaluation on a 4-point Likert-scale. QoL was measured using the EORTC QLQ-C30/-BR23 questionnaire. No locoregional recurrences were reported after mean follow-up of 41 months. Seven patients (5%) developed distant metastatic disease (USS 6.3%, PGS 4.4%, p = 0.466), of whom six died of disease (95.5% overall survival). USS achieved better cosmetic outcomes compared to PGS, with poor outcomes of 11% and 21% respectively, a result mainly attributable to mastectomies due to involved margins following PGS. There was no difference after 1 and 3 years in cosmetic outcome. Dissatisfied patients included those with larger excision volumes, additional local therapies and worse QoL. Patients with poor/fair cosmetic outcomes scored significantly lower on aspects of QoL, including breast-symptoms, body image and sexual enjoyment. By significantly reducing positive margin status and lowering resection volumes, USS improves the rate of good cosmetic outcomes and increases patient-satisfaction. Considering the large impact of cosmetic outcome on QoL, USS has great potential to improve QoL following breast-conserving therapy. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd, BASO ~ The Association for Cancer Surgery, and the European Society of Surgical Oncology. All rights reserved.

One but Not the Same: Evaluative Conditioning with Mixed-Valence USs

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Glaser, Tina; Walther, Eva

2012-01-01

In evaluative conditioning (EC), the pairing of a positively or negatively valenced stimulus (US) with another neutral stimulus (CS) leads to a corresponding change in liking of the CS. EC research so far has concentrated on using unambiguously positive or negative USs. However, attitude objects often possess multiple features that can be positive…

Cultural Resources Assessment of the Faulkner Lake Revetment, East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-05-06

Palmer commande-- e vessels above the town (consisting of the U.S.S. Hartford, Albatross, Sachem, Estrella , and Arizona) . With tTeexception of the first...Hudson) 53 Tunica Indians 27 Tuscaloosa Trend 33, 44 80 000 U Union (see Federal) U.S.S. Albatross 47, 49 Arizona 49 Essex 47, 49 Estrella 49 Genessee

75 FR 62320 - Safety Zone; Fireworks for USS GRAVELY Commissioning Ceremony, Cape Fear River, Wilmington, NC

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-10-08

...-AA00 Safety Zone; Fireworks for USS GRAVELY Commissioning Ceremony, Cape Fear River, Wilmington, NC... zone on the navigable waters of Cape Fear River in Wilmington, NC in support of the Fireworks for the... western shore of the Cape Fear River at Battleship Park. The fireworks debris fallout area will extend...

Relating chamber measurements to eddy correlation measurements of methane flux

Treesearch

R.J. Clement; S.B. Verma; E.S. Verry

1995-01-01

Methane fluxes were measured using eddy correlation and chamber techniques during 1991 and 1997 at a peatland in north central Minnesota. Comparisons of the two techniques were made using averages of methane flux data available during 1-week periods. The seasonal patterns of fluxes measured by the two techniques compared well. Chamber flux, in 1991, was about 1.8 mg m...

Effect of cyclic aromatics on sodium active transport in frog skin

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Blankemeyer, J.T.; Bowerman, M.C.

1993-01-01

A modified glass Ussing-chamber was used to mount the skin. The electrical potential difference (PD) was measured by two 3% agar-frog Ringer's bridges. Current (i.e. short-circuit current, or ISC) was passed by Ag-AgCl electrodes placed so that current density was uniform across the skin. Ringer's solution, bathing each side of the frog skin, was stirred and aerated by gas-lift pumps. The effect of toxicants on the ISC was determined by using the 15 min prior to toxicant administration as a control period, then calculating the change in ISC during the toxicant period as a percent of the control ISC. Phenolmore » and benzene are components of crude oil and crude oil waste. These hydrocarbons and phenanthrene were tested for their effect on frog skin. The results show that the effect of organics on sodium active transport of an epithelium is to alter the active transport of sodium ions. 5 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab.« less

Assessment of the probiotic potential of a dairy product fermented by Propionibacterium freudenreichii in piglets.

PubMed

Cousin, Fabien J; Foligné, Benoît; Deutsch, Stéphanie-Marie; Massart, Sébastien; Parayre, Sandrine; Le Loir, Yves; Boudry, Gaëlle; Jan, Gwénaël

2012-08-15

Dairy propionibacteria, including Propionibacterium freudenreichii , display promising probiotic properties, including immunomodulation. These properties are highly strain-dependent and rarely studied in a fermented dairy product. We screened 10 strains, grown in a newly developed fermented milk ultrafiltrate, for immunomodulatory properties in vitro. The most anti-inflammatory strain, P. freudenreichii BIA129, was further tested on piglets. P. freudenreichii -fermented product improved food intake and growth of piglets. Colonic mucosa explants of treated pigs secreted less interleukin 8 (-25%, P < 0.05) and tumor necrosis factor α (-20%, P < 0.05), either in basal conditions or after a lipopolysaccharide challenge. By contrast, the gut structure, barrier function (measured ex vivo in Ussing chambers), microbial diversity (assessed by 16S rRNA pyrosequencing), and colonic short-chain fatty acid content were unchanged, assuming maintenance of normal intestinal physiology. In conclusion, this work confirms in vivo probiotic properties of dairy propionibacteria-fermented products, which are promising for the prevention or healing of inflammatory bowel diseases.

Modulation of bicarbonate secretion in rabbit duodenum: the role of calcium.

PubMed

Hogan, D L; Yao, B; Isenberg, J I

1998-01-01

Surface epithelial bicarbonate secretion protects the proximal duodenum from acid peptic injury. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate and calcium serve as intracellular mediators of intestinal transport. Experiments were performed to examine whether calcium participates in duodenal bicarbonate transport. Stripped duodenal mucosa from rabbits was studied in Ussing chambers. HCO3- transport was stimulated by the calcium ionophore A23187, carbachol, vasoactive intestinal peptide, prostaglandin E2, dibutyryl-cyclic adenosine monophosphate, and electrical field stimulation. A23187 stimulated HCO3- secretion and Isc; tetrodotoxin failed to inhibit this effect. The calcium-channel blocker verapamil abolished HCO3- secretion stimulated by carbachol, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and electrical field stimulation, but failed to alter basal, prostaglandin E2- or dibutyryl-cyclic adenosine monophosphate-stimulated HCO3- secretion. Therefore, calcium is likely required during stimulation of duodenal epithelial HCO3- transport by carbachol, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and electrical field stimulation. Prostaglandin E2 and dibutyryl-cyclic adenosine monophosphate appear to activate duodenal HCO3- secretion by a calcium-independent pathway(s).

Pharmacokinetics and Bioavailability of the Isoflavones Formononetin and Ononin and Their in Vitro Absorption in Ussing Chamber and Caco-2 Cell Models.

PubMed

Luo, Li-Yu; Fan, Miao-Xuan; Zhao, Hai-Yu; Li, Ming-Xing; Wu, Xu; Gao, Wen-Yuan

2018-03-21

Formononetin and its glycoside ononin are bioactive isoflavones widely present in legumes. The present study investigated the pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and in vitro absorption of formononetin and ononin. After an oral administration to rats, formononetin showed a higher systemic exposure over ononin. The oral bioavailability of formononetin and ononin were 21.8% and 7.3%, respectively. Ononin was more bioavailable than perceived, and its bioavailability reached 21.7% when its metabolite formononetin was taken into account. Both formononetin and ononin exhibited better absorption in large intestine segments than that in small intestine segments. Formononetin displayed a better permeability in all intestinal segments over ononin. Transport of formononetin across Caco-2 cell monolayer was mainly through passive diffusion, while ononin was actively pumped out by MRP2 but not P-gp. The results provide evidence for better understanding of the pharmacological actions of formononetin and ononin, which advocates more in vivo evaluations or human trials.

Tight junction proteins contribute to barrier properties in human pleura.

PubMed

Markov, Alexander G; Voronkova, Maria A; Volgin, George N; Yablonsky, Piotr K; Fromm, Michael; Amasheh, Salah

2011-03-15

The permeability of pleural mesothelium helps to control the volume and composition of the liquid lubricating pleural surfaces. Information on pleural barrier function in health and disease, however, is scarce. Tissue specimens of human pleura were mounted in Ussing chambers for measurement of transmesothelial resistance. Expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins was studied by Western blots and immune fluorescence confocal microscopy. Both visceral and parietal pleura showed barrier properties represented by transmesothelial resistance. Occludin, claudin-1, -3, -5, and -7, were detected in visceral pleura. In parietal pleura, the same TJ proteins were detected, except claudin-7. In tissues from patients with pleural inflammation these tightening claudins were decreased and in visceral pleura claudin-2, a paracellular channel former, became apparent. We report that barrier function in human pleura coincides with expression of claudins known to be key determinants of epithelial barrier properties. In inflamed tissue, claudin expression indicates a reduced barrier function. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Histamine stimulates chloride secretion in omeprazole-inhibited frog gastric mucosa

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

McGreevy, J.; Barton, R.; Housinger, T.

1986-03-05

Omeprazole (OME) stops hydrogen ion (H) secretion in the histamine (HIST)-stimulated gastric mucosa while the chloride (Cl) which had accompanied the H continues to be pumped into the lumen. This finding suggests that the Cl pump is independent of the H/K ATP-ase driven H pump. To test this hypothesis, 16 Ussing-chambered frog mucosas were exposed to OME prior to HIST stimulation. If the Cl pump is independent, HIST should stimulate Cl secretion in the OME-inhibited mucosa. A 1 hr control (CON) interval preceded exposure to OME (10/sup -4/M) in the nutrient solution. Potential difference (PD), short-circuit current (Isc), resistance (R),more » H flux (J/sup H/) and Cl flux (J/sup Cl/ with /sup 36/Cl) were measured every 15 min. After 1 hr of OME exposure, HIST (10/sup -5/M) was added to the nutrient solution. The findings demonstrate that HIST stimulates Cl secretion in the OME-inhibited bullfrog gastric mucosa.« less

Creating a Research-Rich Curriculum at Miami University

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rauckhorst, William H.

2007-10-01

Miami University has attempted in recent years to build upon a collection of individual student research participation opportunities at the University, and develop a comprehensive ``research-rich'' undergraduate curriculum. A major step in this direction was the creation of the Undergraduate Summer Scholars (USS) program. This program provides 10-week summer research experiences with faculty mentors for 100 juniors or seniors each year. The USS Program is not limited to science and engineering areas, as approximately 30 academic departments participate annually. Development of the USS program at Miami was motivated by the University's prior experience with student research appointments funded by the National Science Foundation, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and other sponsoring agencies. The University's evaluation of these earlier student research experiences provided evidence that such experiences were at least as significant in a student's education as formal course work. A second important step in Miami's effort was obtaining a grant from the National Science Foundation's Comprehensive Reform of Undergraduate Education program. This funding enabled the University to enhance the Undergraduate Summer Scholars (USS) Program and evaluate student intellectual growth within the program. Two outcomes of this NSF-funded project are noteworthy: first, the USS program now is firmly established within the University's offerings; second, the evaluation ndicated profound student intellectual growth as a result of mentored research experiences. We will describe the development of the Undergraduate Summer Scholars Program, our evaluation of the Program, and ongoing efforts to extend the benefits of research experience to more students by incorporating research components within traditional coursework.

Slurry sampling electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the determination of Cr, Cd and Pb in plastics.

PubMed

Li, Po-Chien; Jiang, Shiuh-Jen

2006-07-01

Ultrasonic slurry sampling electrothermal vaporization dynamic reaction cell inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (USS-ETV-DRC-ICP-MS) for the determination of Cr, Cd and Pb in several plastic samples, using NH4NO3 as the modifier, is described. The influences of the instrumental operating conditions and the slurry preparation technique on the ion signals are investigated. A reduction in the intensity of the background at signals corresponding to chromium masses (arising from matrix elements) was achieved by using NH3 as the reaction cell gas in the DRC. The method was applied to determine Cr, Cd and Pb in two polystyrene (PS) samples and a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) sample using two different calibration methods, namely standard addition and isotope dilution. The results were in good agreement with those for digested samples analyzed by ultrasonic nebulization DRC-ICP-MS. The precision between sample replicates was better than 17% with the USS-ETV-DRC-ICP-MS method. The method detection limits, estimated from standard addition curves, were about 6-9, 1-2 and 8-11 ng g(-1) for Cr, Cd and Pb, respectively, in the original plastic samples.

Operation Stabilise: U.S. Joint Force Operations in East Timor

DTIC Science & Technology

2001-04-01

September 1999, while deliberating the issue, Adm Blair designated the USS Mobile Bay (CG 53) and the USNS Kilauea (T-AE 26) as Joint Task Force-Timor Sea...Timor Sea Operations, 7th Fleet, Pacific Fleet § USS MOBILE BAY (CG 53), CJTF TSO (CAPT Edward Rogers, USN) § USNS KILAUEA (T-AE 26) § USNS SAN JOSE (T

75 FR 6858 - Certifications and Exemptions Under the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-02-12

... USS PHILIPPINE SEA (CG 58) is a vessel of the Navy which, due to its special construction and purpose... PHILIPPINE SEA (CG 58) is a vessel of the Navy which, due to its special construction and purpose, cannot... Table Five by revising the entry for USS PHILIPPINE SEA (CG 58), to read as follows: Sec. 706.2...

President Nixon on deck of U.S.S. Hornet awaiting Apollo 11 crew arrival

NASA Image and Video Library

1969-07-24

S69-21736 (24 July 1969) --- President Richard M. Nixon photographed on the deck of the USS Hornet, prime recovery ship for the Apollo 11 lunar landing mission, awaiting the Apollo 11 crew arrival. Apollo 11 splashed down at 11:40 a.m. (EDT), July 24, 1969, about 812 nautical miles southwest of Hawaii.

Combustion chamber struts can be effectively transpiration cooled

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Palmer, G. H.

1966-01-01

Vapor-deposited sintering technique increases the feasible temperature range of transpiration-cooled structural members in combustion chambers. This technique produces a porous mass of refractory metal wires around a combustion chamber structural member. This mass acts as a transpiration-cooled surface for a thick-walled tube.

Apollo XI Command Module (CM) - Mobile Quarantine Facility (MQF) - U.S.S. Hornet

NASA Image and Video Library

1969-07-24

S69-40758 (24 July 1969) --- The Apollo 11 spacecraft Command Module (CM) and the Mobile Quarantine Facility (MQF) are photographed aboard the USS Hornet, prime recovery ship for the historic first lunar landing mission. The three crewmen are already in the MQF. Apollo 11 with astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Michael Collins and Edwin E. Aldrin Jr. aboard splashed down at 11:49 a.m. (CDT), July 24, 1969, about 812 nautical miles southwest of Hawaii and only 12 nautical miles from the USS Hornet. While astronauts Armstrong, commander, and Aldrin, lunar module pilot, descended in the Lunar Module (LM) "Eagle" to explore the Sea of Tranquility region of the moon, astronaut Collins, command module pilot, remained with the Command and Service Modules (CSM) "Columbia" in lunar orbit.

Development of sputtered techniques for thrust chambers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mullaly, J. R.; Hecht, R. J.; Schmid, T. E.; Torrey, C. T.

1975-01-01

Techniques and materials were developed and evaluated for the fabrication and coating of advanced, long life, regeneratively cooled thrust chambers. Materials were analyzed as fillers for sputter application of OFHC copper as a closeout layer to channeled inner structures; of the materials evaluated, aluminum was found to provide the highest bond strength and to be the most desirable for chamber fabrication. The structures and properties were investigated of thick sputtered OFHC copper, 0.15 Zr-Cu, Al2O3,-Cu, and SiC-Cu. Layered structures of OFHC copper and 0.15 Zr-Cu were investigated as means of improving chamber inner wall fatigue life. The evaluation of sputtered Ti-5Al-2.5Sn, NASA IIb-11, aluminum and Al2O3-Al alloys as high strength chamber outer jackets was performed. Techniques for refurbishing degraded thrust chambers with OFHC copper and coating thrust chambers with protective ZrO2 and graded ZrO2-copper thermal barrier coatings were developed.

The Use of Ubiquitous Sensor Technology in Evaluating Student Thought Process during Practical Operations for Improving Student Technical and Creative Skills

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jou, Min; Wang, Jingying

2015-01-01

This study investigated a Ubiquitous Sensor System (USS) that we developed to assess student thought process during practical lessons on a real-time basis and to provide students with a reflective learning environment. Behavioral curves and data obtained by the USS would help students understand where they had made mistakes during practical…

Pacific Fleet Submarine Tender Optimization

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-06-01

worker(s) waits at DG Tender travel (FCB = USS Frank Cable, ESL = USS Emory S. Land) Day 1 FCB waits at GUAM Day 1 ESL ...Day 5 FCB waits at GUAM Day 6 FCB waits at GUAM Day 6 ESL waits at SINGAPORE Day 7 FCB waits...at GUAM Day 7 ESL waits at SINGAPORE Day 8 FCB waits at GUAM Day 8 ESL waits at SINGAPORE Day 9

Maritime Improvised Explosive Devices: A Threat Based Technology Study

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-06-12

Key Resources LTTE Tigers of Tamil Eelam MCM Mine Countermeasures MIED Maritime Improvised Explosive Device MMS Marine Mammal System MOTR... Tamil Eelam (LTTE) are considered experts in the maritime environment and provide the majority of historical examples of successful MIED attacks (Martin...Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) 2000 USS Sullivans (attempted) Small boat (suicide) Al Qaeda 2000 USS Cole bombing Small boat (suicide) Al Qaeda

Advanced Metalworking Solutions For Naval Systems That Go In Harm’s Way

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-01-01

destroyers USS Momsen (DDG 92) and USS Preble (DDG 88) are underway in formation. U.S. Navy photo Front cover: Ingalls Shipbuilding welding photo...applies a variety of innovative welding technologies to address the challenges associated with joining weapon system components. Joining Technologies...friction stir welding process to manufacture edge-cooled naval electronic cold plate assemblies. The modular, high- performance, and scalable

A Comparative Evaluation of Group IV Personnel Assigned to the U.S.S. Catskill; Followup Performance Evaluation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Van Matre, Nicholas H.; Harrigan, Robert J.

A followup performance evaluation was conducted on a sample of Group 4 (low ability) personnel who had served 14 months aboard the mine contermeasures support ship U.S.S. Catskill (MCS-1). Shipboard assessments were made of the Group 4 sample and the non-Group 4 comparison sample in terms of performance test proficiency, supervisors' ratings, and…

President Nixon on deck of U.S.S. Hornet awaiting Apollo 11 crew arrival

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1969-01-01

President Richard M. Nixon photographed on the deck of the U.S.S. Hornet, prime recovery ship for the Apollo 11 lunar landing mission, awaiting the Apollo 11 crew arrival. swimmer. All four men are wearing biological isolation garments. Apollo 11 splashed down at 11:40 a.m., July 24, 1969, about 812 nautical miles southwest of Hawaii.

Remembering Pearl Harbor: The USS Arizona Memorial. Teaching with Historic Places.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Vierra, John, Jr.

This lesson describes and discusses the submerged remains of the battleship USS Arizona which rests on the silt of Pearl Harbor (Hawaii), just as it had settled on December 7, 1941, the day Japan attacked the U.S. fleet and began the Pacific battles of World War II. The lesson is based on the National Register of Historic Places registration file,…

Effect of apical hyperosmotic sodium challenge and amiloride on sodium transport in human bronchial epithelial cells from cystic fibrosis donors.

PubMed

Rasgado-Flores, Hector; Krishna Mandava, Vamsi; Siman, Homayoun; Van Driessche, Willy; Pilewski, Joseph M; Randell, Scott H; Bridges, Robert J

2013-12-01

Hypertonic saline (HS) inhalation therapy benefits cystic fibrosis (CF) patients [Donaldson SH, Bennet WD, Zeman KL, Knowles MR, Tarran R, Boucher RC. N Engl J Med 354: 241-250, 2006; Elkins MR, Robinson M, Rose BR, Harbour C, Moriarty CP, Marks GB, Belousova EG, Xuan W, Bye PT; the National Hypertonic Saline in Cystic Fibrosis (NHSCF) Study Group. N Engl J Med 354: 229-240, 2006]. Surprisingly, these benefits are long-lasting and are diminished by the epithelial Na(+) channel blocker amiloride (Donaldson SH, Bennet WD, Zeman KL, Knowles MR, Tarran R, Boucher RC. N Engl J Med 354: 241-250, 2006). Our aim was to explain these effects. Human bronchial epithelial (hBE) cells from CF lungs were grown in inserts and were used in three experimental approaches: 1) Ussing chambers to measure amiloride-sensitive short-circuit currents (INa); 2) continuous perfusion Ussing chambers; and 3) near "thin-film" conditions in which the airway surface of the inserts was exposed to a small volume (30 μl) of isosmotic or HS solution as the inserts were kept in their incubation tray and were subsequently used to measure INa under isosmotic conditions (near thin-film experiments; Tarran R, Boucher RC. Methods Mol Med 70: 479-492, 2002). HS solutions (660 mosmol/kgH2O) were prepared by adding additional NaCl to the isosmotic buffer. The transepithelial short-circuit current (ISC), conductance (GT), and capacitance (CT) were measured by transepithelial impedance analysis (Danahay H, Atherton HC, Jackson AD, Kreindler JL, Poll CT, Bridges RJ. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 290: L558-L569, 2006; Singh AK, Singh S, Devor DC, Frizzell RA, van Driessche W, Bridges RJ. Methods Mol Med 70: 129-142, 2002). Exposure to apical HS inhibited INa, GT, and CT. The INa inhibition required 60 min of reexposure to the isosmotic solution to recover 75%. The time of exposure to HS required to inhibit INa was <2.5 min. Under near thin-film conditions, apical exposure to HS inhibited INa, but as osmotically driven water moved to the apical surface, the aqueous apical volume increased, leading to an amiloride-insensitive decrease in its osmolality and to recovery of INa that lagged behind the osmotic recovery. Amiloride significantly accelerated the recovery of INa following exposure to HS. Our conclusions are that exposure to HS inhibits hBE INa and that amiloride diminishes this effect.

Intraoperative Ultrasound Guidance in Breast-Conserving Surgery Improves Cosmetic Outcomes and Patient Satisfaction: Results of a Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial (COBALT).

PubMed

Haloua, Max H; Volders, José H; Krekel, Nicole M A; Lopes Cardozo, Alexander M F; de Roos, Wifred K; de Widt-Levert, Louise M; van der Veen, Henk; Rijna, Herman; Bergers, Elisabeth; Jóźwiak, Katarzyna; Meijer, Sybren; van den Tol, Petrousjka

2016-01-01

Ultrasound-guided breast-conserving surgery (USS) results in a significant reduction in both margin involvement and excision volumes (COBALT trial). Objective. The aim of the present study was to determine whether USS also leads to improvements in cosmetic outcome and patient satisfaction when compared with standard palpation-guided surgery (PGS). A total of 134 patients with T1–T2 invasive breast cancer were included in the COBALT trial (NTR2579) and randomized to either USS (65 patients) or PGS (69 patients). Cosmetic outcomes were assessed by a three-member panel using computerized software Breast Cancer Conservative Treatment cosmetic results (BCCT.- core) and by patient self-evaluation, including patient satisfaction. Time points for follow-up were 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery. Overall cosmetic outcome and patient satisfaction were scored on a 4-point Likert scale (excellent, good, fair, or poor), and outcomes were analyzed using a multilevel, mixed effect, proportional odds model for ordinal responses. Ultrasound-guided breast-conserving surgery achieved better cosmetic outcomes, with 20 % excellence overall and only 6 % rated as poor, whereas 14 % of PGS outcomes were rated excellent and 13 % as poor. USS also had consistently lower odds for worse cosmetic outcomes (odds ratio 0.55, p = 0.067) than PGS. The chance of having a worse outcome was significantly increased by a larger lumpectomy volume (ptrend = 0.002); a volume [40 cc showed odds 2.78-fold higher for a worse outcome than a volume B40 cc. USS resulted in higher patient satisfaction compared with PGS. Ultrasound-guided breast-conserving surgery achieved better overall cosmetic outcomes and patient satisfaction than PGS. Lumpectomy volumes[40 cc resulted in significantly worse cosmetic outcomes.

Sick and still at school: an empirical study of sickness presence among students in Norwegian secondary school

PubMed Central

Johansen, Vegard

2015-01-01

Objectives This paper investigates sickness presence (SP) among students. The research questions asked are: What is the distribution of SP among students in Norwegian secondary school? What characterises students with high SP in Norwegian secondary schools? Design A cross-sectional survey conducted in 10th grade in lower secondary school (LSS) and level 2 in upper secondary school (USS). The study was conducted using multivariate binomial logistic regression analysis. Participants The survey was administered to 66 schools, and 2 or 3 classes participated at each school. The response rate was 84% in LSS (n=1880) and 81% in USS (n=1160). Primary and secondary outcome measures The paper provides information about the distribution of SP in secondary schools. The paper also examines which factors influence high SP. Results 75% of students in LSS and 80% of students in USS reported SP in the previous school year. 24% of students in LSS and 33% of students in USS reported high SP (4 episodes or more). Students with high absence from school were more likely to report high SP (ORLSS=1.7, ORUSS=2.0) than those with low/no absence. Girls were more likely to report high SP (ORLSS=1.5, ORUSS=1.5) than boys. In LSS, students with high school motivation reported high SP more often than students with low/medium motivation. In USS, students in vocational studies programmes reported high SP more often than students in general/academic studies programmes. Conclusions Some SP during a school year may be more common than no SP. Gender, absence, motivation and education programme were important factors for high SP in secondary school. PMID:26373401

Sick and still at school: an empirical study of sickness presence among students in Norwegian secondary school.

PubMed

Johansen, Vegard

2015-09-15

This paper investigates sickness presence (SP) among students. The research questions asked are: What is the distribution of SP among students in Norwegian secondary school? What characterises students with high SP in Norwegian secondary schools? A cross-sectional survey conducted in 10th grade in lower secondary school (LSS) and level 2 in upper secondary school (USS). The study was conducted using multivariate binomial logistic regression analysis. The survey was administered to 66 schools, and 2 or 3 classes participated at each school. The response rate was 84% in LSS (n=1880) and 81% in USS (n=1160). The paper provides information about the distribution of SP in secondary schools. The paper also examines which factors influence high SP. 75% of students in LSS and 80% of students in USS reported SP in the previous school year. 24% of students in LSS and 33% of students in USS reported high SP (4 episodes or more). Students with high absence from school were more likely to report high SP (ORLSS=1.7, ORUSS=2.0) than those with low/no absence. Girls were more likely to report high SP (ORLSS=1.5, ORUSS=1.5) than boys. In LSS, students with high school motivation reported high SP more often than students with low/medium motivation. In USS, students in vocational studies programmes reported high SP more often than students in general/academic studies programmes. Some SP during a school year may be more common than no SP. Gender, absence, motivation and education programme were important factors for high SP in secondary school. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.

View of ceremonies welcoming Apollo 16 crew aboard U.S.S. Ticonderoga

NASA Image and Video Library

1972-04-27

S72-36262 (27 April 1972) --- A high-angle view of the Apollo 16 welcoming aboard ceremonies on the deck of the prime recovery ship, USS Ticonderoga. It was soon after the splashdown of the Apollo 16 Command Module (CM) in the central Pacific Ocean approximately 215 miles southeast of Christmas Island. Astronaut John W. Young, commander, is standing at the microphone. Standing behind Young are astronaut Charles M. Duke Jr. (Left), lunar module pilot; and astronaut Thomas K. Mattingly II, command module pilot. The splashdown occurred at 290:37:06 ground elapsed time, 1:45:06 p.m. (CST), Thursday, April 27, 1972. The coordinates were 00:43.2 degrees south latitude and 156:11.4 degrees west longitude. The three crew members were picked up by helicopter and flown to the deck of the USS Ticonderoga.

Liquid rocket engine self-cooled combustion chambers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1977-01-01

Self-cooled combustion chambers are chambers in which the chamber wall temperature is controlled by methods other than fluid flow within the chamber wall supplied from an external source. In such chambers, adiabatic wall temperature may be controlled by use of upstream fluid components such as the injector or a film-coolant ring, or by internal flow of self-contained materials; e.g. pyrolysis gas flow in charring ablators, and the flow of infiltrated liquid metals in porous matrices. Five types of self-cooled chambers are considered in this monograph. The name identifying the chamber is indicative of the method (mechanism) by which the chamber is cooled, as follows: ablative; radiation cooled; internally regenerative (Interegen); heat sink; adiabatic wall. Except for the Interegen and heat sink concepts, each chamber type is discussed separately. A separate and final section of the monograph deals with heat transfer to the chamber wall and treats Stanton number evaluation, film cooling, and film-coolant injection techniques, since these subjects are common to all chamber types. Techniques for analysis of gas film cooling and liquid film cooling are presented.

KSC-69P-200

NASA Image and Video Library

1969-03-13

ABOARD THE USS GUADALCANAL -- Bearded Apollo 9 commander James A. McDivitt speaks to personnel aboard the USS Guadalcanal, prime recovery ship, an hour after he and astronauts David R. Scott and Russell L. Schweickart splashed down today in the Atlantic Ocean, 780 nautical miles southeast of Cape Kennedy. Their 10-day Earth orbital flight verified a lunar landing later this year. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration directs the Apollo program.

Apollo 7 crew arrives aboard recovery ship, U.S.S. Essex

NASA Image and Video Library

1968-10-15

S68-49744 (22 Oct. 1968) --- The Apollo 7 crew is welcomed aboard the USS Essex, the prime recovery ship for the mission. Left to right, are astronauts Walter M. Schirra Jr., commander; Donn F. Eisele, command module pilot; and Walter Cunningham, lunar module pilot. In left background is Dr. Donald E. Stullken, NASA Recovery Team Leader from the Manned Spacecraft Center's (MSC) Landing and Recovery Division.

2010 JSOU and NDIA SO/LIC Division Essays

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-05-01

replaced with a democratic one. For example, if Kim Jung -il’s regime in North Korea were to be rapidly replaced with a democratically elected regime, the...ships launched 50 Tomahawk cruise missiles; 25 strike aircraft positioned themselves from U.S. aircraft carriers USS Carl Vinson and USS Enterprise; and...repeti- tious rehearsal reduces variables through the establishment of routine and synchronized interoperability.36 During OEF the service

Effects of carprofen on the integrity and barrier function of canine colonic mucosa.

PubMed

Briere, Catherine A; Hosgood, Giselle; Morgan, Timothy W; Hedlund, Cheryl S; Hicks, Merrin; McConnico, Rebecca S

2008-02-01

To measure effects of carprofen on conductance and permeability to mannitol and histologic appearance in canine colonic mucosa. Colonic mucosa from 13 mature mixed-breed dogs. Procedures-Sections of mucosa from the transverse colon and proximal and distal portions of the descending colon were obtained immediately after dogs were euthanized. Sections were mounted in Ussing chambers. Carprofen (400 microg/mL) was added to the bathing solution for treated sections. Conductance was calculated at 15-minute intervals for 240 minutes. Flux of mannitol was calculated for three 1-hour periods. Histologic examination of sections was performed after experiments concluded. Conductance was graphed against time for each chamber, and area under each curve was calculated. Conductance X time, flux of mannitol, and frequency distribution of histologic findings were analyzed for an effect of region and carprofen. Carprofen significantly increased mean conductance X time, compared with values for control (untreated) sections for all regions of colon. Carprofen significantly increased mean flux of mannitol from period 1 to period 2 and from period 2 to period 3 for all regions of colon. Carprofen caused a significant proportion of sections to have severe sloughing of cells and erosions involving >or= 10% of the epithelium, compared with control sections. Carprofen increased in vitro conductance and permeability to mannitol in canine colonic mucosa. Carprofen resulted in sloughing of cells and erosion of the colonic mucosa. These findings suggested that carprofen can compromise the integrity and barrier function of the colonic mucosa of dogs.

cAMP Stimulates Transepithelial Short-Circuit Current and Fluid Transport Across Porcine Ciliary Epithelium.

PubMed

Cheng, Angela King-Wah; Civan, Mortimer M; To, Chi-Ho; Do, Chi-Wai

2016-12-01

To investigate the effects of cAMP on transepithelial electrical parameters and fluid transport across porcine ciliary epithelium. Transepithelial electrical parameters were determined by mounting freshly isolated porcine ciliary epithelium in a modified Ussing chamber. Similarly, fluid movement across intact ciliary body was measured with a custom-made fluid flow chamber. Addition of 1, 10, and 100 μM 8-Br-cAMP (cAMP) to the aqueous side (nonpigmented ciliary epithelium, NPE) induced a sustained increase in short-circuit current (Isc). Addition of niflumic acid (NFA) to the aqueous surface effectively blocked the cAMP-induced Isc stimulation. The administration of cAMP to the stromal side (pigmented ciliary epithelium, PE) triggered a significant stimulation of Isc only at 100 μM. No additive effect was observed with bilateral application of cAMP. Likewise, forskolin caused a significant stimulation of Isc when applied to the aqueous side. Concomitantly, cAMP and forskolin increased fluid transport across porcine ciliary epithelium, and this stimulation was effectively inhibited by aqueous NFA. Depleting Cl- in the bathing solution abolished the baseline Isc and inhibited the subsequent stimulation by cAMP. Pretreatment with protein kinase A (PKA) blockers (H89/KT5720) significantly inhibited the cAMP- and forskolin-induced Isc responses. Our results suggest that cAMP triggers a sustained stimulation of Cl- and fluid transport across porcine ciliary epithelium; Cl- channels in the NPE cells are potentially a cellular site for this PKA-sensitive cAMP-mediated response.

Upright Imaging of Drosophila Egg Chambers

PubMed Central

Manning, Lathiena; Starz-Gaiano, Michelle

2015-01-01

Drosophila melanogaster oogenesis provides an ideal context for studying varied developmental processes since the ovary is relatively simple in architecture, is well-characterized, and is amenable to genetic analysis. Each egg chamber consists of germ-line cells surrounded by a single epithelial layer of somatic follicle cells. Subsets of follicle cells undergo differentiation during specific stages to become several different cell types. Standard techniques primarily allow for a lateral view of egg chambers, and therefore a limited view of follicle cell organization and identity. The upright imaging protocol describes a mounting technique that enables a novel, vertical view of egg chambers with a standard confocal microscope. Samples are first mounted between two layers of glycerin jelly in a lateral (horizontal) position on a glass microscope slide. The jelly with encased egg chambers is then cut into blocks, transferred to a coverslip, and flipped to position egg chambers upright. Mounted egg chambers can be imaged on either an upright or an inverted confocal microscope. This technique enables the study of follicle cell specification, organization, molecular markers, and egg development with new detail and from a new perspective. PMID:25867882

Techniques For Focusing In Zone Electrophoresis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sharnez, Rizwan; Twitty, Garland E.; Sammons, David W.

1994-01-01

In two techniques for focusing in zone electrophoresis, force of applied electrical field in each charged particle balanced by restoring force of electro-osmosis. Two techniques: velocity-gradient focusing (VGF), suitable for rectangular electrophoresis chambers; and field-gradient focusing (FGF), suitable for step-shaped electrophoresis chambers.

"FAITH 7"- ASTRONAUT COOPER, GORDON L. - RECOVERY AREA - MERCURY-ATLAS (MA)-9 - POSTFLIGHT - USS KEARSAGE

NASA Image and Video Library

1963-05-18

S63-07882 (16 May 1963) --- Astronaut L. Gordon Cooper Jr., pilot of the Mercury Atlas 9 (MA-9) mission, backs out of his spacecraft "Faith 7" after a 600,000-mile, 22-orbit journey around Earth. He elected to remain in the spacecraft until it was hoisted to the deck of the USS Kearsarge, as did astronaut Walter Schirra during the previous mission. Photo credit: NASA

USS Anchorage Leaves Port for Launch of Orion

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-12-01

An H60-S Seahawk helicopter lands on the deck of the USS Anchorage in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of California. NASA and the U.S. Navy are heading out to sea ahead of Orion's flight test to prepare for recovery of the crew module, forward bay cover and parachutes on its return from space and splashdown in the Pacific Ocean. The Ground Systems Development and Operations Program is leading the recovery efforts.

Underway Recovery Test 6 (URT-6) - Day 6 Activities

NASA Image and Video Library

2018-01-22

During Underway Recovery Test 6, Kennedy Space Center's NASA Recovery Team spent a week aboard the USS Anchorage where they and the U.S. Navy tested procedures and ground support equipment to improve recovery procedures and hardware ahead of Orion's next flight, Exploration Mission-1, when it splashes down in the Pacific Ocean. The Orion test article sits inside the well deck of the USS Anchorage after a successful recovery test.

USS Anchorage Leaves Port for Launch of Orion

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-12-01

U.S. Navy personnel are stationed on the deck of the USS Anchorage as the ship departs Naval Base San Diego in California. NASA and the U.S. Navy are heading out to sea ahead of Orion's flight test to prepare for recovery of the crew module, forward bay cover and parachutes on its return from space and splashdown in the Pacific Ocean. The Ground Systems Development and Operations Program is leading the recovery efforts.

POLARIS MISSILE DISPLAY AT THE USS BOWFIN MUSEUM AT PEARL ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

POLARIS MISSILE DISPLAY AT THE USS BOWFIN MUSEUM AT PEARL HARBOR. POLARIS A1 MISSILE IS ON THE LEFT (IN FOREGROUND) AND POLARIS A3 MISSILE IS ON THE RIGHT. VIEW FACING SOUTHEAST - U.S. Naval Base, Pearl Harbor, Ford Island Polaris Missile Lab & U.S. Fleet Ballistic Missile Submarine Training Center, Between Lexington Boulvevard and the sea plane ramps on the southwest side of Ford Island, Pearl City, Honolulu County, HI

Employing U.S. Navy Hospital Ships in Support of Soft Power Projection

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-03-24

the employment of hard power such as military engagements in multiple countries that support non-state actors and terrorists. One way to stem the...The United State‟s seeming decline in foreign policy can be directly attributed to the employment of hard power such as military engagements in...the Vietnam conflict, the USS REPOSE (AH-16) and USS SANCTUARY (AH-17), Haven class hospital ships, provided significant support to combat units

Comparison of Evaporation Duct Height Measurement Methods and Their Impact on Radar Propagation Estimates

DTIC Science & Technology

1998-03-01

AUTHOR John David Whalen 5. FUNDING NUMBERS 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME( S ) AND ADDRESS(ES) Naval Postgraduate School Monterey CA 93943...5000 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME( S ) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY REPORT...impact the evaporation duct and its effect on the propagation of electromagnetic energy from the AEGIS AN/SPY-1 radars. Two ships, USS ANZIC and USS

Defense Management: Improved Planning, Training, and Interagency Collaboration Could Strengthen DOD’s Efforts in Africa

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-07-01

Swift and USS Nicholas November 2009–March 2010 Comoros, Djibouti, Kenya, Mauritius, Mozambique, Reunion (French Island ), Seychelles, South Africa...exception of Egypt, as well as its island nations. The command’s mission is to work in concert with other U.S. government agencies and international...Djibouti, Kenya, Tanzania June–August 2009 USS Arleigh Burke Djibouti, Kenya, Mauritius, Reunion , Seychelles, South Africa, Tanzania, Reunion

Manpower Issues Involving Visit, Board, Search, and Seizure (VBSS)

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-03-01

article by Lolita C. Baldor, American forces flying off the guided-missile destroyer USS Kidd responded to a distress call from the Iranian vessel, the Al...no other 2 Lolita C. Baldor, Associated Press, “USS Kidd rescues Iran boat from pirates,” January 6...Public Affairs, “VBSS: Evolving the Mission,” Story number: NNS090425-03, http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=44692. Baldor, Lolita C

President Nixon - Welcome - Apollo XI Astronauts - USS Hornet

NASA Image and Video Library

1969-07-24

S69-21365 (24 July 1969) --- United States President Richard M. Nixon was in the central Pacific recovery area to welcome the Apollo 11 astronauts aboard the USS Hornet, prime recovery ship for the historic Apollo 11 lunar landing mission. Already confined to the Mobile Quarantine Facility (MQF) are (left to right) Neil A. Armstrong, commander; Michael Collins, command module pilot; and Edwin E. Aldrin Jr., lunar module pilot. Apollo 11 splashed down at 11:49 a.m. (CDT), July 24, 1969, about 812 nautical miles southwest of Hawaii and only 12 nautical miles from the USS Hornet. The three crewmen will remain in the MQF until they arrive at the Manned Spacecraft Center's (MSC) Lunar Receiving Laboratory (LRL). While astronauts Armstrong and Aldrin descended in the Lunar Module (LM) "Eagle" to explore the Sea of Tranquility region of the moon, astronaut Collins remained with the Command and Service Modules (CSM) "Columbia" in lunar orbit. Photo credit: NASA

Assessment of the Unstructured Grid Software TetrUSS for Drag Prediction of the DLR-F4 Configuration

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pirzadeh, Shahyar Z.; Frink, Neal T.

2002-01-01

An application of the NASA unstructured grid software system TetrUSS is presented for the prediction of aerodynamic drag on a transport configuration. The paper briefly describes the underlying methodology and summarizes the results obtained on the DLR-F4 transport configuration recently presented in the first AIAA computational fluid dynamics (CFD) Drag Prediction Workshop. TetrUSS is a suite of loosely coupled unstructured grid CFD codes developed at the NASA Langley Research Center. The meshing approach is based on the advancing-front and the advancing-layers procedures. The flow solver employs a cell-centered, finite volume scheme for solving the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equations on tetrahedral grids. For the present computations, flow in the viscous sublayer has been modeled with an analytical wall function. The emphasis of the paper is placed on the practicality of the methodology for accurately predicting aerodynamic drag data.

Mathematical Modeling of Ultra-Superheated Steam Gasification

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xin, Fen

Pure steam gasification has been of interest in hydrogen production, but with the challenge of supplying heat for endothermic reactions. Traditional solutions included either combusting feedstocks at the price of decreasing carbon conversion ratio, or using costly heating apparatus. Therefore, a distributed gasifier with an Ultra-Superheated-Steam (USS) generator was invented, satisfying the heat requirement and avoiding carbon combustion in steam gasification. This project developed the first version of the Ultra-Superheated-Steam-Fluidization-Model (USSFM V1.0) for the USS gasifier. A stand-alone equilibrium combustion model was firstly developed to calculate the USS mixture, which was the input to the USSFM V1.0. Model development of the USSFM V1.0 included assumptions, governing equations, boundary conditions, supporting equations and iterative schemes of guessed values. There were three nested loops in the dense bed and one loop in the freeboard. The USSFM V1.0 included one main routine and twenty-four subroutines. The USSFM V1.0 was validated with experimental data from the Enercon USS gasifier. The calculated USS mixture had a trace of oxygen, validating the initial expectation of creating an oxygen-free environment in the gasifier. Simulations showed that the USS mixture could satisfy the gasification heat requirement without partial carbon combustion. The USSFM V1.0 had good predictions on the H2% in all tests, and on other variables at a level of the lower oxygen feed. Provided with higher oxygen feed, the USSFM V1.0 simulated hotter temperatures, higher CO% and lower CO2%. Errors were explained by assumptions of equilibrium combustion, adiabatic reactors, reaction kinetics, etc. By investigating specific modeling data, gas-particle convective heat transfers were found to be critical in energy balance equations of both emulsion gas and particles, while bubble size controlled both the mass and energy balance equations of bubble gas. Parametric study suggested a lower level of oxygen feed for higher content of hydrogen. However, too little oxygen would impede fluidization in the bed. The reasonability of iterative schemes and the stability of USSFM V1.0 were tested by the sensitivity analysis of two guessed values. Analytical Hierarchy Process analysis indicated that large-scale gasification is advantageous for hydrogen production but with impediments of high capital cost and CO2 emissions. This study manifested the USS gasifier offering the possibility of generating H2-rich and CO2-lean syngas in a much cheaper distributed way. Currently, the FORTRAN-based USSFM V1.0 had a good correlation with experimental data with a small oxygen feed. On the demand of wider applications, suggestions were proposed at last for the model improvement in future.

Filament wound rocket motor chambers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1976-01-01

The design, analysis, fabrication and testing of a Kevlar-49/HBRF-55A filament wound chamber is reported. The chamber was fabricated and successfully tested to 80% of the design burst pressure. Results of the data reduction and analysis from the hydrotest indicate that the chamber design and fabrication techniques used for the chamber were adequate and the chamber should perform adequately in a static test.

Orion's Neutral Buoyancy Lab (NBL) Activities

NASA Image and Video Library

2016-09-21

U.S. Navy divers are training in the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston. Navy divers, Air Force pararescuemen and Coast Guard rescue swimmers practice Orion underway recovery techniques using a test version of the Orion spacecraft. Training will help the team prepare for Underway Recovery Test 5 for Exploration Mission 1 aboard the USS San Diego in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of California in October. The Ground Systems Development and Operations Program, along with the U.S. Navy and Lockheed Martin, are preparing the recovery team, hardware and operations to support EM-1 recovery.

Evaluation and study of advanced optical contamination, deposition, measurement, and removal techniques. [including computer programs and ultraviolet reflection analysis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Linford, R. M. F.; Allen, T. H.; Dillow, C. F.

1975-01-01

A program is described to design, fabricate and install an experimental work chamber assembly (WCA) to provide a wide range of experimental capability. The WCA incorporates several techniques for studying the kinetics of contaminant films and their effect on optical surfaces. It incorporates the capability for depositing both optical and contaminant films on temperature-controlled samples, and for in-situ measurements of the vacuum ultraviolet reflectance. Ellipsometer optics are mounted on the chamber for film thickness determinations, and other features include access ports for radiation sources and instrumentation. Several supporting studies were conducted to define specific chamber requirements, to determine the sensitivity of the measurement techniques to be incorporated in the chamber, and to establish procedures for handling samples prior to their installation in the chamber. A bibliography and literature survey of contamination-related articles is included.

USS Anchorage Leaves Port for Launch of Orion

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-12-01

NASA and U.S. Navy personnel are on the deck of the USS Anchorage as the ship departs Naval Base San Diego and heads out to sea in the Pacific Ocean. NASA and the U.S. Navy are making preparations ahead of Orion's flight test for recovery of the crew module, forward bay cover and parachutes on its return from space and splashdown in the Pacific Ocean. The Ground Systems Development and Operations Program is leading the recovery efforts.

APOLLO XII CREW - WELCOME - USS HORNET - REAR ADMIRAL DONALD DAVID

NASA Image and Video Library

1969-11-24

S69-22876 (24 Nov. 1969) --- Rear Admiral Donald C. David, Commander, Manned Spacecraft Recovery Force, Pacific, welcomes the crew of the Apollo 12 lunar landing mission aboard the USS Hornet, prime recovery vessel for the mission. A color guard was also on hand for the welcoming ceremonies. Inside the Mobile Quarantine Facility (MQF) are (left to right) astronauts Charles Conrad Jr., commander; Richard F. Gordon Jr., command module pilot; and Alan L. Bean, lunar module pilot.

Naval Weapons Bulletin. October-December, Number 4-62.

DTIC Science & Technology

1962-12-01

conducted on the prototype installa- by continuously to execute pre-recorded tion in USS NORTON SOUND ( AVM -1). commands. One of these commands will (See...1T[LMET[IIING TACAN",- TOWER STACK /AN/SPG-59 MISSILE / Figure 1. --Computed radiation hazard zone, USS NORTON SOUND ( AVM -lI) CONFIDENTIAL C7...equipment also located in the checkout area are the Signal Comparator CM- 12Z/ DSM and the Telemetric Data Receiving, Recording, and Scoring Set AN/SKQ

Page from the Log Book of the USS "Harriet Lane" and Painting by Thomas P. Rossiter, Related to the Prince of Wales's 1860 Visit to Mount Vernon

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Potter, Lee Ann; Eder, Elizabeth K.; Hussey, Michael

2011-01-01

On 1860, Prince Albert Edward took a daylong excursion aboard the 270-foot revenue cutter USS "Harriet Lane" to Mount Vernon, the ancestral home of George Washington. The ceremonial visit to Mount Vernon was thought of at the time as not only a tribute to Washington as a man and leader, but as symbolic of reconciliation between England and its…

USS PRINCETON (CG59): Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) and Macrofouling Status of Seawater Piping Systems

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-06-01

3 NAVSWC TR 90-176 Most marine fouling invertebrates have a larval or pseudolarval form that is released into the water and although they possess...90-176 REFERENCES (Cont.) 22. Linder, E., "The Attachment of Macrofouling Invertebrates ," in Costlow, J. D. and Tipper, R. C., Eds, Marine ...associated with marine macrofouling ( marine mussels and hydroids) in seawater piping systems on an AEGIS cruiser (USS PRINCETON CG 59). The presence of

Acoustic Communications Considerations for Collaborative Simultaneous Localization and Mapping

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-12-01

combat. The United States experienced this problem first hand on April 14, 1988, when the USS Samuel B. Roberts (FFG 58) struck a mine in the Persian...Strait of Hormuz where the USS Samuel B. Roberts was operating. The low cost and advancing technology of naval mines makes them particularly well...access and ensure the free flow of maritime trade in the global commons. The present means of mine countermeasures largely reside on surface ships and

Underway Recovery Test 6 (URT-6) - Day 5 Activities

NASA Image and Video Library

2018-01-21

Teams from the U.S. Navy’s Explosive Ordnance Disposal Mobile Unit 3, the Special Boat Unit, the USS Anchorage and the USS New Orleans work together to connect tending lines to the Orion test article off the coast of San Diego. Kennedy Space Center’s NASA Recovery Team works with the U.S. Navy to improve recovery procedures and hardware ahead of Orion's next flight, Exploration Mission-1, when it splashes down in the Pacific Ocean.

Combat Pair: The Evolution of Air Force-Navy Integration in Strike Warfare

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-01-01

Rear Admiral David Buss , USN, at the time Commanding Officer of USS John C. Stennis, for freely sharing his time during our three-day visit despite...These points were further affirmed by the combined force mari - time component commander (CFMCC) in Enduring Freedom, Vice Admiral Charles Moore, Jr...attack, the Navy’s Arleigh Burke -class destroyer USS Higgins on station in the North Arabian Gulf served as a tactical ballistic missile early

Micro thrust and heat generator

DOEpatents

Garcia, Ernest J.

1998-01-01

A micro thrust and heat generator has a means for providing a combustion fuel source to an ignition chamber of the micro thrust and heat generator. The fuel is ignited by a ignition means within the micro thrust and heat generator's ignition chamber where it burns and creates a pressure. A nozzle formed from the combustion chamber extends outward from the combustion chamber and tappers down to a narrow diameter and then opens into a wider diameter where the nozzle then terminates outside of said combustion chamber. The pressure created within the combustion chamber accelerates as it leaves the chamber through the nozzle resulting in pressure and heat escaping from the nozzle to the atmosphere outside the micro thrust and heat generator. The micro thrust and heat generator can be microfabricated from a variety of materials, e.g., of polysilicon, on one wafer using surface micromachining batch fabrication techniques or high aspect ratio micromachining techniques (LIGA).

Micro thrust and heat generator

DOEpatents

Garcia, E.J.

1998-11-17

A micro thrust and heat generator have a means for providing a combustion fuel source to an ignition chamber of the micro thrust and heat generator. The fuel is ignited by a ignition means within the micro thrust and heat generator`s ignition chamber where it burns and creates a pressure. A nozzle formed from the combustion chamber extends outward from the combustion chamber and tappers down to a narrow diameter and then opens into a wider diameter where the nozzle then terminates outside of said combustion chamber. The pressure created within the combustion chamber accelerates as it leaves the chamber through the nozzle resulting in pressure and heat escaping from the nozzle to the atmosphere outside the micro thrust and heat generator. The micro thrust and heat generator can be microfabricated from a variety of materials, e.g., of polysilicon, on one wafer using surface micromachining batch fabrication techniques or high aspect ratio micromachining techniques (LIGA). 30 figs.

Ex vivo permeation of tamoxifen and its 4-OH metabolite through rat intestine from lecithin/chitosan nanoparticles.

PubMed

Barbieri, S; Buttini, F; Rossi, A; Bettini, R; Colombo, P; Ponchel, G; Sonvico, F; Colombo, G

2015-08-01

Tamoxifen citrate is an anticancer drug slightly soluble in water. Administered orally, it shows great intra- and inter-patient variations in bioavailability. We developed a nanoformulation based on phospholipid and chitosan able to efficiently load tamoxifen and showing an enzyme triggered release. In this work the permeation of tamoxifen released from lecithin/chitosan nanoparticles across excised rat intestinal wall mounted in an Ussing chamber was investigated. Compared to tamoxifen citrate suspension, the amount of the drug permeated using the nanoformulation was increased from 1.5 to 90 times, in absence or in presence of pancreatin or lipase, respectively. It was also evidenced the formation of an active metabolite of tamoxifen, 4-hydroxy tamoxifen, however, the amount of metabolite permeated remained roughly constant in all experiments. The effect of enzymes on intestinal permeation of tamoxifen was shown only when tamoxifen-loaded nanoparticles were in intimate contact with the mucosal surface. The encapsulation of tamoxifen in lecithin/chitosan nanoparticles improved the non-metabolized drug passing through the rat intestinal tissue via paracellular transport. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Electrophysiological response of chicken's jejunal epithelium to increasing levels of T-2 toxin.

PubMed

Yunus, Agha Waqar; Kröger, Susan; Tichy, Alexander; Zentek, Jürgen; Böhm, Josef

2013-02-01

The present investigations were conducted to test the effects of T-2 toxin on electrophysiological variables of jejunal epithelium of chicken. Jejunal segments of broilers were monitored in Ussing chambers in the presence of T-2 toxin at the levels of 0 (negative control), 0 (methanol/vehicle control), 0.1, 1, 5, and 10 μg/ml of buffer. T-2 toxin did not affect basal values of short circuit current (I(sc)), transmural potential difference, or tissue conductivity in the jejunal epithelium. T-2 toxin also did not statistically affect glucose-induced electrophysiological variables during the first 3 min of glucose induction. Compared to the vehicle control, the ouabain-sensitive I(sc) was negatively affected (P = 0.008) only under 5 μg of T-2 toxin/ml. Increasing levels of T-2 toxin negatively affected the ouabain-sensitive I(sc) in a cubic (P = 0.007) fashion. These data indicate that acute exposure to moderate levels of T-2 toxin may progressively impair the cation gradient across the jejunal epithelium.

Comparison of two Chinese medical herbs, Huangbai and Qianniuzi, on influence of short circuit current across the rat intestinal epithelia.

PubMed

Tsai, Jong-Chang; Tsai, Shuli; Chang, Weng-Cheng

2004-07-01

Huangbai (Phellodendron spec.) and Qianniuzi (Pharbitis spec.) are two traditional Chinese medical herbs used for anti-diarrheal and laxative agents, respectively. Ethanol and water extracts of these two herbs were prepared and effects of the extracts on ion transport of the rat intestinal epithelia were studied. For measuring changes of the short circuit current across the epithelia, the rat intestinal epithelia were mounted in the Ussing chamber and attached with voltage/current clamp. The intestinal epithelia were firstly activated by serosal administration of 5 microM forskolin. As current raised and being stable, extracts of these herbs were added, respectively, and changes in the short circuit current were recorded. Ethanol extract of Huangbai attenuated the current increment; on the contrary, ethanol extract of Qianniuzi augmented the current increment additionally. Water extracts of the two herbs showed minor effects on the current in comparison to ethanol extracts. The results provide evidences to reveal the pharmacological mechanism of the two Chinese medical herbs on the intestinal tissue.

Variable effects of soman on macromolecular secretion by ferret trachea

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

McBride, R.K.; Zwierzynski, D.J.; Stone, K.K.

1991-01-01

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the anticholinesterase agent, soman, on macromolecular secretion by ferret trachea, in vitro. We mounted pieces of ferret trachea in Ussing-type chambers. Secreted sulfated macromolecules were radiolabeled by adding 500 microCi of {sup 35}SO{sub 4} to the submucosal medium and incubating for 17 hr. Soman added to the submucosal side produced a concentration-dependent increase in radiolabeled macromolecular release with a maximal secretory response (mean +/- SD) of 202 +/- 125% (n = 8) relative to the basal secretion rate at a concentration of 10{sup {minus} 7} M. The addition ofmore » either 10{sup {minus}6} M pralidoxime (acetylcholinesterase reactivator) or 10{sup {minus}6} M atropine blocked the response to 10{sup {minus}7} M soman. At soman concentrations greater than 10{sup {minus}7} M, secretion rate decreased and was not significantly different from basal secretion. Additional experiments utilizing acetylcholine and the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, physostigmine, suggest that inhibition of secretion by high concentrations of soman may be due to a secondary antagonistic effect of soman on muscarinic receptors.« less

Orion Splashdown Recovery

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-12-05

NASA's Orion spacecraft floats in the Pacific Ocean after splashdown from its first flight test in Earth orbit. The USS Anchorage is nearby. NASA, the U.S. Navy and Lockheed Martin are coordinating efforts to recover Orion and secure the spacecraft in the well deck of the USS Anchorage. Orion completed a two-orbit, four-and-a-half hour mission, to test systems critical to crew safety, including the launch abort system, the heat shield and the parachute system. The Ground Systems Development and Operations Program is leading the recovery efforts.

USS Anchorage Leaves Port for Launch of Orion

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-12-01

Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron 8 personnel review procedures on the deck of the USS Anchorage as the ship departs Naval Base San Diego in California for the open waters of the Pacific Ocean. NASA and the U.S. Navy are making preparations ahead of Orion's flight test for recovery of the crew module, forward bay cover and parachutes on its return from space and splashdown in the Pacific Ocean. The Ground Systems Development and Operations Program is leading the recovery efforts.

U.S.S. Hornet crewmen greeted by crew of Apollo 12 lunar landing mission

NASA Image and Video Library

1969-11-24

S69-22849 (24 Nov. 1969) --- USS Hornet crewmen are greeted by the crew of the Apollo 12 lunar landing mission as the three astronauts are transferred from a U.S. Navy helicopter to a Mobile Quarantine Facility (MQF) aboard the prime recovery vessel. Charles Conrad Jr., right, commander; Richard F. Gordon Jr., command module pilot, left front; and Alan L. Bean, lunar module pilot, splashed down safely at 2:58 p.m., Nov. 24, 1969.

Independent Assessment of U.S. Government Efforts against Al-Qaeda

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-10-01

as a result of its having joined the U.S.-led coalition in Iraq. Shortly after the bombings , Spain held elections, which resulted in the election of...not, on its own, have the capability to produce the laptop bomb that detonated aboard a flight out of Mogadishu in February 2016 and that therefore it...homelands and against Western partner nations. The 9/11 attacks followed the 2000 USS Cole bombing , the 2000 attempted bombing of the USS The

The Pueblo Incident: A Follow-Up Survey Conducted Eight Years after the Release of the USS Pueblo Crew from North Korea

DTIC Science & Technology

1978-10-01

crew members were wounded, two of them sustained serious injuries but survived. The USS Pueblo was boarded and escorted into Wonson Harbor. The 82...view that there is one specific type of laue injury resulting from incarceration in a concentration camp, these subjects displayed a broad spectrum...incarceration." Of the 188 selected 170 submitted a claim for pension because of illness of injury re- ý,ulling from concentration camp incarceration. There

An Innovative Approach for the Development of Future Marine Corps Amphibious Capability

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-06-01

night occupying all four of the expanded spots on the amphibious transport dock ship USS Mesa Verde (LPD 19). Expanded spots three and six have...Mesa Verde (LPD 19). Two aircraft flying together are known as a section. This figure shows the use of expanded spots on the LPD. The 64 center...the expanded spots on the amphibious transport dock ship USS Mesa Verde (LPD 19). Expanded spots three and six have turning aircraft, preparing for

Photo - Apollo/Saturn (A/S)-11 - Water w/Helo Hovering Overhead

NASA Image and Video Library

1969-01-01

S69-27919 (13 March 1969) --- Immediately after splashdown a recovery helicopter from the USS Guadalcanal hovers over the Apollo 9 spacecraft. Still inside the Command Module (CM) are astronauts James A. McDivitt, David R. Scott, and Russell L. Schweickart. Splashdown occurred at 12:00:53 p.m. (EST), March 13, 1969, only 4.5 nautical miles from the USS Guadalcanal, the prime recovery ship, to conclude a successful 10-day Earth-orbital mission in space.

Apollo 9 Command Module aboard the U.S.S. Guadalcanal

NASA Image and Video Library

1969-03-13

S69-20239 (13 March 1969) --- Close-up view of the Apollo 9 Command Module (CM) as it sets on dolly on the deck of the USS Guadalcanal just after being hoisted from the water. The Apollo 9 spacecraft, with astronauts James A. McDivitt, David R. Scott, and Russell L. Schweickart aboard, splashed down at 12:00:53 p.m. (EST), March 13, 1969, only 4.5 nautical miles from the aircraft carrier to conclude a successful 10-day Earth-orbital mission in space.

Recovery- Apollo 9

NASA Image and Video Library

1969-03-13

S69-27920 (13 March 1969) --- The Apollo 9 crew men walk on a red carpet after arriving aboard the prime recovery ship, USS Guadalcanal. Left to right, are astronauts Russell L. Schweickart, David R. Scott, and James A. McDivitt. They are walking from the recovery helicopter which picked them up from the splashdown area. Splashdown occurred at 12:00:53 p.m. (EST), March 13, 1969, only 4.5 nautical miles from the USS Guadalcanal to conclude a successful 10-day Earth-orbital space mission.

One Hundred Years of Flight: USAF Chronology of Significant Air and Space Events, 1903-2002

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-01-01

the USS Ranger the first ship designed from scratch as an aircraft carrier. October 5: Clyde Pangborn and Hugh Herndon, Jr., completed the first...aircraft car- rier USS Ranger . September 29: Maj. Gen. Henry H. Arnold became chief of the Army Air Corps, formally taking the place of Maj. Gen. Oscar...28: The National Aeronautics and Space Administration launched its Ranger V/Ispacecraft from Cape Kennedy on a flight to the Moon. On July 31, Ranger V

Restoration of the USS Monitor

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Krop, David

2010-03-02

David Krop will discuss the ongoing efforts to conserve and exhibit the iconic Civil War ironclad USS Monitor at The Mariners' Museum. The presentation will cover past conservation accomplishments by conservators and NOAA specialists, current activities in the lab, and future plans to bring back to life one of the world's most famous warships. Learn about the complex methods and procedures used to treat the ship's revolving gun turret, steam engine, Dahlgren guns and carriages, as well as numerous small artifacts like personal items from the crew.

The short-circuit current of the ileum, but not the colon, is altered in the streptozotocin diabetic rat.

PubMed

Forrest, Abigail; Makwana, Rajesh; Parsons, Mike

2006-02-01

Ion transport in control and streptozotocin-diabetic rat colon and ileum was studied using the Ussing chamber technique. No differences were observed between control and diabetic colonic mucosal short-circuit current under either basal or carbachol (100 nmol/L-1 micromol/L)-stimulated or prostaglandin E2 (100 nmol/L-1 micromol/L)-stimulated conditions. Similarly to colonic tissues, no differences in the short circuit current in either carbachol-stimulated or prostaglandin E2-stimulated tissues were observed between control and diabetic ileal mucosa. The basal diabetic ileal short circuit current (99.58 +/- 22.67 microA) was significantly greater than that of control ileal tissues (29.67 +/- 4.45 microA). This difference was abolished by the sodium-glucose-cotransporter inhibitor, phloridzin (50 micromol/L) (118.00 +/- 28.09 microA vs. 25.60 +/- 4.59 microA) and was also prevented by the replacement of glucose with mannitol in the buffer bathing the apical side of the tissue (control: 17.05 +/- 5.85 microA vs. 17.90 +/- 3.10 microA). Acetazolamide (450 micromol/L; a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor), amiloride, and bumetanide (100 micromol/L each; Na+-channel blockers), piroxicam (50 micromol/L; a COX1 cyclooxygenase inhibitor), and ouabain (1 mmol/L; a K+ transport inhibitor) had no effect on the basal short circuit current of either control or diabetic ileal tissues. This indicated that the alteration in the basal short circuit current of diabetic ileal tissues was due to a change in cellular glucose transport, whereas the evoked changes in short circuit current were unaffected by the diabetic state.

Omeprazole suppressed plasma magnesium level and duodenal magnesium absorption in male Sprague-Dawley rats.

PubMed

Thongon, Narongrit; Penguy, Jirawat; Kulwong, Sasikan; Khongmueang, Kanyanat; Thongma, Matthana

2016-11-01

Hypomagnesemia is the most concerned side effect of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in chronic users. However, the mechanism of PPIs-induced systemic Mg 2+ deficit is currently unclear. The present study aimed to elucidate the direct effect of short-term and long-term PPIs administrations on whole body Mg 2+ homeostasis and duodenal Mg 2+ absorption in rats. Mg 2+ homeostasis was studied by determining the serum Mg 2+ level, urine and fecal Mg 2+ excretions, and bone and muscle Mg 2+ contents. Duodenal Mg 2+ absorption as well as paracellular charge selectivity were studied. Our result showed that gastric and duodenal pH markedly increased in omeprazole-treated rats. Omeprazole significantly suppressed plasma Mg 2+ level, urinary Mg 2+ excretion, and bone and muscle Mg 2+ content. Thus, omeprazole induced systemic Mg 2+ deficiency. By using Ussing chamber techniques, it was shown that omeprazole markedly suppressed duodenal Mg 2+ channel-driven and Mg 2+ channel-independent Mg 2+ absorptions and cation selectivity. Inhibitors of mucosal HCO 3 - secretion significantly increased duodenal Mg 2+ absorption in omeprazole-treated rats. We therefore hypothesized that secreted HCO 3 - in duodenum decreased luminal proton, this impeded duodenal Mg 2+ absorption. Higher plasma total 25-OH vitamin D, diuresis, and urine PO 4 3- were also demonstrated in hypomagnesemic rats. As a compensatory mechanism for systemic Mg 2+ deficiency, the expressions of duodenal transient receptor potential melastatin 6 (TRPM6), cyclin M4 (CNNM4), claudin (Cldn)-2, Cldn-7, Cldn-12, and Cldn-15 proteins were enhanced in omeprazole-treated rats. Our findings support the potential role of duodenum on the regulation of Mg 2+ homeostasis.

Differential activation of the HCO3− conductance through the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator anion channel by genistein and forskolin in murine duodenum

PubMed Central

Tuo, Biguang; Wen, Guorong; Seidler, Ursula

2009-01-01

Background and purpose: Many cystic fibrosis (CF)-associated mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) anion channels affect CFTR-activated HCO3− transport more than Cl− transport. Targeting the CFTR HCO3− conductance, if possible, may therefore be of major therapeutic benefit. In the present study, we examined the effects of genistein and forskolin on duodenal mucosal HCO3− and Cl− secretion. Experimental approach: Murine duodenal mucosal HCO3− and Cl− secretions were examined in vitro in Ussing chambers by the pH stat and short circuit current (Isc) techniques. Key results: Genistein markedly stimulated duodenal HCO3− secretion and Isc in a dose-dependent manner in CFTR wild-type mice, but not in CFTR null mice. CFTRinh-172, a highly specific CFTR inhibitor, inhibited genistein-stimulated duodenal HCO3− secretion and Isc in wild-type mice. Genistein induced 59% net HCO3− increase and 123% net Isc increase over basal value, whereas forskolin, an activator of adenylate cyclase, induced 94% net HCO3− increase and 507% net Isc increase, indicating that, compared with forskolin, genistein induced a relatively high HCO3−/Isc ratio. Further data showed that CFTR HCO3−/Cl− conductance ratio was 1.05 after genistein stimulation, whereas after forskolin stimulation, the CFTR HCO3−/Cl− conductance ratio was 0.27. Conclusions and implications: Genistein stimulates duodenal HCO3− and Cl− secretion through CFTR, and has a relatively high selectivity for the CFTR HCO3− conductance, compared with forskolin. This may indicate the feasibility of selective targeting of the HCO3− conductance of the CFTR channels. PMID:19788494

Berberine Reduces cAMP-Induced Chloride Secretion in T84 Human Colonic Carcinoma Cells through Inhibition of Basolateral KCNQ1 Channels

PubMed Central

Alzamora, Rodrigo; O’Mahony, Fiona; Ko, Wing-Hung; Yip, Tiffany Wai-Nga; Carter, Derek; Irnaten, Mustapha; Harvey, Brian Joseph

2011-01-01

Berberine is a plant alkaloid with multiple pharmacological actions, including antidiarrhoeal activity and has been shown to inhibit Cl− secretion in distal colon. The aims of this study were to determine the molecular signaling mechanisms of action of berberine on Cl− secretion and the ion transporter targets. Monolayers of T84 human colonic carcinoma cells grown in permeable supports were placed in Ussing chambers and short-circuit current measured in response to secretagogues and berberine. Whole-cell current recordings were performed in T84 cells using the patch-clamp technique. Berberine decreased forskolin-induced short-circuit current in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50 80 ± 8 μM). In apically permeabilized monolayers and whole-cell current recordings, berberine inhibited a cAMP-dependent and chromanol 293B-sensitive basolateral membrane K+ current by 88%, suggesting inhibition of KCNQ1 K+ channels. Berberine did not affect either apical Cl− conductance or basolateral Na+–K+-ATPase activity. Berberine stimulated p38 MAPK, PKCα and PKA, but had no effect on p42/p44 MAPK and PKCδ. However, berberine pre-treatment prevented stimulation of p42/p44 MAPK by epidermal growth factor. The inhibitory effect of berberine on Cl− secretion was partially blocked by HBDDE (∼65%), an inhibitor of PKCα and to a smaller extent by inhibition of p38 MAPK with SB202190 (∼15%). Berberine treatment induced an increase in association between PKCα and PKA with KCNQ1 and produced phosphorylation of the channel. We conclude that berberine exerts its inhibitory effect on colonic Cl− secretion through inhibition of basolateral KCNQ1 channels responsible for K+ recycling via a PKCα-dependent pathway. PMID:21747769

Cholinergic regulation of epithelial ion transport in the mammalian intestine

PubMed Central

Hirota, C L; McKay, D M

2006-01-01

Acetylcholine (ACh) is critical in controlling epithelial ion transport and hence water movements for gut hydration. Here we review the mechanism of cholinergic control of epithelial ion transport across the mammalian intestine. The cholinergic nervous system affects basal ion flux and can evoke increased active ion transport events. Most studies rely on measuring increases in short-circuit current (ISC = active ion transport) evoked by adding ACh or cholinomimetics to intestinal tissue mounted in Ussing chambers. Despite subtle species and gut regional differences, most data indicate that, under normal circumstances, the effect of ACh on intestinal ion transport is mainly an increase in Cl- secretion due to interaction with epithelial M3 muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChRs) and, to a lesser extent, neuronal M1 mAChRs; however, AChR pharmacology has been plagued by a lack of good receptor subtype-selective compounds. Mice lacking M3 mAChRs display intact cholinergically-mediated intestinal ion transport, suggesting a possible compensatory mechanism. Inflamed tissues often display perturbations in the enteric cholinergic system and reduced intestinal ion transport responses to cholinomimetics. The mechanism(s) underlying this hyporesponsiveness are not fully defined. Inflammation-evoked loss of mAChR-mediated control of epithelial ion transport in the mouse reveals a role for neuronal nicotinic AChRs, representing a hitherto unappreciated braking system to limit ACh-evoked Cl- secretion. We suggest that: i) pharmacological analyses should be supported by the use of more selective compounds and supplemented with molecular biology techniques targeting specific ACh receptors and signalling molecules, and ii) assessment of ion transport in normal tissue must be complemented with investigations of tissues from patients or animals with intestinal disease to reveal control mechanisms that may go undetected by focusing on healthy tissue only. PMID:16981004

Evidence for the functional involvement of members of the TRP channel family in the uptake of Na(+) and NH4 (+) by the ruminal epithelium.

PubMed

Rosendahl, Julia; Braun, Hannah S; Schrapers, Katharina T; Martens, Holger; Stumpff, Friederike

2016-08-01

Large quantities of protein are degraded in the fermentative parts of the gut to ammonia, which is absorbed, detoxified to urea, and excreted, leading to formation of nitrogenous compounds such as N2O that are associated with global warming. In ruminants, channel-mediated uptake of NH4 (+) from the rumen predominates. The molecular identity of these channels remains to be clarified. Ruminal cells and epithelia from cows and sheep were investigated using patch clamp, Ussing chamber, microelectrode techniques, and qPCR. In patch clamp experiments, bovine ruminal epithelial cells expressed a conductance for NH4 (+) that could be blocked in a voltage-dependent manner by divalent cations. In the native epithelium, NH4 (+) depolarized the apical potential, acidified the cytosol and induced a rise in short-circuit current (I sc) that persisted after the removal of Na(+), was blocked by verapamil, enhanced by the removal of divalent cations, and was sensitive to certain transient receptor potential (TRP) channel modulators. Menthol or thymol stimulated the I sc in Na(+) or NH4 (+) containing solutions in a dose-dependent manner and modulated transepithelial Ca(2+) fluxes. On the level of messenger RNA (mRNA), ovine and bovine ruminal epithelium expressed TRPA1, TRPV3, TRPV4, TRPM6, and TRPM7, with any expression of TRPV6 marginal. No bands were detected for TRPV1, TRPV5, or TRPM8. Functional and molecular biological data suggest that the transport of NH4 (+), Na(+), and Ca(2+) across the rumen involves TRP channels, with TRPV3 and TRPA1 emerging as prime candidate genes. TRP channels may also contribute to the transport of NH4 (+) across other epithelia.

Claudin expression in follicle-associated epithelium of rat Peyer's patches defines a major restriction of the paracellular pathway.

PubMed

Markov, A G; Falchuk, E L; Kruglova, N M; Radloff, J; Amasheh, S

2016-01-01

Members of the tight junction protein family of claudins have been demonstrated to specifically determine paracellular permeability of the intestinal epithelium. In small intestinal mucosa, which is generally considered to be a leaky epithelium, Peyer's patches are a primary part of the immune system. The aim of this study was to analyse the tight junctional barrier of follicle-associated epithelium covering Peyer's patches (lymphoid follicles). Employing small intestinal tissue specimens of male Wistar rats, electrophysiological analyses including the Ussing chamber technique, marker flux measurements and one-path impedance spectroscopy were performed. Morphometry of HE-stained tissue sections was taken into account. Claudin expression and localization was analysed by immunoblotting and confocal laser scanning immunofluorescence microscopy. Almost twofold higher parameters of epithelial and transepithelial tissue resistance and a markedly lower permeability for the paracellular permeability markers 4 and 20 kDa FITC-dextran were detected in follicle-associated epithelium compared to neighbouring villous epithelium. Analysis of claudin expression and localization revealed a stronger expression of major sealing proteins in follicle-associated epithelium, including claudin-1, claudin-4, claudin-5 and claudin-8. Therefore, the specific expression and localization of claudins is in accordance with barrier properties of follicle-associated epithelium vs. neighbouring villous epithelium. We demonstrate that follicle-associated epithelium is specialized to ensure maximum restriction of the epithelial paracellular pathway in Peyer's patches by selective sealing of tight junctions. This results in an exclusive transcellular pathway of epithelial cells as the limiting and mandatory route for a controlled presentation of antigens to the underlying lymphocytes under physiological conditions. © 2015 Scandinavian Physiological Society. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Field results of antifouling techniques for optical instruments

USGS Publications Warehouse

Strahle, W.J.; Hotchkiss, F.S.; Martini, Marinna A.

1998-01-01

An anti-fouling technique is developed for the protection of optical instruments from biofouling which leaches a bromide compound into a sample chamber and pumps new water into the chamber prior to measurement. The primary advantage of using bromide is that it is less toxic than the metal-based antifoulants. The drawback of the bromide technique is also discussed.

Positive, negative, or all relative? Evaluative conditioning of ambivalence.

PubMed

Glaser, Tina; Woud, Marcella L; Labib Iskander, Michael; Schmalenstroth, Vera; Vo, Thuy My

2018-04-01

In evaluative conditioning (EC), the pairing of a positively or negatively valenced stimulus (US) with a neutral stimulus (CS) leads to a corresponding change in liking of the CS. EC research so far has concentrated on using unambiguously positive or negative USs. However, attitude objects are often ambivalent, i.e., can simultaneously possess positive and negative features. The present research investigated whether ambivalence can be evaluatively conditioned and whether contingency awareness moderates this effect. In two studies, positive, negative, neutral, and ambivalent USs were paired with affectively neutral CSs. Results showed standard EC effects that were moderated by contingency awareness. Most interestingly, EC effects were also obtained for the ambivalent USs, indicating that ambivalence can indeed be conditioned. However, contingency awareness seemed to play a lesser role in ambivalence conditioning. Ambivalence EC effects were obtained on subjective and objective direct measures of ambivalence as well as on a more indirect measure. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

An improved sample loading technique for cellular metabolic response monitoring under pressure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gikunda, Millicent Nkirote

To monitor cellular metabolism under pressure, a pressure chamber designed around a simple-to-construct capillary-based spectroscopic chamber coupled to a microliter-flow perfusion system is used in the laboratory. Although cyanide-induced metabolic responses from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast) could be controllably induced and monitored under pressure, previously used sample loading technique was not well controlled. An improved cell-loading technique which is based on use of a secondary inner capillary into which the sample is loaded then inserted into the capillary pressure chamber, has been developed. As validation, we demonstrate the ability to measure the chemically-induced metabolic responses at pressures of up to 500 bars. This technique is shown to be less prone to sample loss due to perfusive flow than the previous techniques used.

Overactive and Underactive Bladder Dysfunction is Reflected by Alterations in Urothelial ATP and NO Release

PubMed Central

Munoz, Alvaro; Smith, Christopher P.; Boone, Timothy B.; Somogyi, George T.

2011-01-01

ATP and NO are released from the urothelium in the bladder. Detrusor Overactivity (DO) following spinal cord injury results in higher ATP and lower NO release from the bladder urothelium. Our aim was to study the relationship between ATP and NO release in 1) early diabetic bladders, an overactive bladder model; and 2) in “diuretic” bladders, an underactive bladder model. To induce diabetes mellitus female rats received 65 mg/kg streptozocin (i.v.). To induce chronic diuresis rats were fed with 5% sucrose. At 28 days, in vivo open cystometry was performed. Bladder wash was collected to analyze the amount of ATP and NO released into the bladder lumen. For in vitro analysis of ATP and NO release, a Ussing chamber was utilized and hypoosmotic Krebs was perfused on the urothelial side of the chamber. ATP was analyzed with luminometry or HPLC-fluorometry while NO was measured with a Sievers NO-analyzer. In vivo ATP release was increased in diabetic bladders and unchanged in diuretic bladders. In vitro release from the urothelium followed the same pattern. NO release was unchanged both in vitro and in vivo in overactive bladders whereas it was enhanced in underactive bladders. We found that the ratio of ATP/NO, representing sensory transmission in the bladder, was high in overactive and low in underactive bladder dysfunction. In summary, ATP release has a positive correlation while NO release has a negative correlation with the bladder contraction frequency. The urinary ATP/NO ratio may be a clinically relevant biomarker to characterize the extent of bladder dysfunction. PMID:21145365

Calibration of cathode strip gains in multiwire drift chambers of the GlueX experiment

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Berdnikov, V. V.; Somov, S. V.; Pentchev, L.

A technique for calibrating cathode strip gains in multiwire drift chambers of the GlueX experiment is described. The accuracy of the technique is estimated based on Monte Carlo generated data with known gain coefficients in the strip signal channels. One of the four detector sections has been calibrated using cosmic rays. Results of drift chamber calibration on the accelerator beam upon inclusion in the GlueX experimental setup are presented.

Development of the cosmic ray techniques

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rossi, B.

1982-01-01

It has been found that most advances of cosmic-ray physics have been directly related to the development of observational techniques. The history of observational techniques is discussed, taking into account ionization chambers, refinements applied to ionization chambers to make them suitable for an effective use in the study of cosmic radiation, the Wulf-type electrometer, the electrometer designed by Millikan and Neher, the Geiger-Mueller counter, the experiment of Bothe and Kolhoerster, the coincidence circuit, and a cosmic-ray 'telescope'. Attention is given to a magnetic lens for cosmic rays, a triangular arrangement of Geiger-Mueller counters used to demonstrate the production of a secondary radiation, a stereoscopic cloud-chamber photograph of showers, the cloud-chamber picture which provided the first evidence of the positive electron, and arrangements for studying photon components, mu-mesons, and air showers.

Orion's Neutral Buoyancy Lab (NBL) Activities

NASA Image and Video Library

2016-09-21

Tim Goddard, center, NASA Open Water Recovery Operations director, briefs U.S. Navy divers, Air Force pararescuemen and Coast Guard rescue swimmers during training in the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston. The group will practice Orion underway recovery techniques using a test version of the Orion spacecraft. Training will help the team prepare for Underway Recovery Test 5 for Exploration Mission 1 aboard the USS San Diego in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of California in October. The Ground Systems Development and Operations Program, along with the U.S. Navy and Lockheed Martin, are preparing the recovery team, hardware and operations to support EM-1 recovery.

Day 3 on the USS Anchorage for the Recovery of Orion

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-12-03

On the third day of preparations for recovery of Orion, U.S. Navy divers in two rigid hull inflatable boats and two Zodiac boats practice recovery procedures nearby the USS Anchorage in the Pacific Ocean about 600 miles off the coast of Baja, California. NASA, Lockheed Martin and U.S. Navy personnel are preparing for recovery of the Orion crew module, forward bay cover and parachutes after its return from space and splashdown in the Pacific Ocean. The Ground Systems Development and Operations Program is leading the recovery efforts.

Day 3 on the USS Anchorage for the Recovery of Orion

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-12-03

On the third day of preparations for recovery of Orion after its splashdown in the Pacific Ocean, U.S. Navy Divers prepare to embark from the well deck of the USS Anchorage in a rigid hull Zodiac boat about 600 miles off the coast of Baja, California. NASA, Lockheed Martin and U.S. Navy personnel are preparing for recovery of the crew module, forward bay cover and parachutes on its return from space and splashdown in the Pacific Ocean. The Ground Systems Development and Operations Program is leading the recovery efforts.

Day 3 on the USS Anchorage for the Recovery of Orion

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-12-03

On the third day of preparations for recovery of Orion after its splashdown in the Pacific Ocean, U.S. Navy Divers prepare to embark from the well deck of the USS Anchorage in two rigid hull Zodiac boats about 600 miles off the coast of Baja, California. NASA, Lockheed Martin and U.S. Navy personnel are preparing for recovery of the crew module, forward bay cover and parachutes on its return from space and splashdown in the Pacific Ocean. The Ground Systems Development and Operations Program is leading the recovery efforts.

Day 3 on the USS Anchorage for the Recovery of Orion

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-12-03

On the third day of preparations for recovery of Orion, pilots in two H60-S Seahawk helicopters practice take-off and search from the deck of the USS Anchorage in the Pacific Ocean about 600 miles off the coast of Baja, California. NASA, Lockheed Martin and U.S. Navy personnel are preparing to recover the Orion crew module, forward bay cover and parachutes after the spacecraft's return from space and splashdown in the Pacific Ocean. The Ground Systems Development and Operations Program is leading the recovery efforts.

USS Anchorage Leaves Port for Launch of Orion

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-12-01

A member of the Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron 8 signals to the pilot in an H60-S Seahawk helicopter on the deck of the USS Anchorage as the ship departs Naval Base San Diego in California for the open waters of the Pacific Ocean. NASA and the U.S. Navy are making preparations ahead of Orion's flight test for recovery of the crew module, forward bay cover and parachutes on its return from space and splashdown in the Pacific Ocean. The Ground Systems Development and Operations Program is leading the recovery efforts.

Day 3 on the USS Anchorage for the Recovery of Orion

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-12-03

On the third day of preparations for recovery of Orion after its splashdown in the Pacific Ocean, the well deck of the USS Anchorage has been filled with water and recovery hardware is in place. The ship is about 600 miles off the coast of Baja, California. NASA, Lockheed Martin and U.S. Navy personnel are preparing for recovery of the crew module, forward bay cover and parachutes on its return from space and splashdown in the Pacific Ocean. The Ground Systems Development and Operations Program is leading the recovery efforts.

Apollo 17 crew arrive aboard the U.S.S. Ticonderoga

NASA Image and Video Library

1972-12-19

S72-55937 (19 Dec. 1972) --- The three Apollo 17 crewmembers arrive aboard the prime recovery ship, the USS Ticonderoga, to successfully conclude the final lunar landing mission in NASA's Apollo program. They are astronauts Eugene A. Cernan (waving), Harrison H. Schmitt (on Cernan's left), and Ronald E. Evans (standing in back). VIP's, dignitaries, officials and Navy personnel gave the three crew men a red-carpet welcome. Apollo 17 splashed down at 1:24:59 p.m. (CST), Dec. 19, 1972, about 350 nautical miles southeast of Samoa.

Chemical and Biological Defense: DOD Needs to Continue to Collect and Provide Information on Tests and Potentially Exposed Personnel

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-05-01

or Naval officer as test director. Ship-based tests were conducted in the open waters of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and near the...BG, FP Oct. 9, 2002 (ship-based) Granville S. Hall and surround- ing waters and airspace A-4, F-105, and an Aero Commander 65-12, Devil Hole I...Apr.-May 1968 USS Carbonero, USS Oahu, Hawaii, BG June 30, 03 Arrow (ship-based) Granville S. Hall and surrounding waters 69-31 (ship-based) 313 Aug

The Secant Rate of Corrosion: Correlating Observations of the USS Arizona Submerged in Pearl Harbor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Johnson, Donald L.; DeAngelis, Robert J.; Medlin, Dana J.; Johnson, Jon E.; Carr, James D.; Conlin, David L.

2018-03-01

Contrary to previous linear projections of steel corrosion in seawater, analysis of an inert marker embedded in USS Arizona concretion since the 7 December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor reveals evidence that the effective corrosion rate decreases with time. The secant rate of corrosion, or SRC correlation, derived from this discovery could have a significant impact on failure analysis investigations for concreted shipwrecks or underwater structures. The correlation yields a lower rate of metal thinning than predicted. Development of the correlation is described.

Ovarian cancer screening and mortality in the UK Collaborative Trial of Ovarian Cancer Screening (UKCTOCS): a randomised controlled trial

PubMed Central

Jacobs, Ian J; Menon, Usha; Ryan, Andy; Gentry-Maharaj, Aleksandra; Burnell, Matthew; Kalsi, Jatinderpal K; Amso, Nazar N; Apostolidou, Sophia; Benjamin, Elizabeth; Cruickshank, Derek; Crump, Danielle N; Davies, Susan K; Dawnay, Anne; Dobbs, Stephen; Fletcher, Gwendolen; Ford, Jeremy; Godfrey, Keith; Gunu, Richard; Habib, Mariam; Hallett, Rachel; Herod, Jonathan; Jenkins, Howard; Karpinskyj, Chloe; Leeson, Simon; Lewis, Sara J; Liston, William R; Lopes, Alberto; Mould, Tim; Murdoch, John; Oram, David; Rabideau, Dustin J; Reynolds, Karina; Scott, Ian; Seif, Mourad W; Sharma, Aarti; Singh, Naveena; Taylor, Julie; Warburton, Fiona; Widschwendter, Martin; Williamson, Karin; Woolas, Robert; Fallowfield, Lesley; McGuire, Alistair J; Campbell, Stuart; Parmar, Mahesh; Skates, Steven J

2016-01-01

Summary Background Ovarian cancer has a poor prognosis, with just 40% of patients surviving 5 years. We designed this trial to establish the effect of early detection by screening on ovarian cancer mortality. Methods In this randomised controlled trial, we recruited postmenopausal women aged 50–74 years from 13 centres in National Health Service Trusts in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Exclusion criteria were previous bilateral oophorectomy or ovarian malignancy, increased risk of familial ovarian cancer, and active non-ovarian malignancy. The trial management system confirmed eligibility and randomly allocated participants in blocks of 32 using computer-generated random numbers to annual multimodal screening (MMS) with serum CA125 interpreted with use of the risk of ovarian cancer algorithm, annual transvaginal ultrasound screening (USS), or no screening, in a 1:1:2 ratio. The primary outcome was death due to ovarian cancer by Dec 31, 2014, comparing MMS and USS separately with no screening, ascertained by an outcomes committee masked to randomisation group. All analyses were by modified intention to screen, excluding the small number of women we discovered after randomisation to have a bilateral oophorectomy, have ovarian cancer, or had exited the registry before recruitment. Investigators and participants were aware of screening type. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00058032. Findings Between June 1, 2001, and Oct 21, 2005, we randomly allocated 202 638 women: 50 640 (25·0%) to MMS, 50 639 (25·0%) to USS, and 101 359 (50·0%) to no screening. 202 546 (>99·9%) women were eligible for analysis: 50 624 (>99·9%) women in the MMS group, 50 623 (>99·9%) in the USS group, and 101 299 (>99·9%) in the no screening group. Screening ended on Dec 31, 2011, and included 345 570 MMS and 327 775 USS annual screening episodes. At a median follow-up of 11·1 years (IQR 10·0–12·0), we diagnosed ovarian cancer in 1282 (0·6%) women: 338 (0·7%) in the MMS group, 314 (0·6%) in the USS group, and 630 (0·6%) in the no screening group. Of these women, 148 (0·29%) women in the MMS group, 154 (0·30%) in the USS group, and 347 (0·34%) in the no screening group had died of ovarian cancer. The primary analysis using a Cox proportional hazards model gave a mortality reduction over years 0–14 of 15% (95% CI −3 to 30; p=0·10) with MMS and 11% (−7 to 27; p=0·21) with USS. The Royston-Parmar flexible parametric model showed that in the MMS group, this mortality effect was made up of 8% (−20 to 31) in years 0–7 and 23% (1–46) in years 7–14, and in the USS group, of 2% (−27 to 26) in years 0–7 and 21% (−2 to 42) in years 7–14. A prespecified analysis of death from ovarian cancer of MMS versus no screening with exclusion of prevalent cases showed significantly different death rates (p=0·021), with an overall average mortality reduction of 20% (−2 to 40) and a reduction of 8% (−27 to 43) in years 0–7 and 28% (−3 to 49) in years 7–14 in favour of MMS. Interpretation Although the mortality reduction was not significant in the primary analysis, we noted a significant mortality reduction with MMS when prevalent cases were excluded. We noted encouraging evidence of a mortality reduction in years 7–14, but further follow-up is needed before firm conclusions can be reached on the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of ovarian cancer screening. Funding Medical Research Council, Cancer Research UK, Department of Health, The Eve Appeal. PMID:26707054

Using Counter Insurgency Tactics, Techniques and Procedures to Defeat Gangs in U.S. Cities

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-01-06

organizations like the Iraqi- American Chamber of Commerce & Industry to help revitalize small businesses in Ramadi. Company commanders went throughout...collected over 500 assessments, which helped the Iraqi American Chamber of Commerce begin its grant operations… This is the same technique that we use

Resilience and reliability of compact vertical-flow treatment wetlands designed for tropical climates.

PubMed

Lombard-Latune, R; Pelus, L; Fina, N; L'Etang, F; Le Guennec, B; Molle, P

2018-06-10

Most of the tropical areas have sanitation problems to contend with. The French system of vertical-flow treatment wetlands (FS-VFTW) fed with raw wastewater could be a good water and sludge management solution. The purpose-adapted tropical design can reduce area requirement to below 1 m 2 /population equivalents (p.e.). The Taupinière FS-VFTW on Martinique Island was built according to this design, with one stage but with a saturated layer at the bottom of the filter and a simplified trickling filter (TF) added for further treatment to meet the high performances targeted. Unsaturated/saturated vertical-flow filters (US/S FS-VFTW) have shown improved performances on total nitrogen, carbon and suspended solids removal in temperate climates, but the performances in tropical conditions remain unknown. Here, we report on real-world-operation in the French Overseas Territories (FOT), the reliability and performances of this VFCW tropical-design. The system experienced loading conditions ranging from 30% to 165% of nominal carbonaceous biological oxygen demand (BOD 5 ), as well as tropical rainstorms that brought over 7 times the nominal hydraulic load. Over a period of 3 years, 29 campaigns collected 24-h flow-proportional samples at each treatment stage (raw wastewater, FS-VFTW outlet, TF outlet). When applied loads were close to nominal values, the US/S FS-VFTW itself guarantees 85/90/60/50% removal and 125/25/40/50 mg/L at the outlet for chemical oxygen demand (COD)/total suspended solids (TSS)/total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN)/total nitrogen (TN), respectively. By comparison with US/S systems in mainland France, it appears that the warmer tropical-climate temperatures facilitate both nitrification and denitrification kinetics. Performances in overload conditions confirm that the US/S FS-VFTW remains robust and reliable although COD and TKN removal are impacted, especially after strong tropical rain events. By adding a simple compact trickling filter to a US/S FS-VFTW, the treatment system delivers high-level performances (>95% removal for BOD 5 , COD, TSS and TKN) at less than 1 m 2 /p.e. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Assembly techniques for ultra-low mass drift chambers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Assiro, R.; Cascella, M.; Grancagnolo, F.; L'Erario, A.; Miccoli, A.; Rella, S.; Spedicato, M.; Tassielli, G.

2014-03-01

We presents a novel technique for the fast assembly of next generation ultra low mass drift chambers offering space point resolution of the order of 100 μm and high tolerance to pile-up. The chamber design has been developed keeping in mind the requirements for the search of rare processes: high resolutions (order of 100-200 KeV/c) for particles momenta in a range (50-100 MeV/c) totally dominated by the multiple scattering contribution (e.g., muon and kaon decay experiment such as MEG at PSI and Mu2e and ORKA at Fermilab). We describe a novel wiring strategy enabling the semiautomatic wiring of a complete layer with a high degree of control over wire tension and position. We also present feed-through-less wire anchoring system. These techniques have been already implemented at INFN-Lecce in the construction of a prototype drift chamber to be soon tested with cosmic rays and particle beams.

Deep massage to posterior calf muscles in combination with neural mobilization exercises as a treatment for heel pain: a pilot randomized clinical trial.

PubMed

Saban, Bernice; Deutscher, Daniel; Ziv, Tomer

2014-04-01

Plantar heel pain syndrome (PHPS) is a common foot disorder; however, there is limited clinical evidence on which to base treatment. Repeated clinical observations indicating heel pain during heel rise and minisquat on the affected leg, involving activation of posterior calf muscles, formed the basis of this study. To compare deep massage therapy to posterior calf muscles and neural mobilization with a self-stretch exercise program (DMS) to a common treatment protocol of ultrasound therapy to the painful heel area with the same self-stretch exercises (USS). Patients with PHPS were assigned to a program of 8 treatments over a period of 4-6 weeks in a single-blind randomized clinical trial. Functional status (FS) at admission and discharge from therapy as measured by the Foot & Ankle Computerized Adaptive Test was the main outcome measure. Sixty-nine patients were included in the trial (mean age 53, standard deviation (SD) 13, range 25-86, 57% women), 36 received DMS treatment and 33 with USS. The overall group-by-time interaction for the mixed-model analysis of variance (ANOVA) was found statistically significant (p=0.034), with a change of (mean (confidence interval, CI)) 15 (9-21) and 6 (1-11) FS points for the DMS and USS groups, respectively. Data indicated that both treatment protocols resulted in an overall short-term improvement, however, DMS treatment was significantly more effective in treating PHPS than USS treatment. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Method and apparatus for monitoring mercury emissions

DOEpatents

Durham, Michael D.; Schlager, Richard J.; Sappey, Andrew D.; Sagan, Francis J.; Marmaro, Roger W.; Wilson, Kevin G.

1997-01-01

A mercury monitoring device that continuously monitors the total mercury concentration in a gas. The device uses the same chamber for converting speciated mercury into elemental mercury and for measurement of the mercury in the chamber by radiation absorption techniques. The interior of the chamber is resistant to the absorption of speciated and elemental mercury at the operating temperature of the chamber.

Method and apparatus for monitoring mercury emissions

DOEpatents

Durham, M.D.; Schlager, R.J.; Sappey, A.D.; Sagan, F.J.; Marmaro, R.W.; Wilson, K.G.

1997-10-21

A mercury monitoring device that continuously monitors the total mercury concentration in a gas. The device uses the same chamber for converting speciated mercury into elemental mercury and for measurement of the mercury in the chamber by radiation absorption techniques. The interior of the chamber is resistant to the absorption of speciated and elemental mercury at the operating temperature of the chamber. 15 figs.

Development and Hotfire Testing of Additively Manufactured Copper Combustion Chambers for Liquid Rocket Engine Applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gradl, Paul R.; Greene, Sandy; Protz, Chris

2017-01-01

NASA and industry partners are working towards fabrication process development to reduce costs and schedules associated with manufacturing liquid rocket engine components with the goal of reducing overall mission costs. One such technique being evaluated is powder-bed fusion or selective laser melting (SLM), commonly referred to as additive manufacturing (AM). The NASA Low Cost Upper Stage Propulsion (LCUSP) program was designed to develop processes and material characterization for GRCop-84 (a NASA Glenn Research Center-developed copper, chrome, niobium alloy) commensurate with powder bed AM, evaluate bimetallic deposition, and complete testing of a full scale combustion chamber. As part of this development, the process has been transferred to industry partners to enable a long-term supply chain of monolithic copper combustion chambers. To advance the processes further and allow for optimization with multiple materials, NASA is also investigating the feasibility of bimetallic AM chambers. In addition to the LCUSP program, NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) has completed a series of development programs and hot-fire tests to demonstrate SLM GRCop-84 and other AM techniques. MSFC’s efforts include a 4,000 pounds-force thrust liquid oxygen/methane (LOX/CH4) combustion chamber. Small thrust chambers for 1,200 pounds-force LOX/hydrogen (H2) applications have also been designed and fabricated with SLM GRCop-84. Similar chambers have also completed development with an Inconel 625 jacket bonded to the GRCop-84 material, evaluating direct metal deposition (DMD) laser- and arc-based techniques. The same technologies for these lower thrust applications are being applied to 25,000-35,000 pounds-force main combustion chamber (MCC) designs. This paper describes the design, development, manufacturing and testing of these numerous combustion chambers, and the associated lessons learned throughout their design and development processes.

Ares I-X Upper Stage Simulator Residual Stress Analysis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Raju, Ivatury S.; Brust, Frederick W.; Phillips, Dawn R.; Cheston, Derrick

2008-01-01

The structural analyses described in the present report were performed in support of the NASA Engineering and Safety Center (NESC) Critical Initial Flaw Size (CIFS) assessment for the Ares I-X Upper Stage Simulator (USS) common shell segment. An independent assessment was conducted to determine the critical initial flaw size (CIFS) for the flange-to-skin weld in the Ares I-X Upper Stage Simulator (USS). The Ares system of space launch vehicles is the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration s plan for replacement of the aging space shuttle. The new Ares space launch system is somewhat of a combination of the space shuttle system and the Saturn launch vehicles used prior to the shuttle. Here, a series of weld analyses are performed to determine the residual stresses in a critical region of the USS. Weld residual stresses both increase constraint and mean stress thereby having an important effect on fatigue and fracture life. The results of this effort served as one of the critical load inputs required to perform a CIFS assessment of the same segment.

Contributions of TetrUSS to Project Orion

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mcmillin, Susan N.; Frink, Neal T.; Kerimo, Johannes; Ding, Djiang; Nayani, Sudheer; Parlette, Edward B.

2011-01-01

The NASA Constellation program has relied heavily on Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations for generating aerodynamic databases and design loads. The Orion Project focuses on the Orion Crew Module and the Orion Launch Abort Vehicle. NASA TetrUSS codes (GridTool/VGRID/USM3D) have been applied in a supporting role to the Crew Exploration Vehicle Aerosciences Project for investigating various aerodynamic sensitivities and supplementing the aerodynamic database. This paper provides an overview of the contributions from the TetrUSS team to the Project Orion Crew Module and Launch Abort Vehicle aerodynamics, along with selected examples to highlight the challenges encountered along the way. A brief description of geometries and tasks will be discussed followed by a description of the flow solution process that produced production level computational solutions. Four tasks conducted by the USM3D team will be discussed to show how USM3D provided aerodynamic data for inclusion in the Orion aero-database, contributed data for the build-up of aerodynamic uncertainties for the aero-database, and provided insight into the flow features about the Crew Module and the Launch Abort Vehicle.

Process tool monitoring and matching using interferometry technique

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Anberg, Doug; Owen, David M.; Mileham, Jeffrey; Lee, Byoung-Ho; Bouche, Eric

2016-03-01

The semiconductor industry makes dramatic device technology changes over short time periods. As the semiconductor industry advances towards to the 10 nm device node, more precise management and control of processing tools has become a significant manufacturing challenge. Some processes require multiple tool sets and some tools have multiple chambers for mass production. Tool and chamber matching has become a critical consideration for meeting today's manufacturing requirements. Additionally, process tools and chamber conditions have to be monitored to ensure uniform process performance across the tool and chamber fleet. There are many parameters for managing and monitoring tools and chambers. Particle defect monitoring is a well-known and established example where defect inspection tools can directly detect particles on the wafer surface. However, leading edge processes are driving the need to also monitor invisible defects, i.e. stress, contamination, etc., because some device failures cannot be directly correlated with traditional visualized defect maps or other known sources. Some failure maps show the same signatures as stress or contamination maps, which implies correlation to device performance or yield. In this paper we present process tool monitoring and matching using an interferometry technique. There are many types of interferometry techniques used for various process monitoring applications. We use a Coherent Gradient Sensing (CGS) interferometer which is self-referencing and enables high throughput measurements. Using this technique, we can quickly measure the topography of an entire wafer surface and obtain stress and displacement data from the topography measurement. For improved tool and chamber matching and reduced device failure, wafer stress measurements can be implemented as a regular tool or chamber monitoring test for either unpatterned or patterned wafers as a good criteria for improved process stability.

Outgassing measurement of the aluminum alloy UHV chamber

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Miyamoto, M.; Itoh, T.; Komaki, S.; Narushima, K.; Ishimaru, H.

1986-01-01

A large vacuum chamber (580 mm diameter) was fabricated from an aluminum alloy surface treated by a special process normally used on small chambers. The chamber was tested unbaked and baked at various temperatures, pressures, and holding periods. The chamber was filled with N2 gas, and the outgassing rate was measured after one hour. Then the ultimate pressure was measured. Outgassing rates for baked and unbaked groups were compared. It is concluded that the same surface treatment technique can be used on both large and small chambers produced by the same special extrusion process.

Improved Rhenium Thrust Chambers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

O'Dell, John Scott

2015-01-01

Radiation-cooled bipropellant thrust chambers are being considered for ascent/ descent engines and reaction control systems on various NASA missions and spacecraft, such as the Mars Sample Return and Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV). Currently, iridium (Ir)-lined rhenium (Re) combustion chambers are the state of the art for in-space engines. NASA's Advanced Materials Bipropellant Rocket (AMBR) engine, a 150-lbf Ir-Re chamber produced by Plasma Processes and Aerojet Rocketdyne, recently set a hydrazine specific impulse record of 333.5 seconds. To withstand the high loads during terrestrial launch, Re chambers with improved mechanical properties are needed. Recent electrochemical forming (EL-Form"TM") results have shown considerable promise for improving Re's mechanical properties by producing a multilayered deposit composed of a tailored microstructure (i.e., Engineered Re). The Engineered Re processing techniques were optimized, and detailed characterization and mechanical properties tests were performed. The most promising techniques were selected and used to produce an Engineered Re AMBR-sized combustion chamber for testing at Aerojet Rocketdyne.

Chamber and eddy covariance comparisons of alternate wetting and drying and continuous flood irrigation in mid-South rice

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Reba, M. L.; Fong, B.; Adviento-Borbe, A.; Runkle, B.

2016-12-01

The subtropical humid mid-south region produces nearly 75% of US rice. Rice cultivation contributes higher amounts of GHG emissions (CO2, CH4, and N2O) due to flooded field conditions. Accurate measurements of gas fluxes are important to regional and global climate models. A comparison between eddy covariance and static vented flux chamber measurement techniques is presented. These measurements were collected in two NE Arkansas commercial rice fields in 2015 and 2016 production seasons under two irrigation treatments: Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) and continuous flood (CF) irrigation. AWD can reduce GHG emissions and water use compared to CF by introducing aerobic conditions that reduce methanogen activity and drained conditions decrease water loss due to seepage or evapotranspiration. N2O was measured only with vented chambers, while CO2 and CH4 were measured with both techniques. In the vented flux chamber technique, headspace gas sampling occurred at least once a week every 20 minutes for one hour of chamber closure. Gas Chromatograph equipped with ECD and FID were used to analyze gas concentrations. Eddy covariance used high frequency measurements wind and concentration measurements to determine fluxes. Chamber measurements were found to be more sensitive during seedling and early vegetative growth while eddy covariance was more sensitive after canopy closure during mid-vegetative to reproductive growth. Unlike eddy covariance which measured net CO2 exchange, flux chamber method measured only CO2 ecosystem respiration because flux measurements occurred using an opaque chamber material.

USS Anchorage Leaves Port for Launch of Orion

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-12-01

The USNS Salvor, a safeguard-class rescue and salvage ship, is docked at Naval Base San Diego in California. The ship will head out to sea along with the USS Anchorage ahead of Orion's first flight test. NASA and U.S. Navy personnel are making preparations ahead of Orion's flight test for recovery of the crew module, forward bay cover and parachutes on its return from space and splashdown in the Pacific Ocean. If needed, the Salvor would be used for an alternate recovery method. Ground Systems Development and Operations Program is leading the recovery efforts.

Day 3 on the USS Anchorage for the Recovery of Orion

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-12-03

On the third day of preparations for recovery of Orion after its splashdown in the Pacific Ocean, the well deck of the USS Anchorage has been filled with water and recovery hardware is in place. U.S. Navy divers have embarked from ship to practice recovery procedures in rigid hull inflatable boats and Zodiac boats. NASA, Lockheed Martin and U.S. Navy personnel are preparing for recovery of the crew module, forward bay cover and parachutes on its return from space and splashdown in the Pacific Ocean. The Ground Systems Development and Operations Program is leading the recovery efforts.

USS Anchorage Leaves Port for Launch of Orion

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-12-01

U.S. Navy and Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron 8 salute Rear Admiral Fernandez L. "Frank" Ponds, Commander, Expeditionary Strike Group 3 during his visit on the deck of the USS Anchorage near Naval Base San Diego in California. The ship is heading out to sea in the Pacific Ocean. NASA and the U.S. Navy are making preparations ahead of Orion's flight test for recovery of the crew module, forward bay cover and parachutes on its return from space and splashdown in the Pacific Ocean. The Ground Systems Development and Operations Program is leading the recovery efforts.

Orion Splashdown Recovery

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-12-05

NASA's Orion spacecraft floats in the Pacific Ocean after splashdown from its first flight test in Earth orbit. An H60-S Seahawk helicopter hovers above to communicate the spacecraft's location back to the USS Anchorage, in the distance. NASA, the U.S. Navy and Lockheed Martin are coordinating efforts to recover Orion and secure the spacecraft in the well deck of the USS Anchorage. Orion completed a two-orbit, four-and-a-half hour mission, to test systems critical to crew safety, including the launch abort system, the heat shield and the parachute system. The Ground Systems Development and Operations Program is leading the recovery efforts.

Orion Splashdown Recovery

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-12-05

NASA's Orion spacecraft floats in the Pacific Ocean after splashdown from its first flight test in Earth orbit. An H60-S Seahawk helicopter hovers above to communicate the spacecraft's location back to the USS Anchorage. NASA, the U.S. Navy and Lockheed Martin are coordinating efforts to recover Orion and secure the spacecraft in the well deck of the USS Anchorage. Orion completed a two-orbit, four-and-a-half hour mission, to test systems critical to crew safety, including the launch abort system, the heat shield and the parachute system. The Ground Systems Development and Operations Program is leading the recovery efforts.

Orion Splashdown Recovery

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-12-05

U.S. Navy personnel aboard the USS Anchorage prepare for recovery of NASA's Orion spacecraft from the Pacific Ocean about 600 miles off the coast of San Diego, California. Orion splashed down after its first flight test in Earth orbit. NASA, the U.S. Navy and Lockheed Martin are coordinating efforts to recover Orion and secure the spacecraft in the well deck of the USS Anchorage. Orion completed a two-orbit, four-and-a-half hour mission, to test systems critical to crew safety, including the launch abort system, the heat shield and the parachute system. The Ground Systems Development and Operations Program is leading the recovery efforts.

Apollo 13 crew arrive on prime recovery ship U.S.S. Iwo Jima

NASA Image and Video Library

1970-04-17

S70-35614 (17 April 1970) --- The crewmembers of the Apollo 13 mission, step aboard the USS Iwo Jima, prime recovery ship for the mission, following splashdown and recovery operations in the South Pacific Ocean. Exiting the helicopter which made the pick-up some four miles from the Iwo Jima are (from left) astronauts Fred W. Haise Jr., lunar module pilot; James A. Lovell Jr., commander; and John L. Swigert Jr., command module pilot. The crippled Apollo 13 spacecraft splashed down at 12:07:44 p.m. (CST), April 17, 1970.

Recovery - Apollo 9

NASA Image and Video Library

1969-03-13

S69-27746 (13 March 1969) --- The Apollo 9 crew awaits the arrival of a recovery helicopter from the USS Guadalcanal, prime recovery ship for the Apollo 9 10-day Earth-orbital space mission. Astronaut James A. McDivitt, commander, stands in hatch of spacecraft. Already in life raft are astronauts Russell L. Schweickart (foreground), lunar module pilot, and David R. Scott, command module pilot. Scott is taking a picture of McDivitt. Splashdown occurred at 12:00:53 p.m. (EST), March 13, 1969, only 4.5 nautical miles from the USS Guadalcanal. U.S. Navy underwater demolition team swimmers assist in the recovery operations.

KSC-2014-4773

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-12-05

SAN DIEGO, Calif. -- NASA's Orion spacecraft floats in the Pacific Ocean after splashdown from its first flight test in Earth orbit. The USS Anchorage is nearby. NASA, the U.S. Navy and Lockheed Martin are coordinating efforts to recover Orion and secure the spacecraft in the well deck of the USS Anchorage. Orion completed a two-orbit, four-and-a-half hour mission, to test systems critical to crew safety, including the launch abort system, the heat shield and the parachute system. The Ground Systems Development and Operations Program is leading the recovery efforts. For more information, visit www.nasa.gov/orion Photo credit: NASA/Tony Gray

Orion Splashdown Recovery

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-12-05

U.S. Navy personnel aboard a rigid hull inflatable boat help recover NASA's Orion spacecraft following its splashdown in the Pacific Ocean after its first flight test in Earth orbit. The USS Anchorage is in the background. NASA, the U.S. Navy and Lockheed Martin are coordinating efforts to recover Orion and secure the spacecraft in the well deck of the USS Anchorage. Orion completed a two-orbit, four-and-a-half hour mission, to test systems critical to crew safety, including the launch abort system, the heat shield and the parachute system. The Ground Systems Development and Operations Program is leading the recovery efforts.

A comparison between internal and surface temperature measurement techniques during phacoemulsification cataract surgery: thermocamera versus thermocouple.

PubMed

Innocenti, B; Diciotti, S; Bocchi, L; Mencucci, R; Corvi, A

2008-01-01

Corneal and scleral burns, one of the main complications that can occur during a cataract operation, are produced by overheating due to the use of the phacoemulsifier. The temperature of the anterior chamber of the eye can be measured both invasively using thermocouples and non-invasively, but only superficially, using a thermocamera. To compare the measures obtained from both techniques an in vitro experimental analysis was conducted on pigs' eyes. During a simulated phacoemulsification cataract operation both the surface temperature with a thermocamera and the temperature inside the anterior chamber with a thermocouple were recorded. For each procedure, the maximum temperature values measured by each technique were compared. The results of this research show that the difference between the maximum values measured with the two techniques is on average 0.5 degrees C. It is possible to employ a thermocamera technique instead of a thermocouple technique to provide an indication of the temperature inside the anterior chamber.

Raman sorting and identification of single living micro-organisms with optical tweezers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xie, Changan; Chen, De; Li, Yong-Qing

2005-07-01

We report on a novel technique for sorting and identification of single biological cells and food-borne bacteria based on laser tweezers and Raman spectroscopy (LTRS). With this technique, biological cells of different physiological states in a sample chamber were identified by their Raman spectral signatures and then they were selectively manipulated into a clean collection chamber with optical tweezers through a microchannel. As an example, we sorted the live and dead yeast cells into the collection chamber and validated this with a standard staining technique. We also demonstrated that bacteria existing in spoiled foods could be discriminated from a variety of food particles based on their characteristic Raman spectra and then isolated with laser manipulation. This label-free LTRS sorting technique may find broad applications in microbiology and rapid examination of food-borne diseases.

A System Approach to Navy Medical Education and Training. Appendix 32- Competency Curricula for Ophthalmic Clinic Assistant and Ophthalmic Technician

DTIC Science & Technology

1974-08-31

chamber fluid, and gonioscopy exam (Conditions) With direct supervision (Criteria) In accordance with physician’s instructions (Consequence) Completion of...posterior chambers Gonioscopy techniques Slit-lamp biomicroscopy techniques Smear and culture techniques Accuracy in recording ard charting Manual...CILIARY BODY/ANGLE STRUCTURE TESTS I TASXS a. Assist with gonioscopy PERFO-RANCE OBJECTIVE (Stimulus) Upon physician’s orders (Behavior) The OPHTA

Metal explosion chambers: designing, manufacturing, application

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stoyanovskii, O. I.; Zlobin, B. S.; Shtertser, A. A.; Meshcheryakov, Y. P.

2017-10-01

Designing of explosion chambers is based on research investigations of the chamber body stress-strain state, which is determined by numerical computation and experimentally by the strain gage technique. Studies show that chamber bottoms are the most loaded elements, and maximal stresses arise in chamber poles. Increasing the shell thickness around poles by welding-in an insert is a simple and saving way to solve this problem. There are structural solutions, enabling reliable hermetic closure and preventing leakage of detonation products from the chamber. Explosion chambers are employed in scientific research and in different industrial applications: explosive welding and hardening, synthesis of new materials, disposal of expired ammunition, and etc.

Actions of Hydrogen Sulfide on Sodium Transport Processes across Native Distal Lung Epithelia (Xenopus laevis)

PubMed Central

Erb, Alexandra; Althaus, Mike

2014-01-01

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is well known as a highly toxic environmental chemical threat. Prolonged exposure to H2S can lead to the formation of pulmonary edema. However, the mechanisms of how H2S facilitates edema formation are poorly understood. Since edema formation can be enhanced by an impaired clearance of electrolytes and, consequently, fluid across the alveolar epithelium, it was questioned whether H2S may interfere with transepithelial electrolyte absorption. Electrolyte absorption was electrophysiologically measured across native distal lung preparations (Xenopus laevis) in Ussing chambers. The exposure of lung epithelia to H2S decreased net transepithelial electrolyte absorption. This was due to an impairment of amiloride-sensitive sodium transport. H2S inhibited the activity of the Na+/K+-ATPase as well as lidocaine-sensitive potassium channels located in the basolateral membrane of the epithelium. Inhibition of these transport molecules diminishes the electrochemical gradient which is necessary for transepithelial sodium absorption. Since sodium absorption osmotically facilitates alveolar fluid clearance, interference of H2S with the epithelial transport machinery provides a mechanism which enhances edema formation in H2S-exposed lungs. PMID:24960042

Developments in Methods for Measuring the Intestinal Absorption of Nanoparticle-Bound Drugs

PubMed Central

Liu, Wei; Pan, Hao; Zhang, Caiyun; Zhao, Liling; Zhao, Ruixia; Zhu, Yongtao; Pan, Weisan

2016-01-01

With the rapid development of nanotechnology, novel drug delivery systems comprising orally administered nanoparticles (NPs) have been paid increasing attention in recent years. The bioavailability of orally administered drugs has significant influence on drug efficacy and therapeutic dosage, and it is therefore imperative that the intestinal absorption of oral NPs be investigated. This review examines the various literature on the oral absorption of polymeric NPs, and provides an overview of the intestinal absorption models that have been developed for the study of oral nanoparticles. Three major categories of models including a total of eight measurement methods are described in detail (in vitro: dialysis bag, rat gut sac, Ussing chamber, cell culture model; in situ: intestinal perfusion, intestinal loops, intestinal vascular cannulation; in vivo: the blood/urine drug concentration method), and the advantages and disadvantages of each method are contrasted and elucidated. In general, in vitro and in situ methods are relatively convenient but lack accuracy, while the in vivo method is troublesome but can provide a true reflection of drug absorption in vivo. This review summarizes the development of intestinal absorption experiments in recent years and provides a reference for the systematic study of the intestinal absorption of nanoparticle-bound drugs. PMID:27455239

Exploration of the Esophageal Mucosal Barrier in Non-Erosive Reflux Disease

PubMed Central

Rinsma, Nicolaas F.; Farré, Ricard; Troost, Fred J.; Elizalde, Montserrat; Keszthelyi, Daniel; Helyes, Zsuzsanna; Masclee, Ad A.; Conchillo, José M.

2017-01-01

In the absence of visible mucosal damage, it is hypothesized that the esophageal mucosal barrier is functionally impaired in patients with non-erosive reflux disease (NERD). The aim of the present study was to perform an exploratory analysis of the mucosal barrier in NERD compared to erosive esophagitis (EE) and controls. A second aim was to explore TRPV1 gene transcription in relation to the mucosal barrier function and heartburn symptoms. In this prospective study, 10 NERD patients, 11 patients with active erosive esophagitis and 10 healthy volunteers were included. Biopsies from non-eroded mucosa were obtained for (1) ex vivo analyses (Ussing chamber) of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and permeability (2) gene transcription of tight-junction proteins and transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily member 1 (TRPV1). No differences in TEER or permeability were found between NERD and healthy volunteers, whereas TEER was lower in patients with erosive esophagitis. TRPV1 gene transcription was not significantly different between EE, NERD and controls. Conclusions: esophageal mucosal barrier function and TRPV1 transcription is not significantly altered in NERD patients. Future research is needed to explore other potential mechanisms that may account for the high symptom burden in these patients. PMID:28534850

Vibrio cholerae ACE stimulates Ca(2+)-dependent Cl(-)/HCO(3)(-) secretion in T84 cells in vitro.

PubMed

Trucksis, M; Conn, T L; Wasserman, S S; Sears, C L

2000-09-01

ACE, accessory cholera enterotoxin, the third enterotoxin in Vibrio cholerae, has been reported to increase short-circuit current (I(sc)) in rabbit ileum and to cause fluid secretion in ligated rabbit ileal loops. We studied the ACE-induced change in I(sc) and potential difference (PD) in T84 monolayers mounted in modified Ussing chambers, an in vitro model of a Cl(-) secretory cell. ACE added to the apical surface alone stimulated a rapid increase in I(sc) and PD that was concentration dependent and immediately reversed when the toxin was removed. Ion replacement studies established that the current was dependent on Cl(-) and HCO(3)(-). ACE acted synergistically with the Ca(2+)-dependent acetylcholine analog, carbachol, to stimulate secretion in T84 monolayers. In contrast, the secretory response to cAMP or cGMP agonists was not enhanced by ACE. The ACE-stimulated secretion was dependent on extracellular and intracellular Ca(2+) but was not associated with an increase in intracellular cyclic nucleotides. We conclude that the mechanism of secretion by ACE involves Ca(2+) as a second messenger and that this toxin stimulates a novel Ca(2+)-dependent synergy.

Direct stimulation of the transcellular and paracellular calcium transport in the rat cecum by prolactin.

PubMed

Kraidith, Kamonshanok; Jantarajit, Walailuk; Teerapornpuntakit, Jarinthorn; Nakkrasae, La-iad; Krishnamra, Nateetip; Charoenphandhu, Narattaphol

2009-09-01

Prolactin (PRL) is reported to stimulate calcium absorption in the rat's small intestine. However, little is known regarding its effects on the cecum, a part of the large intestine with the highest rate of intestinal calcium transport. We demonstrated herein by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis that the cecum could be a target organ of PRL since cecal epithelial cells strongly expressed PRL receptors. In Ussing chamber experiments, PRL enhanced the transcellular cecal calcium absorption in a biphasic dose-response manner. PRL also increased the paracellular calcium permeability and passive calcium transport in the cecum, which could be explained by the PRL-induced decrease in transepithelial resistance and increase in cation selectivity of the cecal epithelium. PRL actions in the cecum were abolished by inhibitors of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase C (PKC), and RhoA-associated coiled-coil forming kinase (ROCK), but not inhibitors of gene transcription and protein biosynthesis. In conclusion, PRL directly enhanced the transcellular and paracellular calcium transport in the rat cecum through the nongenomic signaling pathways involving PI3K, PKC, and ROCK.

Epithelial response to a high-protein diet in rat colon.

PubMed

Beaumont, Martin; Andriamihaja, Mireille; Armand, Lucie; Grauso, Marta; Jaffrézic, Florence; Laloë, Denis; Moroldo, Marco; Davila, Anne-Marie; Tomé, Daniel; Blachier, François; Lan, Annaïg

2017-01-31

High-protein diets (HPD) alter the large intestine microbiota composition in association with a metabolic shift towards protein degradation. Some amino acid-derived metabolites produced by the colon bacteria are beneficial for the mucosa while others are deleterious at high concentrations. The aim of the present work was to define the colonic epithelial response to an HPD. Transcriptome profiling was performed on colonocytes of rats fed an HPD or an isocaloric normal-protein diet (NPD) for 2 weeks. The HPD downregulated the expression of genes notably implicated in pathways related to cellular metabolism, NF-κB signaling, DNA repair, glutathione metabolism and cellular adhesion in colonocytes. In contrast, the HPD upregulated the expression of genes related to cell proliferation and chemical barrier function. These changes at the mRNA level in colonocytes were not associated with detrimental effects of the HPD on DNA integrity (comet assay), epithelium renewal (quantification of proliferation and apoptosis markers by immunohistochemistry and western blot) and colonic barrier integrity (Ussing chamber experiments). The modifications of the luminal environment after an HPD were associated with maintenance of the colonic homeostasis that might be the result of adaptive processes in the epithelium related to the observed transcriptional regulations.

Impact of mechanical stress on ion transport in native lung epithelium (Xenopus laevis): short-term activation of Na+, Cl (-) and K+ channels.

PubMed

Bogdan, Roman; Veith, Christine; Clauss, Wolfgang; Fronius, Martin

2008-09-01

Epithelia, in general, and the lung epithelium, in particular, are exposed to mechanical forces, but little is known about their impact on pulmonary ion transport. In our present study, we employed transepithelial ion transport measurements on Xenopus lung preparations using custom-built Ussing chambers. Tissues were exposed to mechanical stress by increasing the water column (5 cm) at one side of the tissues. Apical exposure to hydrostatic pressure significantly decreased the short circuit current (I (SC): 24 +/- 1%, n = 152), slightly decreased the transepithelial resistance (R (T): 7 +/- 2%, n = 152), but increased the apical membrane capacitance (C (M): 16 +/- 6%, n = 9). The pressure-induced effect was sensitive to Na+ (amiloride), Cl(-) (DIDS, NFA, NPPB) and K+ channel blockers (Ba2+), glibenclamide). Further on, it was accompanied by increased extracellular ATP levels. The results show that mechanical stress leads to an activation of Na+, Cl(-), and K+ conductances in a native pulmonary epithelium resulting in a net decrease of ion absorption. This could be of considerable interest, since an altered ion transport may contribute to pathophysiological conditions, e.g., the formation of pulmonary edema during artificial ventilation.

[Effect of Radix euphorbiae pekinensis extract on bioavailability of paclitaxel after their oral co-administration].

PubMed

Li, Minghua; Peng, Li; Yang, Fuheng; Liu, Sijia; Wang, Shengqi

2015-06-01

To evaluate the effect of Radix euphorbiae pekinensis extract on the permeability and bioavailability of paclitaxel co-administered orally. Based on Ussing Chamber and in vivo experiment, the permeability and bioavailability of paclitaxel were evaluated after oral co-administration with radix euphorbiae pekinensis in rats. The contents of paclitaxel in the permeates and the blood samples were determined using HPLC and LC-MS/MS method, respectively. In Radix euphorbiae pekinensis co-administration group, the Papp of the mucosal-to-serosal (M-S) transport or serosal-to-mucosal transport (S-M) of paclitaxel in the jejunum or ileum segment differed significantly from those in verapamil co-administration group and blank control group (P<0.05), but the Papp of S-M transport in the colon showed no significant difference from that in the blank control group. In the blank group, the average absolute bioavailability (AB%) of orally administered paclitaxel was only 2.81%, compared to that of 7.63% in radix euphorbiae pekinensis group. The average AB% in verapamil group was about 1.5 times that of the blank group. Co-administration of Radix euphorbiae pekinensis extract can increase the bioavailability of orally administered paclitaxel.

Orion Neutral Buoyancy Lab (NBL) Activities

NASA Image and Video Library

2016-09-20

Tim Goddard, NASA Open Water Recovery Operations director, briefs U.S. Navy divers, Air Force pararescuemen and Coast Guard rescue swimmers during training in the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston. The group is preparing to practice Orion underway recovery techniques using a test version of the Orion spacecraft. Training will help the team prepare for Underway Recovery Test 5 for Exploration Mission 1 aboard the USS San Diego in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of California in October. The Ground Systems Development and Operations Program, along with the U.S. Navy and Lockheed Martin, are preparing the recovery team, hardware and operations to support EM-1 recovery.

Orion's Neutral Buoyancy Lab (NBL) Activities

NASA Image and Video Library

2016-09-21

Tim Goddard, center, NASA Open Water Recovery Operations director, reviews recovery procedures with U.S. Navy divers, Air Force pararescuemen and Coast Guard rescue swimmers during training in the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston. The group is practicing Orion underway recovery techniques using a test version of the Orion spacecraft. Training will help the team prepare for Underway Recovery Test 5 for Exploration Mission 1 aboard the USS San Diego in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of California in October. The Ground Systems Development and Operations Program, along with the U.S. Navy and Lockheed Martin, are preparing the recovery team, hardware and operations to support EM-1 recovery.

Orion Neutral Buoyancy Lab (NBL) Activities

NASA Image and Video Library

2016-09-20

Tim Goddard, far right, NASA Open Water Recovery Operations director, briefs U.S. Navy divers, Air Force pararescuemen and Coast Guard rescue swimmers during training in the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston. The group is preparing to practice Orion underway recovery techniques using a test version of the Orion spacecraft. Training will help the team prepare for Underway Recovery Test 5 for Exploration Mission 1 aboard the USS San Diego in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of California in October. The Ground Systems Development and Operations Program, along with the U.S. Navy and Lockheed Martin, are preparing the recovery team, hardware and operations to support EM-1 recovery.

Orion Neutral Buoyancy Lab (NBL) Activities

NASA Image and Video Library

2016-09-20

NASA astronaut Dan Burbank speaks to a group of U.S. Navy divers at the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL) at the agency’s Johnson Space Center in Houston. Navy divers, Air Force pararescuemen and Coast Guard rescue swimmers are preparing to practice Orion underway recovery techniques with a test version of the Orion spacecraft. Training will help the team prepare for Underway Recovery Test 5 for Exploration Mission 1 aboard the USS San Diego in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of California in October. The Ground Systems Development and Operations Program, along with the U.S. Navy and Lockheed Martin, are preparing the recovery team, hardware and operations to support EM-1 recovery.

In vitro effect of carprofen and meloxicam on the conductance and permeability to mannitol and the histologic appearance of the gastric mucosa of dogs.

PubMed

Hicks, Merrin A; Hosgood, Giselle L; Morgan, Timothy W; Briere, Catherine A; McConnico, Rebecca S

2011-04-01

To evaluate the effects of carprofen and meloxicam on conductance and permeability to mannitol and on the histologic appearance of sections of canine gastric mucosa. Gastric mucosa from 6 mature mixed-breed dogs. Sections of gastric mucosa were mounted in Ussing chambers, and carprofen (40 or 400μg/mL [CAR40 and CAR400, respectively]), meloxicam (8 or 80μg/mL [MEL8 and MEL80, respectively]), or no drug (controls) was added to the bathing solution. For all sections, conductance was calculated every 15 minutes for 240 minutes and flux of mannitol was calculated for 3 consecutive 1-hour periods; histologic examination was performed after the experiment. The area under the conductance-time curve for each chamber was calculated. Values of conductance × time, flux of mannitol, and the frequency distribution of histologic findings were analyzed for treatment effects. For CAR400- and MEL80-treated sections, conductance X time was significantly higher than that for control and MEL8-treated sections. The effect of CAR40 treatment was not different from that of any other treatment. Over the three 1-hour periods, mannitol flux increased significantly in MEL80-, CAR40-, and CAR400-treated sections but not in MEL8- treated or control sections. Major histologic changes including epithelial cell sloughing were limited to the CAR400-treated sections. In the gastric mucosa of dogs, carprofen and meloxicam increased in vitro conductance and permeability to mannitol. At a concentration of 400 μg/mL, carprofen caused sloughing of epithelial cells. Carprofen and meloxicam appear to compromise gastric mucosal integrity and barrier function in dogs.

Determination of permeability coefficients of ophthalmic drugs through different layers of porcine, rabbit and bovine eyes.

PubMed

Loch, Christian; Zakelj, Simon; Kristl, Albin; Nagel, Stefan; Guthoff, Rudolf; Weitschies, Werner; Seidlitz, Anne

2012-08-30

To treat ophthalmic diseases like glaucoma or inflammatory disorders topically applied ophthalmic formulations such as eye drops are usually used. In addition, novel ophthalmic implants releasing drug substances locally into different parts of the eye are available today. In the work presented here, the permeability coefficients of selected drugs (ciprofloxacin hydrochloride, lidocaine hydrochloride, timolol maleate) for ophthalmic tissues were determined using side-by-side diffusion chambers (so-called Ussing chambers). Sclera, conjunctiva, cornea, choroidea-retina-complex and a complex of conjunctiva-sclera-choroidea-retina were excised from fresh porcine, rabbit and bovine eyes. In the porcine eye tissues the highest P(app) values were obtained for conjunctiva with the exception of lidocaine. Therefore, it can be estimated that a certain amount of drug diffuses or is transported through conjunctiva after application. The P(app) values for sclera were also higher than those for cornea and even more, the surface area of sclera which is available for drug absorption is much larger than that of cornea when applying an implant. The obtained permeability coefficients for sclera and conjunctiva indicate that the administration of periocular implants can be an alternative to topically applied formulations. The complexes of the tissues were a significantly (p<0.01) stronger barrier to the investigated substances than the separated tissues. Distinct differences in permeability coefficients between the investigated animal tissues were observed. Overall the highest P(app) values for all mounted tissues were obtained with the rabbit, followed by porcine and bovine eyes. Because of these distinct interspecies differences one must be very careful when selecting the proper animal model for the permeability experiments. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Four-chamber view and 'swing technique' (FAST) echo: a novel and simple algorithm to visualize standard fetal echocardiographic planes.

PubMed

Yeo, L; Romero, R; Jodicke, C; Oggè, G; Lee, W; Kusanovic, J P; Vaisbuch, E; Hassan, S

2011-04-01

To describe a novel and simple algorithm (four-chamber view and 'swing technique' (FAST) echo) for visualization of standard diagnostic planes of fetal echocardiography from dataset volumes obtained with spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC) and applying a new display technology (OmniView). We developed an algorithm to image standard fetal echocardiographic planes by drawing four dissecting lines through the longitudinal view of the ductal arch contained in a STIC volume dataset. Three of the lines are locked to provide simultaneous visualization of targeted planes, and the fourth line (unlocked) 'swings' through the ductal arch image (swing technique), providing an infinite number of cardiac planes in sequence. Each line generates the following plane(s): (a) Line 1: three-vessels and trachea view; (b) Line 2: five-chamber view and long-axis view of the aorta (obtained by rotation of the five-chamber view on the y-axis); (c) Line 3: four-chamber view; and (d) 'swing line': three-vessels and trachea view, five-chamber view and/or long-axis view of the aorta, four-chamber view and stomach. The algorithm was then tested in 50 normal hearts in fetuses at 15.3-40 weeks' gestation and visualization rates for cardiac diagnostic planes were calculated. To determine whether the algorithm could identify planes that departed from the normal images, we tested the algorithm in five cases with proven congenital heart defects. In normal cases, the FAST echo algorithm (three locked lines and rotation of the five-chamber view on the y-axis) was able to generate the intended planes (longitudinal view of the ductal arch, pulmonary artery, three-vessels and trachea view, five-chamber view, long-axis view of the aorta, four-chamber view) individually in 100% of cases (except for the three-vessels and trachea view, which was seen in 98% (49/50)) and simultaneously in 98% (49/50). The swing technique was able to generate the three-vessels and trachea view, five-chamber view and/or long-axis view of the aorta, four-chamber view and stomach in 100% of normal cases. In the abnormal cases, the FAST echo algorithm demonstrated the cardiac defects and displayed views that deviated from what was expected from the examination of normal hearts. The swing technique was useful for demonstrating the specific diagnosis due to visualization of an infinite number of cardiac planes in sequence. This novel and simple algorithm can be used to visualize standard fetal echocardiographic planes in normal fetal hearts. The FAST echo algorithm may simplify examination of the fetal heart and could reduce operator dependency. Using this algorithm, inability to obtain expected views or the appearance of abnormal views in the generated planes should raise the index of suspicion for congenital heart disease. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Feeding strategies during dry summer for lactating desert goats in a rainfed area under tropical conditions.

PubMed

Ahmed, M M.M.; El Hag, F M.; Wahab, F S.; Salih, S F.

2001-02-01

Feeding strategies aimed at improving the nutritive value of crop residues through chemical treatment or utilizing other available feed resources as small ruminant feeds were carried out during the hot dry summer season when rangeland pasture deteriorates drastically. The study utilized small-scale farmer animals and crop residues chemically treated as animal feeds. Other feeds were groundnut haulms (GNH) and tree pods (TP) of Faidherbia albida. A total of 30 adult lactating goats with their kids (30) were allocated in completely randomized design to the following treatments: untreated sorghum straw (USS, control), sorghum straw treated with 4.7% urea solution (TSS), TSS+treepods (TSS+TP), USS+groundnuthaulms (USS+GNH) and TSS+GNH. Parameters investigated were: changes in body weight (BW) of the does and their kids as well as milk composition of the does. The results showed that dry matter intake (DMI) was reduced (P<0.05) by urea treatment, but it was increased (P<0.05) by supplementation. In vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) was improved (P<0.05) by urea treatment and supplementation with either GNH or TP. BW of does decreased (P<0.05) in the TSS group, while a significant increase was obtained in the TSS+GNH group. BW of the kids belonging to the does given USS+GNH or TSS+TP was higher (P<0.05) than BW of the kids that belonged to the does fed other rations. However, no losses in BW were detected. It could be concluded that the combination of urea treatment and supplementation with either GNH or TP improved DMI, BW, digestibility and milk yield.

Effect of ultra-superheated steam on aflatoxin reduction and roasted peanut properties.

PubMed

Pukkasorn, Parawee; Ratphitagsanti, Wannasawat; Haruthaitanasan, Vichai

2018-06-01

Aflatoxins are carcinogenic toxins produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus that are found naturally in peanut. It requires extremely high temperatures to eliminate aflatoxins from the nuts. The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of ultra-superheated steam (USS) on the reduction of aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ) accompanying the roasting process and to determine roasted peanut qualities that affected consumer acceptance. Whole peanut kernels were intentionally contaminated by AFB 1 standard solution at the level of 50 ± 10 µg kg -1 before subjecting to USS treatment at 300-400 °C between 10 and 80 s. The high temperature of USS could significantly decrease AFB 1 level to 9.83 ± 3.51, 15.33 ± 2.23 and 8.95 ± 2.32 µg kg -1 when 300 °C for 80 s, 350 °C for 40 s and 400 °C for 40 s were employed, respectively. AFB 1 was reduced as much as 83.86 ± 2.66% when 400 °C for 40 s was applied. The moisture content of treated peanuts was decreased to less than 3% and browning index was developed from 30.96 ± 1.59 to 95.76 ± 7.23. Higher roasting degree was obtained according to the increase in browning index. Oil quality showed that peroxide values and acid values were greatly below the allowance level. USS could effectively decrease AFB 1 and render expectable roasting qualities of peanut. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

Comparison of ultrasonic shears and traditional suture ligature for vaginal hysterectomy: randomized controlled trial.

PubMed

Fitz-Gerald, Alison Louise; Tan, Jason; Chan, Kok-Weng; Polyakov, Alex; Edwards, Geoff N; Najjar, Haider; Tsaltas, Jim; Vollenhoven, Beverley

2013-01-01

To compare operating time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative analgesia, and length of hospital stay using ultrasonic shears vs traditional suture ligature in vaginal hysterectomy. Randomized controlled trial (Canadian Task Force classification I). Gynecology units within a single health network, university hospital. Forty women requiring vaginal hysterectomy because of benign disease. Vaginal hysterectomy performed using either ultrasonically activated shears (USS) or traditional suture ligatures. Twenty-one patients were randomized to the USS arm, and 19 patients to the traditional suture ligature arm. Patient characteristics were comparable. Mean (SD) hysterectomy time and was similar in both the USS and traditional arms, 28.66 (4.0) minutes vs 32.37 (3.18) minutes (p = .47), as was total operating time, 97.38 (8.9) minutes vs 91.63 (7.69) minutes (p = .63). Operative blood loss was significantly decreased in the USS group: 62.63 (12.46) mL vs 136.05 (21.54) mL (p = .006). There was, however, no significant change in hemoglobin concentration between the 2 groups: 19.53 (1.79) g/L vs -16.72 (2.5) g/L. There was no significant difference in mean oxycodone use: 9.29 (2.66) mg vs 8.06 (3.19) mg (p = .77). Length of hospital stay was similar in both groups: 58.98 (3.27) hours vs 60.05 (6.48) hours (p = .88). There was no significant difference in overall complication rates between the groups. Although the Harmonic scalpel system, compared with the traditional suture ligation method, seems to be a safe alternative for securing the pedicles in vaginal hysterectomy, it offers no benefit insofar as operative time, reduction in clinically significant blood loss, and analgesic requirements. Copyright © 2013 AAGL. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Free-Flow Open-Chamber Electrophoresis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sharnez, Rizwan; Sammons, David W.

1994-01-01

Free-flow open-chamber electrophoresis variant of free-flow electrophoresis performed in chamber with open ends and in which velocity of electro-osmotic flow adjusted equal to and opposite mean electrophoretic velocity of sample. Particles having electrophoretic mobilities greater than mean mobility of sample particles move toward cathode, those with mobilities less move toward anode. Technique applied to separation of components of mixtures of biologically important substances. Sensitivity enhanced by use of tapered chamber.

Settlement of the USS Arizona, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

USGS Publications Warehouse

Carkin, Brad A.; Kayen, Robert E.

2013-01-01

The U.S. Geological Survey, in collaboration with the National Park Service Submerged Resources Center, undertook investigations at the USS Arizona Memorial at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, in 2002, 2003, and 2005 to characterize geological factors affecting the deterioration and movement of the hull of the USS Arizona. Since sinking on the morning of December 7, 1941, the hull of the USS Arizona has been slowly but steadily disappearing below the surface of Pearl Harbor. Continuous sediment coring at three of four locations around the hull of the Arizona was only partially successful, but it was sufficient to identify a varied sedimentary substrate beneath the hull. A boring near the stern reveals a thick, continuous sequence of soft, gray clay to the bottom of the boring. In contrast, borings near the bow and starboard side, below about 5 meters subbottom depth, indicate the presence of very stiff, brown clay and coral debris and an absence of soft clay. Multisensor core logger scanning of the recovered cores distinguishes the lower density of the soft, gray clay at the stern from the higher density of the stiff, brown clays and coral debris at the bow and starboard side. Uniaxial consolidation testing of the soft gray clay indicates a normally consolidated sequence, whereas the stiff, brown clay and coral debris are overconsolidated. Profiles of shear wave velocity vs. depth obtained through spectral analysis of interface wave testing around the perimeter of the hull in 2005 identified areas of higher velocity, stiffer sediment at the bow and starboard side, which correspond to the dense, stiff clay recovered near the bow and starboard borings. Low shear-wave velocities at the port midship and quarter of the hull correlate with the lower density, softer sediment recovered from the boring at the stern. Cross sections of the subbottom of the Memorial combine results from the sediment borings and geophysical surveys and depict a wedge of soft clay unconformably overlying the stiff clays and coral debris beneath the aft half of the USS Arizona and thickening toward the stern. The 2008 position of the hull has been documented using both tide-based and differential Global Positioning System (GPS) measuring systems. Analysis of historical and recent photographs was done to create a record of settlement from the time of sinking in 1941 to the present. By examining shadows in suitable photos, the sun azimuth, local time of day, and tide levels were determined to derive tide-adjusted and sea-level-rise-corrected elevations for structures on the hull and from these elevations to obtain settlement and tilt trends. The settlement trends, most complete for barbette 3, have two components. An early, nonlinear component ends on December 9, 1941, and represents the initial penetration and displacement of the bottom sediment by the hull. A linear, long-term trend of normal consolidation continues to the present day. Long-term settlement rates are greatest at the stern and decrease linearly to the midship, showing that the aft half of the hull is moving as an intact, rigid body. The recent rate of settlement at the stern is about 3.5 mm/year; rates at the starboard midship and forward part of the hull are less than one-third of the stern rate. The aft half of the USS Arizona hull presently tilts about 2 degrees to port, an increase of at least 1.5 degrees since the initial sinking of the ship. The results of this study identify differential settlement of the Arizona hull, due to the wedge of soft clay underlying the aft half of the hull, as the cause of the movement of the hull beneath the surface of Pearl Harbor. Calculation of sediment consolidation using lab-determined properties of the soft clay demonstrates that the observed settlements can be reproduced by projecting appropriate clay thicknesses beneath the hull. Several of the high-quality photographs analyzed for the historical settlement analysis highlight some of the limitations of this retrospective technique for determining tide-based elevations. In these cases, calculated structure elevations do not conform to the settlement trend, indicating that there can be complicating factors affecting the interpretation of the photos. Conflicting dates for events during the salvage operations were also encountered.

Acoustic-Levitation Chamber

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Barmatz, M. B.; Granett, D.; Lee, M. C.

1984-01-01

Uncontaminated environments for highly-pure material processing provided within completely sealed levitation chamber that suspends particles by acoustic excitation. Technique ideally suited for material processing in low gravity environment of space.

Comparative study of glass tube and mist chamber sampling techniques for the analysis of gaseous carbonyl compounds

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

François, Stéphanie; Perraud, Véronique; Pflieger, Maryline; Monod, Anne; Wortham, Henri

In this work, glass tube and mist chamber sampling techniques using 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine as derivative agent for the analysis of gaseous carbonyl compounds are compared. Trapping efficiencies of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, acetone, acrolein, glyoxal, crotonaldehyde, benzaldehyde, butyraldehyde and valeraldehyde are experimentally determined using a gas-phase generator. In addition to generalise our results to all atmospheric gaseous compounds and derivative agents, theoretical trapping efficiencies and enrichment factors are expressed taking into account mechanisms involved in the two kinds of traps. Theoretical and experimental results show that, as expected, the trapping efficiencies of the glass tube depend mainly on solubility of compounds. The results provide new information and better understanding of phenomena occurring in the mist chamber and the ability of this sampler to concentrate the samples. Hence, the mist chamber is the more convenient sampling method when the trapping is associated to a fast derivatisation of the compounds and the glass tube technique must be used to trap atmospheric compounds without simultaneous derivatisation.

A novel miniaturized PCR multi-reactor array fabricated using flip-chip bonding techniques

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zou, Zhi-Qing; Chen, Xiang; Jin, Qing-Hui; Yang, Meng-Su; Zhao, Jian-Long

2005-08-01

This paper describes a novel miniaturized multi-chamber array capable of high throughput polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The structure of the proposed device is verified by using finite element analysis (FEA) to optimize the thermal performance, and then implemented on a glass-silicon substrate using a standard MEMS process and post-processing. Thermal analysis simulation and verification of each reactor cell is equipped with integrated Pt temperature sensors and heaters at the bottom of the reaction chamber for real-time accurate temperature sensing and control. The micro-chambers are thermally separated from each other, and can be controlled independently. The multi-chip array was packaged on a printed circuit board (PCB) substrate using a conductive polymer flip-chip bonding technique, which enables effective heat dissipation and suppresses thermal crosstalk between the chambers. The designed system has successfully demonstrated a temperature fluctuation of ±0.5 °C during thermal multiplexing of up to 2 × 2 chambers, a full speed of 30 min for 30 cycle PCR, as well as the capability of controlling each chamber digitally and independently.

Use of an Electrochemical Split Cell Technique to Evaluate the Influence of Shewanella oneidensis Activities on Corrosion of Carbon Steel.

PubMed

Miller, Robert Bertram; Sadek, Anwar; Rodriguez, Alvaro; Iannuzzi, Mariano; Giai, Carla; Senko, John M; Monty, Chelsea N

2016-01-01

Microbially induced corrosion (MIC) is a complex problem that affects various industries. Several techniques have been developed to monitor corrosion and elucidate corrosion mechanisms, including microbiological processes that induce metal deterioration. We used zero resistance ammetry (ZRA) in a split chamber configuration to evaluate the effects of the facultatively anaerobic Fe(III) reducing bacterium Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 on the corrosion of UNS G10180 carbon steel. We show that activities of S. oneidensis inhibit corrosion of steel with which that organism has direct contact. However, when a carbon steel coupon in contact with S. oneidensis was electrically connected to a second coupon that was free of biofilm (in separate chambers of the split chamber assembly), ZRA-based measurements indicated that current moved from the S. oneidensis-containing chamber to the cell-free chamber. This electron transfer enhanced the O2 reduction reaction on the coupon deployed in the cell free chamber, and consequently, enhanced oxidation and corrosion of that electrode. Our results illustrate a novel mechanism for MIC in cases where metal surfaces are heterogeneously covered by biofilms.

Orion Splashdown Recovery

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-12-05

NASA's Orion spacecraft is on rubber bumpers in the flooded well deck of the USS Anchorage in the Pacific Ocean about 600 miles off the coast of San Diego, California. Orion splashed down after its first flight test in Earth orbit. NASA, the U.S. Navy and Lockheed Martin are coordinating efforts to recover Orion and secure the spacecraft in the well deck of the USS Anchorage. Orion completed a two-orbit, four-and-a-half hour mission, to test systems critical to crew safety, including the launch abort system, the heat shield and the parachute system. The Ground Systems Development and Operations Program is leading the recovery efforts.

2014_11_05_uss_constellation

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-11-10

NASA’s Operation IceBridge collected some rare images on a flight out of Punta Arenas, Chile on Nov. 5, 2014, on a science flight over western Antarctica dubbed Ferrigno-Alison-Abbott 01. Following a routine calibration pass over Punta Arenas airport, the NASA DC-8 overflew the USS Constellation which is being towed for demolition after 53 yeas of service. The crew then snapped a few shots of a calving front of the Antarctic ice sheet. This particular flight plan was designed to collect data on changes in ice elevation along the coast near the Ferrigno and Alison ice streams, on the Abbot Ice Shelf, and grounded ice along the Eights Coast.

KSC-2014-4769

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-12-05

SAN DIEGO, Calif. -- NASA's Orion spacecraft floats in the Pacific Ocean after splashdown from its first flight test in Earth orbit. The USS Anchorage is in the background. NASA, the U.S. Navy and Lockheed Martin are coordinating efforts to recover Orion and secure the spacecraft in the well deck of the USS Anchorage. Orion completed a two-orbit, four-and-a-half hour mission, to test systems critical to crew safety, including the launch abort system, the heat shield and the parachute system. The Ground Systems Development and Operations Program is leading the recovery efforts. For more information, visit www.nasa.gov/orion Photo credit: NASA/Tony Gray

Underway Recovery Test 6 (URT-6) - Day 4 Afternoon Activities

NASA Image and Video Library

2018-01-20

Sailors from the USS Anchorage simulate “Oscar,” a dummy used for man overboard drills, to the medical unit. During Underway Recovery Test 6, the USS Anchorage’s man overboard drill gave Kennedy Space Center’s NASA Recovery Team a glimpse of one way an astronaut could be brought from a small boat onto the ship using a stretcher. Once the Orion capsule splashes down in the Pacific Ocean, astronauts can choose to stay in the capsule until it is pulled into the well deck of the Navy vessel, or have a diver retrieve them in the open water and then get the capsule later.

Underway Recovery Test 6 (URT-6) - Day 4 Afternoon Activities

NASA Image and Video Library

2018-01-20

USS Anchorage’s Deck Department is heaving around the line as they bring up “Oscar,” a dummy used for man overboard drills. During Underway Recovery Test 6, the USS Anchorage’s man overboard drill gave Kennedy Space Center’s NASA Recovery Team a glimpse of one way an astronaut could be brought from a small boat onto the ship using a stretcher. Once the Orion capsule splashes down in the Pacific Ocean, astronauts can choose to stay in the capsule until it is pulled into the well deck of the Navy vessel, or have a diver retrieve them first and then get the capsule later.

Pavlovian contingencies and temporal information.

PubMed

Balsam, Peter D; Fairhurst, Stephen; Gallistel, Charles R

2006-07-01

The effects of altering the contingency between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US) on the acquisition of autoshaped responding was investigated by changing the frequency of unsignaled USs during the intertrial interval. The addition of the unsignaled USs had an effect on acquisition speed comparable with that of massing trials. The effects of these manipulations can be understood in terms of their effect on the amount of information (number of bits) that the average CS conveys to the subject about the timing of the next US. The number of reinforced CSs prior to acquisition is inversely related to the information content of the CS.

Calculating tracer currents through narrow ion channels: Beyond the independent particle model.

PubMed

Coalson, Rob D; Jasnow, David

2018-06-01

Discrete state models of single-file ion permeation through a narrow ion channel pore are employed to analyze the ratio of forward to backward tracer current. Conditions under which the well-known Ussing formula for this ratio hold are explored in systems where ions do not move independently through the channel. Building detailed balance into the rate constants for the model in such a way that under equilibrium conditions (equal rate of forward vs. backward permeation events) the Nernst Equation is satisfied, it is found that in a model where only one ion can occupy the channel at a time, the Ussing formula is always obeyed for any number of binding sites, reservoir concentrations of the ions and electric potential difference across the membrane which the ion channel spans, independent of the internal details of the permeation pathway. However, numerical analysis demonstrates that when multiple ions can occupy the channel at once, the nonequilibrium forward/backward tracer flux ratio deviates from the prediction of the Ussing model. Assuming an appropriate effective potential experienced by ions in the channel, we provide explicit formulae for the rate constants in these models. © 2018 IOP Publishing Ltd.

Emissions of organic compounds from produced water ponds II: Evaluation of flux chamber measurements with inverse-modeling techniques.

PubMed

Tran, Huy N Q; Lyman, Seth N; Mansfield, Marc L; O'Neil, Trevor; Bowers, Richard L; Smith, Ann P; Keslar, Cara

2018-07-01

In this study, the authors apply two different dispersion models to evaluate flux chamber measurements of emissions of 58 organic compounds, including C2-C11 hydrocarbons and methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol from oil- and gas-produced water ponds in the Uintah Basin. Field measurement campaigns using the flux chamber technique were performed at a limited number of produced water ponds in the basin throughout 2013-2016. Inverse-modeling results showed significantly higher emissions than were measured by the flux chamber. Discrepancies between the two methods vary across hydrocarbon compounds and are largest in alcohols due to their physical chemistries. This finding, in combination with findings in a related study using the WATER9 wastewater emission model, suggests that the flux chamber technique may underestimate organic compound emissions, especially alcohols, due to its limited coverage of the pond area and alteration of environmental conditions, especially wind speed. Comparisons of inverse-model estimations with flux chamber measurements varied significantly with the complexity of pond facilities and geometries. Both model results and flux chamber measurements suggest significant contributions from produced water ponds to total organic compound emission from oil and gas productions in the basin. This research is a component of an extensive study that showed significant amount of hydrocarbon emissions from produced water ponds in the Uintah Basin, Utah. Such findings have important meanings to air quality management agencies in developing control strategies for air pollution in oil and gas fields, especially for the Uintah Basin in which ozone pollutions frequently occurred in winter seasons.

Seasonal trends and environmental controls of methane emissions in a rice paddy field in Northern Italy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Meijide, A.; Manca, G.; Goded, I.; Magliulo, V.; di Tommasi, P.; Seufert, G.; Cescatti, A.

2011-12-01

Rice paddy fields are one of the greatest anthropogenic sources of methane (CH4), the third most important greenhouse gas after water vapour and carbon dioxide. In agricultural fields, CH4 is usually measured with the closed chamber technique, resulting in discontinuous series of measurements performed over a limited area, that generally do not provide sufficient information on the short-term variation of the fluxes. On the contrary, aerodynamic techniques have been rarely applied for the measurement of CH4 fluxes in rice paddy fields. The eddy covariance (EC) technique provides integrated continuous measurements over a large area and may increase our understanding of the underlying processes and diurnal and seasonal pattern of CH4 emissions in this ecosystem. For this purpose a Fast Methane Analyzer (Los Gatos Research Ltd.) was installed in a rice paddy field in the Po Valley (Northern Italy). Methane fluxes were measured during the rice growing season with both EC and manually operated closed chambers. Methane fluxes were strongly influenced by the height of the water table, with emissions peaking when it was above 10-12 cm. Soil temperature and the developmental stage of rice plants were also responsible of the seasonal variation on the fluxes. The measured EC fluxes showed a diurnal cycle in the emissions, which was more relevant during the vegetative period, and with CH4 emissions being higher in the late evening, possibly associated with higher water temperature. The comparison between the two measurement techniques shows that greater fluxes are measured with the chambers, especially when higher fluxes are being produced, resulting in 30 % higher seasonal estimations with the chambers than with the EC (41.1 and 31.7 g CH4 m-2 measured with chambers and EC respectively) and even greater differences are found if shorter periods with high chamber sampling frequency are compared. The differences may be a result of the combined effect of overestimation with the chambers and of the possible underestimation by the EC technique.

Seasonal trends and environmental controls of methane emissions in a rice paddy field in Northern Italy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Meijide, A.; Manca, G.; Goded, I.; Magliulo, V.; di Tommasi, P.; Seufert, G.; Cescatti, A.

2011-09-01

Rice paddy fields are one of the greatest anthropogenic sources of methane (CH4), the third most important greenhouse gas after water vapour and carbon dioxide. In agricultural fields, CH4 is usually measured with the closed chamber technique, resulting in discontinuous series of measurements performed over a limited area, that generally do not provide sufficient information on the short-term variation of the fluxes. On the contrary, aerodynamic techniques have been rarely applied for the measurement of CH4 fluxes in rice paddy fields. The eddy covariance (EC) technique provides integrated continuous measurements over a large area and may increase our understanding of the underlying processes and diurnal and seasonal pattern of CH4 emissions in this ecosystem. For this purpose a Fast Methane Analyzer (Los Gatos Research Ltd.) was installed in an eddy-covariance field set-up in a rice paddy field in the Po Valley (Northern Italy). Methane fluxes were measured during the rice growing season, both with EC and with manually operated closed chambers. Methane fluxes were strongly influenced by the presence of the water table, with emissions peaking when it was above 10-12 cm. Further studies are required to evaluate if water table management could decrease CH4 emissions. The development of rice plants and soil temperature were also responsible of the seasonal variation on the fluxes. The EC measured showed a diurnal cycle in the emissions, which was more relevant during the vegetative period, and with CH4 emissions being higher in the late evening, possibly associated with higher water temperature. The comparison between both measurement techniques shows that greater fluxes are measured with the chambers, especially when higher fluxes are being produced, resulting in 30 % higher seasonal estimations with the chambers than with the EC (41.1 and 31.8 g CH4 m-2 measured with chambers and EC respectively). The differences may be a result of the combined effect of overestimation with the chambers, the possible underestimation by the EC technique and of not having considered the daily course of the fluxes for the calculation of seasonal emissions from chambers.

Status on Technology Development of Optic Fiber-Coupled Laser Ignition System for Rocket Engine Applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Trinh, Huu P.; Early, Jim; Osborne, Robin; Thomas, Matthew; Bossard, John

2003-01-01

To pursue technology developments for future launch vehicles, NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) is examining vortex chamber concepts for liquid rocket engine applications. Past studies indicated that the vortex chamber schemes potentially have a number of advantages over conventional chamber methods. Due to the nature of the vortex flow, relatively cooler propellant streams tend to flow along the chamber wall. Hence, the thruster chamber can be operated without the need of any cooling techniques. This vortex flow also creates strong turbulence, which promotes the propellant mixing process. Consequently, the subject chamber concept: not only offer system simplicity, but also enhance the combustion performance. Test results have shown that chamber performance is markedly high even at a low chamber length-to-diameter ratio. This incentive can be translated to a convenience in the thrust chamber packaging.

Resveratrol Ameliorates Abnormalities of Fluid and Electrolyte Secretion in a Hypoxia-Induced Model of Acquired CFTR Deficiency

PubMed Central

Woodworth, Bradford A.

2015-01-01

Objective/Hypothesis Ineffective mucociliary clearance (MCC) is a common pathophysiologic process that underlies airway inflammation and infection. A dominant fluid and electrolyte secretory pathway in the nasal airways is governed by the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Decreased transepithelial Cl− transport secondary to an acquired CFTR deficiency may exacerbate respiratory epithelial dysfunction by diminishing MCC and increasing mucus viscosity. The objectives of the present study are to 1) develop a model of acquired CFTR deficiency in sinonasal epithelium using hypoxia, 2) investigate whether the polyphenol resveratrol promotes CFTR-mediated anion transport, 3) explore resveratrol mechanism of action and determine therapeutic suitability for overcoming acquired CFTR defects, and 4) test the drug in the hypoxic model of acquired CFTR deficiency in preparation for a clinical trial in human sinus disease. We hypothesize that hypoxia will induce depletion of airway surface liquid (ASL) secondary to acquired CFTR deficiency and that resveratrol will restore transepithelial Cl− secretion and recover ASL hydration. Study Design Basic science Methods Murine nasal septal (MNSE) and human sinonasal epithelial (HSNE) cultures were incubated under hypoxic conditions (1% O2,5% CO2) and transepithelial ion transport (change in short-circuit current=ΔISC) evaluated in Ussing chambers. Resveratrol was tested using primary cells and HEK293 cells expressing human CFTR by Ussing chamber and patch clamp techniques under both phosphorylating and non-phosphorylating conditions. CFTR activation was evaluated in human explants and by murine in vivo (nasal potential difference) assessment. Cellular cAMP (ELISA) and subsequent CFTR regulatory domain (R-D) phosphorylation (gel-shift assay) were also evaluated. Effects of hypoxia and resveratrol on ASL were tested using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and micro-optical coherence tomography (μOCT). Results Hypoxia significantly decreased ΔISC (in μA/cm2) attributable to CFTR at 12 and 24 hours of exposure in both MNSE [13.55+/− 0.46 (12 hours);12.75+/−0.07(24 hours) vs. 19.23+/−0.18(control);p<0.05] and HSNE [19.55+/−0.56(12 hours);17.67+/− 1.13(24 hours) vs. 25.49+/−1.48(control);p<0.05]. We have shown that resveratrol (100μM) enhanced CFTR-dependent Cl− secretion in HSNE to an extent comparable to the recently FDA-approved CFTR potentiator, ivacaftor. Cl− transport across human sinonasal explants [78.42+/−1.75 vs. 1.75+/−1.5(control);p<0.05] and in vivo murine nasal epithelium [−4+/−1.8 vs. −0.8+/−1.7 mV(control);p<0.05] was also significantly increased by the drug. No increase in cellular cAMP or CFTR R-domain phosphorylation was detected. Inside out patches showed increased CFTR open probability [(NPo/N(N=channel number)] compared to controls in both MNSE [(0.329+/−0.116 vs. 0.119+/−0.059(control);p<0.05)] and HEK293 cells [(0.22+/−0.048 vs. 0.125+/−0.07(control);p<0.05). ASL thickness was decreased under hypoxic conditions when measured by CLSM [4.19+/−0.44 vs. 6.88+/−0.67(control);p<0.05]. A 30 minute apical application of resveratrol increased ASL depth in normal epithelium [8.08+/−1.68 vs. 6.11+/−0.47(control);p<0.05]. Furthermore, hypoxia-induced abnormalities of fluid and electrolyte secretion in sinonasal epithelium were restored with resveratrol treatment [5.55+/−0.74 vs. 3.13+/−0.17(control);p<0.05]. Conclusions CFTR activation with a leading edge Cl− secretagogue such as resveratrol represents an innovative approach to overcoming acquired CFTR defects in sinus and nasal airway disease. This exciting new strategy bears further testing in non-CF individuals with CRS. PMID:25946147

A Model Parameter Extraction Method for Dielectric Barrier Discharge Ozone Chamber using Differential Evolution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Amjad, M.; Salam, Z.; Ishaque, K.

2014-04-01

In order to design an efficient resonant power supply for ozone gas generator, it is necessary to accurately determine the parameters of the ozone chamber. In the conventional method, the information from Lissajous plot is used to estimate the values of these parameters. However, the experimental setup for this purpose can only predict the parameters at one operating frequency and there is no guarantee that it results in the highest ozone gas yield. This paper proposes a new approach to determine the parameters using a search and optimization technique known as Differential Evolution (DE). The desired objective function of DE is set at the resonance condition and the chamber parameter values can be searched regardless of experimental constraints. The chamber parameters obtained from the DE technique are validated by experiment.

A new surgical technique using steel suture for trans-scleral fixation of posterior chamber intraocular lenses

PubMed Central

Ram, Jagat; Gupta, Nishant; Chaudhary, Manish; Verma, Neelam

2013-01-01

Background: A new emerging complication of trans-scleral fixation of posterior chamber (PC) intraocular lens (IOL) with polypropylene suture is high rates of spontaneous dislocation of the IOL due to disintegration or breakage of suture. Materials: We report a new surgical technique of trans-scleral fixation of posterior chamber intraocular lens (SF PCIOL) with steel suture to eliminate the complication of dislocation of IOL fixed with polypropylene suture in one adult and a child. Results: We successfully achieved stable fixation and good centration of IOL after SF PCIOL with steel suture in these patient having inadequate posterior capsular support. Both eyes achieved best corrected visual acuity 20/40 at 18 months follow-up. Conclusions: Steel suture is a viable option for trans-scleral fixation of posterior chamber intraocular lens. PMID:23619504

Estimation of VOC emissions from produced-water treatment ponds in Uintah Basin oil and gas field using modeling techniques

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tran, H.; Mansfield, M. L.; Lyman, S. N.; O'Neil, T.; Jones, C. P.

2015-12-01

Emissions from produced-water treatment ponds are poorly characterized sources in oil and gas emission inventories that play a critical role in studying elevated winter ozone events in the Uintah Basin, Utah, U.S. Information gaps include un-quantified amounts and compositions of gases emitted from these facilities. The emitted gases are often known as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which, beside nitrogen oxides (NOX), are major precursors for ozone formation in the near-surface layer. Field measurement campaigns using the flux-chamber technique have been performed to measure VOC emissions from a limited number of produced water ponds in the Uintah Basin of eastern Utah. Although the flux chamber provides accurate measurements at the point of sampling, it covers just a limited area of the ponds and is prone to altering environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, pressure). This fact raises the need to validate flux chamber measurements. In this study, we apply an inverse-dispersion modeling technique with evacuated canister sampling to validate the flux-chamber measurements. This modeling technique applies an initial and arbitrary emission rate to estimate pollutant concentrations at pre-defined receptors, and adjusts the emission rate until the estimated pollutant concentrations approximates measured concentrations at the receptors. The derived emission rates are then compared with flux-chamber measurements and differences are analyzed. Additionally, we investigate the applicability of the WATER9 wastewater emission model for the estimation of VOC emissions from produced-water ponds in the Uintah Basin. WATER9 estimates the emission of each gas based on properties of the gas, its concentration in the waste water, and the characteristics of the influent and treatment units. Results of VOC emission estimations using inverse-dispersion and WATER9 modeling techniques will be reported.

Pulse mode readout techniques for use with non-gridded industrial ionization chambers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Popov, Vladimir E.; Degtiarenko, Pavel V.

2011-10-01

Highly sensitive readout technique for precision long-term radiation measurements has been developed and tested in the Radiation Control Department at Jefferson Lab. The new electronics design is used to retrieve ionization data in a pulse mode. The dedicated data acquisition system works with M=Audio Audiophile 192 High-Definition 24-bit/192 kHz audio cards, taking data in continuous waveform recording mode. The on-line data processing algorithms extract signals of the ionization events from the data flow and measure the ionization value for each event. Two different ion chambers are evaluated. The first is a Reuter-Stokes Argon-filled (at 25 atm) High Pressure Ionization Chambermore » (HPIC), commonly used as a detector part in many GE Reuter-Stokes instruments of the RSS series. The second is a VacuTec Model 70181, 5 atm Xenon-filled ionization chamber. Results for both chambers indicate that the techniques allow using industrial ICs for high sensitivity and precision long-term radiation measurements, while at the same time providing information about spectral characteristics of the radiation fields.« less

Measurement of absorbed dose with a bone-equivalent extrapolation chamber.

PubMed

DeBlois, François; Abdel-Rahman, Wamied; Seuntjens, Jan P; Podgorsak, Ervin B

2002-03-01

A hybrid phantom-embedded extrapolation chamber (PEEC) made of Solid Water and bone-equivalent material was used for determining absorbed dose in a bone-equivalent phantom irradiated with clinical radiation beams (cobalt-60 gamma rays; 6 and 18 MV x rays; and 9 and 15 MeV electrons). The dose was determined with the Spencer-Attix cavity theory, using ionization gradient measurements and an indirect determination of the chamber air-mass through measurements of chamber capacitance. The collected charge was corrected for ionic recombination and diffusion in the chamber air volume following the standard two-voltage technique. Due to the hybrid chamber design, correction factors accounting for scatter deficit and electrode composition were determined and applied in the dose equation to obtain absorbed dose in bone for the equivalent homogeneous bone phantom. Correction factors for graphite electrodes were calculated with Monte Carlo techniques and the calculated results were verified through relative air cavity dose measurements for three different polarizing electrode materials: graphite, steel, and brass in conjunction with a graphite collecting electrode. Scatter deficit, due mainly to loss of lateral scatter in the hybrid chamber, reduces the dose to the air cavity in the hybrid PEEC in comparison with full bone PEEC by 0.7% to approximately 2% depending on beam quality and energy. In megavoltage photon and electron beams, graphite electrodes do not affect the dose measurement in the Solid Water PEEC but decrease the cavity dose by up to 5% in the bone-equivalent PEEC even for very thin graphite electrodes (<0.0025 cm). In conjunction with appropriate correction factors determined with Monte Carlo techniques, the uncalibrated hybrid PEEC can be used for measuring absorbed dose in bone material to within 2% for high-energy photon and electron beams.

Use of an Electrochemical Split Cell Technique to Evaluate the Influence of Shewanella oneidensis Activities on Corrosion of Carbon Steel

PubMed Central

Miller, Robert Bertram; Sadek, Anwar; Rodriguez, Alvaro; Iannuzzi, Mariano; Giai, Carla; Senko, John M.; Monty, Chelsea N.

2016-01-01

Microbially induced corrosion (MIC) is a complex problem that affects various industries. Several techniques have been developed to monitor corrosion and elucidate corrosion mechanisms, including microbiological processes that induce metal deterioration. We used zero resistance ammetry (ZRA) in a split chamber configuration to evaluate the effects of the facultatively anaerobic Fe(III) reducing bacterium Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 on the corrosion of UNS G10180 carbon steel. We show that activities of S. oneidensis inhibit corrosion of steel with which that organism has direct contact. However, when a carbon steel coupon in contact with S. oneidensis was electrically connected to a second coupon that was free of biofilm (in separate chambers of the split chamber assembly), ZRA-based measurements indicated that current moved from the S. oneidensis-containing chamber to the cell-free chamber. This electron transfer enhanced the O2 reduction reaction on the coupon deployed in the cell free chamber, and consequently, enhanced oxidation and corrosion of that electrode. Our results illustrate a novel mechanism for MIC in cases where metal surfaces are heterogeneously covered by biofilms. PMID:26824529

Astronaut Alan Shepard - U.S.S. Champlain - Post-Recovery Mercury Capsule

NASA Image and Video Library

1961-05-05

S61-02727 (5 May 1961) --- Astronaut Alan B. Shepard is seen on the deck of the USS Lake Champlain after the recovery of his Mercury capsule in the western Atlantic Ocean. Shepard and the Mercury spacecraft designated the ?Freedom 7? were flown to the deck of the recovery ship within 11 minutes of splashdown. MR-3 was the United States? first manned space mission. The spacecraft attained a maximum speed of 5,180 miles per hour, reached an altitude of 116 1/2 statute miles, and landed 302 statute miles downrange from Cape Canaveral, Florida. The suborbital mission lasted 15 minutes and 22 seconds. Photo credit: NASA or National Aeronautics and Space Administration

KSC-2014-4776

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-12-05

SAN DIEGO, Calif. -- U.S. Navy personnel aboard the USS Anchorage prepare for recovery of NASA's Orion spacecraft from the Pacific Ocean about 600 miles off the coast of San Diego, California. Orion splashed down after its first flight test in Earth orbit. NASA, the U.S. Navy and Lockheed Martin are coordinating efforts to recover Orion and secure the spacecraft in the well deck of the USS Anchorage. Orion completed a two-orbit, four-and-a-half hour mission, to test systems critical to crew safety, including the launch abort system, the heat shield and the parachute system. The Ground Systems Development and Operations Program is leading the recovery efforts. For more information, visit www.nasa.gov/orion Photo credit: NASA/Kenny Allen

AmeriFlux US-Ses Sevilleta shrubland

DOE Data Explorer

Litvak, Marcy [University of New Mexico

2016-01-01

This is the AmeriFlux version of the carbon flux data for the site US-Ses Sevilleta shrubland. Site Description - The Sevilleta Desert Shrubland site is located within the McKenzie Flats area of the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge (NWR), central New Mexico. Historically, this area has been used for livestock grazing; however, the McKenzie Flats have not been grazed since 1973 and the effects of this previous grazing are considered negligible for the purposes of this study. As the name suggests, McKenzie Flats is an extensive (~130 km2), nearly flat, mixed-species desert grassland bounded on the east by Los Pinos Mountains and on the west by the Rio Grande.

Ares I-X USS Material Testing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dawicke, David S.; Smith, Stephen W.; Raju, Ivatury S.

2008-01-01

An independent assessment was conducted to determine the critical initial flaw size (CIFS) for the flange-to-skin weld in the Ares I-X Upper Stage Simulator (USS). Material characterization tests were conducted to quantify the material behavior for use in the CIFS analyses. Fatigue crack growth rate, Charpy impact, and fracture tests were conducted on the parent and welded A516 Grade 70 steel. The crack growth rate tests confirmed that the material behaved in agreement with literature data and that a salt water environment would not significantly degrade the fatigue resistance. The Charpy impact tests confirmed that the fracture resistance of the material did not have a significant reduction for the expected operational temperatures of the vehicle.

Underway Recovery Test 6 (URT-6) - Day 4 Afternoon Activities

NASA Image and Video Library

2018-01-20

Chief Warrant Officer Ferrari from the USS Anchorage inspects the Deck Department as they prepare to bring in “Oscar,” a dummy used for man overboard drills. During Underway Recovery Test 6, the USS Anchorage’s man overboard drill gave Kennedy Space Center’s NASA Recovery Team a glimpse of one way an astronaut could be brought from a small boat onto the ship using a stretcher. Once the Orion capsule splashes down in the Pacific Ocean, astronauts can choose to stay in the capsule until it is pulled into the well deck of the Navy vessel, or have a diver retrieve them first and then get the capsule later.

APOLLO 13 - COMMAND MODULE - RECOVERY - SPLASHDOWN - SOUTH PACIFIC OCEAN

NASA Image and Video Library

1970-04-17

S70-35632 (17 April 1970) --- Crewmen aboard the USS Iwo Jima, prime recovery ship for the Apollo 13 mission, guide the Command Module (CM) atop a dolly onboard the ship. The CM is connected by strong cable to a hoist on the vessel. The Apollo 13 crewmembers, astronauts James A. Lovell Jr., commander; John L. Swigert Jr., command module pilot; and Fred W. Haise Jr., lunar module pilot, were already aboard the USS Iwo Jima when this photograph was made. The CM, with the three tired crewmen aboard, splashed down at 12:07:44 p.m. (CST), April 17, 1970, only about four miles from the recovery vessel in the South Pacific Ocean.

Electrostatic monitoring

DOEpatents

Orr, Christopher Henry; Luff, Craig Janson; Dockray, Thomas; Macarthur, Duncan Whittemore

2001-01-01

The apparatus and method provide a technique for more simply measuring alpha and/or beta emissions arising from items or locations. The technique uses indirect monitoring of the emissions by detecting ions generated by the emissions, the ions being attracted electrostatically to electrodes for discharge of collection. The apparatus and method employ a chamber which is sealed around the item or location during monitoring with no air being drawn into or expelled from the chamber during the monitoring process. A simplified structure and operations arises as a result, but without impairing the efficiency and accuracy of the detection technique.

Effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine on duodenal mucosal bicarbonate secretion in mice.

PubMed

Tuo, Bi-Guang; Isenberg, Jon I

2003-09-01

5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is an important neurotransmitter and intercellular messenger that modulates many gastrointestinal functions. Because little is known about the role of 5-HT in the regulation of duodenal bicarbonate secretion, we examined the role of 5-HT on duodenal bicarbonate secretion and define neural pathways involved in the actions of 5-HT. Duodenal mucosa from National Institutes of Health Swiss mice was stripped of seromuscular layers and mounted in Ussing chambers. The effect of 5-HT on duodenal bicarbonate secretion was determined by the pH stat technique. Acetylcholine (ACh) release from duodenal mucosa was assessed by preincubating the tissue with [(3)H] choline and measuring 5-HT-evoked release of tritium. 5-HT added to the serosal bath markedly stimulated duodenal bicarbonate secretion and short circuit current (Isc) in a dose-dependent manner (10(-7) mol/L to 10(-3) mol/L; P < 0.0001), whereas mucosally added 5-HT was without effect. 5-HT-stimulated bicarbonate secretion was independent of luminal Cl(-). Pretreatment with tetrodotoxin (TTX) (10(-6) mol/L) or atropine (10(-5) mol/L) markedly reduced 5-HT-stimulated duodenal bicarbonate secretion (by 60% and 65%, respectively; P < 0.001) and Isc (by 45% and 27%, respectively; P < 0.001 and P < 0.05). Pretreatment with N(omega)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) (10(-3) mol/L), propranolol (10(-5) mol/L), or phentolamine (10(-5) mol/L) did not significantly alter 5-HT-stimulated duodenal mucosal bicarbonate secretion or Isc. 5-HT concentration-dependently evoked ACh release from duodenal mucosal preparations (P < 0.0001). TTX markedly inhibited 5-HT-evoked ACh release (P < 0.001). 5-HT is a potent activator of duodenal mucosal bicarbonate secretion in mice. Duodenal bicarbonate secretion induced by 5-HT in vitro occurs principally via a cholinergic neural pathway.

The use of FT-IR reflection-absorbance spectroscopy to study photochemical degradation of polymeric coatings on mirrors

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Webb, J.D.; Chughtai, A.R.; Czanderna, A.W.

1981-10-01

A technique is presented for in situ study of degradative changes in polymeric coatings on metallic substrates. The technique uses a controlled environment chamber in conjunction with a Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrophotometer. The chamber design permits collection of IR reflection-absorbance spectra from a sample undergoing exposure to controlled ultraviolet (UV) radiation, gas mixtures, and temperatures. Initial data presented confirm the ability of the technique to provide information regarding the bulk photochemistry of bisphenol-A polycarbonate coatings on gold and aluminum substrates. Refinements of this technique should allow a detailed kinetic study of degradative reactions at the polymer/metal interface.

Use of FT-IR reflection-absorbance spectroscopy to study photochemical degradation of polymeric coatings on mirrors

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Webb, J D; Schissel, P; Czanderna, A W

1981-01-01

A technique is presented for in situ study of degradative changes in polymeric coatings on metallic substrates. The technique uses a controlled environment chamber in conjunction with a Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrophotometer. The chamber design permits collection of IR reflection-absorbance spectra from a sample undergoing exposure to controlled ultraviolet (uv) radiation, gas mixtures, and temperatures. Initial data presented confirm the ability of the technique to provide information regarding the bulk photochemistry of bisphenol-A polycarbonate coatings on gold and aluminum substrates. Refinements of this technique should allow a detailed kinetic study of degradative reactions at the polymer/metal interface.

The Pavlovian analysis of instrumental conditioning.

PubMed

Gormezano, I; Tait, R W

1976-01-01

An account was given of the development within the Russian literature of a uniprocess formulation of classical and instrumental conditioning, known as the bidirectional conditioning hypothesis. The hypothesis purports to offer a single set of Pavlovian principles to account for both paradigms, based upon a neural model which assumes that bidirectional (forward and backward) connections are formed in both calssical and instrumental conditioning situations. In instrumental conditioning, the bidirectional connections are hypothesized to be simply more complex than those in classical conditioning, and any differences in empirical functions are presumed to lie not in difference in mechanism, but in the strength of the forward and backward connections. Although bidirectional connections are assumed to develop in instrumental conditioning, the experimental investigation of the bidirectional conditioning hypothesis has been essentially restricted to the classical conditioning operations of pairing two CSs (sensory preconditioning training), a US followed by a CS (backward conditioning training) and two USs. However, the paradigm involving the pairing of two USs, because of theoretical and analytical considerations, is the one most commonly employed by Russian investigators. The results of an initial experiment involving the pairing of two USs, and reference to the results of a more extensive investigation, leads us to tentatively question the validity of the bidirectional conditioning account of instrumental conditioning.

Investigation of electroforming techniques. [fabrication of regeneratively cooled thrust chambers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Malone, G. A.

1975-01-01

Copper and nickel electroforming was examined for the purpose of establishing the necessary processes and procedures for repeatable, successful fabrication of the outer structures of regeneratively cooled thrust chambers. The selection of electrolytes for copper and nickel deposition is described. The development studies performed to refine and complete the processes necessary for successful chamber shell fabrication and the testing employed to verify the applicability of the processes and procedures to small scale hardware are described. Specifications were developed to afford a guideline for the electroforming of high quality outer shells on regeneratively cooled thrust chamber liners. Test results indicated repeatable mechanical properties could be produced in copper deposits from the copper sulfate electrolyte with periodic current reversal and in nickel deposits from the sulfamate solution. Use of inert, removable channel fillers and the conductivizing of such is described. Techniques (verified by test) which produce high integrity bonds to copper and copper alloy liners are discussed.

INTRAOCULAR LENS SCAFFOLD TO PREVENT INTRAOCULAR FOREIGN BODY SLIPPAGE.

PubMed

Agarwal, Amar; Ashok Kumar, Dhivya; Agarwal, Athiya

2017-01-01

To report the application of intraocular lens (IOL) scaffold technique in intraocular foreign body (IOFB) removal. Patient with IOFB in posterior segment is included. The IOFB is retrieved from the posterior segment (pars plana vitrectomy and exteriorization of the IOFB from the retinal surface using an intravitreal forceps via the posterior capsulotomy) and placed on the iris. A three-piece posterior chamber IOL is placed in the sulcus via the clear corneal incision. IOFB is then removed from the anterior chamber over the IOL by forceps. Metallic IOFB of 4 mm × 3 mm has been retrieved by IOL scaffold technique after rescuing it from the posterior segment. There has been no drop or slip of IOFB in the vitreous during removal. Posterior chamber IOL served as scaffold during IOFB removal from anterior chamber. The IOL scaffold maneuver has shown to prevent slippage by acting as a barrier between the IOFB and the vitreous.

Shielding Effectiveness in a Two-Dimensional Reverberation Chamber Using Finite-Element Techniques

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bunting, Charles F.

2006-01-01

Reverberation chambers are attaining an increased importance in determination of electromagnetic susceptibility of avionics equipment. Given the nature of the variable boundary condition, the ability of a given source to couple energy into certain modes and the passband characteristic due the chamber Q, the fields are typically characterized by statistical means. The emphasis of this work is to apply finite-element techniques at cutoff to the analysis of a two-dimensional structure to examine the notion of shielding-effectiveness issues in a reverberating environment. Simulated mechanical stirring will be used to obtain the appropriate statistical field distribution. The shielding effectiveness (SE) in a simulated reverberating environment is compared to measurements in a reverberation chamber. A log-normal distribution for the SE is observed with implications for system designers. The work is intended to provide further refinement in the consideration of SE in a complex electromagnetic environment.

Note: A versatile mass spectrometer chamber for molecular beam and temperature programmed desorption experiments

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tonks, James P., E-mail: james.tonks@awe.co.uk; AWE Plc, Aldermaston, Reading, Berkshire RG7 4PR; Galloway, Ewan C., E-mail: ewan.galloway@awe.co.uk

2016-08-15

A dual purpose mass spectrometer chamber capable of performing molecular beam scattering (MBS) and temperature programmed desorption (TPD) is detailed. Two simple features of this design allow it to perform these techniques. First, the diameter of entrance aperture to the mass spectrometer can be varied to maximize signal for TPD or to maximize angular resolution for MBS. Second, the mass spectrometer chamber can be radially translated so that it can be positioned close to the sample to maximize signal or far from the sample to maximize angular resolution. The performance of this system is described and compares well with systemsmore » designed for only one of these techniques.« less

Management of shoulder pain by UK general practitioners (GPs): a national survey

PubMed Central

Artus, Majid; van der Windt, Danielle A; Afolabi, Ebenezer K; Buchbinder, Rachelle; Chesterton, Linda S; Hall, Alison; Roddy, Edward; Foster, Nadine E

2017-01-01

Objectives Studies in Canada, the USA and Australia suggested low confidence among general practitioners (GPs) in diagnosing and managing shoulder pain, with frequent use of investigations. There are no comparable studies in the UK; our objective was to describe the diagnosis and management of shoulder pain by GPs in the UK. Methods A national survey of a random sample of 5000 UK GPs collected data on shoulder pain diagnosis and management using two clinical vignettes that described primary care presentations with rotator cuff tendinopathy (RCT) and adhesive capsulitis (AdhC). Results Seven hundred and fourteen (14.7%) responses were received. 56% and 83% of GPs were confident in their diagnosis of RCT and AdhC, respectively, and a wide range of investigations and management options were reported. For the RCT presentation, plain radiographs of the shoulder were most common (60%), followed by blood tests (42%) and ultrasound scans (USS) (38%). 19% of those who recommended a radiograph and 76% of those who recommended a USS did so ‘to confirm the diagnosis’. For the AdhC presentation, the most common investigations were blood tests (60%), plain shoulder radiographs (58%) and USS (31%). More than two-thirds of those recommending a USS did so ‘to confirm the diagnosis’. The most commonly recommended treatment for both presentations was physiotherapy (RCT 77%, AdhC 71%) followed by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (RCT 58%, AdhC 74%). 17% opted to refer the RCT to secondary care (most often musculoskeletal interface service), compared with 31% for the AdhC. Conclusions This survey of GPs in the UK highlights reliance on radiographs and blood tests in the management of common shoulder pain presentations. GPs report referring more than 7 out of 10 patients with RCT and AdhC to physiotherapists. These findings need to be viewed in the context of low response to the survey and, therefore, potential non-response bias. PMID:28637737

Corrosion of Submerged Artifacts and the Conservation of the USS Monitor

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cook, Desmond C.; Peterson, Curtiss E.

2005-04-26

The USS Monitor, the first ironclad warship to be constructed in the United States, was built in 1862 to serve in the American Civil War. It took part in the infamous battle of Hampton Roads, Virginia with the iron covered Confederate frigate, CSS Virginia. The USS Monitor eventually sank at sea in a storm in 1862, and following its discovery in 1973 many important pieces have been recovered. In order to evaluate the extent of degradation of the iron artifacts due to prolonged seawater submersion, a spectroscopic study of the corrosion products and marine sediments attached to the artifacts hasmore » begun, with some of the early findings being reported in this document. It has been determined that under anaerobic, aqueous and high chloride exposure, the predominant rust component formed on the wrought iron artifacts was Corrosion Magnetite, an unstable compound whose Moessbauer signature is different to that of the pure, natural and synthetic forms. The Corrosion Magnetite changed with time of exposure in air, with its oxidation forming non-stoichiometric maghemite. No akaganeite was detected in the anaerobically formed rust, but was identified if the iron artifact was allowed to dry in air. This is an important finding for archaeologists since formation of akaganeite indicates significant effort may be required to remove the insoluble chlorides from an artifact. Analysis of some ocean sediments trapped between wrought iron plates has shown that the pH is low, and the composition is mainly calcite and siderite, with the latter forming as a result of the rusting iron. The sulfur content was high at 1.5 weight percent, indicating the potential presence of microbial activity. Rusticles formed on iron surfaces of the USS Monitor have been identified as a solid outer casing of siderite, lepidocrocite and goethite, and a liquidous inner core of unstable Corrosion Magnetite having a low pH of about 3.« less

The role of simulation chambers in the development of spectroscopic techniques: campaigns at EUPHORE

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ródenas, Milagros; Muñoz, Amalia; Euphore Team

2016-04-01

Simulation chambers represent a very useful tool for the study of chemical reactions and their products, but also to characterize instruments. The development of spectroscopic techniques throughout the last decades has benefited from tests and intercomparison exercises carried out in chambers. In fact, instruments can be exposed to various controlled atmospheric scenarios that account for different environmental conditions, eliminating the uncertainties associated to fluctuations of the air mass, which must be taken into account when extrapolating results to the real conditions. Hence, a given instrument can be characterized by assessing its precision, accuracy, detection limits, time response and potential interferences in the presence of other chemical compounds, aerosols, etc. This implies that the instrument can be calibrated and validated, which allows to enhance the features of the instrument. Moreover, chambers are also the scenario of intercomparison trials, permitting multiple instruments to sample from the same well-mixed air mass simultaneously. An overview of different campaigns to characterize and/or intercompare spectroscopic techniques that have taken place in simulation chambers will be given; in particular, those carried out at EUPHORE (two twin domes, 200 m3 each, Spain), where various intercomparison exercises have been deployed under the frame of European projects (e.g. TOXIC, FIONA, PSOA campaigns supported by EUROCHAMP-II). With the common aim of measuring given compounds (e.g. HONO, NO2, OH, glyoxal, m-glyoxal, etc), an important number of spectroscopic instruments and institutions have been involved in chamber experiments, having the chance to intercompare among them and also with other non-spectroscopic systems (e.g. monitors, cromatographs, etc) or model simulations.

Construction of vacuum system for Tristan accumulation ring

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ishimaru, H.; Horikoshi, G.; Kobayashi, M.

1983-08-01

An all aluminum-alloy vacuum system for the TRISTAN accumulation ring is now under construction. Aluminum and aluminum alloys are preferred materials for ultrahigh vacuum systems of large electron storage rings because of their good thermal conductivity, extremely low outgassing rate, and low residual radioactivity. Vacuum beam chambers for the dipole and quadrupole magnets are extruded using porthole dies. The aluminum alloy 6063-T6 provides superior performance in extrusion. For ultrahigh vacuum performance, a special extrusion technique is applied which, along with the outgassing procedure used, is described in detail. Aluminum alloy 3004 seamless elliptical bellows are inserted between the dipole andmore » quadrupole magnet chambers. These bellows are produced by the hydraulic forming of a seamless tube. The seamless bellows and the beam chambers are joined by fully automatic welding. The ceramic chambers for the kicker magnets, the fast bump magnets, and the slow beam intensity monitor are inserted in the aluminum alloy beam chambers. The ceramic chamber (98% alumina) and elliptical bellows are brazed with brazing sheets (4003-3003-4003) in a vacuum furnace. The brazing technique is described. The inner surface of the ceramic chamber is coated with a TiMo alloy by vacuum evaporation to permit a smooth flow of the RF wall current. Other suitable aluminum alloy components, including fittings, feedthroughs, gauges, optical windows, sputter ion pumps, turbomolecular pumps, and valves have been developed; their fabrication is described.« less

Measurements of Gas-Wall Partitioning of Oxidized Species in Environmental Smog Chambers and Teflon Sampling Lines

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Krechmer, J.; Pagonis, D.; Ziemann, P. J.; Jimenez, J. L.

2015-12-01

Environmental "smog" chambers have played an integral role in atmospheric aerosol research for decades. Recently, many works have demonstrated that the loss of gas-phase material to fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) chamber walls can have significant effects on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) yield results. The effects of gas-wall partitioning on highly oxidized species is still controversial, however. In this work we performed a series of experiments examining the losses of oxidized gas-phase compounds that were generated in-situ­ in an environmental chamber. The loss of species to the walls was measured using three chemical ionization mass spectrometry techniques: proton-transfer-reaction (PTR), nitrate (NO3-) ion, and iodide (I-). Many oxidized species have wall loss timescales ranging between 15 to 45 minutes and scale according to the molecule's estimated saturation concentration c* and functional groups. By comparing results of the different techniques, and in particular by the use of the "wall-less" NO3- source, we find that measuring species with high chamber wall-loss rates is complicated by the use of a standard ion-molecule reaction (IMR) region, as well as long Teflon sampling lines, which can be important sinks for gas-phase species. This effect is observed even for semi-volatile species and could have significant effects on ambient sampling techniques that make highly time-resolved measurements using long sampling lines, such as eddy covariance measurements.

[The role of hormone analysis in the nosologic diagnosis and in the control of treatment of congenital primary hypothyroidism].

PubMed

Shilin, D E; Shvora, N M; Pykov, M I; Ibragimova, G V; Krotkov, F F; Riabykh, A V; Ponkratova, T S; Kasatkina, E P

2003-08-01

A total of 125 children and teenagers, aged 1 to 15 (including 74 patients with primary congenital hypothyroidism--CH--and 51 healthy children), were investigated in the city of Moscow for the purpose of elaborating new approaches towards the differentiated diagnostics of CH and of optimizing the assessment of the adequacy of its substitutive hormonal therapy (SHT). The concentrations of the thyrotropic hormone (TTH), free fractions of triiodothyronine and thyroxin (cT3 and cT4), thyreoglobulin (Tg) and of thyreoid peroxidase (hard-phase test-tube method, electro-chemiluminescent reaction, i.e. magnetic microparticles, based on the streptovidin-biotin technology; ruthenium mark at the "Elecsys 1010" analyzer with reagents manufactured by "F. Hoffman--La Rosh Ltd.", Switzerland.) were determined early in the morning on the empty stomach. On the basis of the above mentioned, the thyroid reserve index (TRI = Tg/TG), integral thyroid index (ITI = [cT3 + cT4]/TTG), and the integral of peripheral conversion (IPC = cT3/cT4) were calculated. The thyroid gland (TG) was visualized by the "Acuson-128 XP" ultrasonic device, "Acuson Corp.", USA, with a linear sensor of 10 Mhz, as well as by the "Toshiba-90B" gamma-chamber, Japan, with a low-energy collimator in 24 hours after an oral intake of sodium iodide marked by the iodine 123-isotope with an activity of 50 Mbc and after the cessation of SHT 3 to 5 weeks before. The complex diagnosis revealed 8 variations of primary CH; aplasia and TG dystopia and defects of the synthesis of the sodium-iodine symporter or Tg-concentration were found to belong to the most severe disease types according to hormonal parameters. As for Tg, in 52% of cases it was normal, undeterminable--23% and higher--25%. A simultaneously implemented ultrasonic scanning (USS) ensured a final diagnosis in subgroups, respectively, in all cases, in 25% and in 75% of patients. On the whole, after the two diagnostic stages (Tg + USS/ITR), the indications for isotope scanning left only for 23% of CH patients, i.e. a) if the Tg values could not be determined because the organ was not located in its typical place (17%); or b) if the Tg level was higher or if there was a goiter at the TG normal volume (6%). An in-depth hormonal analysis showed that, should CHT be monitored less than once in three months, it failed to secure a total compensation of the disease in above one third of CH children (39%). Therefore, a three-stage algorithm of nosological diagnostics is recommended for primary CH; it should comprise the determination of Tg level, and USS (for all patients) as well as TG scanning (according to rare indications). The result point at the necessity of hormonal monitoring of CH children and teenagers at least one in 2-3 months. The objectivity degree of CHT goes up as a number of estimated indices, i.e. ITI and IPC, are used alongside with absolute hormonal values.

Cardinal and deep uterosacral ligament lines of action: MRI based 3D technique development and preliminary findings in normal women

PubMed Central

Ramanah, Rajeev; Hsu, Yvonne; Ashton-Miller, James A.; DeLancey, John O. L.

2014-01-01

Introduction and hypothesis The cardinal ligament (CL) and deep uterosacral ligament (US) play a critical role in utero-vaginal support. This study aims to quantify their geometrical relationships in living women using a MRI-based 3D technique. Methods The angles between ligaments, the ligaments length and curvature were assessed on 3D models constructed from twenty MRIs of volunteers with normal support. How angle variation theoretically affects ligament tension was investigated using a simplified biomechanical model. Results The CLs are 18.1 °±6.8 °(SD) from the cephalic-caudal body axis , and the USs are dorsally directed and 92.5 °±13.5 from the body axis. The CLs are longer and more curved than US. The theoretical calculated tension on CL is 52 % larger than that on US. Conclusions The CL is relatively parallel to the body axis while the US is dorsally directed. The tensions on these ligaments are affected by their orientations. PMID:22618207

High spatial resolution dosimetric response maps for radiotherapy ionization chambers measured using kilovoltage synchrotron radiation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Butler, D. J.; Stevenson, A. W.; Wright, T. E.; Harty, P. D.; Lehmann, J.; Livingstone, J.; Crosbie, J. C.

2015-11-01

Small circular beams of synchrotron radiation (0.1 mm and 0.4 mm in diameter) were used to irradiate ionization chambers of the types commonly used in radiotherapy. By scanning the chamber through the beam and measuring the ionization current, a spatial map of the dosimetric response of the chamber was recorded. The technique is able to distinguish contributions to the large-field ionization current from the chamber walls, central electrode and chamber stem. Scans were recorded for the NE 2571 Farmer chamber, the PTW 30013, IBA FC65-G Farmer-type chambers, the NE 2611A and IBA CC13 thimble chambers, the PTW 31006 and 31014 pinpoint chambers, the PTW Roos and Advanced Markus plane-parallel chambers, and the PTW 23342 thin-window soft x-ray chamber. In all cases, large contributions to the response arise from areas where the incident beam grazes the cavity surfaces. Quantitative as well as qualitative information about the relative chamber response was extracted from the maps, including the relative contribution of the central electrode. Line scans using monochromatic beams show the effect of the photon energy on the chamber response. For Farmer-type chambers, a simple Monte Carlo model was in good agreement with the measured response.

Annual Net Ecosystem Productivity of Wetlands: A Comparison of Automated and Manual Chamber Methods

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Burrows, E. H.; Bubier, J. L.; Mosedale, A.; Crill, P. M.

2001-05-01

Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) of carbon dioxide (CO2) was measured in a minerotrophic poor fen in southeastern New Hampshire during the 2000 growing season using two types of chamber methods. Instantaneous CO2 flux was measured with transparent lexan and teflon static climate controlled chambers by calculating the change in headspace CO2 concentration in the chamber over time. Once per week the flux was sampled from ten manually operated chambers using a LI-COR 6200 portable photosynthesis system, which included a LI-6250 infrared gas analyzer, connected to the chambers. Ten automated chambers were installed in May of 2000, sampling CO2 flux every three hours over the diurnal cycle using a LI-COR 6262 infrared gas analyzer. The chambers and collars were placed throughout the fen in order to sample the range of plant communities. The manual sampling was done during the middle of the day, but the rate of photosynthesis changes depending on the amount of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). In order to simulate varying light levels, shrouds blocking different amounts of light were placed over each manual chamber. An opaque shroud was used to measure respiration. NEE ranged from -13.0 to 12.5 μ mol CO2/m2/s in the manual chambers and -16.2 to 11.8 μ mol CO2/m2/s in the automated chambers for the mid-summer growing season. Manual respiration fluxes were measured under higher temperature regimes and the response of respiration to temperature will be factored in when comparing the two chamber techniques. Research during the summer of 2001 will also include diurnal measurements. Growing season net ecosystem productivity (NEP) will be estimated and compared for the two chamber systems. Several models will be used to estimate the flux when the manual chambers were not being sampled. The models will be based on biomass and dominant species in each chamber, and various environmental factors including water table, pH, relative humidity, PAR, air and peat temperature. These factors will also be used to compare differences in NEP among the chambers. Manual chambers provide greater spatial variability, but are more labor intensive. Automated chambers provide higher temporal resolution and sample more uniformly, but are more expensive and not feasible in isolated wetlands with no access to electricity. These complementary chamber techniques offer a unique opportunity to assess the variability and uncertainty in CO2 flux measurements.

Effect of soybean-lecithin as an enhancer of buccal mucosa absorption of insulin.

PubMed

Tian, Weiqun; Hu, Qiaolin; Xu, Ying; Xu, Yi

2012-01-01

Transmucosal delivery is a suitable route for insulin non-injection administration. In order to understand how insulin passes through mucosa with soybean-lecithin as an enhancing absorption. The penetration rate of insulin molecular through porcine buccal mucosa was investigated by measuring transbuccal fluxes in the Ussing Chambers. The imaging morphology of rabbits buccal mucosa was analyzed by using non-contact mode atomic force microscopy. The permeation rate can be increased by co-administration of soybean-lecithin. Untreated buccal mucosa showed relatively smooth surface characteristics, with many small crater-like pits and indentations spread over mucosa surfaces. Buccal mucosa that had been treated with 1.0% (w/v) sodium deoxycholic acid (pH 7.4) appeared to much more indentations characteristic, which treated with 2.5% (w/v) soybean-lecithin (pH 7.4) and 2.5% (w/v) Azone or laurocapram (pH 7.4) appeared rather different, the surface mucosa treated with soybean-lecithin emulsion showed a fine, rippling effect whereas those exposed to Azone display a more coarse, undulating surface feature. As a result of that Azone could damage the surface of the buccal mucosa, but soybean-lecithin could not. This study demonstrated that soybean-lecithin is a better and safer enhancer for insulin transmucosal delivery.

The effect of P-glycoprotein on methadone hydrochloride flux in equine intestinal mucosa.

PubMed

Linardi, R L; Stokes, A M; Andrews, F M

2013-02-01

Methadone is an effective analgesic opioid that may have a place for the treatment of pain in horses. However, its absorption seems to be impaired by the presence of a transmembrane protein, P-glycoprotein, present in different tissues including the small intestine in other species. This study aims to determine the effect of the P-glycoprotein on methadone flux in the equine intestinal mucosa, as an indicator of in vivo drug absorption. Jejunum tissues from five horses were placed into the Ussing chambers and exposed to methadone solution in the presence or absence of Rhodamine 123 or verapamil. Electrical measurements demonstrated tissue viability for 120 min, and the flux of methadone across the jejunal membrane (mucosal to submucosal direction) was calculated based on the relative drug concentration measured by ELISA. The flux of methadone was significantly higher only in the presence of verapamil. P-glycoprotein was immunolocalized in the apical membrane of the jejunal epithelial cells (enterocytes), mainly located in the tip of the villi compared to cells of the crypts. P-glycoprotein is present in the equine jejunum and may possibly mediate the intestinal transport of methadone. This study suggests that P-glycoprotein may play a role in the poor intestinal absorption of methadone in vivo. © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

TNFalpha-induced and berberine-antagonized tight junction barrier impairment via tyrosine kinase, Akt and NFkappaB signaling.

PubMed

Amasheh, Maren; Fromm, Anja; Krug, Susanne M; Amasheh, Salah; Andres, Susanne; Zeitz, Martin; Fromm, Michael; Schulzke, Jörg-Dieter

2010-12-01

TNFα-mediated tight junction defects contribute to diarrhea in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). In our study, the signaling pathways of the TNFα effect on barrier- or pore-forming claudins were analyzed in HT-29/B6 human colon monolayers. Berberine, a herbal therapeutic agent that has been recently established as a therapy for diabetes and hypercholesterinemia, was able to completely antagonize the TNFα-mediated barrier defects in the cell model and in rat colon. Ussing chamber experiments and two-path impedance spectroscopy revealed a decrease of paracellular resistance after TNFα to 11±4%, whereas transcellular resistance was unchanged. The permeability of the paracellular marker fluorescein was increased fourfold. Berberine alone had no effect while it fully prevented the TNFα-induced barrier defects. This effect on resistance was confirmed in rat colon. TNFα removed claudin-1 from the tight junction and increased claudin-2 expression. Berberine prevented TNFα-induced claudin-1 disassembly and upregulation of claudin-2. The effects of berberine were mimicked by genistein plus BAY11-7082, indicating that they are mediated via tyrosine kinase, pAkt and NFκB pathways. In conclusion, the anti-diarrheal effect of berberine is explained by a novel mechanism, suggesting a therapeutic approach against barrier breakdown in intestinal inflammation.

Regulation of Bicarbonate Secretion in Marine Fish Intestine by the Calcium-Sensing Receptor.

PubMed

Gregório, Sílvia F; Fuentes, Juan

2018-04-04

In marine fish, high epithelial intestinal HCO₃ − secretion generates luminal carbonate precipitates of divalent cations that play a key role in water and ion homeostasis. The present study was designed to expose the putative role for calcium and the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) in the regulation of HCO₃ − secretion in the intestine of the sea bream ( Sparus aurata L.). Effects on the expression of the CaSR in the intestine were evaluated by qPCR and an increase was observed in the anterior intestine in fed fish compared with unfed fish and with different regions of intestine. CaSR expression reflected intestinal fluid calcium concentration. In addition, anterior intestine tissue was mounted in Ussing chambers to test the putative regulation of HCO₃ − secretion in vitro using the anterior intestine. HCO₃ − secretion was sensitive to varying calcium levels in luminal saline and to calcimimetic compounds known to activate/block the CaSR i.e., R 568 and NPS-2143. Subsequent experiments were performed in intestinal sacs to measure water absorption and the sensitivity of water absorption to varying luminal levels of calcium and calcimimetics were exposed as well. It appears, that CaSR mediates HCO₃ − secretion and water absorption in marine fish as shown by responsiveness to calcium levels and calcimimetic compounds.

Suppression of Adenosine-Activated Chloride Transport by Ethanol in Airway Epithelia

PubMed Central

Raju, Sammeta V.; Wang, Guoshun

2012-01-01

Alcohol abuse is associated with increased lung infections. Molecular understanding of the underlying mechanisms is not complete. Airway epithelial ion transport regulates the homeostasis of airway surface liquid, essential for airway mucosal immunity and lung host defense. Here, air-liquid interface cultures of Calu-3 epithelial cells were basolaterally exposed to physiologically relevant concentrations of ethanol (0, 25, 50 and 100 mM) for 24 hours and adenosine-stimulated ion transport was measured by Ussing chamber. The ethanol exposure reduced the epithelial short-circuit currents (ISC) in a dose-dependent manner. The ion currents activated by adenosine were chloride conductance mediated by cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a cAMP-activated chloride channel. Alloxazine, a specific inhibitor for A2B adenosine receptor (A2BAR), largely abolished the adenosine-stimulated chloride transport, suggesting that A2BAR is a major receptor responsible for regulating the chloride transport of the cells. Ethanol significantly reduced intracellular cAMP production upon adenosine stimulation. Moreover, ethanol-suppression of the chloride secretion was able to be restored by cAMP analogs or by inhibitors to block cAMP degradation. These results imply that ethanol exposure dysregulates CFTR-mediated chloride transport in airways by suppression of adenosine-A2BAR-cAMP signaling pathway, which might contribute to alcohol-associated lung infections. PMID:22442662

Effect of Permeation Enhancers on the Buccal Permeability of Nicotine: Ex vivo Transport Studies Complemented by MALDI MS Imaging.

PubMed

Marxen, Eva; Jin, Liang; Jacobsen, Jette; Janfelt, Christian; Hyrup, Birgitte; Nicolazzo, Joseph A

2018-02-21

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of several chemical permeation enhancers on the buccal permeability of nicotine and to image the spatial distribution of nicotine in buccal mucosa with and without buccal permeation enhancers. The impact of sodium taurodeoxycholate (STDC), sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and Azone® on the permeability of [ 3 H]-nicotine and [ 14 C]-mannitol (a paracellular marker) across porcine buccal mucosa was studied ex vivo in modified Ussing chambers. The distribution of nicotine, mannitol and permeation enhancers was imaged using using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI MSI). Despite STDC significantly increasing permeability of [ 14 C]-mannitol, no enhancing effect was seen on [ 3 H]-nicotine permeability with any of the permeation enhancers. Rather, SDS and DMSO retarded nicotine permeability, likely due to nicotine being retained in the donor compartment. The permeability results were complemented by the spatial distribution of nicotine and mannitol determined with MALDI MSI. The buccal permeability of nicotine was affected in an enhancer specific manner, suggesting that nicotine primarily diffuses via the transcellular pathway. MALDI MSI was shown to complement ex vivo permeability studies and to be a useful qualitative tool for visualizing drug and penetration enhancer distribution in buccal mucosa.

OligoG CF-5/20 normalizes cystic fibrosis mucus by chelating calcium.

PubMed

Ermund, Anna; Recktenwald, Christian V; Skjåk-Braek, Gudmund; Meiss, Lauren N; Onsøyen, Edvar; Rye, Philip D; Dessen, Arne; Myrset, Astrid Hilde; Hansson, Gunnar C

2017-06-01

The goal of this study was to determine whether the guluronate (G) rich alginate OligoG CF-5/20 (OligoG) could detach cystic fibrosis (CF) mucus by calcium chelation, which is also required for normal mucin unfolding. Since bicarbonate secretion is impaired in CF, leading to insufficient mucin unfolding and thereby attached mucus, and since bicarbonate has the ability to bind calcium, we hypothesized that the calcium chelating property of OligoG would lead to detachment of CF mucus. Indeed, OligoG could compete with the N-terminus of the MUC2 mucin for calcium binding as shown by microscale thermophoresis. Further, effects on mucus thickness and attachment induced by OligoG and other alginate fractions of different length and composition were evaluated in explants of CF mouse ileum mounted in horizontal Ussing-type chambers. OligoG at 1.5% caused effective detachment of CF mucus and the most potent alginate fraction tested, the poly-G fraction of about 12 residues, had similar potency compared to OligoG whereas mannuronate-rich (M) polymers had minimal effect. In conclusion, OligoG binds calcium with appropriate affinity without any overt harmful effect on the tissue and can be exploited for treating mucus stagnation. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.

Effect of amiloride and bumetanide on transepithelial ion transport in isolated rabbit cecal and colonic wall.

PubMed

Kosik-Bogacka, Danuta; Młodzik-Danielewicz, Natalia; Banach, Bolesław; Tyrakowski, Tomasz

2005-06-03

The aim of the study was to compare the effects of amiloride and bumetanide on the baseline transepithelial electrical potential difference (PD) and changes in PD during mechanical stimulation (dPD) in isolated cecal and colonic wall of rabbits. The experiments were performed with a modified Ussing chamber system. Isolated tissue specimens were incubated in Ringer's solution, in amiloride and/or bumetanide, or in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Under control conditions, i.e. when all the experimental fluids were Ringer's solution, the PD and R values of the rabbit cecum and colon were similar, while during mechanical stimulation, dPD of the colon was twice as high as that of the cecum. Addition of amiloride and/or bumetanide to all experimental fluids diminished the electrophysiological parameters of both tissues. DMSO added to all experimental fluids significantly diminished the values of the electrophysiological parameters of the cecum. Addition of amiloride to the stimulation fluid only diminished the PD and dPD values in the colon, whereas addition of bumetanide to the stimulation fluid only diminished the PD and dPD values in the cecum. It was found that the PD and dPD values of the rabbit cecum depend primarily on chloride ion transport, while those of the colon depend on sodium ion transport.

Biophysical Model of Ion Transport across Human Respiratory Epithelia Allows Quantification of Ion Permeabilities

PubMed Central

Garcia, Guilherme J.M.; Boucher, Richard C.; Elston, Timothy C.

2013-01-01

Lung health and normal mucus clearance depend on adequate hydration of airway surfaces. Because transepithelial osmotic gradients drive water flows, sufficient hydration of the airway surface liquid depends on a balance between ion secretion and absorption by respiratory epithelia. In vitro experiments using cultures of primary human nasal epithelia and human bronchial epithelia have established many of the biophysical processes involved in airway surface liquid homeostasis. Most experimental studies, however, have focused on the apical membrane, despite the fact that ion transport across respiratory epithelia involves both cellular and paracellular pathways. In fact, the ion permeabilities of the basolateral membrane and paracellular pathway remain largely unknown. Here we use a biophysical model for water and ion transport to quantify ion permeabilities of all pathways (apical, basolateral, paracellular) in human nasal epithelia cultures using experimental (Ussing Chamber and microelectrode) data reported in the literature. We derive analytical formulas for the steady-state short-circuit current and membrane potential, which are for polarized epithelia the equivalent of the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation for single isolated cells. These relations allow parameter estimation to be performed efficiently. By providing a method to quantify all the ion permeabilities of respiratory epithelia, the model may aid us in understanding the physiology that regulates normal airway surface hydration. PMID:23442922

KSC-2014-4772

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-12-05

SAN DIEGO, Calif. -- NASA's Orion spacecraft is on rubber bumpers in the flooded well deck of the USS Anchorage in the Pacific Ocean about 600 miles off the coast of San Diego, California. Orion splashed down after its first flight test in Earth orbit. NASA, the U.S. Navy and Lockheed Martin are coordinating efforts to recover Orion and secure the spacecraft in the well deck of the USS Anchorage. Orion completed a two-orbit, four-and-a-half hour mission, to test systems critical to crew safety, including the launch abort system, the heat shield and the parachute system. The Ground Systems Development and Operations Program is leading the recovery efforts. For more information, visit www.nasa.gov/orion Photo credit: NASA/Kenny Allen

Apollo 17 - Command Module (CM) - Pre-Recovery Operations - South Pacific Ocean

NASA Image and Video Library

1972-12-19

S72-56147 (19 Dec. 1972) --- A water-level view of the Apollo 17 Command Module (CM) floating in the Pacific Ocean following splashdown and prior to recovery. The prime recovery ship, the USS Ticonderoga, is in the background. When this picture was taken, the three-man crew of astronauts Eugene A. Cernan, Ronald E. Evans and Harrison H. Schmitt, had already been picked up by helicopter and flown to the deck of the recovery ship. The spacecraft was later hoisted aboard the USS Ticonderoga. A United States Navy UDT swimmer stands on the flotation collar. Apollo 17 splashdown occurred at 1:24:59 p.m. (CST), Dec. 19, 1972, about 350 nautical miles southeast of Samoa.

Interfacial and Thin Film Chemistry in Electron Device Fabrication

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-11-20

mounted on our UHV surface analysis system, and J. Forster and D. V. Podlesnik of the IBM General Technology Division. The following discussion...IBM (East Fishkill). The system being built consists of three chambers: one UHV analysis chamber, one UHV reaction chamber and one high pressure...system will be equipped with several surface analysis and cleaning techniques. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry will be used to do attenuated

Development and Hot-fire Testing of Additively Manufactured Copper Combustion Chambers for Liquid Rocket Engine Applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gradl, Paul R.; Greene, Sandy Elam; Protz, Christopher S.; Ellis, David L.; Lerch, Bradley A.; Locci, Ivan E.

2017-01-01

NASA and industry partners are working towards fabrication process development to reduce costs and schedules associated with manufacturing liquid rocket engine components with the goal of reducing overall mission costs. One such technique being evaluated is powder-bed fusion or selective laser melting (SLM), commonly referred to as additive manufacturing (AM). The NASA Low Cost Upper Stage Propulsion (LCUSP) program was designed to develop processes and material characterization for GRCop-84 (a NASA Glenn Research Center-developed copper, chrome, niobium alloy) commensurate with powder-bed AM, evaluate bimetallic deposition, and complete testing of a full scale combustion chamber. As part of this development, the process has been transferred to industry partners to enable a long-term supply chain of monolithic copper combustion chambers. To advance the processes further and allow for optimization with multiple materials, NASA is also investigating the feasibility of bimetallic AM chambers. In addition to the LCUSP program, NASA has completed a series of development programs and hot-fire tests to demonstrate SLM GRCop-84 and other AM techniques. NASA's efforts include a 4K lbf thrust liquid oxygen/methane (LOX/CH4) combustion chamber and subscale thrust chambers for 1.2K lbf LOX/hydrogen (H2) applications that have been designed and fabricated with SLM GRCop-84. The same technologies for these lower thrust applications are being applied to 25-35K lbf main combustion chamber (MCC) designs. This paper describes the design, development, manufacturing and testing of these numerous combustion chambers, and the associated lessons learned throughout their design and development processes.

A new slit lamp-based technique for anterior chamber angle estimation.

PubMed

Gispets, Joan; Cardona, Genís; Tomàs, Núria; Fusté, Cèlia; Binns, Alison; Fortes, Miguel A

2014-06-01

To design and test a new noninvasive method for anterior chamber angle (ACA) estimation based on the slit lamp that is accessible to all eye-care professionals. A new technique (slit lamp anterior chamber estimation [SLACE]) that aims to overcome some of the limitations of the van Herick procedure was designed. The technique, which only requires a slit lamp, was applied to estimate the ACA of 50 participants (100 eyes) using two different slit lamp models, and results were compared with gonioscopy as the clinical standard. The Spearman nonparametric correlation between ACA values as determined by gonioscopy and SLACE were 0.81 (p < 0.001) and 0.79 (p < 0.001) for each slit lamp. Sensitivity values of 100 and 87.5% and specificity values of 75 and 81.2%, depending on the slit lamp used, were obtained for the SLACE technique as compared with gonioscopy (Spaeth classification). The SLACE technique, when compared with gonioscopy, displayed good accuracy in the detection of narrow angles, and it may be useful for eye-care clinicians without access to expensive alternative equipment or those who cannot perform gonioscopy because of legal constraints regarding the use of diagnostic drugs.

The development of experimental techniques for the study of helicopter rotor noise

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Widnall, S. E.; Harris, W. L.; Lee, Y. C. A.; Drees, H. M.

1974-01-01

The features of existing wind tunnels involved in noise studies are discussed. The acoustic characteristics of the MIT low noise open jet wind tunnel are obtained by employing calibration techniques: one technique is to measure the decay of sound pressure with distance in the far field; the other technique is to utilize a speaker, which was calibrated, as a sound source. The sound pressure level versus frequency was obtained in the wind tunnel chamber and compared with the corresponding calibrated values. Fiberglas board-block units were installed on the chamber interior. The free field was increased significantly after this treatment and the chamber cut-off frequency was reduced to 160 Hz from the original designed 250 Hz. The flow field characteristics of the rotor-tunnel configuration were studied by using flow visualization techniques. The influence of open-jet shear layer on the sound transmission was studied by using an Aeolian tone as the sound source. A dynamometer system was designed to measure the steady and low harmonics of the rotor thrust. A theoretical Mach number scaling formula was developed to scale the rotational noise and blade slap noise data of model rotors to full scale helicopter rotors.

Application of the Ta liner technique to produce Ca beams at INFN-Legnaro National Laboratories (INFN-LNL)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Galatà, A.; Sattin, M.; Manzolaro, M.; Martini, D.; Facco, A.; Tinschert, K.; Spaedtke, P.; Lang, R.; Kulevoy, T.

2014-02-01

The ECR ion sources are able to produce a wide variety of highly charged metallic ion beams thanks to the development of different techniques (ovens, sputtering, direct insertion, metal ions from volatile compounds (MIVOC)). In the case of the ovens, the sticking of the hot vapors on the surface of the plasma chamber leads to high material consumption rates. For elements like Ca, a tantalum liner inserted inside the chamber can be used to limit this phenomenon. The modeling of temperature distribution inside the chamber with and without the liner was carried out with COMSOL-multiphysics code. Results of simulation and the comparison with experiments performed at INFN-Legnaro National Laboratories with Ca beams are discussed.

Geophysical Evidence for the Locations, Shapes and Sizes, and Internal Structures of Magma Chambers beneath Regions of Quaternary Volcanism

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Iyer, H. M.

1984-04-01

This paper is a review of seismic, gravity, magnetic and electromagnetic techniques to detect and delineate magma chambers of a few cubic kilometres to several thousand cubic kilometres volume. A dramatic decrease in density and seismic velocity, and an increase in seismic attenuation and electrical conductivity occurs at the onset of partial melting in rocks. The geophysical techniques are based on detecting these differences in physical properties between solid and partially molten rock. Although seismic refraction techniques, with sophisticated instrumentation and analytical procedures, are routinely used for detailed studies of crustal structure in volcanic regions, their application for magma detection has been quite limited. In one study, in Yellowstone National Park, U.S.A., fan-shooting and time-term techniques have been used to detect an upper-crustal magma chamber. Attenuation and velocity changes in seismic waves from explosions and earthquakes diffracted around magma chambers are observed near some volcanoes in Kamchatka. Strong attenuation of shear waves from regional earthquakes, interpreted as a diffraction effect, has been used to model magma chambers in Alaska, Kamchatka, Iceland, and New Zealand. One of the most powerful techniques in modern seismology, the seismic reflection technique with vibrators, was used to confirm the existence of a strong reflector in the crust near Socorro, New Mexico, in the Rio Grande Rift. This reflector, discovered earlier from data from local earthquakes, is interpreted as a sill-like magma body. In the Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, mapping seismicity patterns in the upper crust has enabled the modelling of the complex magma conduits in the crust and upper mantle. On the other hand, in the Usu volcano, Japan, the magma conduits are delineated by zones of seismic quiescence. Three-dimensional modelling of laterally varying structures using teleseismic residuals is proving to be a very promising technique for detecting and delineating magma chambers with minimum horizontal and vertical dimensions of about 6 km. This technique has been used successfully to detect low-velocity anomalies, interpreted as magma bodies in the volume range 103-106 km3, in several volcanic centres in the U.S.A. and in Mt Etna, Sicily. Velocity models developed using teleseismic residuals of the Cascades volcanoes of Oregon and California, and Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, do not show appreciable storage of magma in the crust. However, regional models imply that large volumes of parental magma may be present in the upper mantle of these regions. In some volcanic centres, teleseismic delays are accompanied by P-wave attenuation, and linear inversion of spectral data have enabled computation of three-dimensional Q-models for these areas. The use of gravity data for magma chamber studies is illustrated by a study in the Geysers-Clear Lake volcanic field in California, where a strong gravity low has been modelled as a low-density body in the upper crust. This body is approximately in the same location as the low-velocity body delineated with teleseismic delays, and is interpreted as a magma body. In Yellowstone National Park, magnetic field data have been used to map the depth to the Curie isotherm, and the results show that high temperatures may be present at shallow depths beneath the Yellowstone caldera. The main application of electrical techniques in magma-related studies has been to understand the deep structure of continental rifts. Electromagnetic studies in several rift zones of the world provide constraints on the thermal structure and magma storage beneath these regions. Geophysical tools commonly used in resource exploration and earth-structure studies are also suited for the detection of magma chambers. Active seismic techniques, with controlled sources, and passive seismic techniques, with local and regional earthquakes and teleseisms, can be used to detect the drastic changes in velocity and attenuation that occur at the onset of melting of rocks and to delineate in three dimensions the shape of the partly melted zone. Similarly, decreases in density and electrical resistivity in rocks during melting, can be detected. Seismic refraction and reflection are not yet used extensively in magma chamber studies. In a study, in the Yellowstone region, seismic delays occurring in a fan-shooting configuration and time-term modelling show the presence of an intense molten zone in the upper crust. Deep seismic sounding (a combination of seismic refraction and reflection) and modelling amplitude and velocity changes of diffracted seismic waves from explosions and earthquakes, have enabled mapping of small and large magma chambers beneath many volcanoes in Kamchatka, U.S.S.R. Teleseismic P-wave residuals have been used to model low-velocity bodies, interpreted as magma chambers, in several Quaternary volcanic centres in the U.S.A. The results show that magma chambers with volumes of a few hundred to a few thousand cubic kilometres volume seem to be confined to regions of silicic volcanism. Many of the magma bodies seem to have upper-mantle roots implying that they are not isolated pockets of partial melt, but may be deriving their magma supplies from deeper parental sources. Medium or large crustal magma chambers are absent in the andesitic volcanoes of western United States and the basaltic Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. However, regional velocity models of the Oregon Cascades and Hawaii show evidence for the presence of magma reservoirs in the upper mantle. The transport of magma to the upper crust in these regions probably occurs rapidly through narrow conduits, with transient storage occurring in small chambers of a few cubic kilometres volume. Very little use has been made of the gravity and magnetic maps to model magma chambers. The number of available case histories, though few, indicate that these data can be very useful to give constraints on the density and temperature in magma chambers. Seismic, gravity, and electromagnetic techniques have been used to model regional structure in several rift zones of the world. Together the data indicate lithospheric thinning under the rifts with possible subcrustal storage of magma and diapiric intrusions into the crust. The current status of the use of geophysical techniques in magma chamber studies can be summarized as follows. Though powerful experimental methods for data collection and mathematical and computational techniques for modelling are available, the two dozen or so available case histories seem to represent isolated, technique-oriented studies. Only in a few regions, such as Kamchatka, U.S.S.R., and Yellowstone and Socorro, U.S.A., are data from multiple geophysical techniques becoming available. Several studies in different tectonic and volcanic environments, which use a suite of geophysical experiments capable of measuring different physical properties of rocks and having a wide range of resolutions, are needed to understand the problems of magma generation, migration, and storage. Many figures, data and results presented in this paper are from several different publications. I am indebted to the authors and publishers for permitting their use. I am very grateful to some of the authors who supplied photo prints of figures. Tim Hitchcock's help in preparing and organizing the figures was invaluable. Dr F. W. Klein, Dr W. D. Mooney, and Dr R. S. J. Sparks reviewed the manuscript and made useful suggestions.

Comparison of three different techniques for application of water solutions to Finn Chambers®.

PubMed

Frick-Engfeldt, Malin; Gruvberger, Birgitta; Isaksson, Marléne; Hauksson, Inese; Pontén, Ann; Bruze, Magnus

2010-11-01

With regard to contact allergy, the dose of a sensitizer per unit skin area is an important factor for both sensitization and elicitation, and therefore a known amount/volume of test preparation should be applied at patch testing. To compare three different techniques for the application of aqueous solutions to Finn Chambers, in order to determine the precision and accuracy of each technique when the recommended 15 µl volume is applied. Four technicians applied formaldehyde 1.0% aq. (wt/vol) and methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone 200 ppm (wt/vol) in sets of 10 onto Finn Chambers, with three different techniques: (i) micro-pipetting; (ii) dripping the solutions; and (iii) dripping the solutions followed by removal of excess solution with a soft tissue. Assessment of the variations was performed with the use of descriptive data. The ability to apply the exact amount was assessed by Fisher's exact test by categorizing each application as in or out of the range 12-18 µl. The micro-pipette technique had the best accuracy and precision, as well as the lowest inter-individual variation. The technique in which excess solution was removed had good precision, but failed in the application of the defined amount, i.e. 15 µl. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Static Vented Chamber and Eddy Covariance Methane Flux Comparisons in Mid-South US Rice

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Reba, M. L.; Fong, B.; Adviento-Borbe, A.; Runkle, B.; Suvocarev, K.; Rival, I.

2017-12-01

Rice cultivation contributes higher amounts of GHG emissions (CO2 and CH4) due to flooded field conditions. A comparison between eddy covariance and static vented flux chamber measurement techniques is presented. Rice GHG emissions originating from plot level chambers may not accurately describe the aggregate effects of all the soil and micrometeorological variations across a production field. Eddy covariance (EC) is a direct, integrated field measurement of field scale trace gases. Flux measurements were collected in NE Arkansas production size rice fields (16 ha, 40 ac) during the 2015 and 2016 production seasons (June-August) in continuous flood (CF) irrigation. The study objectives included quantifying the difference between chamber and EC measurements, and categorizing flux behavior to growth stage and field history. EC daily average emissions correlated with chamber measurements (R2=0.27-0.54) more than average from 09:00-12:00 which encompassed chamber measurement times (R2=0.23-0.32). Maximum methane emissions occurred in the late afternoon from 14:00-18:00 which corresponded with maximum soil heat flux and air temperature. The total emissions from the study fields ranged from 27-117 kg CH4-C ha-1 season-1. The emission profile was lower in 2015, most likely due to higher rainfall and cooler temperatures during the growing season compared to 2016. These findings improve our understanding of GHG emissions at the field scale under typical production practices and validity of chamber and EC flux measurement techniques.

Is the devil in the detail? Evidence for S-S learning after unconditional stimulus revaluation in human evaluative conditioning under a broader set of experimental conditions.

PubMed

Jensen-Fielding, Hannah; Luck, Camilla C; Lipp, Ottmar V

2017-11-28

Whether valence change during evaluative conditioning is mediated by a link between the conditional stimulus (CS) and the unconditional stimulus (US; S-S learning) or between the CS and the unconditional response (S-R learning) is a matter of continued debate. Changing the valence of the US after conditioning, known as US revaluation, can be used to dissociate these accounts. Changes in CS valence after US revaluation provide evidence for S-S learning but if CS valence does not change, evidence for S-R learning is found. Support for S-S learning has been provided by most past revaluation studies, but typically the CS and US have been from the same stimulus category, the task instructions have suggested that judgements of the CS should be based on the US, and USs have been mildly valenced stimuli. These factors may bias the results in favour of S-S learning. We examined whether S-R learning would be evident when CSs and USs were taken from different categories, the task instructions were removed, and more salient USs were used. US revaluation was found to influence explicit US evaluations and explicit and implicit CS evaluations, supporting an S-S learning account and suggesting that past results are stable across procedural changes.

I like it because I said that I like it: evaluative conditioning effects can be based on stimulus-response learning.

PubMed

Gast, Anne; Rothermund, Klaus

2011-10-01

Evaluative conditioning (EC) effects are often assumed to be based on a learned mental link between the CS (conditioned stimulus) and the US (unconditioned stimulus). We demonstrate that this link is not the only one that can underlie EC effects, but that if evaluative responses are actually given during the learning phase also a direct link between the CS and an evaluative response-a CS-ER link-can be learned and lead to EC effects. In Experiment 1, CSs were paired with USs and participants were asked to evaluate the pairs during the conditioning phase. Resulting EC effects were unaffected by a later revaluation of the USs, suggesting that these EC effects can be attributed to CS-ER learning rather than to CS-US learning. Experiment 2 replicated Experiment 1 with the difference that no evaluative responses were given during the learning phase. EC effects in this study were influenced by US revaluation, suggesting that these EC effects are mainly based on CS-US learning. In Experiment 3, it was shown that EC effects can be found even if the USs are entirely removed from the procedure and the CSs are only paired with enforced evaluative responses. Together the experiments show that the valence of a stimulus can change because of a contingency with an evaluative response. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved).

Bayesian inversion of data from effusive volcanic eruptions using physics-based models: Application to Mount St. Helens 2004--2008

USGS Publications Warehouse

Anderson, Kyle; Segall, Paul

2013-01-01

Physics-based models of volcanic eruptions can directly link magmatic processes with diverse, time-varying geophysical observations, and when used in an inverse procedure make it possible to bring all available information to bear on estimating properties of the volcanic system. We develop a technique for inverting geodetic, extrusive flux, and other types of data using a physics-based model of an effusive silicic volcanic eruption to estimate the geometry, pressure, depth, and volatile content of a magma chamber, and properties of the conduit linking the chamber to the surface. A Bayesian inverse formulation makes it possible to easily incorporate independent information into the inversion, such as petrologic estimates of melt water content, and yields probabilistic estimates for model parameters and other properties of the volcano. Probability distributions are sampled using a Markov-Chain Monte Carlo algorithm. We apply the technique using GPS and extrusion data from the 2004–2008 eruption of Mount St. Helens. In contrast to more traditional inversions such as those involving geodetic data alone in combination with kinematic forward models, this technique is able to provide constraint on properties of the magma, including its volatile content, and on the absolute volume and pressure of the magma chamber. Results suggest a large chamber of >40 km3 with a centroid depth of 11–18 km and a dissolved water content at the top of the chamber of 2.6–4.9 wt%.

Dose measurement in heterogeneous phantoms with an extrapolation chamber

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Deblois, Francois

A hybrid phantom-embedded extrapolation chamber (PEEC) made of Solid Water(TM) and bone-equivalent material was used for determining absolute dose in a bone-equivalent phantom irradiated with clinical radiation beams (cobalt-60 gamma rays; 6 and 18 MV x-rays; and 9 and 15 MeV electrons). The dose was determined with the Spencer-Attix cavity theory, using ionization gradient measurements and an indirect determination of the chamber air-mass through measurements of chamber capacitance. The air gaps used were between 2 and 3 mm and the sensitive air volume of the extrapolation chamber was remotely controlled through the motion of the motorized piston with a precision of +/-0.0025 mm. The collected charge was corrected for ionic recombination and diffusion in the chamber air volume following the standard two-voltage technique. Due to the hybrid chamber design, correction factors accounting for scatter deficit and electrode composition were determined and applied in the dose equation to obtain dose data for the equivalent homogeneous bone phantom. Correction factors for graphite electrodes were calculated with Monte Carlo techniques and the calculated results were verified through relative air cavity dose measurements for three different polarizing electrode materials: graphite, steel, and brass in conjunction with a graphite collecting electrode. Scatter deficit, due mainly to loss of lateral scatter in the hybrid chamber, reduces the dose to the air cavity in the hybrid PEEC in comparison with full bone PEEC from 0.7 to ˜2% depending on beam quality and energy. In megavoltage photon and electron beams, graphite electrodes do not affect the dose measurement in the Solid Water(TM) PEEC but decrease the cavity dose by up to 5% in the bone-equivalent PEEC even for very thin graphite electrodes (<0.0025 cm). The collecting electrode material in comparison with the polarizing electrode material has a larger effect on the electrode correction factor; the thickness of thin electrodes, on the other hand, has a negligible effect on dose determination. The uncalibrated hybrid PEEC is an accurate and absolute device for measuring the dose directly in bone material in conjunction with appropriate correction factors determined with Monte Carlo techniques.

Apollo 10 crewmember is pickup by recovery helicopter

NASA Image and Video Library

1969-05-26

S69-20621 (26 May 1969) --- A member of the Apollo 10 crew is hoisted into a helicopter from the prime recovery ship, USS Princeton, during recovery operations in the South Pacific. Astronauts Thomas P. Stafford, commander; John W. Young, command module pilot; and Eugene A. Cernan, lunar module pilot, were picked up and flown to the deck of the USS Princeton where a red-carpet welcome awaited them. The spacecraft was later retrieved from the water and put aboard the recovery ship. The Apollo 10 splashdown occurred at 11:53 a.m. (CDT), May 26, 1969, about 400 miles east of American Samoa, and about four miles from the recovery ship, to conclude a successful eight-day lunar orbit mission. U.S. Navy underwater demolition team swimmers assisted in the recovery operations.

TetrUSS Capabilities for S and C Applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Frink, Neal T.; Parikh, Paresh

2004-01-01

TetrUSS is a suite of loosely coupled computational fluid dynamics software that is packaged into a complete flow analysis system. The system components consist of tools for geometry setup, grid generation, flow solution, visualization, and various utilities tools. Development began in 1990 and it has evolved into a proven and stable system for Euler and Navier-Stokes analysis and design of unconventional configurations. It is 1) well developed and validated, 2) has a broad base of support, and 3) is presently is a workhorse code because of the level of confidence that has been established through wide use. The entire system can now run on linux or mac architectures. In the following slides, I will highlight more of the features of the VGRID and USM3D codes.

Underway Recovery Test 6 (URT-6) - Day 2 Activites

NASA Image and Video Library

2018-01-18

Off the rear of the USS Anchorage, the Orion test article is pulled in by a winch line at the rear of the USS Anchorage’s well deck that brings the capsule into the ship, along with four manned LLAMAs (Line Load Attenuation Mechanism Assembly) that control the capsule’s side-to-side movement and a tending line attached to a rigid hull inflatable boat for controlling Orion’s movement behind the ship. The Underway Recovery Test 6 (URT-6) is spearheaded by Kennedy Space Center's NASA Recovery Team. In partnership with the U.S. Navy, the testing will provide important data that is being used to improve recovery procedures and hardware ahead of Orion's next flight, Exploration Mission-1, when it splashes down in the Pacific Ocean.

Saturn Apollo Program

NASA Image and Video Library

1974-01-01

This illustration depicts a comparison of two space vehicles, the U.S.'s Saturn IB launch vehicle and the U.S.S.R.'s Soyuz launch vehicle, for the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project. The ASTP was the first international docking of the U.S.'s Apollo spacecraft and the U.S.S.R.'s Soyuz spacecraft in space. A joint engineering team from the two countries met to develop a docking system that permitted the two spacecraft to link in space and allowed the two crews to travel from one spacecraft to the other. This system entailed developing a large habitable Docking Module (DM) to be carried on the Apollo spacecraft to facilitate the joining of two dissimilar spacecraft. The Marshall Space Flight Center was responsible for development and sustaining engineering of the Saturn IB launch vehicle during the mission.

The Unexpected Ovarian Pregnancy at Laparoscopy: A Review of Management.

PubMed

Tabassum, Meher; Atmuri, Kiran

2017-01-01

Ovarian ectopic pregnancies are a rare occurrence; however the incidence is on the rise. Preoperative diagnosis remains difficult due to nonspecific clinical symptoms and USS findings. Most patients undergo diagnostic laparoscopy with subsequent surgical management. We present the case of a 32-year-old female who presented with vaginal bleeding and an unsited pregnancy, with a BhCG of 24693. Formal USS described unruptured right tubal ectopic with ovarian pregnancy being diagnosed at laparoscopy. A wedge resection was conducted to preserve ovarian function. Postoperative recovery was uneventful and BhCG levels returned to zero (nonpregnant) in an outpatient setting. Although laparoscopy remains the gold standard of diagnosis and treatment, in this case report we discuss benefits of early diagnosis for fertility conserving management, including nonsurgical options.

The regulation of ATP release from the urothelium by adenosine and transepithelial potential.

PubMed

Dunning-Davies, Bryony M; Fry, Christopher H; Mansour, Dina; Ferguson, Douglas R

2013-03-01

WHAT'S KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT? AND WHAT DOES THE STUDY ADD?: Stretch of the urothelium, as occurs during bladder filling, is associated with a release of ATP that is postulated to act as a sensory neurotransmitter. The regulation of ATP release is poorly understood and in particular if there is a feedback mechanism provided by ATP itself. Adenosine, a breakdown product of ATP, is a potent inhibitor of stretch-induced ATP release, acting through and A1 receptor; endogenous levels are about 0.6μM. Data are consistent with ATP release relying on the rise of intracellular Ca2+. Transepithelial potential also controls ATP release, also acting via an A1 receptor-dependent pathway. To test the hypothesis that distension-induced ATP release from the bladder urothelium is regulated by adenosine as well as changes to transurothelial potential (TEP). To examine the role of changes to intracellular [Ca(2+) ] in ATP release. Rabbit urothelium/suburothelium membranes were used in an Ussing chamber system. Distension was induced by fluid removal from the chamber bathing the serosal (basolateral) membrane face. The TEP and short-circuit current were measured. ATP was measured in samples aspirated from the serosal chamber by a luciferin-luciferase assay. Intracellular [Ca(2+) ] was measured in isolated urothelial cells using the fluorochrome Fura-2. All experiments were performed at 37°C. Distension-induced ATP release was decreased by adenosine (1-10 μm) and enhanced by adenosine deaminase and A1- (but not A2-) receptor antagonists. Distension-induced ATP release was reduced by 2-APB, nifedipine and capsazepine; capsaicin induced ATP release in the absence of distension. ATP and capsaicin, but not adenosine, generated intracellular Ca(2+) transients; adenosine did not affect the ATP-generated Ca(2+) transient. ATP release was dependent on a finite transepithelial potential. Changes to TEP, in the absence of distension, generated ATP release that was in turn reduced by adenosine. Adenosine exerts a powerful negative feedback control of ATP release from the urothelium via A1 receptor activation. Distension-induced ATP release may be mediated by a rise of the intracellular [Ca(2+) ]. Modulation of distension-induced ATP release by adenosine and TEP may have a common pathway. © 2012 BJU International.

Development of a versatile user-friendly IBA experimental chamber

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kakuee, Omidreza; Fathollahi, Vahid; Lamehi-Rachti, Mohammad

2016-03-01

Reliable performance of the Ion Beam Analysis (IBA) techniques is based on the accurate geometry of the experimental setup, employment of the reliable nuclear data and implementation of dedicated analysis software for each of the IBA techniques. It has already been shown that geometrical imperfections lead to significant uncertainties in quantifications of IBA measurements. To minimize these uncertainties, a user-friendly experimental chamber with a heuristic sample positioning system for IBA analysis was recently developed in the Van de Graaff laboratory in Tehran. This system enhances IBA capabilities and in particular Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA) and Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (ERDA) techniques. The newly developed sample manipulator provides the possibility of both controlling the tilt angle of the sample and analyzing samples with different thicknesses. Moreover, a reasonable number of samples can be loaded in the sample wheel. A comparison of the measured cross section data of the 16O(d,p1)17O reaction with the data reported in the literature confirms the performance and capability of the newly developed experimental chamber.

Detecting management and fertilization effects on the carbon balance of winter oilseed rape with manual closed chamber measurements: Can we outrange gap-filling uncertainty and spatiotemporal variability?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huth, Vytas; Moffat, Antje Maria; Calmet, Anna; Andres, Monique; Laufer, Judit; Pehle, Natalia; Rach, Bernd; Gundlach, Laura; Augustin, Jürgen

2017-04-01

Winter oilseed rape is the dominant biofuel crop in the young moraine landscape in North-Eastern Germany. However, studies on the effect of rapeseed cropping on net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEE) and the soil carbon (SC) balance are scarce. SC balance estimates are usually derived from long-term soil sampling field trials where rapeseed is part of different crop rotations. The estimated annual differences linked to rapeseed cropping are rather small (varying between losses of 40 g C m-2 and gains of up to 100 g C m-2). Testing management effects on the NEE and SC balance of cropping systems is best done by comparing plots with different treatments at the same site under the same climate. The soil sampling approach is in the need of field trials that run over decades, which has the disadvantage that management strategies of practical farming may have already changed when the results are derived. Continuous eddy covariance measurements of NEE would require large fields in flat terrain for each of the treatments, which is especially complicated in the heterogeneous landscapes of glacigenic origin of North-Eastern Germany. The common approach of using the chamber technique to derive NEE, however, is subject to the local soil and plant stand heterogeneities due to its tiny footprint. This technique might also disturb the ecosystem, the measurements are usually discontinuous requiring elaborate gap-filling techniques, and it has mostly been used on organic soils where large respiratory C losses occur. Therefore, our aim was to answer, if a combined approach of the eddy covariance and the chamber technique can detect the relatively small NEE and SC differences of rapeseed cropping on mineral soils within a shorter period of time than conventional soil sampling field trials can. We tested the new experimental design taking the advantages of both techniques into account: The eddy covariance tower measuring the NEE dynamics during the year; the chamber measurements to detect the flux differences between specific management practices - with additional chamber measurements installed close to the eddy tower as a reference linking the two techniques. In our experiment, we studied the effect of four different treatments of fertilization (mineral versus organic) and tillage (no-till versus mulch-till versus ploughing) on the NEE of rapeseed cropping for the climatic seasons 2013 to 2015. We compared the NEE of the treatments to the "background" NEE measured by the eddy covariance technique in the nearby reference field for the years 2013 and 2014. With this data, we estimated the uncertainty resulting from gap filling discontinuous chamber measurements and relate it to the observed effects of the four different treatments on the NEE. Here, we present first results on the applicability of the manual-chamber technique to derive the relatively small effects of rapeseed cropping on NEE and SC within a short period of three years of study.

Iris as a reflector for differential absorption low-coherence interferometry to measure glucose level in the anterior chamber

PubMed Central

Zhou, Yong; Zeng, Nan; Ji, Yanhong; Li, Yao; Dai, Xiangsong; Li, Peng; Duan, Lian; Ma, Hui; He, Yonghong

2011-01-01

We present a method of glucose concentration detection in the anterior chamber with a differential absorption optical low-coherent interferometry (LCI) technique. Back-reflected light from the iris, passing through the anterior chamber twice, was selectively obtained with the LCI technique. Two light sources, one centered within (1625 nm) and the other centered outside (1310 nm) of a glucose absorption band were used for differential absorption measurement. In the eye model and pig eye experiments, we obtained a resolution glucose level of 26.8 mg/dL and 69.6 mg/dL, respectively. This method has a potential application for noninvasive detection of glucose concentration in aqueous humor, which is related to the glucose concentration in blood. PMID:21280906

Technique for predicting high-frequency stability characteristics of gaseous-propellant combustors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Priem, R. J.; Jefferson, Y. S. Y.

1973-01-01

A technique for predicting the stability characteristics of a gaseous-propellant rocket combustion system is developed based on a model that assumes coupling between the flow through the injector and the oscillating chamber pressure. The theoretical model uses a lumped parameter approach for the flow elements in the injection system plus wave dynamics in the combustion chamber. The injector flow oscillations are coupled to the chamber pressure oscillations with a delay time. Frequency and decay (or growth) rates are calculated for various combustor design and operating parameters to demonstrate the influence of various parameters on stability. Changes in oxidizer design parameters had a much larger influence on stability than a similar change in fuel parameters. A complete description of the computer program used to make these calculations is given in an appendix.

Influence of molecular shape, conformability, net surface charge, and tissue interaction on transscleral macromolecular diffusion.

PubMed

Srikantha, Nishanthan; Mourad, Fatma; Suhling, Klaus; Elsaid, Naba; Levitt, James; Chung, Pei Hua; Somavarapu, Satyanarayana; Jackson, Timothy L

2012-09-01

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of molecular shape, conformability, net surface charge and tissue interaction on transscleral diffusion. Unfixed, porcine sclera was clamped in an Ussing chamber. Fluorophore-labelled neutral albumin, neutral dextran, or neutral ficoll were placed in one hemi-chamber and the rate of transscleral diffusion was measured over 24 h using a spectrophotometer. Experiments were repeated using dextrans and ficoll with positive or negative net surface charges. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) was undertaken to compare transscleral diffusion with diffusion through a solution. All molecules were 70 kDa. With FRAP, the diffusion coefficient (D) of neutral molecules was highest for albumin, followed by ficoll, then dextran (p < 0.0001). Positive dextrans diffused fastest, followed by negative, then neutral dextrans (p = 0.0004). Neutral ficoll diffused the fastest, followed by positive then negative ficoll (p = 0.5865). For the neutral molecules, transscleral D was highest for albumin, followed by dextran, then ficoll (p < 0.0001). D was highest for negative ficoll, followed by neutral, then positive ficoll (p < 0.0001). By contrast, D was highest for positive dextran, followed by neutral, then negative dextran (p = 0.0021). In conclusion, diffusion in free solution does not predict transscleral diffusion and the molecular-tissue interaction is important. Molecular size, shape, and charge may all markedly influence transscleral diffusion, as may conformability to a lesser degree, but their effects may be diametrically opposed in different molecules, and their influence on diffusion is more complex than previously thought. Each variable cannot be considered in isolation, and the interplay of all these variables needs to be tested, when selecting or designing drugs for transscleral delivery. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Evaluation of Vortex Chamber Concepts for Liquid Rocket Engine Applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Trinh, Huu Phuoc; Knuth, Williams; Michaels, Scott; Turner, James E. (Technical Monitor)

2000-01-01

Rocket-based combined-cycle engines (RBBC) being considered at NASA for future generation launch vehicles feature clusters of small rocket thrusters as part of the engine components. Depending on specific RBBC concepts, these thrusters may be operated at various operating conditions including power level and/or propellant mixture ratio variations. To pursue technology developments for future launch vehicles, NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) is examining vortex chamber concepts for the subject cycle engine application. Past studies indicated that the vortex chamber schemes potentially have a number of advantages over conventional chamber methods. Due to the nature of the vortex flow, relatively cooler propellant streams tend to flow along the chamber wall. Hence, the thruster chamber can be operated without the need of any cooling techniques. This vortex flow also creates strong turbulence, which promotes the propellant mixing process. Consequently, the subject chamber concepts not only offer the system simplicity but they also would enhance the combustion performance. The test results showed that the chamber performance was markedly high even at a low chamber length-to- diameter ratio (L/D). This incentive can be translated to a convenience in the thrust chamber packaging.

US ITER Moving Forward

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sauthoff, Ned; Reiersen, Wayne; Berry, Jan

2013-09-12

US ITER Project Manager Ned Sauthoff, joined by Wayne Reiersen, Team Leader Magnet Systems, and Jan Berry, Team Leader Tokamak Cooling System, discuss the U.S.'s role in the ITER international collaboration.

US ITER Moving Forward

ScienceCinema

Sauthoff, Ned; Reiersen, Wayne; Berry, Jan

2017-12-12

US ITER Project Manager Ned Sauthoff, joined by Wayne Reiersen, Team Leader Magnet Systems, and Jan Berry, Team Leader Tokamak Cooling System, discuss the U.S.'s role in the ITER international collaboration.

The Cutting Edge: Satellite Chamber, Lasers Spur LC Preservation Effort.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brandehoff, Susan E.

1982-01-01

Describes efforts to preserve important library materials at the Library of Congress through the use of two new technologies: a patented deacidification process in which books are placed in a vacuum chamber, and the use of optical disc recording techniques to miniaturize and store print and nonprint images. (JL)

Evaluation of new alternatives in wastewater treatment plants based on dynamic modelling and life cycle assessment (DM-LCA).

PubMed

Bisinella de Faria, A B; Spérandio, M; Ahmadi, A; Tiruta-Barna, L

2015-11-01

With a view to quantifying the energy and environmental advantages of Urine Source-Separation (USS) combined with different treatment processes, five wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) scenarios were compared to a reference scenario using Dynamic Modelling (DM) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), and an integrated DM-LCA framework was thus developed. Dynamic simulations were carried out in BioWin(®) in order to obtain a realistic evaluation of the dynamic behaviour and performance of plants under perturbation. LCA calculations were performed within Umberto(®) using the Ecoinvent database. A Python™ interface was used to integrate and convert simulation data and to introduce them into Umberto(®) to achieve a complete LCA evaluation comprising foreground and background processes. Comparisons between steady-state and dynamic simulations revealed the importance of considering dynamic aspects such as nutrient and flow peaks. The results of the evaluation highlighted the potential of the USS scenario for nutrient recovery whereas the Enhanced Primary Clarification (EPC) scenario gave increased biogas production and also notably decreased aeration consumption, leading to a positive energy balance. Both USS and EPC scenarios also showed increased stability of plant operation, with smaller daily averages of total nitrogen and phosphorus. In this context, USS and EPC results demonstrated that the coupled USS + EPC scenario and its combinations with agricultural spreading of N-rich effluent and nitritation/anaerobic deammonification could present an energy-positive balance with respectively 27% and 33% lower energy requirements and an increase in biogas production of 23%, compared to the reference scenario. The coupled scenarios also presented lesser environmental impacts (reduction of 31% and 39% in total endpoint impacts) along with effluent quality well within the specified limits. The marked environmental performance (reduction of global warming) when nitrogen is used in agriculture shows the importance of future research on sustainable solutions for nitrogen recovery. The contribution analysis of midpoint impacts also showed hotspots that it will be important to optimize further, such as plant infrastructure and direct N2O emissions. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

PIP silicone breast implants: rupture rates based on the explantation of 676 implants in a single surgeon series.

PubMed

Quaba, Omar; Quaba, Awf

2013-09-01

To determine the true rupture rates of PIP implants from a large single surgeon cohort and to assess whether rupture rates varied depending on time of implant insertion. In addition, the efficacy of ultra sound scanning (USS) in determining rupture is examined. Predominantly prospectively based analysis of patient records, investigations and surgical findings. 338 patients (676 implants) were included in the study and they all had removal of their implants. The senior author operated on all patients at some stage of their treatment. 160 patients were imaged pre-operatively with USS. Patients had implants inserted between 1999 and 2007 for cosmetic breast augmentation. A total of 144 ruptured implants were removed from 119 patients, giving a rupture rate of 35.2% per patient and 21.3% per implant over a mean implantation period of 7.8 years. A statistical difference (P < 0.001) in rupture rates between implants inserted prior to 2003 and those inserted from 2003 was demonstrated, with higher failure rates in the latter group. There was a significant difference in rupture rates depending on pocket placement of the implants. The sensitivity and specificity of USS at detecting rupture was 90.6% and 98.3% respectively. A proportion of patients (29.4%) demonstrated loco-regional spread of silicone to the axilla on scanning. Our paper has confirmed high rates of PIP implant failure in the largest published series to date. The significant difference in rupture rates between implants inserted prior to 2003 and those after this time supports the view that industrial silicone was used in the devices after 2003. Implants are more likely to rupture if inserted in the sub muscular plane compared to the sub glandular plane. USS is highly effective at detecting rupture in PIP implants and loco-regional spread is high compared to other devices. We believe this paper provides hard data enabling more informed decision making for patients, clinicians and providers in what remains an active issue affecting thousands of women. Copyright © 2013 British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Standardizing the Delivery of 20 μL of Hapten During Patch Testing.

PubMed

Selvick, Annika; Stauss, Kari; Strobush, Katrina; Taylor, Lauren; Picard, Alexandra; Doll, Andrea; Reeder, Margo

2016-01-01

The current method for patch test tray assembly requires hand dispensing a small volume of hapten onto chambers. Because of human error, this technique produces inaccurate and inconsistent results. The recommended volume of hapten for patch testing using Finn Chambers is 20 μL. The aims of this study were to create a device that standardizes the delivery of 20 μL and to compare it with the current hand dispensing technique. A device, named the Revolution, was created using the SolidWorks program. Five nurses in our Contact Dermatitis Clinic were asked to load 10 Finn Chambers using the current technique and also using the Revolution. Assembly time, volume of petrolatum, and accuracy of placement were measured. After the 3 trials, the nurses completed a survey on the 2 methods. The amount of petrolatum dispensed using the current technique ranged from 16 to 85 μL, with an average amount of 41.39 μL. The Revolution design dispensed an average of 19.78 μL. The current hand dispensing technique does not allow for accurate and consistent dispensing of 20 μL for patch testing. In contrast, the Revolution is an accurate and consistent device that can help standardize the patch testing method.

A Spark Chamber With Thin Electrodes and a Study of the Position of the Alignment Point; KAMERA S TONKIMI ELEKTRODAMI IZUCHENIE POLOZHENIYA TOCHKI SPRYAMLENIYA ISKRY

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Legar, F.; Nikanorov, V.I.; Peter, G.

1964-01-01

A technique for making the foil electrodes with twosided working surface for spark chambers is described. Some characteristics of spark chambers with thin electrodes are given. The variation of the distance from the negative electrode to the alignment point of a spark with the energy of the detected particles and the angie of their passage through the charaber was studied. It is shown that with the increasing initial density of the gas ionization in the chamber the Townsend coefficient a becomes greater due to the charge interaction of avalanches. (auth)

Radioiodine detector based on laser induced fluorescence

DOEpatents

McDonald, Jimmie R.; Baronavski, Andrew P.

1980-01-01

The invention involves the measurement of the concentration of the radioisotope .sup.129 I.sub.2 in the presence of a gas. The invention uses a laser to excite a sample of the .sup.129 I.sub.2 in a sample gas chamber and a reference sample of a known concentration of .sup.129 I.sub.2 in a reference gas chamber. The .sup.129 I.sub.2 in the sample and reference gas chamber each gives off fluorescence emissions which are received by photomultipliers which provide signals to a detector. The detector uses a ratioing technique to determine the concentration of .sup.129 I.sub.2 in the sample gas chamber.

Anechoic Chambers: Aerospace Applications. (Latest Citations from the Aerospace Database)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1996-01-01

The bibliography contains citations concerning the design, development, performance, and applications of anechoic chambers in the aerospace industry. Anechoic chamber testing equipment, techniques for evaluation of aerodynamic noise, microwave and radio antennas, and other acoustic measurement devices are considered. Shock wave studies on aircraft models and components, electromagnetic measurements, jet flow studies, and antenna radiation pattern measurements for industrial and military aerospace equipment are discussed. (Contains 50-250 citations and includes a subject term index and title list.)

Anechoic Chambers: Aerospace Applications. (Latest Citations from the Aerospace Database)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1995-01-01

The bibliography contains citations concerning the design, development, performance, and applications of anechoic chambers in the aerospace industry. Anechoic chamber testing equipment, techniques for evaluation of aerodynamic noise, microwave and radio antennas, and other acoustic measurement devices are considered. Shock wave studies on aircraft models and components, electromagnetic measurements, jet flow studies, and antenna radiation pattern measurements for industrial and military aerospace equipment are discussed. (Contains 50-250 citations and includes a subject term index and title list.)

Seeding hydrate formation in water-saturated sand with dissolved-phase methane obtained from hydrate dissolution: A progress report

USGS Publications Warehouse

Waite, William F.; Osegovic, J.P.; Winters, William J.; Max, M.D.; Mason, David H.

2008-01-01

An isobaric flow loop added to the Gas Hydrate And Sediment Test Laboratory Instrument (GHASTLI) is being investigated as a means of rapidly forming methane hydrate in watersaturated sand from methane dissolved in water. Water circulates through a relatively warm source chamber, dissolving granular methane hydrate that was pre-made from seed ice, then enters a colder hydrate growth chamber where hydrate can precipitate in a water-saturated sand pack. Hydrate dissolution in the source chamber imparts a known methane concentration to the circulating water, and hydrate particles from the source chamber entrained in the circulating water can become nucleation sites to hasten the onset of hydrate formation in the growth chamber. Initial results suggest hydrate grows rapidly near the growth chamber inlet. Techniques for establishing homogeneous hydrate formation throughout the sand pack are being developed.

U.S. Naval Base, Pearl Harbor, Retail Warehouse, Fleet Landing Halawa, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

U.S. Naval Base, Pearl Harbor, Retail Warehouse, Fleet Landing Halawa, near Kamehameha Highway between Richardson Recreation Center & USS Arizona Memorial Visitor Center, Pearl City, Honolulu County, HI

Dynamo room (compartment A21) with view of port side electrical ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Dynamo room (compartment A-21) with view of port side electrical generator and ventilation ducting. (013) - USS Olympia, Penn's Landing, 211 South Columbus Boulevard, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA

A comparison of the static and flow methods for the detection of ice nuclei

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hussain, K.; Kayani, S. A.

The use of the membrane-filter processing chamber to study ice nuclei concentrations has become wide-spread since its introduction by Bigg et al. in 1961. The technique is convenient because of the simplicity of its operation and because it could be run remote from the place of field study. It has however been found to suffer from a number of drawbacks, namely, the volume effect, the chamber height effect, the vapour depletion effect, etc. Comparison of the results obtained by running a traditional filter processor and a continuous flow chamber under identical temperature and humidity conditions for polluted Manchester air has shown that the latter technique detects more ice nuclei than the former one by a factor of about 14±4. These results confirm that the filter technique suffers from the vapour depletion effect. The present results are in agreement with Bigg et al., Mossop and Thorndike, and King. In the light of our findings the filter technique does not appear to be a standard method. Therefore the ice nuclei data obtained with the filter method should not be extended to clouds in order to study their microphysical properties.

Evaluation of Impinging Stream Vortex Chamber Concepts for Liquid Rocket Engine Applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Trinh, Huu; Kopicz, Charles; Bullard, Brad; Michaels, Scott

2003-01-01

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) and the U. S. Army are jointly investigating vortex chamber concepts for cryogenic oxygen/hydrocarbon fuel rocket engine applications. One concept, the Impinging Stream Vortex Chamber Concept (ISVC), has been tested with gel propellants at AMCOM at Redstone Arsenal, Alabama. A version of this concept for the liquid oxygen (LOX)/hydrocarbon fuel (RP-1) propellant system is derived from the one for the gel propellant. An unlike impinging injector is employed to deliver the propellants to the chamber. MSFC has also designed two alternative injection schemes, called the chasing injectors, associated with this vortex chamber concept. In these injection techniques, both propellant jets and their impingement point are in the same chamber cross-sectional plane. One injector has a similar orifice size with the original unlike impinging injector. The second chasing injector has small injection orifices. The team has achieved their objectives of demonstrating the self-cooled chamber wall benefits of ISVC and of providing the test data for validating computational fluids dynamics (CFD) models. These models, in turn, will be used to design the optimum vortex chambers in the future.

Evaluation of radioisotope tracer and activation analysis techniques for contamination monitoring in space environment simulation chambers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Smathers, J. B.; Kuykendall, W. E., Jr.; Wright, R. E., Jr.; Marshall, J. R.

1973-01-01

Radioisotope measurement techniques and neutron activation analysis are evaluated for use in identifying and locating contamination sources in space environment simulation chambers. The alpha range method allows the determination of total contaminant concentration in vapor state and condensate state. A Cf-252 neutron activation analysis system for detecting oils and greases tagged with stable elements is described. While neutron activation analysis of tagged contaminants offers specificity, an on-site system is extremely costly to implement and provides only marginal detection sensitivity under even the most favorable conditions.

Development of a Tunnel Diode Resonator technique for magnetic measurements in Electrostatic Levitation chamber

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Spyrison, N. S.; Prommapan, P.; Kim, H.; Maloney, J.; Rustan, G. E.; Kreyssig, A.; Goldman, A. I.; Prozorov, R.

2011-03-01

The incorporation of the Tunnel Diode Resonator (TDR) technique into an ElectroStatic Levitation (ESL) apparatus was explored. The TDR technique is known to operate and behave well at low temperatures with careful attention to coil-sample positioning in a dark, shielded environment. With these specifications a frequency resolution of 10-9 in a few seconds counting time can be achieved. Complications arise when this technique is applied in the ESL chamber where a sample of molten metal is levitating less then 10 mm from the coil in a large electrostatic field. We have tested a variety of coils unconventional to TDR; including Helmholtz pairs and Archimedean spiral coils. Work was supported by the Nation Science Foundation under grant DMR-08-17157

Inclusion free cadmium zinc tellurium and cadmium tellurium crystals and associated growth method

DOEpatents

Bolotnikov, Aleskey E [South Setauket, NY; James, Ralph B [Ridge, NY

2010-07-20

The present disclosure provides systems and methods for crystal growth of cadmium zinc tellurium (CZT) and cadmium tellurium (CdTe) crystals with an inverted growth reactor chamber. The inverted growth reactor chamber enables growth of single, large, high purity CZT and CdTe crystals that can be used, for example, in X-ray and gamma detection, substrates for infrared detectors, or the like. The inverted growth reactor chamber enables reductions in the presence of Te inclusions, which are recognized as an important limiting factor in using CZT or CdTe as radiation detectors. The inverted growth reactor chamber can be utilized with existing crystal growth techniques such as the Bridgman crystal growth mechanism and the like. In an exemplary embodiment, the inverted growth reactor chamber is a U-shaped ampoule.

105. DAMAGE CONTROL CENTRAL STARBOARD LOOKING TO PORT SHOWING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

105. DAMAGE CONTROL CENTRAL - STARBOARD LOOKING TO PORT SHOWING PLOTTING BOARD, FLOODING & FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS AND DRAGE GAUGE. - U.S.S. HORNET, Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Sinclair Inlet, Bremerton, Kitsap County, WA

86. AFT CREWS' GALLEY STARBOARD LOOKING TO PORT SHOWING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

86. AFT CREWS' GALLEY - STARBOARD LOOKING TO PORT SHOWING STEAM KETTLES, GRIDDLES, COUNTER TOP AND MIXING MACHINE. - U.S.S. HORNET, Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Sinclair Inlet, Bremerton, Kitsap County, WA

87. AFT CREWS' MESS DECK STARBOARD LOOKING TO PORT ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

87. AFT CREWS' MESS DECK - STARBOARD LOOKING TO PORT SHOWING COFFEE MAKER, ICE CREAM FREEZER, TABLES AND SCUTTLEBUTTS. - U.S.S. HORNET, Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Sinclair Inlet, Bremerton, Kitsap County, WA

Parameterized CAD techniques implementation for the fatigue behaviour optimization of a service chamber

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sánchez, H. T.; Estrems, M.; Franco, P.; Faura, F.

2009-11-01

In recent years, the market of heat exchangers is increasingly demanding new products in short cycle time, which means that both the design and manufacturing stages must be extremely reduced. The design stage can be reduced by means of CAD-based parametric design techniques. The methodology presented in this proceeding is based on the optimized control of geometric parameters of a service chamber of a heat exchanger by means of the Application Programming Interface (API) provided by the Solidworks CAD package. Using this implementation, a set of different design configurations of the service chamber made of stainless steel AISI 316 are studied by means of the FE method. As a result of this study, a set of knowledge rules based on the fatigue behaviour are constructed and integrated into the design optimization process.

In vitro imaging of remaining dentin and pulp chamber by optical coherence tomography: comparison between 850 and 1280 nm

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fonsêca, Déborah D. D.; Kyotoku, Bernardo B. C.; Maia, Ana M. A.; Gomes, Anderson S. L.

2009-03-01

We report the application of optical coherence tomography (OCT) to generate images of the remaining dentin and pulp chamber of in vitro human teeth. Bidimensional images of remaining dentin and of the pulp chamber were obtained parallel to the long axis of the teeth, by two OCT systems operating around 1280 and 850 nm, and compared to tomography images using the i-CAT® Cone Beam Volumetric Tomography system as the gold standard. The results demonstrated the efficacy of the OCT technique; furthermore, the wavelength close to 1280 nm presented greater penetration depth in the dentine than 850 nm, as expected from scattering and absorption coefficients. The OCT technique has great potential to be used on clinical practice, preventing accidental exposure of the pulp and promoting preventive restoration treatment.

Micromachined patch-clamp apparatus

DOEpatents

Okandan, Murat

2012-12-04

A micromachined patch-clamp apparatus is disclosed for holding one or more cells and providing electrical, chemical, or mechanical stimulation to the cells during analysis with the patch-clamp technique for studying ion channels in cell membranes. The apparatus formed on a silicon substrate utilizes a lower chamber formed from silicon nitride using surface micromachining and an upper chamber formed from a molded polymer material. An opening in a common wall between the chambers is used to trap and hold a cell for analysis using the patch-clamp technique with sensing electrodes on each side of the cell. Some embodiments of the present invention utilize one or more electrostatic actuators formed on the substrate to provide mechanical stimulation to the cell being analyzed, or to provide information about mechanical movement of the cell in response to electrical or chemical stimulation.

Recovery - Apollo 11

NASA Image and Video Library

1969-07-24

S69-21698 (24 July 1969) --- The three Apollo 11 crew men await pickup by a helicopter from the USS Hornet, prime recovery ship for the historic Apollo 11 lunar landing mission. The fourth man in the life raft is a United States Navy underwater demolition team swimmer. All four men are wearing biological isolation garments. Apollo 11, with astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, commander; Michael Collins, command module pilot; and Edwin E. Aldrin Jr., lunar module pilot, onboard, splashed down at 11:49 a.m. (CDT), July 24, 1969, about 812 nautical miles southwest of Hawaii and only 12 nautical miles from the USS Hornet. While astronauts Armstrong and Aldrin descended in the Lunar Module (LM) "Eagle" to explore the Sea of Tranquility region of the moon, astronaut Collins remained with the Command and Service Modules (CSM) "Columbia" in lunar orbit.

Residual Stresses and Critical Initial Flaw Size Analyses of Welds

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Brust, Frederick W.; Raju, Ivatury, S.; Dawocke, David S.; Cheston, Derrick

2009-01-01

An independent assessment was conducted to determine the critical initial flaw size (CIFS) for the flange-to-skin weld in the Ares I-X Upper Stage Simulator (USS). A series of weld analyses are performed to determine the residual stresses in a critical region of the USS. Weld residual stresses both increase constraint and mean stress thereby having an important effect on the fatigue life. The purpose of the weld analyses was to model the weld process using a variety of sequences to determine the 'best' sequence in terms of weld residual stresses and distortions. The many factors examined in this study include weld design (single-V, double-V groove), weld sequence, boundary conditions, and material properties, among others. The results of this weld analysis are included with service loads to perform a fatigue and critical initial flaw size evaluation.

Propulsion Simulations with the Unstructured-Grid CFD Tool TetrUSS

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Deere, Karen A.; Pandya, Mohagna J.

2002-01-01

A computational investigation has been completed to assess the capability of the NASA Tetrahedral Unstructured Software System (TetrUSS) for simulation of exhaust nozzle flows. Three configurations were chosen for this study: (1) a fluidic jet effects model, (2) an isolated nacelle with a supersonic cruise nozzle, and (3) a fluidic pitchthrust- vectoring nozzle. These configurations were chosen because existing data provided a means for measuring the ability of the TetrUSS flow solver USM3D for simulating complex nozzle flows. Fluidic jet effects model simulations were compared with structured-grid CFD (computational fluid dynamics) data at Mach numbers from 0.3 to 1.2 at nozzle pressure ratios up to 7.2. Simulations of an isolated nacelle with a supersonic cruise nozzle were compared with wind tunnel experimental data and structured-grid CFD data at Mach numbers of 0.9 and 1.2, with a nozzle pressure ratio of 5. Fluidic pitch-thrust-vectoring nozzle simulations were compared with static experimental data and structured-grid CFD data at static freestream conditions and nozzle pressure ratios from 3 to 10. A fluidic injection case was computed with the third configuration at a nozzle pressure ratio of 4.6 and a secondary pressure ratio of 0.7. Results indicate that USM3D with the S-A turbulence model provides accurate exhaust nozzle simulations at on-design conditions, but does not predict internal shock location at overexpanded conditions or pressure recovery along a boattail at transonic conditions.

A closed unventilated chamber for the measurement of transepidermal water loss.

PubMed

Nuutinen, Jouni; Alanen, Esko; Autio, Pekka; Lahtinen, Marjo-Riitta; Harvima, Ilkka; Lahtinen, Tapani

2003-05-01

Open chamber systems for measuring transepidermal water loss (TEWL) have limitations related to ambient and body-induced airflows near the probe, probe size, measurement sites and angles, and measurement range. The aim of the present investigation was to develop a closed chamber system for the TEWL measurement without significant blocking of normal evaporation through the skin. Additionally, in order to use the evaporimeter to measure evaporation rates through other biological and non-biological specimens and in the field applications, a small portable, battery-operated device was a design criteria. A closed unventilated chamber (inner volume 2.0 cm(3) was constructed. For the skin measurement, the chamber with one side open (open surface area 1.0 cm(2) is placed on the skin. The skin application time was investigated at low and high evaporation rates in order to assess the blocking effect of the chamber on normal evaporation. From the rising linear part of the relative humidity (RH) in the chamber the slope was registered. The slope was calibrated into a TEWL value by evaporating water at different temperatures and measuring the water loss of heated samples with a laboratory scale. The closed chamber evaporation technique was compared with a conventional evaporimeter based on an open chamber method (DermaLab), Cortex Technology, Hadsund, Denmark). The reproducibility of the closed chamber method was measured with the water samples and with volar forearm and palm of the hand in 10 healthy volunteers. The skin application time varied between 7 and 9 s and the linear slope region between 3 and 5 s at the evaporation rates of 3-220 g/m(2) h. A correlation coefficient between the TEWL value from the closed chamber measurements and the readings of the laboratory scale was 0.99 (P < 0.001). The reproducibility of the evaporation measurements with the water samples was 4.0% at the evaporation rate of 40 g/m(2) h. A correlation coefficient of the TEWL values between the closed chamber and open chamber measurements was 0.99 (P < 0.001) in the range where the response of a conventional evaporimeter was linear (until 120 g/m(2)h. With volar forearm and palm of the hand of 10 healthy volunteers the reproducibility of the measurements was 8.0 and 10.1%. The closed chamber technique solves the drawbacks related to open chamber evaporimeters. Especially, it extends the measurement range to high evaporation rates and TEWL measurements can be performed practically at any anatomical sites and measurement angle. By the use of a closed chamber the disturbance related to external or body-induced air flows on the measurement can be avoided.

Marine Fog Studies - Fog Simulation Program.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-06-01

ratio as small as possible. Special insulating techniques are required for this type of chamber. I This method was employed by Findeisen (61 in 1939...and later by R. Gunn [141 in 1952 and was also employed by ,J. I’odzimck S[15] in 1964 who operated a modified Findeisen low-pressure chamber. In spite

Nondestructive test of regenerative chambers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Malone, G. A.; Stauffis, R.; Wood, R.

1972-01-01

Flat panels simulating internally cooled regenerative thrust chamber walls were fabricated by electroforming, brazing and diffusion bonding to evaluate the feasibility of nondestructive evaluation techniques to detect bonds of various strength integrities. Ultrasonics, holography, and acoustic emission were investigated and found to yield useful and informative data regarding the presence of bond defects in these structures.

Evaluation of Impinging Stream Vortex Chamber Concepts for Liquid Rocket Engine Applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Trinh, Huu P.; Bullard, Brad; Kopicz, Charles; Michaels, Scott

2002-01-01

To pursue technology developments for future launch vehicles, NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) is examining vortex chamber concepts for liquid rocket engine applications. Past studies indicated that the vortex chamber schemes potentially have a number of advantages over conventional chamber methods. Due to the nature of the vortex flow, relatively cooler propellant streams tend to flow along the chamber wall. Hence, the thruster chamber can be operated without the need of any cooling techniques. This vortex flow also creates strong turbulence, which promotes the propellant mixing process. Consequently, the subject chamber concepts not only offer system simplicity, but also enhance the combustion performance. Test results have shown that chamber performance is markedly high even at a low chamber length-to-diameter ratio (LD). This incentive can be translated to a convenience in the thrust chamber packaging. Variations of the vortex chamber concepts have been introduced in the past few decades. These investigations include an ongoing work at Orbital Technologies Corporation (ORBITEC). By injecting the oxidizer tangentially at the chamber convergence and fuel axially at the chamber head end, Knuth et al. were able to keep the wall relatively cold. A recent investigation of the low L/D vortex chamber concept for gel propellants was conducted by Michaels. He used both triplet (two oxidizer orifices and one fuel orifice) and unlike impinging schemes to inject propellants tangentially along the chamber wall. Michaels called the subject injection scheme an Impinging Stream Vortex Chamber (ISVC). His preliminary tests showed that high performance, with an Isp efficiency of 9295, can be obtained. MSFC and the U. S. Army are jointly investigating an application of the ISVC concept for the cryogenic oxygen/hydrocarbon propellant system. This vortex chamber concept is currently tested with gel propellants at AMCOM at Redstone Arsenal, Alabama. A version of this concept for the liquid oxygen (LOX) hydrocarbon fuel (RP-1) system has been derived from the one for the gel propellant. An unlike impinging injector was employed to deliver the propellants to the chamber. MSFC is also conducting an alternative injection scheme, called the chasing injector, associated with this vortex chamber concept. In this injection technique, both propellant jets and their impingement point are in the same chamber cross-sectional plane. Long duration tests (approximately up to 15 seconds) will be conducted on the ISVC to study the thermal effects. This paper will report the progress of the subject efforts at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. Thrust chamber performance and thermal wall compatibility will be evaluated. The chamber pressures, wall temperatures, and thrust will be measured as appropriate. The test data will be used to validate CFD models, which, in turn, will be used to design the optimum vortex chambers. Measurements in the previous tests showed that the chamber pressures vary significantly with radius. This is due to the existence of the vortices in the chamber flow field. Hence, the combustion efficiency may not be easily determined from chamber pressure. For this project, measured thrust data will be collected. The performance comparison will be in terms of specific impulse efficiencies. In addition to the thrust measurements, several pressure and temperature readings at various locations on the chamber head faceplate and the chamber wall will be made. The first injector and chamber were designed and fabricated based on the available data and experience gained during gel propellant system tests by the U.S. Army. The alternate injector for the ISVC was also fabricated. Hot-fire tests of the vortex chamber are about to start and are expected to complete in February of 2003 at the TS115 facility of MSFC.

Photothermal Desorption of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Coconut Shell-Activated Carbons Using a Continuous Light Source for Application in Air Sampling

PubMed Central

Floyd, Evan L.; Sapag, Karim; Oh, Jonghwa; Lungu, Claudiu T.

2014-01-01

Many techniques exist to measure airborne volatile organic compounds (VOCs), each with differing advantages; sorbent sampling is compact, versatile, has good sample stability, and is the preferred technique for collecting VOCs for hygienists. Development of a desorption technique that allows multiple analyses per sample (similar to chemical desorption) with enhanced sensitivity (similar to thermal desorption) would be helpful to field hygienists. In this study, activated carbon (AC) and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) were preloaded with toluene vapor and partially desorbed with light using a common 12-V DC, 50-W incandescent/halogen lamp. A series of experimental chamber configurations were explored starting with a 500-ml chamber under static conditions, then with low ventilation and high ventilation, finally a 75-ml high ventilation chamber was evaluated. When preloaded with toluene and irradiated at the highest lamp setting for 4min, AC desorbed 13.9, 18.5, 23.8, and 45.9% of the loaded VOC mass, in each chamber configuration, respectively; SWNT desorbed 25.2, 24.3, 37.4, and 70.5% of the loaded VOC mass, respectively. SWNT desorption was significantly greater than AC in all test conditions (P = 0.02–<0.0001) demonstrating a substantial difference in sorbent performance. When loaded with 0.435mg toluene and desorbed at the highest lamp setting for 4min in the final chamber design, the mean desorption for AC was 45.8% (39.7, 52.0) and SWNT was 72.6% (68.8, 76.4) (mean represented in terms of 95% confidence interval). All desorption measurements were obtained using a field grade photoionization detector; this demonstrates the potential of using this technique to perform infield prescreening of VOC samples for immediate exposure feedback and in the analytical lab to introduce sample to a gas chromatograph for detailed analysis of the sample. PMID:25016598

Photothermal desorption of single-walled carbon nanotubes and coconut shell-activated carbons using a continuous light source for application in air sampling.

PubMed

Floyd, Evan L; Sapag, Karim; Oh, Jonghwa; Lungu, Claudiu T

2014-08-01

Many techniques exist to measure airborne volatile organic compounds (VOCs), each with differing advantages; sorbent sampling is compact, versatile, has good sample stability, and is the preferred technique for collecting VOCs for hygienists. Development of a desorption technique that allows multiple analyses per sample (similar to chemical desorption) with enhanced sensitivity (similar to thermal desorption) would be helpful to field hygienists. In this study, activated carbon (AC) and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) were preloaded with toluene vapor and partially desorbed with light using a common 12-V DC, 50-W incandescent/halogen lamp. A series of experimental chamber configurations were explored starting with a 500-ml chamber under static conditions, then with low ventilation and high ventilation, finally a 75-ml high ventilation chamber was evaluated. When preloaded with toluene and irradiated at the highest lamp setting for 4min, AC desorbed 13.9, 18.5, 23.8, and 45.9% of the loaded VOC mass, in each chamber configuration, respectively; SWNT desorbed 25.2, 24.3, 37.4, and 70.5% of the loaded VOC mass, respectively. SWNT desorption was significantly greater than AC in all test conditions (P = 0.02-<0.0001) demonstrating a substantial difference in sorbent performance. When loaded with 0.435mg toluene and desorbed at the highest lamp setting for 4min in the final chamber design, the mean desorption for AC was 45.8% (39.7, 52.0) and SWNT was 72.6% (68.8, 76.4) (mean represented in terms of 95% confidence interval). All desorption measurements were obtained using a field grade photoionization detector; this demonstrates the potential of using this technique to perform infield prescreening of VOC samples for immediate exposure feedback and in the analytical lab to introduce sample to a gas chromatograph for detailed analysis of the sample. © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Occupational Hygiene Society.

Development of Large Area Emulsion Chamber Methods with a Super Conducting Magnet for Observation of Cosmic Ray Nuclei from 1 GeV to 1,000 TeV (Emulsion Techniques)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Takahashi, Yoshiyuki; Gregory, John C.; Tominaga, Taka; Dong, Bei Lei

1997-01-01

The research developed the fundamental techniques of the emulsion chamber methods that permit measurements of the composition and energy spectra of cosmic rays at energies ranging from 1 GeV/n to over 1,000 TeV/n. The research program consisted of exploring new principles and techniques in measuring very high energy cosmic nuclei with large-area emulsion chambers for high statistics experiments. These tasks have been accomplished and their use was essential in successful analysis of the balloon-borne emulsion chamber experiments up to 10(exp 14) eV. It also provided the fundamental technologies for designing large-area detectors that are aimed at measuring the composition at above 1015 eV region. The latter is now partially succeeded by a NASA Mission Concept, Advanced Cosmic Composition Experiments on the Space Station (ACCESS). The cosmic ray group at the University of Alabama in Huntsville has performed technological R & D as well as contributing to the Japanese-American-Emulsion-Chamber-Experiments (JACEE) Collaboration with the regular data analysis. While primary research support for other institutions' efforts in the JACEE experiments came from NSF and DOE, primary support for the University of Alabama in Huntsville was this contract. Supplemental tasks to standardize the data base and hardware upgrades (automatized microscope) had this institutions cooperation. Investigation of new techniques in this program consisted of development of a fast calorimetry, magnetic/scattering selection of high momentum tracks for a pairmeter, and high statistics momentum measurements for low energy nuclei (E < 1 TeV/n). The highest energy calorimetry and a pairmeter have been considered as strawman instruments by the GOAL (Galactic Origin and Acceleration Limit) proposal of the NASA Cosmic Ray Working Group for long- duration balloon flights. We accomplished the objectives of the GOAL program with three circumpolar, Antarctic JACEE balloon flights during 1992 - 1994.

Forest Ecosystem respiration estimated from eddy covariance and chamber measurements under high turbulence and substantial tree mortality from bark beetles

USGS Publications Warehouse

Speckman, Heather N.; Frank, John M.; Bradford, John B.; Miles, Brianna L.; Massman, William J.; Parton, William J.; Ryan, Michael G.

2015-01-01

Eddy covariance nighttime fluxes are uncertain due to potential measurement biases. Many studies report eddy covariance nighttime flux lower than flux from extrapolated chamber measurements, despite corrections for low turbulence. We compared eddy covariance and chamber estimates of ecosystem respiration at the GLEES Ameriflux site over seven growing seasons under high turbulence (summer night mean friction velocity (u*) = 0.7 m s−1), during which bark beetles killed or infested 85% of the aboveground respiring biomass. Chamber-based estimates of ecosystem respiration during the growth season, developed from foliage, wood and soil CO2 efflux measurements, declined 35% after 85% of the forest basal area had been killed or impaired by bark beetles (from 7.1 ±0.22 μmol m−2 s−1 in 2005 to 4.6 ±0.16 μmol m−2 s−1 in 2011). Soil efflux remained at ~3.3 μmol m−2 s−1 throughout the mortality, while the loss of live wood and foliage and their respiration drove the decline of the chamber estimate. Eddy covariance estimates of fluxes at night remained constant over the same period, ~3.0 μmol m−2 s−1 for both 2005 (intact forest) and 2011 (85% basal area killed or impaired). Eddy covariance fluxes were lower than chamber estimates of ecosystem respiration (60% lower in 2005, and 32% in 2011), but the mean night estimates from the two techniques were correlated within a year (r2 from 0.18-0.60). The difference between the two techniques was not the result of inadequate turbulence, because the results were robust to a u* filter of > 0.7 m s−1. The decline in the average seasonal difference between the two techniques was strongly correlated with overstory leaf area (r2=0.92). The discrepancy between methods of respiration estimation should be resolved to have confidence in ecosystem carbon flux estimates.

Addition of sucralose enhances the release of satiety hormones in combination with pea protein.

PubMed

Geraedts, Maartje C P; Troost, Freddy J; Saris, Wim H M

2012-03-01

Exposing the intestine to proteins or tastants, particularly sweet, affects satiety hormone release. There are indications that each sweetener has different effects on this release, and that combining sweeteners with other nutrients might exert synergistic effects on hormone release. STC-1 cells were incubated with acesulfame-K, aspartame, saccharine, sucralose, sucrose, pea, and pea with each sweetener. After a 2-h incubation period, cholecystokinin(CCK) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) concentrations were measured. Using Ussing chamber technology, the mucosal side of human duodenal biopsies was exposed to sucrose, sucralose, pea, and pea with each sweetener. CCK and GLP-1 levels were measured in basolateral secretions. In STC-1 cells, exposure to aspartame, sucralose, sucrose, pea, and pea with sucralose increased CCK levels, whereas GLP-1 levels increased after addition of all test products. Addition of sucrose and sucralose to human duodenal biopsies did not affect CCK and GLP-1 release; addition of pea stimulated CCK and GLP-1 secretion. Combining pea with sucrose and sucralose induced even higher levels of CCK and GLP-1. Synchronous addition of pea and sucralose to enteroendocrine cells induced higher levels of CCK and GLP-1 than addition of each compound alone. This study shows that combinations of dietary compounds synergize to enhance satiety hormone release. Copyright © 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Loss of absorptive capacity for sodium and chloride in the colon causes diarrhoea in Potomac horse fever.

PubMed

Rikihisa, Y; Johnson, G C; Wang, Y Z; Reed, S M; Fertel, R; Cooke, H J

1992-05-01

Ehrlichia risticii, an obligate intracellular bacterium in the family Rickettsiaceae, causes Potomac horse fever which is often associated with severe watery diarrhoea. The mechanism of the diarrhoea is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine whether sodium and chloride transport, morphology and cyclic adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) content of colonic mucosa was altered in E risticii-infected horses. Mucosa-submucosa sheets from the large and small colon of nine infected and seven to nine uninfected horses were set up in Ussing chambers for measurement of short-circuit current and transepithelial 22Na and 36Cl fluxes. Uninfected tissues absorbed both sodium and chloride whereas absorption of sodium and chloride was abolished in infected tissues. Bethanechol and histamine evoked a concentration-dependent increase in short-circuit current in both groups, but the responses were attenuated at all concentrations in infected horses. Slight focal degeneration of colonic epithelial cells and loss of microvilli from glandular epithelial cells occurred in infected horses. There was a significant increase in cyclic AMP content in colonic mucosa of infected animals. The results suggest that E risticii infection induces focal microscopic degeneration of epithelial cells and an increase in intracellular cyclic AMP in colonic mucosa. These alterations are associated with malabsorption of sodium and chloride and could cause diarrhoea.

The enteric nervous system modulates mammalian duodenal mucosal bicarbonate secretion.

PubMed

Hogan, D L; Yao, B; Steinbach, J H; Isenberg, J I

1993-08-01

Interaction of the enteric nerves in regulating mammalian duodenal mucosal bicarbonate secretion is not well understood. The purpose of the present experiments was to evaluate the role of the enteric nervous system on bicarbonate secretion from rabbit duodenal mucosa in vitro. Proximal duodenum from male New Zealand White rabbits was stripped of seromuscular layers, mounted in Ussing chambers, and studied under short-circuited conditions. Effects of electrical field stimulation, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), carbachol, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), dibutyryl-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (db-cAMP), and the neurotoxin tetrodotoxin (TTX) and muscarinic blockade by atropine were studied. Electrical field stimulation significantly (P < 0.01) stimulated bicarbonate secretion, short-circuit current (Isc), and electrical potential difference (PD) that was sensitive to both TTX and atropine. VIP-stimulated bicarbonate secretion was significantly inhibited by TTX (-73%), yet Isc and PD remained unchanged. Atropine decreased VIP-induced bicarbonate secretion (-69%) and Isc (-43%). Carbachol-stimulated bicarbonate secretion, Isc, and PD were abolished by atropine, whereas TTX was without affect. Neither TTX nor atropine had a significant effect on PGE2 or db-cAMP-stimulated bicarbonate secretion. These results suggest that (1) enteric nerve stimulation activates an acetylcholine receptor that in turn stimulates duodenal epithelial bicarbonate secretion; (2) VIP stimulates bicarbonate secretion, in large part, via the enteric nervous system; and (3) PGE2 and cAMP stimulate bicarbonate secretion independent of the enteric nervous system.

Low glucose level and low pH alter the electrochemical function of human parietal pleura.

PubMed

Kouritas, V K; Hatzoglou, C; Foroulis, C N; Hevas, A; Gourgoulianis, K I; Molyvdas, P A

2007-08-01

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether low glucose and pH level, which are usually measured in complicated pleural effusions, alter the electrochemical function of healthy human parietal pleura. Parietal pleural pieces were stripped from 66 patients during thoracic surgery and were mounted in Ussing chambers. Krebs' solutions containing different glucose levels (0, 40 and 100 mg) and balanced at different pH levels (7.4, 7.3 and 7.2) were added to the pleural cavity surface of the pieces. Transmesothelial potential difference was measured at various time-points as an electrophysiological variable and transmesothelial resistance (R(TM)) was calculated using Ohm's law. When normal-glucose Krebs at pH 7.45 was used, R(TM) remained unchanged over time, but when low-glucose Krebs was used, R(TM) decreased. Krebs without glucose caused the greatest decrease in R(TM). Use of low-pH Krebs decreased R(TM). The lower the pH of the Krebs, the faster the decrease in R(TM) and the greater the effect. The decrease in R(TM) was greater with low-pH than with low-glucose Krebs. Low glucose and low pH caused an additive decrease in R(TM). Low glucose concentration and low pH cause alteration of the electrochemical function of human parietal pleura and could act as agents that lead to further exudate progression.

Hydrogen peroxide stimulates rat colonic prostaglandin production and alters electrolyte transport.

PubMed Central

Karayalcin, S S; Sturbaum, C W; Wachsman, J T; Cha, J H; Powell, D W

1990-01-01

The changes in short circuit current (electrogenic Cl- secretion) of rat colon brought about by xanthine/xanthine oxidase in the Ussing chamber were inhibited by catalase and diethyldithiocarbamate, but not by superoxide dismutase. These results, the reproduction of the response with glucose/glucose oxidase and with exogenous H2O2, and the lack of effect of preincubation with deferoxamine or thiourea implicate H2O2, and not O2- or OH., as the important reactive oxygen metabolite altering intestinal electrolyte transport. 1 mM H2O2 stimulated colonic PGE2 and PGI2 production 8- and 15-fold, respectively, inhibited neutral NaCl absorption, and stimulated biphasic electrogenic Cl secretion with little effect on enterocyte lactic dehydrogenase release, epithelial conductance, or histology. Cl- secretion was reduced by cyclooxygenase inhibition. Also, the Cl- secretion, but not the increase in prostaglandin production, was reduced by enteric nervous system blockade with tetrodotoxin, hexamethonium, or atropine. Thus, H2O2 appears to alter electrolyte transport by releasing prostaglandins that activate the enteric nervous system. The change in short circuit current in response to Iloprost, but not PGE2, was blocked by tetrodotoxin. Therefore, PGI2 may be the mediator of the H2O2 response. H2O2 produced in nontoxic concentrations in the inflamed gut could have significant physiologic effects on intestinal water and electrolyte transport. Images PMID:2164049

Thiolated polycarbophil as an adjuvant for permeation enhancement in nasal delivery of antisense oligonucleotides.

PubMed

Vetter, A; Martien, R; Bernkop-Schnürch, A

2010-03-01

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of thiolated polycarbophil as an adjuvant to enhance the permeation and improve the stability of a phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotide (PTO-ODN) on the nasal mucosa. Polycarbophil-cysteine (PCP-Cys) was synthesized by the covalent attachment of L-cysteine to the polymeric backbone. Cytotoxicity tests were examined on human nasal epithelial cells from surgery of nasal polyps confirmed by histological studies. Deoxyribonuclease I activity in respiratory region of the porcine nasal cavity was analyzed by an enzymatic assay. The enzymatic degradation of PTO-ODNs on freshly excised porcine nasal mucosa was analyzed and protection of PCP-cysteine toward DNase I degradation was evaluated. Permeation studies were performed in Ussing-type diffusion chambers. PCP-Cys/GSH did not arise a remarkable mortal effect. Porcine respiratory mucosa was shown to possess nuclease activity corresponding to 0.69 Kunitz units/mL. PTO-ODNs were degraded by incubation with nasal mucosa. In the presence of 0.45% thiolated polycarbophil and 0.5% glutathione (GSH), this degradation process could be lowered. In the presence of thiolated polycarbophil and GSH the uptake of PTO-ODNs from the nasal mucosa was 1.7-fold improved. According to these results thiolated polycarbophil/GSH might be a promising excipient for nasal administration of PTO-ODNs. 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association

In vivo evaluation of thiolated poly(acrylic acid) as a drug absorption modulator for MRP2 efflux pump substrates.

PubMed

Greindl, Melanie; Föger, Florian; Hombach, Juliane; Bernkop-Schnürch, Andreas

2009-08-01

Recently, several polymers have been reported to modulate drug absorption by inhibition of intestinal efflux pumps such as multidrug resistance proteins (MRPs) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency of thiolated poly(acrylic acid) (PAA-Cys) to act as a drug absorption modulator for MRP2 efflux pump substrates in vivo, using sulforhodamine 101 as representative MRP2 substrate. In vitro, the permeation-enhancing effect of unmodified PAA and PAA(250)-Cys(,) displaying 580 micromol free thiol groups per gram polymer, was evaluated by using freshly excised rat intestinal mucosa mounted in Ussing-type chambers. In comparison to that of the buffer control, the sulforhodamine 101 transport in the presence of 0.5% unmodified PAA(250) and 0.5% (w/v) PAA(250)-Cys was 1.3- and 4.0-fold improved, respectively. In vivo, sulforhodamine 101 solutions containing 4% (w/v) unmodified PAA(250) or 4% (w/v) thiolated PAA(250) were orally given to rats. The PAA(250)-Cys solution increased the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC(0-12)) of sulforhodamine 101 3.8-fold in comparison to control and 2.2-fold in comparison to unmodified PAA(250). This in vivo study revealed that PAA(250)-Cys significantly increased the oral bioavailability of MRP2 substrate sulforhodamine 101.

In vivo evaluation of an oral delivery system for P-gp substrates based on thiolated chitosan.

PubMed

Föger, Florian; Schmitz, Thierry; Bernkop-Schnürch, Andreas

2006-08-01

Recently, thiolated polymers, so called thiomers, have been reported to modulate drug absorption by inhibition of intestinal P-glycoprotein (P-gp). The aim of the present study was to provide a proof-of-principle for a delivery system based on thiolated chitosan in vivo in rats, using rhodamine-123 (Rho-123) as representative P-gp substrate. In vitro, the permeation enhancing effect of unmodified chitosan, chitosan-4 thiobutylamidine (Ch-TBA) and the combination of Ch-TBA with reduced glutathione (GSH) was evaluated by using freshly excised rat intestinal mucosa mounted in Ussing-type chambers. In comparison to buffer only, Rho-123 transport in presence of 0.5% (w/v) chitosan, 0.5% (w/v) Ch-TBA and the combination of 0.5% (w/v) Ch-TBA/0.5% (w/v) GSH, was 1.8-fold, 2.6-fold, 3.8-fold improved, respectively. Furthermore, enteric-coated tablets based on unmodified chitosan or Ch-TBA/GSH, were investigated in vivo. In rats, the Ch-TBA/GSH tablets increased the area under the plasma concentration time curve (AUC0-12) of Rho-123 by 217% in comparison to buffer control and by 58% in comparison to unmodified chitosan. This in vivo study showed that a delivery system based on thiolated chitosan significantly increased the oral bioavailability of P-gp substrate Rho-123.

Enhanced transport of P-glycoprotein substrate saquinavir in presence of thiolated chitosan.

PubMed

Föger, Florian; Kafedjiiski, Krum; Hoyer, Herbert; Loretz, Brigitta; Bernkop-Schnürch, Andreas

2007-02-01

It was the aim of this study to investigate the effect of chitosan-4-thiobutylamidine (Ch-TBA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) on the absorption of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and multidrug resistance protein (MRP) substrate saquinavir in vitro and in vivo. Bidirectional transport studies were performed with Caco-2 cell monolayers and additionally with freshly excised rat small intestinal mucosa mounted in Ussing type chambers. Furthermore, a delivery system based on Ch-TBA and GSH was evaluated in vivo in rats. The functional activity of the efflux pumps in Caco-2 cells and rat intestinal mucosa during the experiment was proven by the efflux ratio of saquinavir, which was 6.4 for Caco-2 cells and 2.1 for rat intestinal mucosa, respectively. Ch-TBA and particularly the combination of Ch-TBA with GSH enhanced apical (AP) absorption and decreased the secretory transport of saquinavir. In presence of 0.5% Ch-TBA and 0.5% GSH, the uptake of saquinavir was 1.6-fold improved in Caco-2 monolayer and 2.1-fold improved in rat intestinal mucosa. In vivo, the area under the plasma concentration time curve (AUC) of saquinavir was 1.4-fold and Cmax 1.6-fold increased, in comparison with control. Results of this study showed that Ch-TBA in combination with GSH can be an interesting tool for increasing the oral bioavailability of actively secreted compounds.

Biophysical model of ion transport across human respiratory epithelia allows quantification of ion permeabilities.

PubMed

Garcia, Guilherme J M; Boucher, Richard C; Elston, Timothy C

2013-02-05

Lung health and normal mucus clearance depend on adequate hydration of airway surfaces. Because transepithelial osmotic gradients drive water flows, sufficient hydration of the airway surface liquid depends on a balance between ion secretion and absorption by respiratory epithelia. In vitro experiments using cultures of primary human nasal epithelia and human bronchial epithelia have established many of the biophysical processes involved in airway surface liquid homeostasis. Most experimental studies, however, have focused on the apical membrane, despite the fact that ion transport across respiratory epithelia involves both cellular and paracellular pathways. In fact, the ion permeabilities of the basolateral membrane and paracellular pathway remain largely unknown. Here we use a biophysical model for water and ion transport to quantify ion permeabilities of all pathways (apical, basolateral, paracellular) in human nasal epithelia cultures using experimental (Ussing Chamber and microelectrode) data reported in the literature. We derive analytical formulas for the steady-state short-circuit current and membrane potential, which are for polarized epithelia the equivalent of the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation for single isolated cells. These relations allow parameter estimation to be performed efficiently. By providing a method to quantify all the ion permeabilities of respiratory epithelia, the model may aid us in understanding the physiology that regulates normal airway surface hydration. Copyright © 2013 Biophysical Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) decoction extract inhibits in vitro intestinal glucose absorption and attenuates high fat diet-induced lipotoxicity and oxidative stress.

PubMed

Jabri, Mohamed-Amine; Sakly, Mohsen; Marzouki, Lamjed; Sebai, Hichem

2017-03-01

The present study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of chamomile decoction extract (CDE) on intestinal glucose absorption as well as its protective role against high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and lipotoxicity in rats. We used the Ussing chamber system to investigate the effect of CDE on intestinal transport of glucose. Male Wistar rats were fed HFD for six weeks to provoke obesity. CDE (100mg/kg, b.w. p.o.) has been per orally administered to HFD fed rats. Ex vivo, we found that CDE significantly and dose-dependently increased intestinal absorption of glucose. In vivo, HFD increased the body, liver and kidney weights, while CDE treatment showed a significant protective effects. High fat diet induced also a lipid profiles disorder and a disturbances in kidney and liver function parameters. Moreover liver and kidney lipotoxicity is accompanied by an oxidative stress status characterized by increased lipoperoxidation, depletion of antioxidant enzymes activity and non-enzymatic antioxidant (-SH groups and GSH) levels as well as increased levels of free iron, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and calcium. However, treatment with CDE alleviated all the deleterious effects of HFD feed. These findings suggest that chamomile decoction extract can be used as functional beverage against obesity, hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Tumor suppressor gene adenomatous polyposis coli downregulates intestinal transport.

PubMed

Rexhepaj, Rexhep; Rotte, Anand; Gu, Shuchen; Michael, Diana; Pasham, Venkanna; Wang, Kan; Kempe, Daniela S; Ackermann, Teresa F; Brücher, Björn; Fend, Falko; Föller, Michael; Lang, Florian

2011-05-01

Loss of function mutations of the tumor suppressor gene adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) underly the familial adenomatous polyposis. Mice carrying an inactivating mutation in the apc gene (apc (Min/+)) similarly develop intestinal polyposis. APC is effective at least in part by degrading β-catenin and lack of APC leads to markedly enhanced cellular β-catenin levels. β-Catenin has most recently been shown to upregulate the Na+/K+ ATPase. The present study, thus, explored the possibility that APC could influence intestinal transport. The abundance and localization of β-catenin were determined utilizing Western blotting and confocal microscopy, the activity of the electrogenic glucose carrier (SGLT1) was estimated from the glucose-induced current in jejunal segments utilizing Ussing chamber experiments and the Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE3) activity from Na+ -dependent re-alkalinization of cytosolic pH (ΔpH(i)) following an ammonium pulse employing BCECF fluorescence. As a result, β-catenin abundance in intestinal tissue was significantly higher in apc (Min/+) mice than in wild-type mice (apc (+/+)). The β-catenin protein was localized in the basolateral membrane. Both, the glucose-induced current and ΔpH(i) were significantly higher in apc (Min/+) mice than in apc (+/+) mice. In conclusion, intestinal electrogenic transport of glucose and intestinal Na+/H+ exchanger activity are both significantly enhanced in apc (Min/+) mice, pointing to a role of APC in the regulation of epithelial transport.

Lubiprostone Reverses the Inhibitory Action of Morphine on Mucosal Secretion in Human Small Intestine

PubMed Central

Sun, Xiaohong; Wang, Xiyu; Wang, Guo-Du; Xia, Yun; Liu, Sumei; Qu, Meihua; Needleman, Bradley J.; Mikami, Dean J.; Melvin, W. Scott; Bohn, Laura M.; Ueno, Ryuji; Wood, Jackie D.

2016-01-01

Background and Aims Treatments with morphine or opioid agonists cause constipation. Lubiprostone is approved for treatment of adult idiopathic constipation and constipation-predominant IBS in adult women. We tested whether lubiprostone can reverse morphine-suppression of mucosal secretion in human intestine and explored the mechanism of action. Methods Fresh segments of jejunum discarded during Roux-En-Y gastric bypass surgeries were used. Changes in short-circuit current (ΔIsc) were recorded in Ussing flux chambers as a marker for electrogenic chloride secretion during pharmacological interactions between morphine, prostaglandin receptor antagonists, chloride channel blockers and lubiprostone. Results Morphine suppressed basal Isc. Lubiprostone reversed morphine suppression of basal Isc. Lubiprostone, applied to the mucosa in concentrations ranging from 3 nM to 30 μM, evoked increases in Isc in concentration-dependent manner when applied to the mucosal side of muscle-stripped preparations. Blockade of enteric nerves did not change stimulation of Isc by lubiprostone. Removal of chloride or application of bumetanide or NPPB suppressed or abolished responses to lubiprostone. Antagonists acting at CFTR channels and prostaglandin EP4 receptors, but not at E1, EP1-3 receptors, partially suppressed stimulation of Isc by lubiprostone. Conclusions Antisecretory action of morphine results from suppression of excitability of secretomotor neurons in the enteric nervous system. Lubiprostone, which does not affect enteric neurons directly, bypasses the action of morphine by directly opening mucosal chloride channels. PMID:21181441

Thiol functionalized polymethacrylic acid-based hydrogel microparticles for oral insulin delivery.

PubMed

Sajeesh, S; Vauthier, C; Gueutin, C; Ponchel, G; Sharma, Chandra P

2010-08-01

In the present study thiol functionalized polymethacrylic acid-polyethylene glycol-chitosan (PCP)-based hydrogel microparticles were utilized to develop an oral insulin delivery system. Thiol modification was achieved by grafting cysteine to the activated surface carboxyl groups of PCP hydrogels (Cys-PCP). Swelling and insulin loading/release experiments were conducted on these particles. The ability of these particles to inhibit protease enzymes was evaluated under in vitro experimental conditions. Insulin transport experiments were performed on Caco-2 cell monolayers and excised intestinal tissue with an Ussing chamber set-up. Finally, the efficacy of insulin-loaded particles in reducing the blood glucose level in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats was investigated. Thiolated hydrogel microparticles showed less swelling and had a lower insulin encapsulation efficiency as compared with unmodified PCP particles. PCP and Cys-PCP microparticles were able to inhibit protease enzymes under in vitro conditions. Thiolation was an effective strategy to improve insulin absorption across Caco-2 cell monolayers, however, the effect was reduced in the experiments using excised rat intestinal tissue. Nevertheless, functionalized microparticles were more effective in eliciting a pharmacological response in diabetic animal, as compared with unmodified PCP microparticles. From these studies thiolation of hydrogel microparticles seems to be a promising approach to improve oral delivery of proteins/peptides. Copyright 2010 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Lubiprostone reverses the inhibitory action of morphine on mucosal secretion in human small intestine.

PubMed

Sun, Xiaohong; Wang, Xiyu; Wang, Guo-Du; Xia, Yun; Liu, Sumei; Qu, Meihua; Needleman, Bradley J; Mikami, Dean J; Melvin, W Scott; Bohn, Laura M; Ueno, Ryuji; Wood, Jackie D

2011-02-01

Treatments with morphine or opioid agonists cause constipation. Lubiprostone is approved for treatment of adult idiopathic constipation and constipation-predominant IBS in adult women. We tested whether lubiprostone can reverse morphine-suppression of mucosal secretion in human intestine and explored the mechanism of action. Fresh segments of jejunum discarded during Roux-En-Y gastric bypass surgeries were used. Changes in short-circuit current (ΔIsc) were recorded in Ussing flux chambers as a marker for electrogenic chloride secretion during pharmacological interactions between morphine, prostaglandin receptor antagonists, chloride channel blockers and lubiprostone. Morphine suppressed basal Isc. Lubiprostone reversed morphine suppression of basal Isc. Lubiprostone, applied to the mucosa in concentrations ranging from 3 nM to 30 μM, evoked increases in Isc in concentration-dependent manner when applied to the mucosal side of muscle-stripped preparations. Blockade of enteric nerves did not change stimulation of Isc by lubiprostone. Removal of chloride or application of bumetanide or NPPB suppressed or abolished responses to lubiprostone. Antagonists acting at CFTR channels and prostaglandin EP(4) receptors, but not at E(1), EP(1-3) receptors, partially suppressed stimulation of Isc by lubiprostone. Antisecretory action of morphine results from suppression of excitability of secretomotor neurons in the enteric nervous system. Lubiprostone, which does not affect enteric neurons directly, bypasses the action of morphine by directly opening mucosal chloride channels.

How good is the neosquamous epithelium?

PubMed

Orlando, Roy C

2014-01-01

Endoscopic radiofrequency ablation of dysplastic Barrett's esophagus (BE) combined with proton pump inhibitor therapy is commonly utilized for preventing progression of dysplastic BE to esophageal adenocarcinoma. Fundamental to the success of this and all ablative approaches is the healing of the ablated areas of BE with a stratified squamous epithelium referred to as 'neosquamous epithelium' (NSE). Although NSE appears 'normal' endoscopically, the reemergence of BE over time in the previously ablated segments raises the question of the health and integrity of NSE. The health of NSE was recently investigated in endoscopic biopsies in vitro in a group of patients after ablation while on proton pump inhibitors. Biopsies of NSE were compared to upper squamous epithelium (USE) from the same patients morphologically (light microscopy) and with respect to barrier function by measuring electrical resistance and fluorescein flux in mini-Ussing chambers. Compared to USE, NSE exhibited dilated intercellular spaces and inflammation and defective barrier function by low electrical resistance and high fluorescein flux. Moreover, NSE exhibited downregulation of claudin-4, a highly expressed protein in squamous tight junctions. NSE has defective barrier function in part due to downregulation of claudin-4. Since downregulation of claudin-4 increases paracellular permeability to cations, e.g. hydrogen ions, NSE is more vulnerable to attack and damage by acidic and weakly acidic refluxates--a phenomenon that may contribute in part to the reemergence of BE. 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin increases the small intestinal permeability in mice and rats.

PubMed

Goldstein, Jorge; Morris, Winston E; Loidl, César Fabián; Tironi-Farinati, Carla; Tironi-Farinatti, Carla; McClane, Bruce A; Uzal, Francisco A; Fernandez Miyakawa, Mariano E

2009-09-18

Epsilon toxin is a potent neurotoxin produced by Clostridium perfringens types B and D, an anaerobic bacterium that causes enterotoxaemia in ruminants. In the affected animal, it causes oedema of the lungs and brain by damaging the endothelial cells, inducing physiological and morphological changes. Although it is believed to compromise the intestinal barrier, thus entering the gut vasculature, little is known about the mechanism underlying this process. This study characterizes the effects of epsilon toxin on fluid transport and bioelectrical parameters in the small intestine of mice and rats. The enteropooling and the intestinal loop tests, together with the single-pass perfusion assay and in vitro and ex vivo analysis in Ussing's chamber, were all used in combination with histological and ultrastructural analysis of mice and rat small intestine, challenged with or without C. perfringens epsilon toxin. Luminal epsilon toxin induced a time and concentration dependent intestinal fluid accumulation and fall of the transepithelial resistance. Although no evident histological changes were observed, opening of the mucosa tight junction in combination with apoptotic changes in the lamina propria were seen with transmission electron microscopy. These results indicate that C. perfringens epsilon toxin alters the intestinal permeability, predominantly by opening the mucosa tight junction, increasing its permeability to macromolecules, and inducing further degenerative changes in the lamina propria of the bowel.

Genetic Diversity of Vibrio cholerae O1 in Argentina and Emergence of a New Variant

PubMed Central

Pichel, Mariana; Rivas, Marta; Chinen, Isabel; Martín, Fernando; Ibarra, Cristina; Binsztein, Norma

2003-01-01

The genetic diversity of Vibrio cholerae O1 strains from Argentina was estimated by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Twenty-nine isolates carrying the virulence genes ctxA, zot, ace, and tcpA appeared to represent a single clone by both typing methods; while 11 strains lacking these virulence genes exhibited several heterogeneous RAPD and PFGE patterns. Among the last group, a set of isolates from the province Tucumán showed a single RAPD pattern and four closely related PFGE profiles. These strains, isolated from patients with diarrhea, did not produce the major V. cholerae O1 virulence determinants, yet cell supernatants of these isolates caused a heat-labile cytotoxic effect on Vero and Y-1 cells and elicited significant variations on the water flux and short-circuit current in human small intestine mounted in an Ussing chamber. All these effects were completely abolished by incubation with a specific antiserum against El Tor hemolysin, suggesting that this virulence factor was responsible for the toxic activity on both the epithelial cells and the small intestine specimens and may hence be involved in the development of diarrhea. We propose “Tucumán variant” as the designation for this new cluster of cholera toxin-negative V. cholerae O1 strains. PMID:12517837

Esophageal acid sensitivity and mucosal integrity in patients with functional heartburn.

PubMed

Weijenborg, P W; Smout, A J P M; Bredenoord, A J

2016-11-01

Patients with functional heartburn (FH) experience troublesome heartburn that is not related to gastroesophageal reflux. The etiology of the heartburn sensation in FH patients is unknown. In patients with reflux disease, esophageal hypersensitivity seems associated with impaired mucosal integrity. We aimed to determine esophageal sensitivity and mucosal integrity in FH and non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) patients. In this prospective experimental study, we performed an acid perfusion test and upper endoscopy with biopsies in 12 patients with NERD and nine patients with FH. Mucosal integrity was measured during endoscopy using electrical tissue impedance spectroscopy and biopsy specimens were analyzed in Ussing chambers for transepithelial electrical resistance and transepithelial permeability. Lag time to heartburn perception was significantly longer in FH patients (median 12 min) than in NERD patients (median 3 min). Once perceived, intensity of heartburn was scored equal with median visual analog scale 6.5 and 7.1 respectively. Esophageal mucosal integrity was also comparable between FH and NERD patients, both in vivo extracellular impedance and ex vivo transepithelial resistance and permeability were similar. Patients with FH did not show acid hypersensitivity as seen in patients with NERD. However, once perceived, intensity of heartburn is similar. Esophageal mucosal integrity is similar between NERD and FH patients, and is therefore unlikely to be the underlying cause of the observed difference in esophageal acid perception. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Intraluminal polyethylene glycol stabilizes tight junctions and improves intestinal preservation in the rat.

PubMed

Oltean, M; Joshi, M; Björkman, E; Oltean, S; Casselbrant, A; Herlenius, G; Olausson, M

2012-08-01

Rapidly progressing mucosal breakdown limits the intestinal preservation time below 10 h. Recent studies indicate that intraluminal solutions containing polyethylene glycol (PEG) alleviate preservation injury of intestines stored in UW-Viaspan. We investigated whether a low-sodium PEG solution is beneficial for intestines stored in histidine-tryptophane-ketoglutarate (HTK) preservation solution. Rat intestines used as control tissue (group 1) were perfused with HTK, groups 2 and 3 received either a customized PEG-3350 (group 2) or an electrolyte solution (group 3) intraluminally before cold storage. Tissue injury, brush-border maltase activity, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and claudin-3 expression in the tight junctions (TJ) were analyzed after 8, 14 and 20 h. We measured epithelial resistance and permeability (Ussing chamber) after 8 and 14 h. Group 2 had superior morphology while maltase activity was similar in all groups. TJ proteins rapidly decreased and decolocalized in groups 1 3; these negative events were delayed in group 2, where colocalization persisted for about 14 h. Intestines in group 2 had higher epithelial resistance and lower permeability than the other groups. These results suggest that a customized PEG solution intraluminally reduces the intestinal preservation injury by improving several major epithelial characteristics without negatively affecting the brush-border enzymes or promoting edema. © Copyright 2012 The American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons.

Oral absorption of peptides and nanoparticles across the human intestine: Opportunities, limitations and studies in human tissues.

PubMed

Lundquist, P; Artursson, P

2016-11-15

In this contribution, we review the molecular and physiological barriers to oral delivery of peptides and nanoparticles. We discuss the opportunities and predictivity of various in vitro systems with special emphasis on human intestine in Ussing chambers. First, the molecular constraints to peptide absorption are discussed. Then the physiological barriers to peptide delivery are examined. These include the gastric and intestinal environment, the mucus barrier, tight junctions between epithelial cells, the enterocytes of the intestinal epithelium, and the subepithelial tissue. Recent data from human proteome studies are used to provide information about the protein expression profiles of the different physiological barriers to peptide and nanoparticle absorption. Strategies that have been employed to increase peptide absorption across each of the barriers are discussed. Special consideration is given to attempts at utilizing endogenous transcytotic pathways. To reliably translate in vitro data on peptide or nanoparticle permeability to the in vivo situation in a human subject, the in vitro experimental system needs to realistically capture the central aspects of the mentioned barriers. Therefore, characteristics of common in vitro cell culture systems are discussed and compared to those of human intestinal tissues. Attempts to use the cell and tissue models for in vitro-in vivo extrapolation are reviewed. Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Easy sperm processing technique allowing exclusive accumulation and later usage of DNA-strandbreak-free spermatozoa.

PubMed

Ebner, T; Shebl, O; Moser, M; Mayer, R B; Arzt, W; Tews, G

2011-01-01

Sperm DNA fragmentation is increased in poor-quality semen samples and correlates with failed fertilization, impaired preimplantation development and reduced pregnancy outcome. Common sperm preparation techniques may reduce the percentage of strandbreak-positive spermatozoa, but, to date, there is no reliable approach to exclusively accumulate strandbreak-free spermatozoa. To analyse the efficiency of special sperm selection chambers (Zech-selectors made of glass or polyethylene) in terms of strandbreak reduction, 39 subfertile men were recruited and three probes (native, density gradient and Zech-selector) were used to check for strand breaks using the sperm chromatin dispersion test. The mean percentage of affected spermatozoa in the ejaculate was 15.8 ± 7.8% (range 5.0–42.1%). Density gradient did not significantly improve the quality of spermatozoa selected(14.2 ± 7.0%). However, glass chambers completely removed 90% spermatozoa showing strand breaks and polyethylene chambers removed 76%. Both types of Zech-selectors were equivalent in their efficiency, significantly reduced DNA damage (P < 0.001) and,with respect to this, performed better than density gradient centrifugation (P < 0.001). As far as is known, this is the first report ona sperm preparation technique concentrating spermatozoa unaffected in terms of DNA damage. The special chambers most probably select for sperm motility and/or maturity. Copyright © 2010 Reproductive Healthcare Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Comparison of immersion ultrasound, partial coherence interferometry, and low coherence reflectometry for ocular biometry in cataract patients.

PubMed

Montés-Micó, Robert; Carones, Francesco; Buttacchio, Antonietta; Ferrer-Blasco, Teresa; Madrid-Costa, David

2011-09-01

To compare ocular biometry parameters measured with immersion ultrasound, partial coherence interferometry, and low coherence reflectometry in cataract patients. Measurements of axial length and anterior chamber depth were analyzed and compared using immersion ultrasound, partial coherence interferometry, and low coherence reflectometry. Keratometry (K), flattest axis, and white-to-white measurements were compared between partial coherence interferometry and low coherence reflectometry. Seventy-eight cataract (LOCS II range: 1 to 3) eyes of 45 patients aged between 42 and 90 years were evaluated. A subanalysis as a function of cataract degree was done for axial length and anterior chamber depth between techniques. No statistically significant differences were noted for the study cohort or within each cataract degree among the three techniques for axial length and anterior chamber depth (P>.05, ANOVA test). Measurements between techniques were highly correlated for axial length (R=0.99) and anterior chamber depth (R=0.90 to 0.96) for all methods. Keratometry, flattest axis, and white-to-white measurements were comparable (paired t test, P>.1) and correlated well between partial coherence interferometry and low coherence reflectometry (K1 [R=0.95), K2 [R=0.97], flattest axis [R=0.95], and white-to-white [R=0.92]). Immersion ultrasound, partial coherence interferometry, and low coherence reflectometry provided comparable ocular biometry measurements in cataractous eyes. Copyright 2011, SLACK Incorporated.

Reverberation Chamber Uniformity Validation and Radiated Susceptibility Test Procedures for the NASA High Intensity Radiated Fields Laboratory

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Koppen, Sandra V.; Nguyen, Truong X.; Mielnik, John J.

2010-01-01

The NASA Langley Research Center's High Intensity Radiated Fields Laboratory has developed a capability based on the RTCA/DO-160F Section 20 guidelines for radiated electromagnetic susceptibility testing in reverberation chambers. Phase 1 of the test procedure utilizes mode-tuned stirrer techniques and E-field probe measurements to validate chamber uniformity, determines chamber loading effects, and defines a radiated susceptibility test process. The test procedure is segmented into numbered operations that are largely software controlled. This document is intended as a laboratory test reference and includes diagrams of test setups, equipment lists, as well as test results and analysis. Phase 2 of development is discussed.

U.S. Department of Defense - Pearl Harbor Special

Science.gov Websites

FORCE BASE, Hawaii - Airmen of the base honor guard here prepare to place memorial wreaths during the , 1941 Related Links * USS Arizona Memorial * Earth Observing 1Satellite - Aerial View * Naval Historical

44. #3 ARRESTING GEAR ENGINE AFT LOOKING FORWARD SHOWING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

44. #3 ARRESTING GEAR ENGINE - AFT LOOKING FORWARD SHOWING MURAL OF LUCY AND CHARLIE BROWN ON HYDRAULIC OIL ACCUMULATOR. - U.S.S. HORNET, Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Sinclair Inlet, Bremerton, Kitsap County, WA

30. STARBOARD REFUELING STATION STARBOARD LOOKING TO PORT SHOWING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

30. STARBOARD REFUELING STATION - STARBOARD LOOKING TO PORT SHOWING RIGGING, FUEL RISER, SHUT-OFF VALVE, TEST COCK AND PRESSURE GAUGE. - U.S.S. HORNET, Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Sinclair Inlet, Bremerton, Kitsap County, WA

Compartment A14m cork lined powder magazine looking port to ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Compartment A-14m - cork lined powder magazine looking port to starboard; note temperature sensor in the overhead. (022) - USS Olympia, Penn's Landing, 211 South Columbus Boulevard, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA

Underway Recovery Test 6 (URT-6)

NASA Image and Video Library

2018-01-21

NASA's Recovery Team worked with the U.S. Navy during Underway Recovery Test 6 (URT-6) aboard the USS Anchorage off the coast of San Diego California -- First official release day with Captain and Astronaut interviews.

Military Sealift Command

Science.gov Websites

well approximately 3 million gallons of jet fuel and 6 million gallons of diesel ship fuel to the USS replenishments-at-sea, delivering 740 pallets of food equipment, as well approximately 3 million gallons of jet

38. FLAG/ADMIRAL BRIDGE PORT LOOKING TO STARBOARD SHOWING RADAR ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

38. FLAG/ADMIRAL BRIDGE - PORT LOOKING TO STARBOARD SHOWING RADAR SCOPE, ADMIRAL'S CHAIR, GYRO REPEATER AND VARIOUS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS. - U.S.S. HORNET, Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Sinclair Inlet, Bremerton, Kitsap County, WA

NASA Acting Chief Technologist Douglas Terrier Interviewed by Al Roker

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-08-21

NASA CTO Douglas Terrier talks with the "Today Show's" Al Roker about NASA's science research during an Eclipse Across America broadcast aboard the USS Yorktown in Charleston, South Carolina on Aug. 21, 2017.

75 FR 6096 - Certifications and Exemptions Under the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-02-08

... FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Lieutenant Commander Ted Cook, JAGC, U.S. Navy, Admiralty Attorney... 2(f) 3(a) * * * * * * * USS MOBILE BAY CG 53 X X 36.8 * * * * * * * * * * * * Approved: January 28...

122. FULL STARBOARD VIEW UNDERWAY, IN CAMOUFLAGE PAINT SCHEME. 5 ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

122. FULL STARBOARD VIEW UNDERWAY, IN CAMOUFLAGE PAINT SCHEME. 5 SEPTEMBER 1944. (NATIONAL ARCHIVES NO. 80-G-284087) - U.S.S. HORNET, Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Sinclair Inlet, Bremerton, Kitsap County, WA

A smog chamber comparison of a microfluidic derivatisation measurement of gas-phase glyoxal and methylglyoxal with other analytical techniques

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pang, xiaobing; Lewis, Alastair; Rickard, Andrew R.; Baeza-Romero, Maria Teresa; Adams, Thomas J.; Ball, Stephen M.; Goodall, Iain C. A.; Monks, Paul S.; Peppe, Salvatore; Ródenas García, Milagros; Sánchez, Pilar; Muñoz, Amalia

2014-05-01

A microfluidic lab-on-a-chip derivatisation technique has been developed to measure part per billion (ppbV) mixing ratios of gaseous glyoxal (GLY) and methylglyoxal (MGLY), and the method is compared with other techniques in a smog chamber experiment. The method uses o-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl) hydroxylamine (PFBHA) as a derivatisation reagent and a microfabricated planar glass micro-reactor comprising an inlet, gas and fluid splitting and combining channels, mixing junctions, and a heated capillary reaction microchannel. The enhanced phase contact area-to-volume ratio and the high heat transfer rate in the micro-reactor result in a fast and highly efficient derivatisation reaction, generating an effluent stream ready for direct introduction to a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). A linear response for GLY was observed over a calibration range 0.7 to 400 ppbV, and for MGLY of 1.2 to 300 ppbV, when derivatised under optimal reaction conditions. The analytical performance shows good accuracy (6.6 % for GLY and 7.5 % for MGLY), suitable precision (< 12.0 %) and method detection limits (MDLs) (75 pptV for GLY and 185 pptV for MGLY) with a time resolution of 30 minutes. These MDLs are below or close to typical concentrations of these compounds observed in ambient air. The microfluidic derivatisation technique would be appropriate for ambient α-dicarbonyl measurements in a range of field environments based on its performance in a large-scale outdoor atmospheric simulation chamber (EUPHORE). The feasibility of the technique was assessed by applying the methodology to quantify of α-dicarbonyls formed during the photo-oxidation of isoprene in the EUPHORE chamber. Good correlations were found between microfluidic measurements and Fourier Transform InfraRed spectroscopy (FTIR) with the correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.84, Broad Band Cavity Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy (BBCEAS) (r2 = 0.75), solid phase micro extraction (SPME) (r2 = 0.89), and a photochemical chamber box modelling calculation (r2 = 0.79) in GLY measurements. For MGLY measurements, the microfluidic technique showed good agreement with BBCEAS (r2 = 0.87), SPME (r2 = 0.76), and modeling simulation (r2 = 0.83), FTIR (r2 = 0.72) but displayed a discrepancy with Proton-Transfer Reaction Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) with r2 value of 0.39.

Nonevaporable getter coating chambers for extreme high vacuum

DOE PAGES

Stutzman, Marcy L.; Adderley, Philip A.; Mamun, Md Abdullah Al; ...

2018-03-01

Techniques for NEG coating a large diameter chamber are presented along with vacuum measurements in the chamber using several pumping configurations, with base pressure as low as 1.56x10^-12 Torr (N2 equivalent) with only a NEG coating and small ion pump. We then describe modifications to the NEG coating process to coat complex geometry chambers for ultra-cold atom trap experiments. Surface analysis of NEG coated samples are used to measure composition and morphology of the thin films. Finally, pressure measurements are compared for two NEG coated polarized electron source chambers: the 130 kV polarized electron source at Jefferson Lab and themore » upgraded 350 kV polarized 2 electron source, both of which are approaching or within the extreme high vacuum (XHV) range, defined as P<7.5x10^-13 Torr.« less

Nonevaporable getter coating chambers for extreme high vacuum

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Stutzman, Marcy L.; Adderley, Philip A.; Mamun, Md Abdullah Al

Techniques for NEG coating a large diameter chamber are presented along with vacuum measurements in the chamber using several pumping configurations, with base pressure as low as 1.56x10^-12 Torr (N2 equivalent) with only a NEG coating and small ion pump. We then describe modifications to the NEG coating process to coat complex geometry chambers for ultra-cold atom trap experiments. Surface analysis of NEG coated samples are used to measure composition and morphology of the thin films. Finally, pressure measurements are compared for two NEG coated polarized electron source chambers: the 130 kV polarized electron source at Jefferson Lab and themore » upgraded 350 kV polarized 2 electron source, both of which are approaching or within the extreme high vacuum (XHV) range, defined as P<7.5x10^-13 Torr.« less

Distributed acoustic sensing technique and its field trial in SAGD well

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Han, Li; He, Xiangge; Pan, Yong; Liu, Fei; Yi, Duo; Hu, Chengjun; Zhang, Min; Gu, Lijuan

2017-10-01

Steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) is a very promising way for the development of heavy oil, extra heavy oil and tight oil reservoirs. Proper monitoring of the SAGD operations is essential to avoid operational issues and improve efficiency. Among all the monitoring techniques, micro-seismic monitoring and related interpretation method can give useful information about the steam chamber development and has been extensively studied. Distributed acoustic sensor (DAS) based on Rayleigh backscattering is a newly developed technique that can measure acoustic signal at all points along the sensing fiber. In this paper, we demonstrate a DAS system based on dual-pulse heterodyne demodulation technique and did field trial in SAGD well located in Xinjiang Oilfield, China. The field trail results validated the performance of the DAS system and indicated its applicability in steam-chamber monitoring and hydraulic monitoring.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bowman, Adam J.; Scherrer, Joseph R.; Reiserer, Ronald S., E-mail: ron.reiserer@vanderbilt.edu

We present a simple apparatus for improved surface modification of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic devices. A single treatment chamber for plasma activation and chemical/physical vapor deposition steps minimizes the time-dependent degradation of surface activation that is inherent in multi-chamber techniques. Contamination and deposition irregularities are also minimized by conducting plasma activation and treatment phases in the same vacuum environment. An inductively coupled plasma driver allows for interchangeable treatment chambers. Atomic force microscopy confirms that silane deposition on PDMS gives much better surface quality than standard deposition methods, which yield a higher local roughness and pronounced irregularities in the surface.

[Did the patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Primary Care center Anton de Borja correctly utilize inhalers?].

PubMed

Represas-Carrera, Francisco Jesús

2015-01-01

To determine the percentage of patients with Pulmonary Obstructive Chronic Disease who doing of incorrect form the inhaler technique. Descriptive transversal study made in the Primary Care Center "Antón de Borja" of Rubi (in Barcelona) during the period between May and December 2013, where it was studied a representative sample of 200 patients. To assess the inhaler technique was performed a personal interview with the patient in which it was requested him to carry out a demonstration of how he was using his inhaler regularly evaluating his inhaler technique by means of the regulations established by Spanish Society of Pneumology and Thoracic Surgery. 43% of the patients carry out inhaler technique incorrectly. The percentage of inadequate use of inhalers of dry powder was 26%, of the pressurized cartridge 38% and the inhaler chamber 10%. 82% of patients ≥ 65 years who have prescribed a pressurized inhaler cartridge do not perform accompanied by an inhaler chamber. A high percentage of patients do not correctly carry out inhaler technique, pointing the rare use made of the inhaler chamber despite its proven efficacy and the high number of patients with pressurized inhaler cartridge. These results reflect the need for the implementation of an educational program in our Primary Care Center to teach patients to use inhaler devices. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.

A direct-measurement technique for estimating discharge-chamber lifetime. [for ion thrusters

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Beattie, J. R.; Garvin, H. L.

1982-01-01

The use of short-term measurement techniques for predicting the wearout of ion thrusters resulting from sputter-erosion damage is investigated. The laminar-thin-film technique is found to provide high precision erosion-rate data, although the erosion rates are generally substantially higher than those found during long-term erosion tests, so that the results must be interpreted in a relative sense. A technique for obtaining absolute measurements is developed using a masked-substrate arrangement. This new technique provides a means for estimating the lifetimes of critical discharge-chamber components based on direct measurements of sputter-erosion depths obtained during short-duration (approximately 1 hr) tests. Results obtained using the direct-measurement technique are shown to agree with sputter-erosion depths calculated for the plasma conditions of the test. The direct-measurement approach is found to be applicable to both mercury and argon discharge-plasma environments and will be useful for estimating the lifetimes of inert gas and extended performance mercury ion thrusters currently under development.

Fission fragment yields and total kinetic energy release in neutron-induced fission of235,238U,and239Pu

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tovesson, F.; Duke, D.; Geppert-Kleinrath, V.; Manning, B.; Mayorov, D.; Mosby, S.; Schmitt, K.

2018-03-01

Different aspects of the nuclear fission process have been studied at Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) using various instruments and experimental techniques. Properties of the fragments emitted in fission have been investigated using Frisch-grid ionization chambers, a Time Projection Chamber (TPC), and the SPIDER instrument which employs the 2v-2E method. These instruments and experimental techniques have been used to determine fission product mass yields, the energy dependent total kinetic energy (TKE) release, and anisotropy in neutron-induced fission of U-235, U-238 and Pu-239.

Saturation current and collection efficiency for ionization chambers in pulsed beams.

PubMed

DeBlois, F; Zankowski, C; Podgorsak, E B

2000-05-01

Saturation currents and collection efficiencies in ionization chambers exposed to pulsed megavoltage photon and electron beams are determined assuming a linear relationship between 1/I and 1/V in the extreme near-saturation region, with I and V the chamber current and polarizing voltage, respectively. Careful measurements of chamber current against polarizing voltage in the extreme near-saturation region reveal a current rising faster than that predicted by the linear relationship. This excess current combined with conventional "two-voltage" technique for determination of collection efficiency may result in an up to 0.7% overestimate of the saturation current for standard radiation field sizes of 10X10 cm2. The measured excess current is attributed to charge multiplication in the chamber air volume and to radiation-induced conductivity in the stem of the chamber (stem effect). These effects may be accounted for by an exponential term used in conjunction with Boag's equation for collection efficiency in pulsed beams. The semiempirical model follows the experimental data well and accounts for both the charge recombination as well as for the charge multiplication effects and the chamber stem effect.

49. COMMAND INFORMATION CENTER (CIC) AFT LOOKING FORWARD PORT ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

49. COMMAND INFORMATION CENTER (CIC) - AFT LOOKING FORWARD PORT TO STARBOARD SHOWING VARIOUS TYPES OF RADAR UNITS, PLOT TABLES AND PLOTTING BOARDS. - U.S.S. HORNET, Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Sinclair Inlet, Bremerton, Kitsap County, WA

DefenseLink.mil - Special Report - Beirut Barracks Bombing

Science.gov Websites

the 241 American Marines, soldiers, and sailors who lost their lives twenty-six years ago as the -six nautical miles off the coast of Beirut, Lebanon, crew members aboard USS Higgins paused to

Compartment A123 crews WC (head) looking aft; to forward; note ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Compartment A-123 crews WC (head) looking aft; to forward; note wire lockers for transient stowage of clothing while showering. (026) - USS Olympia, Penn's Landing, 211 South Columbus Boulevard, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA

101. STARBOARD AIRPLANE ELEVATOR MACHINERY ROOM AFT LOOKING FORWARD ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

101. STARBOARD AIRPLANE ELEVATOR MACHINERY ROOM - AFT LOOKING FORWARD PORT TO STARBOARD SHOWING ELEVATOR ENGINE, LIFTING WIRES, HYDRAULIC PIPING WITH REMOTE OPERATOR. - U.S.S. HORNET, Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Sinclair Inlet, Bremerton, Kitsap County, WA

71. CHIEF PETTY OFFICERS' LOUNGE AFT LOOKING FORWARD PORT ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

71. CHIEF PETTY OFFICERS' LOUNGE - AFT LOOKING FORWARD PORT TO STARBOARD SHOWING COFFEE MESS, ICE CREAM COOLER, ICE MACHINE AND SCUTTLEBUTT. - U.S.S. HORNET, Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Sinclair Inlet, Bremerton, Kitsap County, WA

INTERIOR VIEW OF BUILDING 593 FACING WEST. U.S. Naval ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

INTERIOR VIEW OF BUILDING 593 FACING WEST. - U.S. Naval Base, Pearl Harbor, Retail Warehouse, Fleet Landing Halawa, near Kamehameha Highway between Richardson Recreation Center & USS Arizona Memorial Visitor Center, Pearl City, Honolulu County, HI

Comprehensive head and neck trauma screening: the USS Cole experience.

PubMed

Helling, Eric R; Pfannenstiel, Travis J

2005-11-01

A prospective study was designed to determine the incidence of occult head and neck injuries after initial triage of patients following the USS Cole terrorist bombing. All 39 patients evacuated to Landstuhl Regional Medical Center underwent comprehensive head and neck examinations, regardless of known diagnoses at the time of arrival. Appropriate interventions were performed, and detailed summaries were added to the patients' records. Initial triage listed nine of 39 patients as having sustained head and neck injuries. After screening by an otolaryngology team, 23 of 39 patients were identified as having head and neck injuries requiring further care. The majority of head and neck injuries were not initially reported to the head and neck trauma service. Our conclusion is that occult head and neck injuries are common after blast injuries. Early identification and intervention by a subspecialty head and neck trauma team can aid in achieving optimal outcomes after blast injury.

Penile fracture: penoscrotal approach with degloving of penis after Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).

PubMed

Antonini, Gabriele; Vicini, Patrizio; Sansalone, Salvatore; Garaffa, Giulio; Vitarelli, Antonio; De Berardinis, Ettore; Von Heland, Magnus; Giovannone, Riccardo; Casciani, Emanuele; Gentile, Vincenzo

2014-03-28

Fracture of the penis, a relatively uncommon emergency in Urology, consists in the traumatic rupture of the tunica albuginea of the corpus cavernosum. Examination and clinical history can be highly suspicious of penile fracture in the majority of cases and ultrasonography (USS) can be useful to identify the exact location of the tunical rupture, which is proximal in 2/3 of cases and therefore manageable through a penoscrotal approach. Although expensive and not readily available in the acute setting, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) may play a role in the differential diagnosis with rupture of a circumflex or dorsal vein of the penis or when the tunical rupture is not associated with tear of the overlying Buck's fascia. This form of imaging is more sensitive than USS at identifying the presence of a tunical tear. The treatment of choice is immediate surgical repair, which allows preserving erectile function and minimizing corporeal fibrosis.

Aerospike thrust chamber program. [cumulative damage and maintenance of structural members in hydrogen oxygen engines

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Campbell, J., Jr.; Cobb, S. M.

1976-01-01

An existing, but damaged, 25,000-pound thrust, flightweight, oxygen/hydrogen aerospike rocket thrust chamber was disassembled and partially repaired. A description is presented of the aerospike chamber configuration and of the damage it had suffered. Techniques for aerospike thrust chamber repair were developed, and are described, covering repair procedures for lightweight tubular nozzles, titanium thrust structures, and copper channel combustors. Effort was terminated prior to completion of the repairs and conduct of a planned hot fire test program when it was found that the copper alloy walls of many of the thrust chamber's 24 combustors had been degraded in strength and ductility during the initial fabrication of the thrust chamber. The degradation is discussed and traced to a reaction between oxygen and/or oxides diffused into the copper alloy during fabrication processes and the hydrogen utilized as a brazing furnace atmosphere during the initial assembly operation on many of the combustors. The effects of the H2/O2 reaction within the copper alloy are described.

Rapid Ovary Mass-Isolation (ROMi) to Obtain Large Quantities of Drosophila Egg Chambers for Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization.

PubMed

Jambor, Helena; Mejstrik, Pavel; Tomancak, Pavel

2016-01-01

Isolation of large quantities of tissue from organisms is essential for many techniques such as genome-wide screens and biochemistry. However, obtaining large quantities of tissues or cells is often the rate-limiting step when working in vivo. Here, we present a rapid method that allows the isolation of intact, single egg chambers at various developmental stages from ovaries of adult female Drosophila flies. The isolated egg chambers are amenable for a variety of procedures such as fluorescent in situ hybridization, RNA isolation, extract preparation, or immunostaining. Isolation of egg chambers from adult flies can be completed in 5 min and results, depending on the input amount of flies, in several milliliters of material. The isolated egg chambers are then further processed depending on the exact requirements of the subsequent application. We describe high-throughput in situ hybridization in 96-well plates as example application for the mass-isolated egg chambers.

Lean direct wall fuel injection method and devices

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Choi, Kyung J. (Inventor); Tacina, Robert (Inventor)

2000-01-01

A fuel combustion chamber, and a method of and a nozzle for mixing liquid fuel and air in the fuel combustion chamber in lean direct injection combustion for advanced gas turbine engines, including aircraft engines. Liquid fuel in a form of jet is injected directly into a cylindrical combustion chamber from the combustion chamber wall surface in a direction opposite to the direction of the swirling air at an angle of from about 50.degree. to about 60.degree. with respect to a tangential line of the cylindrical combustion chamber and at a fuel-lean condition, with a liquid droplet momentum to air momentum ratio in the range of from about 0.05 to about 0.12. Advanced gas turbines benefit from lean direct wall injection combustion. The lean direct wall injection technique of the present invention provides fast, uniform, well-stirred mixing of fuel and air. In addition, in order to further improve combustion, the fuel can be injected at a venturi located in the combustion chamber at a point adjacent the air swirler.

Combining eddy-covariance and chamber measurements to determine the methane budget from a small, heterogeneous urban floodplain wetland park

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Morin, T. H.; Bohrer, G.; Stefanik, K. C.

Methane (CH 4) emissions and carbon uptake in temperate freshwater wetlands act in opposing directions in the context of global radiative forcing. Large uncertainties exist for the rates of CH 4 emissions making it difficult to determine the extent that CH 4 emissions counteract the carbon sequestration of wetlands. Urban temperate wetlands are typically small and feature highly heterogeneous land cover, posing an additional challenge to determining their CH 4 budget. The data analysis approach we introduce here combines two different CH 4 flux measurement techniques to overcome scale and heterogeneity problems and determine the overall CH 4 budget ofmore » a small, heterogeneous, urban wetland landscape. Temporally intermittent point measurements from non-steady-state chambers provided information about patch-level heterogeneity of fluxes, while continuous, high temporal resolution flux measurements using the eddy-covariance (EC) technique provided information about the temporal dynamics of the fluxes. Patch-level scaling parameterization was developed from the chamber data to scale eddy covariance data to a ‘fixed-frame’, which corrects for variability in the spatial coverage of the eddy covariance observation footprint at any single point in time. Finally, by combining two measurement techniques at different scales, we addressed shortcomings of both techniques with respect to heterogeneous wetland sites.« less

Combining eddy-covariance and chamber measurements to determine the methane budget from a small, heterogeneous urban floodplain wetland park

DOE PAGES

Morin, T. H.; Bohrer, G.; Stefanik, K. C.; ...

2017-02-17

Methane (CH 4) emissions and carbon uptake in temperate freshwater wetlands act in opposing directions in the context of global radiative forcing. Large uncertainties exist for the rates of CH 4 emissions making it difficult to determine the extent that CH 4 emissions counteract the carbon sequestration of wetlands. Urban temperate wetlands are typically small and feature highly heterogeneous land cover, posing an additional challenge to determining their CH 4 budget. The data analysis approach we introduce here combines two different CH 4 flux measurement techniques to overcome scale and heterogeneity problems and determine the overall CH 4 budget ofmore » a small, heterogeneous, urban wetland landscape. Temporally intermittent point measurements from non-steady-state chambers provided information about patch-level heterogeneity of fluxes, while continuous, high temporal resolution flux measurements using the eddy-covariance (EC) technique provided information about the temporal dynamics of the fluxes. Patch-level scaling parameterization was developed from the chamber data to scale eddy covariance data to a ‘fixed-frame’, which corrects for variability in the spatial coverage of the eddy covariance observation footprint at any single point in time. Finally, by combining two measurement techniques at different scales, we addressed shortcomings of both techniques with respect to heterogeneous wetland sites.« less

Reduced-Smoke Solid Propellant Combustion Products Analysis. Development of a Micromotor Combustor Technique.

DTIC Science & Technology

1976-10-01

A low-cost micromotor combustor technique has been devised to support the development of reduced-smoke solid propellant formulations. The technique...includes a simple, reusable micromotor capable of high chamber pressures, a combustion products collection system, and procedures for analysis of

Microbial fuel cells coupling with the three-dimensional electro-Fenton technique enhances the degradation of methyl orange in the wastewater.

PubMed

Huang, Tao; Liu, Longfei; Tao, Junjun; Zhou, Lulu; Zhang, Shuwen

2018-04-23

The emission of the source effluent of azo dyes has resulted in a serial of environmental problems including of the direct damage of the natural esthetics, the inhibition of the oxygen exchange, the shortage of the photosynthesis, and the reduction of the aquatic flora and fauna. A bioelectrochemical platform (3D-EF-MFCs) combining two-chamber microbial fuel cells and three dimensional electro-Fenton technique were delicately designed and assembled to explore the decolorization, bio-genericity performance of the methyl orange, and the possible biotic-abiotic degradation mechanisms. The 3D-EF-MFCs processes showed higher decolorization efficiencies, COD removals, and better bioelectricity performance than the pure electro-Fenton-microbial fuel cell (EF-MFC) systems. The two-chamber experiments filling with the granular activated carbons were better than the single-chamber packing system on the whole. The moderate increase of Fe 2+ ions dosing in the cathode chamber accelerated the formation of •OH, which further enhanced the degradation of the methyl orange (MO). The cathode-decolorization and COD removals were decreased with the increase of MO concentration. However, the degradation performance of MO was indirectly improved in the anode compartment at the same conditions. The bed electrodes played a mediator role in the anode and cathode chambers, certainly elevated the voltage output and the power density, and lowered the internal impedance of EF-MFC process.

Design, Development and Hotfire Testing of Monolithic Copper and Bimetallic Additively Manufactured Combustion Chambers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gradl, Paul; Barnett, Greg; Brandsmeier, Will; Greene, Sandy Elam; Protz, Chris

2016-01-01

NASA and industry partners are working towards fabrication process development to reduce costs and schedules associated with manufacturing liquid rocket engine components with the goal of reducing overall mission costs. One such technique being evaluated is powder-bed fusion or selective laser melting (SLM) otherwise commonly referred to as additive manufacturing. The NASA Low Cost Upper Stage Propulsion (LCUSP) program was designed to develop processes and material characterization for the GRCop-84 copper-alloy commensurate with powder bed additive manufacturing, evaluate bimetallic deposition and complete testing of a full scale combustion chamber. As part of this development, the process has been transferred to industry partners to enable a long-term supply chain of monolithic copper combustion chambers. As a direct spin off of this program, NASA is working with industry partners to further develop the printing process for the GRCop-84 material in addition to the C-18150 (CuCrZr) material. To advance the process further and allow for optimization with multiple materials, NASA is also investigating the feasibility of bimetallic additively manufactured chambers. A 1.2k sized thrust-chamber was designed and developed to compare the printing process of the GRCop-84 and C-18150 SLM materials. A series of similar MCC liners also completed development with an Inconel 625 jacket bonded to the GRcop-84 liner evaluating direct metal deposition (DMD) laser and arc-based techniques. This paper describes the design, development, manufacturing and testing of these combustion chambers and associated lessons learned throughout the design and development process.

[Application of laminar air flow techniques in burn treatment].

PubMed

Chen, Hua-de; Lai, Wen; Zheng, Shao-yi; Gao, Hui; Xiong, Bing; Bian, Hui-ning; Liu, Zuo-An; Wei, Li-jun

2005-12-01

To evaluate the value of laminar flow in the treatment of burns. The air in the laminar flow chamber and the wound tissues of the patients were sampled for bacterial detection. The number and stains of bacterial colony from different classes of laminar air flow chambers at different time points were inspected and compared. The bacterial number was 0 in the laminar flow chamber of 1000 grade, which was obviously different from that in the public area. The mortality was obviously decreased in the laminar air flow chamber with shorter treatment time and hospitalization. No wound infection occurred and the wounds healed smoothly in all these patients. The application of laminar air flow can be helpful for the treatment of severe burns.

Interactions between pacing and arrhythmia detection algorithms in the dual chamber implantable cardioverter defibrillator.

PubMed

Dijkman, B; Wellens, H J

2001-09-01

Dual chamber implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) combines the possibility to detect and treat ventricular and atrial arrhythmias with the possibility of modern heart stimulation techniques. Advanced pacing algorithms together with extended arrhythmia detection capabilities can give rise to new types of device-device interactions. Some of the possible interactions are illustrated by four cases documented in four models of dual chamber ICDs. Functioning of new features in dual chamber devices is influenced by the fact that the pacemaker is not a separate device but a part of the ICD system and that both are being used in a patient with arrhythmia. Programming measures are suggested to optimize use of new pacing algorithms while maintaining correct arrhythmia detection.

Sliding Mode Control of a Thermal Mixing Process

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Richter, Hanz; Figueroa, Fernando

2004-01-01

In this paper we consider the robust control of a thermal mixer using multivariable Sliding Mode Control (SMC). The mixer consists of a mixing chamber, hot and cold fluid valves, and an exit valve. The commanded positions of the three valves are the available control inputs, while the controlled variables are total mass flow rate, chamber pressure and the density of the mixture inside the chamber. Unsteady thermodynamics and linear valve models are used in deriving a 5th order nonlinear system with three inputs and three outputs, An SMC controller is designed to achieve robust output tracking in the presence of unknown energy losses between the chamber and the environment. The usefulness of the technique is illustrated with a simulation.

Nitric oxide inhibition of NaCl secretion in the opercular epithelium of seawater-acclimated killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus.

PubMed

Gerber, Lucie; Jensen, Frank B; Madsen, Steffen S; Marshall, William S

2016-11-01

Nitric oxide (NO) modulates epithelial ion transport pathways in mammals, but this remains largely unexamined in fish. We explored the involvement of NO in controlling NaCl secretion by the opercular epithelium of seawater killifish using an Ussing chamber approach. Pharmacological agents were used to explore the mechanism(s) triggering NO action. A modified Biotin-switch technique was used to investigate S-nitrosation of proteins. Stimulation of endogenous NO production via the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) substrate l-arginine (2.0 mmol l -1 ), and addition of exogenous NO via the NO donor SNAP (10 -6 to 10 -4  mol l -1 ), decreased the epithelial short-circuit current (I sc ). Inhibition of endogenous NO production by the NOS inhibitor l-NAME (10 -4  mol l -1 ) increased I sc and revealed a tonic control of ion transport by NO in unstimulated opercular epithelia. The NO scavenger PTIO (10 -5  mol l -1 ) supressed the NO-mediated decrease in I sc , and confirmed that the effect observed was elicited by release of NO. The effect of SNAP on I sc was abolished by inhibitors of the soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), ODQ (10 -6  mol l -1 ) and Methylene Blue (10 -4  mol l -1 ), revealing NO signalling via the sGC/cGMP pathway. Incubation of opercular epithelium and gill tissues with SNAP (10 -4  mol l -1 ) led to S-nitrosation of proteins, including Na + /K + -ATPase. Blocking of NOS with l-NAME (10 -6  mol l -1 ) or scavenging of NO with PTIO during hypotonic shock suggested an involvement of NO in the hypotonic-mediated decrease in I sc Yohimbine (10 -4  mol l -1 ), an inhibitor of α 2 -adrenoceptors, did not block NO effects, suggesting that NO is not involved in the α-adrenergic control of NaCl secretion. © 2016. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.

Defining urinary urgency: patient descriptions of "gotta go".

PubMed

Coyne, Karin S; Harding, Gale; Jumadilova, Zhanna; Weiss, Jeffrey P

2012-04-01

Urgency is a key symptom in the diagnosis of overactive bladder (OAB), yet its definition and measurement are subject to continuing debate whether urinary urgency is a pathologic sensation or an intensification of normal desire to pass urine. The objective of this research was to explore the concept of urgency among participants with OAB symptoms and to evaluate the content validity of the urinary sensation scale (USS). Two qualitative studies were conducted among participants with OAB symptoms. For both studies, participants were interviewed on the USS to ascertain their ability to complete and interpret each response. Study 2 included open-ended questions to explore the concept of urgency with participants asked to describe "normal urge" and "urgency." Thirty-one men and women (Study 1, n = 12; Study 2, n = 19) participated. Nearly all participants (n = 29) thought the word descriptions for the 1-5 scale were easy to comprehend and were able to differentiate among ratings by degree of severity. Study 2 noted little difference between continent (n = 9) and incontinent (n = 10) participant descriptions of "urge or desire to urinate" and "typical sensation." The majority of the continent (n = 6) and incontinent (n = 7) participants stated they have both "regular" sensations to urinate and "urgent" sensations to urinate. This qualitative research provides evidence that men and women with OAB symptoms can distinguish between "normal" urge (desire) to urinate and "urgency" suggesting that urinary urgency is a continuum, rather than an all-or-none phenomenon. The USS demonstrated content validity and was acceptable to patients. Copyright © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Assessment of satisfaction and Quality of Life using self - reported questionnaires after urethroplasty: a prospective analysis

PubMed Central

Lucas, Eduardo Terra; Koff, Walter José; Rosito, Tiago Elias; Berger, Milton; Bortolini, Tiago; Silva, Brasil

2017-01-01

ABSTRACT Objectives To assess patient satisfaction and quality of life after urethroplasty using two different self-reported outcome measures and to compare it with objective clinical data. Materials and Methods We prospectively collected data from 35 consecutive patients who underwent urethroplasty from January 2013 to September 2014. Patient demographics, International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), quality of life score, urethral stricture surgery patient-reported outcome measure (USS-PROM), maximum flow rate (Qmax) and post-void residual urine were collected before, two and eight months after surgery. Failure occurred when any postoperative instrumentation was performed. General estimation equation was used to compare the results and linear regression analysis to correlate both questionnaires with objective data. Results Mean age was 61 years. Urethroplasties were equally divided between anastomotic and buccal mucosa grafts and 19 patients (59.3%) had a previous urethral procedure. Overall success rate was 87.5%. IPSS improved from a mean 19 at baseline to 5.32 at 8 months (p <0.001). The mean USS-PROM score also improved from 13.21 preoperatively to 3.36 after surgery (p <0.001) and 84.3% of patients were satisfied or very satisfied with surgical results. Mean Qmax increased from 4.64mL/s to 11mL/s (p <0.001). Strong negative correlation was found respectively between flow rate and USS-PROM (r=-0.531, p <0.001) and with IPSS (r=-0.512, p <0.001). Conclusions Significant improvements in urinary symptoms and in quality of life are expected after urethroplasty and they are correlated with objective measures. PMID:28128915

Evaluation of Impinging Stream Vortex Chamber Concepts for Liquid Rocket Engine Applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Trinh, Huu P.; Bullard, Brad; Kopicz, Charles; Michaels, Scott; Turner, James (Technical Monitor)

2001-01-01

To pursue technology developments for future launch vehicles, NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) is examining vortex chamber concepts for liquid rocket engine applications. Past studies indicated that the vortex chamber schemes potentially have a number of advantages over conventional chamber methods. Due to the nature of the vortex flow, relatively cooler propellant streams tend to flow along the chamber wall. Hence, the thruster chamber can be operated without the need of any cooling techniques. This vortex flow also creates strong turbulence, which promotes the propellant mixing process. Consequently, the subject chamber concepts not only offer the system simplicity, but they also would enhance the combustion performance. The test results showed that the chamber performance was markedly high even at a low chamber length-to-diameter ratio (L/D). This incentive can be translated to a convenience in the thrust chamber packaging. Variations of the vortex chamber concepts have been introduced in the past few decades. These investigations include an ongoing work at Orbital Technologies Corporation (ORBITEC). By injecting the oxidizer tangentially at the chamber convergence and fuel axially at the chamber head end, Knuth et al. were able to keep the wall relatively cold. A recent investigation of the low L/D vortex chamber concept for gel propellants was conducted by Michaels. He used both triplet (two oxidizer and one fuel orifices) and unlike impinging schemes to inject propellants tangentially along the chamber wall. Michaels called the subject injection scheme as Impinging Stream Vortex Chamber (ISVC). His preliminary tests showed that high performance, with an Isp efficiency of 92%, can be obtained. MSFC and the U.S. Army are jointly investigating an application of the ISVC concept for the cryogenic oxygen/hydrocarbon propellant system. This vortex chamber concept is currently tested with gel propellants at AMCOM at Redstone Arsenal, Alabama. A version of this concept for the liquid oxygen (LOX)/hydrocarbon fuel (RPM) system has been derived from the one for the gel propellant.

New technique for study on isotopic fractionation between sea water and foraminiferal growing processes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cang, Shuxi; Shackleton, N. J.

1990-12-01

The stable isotopic δ18O and δ13C composition of foraminiferal shell calcite varies as a function of many factors including temperature and salinity. In order to understand and interpret the variations in the isotopic composition of foraminiferal shell calcite, research has been recently focused on the role of the “vital effects”. Our examination of the lamella structure of several recent planktonic foraminifera indicates that the secretion of sequential lamellae results in multiple lamillae on earlier chambers and a single lamella on the final chamber. We used a very simple procedure to separate the individual whole test of foraminifera into several chambers and measured the isotopic composition of each growth stage chamber. The results indicate that the stable isotopic composition (carbon and oxygen), particularly that of the last two chambers, of the foraminiferal test varies as a function of the individual growing process.

Parallel Evolutionary Optimization for Neuromorphic Network Training

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Schuman, Catherine D; Disney, Adam; Singh, Susheela

One of the key impediments to the success of current neuromorphic computing architectures is the issue of how best to program them. Evolutionary optimization (EO) is one promising programming technique; in particular, its wide applicability makes it especially attractive for neuromorphic architectures, which can have many different characteristics. In this paper, we explore different facets of EO on a spiking neuromorphic computing model called DANNA. We focus on the performance of EO in the design of our DANNA simulator, and on how to structure EO on both multicore and massively parallel computing systems. We evaluate how our parallel methods impactmore » the performance of EO on Titan, the U.S.'s largest open science supercomputer, and BOB, a Beowulf-style cluster of Raspberry Pi's. We also focus on how to improve the EO by evaluating commonality in higher performing neural networks, and present the result of a study that evaluates the EO performed by Titan.« less

Orion Underway Recovery Test 5 (URT-5)

NASA Image and Video Library

2016-10-26

The USS San Diego departs Naval Base San Diego in California on its way out to sea in the Pacific Ocean for the Orion Underway Recovery Test 5. NASA's Ground Systems Development and Operations Program and the U.S. Navy will practice recovery techniques using the well deck of the ship and a test version of the Orion crew module to prepare for recovery of Orion on its return from deep space missions. The testing will allow the team to demonstrate and evaluate recovery processes, procedures, hardware and personnel in open waters. Orion is the exploration spacecraft designed to carry astronauts to destinations not yet explored by humans, including an asteroid and NASA's Journey to Mars. It will have emergency abort capability, sustain the crew during space travel and provide safe re-entry from deep space return velocities. Orion is scheduled to launch on NASA's Space Launch System in late 2018. For more information, visit http://www.nasa.gov/orion.

Manufacturing Process Developments for Regeneratively-Cooled Channel Wall Rocket Nozzles

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gradl, Paul; Brandsmeier, Will

2016-01-01

Regeneratively cooled channel wall nozzles incorporate a series of integral coolant channels to contain the coolant to maintain adequate wall temperatures and expand hot gas providing engine thrust and specific impulse. NASA has been evaluating manufacturing techniques targeting large scale channel wall nozzles to support affordability of current and future liquid rocket engine nozzles and thrust chamber assemblies. The development of these large scale manufacturing techniques focus on the liner formation, channel slotting with advanced abrasive water-jet milling techniques and closeout of the coolant channels to replace or augment other cost reduction techniques being evaluated for nozzles. NASA is developing a series of channel closeout techniques including large scale additive manufacturing laser deposition and explosively bonded closeouts. A series of subscale nozzles were completed evaluating these processes. Fabrication of mechanical test and metallography samples, in addition to subscale hardware has focused on Inconel 625, 300 series stainless, aluminum alloys as well as other candidate materials. Evaluations of these techniques are demonstrating potential for significant cost reductions for large scale nozzles and chambers. Hot fire testing is planned using these techniques in the future.

Arizona's Application Service Provider.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jordan, Darla

2002-01-01

Describes the U.S.'s first statewide K-12 application service provider (ASP). The ASP, implemented by the Arizona School Facilities Board, provides access to productivity, communications, and education software programs from any Internet-enabled device, whether in the classroom or home. (EV)

View of compartment C110, senior officers ward room from port ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

View of compartment C-110, senior officers ward room from port to starboard, showing wooden furnishings, deck stanchions and the olympia's piano. (084) - USS Olympia, Penn's Landing, 211 South Columbus Boulevard, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA

33 CFR 165.111 - Safety Zone: Boston Harbor, Boston, Massachusetts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Boston Harbor from the time such vessels depart their respective berths until the time they complete... the face of both piers to the landside points where both piers end. (3) Around the U.S.S. Constitution...

22. CRUNCH BOARD #2 HANGAR BAY FRAME 100 STARBOARD SIDETERM ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

22. CRUNCH BOARD #2 HANGAR BAY FRAME 100 STARBOARD SIDE-TERM CRUNCH REFERS TO HANGAR DECK MISHAPS WHICH RESULTED IN DAMAGE TO AIRCRAFT. - U.S.S. HORNET, Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Sinclair Inlet, Bremerton, Kitsap County, WA

Gemini 11 prime crew in life rafts after splashdown

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1966-01-01

Astronauts Richard F. Gordon Jr. (left), pilot, and Charles Conrad Jr., command pilot, sit in life raft while awaiting pickup by a helicopter from the U.S.S. Guam. Members of the Navy frogman team wait with them.

Application of the coplanar principle to dynamic epidural pressure measurements.

PubMed

Beck, J; Schettini, A; Salton, R

1984-10-01

The application of the coplanar principle to dynamic epidural pressure measurements was investigated in vitro. The authors used a coplanar pressure-displacement transducer, commonly employed to measure the viscoelastic properties of brain tissue in vivo. The present studies were performed using canine dura and a specially constructed fluid-filled chamber. The accuracy of the technique was assessed by comparing the pressure in the chamber recorded by the coplanar transducer to the pressure measured by a transducer directly vented to the chamber. The results show that the coplanar principle remained valid for dynamic measurements with the transducer under a variety of conditions.

Comparing Novel Multi-Gap Resistive Plate Chamber Models

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stien, Haley; EIC PID Consortium Collaboration

2016-09-01

Investigating nuclear structure has led to the fundamental theory of Quantum Chromodynamics. An Electron Ion Collider (EIC) is a proposed accelerator that would further these investigations. In order to prepare for the EIC, there is an active detector research and development effort. One specific goal is to achieve better particle identification via improved Time of Flight (TOF) detectors. A promising option is the Multi-Gap Resistive Plate Chamber (mRPC). These detectors are similar to the more traditional RPCs, but their active gas gaps have dividers to form several thinner gas gaps. These very thin and accurately defined gas gaps improve the timing resolution of the chamber, so the goal is to build an mRPC with the thinnest gaps to achieve the best possible timing resolution. Two different construction techniques have been employed to make two mRPCs. The first technique is to physically separate the gas gaps with sheets of glass that are .2mm thick. The second technique is to 3D print the layered gas gaps. A comparison of these mRPCs and their performances will be discussed and the latest data presented. This research was supported by US DOE MENP Grant DE-FG02-03ER41243.

Space chimp Enos returns to Patrick Air Force Base

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1961-01-01

Enos the chimpanzee that orbited the earth twice in a Mercury spacecraft arrives back at Patrick Air Force Base. Enos landed some 220 nautical miles south of Bermuda and was picked up up by the U.S.S. Stormes.

123. FORWARD PORT VIEW OF THE ISLAND WITH FLIGHT DECK ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

123. FORWARD PORT VIEW OF THE ISLAND WITH FLIGHT DECK GUN MOUNTS, TAKEN FROM FORWARD FLIGHT DECK. APRIL 1945, (NATIONAL ARCHIVES NO. 80-G-469299) - U.S.S. HORNET, Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Sinclair Inlet, Bremerton, Kitsap County, WA

34. PRIMARY FLIGHT CONTROL STATION AFT LOOKING FORWARD ON ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

34. PRIMARY FLIGHT CONTROL STATION - AFT LOOKING FORWARD ON PORT SIDE SHOWING FLIGHT DECK LIGHTING BOARD, ARRESTING GEAR CONTROL CONSOLE AND FRESNEL LENS OPTICAL LANDING SYSTEM. - U.S.S. HORNET, Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Sinclair Inlet, Bremerton, Kitsap County, WA

75 FR 10413 - Certifications and Exemptions Under the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-08

... contained an incorrect hull number. DATES: This correcting amendment is effective March 8, 2010, and is... an amendment to Sec. 706.2 Table Five, an incorrect hull number for the USS PHILIPPINE SEA was...

View looking to starboard of stem powered refrigeration compressor (ice ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

View looking to starboard of stem powered refrigeration compressor (ice machine); low counter at left center of photograph is a mold for making block ice. (p55) - USS Olympia, Penn's Landing, 211 South Columbus Boulevard, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA

130. FORWARD AND STARBOARD VIEW BETWEEN APOLLO 11 AND 12 ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

130. FORWARD AND STARBOARD VIEW BETWEEN APOLLO 11 AND 12 RECOVERIES, SHOWING FINAL CONFIGURATION BEFORE INACTIVATION. 30 OCTOBER 1969. (NATIONAL ARCHIVES NO. 428-KN-18315) - U.S.S. HORNET, Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Sinclair Inlet, Bremerton, Kitsap County, WA

129. FULL AERIAL VIEW SHOWING FORWARD PORT QUARTER, ENTERING PEARL ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

129. FULL AERIAL VIEW SHOWING FORWARD PORT QUARTER, ENTERING PEARL HARBOR AFTER APOLLO 11 RECOVERY. 26 JULY 1969. (NATIONAL ARCHIVES NO. 428-KN-18090) - U.S.S. HORNET, Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Sinclair Inlet, Bremerton, Kitsap County, WA

GT-5 Recovery Slice Cake

NASA Image and Video Library

1965-08-29

S65-51660 (29 Aug. 1965) --- Astronauts Charles Conrad Jr. (left) and L. Gordon Cooper Jr. prepare to slice into the huge cake prepared for them by the cooks onboard the aircraft carrier USS Lake Champlain. They are using ornamental Navy swords for knives.

50 CFR 216.163 - Mitigation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Wildlife and Fisheries NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE, NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE MARINE MAMMALS REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE TAKING AND IMPORTING OF MARINE MAMMALS Taking of Marine Mammals Incidental to Shock Testing the USS MESA VERDE (LPD 19) by Detonation of...

50 CFR 216.163 - Mitigation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Wildlife and Fisheries NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE, NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE MARINE MAMMALS REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE TAKING AND IMPORTING OF MARINE MAMMALS Taking of Marine Mammals Incidental to Shock Testing the USS MESA VERDE (LPD 19) by Detonation of...

Advanced cooling techniques for high-pressure hydrocarbon-fueled engines

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cook, R. T.

1979-01-01

The regenerative cooling limits (maximum chamber pressure) for 02/hydrocarbon gas generator and staged combustion cycle rocket engines over a thrust range of 89,000 N (20,000lbf) to 2,669,000 N (600,000 lbf) for a reusable life of 250 missions were defined. Maximum chamber pressure limits were first determined for the three propellant combinations (O2/CH4, O2/C3H8, and O2/RP-1 without a carbon layer (unenhanced designs). Chamber pressure cooling enhancement limits were then established for seven thermal barriers. The thermal barriers evaluated for these designs were: carbon layer, ceramic coating, graphite liner, film cooling, transpiration cooling, zoned combustion, and a combination of two of the above. All fluid barriers were assessed a 3 percent performance loss. Sensitivity studies were then conducted to determine the influence of cycle life and RP-1 decomposition temperature on chamber pressure limits. Chamber and nozzle design parameters are presented for the unenahanced and enhanced designs. The maximum regenerative cooled chamber pressure limits were attained with the O2/CH4 propellant combination. The O2/RP-1 designs relied on a carbon layer and liquid gas injection chamber contours, short chamber, to be competitive with the other two propellant combinations. This was attributed to the low decomposition temperature of RP-1.

A watertight acrylic-free titanium recording chamber for electrophysiology in behaving monkeys

PubMed Central

Economides, John R.; Jocson, Cristina M.; Parker, John M.; Horton, Jonathan C.

2011-01-01

Neurophysiological recording in alert monkeys requires the creation of a permanent aperture in the skull for repeated insertion of microelectrodes. Most laboratories use polymethyl methacrylate to attach a recording chamber over the skull opening. Here, we describe a titanium chamber that fastens to the skull with screws, using no polymethyl methacrylate. The gap between the base of the chamber and the skull is filled with hydroxyapatite, forming a watertight gasket. As the chamber base osseointegates with the skull, the hydroxyapatite is replaced with bone. Rather than having a finite lifetime, the recording chamber becomes more firmly anchored the longer it is in place. It has a small footprint, low profile, and needs little maintenance to control infection. Toilette consists of occasional application of betadine to clean the scalp margin, followed by application of neomycin, polymyxin, and bacitracin ointment. Antibiotic is also placed inside the chamber to suppress bacterial proliferation. Thickening of the dura within the chamber can be prevented by regular application of mitocycin C and/or bevacizumab, an antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor. By conducting an e-mail survey, this protocol for chamber maintenance was compared with procedures used in 37 other vision research laboratories. Refinement of appliances and techniques used for recordings in awake monkeys promises to increase the pace of scientific discovery and to benefit animal welfare. PMID:21676928

In vitro assessment of temperature change in the pulp chamber during cavity preparation.

PubMed

Oztürk, Bora; Uşümez, Aslihan; Oztürk, A Nilgun; Ozer, Füsun

2004-05-01

Tooth preparation with a high-speed handpiece may cause thermal harm to the dental pulp. This in vitro study evaluated the temperature changes in the pulp chamber during 4 different tooth preparation techniques and the effects of 3 different levels of water cooling. The tip of a thermocouple was positioned in the center of the pulp chamber of 120 extracted Shuman premolar teeth. Four different tooth preparation techniques were compared: (1) Low air pressure plus low load (LA/LL), (2) low air pressure plus high load (LA/HL), (3) high air pressure plus low load (HA/LL), and (4) high air pressure plus high load (HA/HL) in combination with 3 different water cooling rates. Control specimens were not water cooled; low water cooling consisted of 15 mL/min, and high water cooling consisted of 40 mL/min. Twelve different groups were established (n=10). An increase of 5.5 degrees C was regarded as critical value for pulpal health. The results were analyzed with a 3-factor ANOVA and Bonferroni adjusted Mann Whitney U test (alpha=.004). For all techniques without water cooling (LA/LL/0, LA/HL/0, HA/LL/0, and HA/HL/0), the average temperature rise within the pulpal chamber exceeded 5.5 degrees C during cavity preparation (7.1 degrees C; 8.9 degrees C; 11.4 degrees C, and 19.7 degrees C, respectively). When low water cooling was used with high air pressure and high load technique (HA/HL/15), the average temperature rise exceeded 5.5 degrees C limit (5.9 degrees C). However, when high water cooling (LA/LL/40, LA/HL/40, HA/LL/40, and HA/HL/40) was utilized, the critical 5.5 degrees C value was not reached with any air pressure or load (3.1 degrees C, 2.8 degrees C, 2.2 degrees C, and -1.8 degrees C, respectively). Within the limitations of this in vitro study, the results indicate that reducing the amount of water cooling or increasing air pressure and load during cavity preparation increased the temperature of the pulp chamber in extracted teeth.

Fire extinguishment in hypobaric and hyperbaric environments

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kimzey, J. H.

1971-01-01

Work that has been performed to provide information on the effects of various fire extinguishing agents in special atmospheres is discussed. Data used in the development of both equipment and techniques for manned spacecraft and related equipment are discussed. The equipment includes a hypobaric chamber suitable for low pressure use and a hyperbaric chamber for high pressure operation. The effectiveness of agents in weightless environment is also discussed.