Economic comparison of fabric filters and electrostatic precipitators for particulate control on coal-fired utility boilers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cukor, P. M.; Chapman, R. A.

1978-01-01

The uncertainties and associated costs involved in selecting and designing a particulate control device to meet California's air emission regulations are considered. The basic operating principles of electrostatic precipitators and fabric filters are discussed, and design parameters are identified. The size and resulting cost of the control device as a function of design parameters is illustrated by a case study for an 800 MW coal-fired fired utility boiler burning a typical southwestern subbituminous coal. The cost of selecting an undersized particulate control device is compared with the cost of selecting an oversized device.

Demonstration of SCR technology for the control of NOx emissions from high-sulfur coal-fired utility boilers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hinton, W.S.; Maxwell, J.D.; Healy, E.C.

1997-12-31

This paper describes the completed Innovative Clean Coal Technology project which demonstrated SCR technology for reduction of flue gas NO{sub x} emissions from a utility boiler burning US high-sulfur coal. The project was sponsored by the US Department of Energy, managed and co-funded by Southern Company Services, Inc. on behalf of the Southern Company, and also co-funded by the Electric Power Research Institute and Ontario Hydro. The project was located at Gulf Power Company`s Plant Crist Unit 5 (a 75 MW tangentially-fired boiler burning US coals that had a sulfur content ranging from 2.5--2.9%), near Pensacola, Florida. The test programmore » was conducted for approximately two years to evaluate catalyst deactivation and other SCR operational effects. The SCR test facility had nine reactors: three 2.5 MW (5,000 scfm), and operated on low-dust flue gas. The reactors operated in parallel with commercially available SCR catalysts obtained from suppliers throughout the world. Long-term performance testing began in July 1993 and was completed in July 1995. A brief test facility description and the results of the project are presented in this paper.« less

40 CFR 266.101 - Management prior to burning.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 27 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Management prior to burning. 266.101... MANAGEMENT FACILITIES Hazardous Waste Burned in Boilers and Industrial Furnaces § 266.101 Management prior to burning. (a) Generators. Generators of hazardous waste that is burned in a boiler or industrial furnace...

40 CFR 266.101 - Management prior to burning.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 27 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Management prior to burning. 266.101... MANAGEMENT FACILITIES Hazardous Waste Burned in Boilers and Industrial Furnaces § 266.101 Management prior to burning. (a) Generators. Generators of hazardous waste that is burned in a boiler or industrial furnace...

40 CFR 266.101 - Management prior to burning.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 28 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Management prior to burning. 266.101... MANAGEMENT FACILITIES Hazardous Waste Burned in Boilers and Industrial Furnaces § 266.101 Management prior to burning. (a) Generators. Generators of hazardous waste that is burned in a boiler or industrial furnace...

40 CFR 266.101 - Management prior to burning.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 26 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Management prior to burning. 266.101... MANAGEMENT FACILITIES Hazardous Waste Burned in Boilers and Industrial Furnaces § 266.101 Management prior to burning. (a) Generators. Generators of hazardous waste that is burned in a boiler or industrial furnace...

40 CFR 266.101 - Management prior to burning.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 28 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Management prior to burning. 266.101... MANAGEMENT FACILITIES Hazardous Waste Burned in Boilers and Industrial Furnaces § 266.101 Management prior to burning. (a) Generators. Generators of hazardous waste that is burned in a boiler or industrial furnace...

40 CFR 270.66 - Permits for boilers and industrial furnaces burning hazardous waste.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... blended, and blending ratios. (3) A detailed engineering description of the boiler or industrial furnace... 40 Protection of Environment 27 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Permits for boilers and industrial... PROGRAM Special Forms of Permits § 270.66 Permits for boilers and industrial furnaces burning hazardous...

40 CFR 270.66 - Permits for boilers and industrial furnaces burning hazardous waste.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... blended, and blending ratios. (3) A detailed engineering description of the boiler or industrial furnace... 40 Protection of Environment 28 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Permits for boilers and industrial... PROGRAM Special Forms of Permits § 270.66 Permits for boilers and industrial furnaces burning hazardous...

40 CFR 270.66 - Permits for boilers and industrial furnaces burning hazardous waste.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... blended, and blending ratios. (3) A detailed engineering description of the boiler or industrial furnace... 40 Protection of Environment 28 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Permits for boilers and industrial... PROGRAM Special Forms of Permits § 270.66 Permits for boilers and industrial furnaces burning hazardous...

40 CFR 270.66 - Permits for boilers and industrial furnaces burning hazardous waste.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... blended, and blending ratios. (3) A detailed engineering description of the boiler or industrial furnace... 40 Protection of Environment 27 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Permits for boilers and industrial... PROGRAM Special Forms of Permits § 270.66 Permits for boilers and industrial furnaces burning hazardous...

40 CFR 270.66 - Permits for boilers and industrial furnaces burning hazardous waste.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... blended, and blending ratios. (3) A detailed engineering description of the boiler or industrial furnace... 40 Protection of Environment 26 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Permits for boilers and industrial... PROGRAM Special Forms of Permits § 270.66 Permits for boilers and industrial furnaces burning hazardous...

Feasible experimental study on the utilization of a 300 MW CFB boiler desulfurizating bottom ash for construction applications

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lu, X.F.; Amano, R.S.

2006-12-15

CFB boiler ash cannot be used as a cement replacement in concrete due to its unacceptably high sulfur content. The disposal in landfills has been the most common means of handling ash in circulating fluidized bed boiler power plants. However for a 300 MW CFB boiler power plant, there will be 600,000 tons of ash discharged per year and will result in great volumes and disposal cost of ash byproduct. It was very necessary to solve the utilization of CFB ash and to decrease the disposal cost of CFB ash. The feasible experimental study results on the utilization of themore » bottom ashes of a 300 MW CFB boiler in Baima power plant in China were reported in this paper. The bottom ashes used for test came from the discharged bottom ashes in a 100 MW CFB boiler in which the anthracite and limestone designed for the 300 MW CFB project was burned. The results of this study showed that the bottom ash could be used for cementitious material, road concrete, and road base material. The masonry cements, road concrete with 30 MPa compressive strength and 4.0 MPa flexural strength, and the road base material used for base courses of the expressway, the main road and the minor lane were all prepared with milled CFB bottom ashes in the lab. The better methods of utilization of the bottom ashes were discussed in this paper.« less

40 CFR 63.1217 - What are the standards for liquid fuel boilers that burn hazardous waste?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... boilers that burn hazardous waste? 63.1217 Section 63.1217 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... that burn hazardous waste? (a) Emission limits for existing sources. You must not discharge or cause... paragraph (a)(2)(iii) of this section: (i) When you burn hazardous waste with an as-fired heating value less...

40 CFR 63.1216 - What are the standards for solid fuel boilers that burn hazardous waste?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... boilers that burn hazardous waste? 63.1216 Section 63.1216 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... that burn hazardous waste? (a) Emission limits for existing sources. You must not discharge or cause...% DRE. If you burn the dioxin-listed hazardous wastes F020, F021, F022, F023, F026, or F027 (see § 261...

40 CFR 63.1216 - What are the standards for solid fuel boilers that burn hazardous waste?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... boilers that burn hazardous waste? 63.1216 Section 63.1216 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... burn hazardous waste? (a) Emission limits for existing sources. You must not discharge or cause...% DRE. If you burn the dioxin-listed hazardous wastes F020, F021, F022, F023, F026, or F027 (see § 261...

40 CFR 63.1216 - What are the standards for solid fuel boilers that burn hazardous waste?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... boilers that burn hazardous waste? 63.1216 Section 63.1216 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... burn hazardous waste? (a) Emission limits for existing sources. You must not discharge or cause...% DRE. If you burn the dioxin-listed hazardous wastes F020, F021, F022, F023, F026, or F027 (see § 261...

40 CFR 63.1216 - What are the standards for solid fuel boilers that burn hazardous waste?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... boilers that burn hazardous waste? 63.1216 Section 63.1216 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... that burn hazardous waste? (a) Emission limits for existing sources. You must not discharge or cause...% DRE. If you burn the dioxin-listed hazardous wastes F020, F021, F022, F023, F026, or F027 (see § 261...

40 CFR 63.1216 - What are the standards for solid fuel boilers that burn hazardous waste?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... boilers that burn hazardous waste? 63.1216 Section 63.1216 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... burn hazardous waste? (a) Emission limits for existing sources. You must not discharge or cause...% DRE. If you burn the dioxin-listed hazardous wastes F020, F021, F022, F023, F026, or F027 (see § 261...

40 CFR 266.104 - Standards to control organic emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES Hazardous Waste Burned in Boilers and Industrial Furnaces § 266.104...) of this section, a boiler or industrial furnace burning hazardous waste must achieve a destruction... demonstrate conformance with this requirement, 99.99% DRE must be demonstrated during a trial burn for each...

40 CFR 266.104 - Standards to control organic emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES Hazardous Waste Burned in Boilers and Industrial Furnaces § 266.104...) of this section, a boiler or industrial furnace burning hazardous waste must achieve a destruction... demonstrate conformance with this requirement, 99.99% DRE must be demonstrated during a trial burn for each...

40 CFR 266.104 - Standards to control organic emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES Hazardous Waste Burned in Boilers and Industrial Furnaces § 266.104...) of this section, a boiler or industrial furnace burning hazardous waste must achieve a destruction... demonstrate conformance with this requirement, 99.99% DRE must be demonstrated during a trial burn for each...

40 CFR 266.100 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... FACILITIES Hazardous Waste Burned in Boilers and Industrial Furnaces § 266.100 Applicability. (a) The regulations of this subpart apply to hazardous waste burned or processed in a boiler or industrial furnace (as defined in § 260.10 of this chapter) irrespective of the purpose of burning or processing, except as...

40 CFR 266.100 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... FACILITIES Hazardous Waste Burned in Boilers and Industrial Furnaces § 266.100 Applicability. (a) The regulations of this subpart apply to hazardous waste burned or processed in a boiler or industrial furnace (as defined in § 260.10 of this chapter) irrespective of the purpose of burning or processing, except as...

40 CFR 266.100 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... FACILITIES Hazardous Waste Burned in Boilers and Industrial Furnaces § 266.100 Applicability. (a) The regulations of this subpart apply to hazardous waste burned or processed in a boiler or industrial furnace (as defined in § 260.10 of this chapter) irrespective of the purpose of burning or processing, except as...

40 CFR 63.11211 - How do I demonstrate initial compliance with the emission limits?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Table 4 to this subpart, conducting a fuel analysis for each type of fuel burned in your boiler... single type of fuel, you are exempted from the compliance requirements of conducting a fuel analysis for each type of fuel burned in your boiler. For purposes of this subpart, boilers that use a supplemental...

40 CFR 63.11211 - How do I demonstrate initial compliance with the emission limits?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Table 4 to this subpart, conducting a fuel analysis for each type of fuel burned in your boiler... single type of fuel, you are exempted from the compliance requirements of conducting a fuel analysis for each type of fuel burned in your boiler. For purposes of this subpart, boilers that use a supplemental...

Method of burning sulfur-containing fuels in a fluidized bed boiler

DOEpatents

Jones, Brian C.

1982-01-01

A method of burning a sulfur-containing fuel in a fluidized bed of sulfur oxide sorbent wherein the overall utilization of sulfur oxide sorbent is increased by comminuting the bed drain solids to a smaller average particle size, preferably on the order of 50 microns, and reinjecting the comminuted bed drain solids into the bed. In comminuting the bed drain solids, particles of spent sulfur sorbent contained therein are fractured thereby exposing unreacted sorbent surface. Upon reinjecting the comminuted bed drain solids into the bed, the newly-exposed unreacted sorbent surface is available for sulfur oxide sorption, thereby increasing overall sorbent utilization.

Micronized coal-fired retrofit system for SO{sub x} reduction: Krakow Clean Fossil Fuels and Energy Efficiency Program. Technical progress report No. 3, October 1996--December 1996

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

The PROJECT proposes to install a new TCS micronized coal-fired heating plant for the Produkcja I Hodowla Roslin Ogrodniczych (PHRO) Greenhouse Complex; Krzeszowice, Poland (about 20 miles west of Krakow). PHRO currently utilizes 14 heavy oil-fired boilers to produce heat for its greenhouse facilities and also home heating to several adjacent apartment housing complexes. The boilers currently burn a high-sulfur content heavy crude oil, called Mazute. For size orientation, the PHRO Greenhouse complex grows a variety of vegetables and flowers for the Southern Poland marketplace. The greenhouse area under glass is very large and equivalent to approximately 50 football fields.more » The new micronized coal fired boiler would: (1) provide a significant portion of the heat for PHRO and a portion of the adjacent apartment housing complexes, (2) dramatically reduce sulfur dioxide air pollution emissions, while satisfying new Polish air regulations, and (3) provide attractive savings to PHRO, based on the quantity of displaced oil. Currently, the Town of Krzeszowice is considering a district heating program that would replace some, or all, of the 40 existing small in-town heating boilers that presently burn high-sulfur content coal. Potentially the district heating system can be expanded and connected into the PHRO boiler network; so that, PHRO boilers can supply all, or a portion of, the Town`s heating demand. The new TCS micronized coal system could provide a portion of this demand.« less

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF A FIRETUBE BOILER FIRING COAL/OIL/WATER MIXTURES. VOLUME 2. DATA SUPPLEMENT

EPA Science Inventory

This volume is a compendium of detailed emission and test data from field tests of a firetube industrial boiler burning a coal/oil/water (COW) mixture. The boiler was tested while burning COW fuel, and COW with soda ash added (COW+SA) to serve as an SO2 sorbent. The test data inc...

Pre-fired, refractory block slag dams for wet bottom furnace floors

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Vihnicka, R.S.; Meskimen, R.L.

1998-12-31

Slagging (wet bottom), utility boilers count on a refractory coating over the furnace floor tube structure for protection from corrosion damage from both the harsh, hot gas atmosphere from the burning fuel and the acidic coal slag. To protect and extend the life of this protective refractory coating the boiler original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) utilized a water-cooled monkey ring or slag chill ring (typically a 6--8 inch high ring of small diameter tubes) surrounding the slag tap locations on most wet bottom furnace floors (both utility and package boilers). The old water-cooled tube ring was such a high maintenance item,more » however, that it`s use has been discontinued in all but the most extreme environments throughout both utility and industrial applications. Where the use of the ring was discontinued, there has been a corresponding shortening of life on the protective floor refractory coatings (high maintenance cost), further aggravated by recent OSHA restrictions limiting the use of chrome oxide refractory materials in these types of boilers. This paper describes the developmental process and the final resultant product (a non-watercooled, slag dam made from pre-fired refractory shapes), undertaken by the inventors. Derived operational benefits a concept 2 project, with NO{sub x} Title 4 and Title 1 significance (which is currently underway) will also be detailed.« less

40 CFR 63.11237 - What definitions apply to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... controlled flame combustion in which water is heated to recover thermal energy in the form of steam and/or... this definition. Coal subcategory includes any boiler that burns any solid fossil fuel and no more than... included in this definition. Electric utility steam generating unit (EGU) means a fossil fuel-fired...

40 CFR 63.11237 - What definitions apply to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... controlled flame combustion in which water is heated to recover thermal energy in the form of steam and/or... this definition. Coal subcategory includes any boiler that burns any solid fossil fuel and no more than... included in this definition. Electric utility steam generating unit (EGU) means a fossil fuel-fired...

A PILOT-SCALE STUDY OF THE PRECURSORS LEADING TO THE FORMATION OF MIXED BROMO-CHLORO DIOXINS AND FURANS

EPA Science Inventory

The paper gives results of experiments in a pilot-scale rotary kiln incinerator simulator where a mixture of chlorinated and brominated surrogate waste was burned in the presence of injected fly-ash from a coal-fired utility boiler. Measurements were made of semivolatile products...

System and method for coproduction of activated carbon and steam/electricity

DOEpatents

Srinivasachar, Srivats [Sturbridge, MA; Benson, Steven [Grand Forks, ND; Crocker, Charlene [Newfolden, MN; Mackenzie, Jill [Carmel, IN

2011-07-19

A system and method for producing activated carbon comprising carbonizing a solid carbonaceous material in a carbonization zone of an activated carbon production apparatus (ACPA) to yield a carbonized product and carbonization product gases, the carbonization zone comprising carbonaceous material inlet, char outlet and carbonization gas outlet; activating the carbonized product via activation with steam in an activation zone of the ACPA to yield activated carbon and activation product gases, the activation zone comprising activated carbon outlet, activation gas outlet, and activation steam inlet; and utilizing process gas comprising at least a portion of the carbonization product gases or a combustion product thereof; at least a portion of the activation product gases or a combustion product thereof; or a combination thereof in a solid fuel boiler system that burns a solid fuel boiler feed with air to produce boiler-produced steam and flue gas, the boiler upstream of an air heater within a steam/electricity generation plant, said boiler comprising a combustion zone, a boiler-produced steam outlet and at least one flue gas outlet.

Characteristics of particulate-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons emitted from industrial grade biomass boilers.

PubMed

Yang, Xiaoyang; Geng, Chunmei; Sun, Xuesong; Yang, Wen; Wang, Xinhua; Chen, Jianhua

2016-02-01

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are carcinogenic or mutagenic and are important toxic pollutants in the flue gas of boilers. Two industrial grade biomass boilers were selected to investigate the characteristics of particulate-bound PAHs: one biomass boiler retro-fitted from an oil boiler (BB1) and one specially designed (BB2) biomass boiler. One coal-fired boiler was also selected for comparison. By using a dilution tunnel system, particulate samples from boilers were collected and 10 PAH species were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The total emission factors (EFs) of PAHs ranged from 0.0064 to 0.0380 mg/kg, with an average of 0.0225 mg/kg, for the biomass boiler emission samples. The total PAH EFs for the tested coal-fired boiler were 1.8 times lower than the average value of the biomass boilers. The PAH diagnostic ratios for wood pellets and straw pellets were similar. The ratio of indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene/[indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene+benzo(g,h,i)perylene] for the two biomass boilers was lower than those of the reference data for other burning devices, which can probably be used as an indicator to distinguish the emission of biomass boilers from that of industrial coal-fired boilers and residential stoves. The toxic potential of the emission from wood pellet burning was higher than that from straw pellet burning, however both of them were much lower than residential stove exhausts. Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Boiler MACT Technical Assistance (Fact Sheet)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

2012-03-01

Fact sheet describing the changes to Environmental Protection Act process standards. The DOE will offer technical assistance to ensure that major sources burning coal and oil have information on cost-effective, clean energy strategies for compliance, and to promote cleaner, more efficient boiler burning to cut harmful pollution and reduce operational costs. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is expected to finalize the reconsideration process for its Clean Air Act pollution standards National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Major Sources: Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional Boilers and Process Heaters (known as Boiler Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT)), in Spring 2012.more » This rule applies to large and small boilers in a wide range of industrial facilities and institutions. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) will offer technical assistance to ensure that major sources burning coal or oil have information on cost-effective clean energy strategies for compliance, including combined heat and power, and to promote cleaner, more efficient boilers to cut harmful pollution and reduce operational costs.« less

Mass spectra features of biomass burning boiler and coal burning boiler emitted particles by single particle aerosol mass spectrometer.

PubMed

Xu, Jiao; Li, Mei; Shi, Guoliang; Wang, Haiting; Ma, Xian; Wu, Jianhui; Shi, Xurong; Feng, Yinchang

2017-11-15

In this study, single particle mass spectra signatures of both coal burning boiler and biomass burning boiler emitted particles were studied. Particle samples were suspended in clean Resuspension Chamber, and analyzed by ELPI and SPAMS simultaneously. The size distribution of BBB (biomass burning boiler sample) and CBB (coal burning boiler sample) are different, as BBB peaks at smaller size, and CBB peaks at larger size. Mass spectra signatures of two samples were studied by analyzing the average mass spectrum of each particle cluster extracted by ART-2a in different size ranges. In conclusion, BBB sample mostly consists of OC and EC containing particles, and a small fraction of K-rich particles in the size range of 0.2-0.5μm. In 0.5-1.0μm, BBB sample consists of EC, OC, K-rich and Al_Silicate containing particles; CBB sample consists of EC, ECOC containing particles, while Al_Silicate (including Al_Ca_Ti_Silicate, Al_Ti_Silicate, Al_Silicate) containing particles got higher fractions as size increase. The similarity of single particle mass spectrum signatures between two samples were studied by analyzing the dot product, results indicated that part of the single particle mass spectra of two samples in the same size range are similar, which bring challenge to the future source apportionment activity by using single particle aerosol mass spectrometer. Results of this study will provide physicochemical information of important sources which contribute to particle pollution, and will support source apportionment activities. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier B.V.

40 CFR 63.11211 - How do I demonstrate initial compliance with the emission limits?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Table 4 to this subpart, conducting a fuel analysis for each type of fuel burned in your boiler... evaluations according to § 63.11224. For affected boilers that burn a single type of fuel, you are exempted from the compliance requirements of conducting a fuel analysis for each type of fuel burned in your...

40 CFR 63.11211 - How do I demonstrate initial compliance with the emission limits?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Table 4 to this subpart, conducting a fuel analysis for each type of fuel burned in your boiler... evaluations according to § 63.11224. For affected boilers that burn a single type of fuel, you are exempted from the compliance requirements of conducting a fuel analysis for each type of fuel burned in your...

40 CFR 63.11223 - How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the work practice and management practice standards?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... conduct the tune-up while burning the type of fuel (or fuels in the case of boilers that routinely burn two types of fuels at the same time) that provided the majority of the heat input to the boiler over...-up must be no later than 25 months after the initial startup of the new or reconstructed boiler. (1...

40 CFR 63.11223 - How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the work practice and management practice standards?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... conduct the tune-up while burning the type of fuel (or fuels in the case of boilers that routinely burn two types of fuels at the same time) that provided the majority of the heat input to the boiler over...-up must be no later than 25 months after the initial startup of the new or reconstructed boiler. (1...

40 CFR 63.7510 - What are my initial compliance requirements and by what date must I conduct them?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... subpart, conducting a fuel analysis for each type of fuel burned in your boiler or process heater... sources that burn a single type of fuel, you are exempted from the compliance requirements of conducting a fuel analysis for each type of fuel burned in your boiler or process heater according to § 63.7521 and...

40 CFR 63.7510 - What are my initial compliance requirements and by what date must I conduct them?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... subpart, conducting a fuel analysis for each type of fuel burned in your boiler or process heater... sources that burn a single type of fuel, you are exempted from the compliance requirements of conducting a fuel analysis for each type of fuel burned in your boiler or process heater according to § 63.7521 and...

Burning of Hazardous Waste in Boilers and Industrial Furnaces - Federal Register Notice, September 30, 1992

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

On August 27, 1991 (56 FR 42504) and August 25, 1992 (57 FR 38558), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published technical amendments, clarifications, and corrections to the final rule for boilers and industrial furnaces burning hazardous waste.

40 CFR 63.7510 - What are my initial compliance requirements and by what date must I conduct them?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... for each type of fuel burned in your boiler or process heater according to § 63.7521 and Table 6 to... conducting CMS performance evaluations according to § 63.7525. For affected sources that burn a single type... each type of fuel burned in your boiler or process heater according to § 63.7521 and Table 6 to this...

40 CFR 63.7510 - What are my initial compliance requirements and by what date must I conduct them?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... for each type of fuel burned in your boiler or process heater according to § 63.7521 and Table 6 to... conducting CMS performance evaluations according to § 63.7525. For affected sources that burn a single type... each type of fuel burned in your boiler or process heater according to § 63.7521 and Table 6 to this...

40 CFR 63.7510 - What are my initial compliance requirements and by what date must I conduct them?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... for each type of fuel burned in your boiler or process heater according to § 63.7521 and Table 6 to... conducting CMS performance evaluations according to § 63.7525. For affected sources that burn a single type... each type of fuel burned in your boiler or process heater according to § 63.7521 and Table 6 to this...

Design, construction, operation, and evaluation of a prototype culm combustion boiler/heater unit

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

D'Aciermo, J.; Richards, H.; Spindler, F.

1983-10-01

A process for utilizing anthracite culm in a fluidized bed combustion system was demonstrated by the design and construction of a prototype steam plant at Shamokin, PA, and operation of the plant for parametric tests and a nine month extended durability test. The parametric tests evaluated turndown capability of the plant and established turndown techniques to be used to achieve best performance. Throughout the test program the fluidized bed boiler durability was excellent, showing very high resistence to corrosion and erosion. A series of 39 parametric tests was performed in order to demonstrate turndown capabilities of the atmospheric fluidized bedmore » boiler burning anthracite culm. Four tests were performed with bituminous coal waste (called gob) which contains 4.8 to 5.5% sulfur. Heating value of both fuels is approximately 3000 Btu/lb and ash content is approximately 70%. Combustion efficiency, boiler efficiency, and emissions of NO/sub x/ and SO/sub 2/ were also determined for the tests.« less

40 CFR Table 13 to Subpart Ddddd... - Alternative Emission Limits for New or Reconstructed Boilers and Process Heaters That Commenced...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... coal boilers designed to burn coal/solid fossil fuel a. Carbon monoxide (CO) (or CEMS) 130 ppm by... dscm per run. 3. Stokers designed to burn coal/solid fossil fuel a. CO (or CEMS) 130 ppm by volume on a... per run. 4. Fluidized bed units designed to burn coal/solid fossil fuel a. CO (or CEMS) 130 ppm by...

40 CFR 761.71 - High efficiency boilers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... PROHIBITIONS Storage and Disposal § 761.71 High efficiency boilers. (a) To burn mineral oil dielectric fluid... percent when PCBs are being burned. (iv) The mineral oil dielectric fluid does not comprise more than 10 percent (on a volume basis) of the total fuel feed rate. (v) The mineral oil dielectric fluid is not fed...

40 CFR 761.71 - High efficiency boilers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... PROHIBITIONS Storage and Disposal § 761.71 High efficiency boilers. (a) To burn mineral oil dielectric fluid... percent when PCBs are being burned. (iv) The mineral oil dielectric fluid does not comprise more than 10 percent (on a volume basis) of the total fuel feed rate. (v) The mineral oil dielectric fluid is not fed...

Electricity-producing heating apparatus utilizing a turbine generator in a semi-closed brayton cycle

DOEpatents

Labinov, Solomon D.; Christian, Jeffrey E.

2003-10-07

The present invention provides apparatus and methods for producing both heat and electrical energy by burning fuels in a stove or boiler using a novel arrangement of a surface heat exchanger and microturbine-powered generator and novel surface heat exchanger. The equipment is particularly suited for use in rural and relatively undeveloped areas, especially in cold regions and highlands.

A fouling monitor alarm to prevent forced outages

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Thompson, R.E.; Hickinbotham, A.; Fang, T.C.

2000-07-01

Many utilities rely on coal blending to meet emissions and boiler performance goals, but the increased variability in coal quality can adversely impact ash deposition and soot blowing requirements. Other utilities are experimenting with lower quality coals and burner zone blending of coals fired from different bunkers as part of a deregulation strategy to reduce fuel costs. However, these strategies can lead to slagging/fouling episodes, a possible outage, or a decrease in unit availability if boiler operations are not carefully monitored. This paper summarizes the development of software to monitor boiler fouling and to provide an advanced warning to themore » control operators when a fouling episode is imminent. With adequate warming, preemptive action can be taken (e.g., soot blowing, a change in coal blend, etc.) to potentially avoid a costly outage. The software utilizes a unique combination of combustion diagnostic techniques and convective section heat adsorption analyses to identify boiler operating conditions where ash deposition rates may be high and conductive to triggering a fouling episode. The paper outlines the history of the fouling problem and the implementation of the software on Wabamun Unit 4, a tangentially-fired unit with relatively narrow reheat tube spacing. The unit had a tendency to foul when burning a high alkaline (but low ash) coal seam. The paper discusses the software development, implementation, and data acquisitions activities. Preliminary test results are provided for Wabamun 4 and for Sundance Units 1 and 2 where the software was recently installed.« less

40 CFR 264.1087 - Standards: Closed-vent systems and control devices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... of such devices include, but are not limited to, a car-seal or a lock-and-key configuration valve...) A boiler or industrial furnace burning hazardous waste for which the owner or operator has been... requirements of 40 CFR part 266, subpart H; or (E) A boiler or industrial furnace burning hazardous waste for...

Hazardous Waste Management System: Identification and Listing of Hazardous Waste - Burning of Hazardous Waste in Boilers and Industrial Furnaces - Federal Register Notice, September 5, 1991

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

EPA is announcing an administrative stay of the permitting standards for boilers and industrial furnaces adopted pursuant to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (56 FR 7206, Feb. 21, 1991) as they apply to coke ovens burning certain hazardous wastes

Numerical research of reburning-process of burning of coal-dust torch

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Trinchenko, Alexey; Paramonov, Aleksandr; Kadyrov, Marsel; Koryabkin, Aleksey

2017-10-01

This work is dedicated to numerical research of ecological indicators of technological method of decrease in emissions of nitrogen oxides at combustion of solid fuel in coal-dust torch to improve the energy efficiency of steam boilers. The technology of step burning with additional input in zone of the maximum concentration of pollutant of strongly crushed fuel for formation of molecular nitrogen on surface of the burning carbon particles is considered. Results of modeling and numerical researches of technology, their analysis and comparison with the experimental data of the reconstructed boiler are given. Results of work show that input of secondary fuel allows to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides by boiler installation without prejudice to its economic indicators.

Pollution-free, resource recovery, garbage disposal/fuel burning plant

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nielson, J.P

1989-05-16

A method is described of burning solid combustibles containing potential atmospheric pollutants and of recovering valuable resources from the combustibles while preventing the release of pollutants into the atmosphere, including the steps of introducing the combustibles through an airlock into a furnace substantially sealed against the atmosphere; introducing combustion-supporting fluid into the furnace; burning the combustibles at a temperature high enough to melt at least some of the inorganic components contained therin; removing and recovering solid components from the furnace through a gas lock; removing and recovering molten components from the furnace through a conduit and valve; passing high temperaturegaseousmore » products of combustion from the furnace through heat exchanger means utilizing boiler tubes carrying the gaseous products surrounded by water to generate steam as a useful product.« less

Small boiler uses waste coal

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Virr, M.J.

Burning coal waste in small boilers at low emissions poses considerable problem. While larger boiler suppliers have successfully installed designs in the 40 to 80 MW range for some years, the author has been developing small automated fluid bed boiler plants for 25 years that can be applied in the range of 10,000 to 140,000 lbs/hr of steam. Development has centered on the use of an internally circulating fluid bed (CFB) boiler, which will burn waste fuels of most types. The boiler is based on the traditional D-shaped watertable boiler, with a new type of combustion chamber that enables amore » three-to-one turndown to be achieved. The boilers have all the advantages of low emissions of the large fluid boilers while offering a much lower height incorporated into the package boiler concept. Recent tests with a waste coal that had a high nitrogen content of 1.45% demonstrated a NOx emission below the federal limit of 0.6 lbs/mm Btu. Thus a NOx reduction on the order of 85% can be demonstrate by combustion modification alone. Further reductions can be made by using a selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) system and sulfur absorption of up to 90% retention is possible. The article describes the operation of a 30,000 lbs/hr boiler at the Fayette Thermal LLC plant. Spinheat has installed three ICFB boilers at a nursing home and a prison, which has been tested on poor-grade anthracite and bituminous coal. 2 figs.« less

Microfine coal firing results from a retrofit gas/oil-designed industrial boiler

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Patel, R.; Borio, R.W.; Liljedahl, G.

1995-12-31

The development of a High Efficiency Advanced Coal Combustor (HEACC) has been in progress since 1987 and the ABB Power Plant Laboratories. The initial work on this concept produced an advanced coal firing system that was capable of firing both water-based and dry pulverized coal in an industrial boiler environment. Economics may one day dictate that it makes sense to replace oil or natural gas with coal in boilers that were originally designed to burn these fuels. The objective of the current program is to demonstrate the technical and economic feasibility of retrofitting a gas/oil designed boiler to burn micronizedmore » coal. In support of this overall objective, the following specific areas were targeted: A coal handling/preparation system that can meet the technical requirements for retrofitting microfine coal on a boiler designed for burning oil or natural gas; Maintaining boiler thermal performance in accordance with specifications when burning oil or natural gas; Maintaining NOx emissions at or below 0.6 lb/MBtu; Achieving combustion efficiencies of 98% or higher; and Calculating economic payback periods as a function of key variables. The overall program has consisted of five major tasks: (1) A review of current state-of-the-art coal firing system components; (2) Design and experimental testing of a prototype HEACC burner; (3) Installation and testing of a HEACC system in a commercial retrofit application; (4) Economic evaluation of the HEACC concept for retrofit applications; and (5) Long term demonstration under commercial user demand conditions. This paper will summarize the latest key experimental results (Task 3) and the economic evaluation (Task 4) of the HEACC concept for retrofit applications. 28 figs., 6 tabs.« less

The NOXSO clean coal project

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Black, J.B.; Woods, M.C.; Friedrich, J.J.

1997-12-31

The NOXSO Clean Coal Project will consist of designing, constructing, and operating a commercial-scale flue-gas cleanup system utilizing the NOXSO Process. The process is a waste-free, dry, post-combustion flue-gas treatment technology which uses a regenerable sorbent to simultaneously adsorb sulfur dioxide (SO{sub 2}) and nitrogen oxides (NO{sub x}) from flue gas from coal-fired boilers. The NOXSO plant will be constructed at Alcoa Generating Corporation`s (AGC) Warrick Power Plant near Evansville, Indiana and will treat all the flue gas from the 150-MW Unit 2 boiler. The NOXSO plant is being designed to remove 98% of the SO{sub 2} and 75% ofmore » the NO{sub x} when the boiler is fired with 3.4 weight percent sulfur, southern-Indiana coal. The NOXSO plant by-product will be elemental sulfur. The elemental sulfur will be shipped to Olin Corporation`s Charleston, Tennessee facility for additional processing. As part of the project, a liquid SO{sub 2} plant has been constructed at this facility to convert the sulfur into liquid SO{sub 2}. The project utilizes a unique burn-in-oxygen process in which the elemental sulfur is oxidized to SO{sub 2} in a stream of compressed oxygen. The SO{sub 2} vapor will then be cooled and condensed. The burn-in-oxygen process is simpler and more environmentally friendly than conventional technologies. The liquid SO{sub 2} plant produces 99.99% pure SO{sub 2} for use at Olin`s facilities. The $82.8 million project is co-funded by the US Department of Energy (DOE) under Round III of the Clean Coal Technology program. The DOE manages the project through the Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center (PETC).« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rode, J.R.; Brzezeina, P.; Strach, F.

This paper discusses the engineering considerations related to the design of a new 110 MWe atmospheric fluidized bed boiler (CFB) and boiler island auxiliaries for installation at the CEZ, a.s. (Czech Republic Utility) Ledvice Power Station. The plant is located in the northwest Bohemia area of the Czech Republic in the foothills of the Krusne Hory Mountains, between the towns of Bilina and Teplice. The type of fuel to be burned in the CFB is brown coal which requires unique design considerations in as well as the particular boiler operational parameters. The impetus behind the addition of this new CFBmore » at the plant is that the existing pulverized coal fired steam generator which was put in service in 1969 is unable to meet new regulations and laws regarding compliance with the protection of the environment and will be replaced once the new CFB unit is brought into service. A technical-economic study conducted by CEZ, a.s. evaluated CFB technology as the most advantageous from a long-term standpoint. The following variations were considered in the study: boiler retrofit and construction of new ash handling equipment; implementation of the combined cycle based upon natural gas; and reconstruction of the boiler equipment with transition to atmospheric fluid-bed combustion. The selection of the supplier of fluid-bed boiler was performed with an emphasis of the bidders` references as for the construction and operation of fluid-bed boilers with the outputs of min. 300 t/hr.« less

Development of Computational Capabilities to Predict the Corrosion Wastage of Boiler Tubes in Advanced Combustion Systems

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kung, Steven; Rapp, Robert

A comprehensive corrosion research project consisting of pilot-scale combustion testing and long-term laboratory corrosion study has been successfully performed. A pilot-scale combustion facility available at Brigham Young University was selected and modified to enable burning of pulverized coals under the operating conditions typical for advanced coal-fired utility boilers. Eight United States (U.S.) coals were selected for this investigation, with the test conditions for all coals set to have the same heat input to the combustor. In addition, the air/fuel stoichiometric ratio was controlled so that staged combustion was established, with the stoichiometric ratio maintained at 0.85 in the burner zonemore » and 1.15 in the burnout zone. The burner zone represented the lower furnace of utility boilers, while the burnout zone mimicked the upper furnace areas adjacent to the superheaters and reheaters. From this staged combustion, approximately 3% excess oxygen was attained in the combustion gas at the furnace outlet. During each of the pilot-scale combustion tests, extensive online measurements of the flue gas compositions were performed. In addition, deposit samples were collected at the same location for chemical analyses. Such extensive gas and deposit analyses enabled detailed characterization of the actual combustion environments existing at the lower furnace walls under reducing conditions and those adjacent to the superheaters and reheaters under oxidizing conditions in advanced U.S. coal-fired utility boilers. The gas and deposit compositions were then carefully simulated in a series of 1000-hour laboratory corrosion tests, in which the corrosion performances of different commercial candidate alloys and weld overlays were evaluated at various temperatures for advanced boiler systems. Results of this laboratory study led to significant improvement in understanding of the corrosion mechanisms operating on the furnace walls as well as superheaters and reheaters in coal-fired boilers resulting from the coexistence of sulfur and chlorine in the fuel. A new corrosion mechanism, i.e., “Active Sulfidation Corrosion Mechanism,” has been proposed to account for the accelerated corrosion wastage observed on the furnace walls of utility boilers burning coals containing sulfur and chlorine. In addition, a second corrosion mechanism, i.e., “Active Sulfide-to-Oxide Corrosion Mechanism,” has been identified to account for the rapid corrosion attack on superheaters and reheaters. Both of the newly discovered corrosion mechanisms involve the formation of iron chloride (FeCl2) vapor from iron sulfide (FeS) and HCl, followed by the decomposition of FeCl2 via self-sustaining cycling reactions. For higher alloys containing sufficient chromium, the attack on superheaters and reheaters is dominated by Hot Corrosion in the presence of a fused salt. Furthermore, two stages of the hot corrosion mechanism have been identified and characterized in detail. The initiation of hot corrosion attack induced by molten sulfate leads to Stage 1 “acidic” fluxing and re-precipitation of the protective scale formed initially on the deposit-covered alloy surfaces. Once the protective scale is penetrated, Stage 2 Hot Corrosion is initiated, which is dominated by “basic” fluxing and re-precipitation of the scale in the fused salt. Based on the extensive corrosion information generated from this project, corrosion modeling was performed using non-linear regression analysis. As a result of the modeling efforts, two predictive equations have been formulated, one for furnace walls and the other for superheaters and reheaters. These first-of-the-kind equations can be used to estimate the corrosion rates of boiler tubes based on coal chemistry, alloy compositions, and boiler operating conditions for advanced boiler systems.« less

78 FR 63181 - Information Collection Request Submitted to OMB for Review and Approval; Comment Request...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-10-23

... Request Submitted to OMB for Review and Approval; Comment Request; Information Requirements for Boilers...), ``Information Requirements for Boilers and Industrial Furnaces (Renewal)'' (EPA ICR No. ICR No. 1361.16, OMB... http://www.epa.gov/dockets . Abstract: EPA regulates the burning of hazardous waste in boilers...

Experimental Investigations of the Energy and Environmental Indices of Operation of a Low-Capacity Combined Gas Producer and Hot-Water Boiler

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bodnar, L. A.; Stepanov, D. V.; Dovgal‧, A. N.

2015-07-01

It has been shown that the introduction of combined gas producers and boilers on renewable energy sources is a pressing issue. A structural diagram of a low-capacity combined gas producer and boiler on renewable energy sources has been given; a bench and procedures for investigation and processing of results have been developed. Experimental investigations of the energy and environmental indices of a 40-kW combined gas producer and hotwater boiler burning wood have been carried out. Results of the experimental investigations have been analyzed. Distinctive features have been established and a procedure of thermal calculation of the double furnace of a lowcapacity combined gas producer and boiler burning solid fuel has been proposed. The calculated coefficients of heat transfer from the gases in the convection bank have been compared with the obtained experimental results. A calculation dependence for the heat transfer from the gases in convection banks of low-capacity hot-water boilers has been proposed. The quantities of harmful emissions from the combined gas producer and boiler on renewable energy sources have been compared with the existing Ukrainian and foreign standards. It has been established that the environmental efficiency of the boiler under study complies with most of the standard requirements of European countries.

Coal conversion legislation. Part I. Hearings before the Subcommittee on Energy Production and Supply of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, Ninety-Fifth Congress, First Session on S. 272, S. 273, and S. 977, March 21 and 29, 1977. [Coal utilization

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1977-01-01

The legislation on greater coal utilization before the committee includes S. 272 (requiring, to the extent practicable, electric power plants and major fuel-bearing installations to utilize fuels other than natural gas); S. 273 (requiring, to the extent practicable, new electric power plants and new major fuel-burning installations be constructed to utliize fuels other than natural gas or petroleum); and S. 977 (requiring, to the extent practicable, existing electric power plants and major fuel-burning installations to utilize fuels other than natural gas or petroleum). Statements were heard from seven senators and representatives from the following: American Electric Power Service Corp., Americanmore » Boiler Manufactures Association, National Electric Reliability Council, Virgina Electric and Power Co., Fossil Power Systems, Houston Lighting and Power Co., other electric utility industry representatives, and the Federal Energy Adminstration. Additional material from the Wall Street Journal and the Washington Post is included. (MCW)« less

40 CFR Table 2 to Subpart Ddddd of... - Emission Limits for Existing Boilers and Process Heaters

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... collect a minimum of 3 dscm. 2. Units design to burn coal/solid fossil fuel a. Filterable PM (or TSM) 4.0E... minimum of 2 dscm per run. 3. Pulverized coal boilers designed to burn coal/solid fossil fuel a. CO (or.../solid fossil fuel a. CO (or CEMS) 160 ppm by volume on a dry basis corrected to 3 percent oxygen, 3-run...

A study of burning processes of fossil fuels in straitened conditions of furnaces in low capacity boilers by an example of natural gas

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Roslyakov, P. V.; Proskurin, Y. V.; Khokhlov, D. A.; Zaichenko, M. N.

2018-03-01

The aim of this work is to research operations of modern combined low-emission swirl burner with a capacity of 2.2 MW for fire-tube boiler type KV-GM-2.0, to ensure the effective burning of natural gas, crude oil and diesel fuel. For this purpose, a computer model of the burner and furnace chamber has been developed. The paper presents the results of numerical investigations of the burner operation, using the example of natural gas in a working load range from 40 to 100%. The basic features of processes of fuel burning in the cramped conditions of the flame tube have been identified to fundamentally differ from similar processes in the furnaces of steam boilers. The influence of the design of burners and their operating modes on incomplete combustion of fuel and the formation of nitrogen oxides has been determined.

Influence of the overfire air ratio on the NO(x) emission and combustion characteristics of a down-fired 300-MW(e) utility boiler.

PubMed

Ren, Feng; Li, Zhengqi; Chen, Zhichao; Fan, Subo; Liu, Guangkui

2010-08-15

Down-fired boilers used to burn low-volatile coals have high NO(x) emissions. To find a way of solving this problem, an overfire air (OFA) system was introduced on a 300 MW(e) down-fired boiler. Full-scale experiments were performed on this retrofitted boiler to explore the influence of the OFA ratio (the mass flux ratio of OFA to the total combustion air) on the combustion and NO(x) emission characteristics in the furnace. Measurements were taken of gas temperature distributions along the primary air and coal mixture flows, average gas temperatures along the furnace height, concentrations of gases such as O(2), CO, and NO(x) in the near-wall region and carbon content in the fly ash. Data were compared for five different OFA ratios. The results show that as the OFA ratio increases from 12% to 35%, the NO(x) emission decreases from 1308 to 966 mg/Nm(3) (at 6% O(2) dry) and the carbon content in the fly ash increases from 6.53% to 15.86%. Considering both the environmental and economic effect, 25% was chosen as the optimized OFA ratio.

Research, Development and Demonstration of Bio-Mass Boiler for Food Industry

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fisher, Steve; Knapp, David

2012-07-01

Frito-Lay is working to reduce carbon emissions from their manufacturing plants. As part of this effort, they invested in a biomass-fired boiler at the Topeka, Kansas, plant. Frito-Lay partnered with Burns & McDonnell Engineering, Inc. and CPL Systems, Inc., to design and construct a steam producing boiler using carbon neutral fuels such as wood wastes (e.g. tree bark), shipping pallets, and used rubber vehicle tires. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) joined with Frito-Lay, Burns & McDonnell, and CPL to analyze the reductions in carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions that result from use of biomass-fired boilers in the food manufacturingmore » environment. DOE support provided for the data collection and analysis, and reporting necessary to evaluate boiler efficiencies and reductions in CO 2 emissions. The Frito-Lay biomass-fired boiler has resulted in significant reductions in CO 2 emissions from the Topeka production facility. The use of natural gas has been reduced by 400 to 420 million standard cubic feet per year with corresponding reductions of 24,000 to 25,000 tons of CO 2. The boiler does require auxiliary functions, however, that are unnecessary for a gas-fired boiler. These include heavy motors and fans for moving fuel and firing the boiler, trucks and equipment for delivering the fuel and moving at the boiler plant, and chippers for preparing the fuel prior to delivery. Each of these operations requires the combustion of fossil fuels or electricity and has associated CO 2 emissions. Even after accounting for each of these auxiliary processes, however, the biomass-fired boiler results in net emission reductions of 22,500 to 23,500 tons of CO 2 per year.« less

Introduction of low-temperature swirl technology of burning as a way of increase in ecological of low power boilers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Trinchenko, A. A.; Paramonov, A. P.

2017-10-01

Work is devoted to the solution of problems of energy efficiency increase in low power boilers at combustion of solid fuel. The technological method of nitrogen oxides decomposition on a surface of carbon particles with education environmentally friendly carbonic acid and molecular nitrogen is considered during the work of a low-temperature swirl fire chamber. Based on the analysis of physical and chemical processes of a fuel chemically connected energy transition into thermal, using the diffusive and kinetic theory of burning modern approaches the technique, mathematical model and the settlement program for assessment of plant ecological indicators when using a new method are developed. Alternative calculations of furnace process are carried out, quantitative assessment of nitrogen oxides emissions level of the reconstructed boiler is executed. The results of modeling and experimental data have approved that the organization of swirl burning increases overall performance of a fire chamber and considerably reduces emissions of nitrogen oxides.

Control Techtronics International

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

West, J.

1995-12-31

Polish graded coal can be burned in existing stoker boilers and meet the 1998 Air Quality standard. This is accomplished with the Control Techtronics microprocessor-based combustion controller accurately and repeatedly: (a) matching the combustion air to the coal firing rate, with continuous stack sensor feedback; (b) continuously varying the boiler`s firing rate based on output water temperature or steam pressure; (c) continuously varying the exhaust fan`s speed to maintain minimum negative pressure in the boiler`s combustion chamber; and recirculating a portion of the flue gas, at varying amounts throughout the boiler`s firing rate. Systems for five boilers have been installedmore » and are operating on MPEC`s Balicka plant in Krakow. Control Techtronics International has $10 million of U.S. Export-Import Bank funds available for similar projects throughout Poland.« less

Basic Information about Mercury

MedlinePlus

... Since mercury occurs naturally in coal and other fossil fuels, when people burn these fuels for energy, ... coal-fired boilers in many industries to generate forms of thermal heat like steam The burning of ...

Adsorbents for capturing mercury in coal-fired boiler flue gas.

PubMed

Yang, Hongqun; Xu, Zhenghe; Fan, Maohong; Bland, Alan E; Judkins, Roddie R

2007-07-19

This paper reviews recent advances in the research and development of sorbents used to capture mercury from coal-fired utility boiler flue gas. Mercury emissions are the source of serious health concerns. Worldwide mercury emissions from human activities are estimated to be 1000 to 6000 t/annum. Mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants are believed to be the largest source of anthropogenic mercury emissions. Mercury emissions from coal-fired utility boilers vary in total amount and speciation, depending on coal types, boiler operating conditions, and configurations of air pollution control devices (APCDs). The APCDs, such as fabric filter (FF) bag house, electrostatic precipitator (ESP), and wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD), can remove some particulate-bound and oxidized forms of mercury. Elemental mercury often escapes from these devices. Activated carbon injection upstream of a particulate control device has been shown to have the best potential to remove both elemental and oxidized mercury from the flue gas. For this paper, NORIT FGD activated carbon was extensively studied for its mercury adsorption behavior. Results from bench-, pilot- and field-scale studies, mercury adsorption by coal chars, and a case of lignite-burned mercury control were reviewed. Studies of brominated carbon, sulfur-impregnated carbon and chloride-impregnated carbon were also reviewed. Carbon substitutes, such as calcium sorbents, petroleum coke, zeolites and fly ash were analyzed for their mercury-adsorption performance. At this time, brominated activated carbon appears to be the best-performing mercury sorbent. A non-injection regenerable sorbent technology is briefly introduced herein, and the issue of mercury leachability is briefly covered. Future research directions are suggested.

Methanol from coal

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Miller, D. R.

1978-01-01

Economic feasibility of methanol or methyl fuel produced from coal using existing technology is discussed. Other factors considered include environmental, safety, toxicity, transportation, so storage, ease of burning, and retrofitting of present boilers. Demonstrations of its uses as a boiler fuel and as a turbine fuel are cited.

Results of the use of a system for continuous measurement of combustibles in the fly ash produced by burning of anthracite fines in a TPP-210A boiler

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

S.A. Fil; L.V. Golyshev; I.S. Mysak

2002-11-15

Data on the use of RCA-2000 (Mark & Vedell, Denmark) stationary analyzers of the content of combustibles in fly ash for optimizing the furnace performance of a TPP-210A boiler and determining the effect of process switchings of the boiler equipment on the quality of the furnace performance are presented.

Coal-Burning Technologies Applicable to Air Force Central Heating Plants

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-12-01

8 3. DESCRIPTION OF REPLACEMENT OR EXPANSION TECHNOLOGIES ........ 9 3.1.1 Shell (Fire- Tube ) Boilers ........... 9...3.1.2 Water- Tube Boilers .*.*........***.... 10 3.1.3 Packaged vs Field-Erected Construction ...... 11 3.2 STOKER FIRING ...... .. 11 3.2.1 Description...FIGURES 4 Figure Pg 1 Schematic diagram of a typical scotch shell boiler: wet-back, three-pass design ..~............... 9 2 Commnon tube patterns for

Comparative evaluation of solar, fission, fusion, and fossil energy resources. Part 4: Energy from fossil fuels

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Williams, J. R.

1974-01-01

The conversion of fossil-fired power plants now burning oil or gas to burn coal is discussed along with the relaxation of air quality standards and the development of coal gasification processes to insure a continued supply of gas from coal. The location of oil fields, refining areas, natural gas fields, and pipelines in the U.S. is shown. The technologies of modern fossil-fired boilers and gas turbines are defined along with the new technologies of fluid-bed boilers and MHD generators.

Combustion characteristics and design of hot water boiler

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Xuemin; Yang, Dinghua; Lu, Junfu; Guan, Jian; Qi, Guoli

2017-03-01

In order to understand the combustion characteristics of biomass, a detailed comparison with coal was made. There are many differences between biomass and coal in combustion characteristics. The burning rate of biomass is much higher than coal. The burning rate of biomass char is also higher than coal char. During biomass combustion, HCl, SO2 and NO x emissions mainly concentrate in volatile combustion stage, while CO2 emission mainly concentrates in char combustion stage. The slagging tendency of biomass ash is severer than coal ash and the adhesive force of biomass ash is higher. However, the wearing tendency of biomass ash is minor. Aiming at the particularity of biomass fuels, this paper briefly introduces the design of biomass hot water boilers. On this basis, a 2.8 MW biomass hot water boiler was developed and tested under the loads of 1.7 MW and 2.8MW. The running results show that the carbon content of bottom slag significantly decreases as the load increases. The boiler efficiency is higher than 85% under both loads.

Multifuel industrial steam generation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mesko, J.E.

An inefficient, unreliable steam generation and distribution system at the Red River Army Depot (Texarkana, Tex.), a major industrial facility of the federal government, was replaced with a modern, multifuel-burning steam plant. In the new plant, steam is generated by three high-pressure field-erected boilers burning 100 percent coal, 100 percent refuse, or any combination of the two, while maintaining particulate emissions, SO{sub 2} concentration, and NO{sub x} and chlorine levels at or better than clean air standards. The plant, which has been in operation since 1986, is now part of the Army's Energy/Environment Showcase for demonstrating innovative technology to publicmore » and private operators. When the project began, the Red River depot faced several operational problems. Existing No. 2 oil- and gas- fired boilers in three separate boiler plants were inefficient, unreliable, and difficult to maintain. Extra boilers often had to be leased to provide for needed capacity. In addition, the facility had large quantities of waste to dispose of.« less

Utilization of rapeseed pellet from fatty acid methyl esters production as an energy source.

PubMed

Ciunel, Krzysztof; Klugmann-Radziemska, Ewa

2014-01-01

Rapeseed pellet - crushed seed residue from oil extraction is a by-product of fatty acid methyl esters production process. As other types of biomass, it can either be burned directly in furnaces or processed to increase its energetic value. Biomass is renewable, abundant and has domestic usage; the sources ofbiomass can help the world reduce its dependence on petroleum products, fossil coal and natural gas. Energetically effective utilization of rapeseed pellet could substantially improve the economic balance of an individual household in which biodiesel for fulfilling the producer's own energetic demand is obtained. In this article, the experimental results of combusting rapeseed pellet in a calorimeter, combustion in a boiler heater and the analysis of the emissions level of different pollutants in exhaust fumes during different stages of biomass boiler operation are presented. It has been proved that the pellet, a by-product of biodiesel production, is not only a valuable substitute of animal fodder, but also an excellent renewable and environmentally friendly energy source, viable for use in household tap water heating installations.

40 CFR 63.7522 - Can I use emissions averaging to comply with this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... section. You may not include new boilers or process heaters in an emissions average. (b) For a group of... subcategory of units designed to burn gas 2 (other) fuels. (iv) You may not average across the units designed to burn liquid, units designed to burn solid fuel, and units designed to burn gas 2 (other...

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Giovanni, D.V.; Carr, R.C.; Landham, E.C.

Two products of coal quality research at the Electric Power Research Institute TM (EPRI) are available for field evaluation: Coal Quality Impact Model (CQIM and Fireside Testing Guidelines (FIG). The CQIM is a computer program that may be tailored to simulate the performance characteristics of a coal-fired power plant. The FIG is a technical report that guides utilities in conducting field tests to gather performance data and quantify the technical and economic impacts of different coals. Moreover, the results from field tests may be utilized to validate and assess the applicability of the CQIM. Field tests were conducted at Mississippimore » Power Company`s Watson Unit 4 to evaluate the coal quality impacts of coal switching on boiler performance and emissions. Watson Unit 4 is a 255 MW (gross), opposed-wall, pulverized-coal-fired boiler manufactured by Riley Stoker Corporation and rated at 1,779,000 lb/hr steam flow at 1000{degrees}F superheat steam temperature and 2,500 psig. The unit is equipped with a cold-side electrostatic precipitator for particulate matter control. Comprehensive tests were conducted on all major equipment components, including the pulverizers, fans, combustion equipment, boiler heat transfer surfaces, air preheater, and electrostatic precipitator, for two coals. The CQIN4 was configured to predict the performance of the unit when burning each coal. The work was sponsored by EPRI, and Mississippi Power Company (MPC) was the host utility company. This report summarizes results from the field test program, including potential heat rate improvements that were identified, and the differences in unit operations and performance for the two coals. The results from the CQIM validation effort are also presented.« less

Converting small industrial boilers to burn wood fuels

Treesearch

Raymond L. Sarles; J. Penn Rutherfoord

1982-01-01

Investigates the engineering and economic feasibility of retrofitting two small industrial boilers (32 hp and 52 hp, respectively) for firing green wood fuels. Subjects covered include fuel requirements and costs; availability, storage, and handling of wood fuels; and designs, specifications, stack emissions, cost estimates, and economic feasibility. The economics of...

40 CFR 63.7506 - Do any boilers or process heaters have limited requirements?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... the large liquid fuel subcategory or the limited use liquid fuel subcategory that burn only fossil... Notification of Compliance Status report required in § 63.7545(e) that indicates you burn only liquid fossil... you burn only liquid fossil fuels other than residual oils, either alone or in combination with...

40 CFR 63.7506 - Do any boilers or process heaters have limited requirements?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... the large liquid fuel subcategory or the limited use liquid fuel subcategory that burn only fossil... Notification of Compliance Status report required in § 63.7545(e) that indicates you burn only liquid fossil... you burn only liquid fossil fuels other than residual oils, either alone or in combination with...

40 CFR 63.7506 - Do any boilers or process heaters have limited requirements?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... the large liquid fuel subcategory or the limited use liquid fuel subcategory that burn only fossil... Notification of Compliance Status report required in § 63.7545(e) that indicates you burn only liquid fossil... you burn only liquid fossil fuels other than residual oils, either alone or in combination with...

Computational investigations of low-emission burner facilities for char gas burning in a power boiler

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Roslyakov, P. V.; Morozov, I. V.; Zaychenko, M. N.; Sidorkin, V. T.

2016-04-01

Various variants for the structure of low-emission burner facilities, which are meant for char gas burning in an operating TP-101 boiler of the Estonia power plant, are considered. The planned increase in volumes of shale reprocessing and, correspondingly, a rise in char gas volumes cause the necessity in their cocombustion. In this connection, there was a need to develop a burner facility with a given capacity, which yields effective char gas burning with the fulfillment of reliability and environmental requirements. For this purpose, the burner structure base was based on the staging burning of fuel with the gas recirculation. As a result of the preliminary analysis of possible structure variants, three types of early well-operated burner facilities were chosen: vortex burner with the supply of recirculation gases into the secondary air, vortex burner with the baffle supply of recirculation gases between flows of the primary and secondary air, and burner facility with the vortex pilot burner. Optimum structural characteristics and operation parameters were determined using numerical experiments. These experiments using ANSYS CFX bundled software of computational hydrodynamics were carried out with simulation of mixing, ignition, and burning of char gas. Numerical experiments determined the structural and operation parameters, which gave effective char gas burning and corresponded to required environmental standard on nitrogen oxide emission, for every type of the burner facility. The burner facility for char gas burning with the pilot diffusion burner in the central part was developed and made subject to computation results. Preliminary verification nature tests on the TP-101 boiler showed that the actual content of nitrogen oxides in burner flames of char gas did not exceed a claimed concentration of 150 ppm (200 mg/m3).

Evaluation of internal boiler components and gases using a high-temperature infrared (IR) lens

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hammaker, Robert G.; Colsher, Richard J.; Miles, Jonathan J.; Madding, Robert P.

1996-03-01

Fuel accounts for an average of seventy percent of the yearly operational and maintenance costs of all the fossil stations in the United States. This amounts to 30 billion dollars spent for fuel each year. In addition, federal and state environmental codes have been enforcing stricter regulations that demand cleaner environments, such as the reduction of nitrogen oxides (NOx), which are a by-product of the fossil fuel flame. If the burn of the flame inside a boiler could be optimized, the usage of fuel and the amounts of pollution produced would be significantly reduced, and many of the common boiler tube failures can be avoided. This would result in a major dollar savings to the utility industry, and would provide a cleaner environment. Accomplishing these goals will require a major effort from the designers and operators that manufacture, operate, and maintain the fossil stations. Over the past few years re-designed burners have been installed in many boilers to help control the temperatures and shape of the flame for better performance and NOx reduction. However, the measurement of the processes and components inside the furnace, that could assist in determining the desired conditions, can at times be very difficult due to the hostile hot environment. In an attempt to resolve these problems, the EPRI M&D Center and a core group of EPRI member utilities have undertaken a two-year project with various optical manufacturers, IR manufacturers, and IR specialists, to fully develop an optical lens that will withstand the high furnace temperatures. The purpose of the lens is to explore the possibilities of making accurate high temperature measurements of the furnace processes and components in an ever-changing harsh environment. This paper provides an introduction to EPRI's internal boiler investigation using an IR high temperature lens (HTL). The paper describes the objectives, approach, benefits, and project progress.

Naftokrak-Naftdbudowa & MPEC

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Szewczyk, T.; Mazur, J.

1995-12-31

Polish graded coal is being burned on existing stoker boilers at MPEC`s Balicka plant, using Control Techtronics microprocess-based system. Pictures were shown of the equipment controlling three hot water WR-10 boilers, and (two) steam 22.5 boilers. The results of this installation include; 85% reduction in stack particulate emission, 25% increase in boiler energy efficiency, 65% reduction in fan electrical energy, achieving {open_quotes}ultra low fire{close_quotes} which provides 3 or 4 to 1 turndown, versus 2 to 1, for substantially reduced fuel use at low heating requirements, and 2 to 3 years payback on invested capital.

40 CFR 63.7499 - What are the subcategories of boilers and process heaters?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... process heaters, as defined in § 63.7575 are: (a) Pulverized coal/solid fossil fuel units. (b) Stokers designed to burn coal/solid fossil fuel. (c) Fluidized bed units designed to burn coal/solid fossil fuel... liquid fuel. (r) Units designed to burn coal/solid fossil fuel. (s) Fluidized bed units with an...

40 CFR 63.7499 - What are the subcategories of boilers and process heaters?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... process heaters, as defined in § 63.7575 are: (a) Pulverized coal/solid fossil fuel units. (b) Stokers designed to burn coal/solid fossil fuel. (c) Fluidized bed units designed to burn coal/solid fossil fuel... liquid fuel. (r) Units designed to burn coal/solid fossil fuel. (s) Fluidized bed units with an...

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF A FIRETUBE BOILER FIRING COAL/OIL/WATER MIXTURES. VOLUME 1. TECHNICAL RESULTS

EPA Science Inventory

This volume describes emission results from sampling of flue gas from a firetube boiler burning a coal/oil/water (COW) mixture and COW with soda ash added (COW+SA) to control SO2 emissions. Measurements included: continuous monitoring of flue gas emissions; source assessment samp...

Combustion of Schlamm in ACFB boilers -- The Charbonnages de France Group's experience

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Schroeder, M.; Rollin, J.P.

Within the context of the rehabilitation of Emile Huchet Power Plant Unit 4 owned by the ``SNET'', a company of the CHARBONNAGES DE FRANCE Group, a new CFB boiler with an electrical capacity of 125 MW has been commissioned in 1990 in replacement for an existing pulverized-coal boiler. This boiler constituted at the time an experimental unit on two accounts. It was an innovation through its size but also its specific design which allows to burn schlamm--a coal washing residue--in the form of pulp. The boiler design answered the CHARBONNAGES DE FRANCE Group's need to eliminate old settling ponds containingmore » schlamm which, from the technical and economic point of view, could not be burnt using conventional combustion techniques owing to its specific characteristics (fine, high-ash product with a very high moisture and clay content). This original method of injection as well as the pulp preparation process suited to this type of injection have been designed and developed by CdF INGENIERIE and the CERCHAR (CdF Group) after many investigations and tests. The experience gained at Emile Huchet Power Plant for more than 7 years confirms that the CFB boiler is a clean combustion technique which is perfectly suited to the combustion of schlamm injected in the form of pulp. The CFB unit burns exclusively schlamm conditioned in the form of pulp with 33% of moisture, and this with a high degree of efficiency, low emission values and a very good availability. This talk include a description of the CFB boiler and the pulp preparation plant as well as a presentation of the boiler performances and of the experience gained by the CHARBONANGES DE FRANCE Group since the new CFB unit has been commissioned.« less

Exporting coal through technology and countertrade

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Borissoff, E.

1985-08-01

Straightforward coal exporting on a simple price-and-delivery basis is becoming increasingly difficult for US suppliers. Technology and countertrade are two tools which could help coal suppliers' exports and, at the same time, satisfy the needs of their overseas customers. Neither would complicate the established process of coal exporting, but both would offer the prospect of increased sales and higher profits. Technical selling involves demonstrating to a customer that US steam coal is more competitive when burned in boiler designed specifically to burn that coal efficiently. To do this, the exporter must know the chemical characteristic of his coal and establishmore » a working relationship with his customers' purchasing agents and boiler chiefs. Technical selling to new users offers even more opportunities. Countertrade occurs when the customer pays for coal or a coal/boiler package with something other than US dollars.« less

Plane flame furnace combustion tests on JPL desulfurized coal

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Reuther, J. J.; Kim, H. T.; Lima, J. G. H.

1982-01-01

The combustion characteristics of three raw bituminous (PSOC-282 and 276) and subbituminous (PSOC-230) coals, the raw coals partially desulfurized (ca -60%) by JPL chlorinolysis, and the chlorinated coals more completely desulfurized (ca -75%) by JPL hydrodesulfurization were determined. The extent to which the combustion characteristics of the untreated coals were altered upon JPL sulfur removal was examined. Combustion conditions typical of utility boilers were simulated in the plane flame furnace. Upon decreasing the parent coal voltaile matter generically by 80% and the sulfur by 75% via the JPL desulfurization process, ignition time was delayed 70 fold, burning velocity was retarded 1.5 fold, and burnout time was prolonged 1.4 fold. Total flame residence time increased 2.3 fold. The JPL desulfurization process appears to show significant promise for producing technologically combustible and clean burning (low SO3) fuels.

Numerical Research of Nitrogen Oxides Formation for Justification of Modernization of P-49 Nazarovsky State District Power Plant Boiler on the Low-temperature Swirl Technology of Burning

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Trinchenko, A. A.; Paramonov, A. P.; Skouditskiy, V. E.; Anoshin, R. G.

2017-11-01

Compliance with increasingly stringent normative requirements to the level of pollutants emissions when using organic fuel in the energy sector as a main source of heat, demands constant improvement of the boiler and furnace equipment and the power equipment in general. The requirements of the current legislation in the field of environmental protection prescribe compliance with established emission standards for both new construction and the improvement of energy equipment. The paper presents the results of numerical research of low-temperature swirl burning in P-49 Nazarovsky state district power plant boiler. On the basis of modern approaches of the diffusion and kinetic theory of burning and the analysis physical and chemical processes of a fuel chemically connected energy transition in thermal, generation and transformation of gas pollutants, the technological method of nitrogen oxides decomposition on the surface of carbon particles with the formation of environmentally friendly carbonic acid and molecular nitrogen is considered during the work of low-temperature swirl furnace. With the use of the developed model, methodology and computer program, variant calculations of the combustion process were carried out and a quantitative estimate of the emission level of the nitrogen oxides of the boiler being modernized. The simulation results the and the experimental data obtained during the commissioning and balance tests of the P-49 boiler with a new furnace are confirmed that the organization of swirl combustion has allowed to increase the efficiency of work, to reduce slagging, to significantly reduce nitrogen oxide emissions, to improve ignition and burnout of fuel.

Low NO{sub x} burner modifications to front-fired pulverized coal boilers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Broderick, R.G.; Wagner, M.

1998-07-01

Madison Gas and Electric Blount Street Station Units 8 and 9 are Babcock and Wilcox pulverized coal fired and natural gas fired boilers. These boilers were build in the late 1950's and early 1960's with each boiler rated at 425,000 lb./hr of steam producing 50 MW of electricity. The boilers are rated at 9,500 F at 1,350 psig. Each unit is equipped with one Ljungstroem air heater and two B and W EL pulverizers. These units burn subbituminous coal with higher heating value of 10,950 Btu/LB on an as-received basis. The nitrogen content is approximately 1.23% with 15% moisture. Inmore » order to comply with the new Clean Air Act Madison Gas and Electric needs to reduce NO{sub x} on these units to less than .5 LB/mmBtu. Baseline NO{sub x} emissions on these units range between .8--.9 lb./mmBtu. LOIs average approximately 8%. Madison Gas and Electric contracted with RJM Corporation to modify the existing burners to achieve this objective. These modifications consisted of adding patented circumferentially and radially staged flame stabilizers, modifying the coal pipe, and replacing the coal impeller with a circumferentially staged coal spreader. RJM Corporation utilized computational fluid dynamics modeling in order to design the equipment to modify these burners. The equipment was installed during the March 1997 outage and start-up and optimization was conducted in April 1997. Final performance results and economic data will be included in the final paper.« less

29 CFR 1915.4 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... to, inspection, testing, and employment as a watchman. (n) The term hazardous substance means a..., quarters, and machinery and boiler spaces. (r) The term hot work means riveting, welding, burning or other... riveting, welding, burning or other fire or spark producing operations. (t) The term portable unfired...

2. RICE THRESHING MILL WITH CHIMNEY STACK. Fire burned on ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

2. RICE THRESHING MILL WITH CHIMNEY STACK. Fire burned on top of water pipe at base of chimney stack and steam went thru pipes to boiler on south side of wall. - Mansfield Plantation, Rice Threshing Mill, U.S. Route 701 vicinity, Georgetown, Georgetown County, SC

40 CFR 63.1217 - What are the standards for liquid fuel boilers that burn hazardous waste?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... ng TEQ/dscm, corrected to 7 percent oxygen, for liquid fuel boilers equipped with a dry air pollution... by paragraph (a)(5) of this section for sources not equipped with a dry air pollution control system; (iii) A source equipped with a wet air pollution control system followed by a dry air pollution control...

40 CFR 63.1217 - What are the standards for liquid fuel boilers that burn hazardous waste?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... ng TEQ/dscm, corrected to 7 percent oxygen, for liquid fuel boilers equipped with a dry air pollution... by paragraph (a)(5) of this section for sources not equipped with a dry air pollution control system; (iii) A source equipped with a wet air pollution control system followed by a dry air pollution control...

Potential for Particulate Emission Reduction in Flue Gas Condensing Heat Exchangers in Biomass-Fired Boiler

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Butcher, Thomas A.

Direct biomass combustion for the production of heat is a broad field of technology which ranges from residential wood stoves to commercial and industrial boilers and furnaces. Fuels typically include pellets, chips and cord wood. Over the past decade, as a result of fuel price advantages and other benefits, wood burning has seen a significant growth.

Sodium and sulfur release and recapture during black liquor burning

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Frederick, W.J.; Iisa, K.; Wag, K.

1995-08-01

The objective of this study was to provide data on sulfur and sodium volatilization during black liquor burning, and on SO2 capture by solid sodium carbonate and sodium chloride. This data was interpreted and modeled into rate equations suitable for use in computational models for recovery boilers.

40 CFR 266.106 - Standards to control metals emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES Hazardous Waste Burned in Boilers and Industrial Furnaces § 266.106... implemented by limiting feed rates of the individual metals to levels during the trial burn (for new... screening limit for the worst-case stack. (d) Tier III and Adjusted Tier I site-specific risk assessment...

40 CFR 266.106 - Standards to control metals emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES Hazardous Waste Burned in Boilers and Industrial Furnaces § 266.106... implemented by limiting feed rates of the individual metals to levels during the trial burn (for new... screening limit for the worst-case stack. (d) Tier III and Adjusted Tier I site-specific risk assessment...

Characterization of fly ashes from circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) boilers cofiring coal and petroleum coke

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Feihu Li; Jianping Zhai; Xiaoru Fu

2006-08-15

The chemistry, mineralogy, morphology, and particle size distribution were investigated in fly ashes from the burning of Datong (ShanXi, China) bituminous coal and the cofiring of Mideast high-sulfur petroleum coke (PC) with 30:70 (cal %) and 50:50 (cal %) blends of Datong bituminous coal in two commercial CFBC boilers. With the exception of CaO, the amounts of major oxides in the fly ashes from cofiring PC and coal were close to those of the common coal fly ashes. The PC-coal fly ashes were enriched in Ni, V, and Mo, implying these trace elements were mainly derived from PC. Ni andmore » V, along with several other elements, such as Cr, Cu, Se, Pb, U, Th, and possibly As and Cd, increased in content with a decrease in temperature of the electrostatic precipitator (ESP). The results of chemistry, mineralogy, and morphology studies suggested that the desulfurization rate of the CFBC boilers at current conditions was low, and the PC tends to coarsen the fly ash particles and increase the loss on ignition (LOI) values, making these fly ashes unsuitable for use as a cement additive or a mineral admixture in concrete. Further studies on the combustion status of the CFBC boilers are needed if we want to be able to increase the desulfurization rate and produce high-quality fly ashes for broader and full utilization. 22 refs., 4 figs., 4 tabs.« less

Micronized coal-fired retrofit system for SO{sub x} reduction Krakow clean fossil fuels and energy efficiency program. Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

This report describes results of a technical, financial and environmental assessment study for a project, which would have included a new TCS micronized coal-fired heating plant for the Produkcja I Hodowla Roslin Ogrodniczych (PHRO) Greenhouse Complex; Krzeszowice, Poland. Project site is about 20 miles west of Krakow, Poland. During the project study period, PHRO utilized 14 heavy oil-fired boilers to produce heat for its greenhouse facilities and also home heating to several adjacent apartment housing complexes. The boilers burn a high-sulfur content heavy crude oil, called mazute, The project study was conducted during a period extended from March 1996 throughmore » February 1997. For size orientation, the PHRO Greenhouse complex grows a variety of vegetables and flowers for the Southern Poland marketplace. The greenhouse area under glass is very large and equivalent to approximately 50 football fields, The new micronized coal fired boiler would have: (1) provided a significant portion of the heat for PHRO and a portion of the adjacent apartment housing complexes, (2) dramatically reduced sulfur dioxide air pollution emissions, while satisfying new Polish air regulations, and (3) provided attractive savings to PHRO, based on the quantity of displaced oil.« less

Startup, Commissioning and Operation of Fenyi 100MW CFB Boiler

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Zhiwei; Yu, Wugao; Bo, Shi

The first 100MW CFB boiler, designed by the Thermal Power Research Institute and manufactured by Harbin Boiler Company Limited, has been successfully running in Jiangxi Fenyi Power Plant since 2003. Local high ash content anthracite and lean coal that are very difficult to burn out are used in the 100 MW CFB boiler. The results of the 100MW CFB boiler shows that the CFB boiler can run in 30% MCR and startup with two under bed burners, and the boiler efficiency higher than 88% can be got after the combustion modification test. The CFB boiler can be operated with full load and reaches design parameters. The emissions of NO, N2O and CO are less than 7Omg/m3, 30mg/m3, and 125mg/m3, respectively, and SO2 less than 400mg/m3 after limestone injection. The bottom ash temperature from bed ash coolers is less than 120°C after its modification. Coal blockage at the coal storage silo is the main problem influencing the CFB boiler continuous operation. The running experiences for 5 years proved that the CFB boiler performance is successful, and the results were applied in 210 MW and 330 MW CFB Boiler design of Fenyi Power Plant.

Estimation of low-potential heat recuperation efficiency of smoke fumes in a condensation heat utilizer under various operation conditions of a boiler and a heating system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ionkin, I. L.; Ragutkin, A. V.; Luning, B.; Zaichenko, M. N.

2016-06-01

For enhancement of the natural gas utilization efficiency in boilers, condensation heat utilizers of low-potential heat, which are constructed based on a contact heat exchanger, can be applied. A schematic of the contact heat exchanger with a humidifier for preheating and humidifying of air supplied in the boiler for combustion is given. Additional low-potential heat in this scheme is utilized for heating of the return delivery water supplied from a heating system. Preheating and humidifying of air supplied for combustion make it possible to use the condensation utilizer for heating of a heat-transfer agent to temperature exceeding the dewpoint temperature of water vapors contained in combustion products. The decision to mount the condensation heat utilizer on the boiler was taken based on the preliminary estimation of the additionally obtained heat. The operation efficiency of the condensation heat utilizer is determined by its structure and operation conditions of the boiler and the heating system. The software was developed for the thermal design of the condensation heat utilizer equipped by the humidifier. Computation investigations of its operation are carried out as a function of various operation parameters of the boiler and the heating system (temperature of the return delivery water and smoke fumes, air excess, air temperature at the inlet and outlet of the condensation heat utilizer, heating and humidifying of air in the humidifier, and portion of the circulating water). The heat recuperation efficiency is estimated for various operation conditions of the boiler and the condensation heat utilizer. Recommendations on the most effective application of the condensation heat utilizer are developed.

Envisioning an Ecologically Sustainable Campus At New England College

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Paula Amato; Gregory Palmer

Appropriation funding for our project Ecologically Sustainable Campus - New England College (NH). 67.09. supported five environmental initiatives: (1) a wood pellet boiler for our Science Building, (2) solar hot water panels and systems for five campus buildings, (3) campus-wide energy lighting efficiency project, (4) new efficiency boiler system in Colby Residence Hall, and (5) energy efficient lighting system for the new artificial athletic turf field. (1) New England College purchased and installed a new wood pellet boiler in the Science Building. This new boiler serves as the primary heating source for this building. Our boiler was purchased through Newmore » England Wood Pellet, LLC, located in Jaffrey, New Hampshire. The boiler selected was a Swebo, P500. 300KW wood pellet boiler. The primary goals, objectives, and outcomes of this initiative include the installation of a wood pellet boiler system that is environmentally friendly, highly efficient, and represents a sustainable and renewable resource for New England College. This project was completed on December 15, 2010. (2) New England College purchased and installed solar hot water panels and systems for the Science Building, the Simon Center (student center), the H. Raymond Danforth Library, Gilmore Dining Hall, and Bridges Gymnasium. The College worked with Granite State Plumbing & Heating, LLC, located in Weare, New Hampshire on this project. The solar panels are manufactured by Heat Transfer; the product is Heat Transfer 30-tube collector panels (Evacuated Tube Type) with stainless steel hardware. The interior equipment includes Super Stor Ultra stainless steel super insulated storage tank, Taco 009 Bronze circulator pump, Solar Relay Control Pack, and a Taco Thermal Expansion Tank. The primary goals, objectives, and outcomes of this initiative will allow the College to utilize the sun as an energy resource. These solar hot water panels and systems will alleviate our dependency on fossil fuel as our primary fuel resource and provide a reliable energy source that supplies the hot water needs for sanitation, dishwashing at our dining facilities, and shower facilities for our athletes. This project initiative was completed on June 30, 2010. (3) New England College has completed energy efficiency lighting projects throughout campus, which included upgrades and new systems throughout our buildings. This project also installed efficiency controls for the Lee Clement Arena and refrigeration equipment in the Gilmore Dining Hall. The College worked with Atlantic Energy Solutions, located in Foxboro, Massachusetts on our 50/50 energy efficiency lighting project and campus-wide audit. The actual implementation of the project was completed by D. Poole Electrical Services, located in Center Barnstead, New Hampshire. The primary goals, objectives, and outcomes of this initiative were to install energy efficient lighting systems throughout our campus buildings, which ultimately will provide New England College with a more efficient way to manage and control its energy use. This project initiative was completed on February 15, 2010. (4) New England College purchased and installed a high efficiency and clean burning system for the Colby Residence Hall, which is the primary housing for our freshman. We purchased and installed two Buderus Boilers, model number G515/10 with two Riello Burners, model number RL 38/2. The College worked with Granite State Plumbing & Heating, LLS, located in Weare, New Hampshire on the installation of this high efficiency and clean burning system for the Colby Residence Hall. The primary goals, objectives, and outcomes for this initiative included the installation of a designed system of two boilers to provide redundancy for backup measures. This new system will provide New England College the flexibility to utilize just one smaller boiler to provide heat and hot water during non-peak periods thus continued reduction in energy use and our carbon footprint. This project initiative was completed on September 18, 2009. (5) New England College purchased and installed energy efficient lighting for our new artificial athletic turf field. The College selected Light-Structure Green lighting systems and worked with Musco Lighting, located in Oskaloosa. Iowa. The primary goals, objectives, and outcomes of this initiative were to install innovative lighting systems that significantly reduce energy costs and provide a high level of efficiency, resulting in overall utility savings to the College. This lighting technology combines the energy efficient equipment along with a focused lighting objective (field playing surface) to reduce the number of lighting heads needed to illuminate the playing surface to NCAA standards while reducing energy consumption by 50%. This project was completed on October 15, 2009.« less

Characteristics Of Cenospheres

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Clayton, Richard M.; Back, Lloyd H.

1989-01-01

Studies conducted to determine structure and composition of cenospheres. Burn more slowly than original fuel, contribute to deposits, high-temperature corrosion, emissions of particles, and reduced efficiency of combustion in oil-fired furnaces and boilers, accounting 3 percent of original fuel in droplets. Contributes to efforts to burn fuel oil more completely to avoid deleterious effects of incomplete combustion.

40 CFR 76.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... combustion of fossil fuel in a utility boiler. Group 1 boiler means a tangentially fired boiler or a dry... (boiler information) of the Department of Energy's Form EIA-767 for 1995. Non-plug-in combustion controls...

40 CFR 76.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... combustion of fossil fuel in a utility boiler. Group 1 boiler means a tangentially fired boiler or a dry... (boiler information) of the Department of Energy's Form EIA-767 for 1995. Non-plug-in combustion controls...

40 CFR 76.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... combustion of fossil fuel in a utility boiler. Group 1 boiler means a tangentially fired boiler or a dry... (boiler information) of the Department of Energy's Form EIA-767 for 1995. Non-plug-in combustion controls...

40 CFR 76.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... combustion of fossil fuel in a utility boiler. Group 1 boiler means a tangentially fired boiler or a dry... (boiler information) of the Department of Energy's Form EIA-767 for 1995. Non-plug-in combustion controls...

40 CFR 76.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... combustion of fossil fuel in a utility boiler. Group 1 boiler means a tangentially fired boiler or a dry... (boiler information) of the Department of Energy's Form EIA-767 for 1995. Non-plug-in combustion controls...

How much arsenic is released when CCA wood is burned?

Treesearch

Charles K. McMahon; Parshall B. Bush; Edwin A. Woolson

1986-01-01

Abstract. Waterborne salts have been used to preserve wood for many years. One of the more common formulations contains copper, chromium, and arsenic salts and is known as chromated copper arsenate, or CCA. Questions have been raised about the amount of arsenic released when CCA treated wood is burned in wood stoves, fireplaces, or boilers....

40 CFR 63.7530 - How do I demonstrate initial compliance with the emission limits and work practice standards?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Pollutants for Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional Boilers and Process Heaters Testing, Fuel Analyses... 5 and 7 to this subpart OR conducting initial fuel analyses to determine emission rates and... fuel subcategories that burn only fossil fuels and other gases and do not burn any residual oil must...

EVALUATION OF UTILITY BOILER RADIANT FURNACE RESIDENCE TIME/TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTICS: FIELD TESTS AND HEAT TRANSFER MODELING

EPA Science Inventory

The report describes an investigation of the adequacy of a modeling approach in predicting the thermal environment and flow field of pulverized-coal-fired utility boilers. Two 420 MWe coal-fired boilers were evaluated: a single-wall-fired unit and a tangentially fired unit, repre...

Particulate concentrations during on-farm combustion of energy crops of different shapes and harvest seasons

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fournel, S.; Palacios, J. H.; Morissette, R.; Villeneuve, J.; Godbout, S.; Heitz, M.; Savoie, P.

2015-03-01

The increasing energy costs and environmental concerns of farms have motivated the growing interest of agricultural producers in using farm-grown biomass as a substitute to fossil fuels for heat production. However, the use of non-woody biomass is facing challenges due to variability regarding chemical composition and fuel properties that may induce problems during combustion such as particulate matter (PM). The aim of this work was to measure and compare total PM concentrations during on-farm combustion of wood and four agricultural crops: short-rotation willow, switchgrass, miscanthus and reed canary grass. In order to study the influence of physicochemical properties, different shapes (pellets, chips and chopped grasses) and harvest seasons (fall and spring) were also evaluated. In this context, a representative small-scale (29 kW), multi-fuel boiler for light commercial use was utilized. The boiler was also non-catalytic so that the burning took place in a single combustion chamber. Overall, twelve different biomass fuels were tested and each product was burned three times. Mean PM concentration of wood (416 mg Nm-3 at 7 vol% O2) was lower than that of the four dedicated energy crops (505-1417 mg Nm-3 at 7 vol% O2). However, because of the high variability between the experiments, no statistical significance was observed at P > 0.1 level except in one case. The PM amounts were high compared to literature data and Quebec's environmental regulation mainly because of the boiler system used. Except for willow, pelletized products decreased PM levels by 22-52% compared to chopped materials. Bulky biomass of low density was unable to reach steady-state conditions and produced compounds associated with incomplete combustion including PM. Spring-harvested biomass fuels showed a PM reduction up to 48% compared to fall-harvested crops. This was likely due to a 20-60% decrease of several chemical elements in the biomass, namely S, Cl, K and P which are the main constituents of fly ash.

Fluidized coal combustion

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Moynihan, P. I.; Young, D. L.

1979-01-01

Fluidized-bed coal combustion process, in which pulverized coal and limestone are burned in presence of forced air, may lead to efficient, reliable boilers with low sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide emissions.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Oland, CB

Boiler owners and operators who need additional generating capacity face a number of legal, political, environmental, economic, and technical challenges. Their key to success requires selection of an adequately sized low-emission boiler and combustion equipment that can be operated in compliance with emission standards established by state and federal regulatory agencies. Recognizing that many issues are involved in making informed selection decisions, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Industrial Technologies (OIT) sponsored efforts at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) to develop a guide for use in choosing low-emission boilers and combustion equipment. To ensure that the guidemore » covers a broad range of technical and regulatory issues of particular interest to the commercial boiler industry, the guide was developed in cooperation with the American Boiler Manufacturers Association (ABMA), the Council of Industrial Boiler Owners (CIBO), and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The guide presents topics pertaining to industrial, commercial, and institutional (ICI) boilers. Background information about various types of commercially available boilers is provided along with discussions about the fuels that they burn and the emissions that they produce. Also included are discussions about emissions standards and compliance issues, technical details related to emissions control techniques, and other important selection considerations. Although information in the guide is primarily applicable to new ICI boilers, it may also apply to existing boiler installations.« less

The enrichment of natural radionuclides in oil shale-fired power plants in Estonia--the impact of new circulating fluidized bed technology.

PubMed

Vaasma, Taavi; Kiisk, Madis; Meriste, Tõnis; Tkaczyk, Alan Henry

2014-03-01

Burning oil shale to produce electricity has a dominant position in Estonia's energy sector. Around 90% of the overall electric energy production originates from the Narva Power Plants. The technology in use has been significantly renovated - two older types of pulverized fuel burning (PF) energy production units were replaced with new circulating fluidized bed (CFB) technology. Additional filter systems have been added to PF boilers to reduce emissions. Oil shale contains various amounts of natural radionuclides. These radionuclides concentrate and become enriched in different boiler ash fractions. More volatile isotopes will be partially emitted to the atmosphere via flue gases and fly ash. To our knowledge, there has been no previous study for CFB boiler systems on natural radionuclide enrichment and their atmospheric emissions. Ash samples were collected from Eesti Power Plant's CFB boiler. These samples were processed and analyzed with gamma spectrometry. Activity concentrations (Bq/kg) and enrichment factors were calculated for the (238)U ((238)U, (226)Ra, (210)Pb) and (232)Th ((232)Th, (228)Ra) family radionuclides and for (40)K in different CFB boiler ash fractions. Results from the CFB boiler ash sample analysis showed an increase in the activity concentrations and enrichment factors (up to 4.5) from the furnace toward the electrostatic precipitator block. The volatile radionuclide ((210)Pb and (40)K) activity concentrations in CFB boilers were evenly distributed in finer ash fractions. Activity balance calculations showed discrepancies between input (via oil shale) and output (via ash fractions) activities for some radionuclides ((238)U, (226)Ra, (210)Pb). This refers to a situation where the missing part of the activity (around 20% for these radionuclides) is emitted to the atmosphere. Also different behavior patterns were detected for the two Ra isotopes, (226)Ra and (228)Ra. A part of (226)Ra input activity, unlike (228)Ra, was undetectable in the solid ash fractions of the boiler. Most probably it is released to the surrounding environment. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Systematic Field Study of NO(x) Emission Control Methods for Utility Boilers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bartok, William; And Others

A utility boiler field test program was conducted. The objectives were to determine new or improved NO (x) emission factors by fossil fuel type and boiler design, and to assess the scope of applicability of combustion modification techniques for controlling NO (x) emissions from such installations. A statistically designed test program was…

40 CFR 270.22 - Specific part B information requirements for boilers and industrial furnaces burning hazardous...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

..., the design and operating information required by § 270.66 must be provided for both the similar device and the device to which the data is to be applied, and a comparison of the design and operating... provided to support the contention that a trial burn is not needed; (B) The design and operating conditions...

40 CFR 270.22 - Specific part B information requirements for boilers and industrial furnaces burning hazardous...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

..., the design and operating information required by § 270.66 must be provided for both the similar device and the device to which the data is to be applied, and a comparison of the design and operating... provided to support the contention that a trial burn is not needed; (B) The design and operating conditions...

40 CFR 270.22 - Specific part B information requirements for boilers and industrial furnaces burning hazardous...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

..., the design and operating information required by § 270.66 must be provided for both the similar device and the device to which the data is to be applied, and a comparison of the design and operating... provided to support the contention that a trial burn is not needed; (B) The design and operating conditions...

40 CFR 270.22 - Specific part B information requirements for boilers and industrial furnaces burning hazardous...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

..., the design and operating information required by § 270.66 must be provided for both the similar device and the device to which the data is to be applied, and a comparison of the design and operating... provided to support the contention that a trial burn is not needed; (B) The design and operating conditions...

40 CFR 270.22 - Specific part B information requirements for boilers and industrial furnaces burning hazardous...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., the design and operating information required by § 270.66 must be provided for both the similar device and the device to which the data is to be applied, and a comparison of the design and operating... provided to support the contention that a trial burn is not needed; (B) The design and operating conditions...

40 CFR Table 1 to Subpart Uuu of... - Metal HAP Emission Limits for Catalytic Cracking Units

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... incinerator or waste heat boiler in which you burn auxiliary or in supplemental liquid or solid fossil fuel... fossil fuel; and the opacity of emissions must not exceed 30 percent, except for one 6-minute average... burn auxiliary or supplemental liquid or solid fossil fuel, the incremental rate of PM must not exceed...

40 CFR Table 1 to Subpart Uuu of... - Metal HAP Emission Limits for Catalytic Cracking Units

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... incinerator or waste heat boiler in which you burn auxiliary or in supplemental liquid or solid fossil fuel... fossil fuel; and the opacity of emissions must not exceed 30 percent, except for one 6-minute average... burn auxiliary or supplemental liquid or solid fossil fuel, the incremental rate of PM must not exceed...

40 CFR 265.1088 - Standards: Closed-vent systems and control devices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... removing the lock. Examples of such devices include, but are not limited to, a car-seal or a lock-and-key... furnace burning hazardous waste for which the owner or operator has been issued a final permit under 40... 266, subpart H; or (E) A boiler or industrial furnace burning hazardous waste for which the owner or...

Effects of combustion and operating conditions on PCDD/PCDF emissions from power boilers burning salt-laden wood waste.

PubMed

Leclerc, Denys; Duo, Wen Li; Vessey, Michelle

2006-04-01

This paper discusses the effects of combustion conditions on PCDD/PCDF emissions from pulp and paper power boilers burning salt-laden wood waste. We found no correlation between PCDD/PCDF emissions and carbon monoxide emissions. A good correlation was, however, observed between PCDD/PCDF emissions and the concentration of stack polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the absence of TDF addition. Thus, poor combustion conditions responsible for the formation of products of incomplete combustion (PICs), such as PAHs and PCDD/PCDF precursors, increase PCDD/PCDF emissions. PAH concentrations increased with higher boiler load and/or low oxygen concentrations at the boiler exit, probably because of lower available residence times and insufficient excess air. Our findings are consistent with the current understanding that high ash carbon content generally favours heterogeneous reactions leading to either de novo synthesis of PCDD/PCDFs or their direct formation from precursors. We also found that, in grate-fired boilers, a linear increase in the grate/lower furnace temperature produces an exponential decrease in PCDD/PCDF emissions. Although the extent of this effect appears to be mill-specific, particularly at low temperatures, the results indicate that increasing the combustion temperature may decrease PCDD/PCDF emissions. It must be noted, however, that there are other variables, such as elevated ESP and stack temperatures, a high hog salt content, the presence of large amounts of PICs and a high Cl/S ratio, which contribute to higher PCDD/PCDFs emissions. Therefore, higher combustion temperatures, by themselves, will not necessarily result in low PCDD/PCDFs emissions.

40 CFR 49.124 - Rule for limiting visible emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... by any Federal, Tribal, State, or local government, and emissions from fuel combustion in mobile... vehicle, nonroad engine, nonroad vehicle, oil-fired boiler, opacity, open burning, particulate matter...

40 CFR 49.124 - Rule for limiting visible emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... by any Federal, Tribal, State, or local government, and emissions from fuel combustion in mobile... vehicle, nonroad engine, nonroad vehicle, oil-fired boiler, opacity, open burning, particulate matter...

Survey of flue gas desulfurization systems: Dickerson Station, Potomac Electric Power Co. Final report, Feb--Aug 1975

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Isaacs, G.A.

1975-09-01

Results are given of a survey of a flue gas desulfurization system, utilizing the Chemico/Basic MgO-SO2 removal/recovery process, that has been retrofitted to handle approximately half of the exhaust gas from the 190 MW unit 3 at Potomac Electric Power Company's Dickerson Station. The system was installed at a cost of SO.5 million. The boiler burns 2% sulfur coal and is equipped with a 94% efficient electrostatic precipitator. A single two-stage scrubber/absorber is used. The liquor streams for the two stages are separate, both operating in a closed-loop mode. Magnesium oxide (MgO) is regenerated off-site. (GRA)

Environmental assessment of a firetube boiler firing coal/oil/water mixtures. Volume 2. Data supplement. Final report, February 1981-November 1983

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

DeRosier, R.

1984-09-01

This volume is a compendium of detailed emission and test data from field tests of a firetube industrial boiler burning a coal/oil/water (COW) mixture. The boiler was tested while burning COW fuel, and COW with soda ash added (COW+SA) to serve as an SO/sub 2/ sorbent. The test data include: preliminary equipment calibration data, boiler operating data for both tests, fuel analysis results, and complete flue gas emission measurement and laboratory analysis results. Flue gas emission measurements included: continuous monitoring for criteria gas pollutants; gas chromatography (GC) of gas grab samples for volatile organics (C1-C6); EPA Method 5 for particulate;more » controlled condensation system for SO2 emissions; and source assessment sampling system (SASS) for total organics in two boiling point ranges (100 to 300 C and > 300 C), organic compound category information using infrared spectrometry (IR) and low resolution mass spectrometry (LRMS), specific quantitation of the semivolatile organic priority pollutants using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), liquid chromatography (LC) separation of organic extracts into seven polarity fractions with total organic and IR analyses of eluted fractions, flue gas concentrations of trace elements by spark source mass spectrometry (SSMS) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), and biological assays of organic extracts.« less

Quality and generation rate of solid residues in the boiler of a waste-to-energy plant.

PubMed

Allegrini, E; Boldrin, A; Jansson, S; Lundtorp, K; Fruergaard Astrup, T

2014-04-15

The Danish waste management system relies significantly on waste-to-energy (WtE) plants. The ash produced at the energy recovery section (boiler ash) is classified as hazardous waste, and is commonly mixed with fly ash and air pollution control residues before disposal. In this study, a detailed characterization of boiler ash from a Danish grate-based mass burn type WtE was performed, to evaluate the potential for improving ash management. Samples were collected at 10 different points along the boiler's convective part, and analysed for grain size distribution, content of inorganic elements, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD and PCDF), and leaching of metals. For all samples, PCDD and PCDF levels were below regulatory limits, while high pH values and leaching of e.g. Cl were critical. No significant differences were found between boiler ash from individual sections of the boiler, in terms of total content and leaching, indicating that separate management of individual ash fractions may not provide significant benefits. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The suitability of ultrafine coal as an industrial boiler fuel

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Barratt, D.J.; Roberts, P.T.

1989-07-01

Coal that was finely ground to a mean particle size of 12 /mu/m produced a hotter, shorter flame compared to normal pulverized fuel in a pilot scale combustor. Measurements indicated that, should this fuel be fired in an industrial boiler, the rate of ash deposition on the walls and convection tubes could be low, but that the thin ash deposits that were produced might be more highly insulating and would therefore require more frequent cleaning. A mathematical model, using reactivity and pyrolysis data measured in laboratory-scale apparatus, has been used to predict the heat release rate within a boiler. Thismore » would be sufficiently high to allow a premium-quality finely ground coal to be burned in many boilers originally designed for oil firing, provided that burner mixing patterns were optimized.« less

NOX EMISSION CONTROL OPTIONS FOR COAL-FIRED ELECTRIC UTILITY BOILERS

EPA Science Inventory

The paper reviews NOx control options for coal-fired electric utility boilers. (NOTE: Acid Rain NOx regulations, the Ozone Transport Commission's NOx Budget Program, revision of the New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) for NOx emissions from utility sources, and Ozone Transpor...

Cost-effectiveness Analysis on Measures to Improve China's Coal-fired Industrial Boiler

DOE PAGES

Liu, Manzhi; Shen, Bo; Han, Yafeng; ...

2015-08-01

Tackling coal-burning industrial boiler is becoming one of the key programs to solve the environmental problem in China. Assessing the economics of various options to address coal-fired boiler is essential to identify cost-effective solutions. This paper discusses our work in conducting a cost-effectiveness analysis on various types of improvement measures ranging from energy efficiency retrofits to switch from coal to other fuels in China. Sensitivity analysis was also performed in order to understand the impacts of some economic factors such as discount rate and energy price on the economics of boiler improvement options. The results show that nine out ofmore » 14 solutions are cost-effective, and a lower discount rate and higher energy price will result in more energy efficiency measures being cost-effective. Both monetary and non-monetary barriers to energy-efficiency improvement are discussed and policies to tackle these barriers are recommended. Our research aims at providing a methodology to assess cost-effective solutions to boiler problems.« less

MENU OF NOX EMISSION CONTROL OPTIONS FOR COAL-FIRED ELECTRIC UTILITY BOILERS

EPA Science Inventory

The paper reviews NOx control options for coal-fired electric utility boilers. (NOTE: Acid Rain NOx regulations, the Ozone Transport Commission's NOx Budget Program, revision of the New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) for NOx emissions from utility sources, and Ozone Transpor...

40 CFR 63.7540 - How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the emission limits and work practice standards?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... listed in Tables 2 through 4 to this subpart at all times except during periods of startup, shutdown and... operating limits. (2) You must keep records of the type and amount of all fuels burned in each boiler or process heater during the reporting period to demonstrate that all fuel types and mixtures of fuels burned...

40 CFR 63.7540 - How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the emission limits and work practice standards?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... listed in Tables 2 through 4 to this subpart at all times except during periods of startup, shutdown and... operating limits. (2) You must keep records of the type and amount of all fuels burned in each boiler or process heater during the reporting period to demonstrate that all fuel types and mixtures of fuels burned...

40 CFR 63.7540 - How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the emission limits and work practice standards?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... listed in Tables 2 through 4 to this subpart at all times except during periods of startup, shutdown and... operating limits. (2) You must keep records of the type and amount of all fuels burned in each boiler or process heater during the reporting period to demonstrate that all fuel types and mixtures of fuels burned...

Energy Conversion Alternatives Study (ECAS), General Electric Phase 1. Volume 1: Executive summary. [using coal or coal derived fuels

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Corman, J. C.

1976-01-01

A data base for the comparison of advanced energy conversion systems for utility applications using coal or coal-derived fuels was developed. Estimates of power plant performance (efficiency), capital cost, cost of electricity, natural resource requirements, and environmental intrusion characteristics were made for ten advanced conversion systems. Emphasis was on the energy conversion system in the context of a base loaded utility power plant. All power plant concepts were premised on meeting emission standard requirements. A steam power plant (3500 psig, 1000 F) with a conventional coal-burning furnace-boiler was analyzed as a basis for comparison. Combined cycle gas/steam turbine system results indicated competitive efficiency and a lower cost of electricity compared to the reference steam plant. The Open-Cycle MHD system results indicated the potential for significantly higher efficiency than the reference steam plant but with a higher cost of electricity.

On the Necessity of Changes in the Strategy of Utilization Ship Boiler Technical Condition Maintenance in the Aspect of LNG Applied as Fuel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Adamkiewicz, Andrzej; Zeńczak, Wojciech

2017-03-01

Heavy oils (HFO fuels) used on ships play a part in degradation of technical condition of heat exchange surfaces of utilization boilers especially on the exhaust gas side. Presence of sulphur in these fuels is the main factor favouring degradation. The upper limit for sulphur content in the fuel used outside the SECA areas equal to 3.5% is currently in force, at least until the year 2020 or 2025. The recommended by classification societies overhauls of utilization boilers are, therefore characterized by a specially chosen strategy thanks to which it is possible to maintain their appropriate technical condition. The requirement to use fuels with low sulphur content (LSFO), which are significantly more expensive than MDO fuels, in the areas of controlled sulphur emissions also led to a further introduction of alternative fuels, such as methanol and above all liquefied natural gas (LNG), onto ships. That is especially valid for the ship owners whose vessels e.g. ferries sail mainly within SCECA This article analyses the consequences of the introduced fuel change on utilization boiler maintenance. A change in the technical condition maintenance strategy for utilization boilers has been suggested.

Development of the scheme of stepwise combustion of coal in the inverter firebox of a power unit of 1000 MW power

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Prokhorov, V. B.; Chernov, S. L.; Kirichkov, V. S.

2017-09-01

The desire to increase the efficiency of using the heat of burned solid fuel leads to the significant growth of the initial steam parameter at steam-turbine plants. At the maximum temperatures of fresh and secondary steam of 700-720°C, the price of connecting of steam pipelines between the boiler and turbine is up to 20% of the price of a power plant unit, which dictates the necessity to decrease their length. One of the methods to achieve this is the application of an inverter firebox. An M-shaped profile of boiler, allowing one to decrease the length of heat-resistant steam pipelines, was developed at NRU MPEI. A distinctive feature of the profile is two inclined connecting gas flues between the firebox and convective shaft, starting from the gas windows located in the lower third of the firebox height. The boiler was designed for the steam production of 2493 t/h with the parameters of fresh steam of 35 MPa and 710°C. Thermal and aerodynamic calculations made it possible to get the sizes of boiler and dimensions of heating surfaces, and they also allow one to get the values of temperatures in the characteristic points along the gas path. On the basis of the results of calculations, the coefficient of efficiency of the boiler was 93.07% and the fuel consumption was 91.13 kg/s. For this boiler, the technology of effective stepwise burning of coal in a direct-flow-vortex torch (DFVT) in a system of vertical and horizontal tangential torches in the mode of solid slag removal, previously successively used in boilers with a traditional profile and upgraded to an inverter firebox, is proposed. The layouts of the direct-flow burners and nozzles for even and odd vertical sections of the firebox and also in a horizontal section were proposed. Organization of staged air supply in the vertical direction with a high fraction of in-firebox recycle of hot gases leads to low concentration of nitrogen oxides.

BOILER DESIGN CRITERIA FOR DRY SORBENT SO2 CONTROL WITH LOW-NOX BURNERS: NEW UNIT APPLICATIONS

EPA Science Inventory

The report describes a study to define boiler modifications required to achieve 70% SO2 removal with sorbent injection on a large tangentially fired utility boiler without supplemental spray drying. The study is a follow on to a recently completed broader evaluation of boiler des...

16 CFR Appendix G8 to Part 305 - Boilers (Electric)

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Boilers (Electric) G8 Appendix G8 to Part... LABELING RULEâ) Appendix G8 to Part 305—Boilers (Electric) Type Range of annual fuel utilization efficiencies (AFUEs) Low High Electric Boilers 100 100 [78 FR 8377, Feb. 6, 2013] ...

Study of the possibility of thermal utilization of contaminated water in low-power boilers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Roslyakov, P. V.; Proskurin, Y. V.; Zaichenko, M. N.

2017-09-01

The utilization of water contaminated with oil products is a topical problem for thermal power plants and boiler houses. It is reasonable to use special water treatment equipment only for large power engineering and industry facilities. Thermal utilization of contaminated water in boiler furnaces is proposed as an alternative version of its utilization. Since there are hot-water fire-tube boilers at many enterprises, it is necessary to study the possibility of thermal utilization of water contaminated with oil products in their furnaces. The object of this study is a KV-GM-2.0 boiler with a heating power of 2 MW. The pressurized burner developed at the Moscow Power Engineering Institute, National Research University, was used as a burner device for supplying liquid fuel. The computational investigations were performed on the basis of the computer simulation of processes of liquid fuel atomization, mixing, ignition, and burnout; in addition, the formation of nitrogen oxides was simulated on the basis of ANSYS Fluent computational dynamics software packages, taking into account radiative and convective heat transfer. Analysis of the results of numerical experiments on the combined supply of crude oil and water contaminated with oil products has shown that the thermal utilization of contaminated water in fire-tube boilers cannot be recommended. The main causes here are the impingement of oil droplets on the walls of the flame tube, as well as the delay in combustion and increased emissions of nitrogen oxides. The thermal utilization of contaminated water combined with diesel fuel can be arranged provided that the water consumption is not more than 3%; however, this increases the emission of nitrogen oxides. The further increase in contaminated water consumption will lead to the reduction of the reliability of the combustion process.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

Circulating fluidized-bed (CFB) boilers have ben used for years in Scandinavia to burn refuse-derived fuel (RDF). Now, Foster Wheeler Power Systems, Inc., (Clinton, N.J.) is bringing the technology to the US. Touted as the world`s largest waste-to-energy plant to use CFB technology, the Robbins (III.) Resource Recovery Facility will have the capacity to process 1,600 tons/d of municipal solid waste (MSW) when it begins operation in early 1997. The facility will have two materials-separation and RDF-processing trains, each with dual trommel screens, magnetic and eddy current separators, and shredders. About 25% of the incoming MSW will be sorted and removedmore » for recycling, while 75% of it will be turned into fuel, with a heat value of roughly 6,170 btu/lb. Once burned in the twin CFB boilers the resulting steam will be routed through a single turbine generator to produce 50,000 mW of electric power.« less

16 CFR Appendix G7 to Part 305 - Boilers (Oil)

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Boilers (Oil) G7 Appendix G7 to Part 305... RULEâ) Appendix G7 to Part 305—Boilers (Oil) Type Range of annual fuel utilization efficiencies (AFUEs) Low High Oil Boilers Manufactured Before the Compliance Date of DOE Regional Standards for Non...

RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel) Utilization in a Navy Stoker Coal-Fired Boiler.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-10-01

the energy production in any coal-fired boiler conversion consideration. The selection of the actual RDF to be used in a converted boiler should be... industrial boilers by gathering information from the Navy Energy and Environmental Support Activity, engineering field divi- sions, and field...activities. Currently the Navy has 27 industrial size boilers firing coal as a primary fuel and 10 firing coal as a secondary fuel. The four principal factors

Reduction of Nitrogen Oxides Emissions from a Coal-Fired Boiler Unit

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhuikov, Andrey V.; Feoktistov, Dmitry V.; Koshurnikova, Natalya N.; Zlenko, Lyudmila V.

2016-02-01

During combustion of fossil fuels a large amount of harmful substances are discharged into the atmospheres of cities by industrial heating boiler houses. The most harmful substances among them are nitrogen oxides. The paper presents one of the most effective technological solutions for suppressing nitrogen oxides; it is arrangement of circulation process with additional mounting of the nozzle directed into the bottom of the ash hopper. When brown high-moisture coals are burnt in the medium power boilers, generally fuel nitrogen oxides are produced. It is possible to reduce their production by two ways: lowering the temperature in the core of the torch or decreasing the excess-air factor in the boiler furnace. Proposed solution includes the arrangement of burning process with additional nozzle installed in the lower part of the ash hopper. Air supply from these nozzles creates vortex involving large unburned fuel particles in multiple circulations. Thereby time of their staying in the combustion zone is prolonging. The findings describe the results of the proposed solution; and recommendations for the use of this technological method are given for other boilers.

­­Secondary organic aerosol formation from photo-oxidation of wood combustion emissions: Characterization of gas phase precursors and their link to SOA budget

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bhattu, D.; Stefenelli, G.; Zotter, P.; Zhou, J.; Nussbaumer, T.; Bertrand, A.; Marchand, N.; Termine-Roussel, B.; Baltensperger, U.; Slowik, J.; Prevot, A. S.; El-Haddad, I.; Dommen, J.

2016-12-01

Current legislation limits the emission of particulate matter, but does not regulate the precursors potentially forming secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Recent literature has shown that only 22 non-traditional SOA precursors from residential wood combustion explains 84-116% of the observed SOA mass whereas traditional precursors in the models account for only 3-27% of the SOA mass (Bruns et al., 2016). Investigation of gas phase emissions from wood combustion and their SOA formation potential have largely focused on single combustion devices with limited operating conditions. As, both primary emissions and SOA formation is a strong function of device type, load, fuel and operating conditions, we have performed a detailed chamber study investigating the gas-phase precursors from beech wood using three combustion devices namely a pellet boiler (combustion conditions: optimum, lack and excess of oxygen), an industrial wood chip grate boiler (30% and 100% power), and a log wood stove (varying fuel load and moisture content) using a potential aerosol mass reactor (PAM) with varying OH exposure. The short residence time in the reactor allowed a time resolved picture of SOA production potential and reduced wall losses. The main aim of this study is to characterize the primary and aged gaseous emissions and investigate their SOA formation potential depending on their mass yield, molecular structures, functional groups and OH reactivity in order to ascertain the contribution of residential wood burning in total carbonaceous OA budget. The physical and chemical effects of different OA aging conditions were monitored using an SMPS, an Aethalometer, an HR-ToF-AMS, as well as a PTR-ToF-MS and other gas monitors. In pellet boiler, significant SOA mass enhancement is observed in excess oxygen conditions compared to optimum and oxygen deprived conditions. Highest gas phase emissions from wood stove are observed at cold start (start of each burn cycle) and lowest in burn out phase (end of each burn cycle). Despite of the comparable total gas phase emissions, the compositional space of wood stove emissions is largely occupied by SOA precursors compared to pellet boiler. Finally we will determine effective SOA mass yield of the speciated and unspeciated precursors and assess the extent to which SOA mass closure can be achieved.

NITROUS OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM FOSSIL FUEL COMBUSTION

EPA Science Inventory

The role of coal combustion as a significant global source of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions was reexamined through on-line emission measurements from six pulverized-coal-fired utility boilers and from laboratory and pilot-scale combustors. The full-scale utility boilers yielded d...

ASSESSMENT OF CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES FOR REDUCING EMISSIONS OF SO2 AND NOX FROM EXISTING COAL-FIRED UTILITY BOILERS

EPA Science Inventory

The report reviews information and estimated costs on 15 emissioncontrol technology categories applicable to existing coal-fired electric utility boilers. he categories include passive controls such as least emission dispatching, conventional processes, and emerging technologies ...

Advanced CFD modelling of air and recycled flue gas staging in a waste wood-fired grate boiler for higher combustion efficiency and greater environmental benefits.

PubMed

Rajh, Boštjan; Yin, Chungen; Samec, Niko; Hriberšek, Matjaž; Kokalj, Filip; Zadravec, Matej

2018-07-15

Grate-fired boilers are commonly used to burn biomass/wastes for heat and power production. In spite of the recent breakthrough in integration of advanced secondary air systems in grate boilers, grate-firing technology needs to be advanced for higher efficiency and lower emissions. In this paper, innovative staging of combustion air and recycled flue gas in a 13 MW th waste wood-fired grate boiler is comprehensively studied based on a numerical model that has been previously validated. In particular, the effects of the jet momentum, position and orientation of the combustion air and recycled flue gas streams on in-furnace mixing, combustion and pollutant emissions from the boiler are examined. It is found that the optimized air and recycled flue gas jets remarkably enhance mixing and heat transfer, result in a more uniform temperature and velocity distribution, extend the residence time of the combustibles in the hot zone and improve burnout in the boiler. Optimizing the air and recycled flue gas jet configuration can reduce carbon monoxide emission from the boiler by up to 86%, from the current 41.0 ppm to 5.7 ppm. The findings of this study can serve as useful guidelines for novel design and optimization of the combustion air supply and flue gas recycling for grate boilers of this type. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Electrostatic precipitator rapping with sonic horns at Atlantic Electric`s B.L. England Generating Station

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Maziarz, M.; Gallo, F.

1995-12-31

B.L. England Generating Station (BLE) is located in Beesleys Point, NJ. Beesleys Point is on Great Egg Bay, which is 20 minutes south of Atlantic City and one hour east of Philadelphia. BLE has three generating units: No. 1 is a 120 Megawatt (MW) B&W cyclone boiler; No. 2 is a 160 MW B&W cyclone boiler; & No. 3 is a tangential fired Combustion Engineering boiler. Units 1 & 2 burn medium sulfur eastern bituminous coal. Unit 3 burns No. 6 oil. Units 1&2 are equipped with precipitators (ESPs). The two ESPs were manufactured by Environmental Elements Corp. (EEC) andmore » were placed in service in 1980. Units are dual chamber with each having four mechanical fields and eight electrical fields. Each field has two Transformer/Rectifier (T/R) sets for a total of sixteen per ESP. The ESPs are rigid frame design (Rigitrode by EEC) with hammer & anvil rapping. Ash reinjection systems permit direct or cross reinjection of fly ash. Both ESPs have perforated plates for inlet & outlet gas flow distribution. There are three inlet plates and one outlet plate. The first inlet plates and the outlets are cleaned via electric reciprocating vibrators. There was no means of cleaning the remaining plates provided.« less

Hazardous Waste Cleanup: Huntsman Corporation in West Deptford Township, New Jersey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Huntsman Corporation is located on Mantua Grove Road in West Deptford Township, New Jersey. The Shell Chemical Company manufactured polypropylene pellets at this facility since 1961. Shell stored waste oil and burned it in an on-site boiler.

CONTROL OF NOX EMISSIONS FROM U.S. COAL-FIRED ELECTRIC UTILITY BOILERS

EPA Science Inventory

The paper discusses the control of nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from U.S. coal-fired electric utility boilers. (NOTE: In general, NOx control technologies are categorized as being either primary or secondary control technologies. Primary technologies reduce the amount of NOx pr...

40 CFR Table 1 to Subpart Ddddd of... - Emission Limits for New or Reconstructed Boilers and Process Heaters

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... fossil fuel a. Filterable PM (or TSM) 1.1E-03 lb per MMBtu of heat input; or (2.3E-05 lb per MMBtu of... designed to burn coal/solid fossil fuel a. Carbon monoxide (CO) (or CEMS) 130 ppm by volume on a dry basis... minimum sampling time. 4. Stokers designed to burn coal/solid fossil fuel a. CO (or CEMS) 130 ppm by...

Oxidative potential of logwood and pellet burning particles assessed by a novel profluorescent nitroxide probe.

PubMed

Miljevic, B; Heringa, M F; Keller, A; Meyer, N K; Good, J; Lauber, A; Decarlo, P F; Fairfull-Smith, K E; Nussbaumer, T; Burtscher, H; Prevot, A S H; Baltensperger, U; Bottle, S E; Ristovski, Z D

2010-09-01

This study reports the potential toxicological impact of particles produced during biomass combustion by an automatic pellet boiler and a traditional logwood stove under various combustion conditions using a novel profluorescent nitroxide probe, BPEAnit. This probe is weakly fluorescent but yields strong fluorescence emission upon radical trapping or redox activity. Samples were collected by bubbling aerosol through an impinger containing BPEAnit solution, followed by fluorescence measurement. The fluorescence of BPEAnit was measured for particles produced during various combustion phases: at the beginning of burning (cold start), stable combustion after refilling with the fuel (warm start), and poor burning conditions. For particles produced by the logwood stove under cold-start conditions, significantly higher amounts of reactive species per unit of particulate mass were observed compared to emissions produced during a warm start. In addition, sampling of logwood burning emissions after passing through a thermodenuder at 250 degrees C resulted in an 80-100% reduction of the fluorescence signal of the BPEAnit probe, indicating that the majority of reactive species were semivolatile. Moreover, the amount of reactive species showed a strong correlation with the amount of particulate organic material. This indicates the importance of semivolatile organics in particle-related toxicity. Particle emissions from the pellet boiler, although of similar mass concentration, were not observed to lead to an increase in fluorescence signal during any of the combustion phases.

FIELD EVALUATION OF LOW-EMISSION COAL BURNER TECHNOLOGY ON UTILITY BOILERS VOLUME III. FIELD EVALUATIONS

EPA Science Inventory

The report gives results of field tests conducted to determine the emission characteristics of a Babcock and Wilcox Circular burner and Dual Register burner (DRB). The field tests were performed at two utility boilers, generally comparable in design and size except for the burner...

PRELIMINARY PERFORMANCE AND COST ESTIMATES OF MERCURY EMISSION CONTROL OPTIONS FOR ELECTRIC UTILITY BOILERS

EPA Science Inventory

The paper discusses preliminary performance and cost estimates of mercury emission control options for electric utility boilers. Under the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, EPA had to determine whether mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants should be regulated. To a...

A bottom-up method to develop pollution abatement cost curves for coal-fired utility boilers

EPA Science Inventory

This paper illustrates a new method to create supply curves for pollution abatement using boiler-level data that explicitly accounts for technology costs and performance. The Coal Utility Environmental Cost (CUECost) model is used to estimate retrofit costs for five different NO...

40 CFR 266.110 - Waiver of DRE trial burn for boilers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... percent of fuel fired to the device shall be fossil fuel, fuels derived from fossil fuel, tall oil, or, if... comparable to fossil fuel. Such fuels are termed “primary fuel” for purposes of this section. (Tall oil is a...

40 CFR 266.110 - Waiver of DRE trial burn for boilers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... percent of fuel fired to the device shall be fossil fuel, fuels derived from fossil fuel, tall oil, or, if... comparable to fossil fuel. Such fuels are termed “primary fuel” for purposes of this section. (Tall oil is a...

40 CFR 266.110 - Waiver of DRE trial burn for boilers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... percent of fuel fired to the device shall be fossil fuel, fuels derived from fossil fuel, tall oil, or, if... comparable to fossil fuel. Such fuels are termed “primary fuel” for purposes of this section. (Tall oil is a...

40 CFR 266.110 - Waiver of DRE trial burn for boilers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... percent of fuel fired to the device shall be fossil fuel, fuels derived from fossil fuel, tall oil, or, if... comparable to fossil fuel. Such fuels are termed “primary fuel” for purposes of this section. (Tall oil is a...

40 CFR 266.110 - Waiver of DRE trial burn for boilers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... percent of fuel fired to the device shall be fossil fuel, fuels derived from fossil fuel, tall oil, or, if... comparable to fossil fuel. Such fuels are termed “primary fuel” for purposes of this section. (Tall oil is a...

Fire Down Below.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Drummond, Steven

2000-01-01

Explores some of the problems associated with coal burning boilers in educational facilities and the extent of their use in the New York City public school system. Also highlighted are some of the changes and issues schools encounter when they convert from coal to oil or gas. (GR)

Changes to the Hazardous Waste Federal Regulations Through Part 266 and Part 266 Appendices - Federal Register Notice, February 21, 1991

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Under this final rule, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is expanding controls on hazardous waste combustion to regulate air emissions from the burning of hazardous waste in boilers and industrial furnaces.

The potential cost savings of implementing an inter-utility NO{sub x} trading program

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Siegel, S.; Kalagnanam, J.

1995-12-31

Technology based standards such as RACT, which require the installation of a Reasonably Available Control Technology on a boiler by boiler basis have been the dominant factor driving electric utility NO{sub x} compliance plans. In this paper, the authors examine the cost savings of implementing NO{sub x} trading, an alternative market based strategy for reducing the emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO{sub x}) to achieve NO{sub x} reduction goals set under Title IV of the 1990 Clean Air Act. In order to estimate the potential cost savings of inter-utility NO{sub x} trading, the authors have used a combinatorial optimization approach tomore » identify boiler retrofits and operating parameters which yield efficient (i.e., the most cost effective) NO{sub x} abatement. In the formulation, annual emissions at individual boilers which are expensive to abate may exceed RACT levels by up to a factor of two thus allowing for trades with boilers which can abate in a more cost effective manner. The authors constrain total emissions in a trading region to be at or below the level obtained had all the boilers adopted RACT. Increasing the flexibility with which trades can occur has two main effects: (1) the cost effectiveness of meeting an aggregate reduction goal increases and (2) the spatial distribution of emissions shift relative to what it would have been under a strict RACT based compliance strategy. The authors estimate the magnitude of these effects for two Eastern electric utilities making intra and inter-utility NO{sub x} trades. Results indicate that the cost effectiveness of meeting RACT level reduction can be increased by as much as 38% under certain trading regimes.« less

Recovery Act: Oxy-Combustion Techology Development for Industrial-Scale Boiler Applications

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Levasseur, Armand

2014-04-30

Alstom Power Inc. (Alstom), under U.S. DOE/NETL Cooperative Agreement No. DE-NT0005290, is conducting a development program to generate detailed technical information needed for application of oxy-combustion technology. The program is designed to provide the necessary information and understanding for the next step of large-scale commercial demonstration of oxy combustion in tangentially fired boilers and to accelerate the commercialization of this technology. The main project objectives include: • Design and develop an innovative oxyfuel system for existing tangentially-fired boiler units that minimizes overall capital investment and operating costs. • Evaluate performance of oxyfuel tangentially fired boiler systems in pilot scale testsmore » at Alstom’s 15 MWth tangentially fired Boiler Simulation Facility (BSF). • Address technical gaps for the design of oxyfuel commercial utility boilers by focused testing and improvement of engineering and simulation tools. • Develop the design, performance and costs for a demonstration scale oxyfuel boiler and auxiliary systems. • Develop the design and costs for both industrial and utility commercial scale reference oxyfuel boilers and auxiliary systems that are optimized for overall plant performance and cost. • Define key design considerations and develop general guidelines for application of results to utility and different industrial applications. The project was initiated in October 2008 and the scope extended in 2010 under an ARRA award. The project completion date was April 30, 2014. Central to the project is 15 MWth testing in the BSF, which provided in-depth understanding of oxy-combustion under boiler conditions, detailed data for improvement of design tools, and key information for application to commercial scale oxy-fired boiler design. Eight comprehensive 15 MWth oxy-fired test campaigns were performed with different coals, providing detailed data on combustion, emissions, and thermal behavior over a matrix of fuels, oxyprocess variables and boiler design parameters. Significant improvement of CFD modeling tools and validation against 15 MWth experimental data has been completed. Oxy-boiler demonstration and large reference designs have been developed, supported with the information and knowledge gained from the 15 MWth testing. The results from the 15 MWth testing in the BSF and complimentary bench-scale testing are addressed in this volume (Volume II) of the final report. The results of the modeling efforts (Volume III) and the oxy boiler design efforts (Volume IV) are reported in separate volumes.« less

High-efficiency cogeneration boiler bagasse-ash geochemistry and mineralogical change effects on the potential reuse in synthetic zeolites, geopolymers, cements, mortars, and concretes.

PubMed

Clark, Malcolm W; Despland, Laure M; Lake, Neal J; Yee, Lachlan H; Anstoetz, Manuela; Arif, Elisabeth; Parr, Jeffery F; Doumit, Philip

2017-04-01

Sugarcane bagasse ash re-utilisation has been advocated as a silica-rich feed for zeolites, pozzolans in cements and concretes, and geopolymers. However, many papers report variable success with the incorporation of such materials in these products as the ash can be inconsistent in nature. Therefore, understanding what variables affect the ash quality in real mills and understanding the processes to characterise ashes is critical in predicting successful ash waste utilisation. This paper investigated sugarcane bagasse ash from three sugar mills (Northern NSW, Australia) where two are used for the co-generation of electricity. Data shows that the burn temperatures of the bagasse in the high-efficiency co-generation boilers are much higher than those reported at the temperature measuring points. Silica polymorph transitions indicate the high burn temperatures of ≈1550 °C, produces ash dominated α -quartz rather than expected α-cristobilite and amorphous silica; although α-cristobilite, and amorphous silica are present. Furthermore, burn temperatures must be ≤1700 °C, because of the absence of lechatelierite where silica fusing and globulisation dominates. Consequently, silica-mineralogy changes deactivate the bagasse ash by reducing silica solubility, thus making bagasse ash utilisation in synthetic zeolites, geopolymers, or a pozzolanic material in mortars and concretes more difficult. For the ashes investigated, use as a filler material in cements and concrete has the greatest potential. Reported mill boiler temperatures discrepancies and the physical characteristics of the ash, highlight the importance of accurate temperature monitoring at the combustion seat if bagasse ash quality is to be prioritised to ensure a usable final ash product.

Compliance Testing of Eielson Air Force Base Central Heating and Power Plant, Coal Fired Boiler Number 3, Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-12-01

a flue gas grab sample for orsat analysis (measures oxygen, and carbon dioxide for stack gas molecular weight determination and emissions correction... molecular weight, was obtained during particulate sampling. Testing was initially started on boiler 2 at the maximum rated steam output of 120,000 lbs/hr...I, r*~td AN[D l FL B( R\\ ViQ( lPjN L!II(,t 1 (d) Open burning of put.rcible iear- i\\ % ~i~ emisions , ec.dirig c dn jc p. c ,f1 pre- cri :rig pair

Combustion of bark and wood waste in the fluidized bed boiler

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pleshanov, K. A.; Ionkin, I. L.; Roslyakov, P. V.; Maslov, R. S.; Ragutkin, A. V.; Kondrat'eva, O. E.

2016-11-01

In the Energy Development Strategy of Russia for the Period until 2035, special attention is paid to increased use of local fuel kinds—one of which is biofuel, in particular, bark and wood waste (BWW)— whose application at thermal power plants in Russia has been not developed due to the lack of appropriate technologies mastered by domestic energy mechanical engineering. The article describes the experience of BWW combustion in fluidized bed boilers installed on the energy objects of northern European countries. Based on this, reference points were defined (it is the section of boiler air-gas path where initially the approximate temperatures are set), making it possible to carry out a thermal design of a boiler and ensure its operation reliability. Permissible gas temperature at the furnace outlet at BWW combustion amounted to 950-1000°C. Exit gas temperature, depending on the implementation of special measures on protection of air heater from corrosion, amounted to 140-190°C. Recommended hot air temperature is within the range of 200-250°C. Recommendations for determining the boiler furnace dimensions are presented. Based on the presented reference temperatures in the main reference points, the thermal design of hot water boiler of KV-F-116-150 type with 116 MW capacity was carried out. The analysis of the results and comparison of designed boiler characteristics with operating energy boilers, in which a fuel is burned in a fluidized bed, were carried out. It is shown that, with increasing the boiler capacity, the ratio of its heating power Q to the crosssectional area of furnace chamber F rises. For power-generating boiler of thermal capacity of 100 MW, the ratio is within 1.8-2.2MW/m2. The boiler efficiency exceeds 90% in the range of changes of exit gas temperature typical for such equipment.

18 CFR 281.303 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... essential agricultural use establishment had, on August 29, 1979, or thereafter acquired the installed... time after 1973, for an essential agricultural use. (b) Alternative fuel means coal or residual fuel oil. (c) Boiler means any fuel burning device that is used for generating steam or electricity or...

18 CFR 281.303 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... essential agricultural use establishment had, on August 29, 1979, or thereafter acquired the installed... time after 1973, for an essential agricultural use. (b) Alternative fuel means coal or residual fuel oil. (c) Boiler means any fuel burning device that is used for generating steam or electricity or...

18 CFR 281.303 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... essential agricultural use establishment had, on August 29, 1979, or thereafter acquired the installed... time after 1973, for an essential agricultural use. (b) Alternative fuel means coal or residual fuel oil. (c) Boiler means any fuel burning device that is used for generating steam or electricity or...

18 CFR 281.303 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... essential agricultural use establishment had, on August 29, 1979, or thereafter acquired the installed... time after 1973, for an essential agricultural use. (b) Alternative fuel means coal or residual fuel oil. (c) Boiler means any fuel burning device that is used for generating steam or electricity or...

PRODUCTS OF INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION FROM DIRECT BURNING OF PENTACHLOROPHENOL-TREATED WOOD WASTES

EPA Science Inventory

The report gives results of a study to identify potential air pollution problems from the combustion of waste wood treated with pentachlorophenol preservative for energy production in a boiler. The study emphasized the characterization of the products of incomplete combustion (PI...

Characterizing Emissions from the Combustion of Biofuels

EPA Science Inventory

Emissions from two biofuels, a soy-based biodiesel and an animal-based biodiesel, were measured and compared to emissions from a distillate petroleum fuel oil. The three fuels were burned in a small fire tube boiler designed for use in institutional, commercial, and light industr...

Mercury (Hg) emissions from domestic biomass combustion for space heating.

PubMed

Huang, Jiaoyan; Hopke, Philip K; Choi, Hyun-Deok; Laing, James R; Cui, Huailue; Zananski, Tiffany J; Chandrasekaran, Sriraam Ramanathan; Rattigan, Oliver V; Holsen, Thomas M

2011-09-01

Three mercury (Hg) species (gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), gaseous oxidized mercury (GOM), and fine particulate-bound mercury (PBM(2.5))) were measured in the stack of a small scale wood combustion chamber at 400°C, in the stack of an advanced wood boiler, and in two areas influenced by wood combustion. The low temperature process (lab-scale) emitted mostly GEM (∼99% when burning wood pellets and ∼95% when burning unprocessed wood). The high temperature wood boiler emitted a greater proportion of oxidized Hg (approximately 65%) than the low temperature system. In field measurements, mean PBM(2.5) concentrations at the rural and urban sites in winter were statistically significantly higher than in warmer seasons and were well correlated with Delta-C concentrations, a wood combustion indictor measured by an aethalometer (UV-absorbable carbon minus black carbon). Overall the results suggest that wood combustion may be an important source of oxidized mercury (mostly in the particulate phase) in northern climates in winter. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Measurement of gas species, temperatures, coal burnout, and wall heat fluxes in a 200 MWe lignite-fired boiler with different overfire air damper openings

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jianping Jing; Zhengqi Li; Guangkui Liu

Measurements were performed on a 200 MWe, wall-fired, lignite utility boiler. For different overfire air (OFA) damper openings, the gas temperature, gas species concentration, coal burnout, release rates of components (C, H, and N), furnace temperature, and heat flux and boiler efficiency were measured. Cold air experiments for a single burner were conducted in the laboratory. The double-swirl flow pulverized-coal burner has two ring recirculation zones starting in the secondary air region in the burner. As the secondary air flow increases, the axial velocity of air flow increases, the maxima of radial velocity, tangential velocity and turbulence intensity all increase,more » and the swirl intensity of air flow and the size of recirculation zones increase slightly. In the central region of the burner, as the OFA damper opening widens, the gas temperature and CO concentration increase, while the O{sub 2} concentration, NOx concentration, coal burnout, and release rates of components (C, H, and N) decrease, and coal particles ignite earlier. In the secondary air region of the burner, the O{sub 2} concentration, NOx concentration, coal burnout, and release rates of components (C, H, and N) decrease, and the gas temperature and CO concentration vary slightly. In the sidewall region, the gas temperature, O{sub 2} concentration, and NOx concentration decrease, while the CO concentration increases and the gas temperature varies slightly. The furnace temperature and heat flux in the main burning region decrease appreciably, but increase slightly in the burnout region. The NOx emission decreases from 1203.6 mg/m{sup 3} (6% O{sub 2}) for a damper opening of 0% to 511.7 mg/m{sup 3} (6% O{sub 2}) for a damper opening of 80% and the boiler efficiency decreases from 92.59 to 91.9%. 15 refs., 17 figs., 3 tabs.« less

46 CFR 56.50-30 - Boiler feed piping.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... APPURTENANCES Design Requirements Pertaining to Specific Systems § 56.50-30 Boiler feed piping. (a) General... paragraph (d) or (e) of this section. (2) Feed pump supply to power boilers may utilize the group feed... required stop and stop-check valves, shall be designed for either the feed pump relief valve setting or the...

46 CFR 56.50-30 - Boiler feed piping.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... APPURTENANCES Design Requirements Pertaining to Specific Systems § 56.50-30 Boiler feed piping. (a) General... paragraph (d) or (e) of this section. (2) Feed pump supply to power boilers may utilize the group feed... required stop and stop-check valves, shall be designed for either the feed pump relief valve setting or the...

Characteristics of fly ashes from full-scale coal-fired power plants and their relationship to mercury adsorption

USGS Publications Warehouse

Lu, Y.; Rostam-Abadi, M.; Chang, R.; Richardson, C.; Paradis, J.

2007-01-01

Nine fly ash samples were collected from the particulate collection devices (baghouse or electrostatic precipitator) of four full-scale pulverized coal (PC) utility boilers burning eastern bituminous coals (EB-PC ashes) and three cyclone utility boilers burning either Powder River Basin (PRB) coals or PRB blends,(PRB-CYC ashes). As-received fly ash samples were mechanically sieved to obtain six size fractions. Unburned carbon (UBC) content, mercury content, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET)-N2 surface areas of as-received fly ashes and their size fractions were measured. In addition, UBC particles were examined by scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission microscopy, and thermogravimetry to obtain information on their surface morphology, structure, and oxidation reactivity. It was found that the UBC particles contained amorphous carbon, ribbon-shaped graphitic carbon, and highly ordered graphite structures. The mercury contents of the UBCs (Hg/UBC, in ppm) in raw ash samples were comparable to those of the UBC-enriched samples, indicating that mercury was mainly adsorbed on the UBC in fly ash. The UBC content decreased with a decreasing particle size range for all nine ashes. There was no correlation between the mercury and UBC contents of different size fractions of as-received ashes. The mercury content of the UBCs in each size fraction, however, generally increased with a decreasing particle size for the nine ashes. The mercury contents and surface areas of the UBCs in the PRB-CYC ashes were about 8 and 3 times higher than UBCs in the EB-PC ashes, respectively. It appeared that both the particle size and surface area of UBC could contribute to mercury capture. The particle size of the UBC in PRB-CYC ash and thus the external mass transfer was found to be the major factor impacting the mercury adsorption. Both the particle size and surface reactivity of the UBC in EB-PC ash, which generally had a lower carbon oxidation reactivity than the PRB-PC ashes, appeared to be important for the mercury adsorption. ?? 2007 American Chemical Society.

In-field measurements of PCDD/F emissions from domestic heating appliances for solid fuels.

PubMed

Hübner, C; Boos, R; Prey, T

2005-01-01

Within this project the emissions into the atmosphere of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans (PCDD/F) of 30 domestic heating appliances in Austrian households were tested. The appliances were single stoves (kitchen stove, continuous burning stove and tiled stove) and central heating boilers for solid fuels up to a nominal heat input of 50 kW. A main objective of this survey was to determine the PCDD/F emissions of domestic heating units under routine conditions. Therefore, the habitual combustion conditions used by the operators were not influenced. The original fuels and lightning supports were used and the operation of the units was carried out by the householders according to their usual practice. The data obtained were used to calculate in-field PCDD/F-emission factors. Most of the appliances have shown PCDD/F emissions within a concentration range of 0.01-0.3 ng TEQ/MJ. Modern fan-assisted wood heating boilers with afterburning and units for continuously burning of wood chips and wood pellets had the lowest emissions. High emissions were caused by unsuitable heating habits such as combustion of wastes and inappropriate operation of the appliances. There were only small differences between single stoves and central heating boilers or between wood and coal-fired appliances. The emission factors calculated are higher than those cited in literature, which are mainly derived from trials on test stands under laboratory conditions.

Time-resolved characterization of primary emissions from residential wood combustion appliances.

PubMed

Heringa, M F; DeCarlo, P F; Chirico, R; Lauber, A; Doberer, A; Good, J; Nussbaumer, T; Keller, A; Burtscher, H; Richard, A; Miljevic, B; Prevot, A S H; Baltensperger, U

2012-10-16

Primary emissions from a log wood burner and a pellet boiler were characterized by online measurements of the organic aerosol (OA) using a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-TOF-AMS) and of black carbon (BC). The OA and BC concentrations measured during the burning cycle of the log wood burner, batch wise fueled with wood logs, were highly variable and generally dominated by BC. The emissions of the pellet burner had, besides inorganic material, a high fraction of OA and a minor contribution of BC. However, during artificially induced poor burning BC was the dominating species with ∼80% of the measured mass. The elemental O:C ratio of the OA was generally found in the range of 0.2-0.5 during the startup phase or after reloading of the log wood burner. During the burnout or smoldering phase, O:C ratios increased up to 1.6-1.7, which is similar to the ratios found for the pellet boiler during stable burning conditions and higher than the O:C ratios observed for highly aged ambient OA. The organic emissions of both burners have a very similar H:C ratio at a given O:C ratio and therefore fall on the same line in the Van Krevelen diagram.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lee, S.Y.; Valenti, J.C.; Tabor, D.G.

The use of waste wood as fuel for producing energy is a promising supplement to fossil fuels for many regions of the country. In addition to recovering energy and conserving landfill space, burning waste wood fuels also mitigates global warming created by fossil fuel combustion. However, the environmental consequences resulting from emissions generated by combustion of waste wood which contains paints, resins, or preservatives are not well understood. The combustion of waste wood treated with chemicals may produce potentially hazardous products of incomplete combustion (PIC) emissions such as dioxins. Characterization of PIC emissions from the combustion of waste wood previouslymore » treated with pentachlorophenol is reported in this study. Utility poles and crossbars are typically treated with a preservative such as pentachlorophenol in order to prolong their service life. They are disposed of by landfilling after being taken out of service. Burning such wood waste in boilers for steam generation becomes an increasingly attractive waste management alternative as it contains substantial energy value and reduces landfilling costs. Pilot-scale combustion tests were conducted under well controlled conditions in a 0.58 MW (2 million Btu/hr) combustor to compare PIC emissions from burning untreated wood and pentachlorophenol-treated wood. Sampling and analyses for a wide variety of PICs, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs), semivolatile organic compounds, and dioxins and furans, were performed to assess the effect of pentachlorophenol preservative present in wood on PIC emissions.« less

40 CFR 63.7491 - Are any boilers or process heaters not subject to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

.../infectious waste incinerator covered by 40 CFR part 60, subpart Ce or subpart Ec. (c) An electric utility... furnace stoves as described in the EPA document, entitled “National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air... boilers as defined in this subpart. (o) Blast furnace gas fuel-fired boilers and process heaters as...

Economic Benefit of Coal Utilization/Conversion at Air Force Bases: Screening Study

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-08-01

fire-tLbe) boilers that are small enough to be shipped by rail. The field-erected units are larger, water- tube boilers. The pulverized coal-fired and...circulating FBC boilers considered are field-erected, water- tube boilers. Pollution control technology costs were considered to a limited extent. All...Coal/H 0 mix (S/MBtu) = 3.00 OPTIONS Cal/oil mix (S/MBtu) 3.50 Soot blower multiplier = 0.0 Tube bank mod multiplier = 1.0 Primary fuel is 1 Bottom ash

40 CFR 63.7520 - What stack tests and procedures must I use?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Institutional Boilers and Process Heaters Testing, Fuel Analyses, and Initial Compliance Requirements § 63.7520... representative operating load conditions while burning the type of fuel or mixture of fuels that has the highest... measured hydrogen chloride concentrations, and the measured mercury concentrations that result from the...

COMPARATIVE U.S./USSR TESTS OF A HOT-SIDE ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR

EPA Science Inventory

The report describes a U.S./USSR cooperative test program to quantify and characterize particulate emissions from a U.S. coal-burning power plant boiler, equipped with a hot-side electrostatic precipitator, at Duke Power Co.'s Allen Steam Station in March 1976. U.S. and Soviet eq...

40 CFR 63.7545 - What notifications must I submit and when?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... reconstructed boiler or process heater is in one of the liquid fuel subcategories and burns only liquid fossil... limited use subcategories (the limited use solid fuel subcategory, the limited use liquid fuel subcategory, or the limited use gaseous fuel subcategory), your Initial Notification must include the information...

40 CFR 63.7545 - What notifications must I submit and when?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... reconstructed boiler or process heater is in one of the liquid fuel subcategories and burns only liquid fossil... limited use subcategories (the limited use solid fuel subcategory, the limited use liquid fuel subcategory, or the limited use gaseous fuel subcategory), your Initial Notification must include the information...

40 CFR 63.7545 - What notifications must I submit and when?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... reconstructed boiler or process heater is in one of the liquid fuel subcategories and burns only liquid fossil... limited use subcategories (the limited use solid fuel subcategory, the limited use liquid fuel subcategory, or the limited use gaseous fuel subcategory), your Initial Notification must include the information...

Postcombustion and its influences in 135 MWe CFB boilers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shaohua Li; Hairui Yang; Hai Zhang

2009-09-15

In the cyclone of a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler, a noticeable increment of flue gas temperature, caused by combustion of combustible gas and unburnt carbon content, is often found. Such phenomenon is defined as post combustion, and it could introduce overheating of reheated and superheated steam and extra heat loss of exhaust flue gas. In this paper, mathematical modeling and field measurements on post combustion in 135MWe commercial CFB boilers were conducted. A novel one-dimensional combustion model taking post combustion into account was developed. With this model, the overall combustion performance, including size distribution of various ashes, temperature profile,more » and carbon content profiles along the furnace height, heat release fraction in the cyclone and furnace were predicted. Field measurements were conducted by sampling gas and solid at different positions in the boiler under different loads. The measured data and corresponding model-calculated results were compared. Both prediction and field measurements showed post combustion introduced a temperature increment of flue gas in the cyclone of the 135MWe CFB boiler in the range of 20-50{sup o}C when a low-volatile bituminous coal was fired. Although it had little influence on ash size distribution, post combustion had a remarkable influence on the carbon content profile and temperature profile in the furnace. Moreover, it introduced about 4-7% heat release in the cyclone over the total heat release in the boiler. This fraction slightly increased with total air flow rate and boiler load. Model calculations were also conducted on other two 135MWe CFB boilers burning lignite and anthracite coal, respectively. The results confirmed that post combustion was sensitive to coal type and became more severe as the volatile content of the coal decreased. 15 refs., 11 figs., 4 tabs.« less

Study on test of coal co-firing for 600MW ultra supercritical boiler with four walls tangential burning

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ying, Wu; Yong-lu, Zhong; Guo-mingi, Yin

2018-06-01

On account of nine commonly used coals in a Jiangxi Power Plant,two kinds of coal were selected to be applied in coal co-firing test through industrial analysis,elementary analysis and thermogravimetric analysis of coal.During the coal co-firing test,two load points were selected,three coal mixtures were prepared.Moreover,under each coal blending scheme, the optimal oxygen content was obtained by oxygen varying test. At last,by measuring the boiler efficiency and coal consumption of power supply in different coal co-firing schemes, the recommended coal co-firing scheme was obtained.

Exploiting the On-Campus Boiler House.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Woods, Donald R.; And Others

1986-01-01

Shows how a university utility building ("boiler house") is used in a chemical engineering course for computer simulations, mathematical modeling and process problem exercises. Student projects involving the facility are also discussed. (JN)

EVALUATION OF INTERNALLY STAGED COAL BURNERS AND SORBENT JET AERODYNAMICS FOR COMBINED SO2/NOX CONTROL IN UTILITY BOILERS; VOLUME 2. TESTING IN A 100 MILLION BTU/HR EXPERIMENTAL FURNACE

EPA Science Inventory

The report givesresults of100 million Btu/hr (29 MWt) experimental furnace to explore methods for achieving effective S02 removal in a coalfired utility boiler using calcium-based sorbents, through appropriate selection of injection location and injector design/operating paramete...

The Council of Industrial Boiler Owners special project on non-utility fossil fuel ash classification

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Svendsen, R.L.

1996-12-31

Information is outlined on the Council of Industrial Boiler Owners (CIBO) special project on non-utility fossil fuel ash classification. Data are presented on; current (1996) regulatory status of fossil-fuel combustion wastes; FBC technology identified for further study; CIBO special project methods; Bevill amendment study factors; data collection; and CIBO special project status.

Improve Your Boiler's Combustion Efficiency: Office of Industrial Technologies (OIT) Steam Energy Tips No.4

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

2002-03-01

Operating your boiler with an optimum amount of excess air will minimize heat loss up the stack and improve combustion efficiency. Combustion efficiency is a measure of how effectively the heat content of a fuel is transferred into usable heat. The stack temperature and flue gas oxygen (or carbon dioxide) concentrations are primary indicators of combustion efficiency. Given complete mixing, a precise or stoichiometric amount of air is required to completely react with a given quantity of fuel. In practice, combustion conditions are never ideal, and additional or ''excess'' air must be supplied to completely burn the fuel. The correctmore » amount of excess air is determined from analyzing flue gas oxygen or carbon dioxide concentrations. Inadequate excess air results in unburned combustibles (fuel, soot, smoke, and carbon monoxide) while too much results in heat lost due to the increased flue gas flow--thus lowering the overall boiler fuel-to-steam efficiency. The table relates stack readings to boiler performance. On well-designed natural gas-fired systems, an excess air level of 10% is attainable. An often stated rule of thumb is that boiler efficiency can be increased by 1% for each 15% reduction in excess air or 40 F reduction in stack gas temperature.« less

29. NORTHWEST VIEW OF BOILER FEEDWATER CHEMICAL REACTION TANKS, WITH ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

29. NORTHWEST VIEW OF BOILER FEEDWATER CHEMICAL REACTION TANKS, WITH FORMER GENERAL OFFICE BUILDING IN BACKGROUND. - U.S. Steel Duquesne Works, Fuel & Utilities Plant, Along Monongahela River, Duquesne, Allegheny County, PA

Source profiles of particulate matter emissions from a pilot-scale boiler burning North American coal blends.

PubMed

Lee, S W

2001-11-01

Recent awareness of suspected adverse health effects from ambient particulate matter (PM) emission has prompted publication of new standards for fine PM with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 microm (PM2.5). However, scientific data on fine PM emissions from various point sources and their characteristics are very limited. Source apportionment methods are applied to identify contributions of individual regional sources to tropospheric particulate concentrations. The existing industrial database developed using traditional source measurement techniques provides total emission rates only, with no details on chemical nature or size characteristics of particulates. This database is inadequate, in current form, to address source-receptor relationships. A source dilution system was developed for sampling and characterization of total PM, PM2.5, and PM10 (i.e., PM with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 pm) from residual oil and coal combustion. This new system has automatic control capabilities for key parameters, such as relative humidity (RH), temperature, and sample dilution. During optimization of the prototype equipment, three North American coal blends were burned using a 0.7-megawatt thermal (MWt) pulverized coal-fired, pilot-scale boiler. Characteristic emission profiles, including PM2.5 and total PM soluble acids, and elemental and carbon concentrations for three coal blends are presented. Preliminary results indicate that volatile trace elements such as Pb, Zn, Ti, and Se are preferentially enriched in PM2.5. PM2.5 is also more concentrated in soluble sulfates relative to total PM. Coal fly ash collected at the outlet of the electrostatic precipitator (ESP) contains about 85-90% PM10 and 30-50% PM2.5. Particles contain the highest elemental concentrations of Si and Al while Ca, Fe, Na, Ba, and K also exist as major elements. Approximately 4-12% of the materials exists as soluble sulfates in fly ash generated by coal blends containing 0.2-0.8% sulfur by mass. Source profile data for an eastern U.S. coal show good agreement with those reported from a similar study done in the United States. Based on the inadequacies identified in the initial sampling equipment, a new, plume-simulating fine PM measurement system with modular components for field use is being developed for determining coal combustion PM source profiles from utility boiler stacks.

A demonstration of pig lard as an industrial boiler fuel

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Miller, B.G.; Badger, M.; Larsen, J.

Hatfield Quality Meats is a family owned regional meat processor and vendor and has multiple facilities in Pennsylvania. The main plant and corporate offices are located in Hatfield, Pennsylvania where they process 7,000 hogs per day. Two of Hatfield's by-products are lard and choice white grease (CWG), both of which are produced in large quantities. The lard, which is stored warm and liquid, is sold by tanker truck to veal producers, by 55-gallon drums to commercial bakeries, in 5-gallon pails to a variety of restaurants, and periodically in 1-pound tins to grocery stores. The CWG, which is a rendered product,more » is also sold to veal producers. A decrease in sales could leave the company with large excess of these products and difficult disposal problems. Hatfield Quality Meats, Lehigh University, and Penn State's the Energy Institute evaluated the liquid lard as an industrial boiler fuel and obtained the necessary handleability and combustion data to allow for its use as a supplemental fuel in Hatfield's process, were burned in Penn State's research boiler. The boiler, which has a nominal firing rate of two million Btu/h, is a 150 psig working pressure, A-frame watertube boiler. In addition to the lard samples, No.6 fuel oil was fired for baseline comparison. This paper discusses the comparison of lard and No.6 fuel oil as boiler fuels. Issues discussed include fuel characterization, material handling, combustion performance, flame character and stability, and emissions.« less

The potential cost savings of implementing an inter-utility NO{sub x} trading program

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Siegel, S.; Kalagnanam, J.

1995-10-01

Technology based standards such as RACT, which require the installation of a (R)easonably (A)vailable (C)ontrol (T)echnology on a boiler by boiler basis have been the dominant factor driving electric utility NO{sub x} compliance plans. In this paper, the authors examine the cost savings of implementing NO{sub x} trading, an alternative market based strategy for reducing the emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO{sub x}) to achieve NO{sub x} reduction goals set under Title IV of the 1990 Clean Air Act. In order to estimate the potential cost savings of inter-utility NO{sub x} trading, they use a combinatorial optimization approach to identify boilermore » retrofits and operating parameters which yield efficient (i.e., the most cost effective) NO{sub x} abatement strategies. In their formulation, annual emissions at individual boilers which are expensive to abate may exceed RACT levels by up to a factor of two thus allowing for trades with boilers which can abate in a more cost effective manner. They constrain total emissions in a trading region to be at or below the level obtained had all the boilers adopted RACT. Increasing the flexibility with which trades can occur has two main effects: (1) the cost effectiveness of meeting an aggregate reduction goal increases and (2) the spatial distribution of emissions shift relative to what it would have been under a strict RACT based compliance strategy. They estimate the magnitude of these effects for two Eastern electric utilities making intra- and inter-utility NO{sub x} trades. Results indicate that the cost effectiveness of meeting RACT level reduction can be increased by as much as 38% under certain trading regimes.« less

40 CFR 63.7522 - Can I use emissions averaging to comply with this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

.... (vi) Dutch ovens/pile burners designed to burn biomass/bio-based solid. (vii) Fuel Cells designed to...: Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional Boilers and Process Heaters Testing, Fuel Analyses, and Initial... allowed as follows: (i) You may average among units in any of the solid fuel subcategories. (ii) You may...

40 CFR 52.1881 - Control strategy: Sulfur oxides (sulfur dioxide).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... sulfur oxides. (iii) Fossil fuel means natural gas, refinery fuel gas, coke oven gas, petroleum, coal and any form of solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel derived from such materials. (iv) Fossil fuel-fired steam generating unit means a furnace or boiler used in the process of burning fossil fuel for the purpose of...

40 CFR 52.1881 - Control strategy: Sulfur oxides (sulfur dioxide).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... sulfur oxides. (iii) Fossil fuel means natural gas, refinery fuel gas, coke oven gas, petroleum, coal and any form of solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel derived from such materials. (iv) Fossil fuel-fired steam generating unit means a furnace or boiler used in the process of burning fossil fuel for the purpose of...

40 CFR 52.1881 - Control strategy: Sulfur oxides (sulfur dioxide).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... sulfur oxides. (iii) Fossil fuel means natural gas, refinery fuel gas, coke oven gas, petroleum, coal and any form of solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel derived from such materials. (iv) Fossil fuel-fired steam generating unit means a furnace or boiler used in the process of burning fossil fuel for the purpose of...

40 CFR 52.1881 - Control strategy: Sulfur oxides (sulfur dioxide).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... sulfur oxides. (iii) Fossil fuel means natural gas, refinery fuel gas, coke oven gas, petroleum, coal and any form of solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel derived from such materials. (iv) Fossil fuel-fired steam generating unit means a furnace or boiler used in the process of burning fossil fuel for the purpose of...

40 CFR 52.1881 - Control strategy: Sulfur oxides (sulfur dioxide).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... sulfur oxides. (iii) Fossil fuel means natural gas, refinery fuel gas, coke oven gas, petroleum, coal and any form of solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel derived from such materials. (iv) Fossil fuel-fired steam generating unit means a furnace or boiler used in the process of burning fossil fuel for the purpose of...

76 FR 80451 - Commercial and Industrial Solid Waste Incineration Units: Reconsideration and Proposed Amendments...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-23

... wastes ERUs were designed to burn. Energy Recovery Units (i.e., units that would be boilers and process... and 241 Commercial and Industrial Solid Waste Incineration Units: Reconsideration and Proposed... 2060-AR15 and 2050-AG44 Commercial and Industrial Solid Waste Incineration Units: Reconsideration and...

Heterosis and combining ability for yield components in hybrid sweet sorghum

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) has potential as a multi-purpose biofuel crop in the southeast USA. The sugars from the juice can be easily fermented into ethanol or used to produce other chemicals, while the bagasse could be burned in boilers for energy or used for cellulosic ethanol....

Development of hybrid sweet sorghum for the Southeast USA

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) has potential as a multi-purpose biofuel crop in the Southeast USA. The sugars from the juice can be easily fermented into ethanol or used to produce other chemicals, while the bagasse could be burned in boilers for energy or used for cellulosic ethanol. The grain a...

THE USE OF A PRB TO TREAT GROUNDWATER IMPACTED BY COAL-COMBUSTION BY-PRODUCTS

EPA Science Inventory

The burning of coal for the production of electricity generates combustion by-products such as boiler bottom ash and fly ash. These ashes have the potential to release arsenic (As), boron (B), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), selenium (Se), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn) to the envi...

40 CFR 63.7525 - What are my monitoring, installation, operation, and maintenance requirements?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... fossil fuel subcategory or the unit designed to burn heavy liquid subcategory and has an average annual heat input rate greater than 250 MMBtu per hour from solid fossil fuel and/or heavy liquid, and you... Major Sources: Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional Boilers and Process Heaters Testing, Fuel...

40 CFR 63.7525 - What are my monitoring, installation, operation, and maintenance requirements?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... fossil fuel subcategory or the unit designed to burn heavy liquid subcategory and has an average annual heat input rate greater than 250 MMBtu per hour from solid fossil fuel and/or heavy liquid, and you... Major Sources: Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional Boilers and Process Heaters Testing, Fuel...

60. View from stock bin trestle looking northeast at Babcock ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

60. View from stock bin trestle looking northeast at Babcock & Wilcox type boilers (manufactured by Casey-Hedges Co., Chattanooga, TN) where washed furnace gas is burned with natural gas and coal to generate heat for steam. - Sloss-Sheffield Steel & Iron, First Avenue North Viaduct at Thirty-second Street, Birmingham, Jefferson County, AL

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES (CHAPTER 65)

EPA Science Inventory

The chapter discusses the use of technologies for reducing air pollution emissions from stationary sources, with emphasis on the control of combustion gen-erated air pollution. Major stationary sources include utility power boilers, industrial boilers and heaters, metal smelting ...

Feasibility of a small central cogenerated energy facility: Energy management memorandum

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Porter, R. N.

1982-10-01

The thermal economic feasibility of a small cogenerated energy facility designed to serve several industries in the Stockyards area was investigated. Cogeneration options included two dual fuel diesels and two gas turbines, all with waste heat boilers, and five fired boilers. Fuels included natural gas, and for the fired boiler cases, also low sulphur coal and municipal refuse. For coal and refuse, the option of steam only without cogeneration was also assessed. The fired boiler cogeneration systems employed back pressure steam turbines. The refuse fired cases utilized electrical capacities, 8500 to 52,400 lbm/hr and 0 to 9.9 MW (e), respectively. Deficient steam was assumed generated independently in existing equipment. Excess electrical power over that which was displaced was sold to Commonwealth Edison Company under PURPA (Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act). The facility was operated by a mutually owned corporation formed by the cogenerated power users.

Solids precipitation and polymerization of asphaltenes in coal-derived liquids

DOEpatents

Kydd, Paul H.

1984-01-01

The precipitation and removal of particulate solids from coal-derived liquids by adding a process-derived anti-solvent liquid fraction and continuing the precipitation process at a temperature above the melting point of the mixed liquids for sufficient time to allow the asphaltenes to polymerize and solids to settle at atmospheric pressure conditions. The resulting clarified light hydrocarbon overflow liquid contains less than about 0.02 W % ash and is suitable as turbine fuel or as boiler fuel for burning without particulate emission control equipment. An underflow liquid fraction containing less than about 0.1 W % solids along with low sulfur and nitrogen concentrations is suitable as a boiler fuel with emission control equipment.

40 CFR Appendix A to Part 76 - Phase I Affected Coal-Fired Utility Units With Group 1 or Cell Burner Boilers

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Units With Group 1 or Cell Burner Boilers A Appendix A to Part 76 Protection of Environment... 1 or Cell Burner Boilers Table 1—Phase I Tangentially Fired Units State Plant Unit Operator ALABAMA... TOWER 9 CEN ILLINOIS PUB SER. INDIANA CULLEY 2 STHERN IND GAS & EL. INDIANA CULLEY 3 STHERN IND GAS & EL...

Grid-connected integrated community energy system. Phase II, Stage 2, final report. Preliminary design pyrolysis facility. [Andco-Torrax system

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

The University of Minnesota is studying and planning a grid connected integrated community energy system to include disposal of wastes from health centers and utilizing the heat generated. The University of Minnesota has purchased the so called Southeast Generating Station from the Northern States Power Company. This plant contains two coal-fired boilers that will be retrofitted to burn low-sulfur Montana coal. Building modifications and additions will be made to support the components of the Andco-Torrax system and integrate the system with the rest of the plant. The Andco-Torrax system is a new high-temperature refuse-conversion process known technically as slagging pyrolysis.more » Although the pyrolysis of solid waste is a relatively new innovation, pyrolysis processes have been used for years by industry. This report covers the preliminary design and operation of the system. (MCW)« less

Effect of fuels and domestic heating appliance types on emission factors of selected organic pollutants.

PubMed

Šyc, Michal; Horák, Jiří; Hopan, František; Krpec, Kamil; Tomšej, Tomáš; Ocelka, Tomáš; Pekárek, Vladimír

2011-11-01

This study reports on the first complex data set of emission factors (EFs) of selected pollutants from combustion of five fuel types (lignite, bituminous coal, spruce, beech, and maize) in six different domestic heating appliances of various combustion designs. The effect of fuel as well as the effect of boiler type was studied. In total, 46 combustion runs were performed, during which numerous EFs were measured, including the EFs of particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), hexachlorobenzene (HxCBz), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/F), etc. The highest EFs of nonchlorinated pollutants were measured for old-type boilers with over-fire and under-fire designs and with manual stoking and natural draft. Emissions of the above-mentioned pollutants from modern-type boilers (automatic, downdraft) were 10 times lower or more. The decisive factor for emission rate of nonchlorinated pollutants was the type of appliance; the type of fuel plays only a minor role. Emissions of chlorinated pollutants were proportional mainly to the chlorine content in fuel, but the type of appliance also influenced the rate of emissions significantly. Surprisingly, higher EFs of PCDD/F from combustion of chlorinated bituminous coal were observed for modern-type boilers (downdraft, automatic) than for old-type ones. On the other hand, when bituminous coal was burned, higher emissions of HxCBz were found for old-type boilers than for modern-type ones.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sargent, S.A.

Apple pomace or presscake, was evaluated for suitability as a boiler feedstock for Michigan firms processing apple juice. Based upon the physical and chemical characteristics of pomace, handling/direct combustion systems were selected to conform with operating parameters typical of the industry. Fresh pomace flow rates of 29,030 and 88,998 kg/day (64,000 and 194,000 lb/day) were considered as representative of small and large processors, respectively, and the material was assumed to be dried to 15% moisture content (wet basis) prior to storage and combustion. Boilers utilizing pile-burning, fluidized-bed-combustion, and suspension-firing technologies were sized for each flow rate, resulting in energy productionmore » of 2930 and 8790 kW (10 and 30 million Btu/h), respectively. A life-cycle cost analysis was performed giving Average Annual Costs for the three handling/combustion system combinations (based on the Uniform Capital Recovery factor). An investment loan at 16% interest with a 5-year payback period was assumed. The break-even period for annual costs was calculated by anticipated savings incurred through reduction of fossil-fuel costs during a 5-month processing season. Large processors, producing more than 88,998 kg pomace/day, could economically convert to a suspension-fired system substituting for fuel oil, with break-even occurring after 4 months of operation of pomace per year. Small processors, producing less than 29,030 kg/day, could not currently convert to pomace combustion systems given these economic circumstances. A doubling of electrical-utility costs and changes in interest rates from 10 to 20% per year had only slight effects on the recovery of Average Annual Costs. Increases in fossil-fuel prices and the necessity to pay for pomace disposal reduced the cost-recovery period for all systems, making some systems feasible for small processors. 39 references, 13 figures, 10 tables.« less

Mercury speciation and distribution in a 660-megawatt utility boiler in Taiwan firing bituminous coals.

PubMed

Hsi, Hsing-Cheng; Lee, Hsiu-Hsia; Hwang, Jyh-Feng; Chen, Wang

2010-05-01

Mercury speciation and distribution in a 660-MW tangential-fired utility boiler in Taiwan burning Australian and Chinese bituminous coal blends was investigated. Flue gases were simultaneously sampled at the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) inlet, the SCR outlet, the electrostatic precipitator (ESP) outlet, and the stack. Samplings of coal, lime, bottom ash/slag, fly ash, and gypsum slurry were also conducted. Results indicated that flue gases at the inlet to SCR contained a great potion of particle-bound mercury (Hg(p)), 59-92% of the total mercury. Removal of mercury was not observed for the SCR system. However, repartitioning of mercury species across the SCR occurred that significantly increased the portion of elemental mercury (Hg0) to up to 29% and oxidized mercury (Hg2+) to up to 33% in the SCR outlet gas. Overreporting of Hg(p) at the inlet of SCR may cause the observed repartitioning; the high ammonia/nitric oxide circumstance in the SCR unit was also speculated to cause the mercury desorption from ash particles and subsequent reentrance into the gas phase. ESP can remove up to 99% of Hg(p), and wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) can remove up to 84% of Hg2+. Mercury mass balances were calculated to range between 81 and 127.4%, with an average of 95.7% wherein 56-82% was in ESP fly ash, 8.7-18.6% was retained in the FGD gypsum, and 6.2-26.1% was emitted from the stack. Data presented here suggest that mercury removal can be largely enhanced by increasing the conversion of Hg0 into Hg(p) and Hg2+.

Combustion Stages of a Single Heavy Oil Droplet in Microgravity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ikegami, M.; Xu, G.; Ikeda, K.; Honma, S.; Nagaishi, H.; Dietrich, D. L.; Struk, P. M.; Takeshita, Y.

2001-01-01

Heavy oil is a common fuel for industrial furnaces, boilers, marines and diesel engines. Previous studies showed that the combustion of heavy oil involves not only the complete burning of volatile matters but also the burn-out of coke residues. Detailed knowledge about heavy oil combustion therefore requires an understanding of the different burning stages of heavy oil droplets in the burner. This in turn, demands knowledge about the single droplet evaporation and combustion characteristics. This study measured the temperature and size histories of heavy oil (C glass) droplets burning in microgravity to elucidate the various stages that occur during combustion. The elimination of the gravity-induced gas convection in microgravity allows the droplet combustion to be studied in greater detail. Noting that the compositions of heavy oil are various, we also tested the fuel blends of a diesel light oil (LO) and a heavy oil residue (HOR).

Study of the application of solar chemical dehumidification system to wind tunnel facilities of NASA Lewis Research Center at Cleveland, Ohio

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1976-01-01

Energy utilization and cost payback analyses were prepared for proposed modifications. A 50,000 CFM standard compact packaged solid desiccant dehumidifier utilizing high temperature hot water (HTHW) for desiccant regeneration was added. The HTHW is generated by utilizing solar energy and is stored in a storage tank. A steam boiler is provided as a back-up for the solar system. A 50,000 CFM standard compact package solid desiccant dehumidifier utilizing high temperature hot water (HTHW) for desiccant regeneration was added. The HTHW is generated by utilizing a steam boiler and a heat exchanger and is stored in a storage tank.

EFFECTS OF CHANGING COALS ON THE EMISSIONS OF METAL HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FROM THE COMBUSTION OF PULVERIZED COAL

EPA Science Inventory

The report discusses tests conducted at EPA's Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division to evaluate the effects of changing coals on emissions of metal hazardous air pollutants from coal-fired boilers. Six coals were burned in a 29 kW (100,000 Btu/hr) down-fired combustor und...

40 CFR Appendix G to Part 75 - Determination of CO2 Emissions

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., CO2 emissions from sorbent used in a wet flue gas desulfurization control system, fluidized bed boiler... procedure in section 2.3 of this appendix may also be used for an affected gas-fired unit. For an affected...) Wc = Carbon burned, lb/day, determined using fuel sampling and analysis and fuel feed rates. 2.1...

Evaluation of hybrid sweet sorghum as a biofuel crop for the southeast USA

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) has potential as a multi-purpose biofuel crop in the Southeast USA. The sugars from the juice can be easily fermented into ethanol or used to produce other chemicals, while the bagasse could be burned in boilers for energy or used for cellulosic ethanol. The grain a...

40 CFR 52.1370 - Identification of plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Control Program, including all regulations found in Chapter VIII, Sub-Chapters 1-6, effective May 20, 1994... following phrase from section 3(B)(2) of exhibit A: “except that those sour water stripper overheads may be... during periods when the FCC CO boiler is unable to burn the sour water stripper overheads from the “old...

N2O FIELD STUDY

EPA Science Inventory

The report gives results of measurements of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from coal-fired utility boilers at three electric power generating stations. Six units were tested, two at each site, including sizes ranging from 165 to 700 MW. Several manufacturers and boiler firing type...

Assessment of physical workload in boiler operations.

PubMed

Rodrigues, Valéria Antônia Justino; Braga, Camila Soares; Campos, Julio César Costa; Souza, Amaury Paulo de; Minette, Luciano José; Sensato, Guilherme Luciano; Moraes, Angelo Casali de; Silva, Emília Pio da

2012-01-01

The use of boiler wood-fired is fairly common equipment utilized in steam generation for energy production in small industries. The boiler activities are considered dangerous and heavy, mainly due to risks of explosions and the lack of mechanization of the process. This study assessed the burden of physical labor that operators of boilers are subjected during the workday. Assessment of these conditions was carried out through quantitative and qualitative measurements. A heart rate monitor, a wet-bulb globe thermometer (WBGT), a tape-measure and a digital infrared camera were the instruments used to collect the quantitative data. The Nordic Questionnaire and the Painful Areas Diagram were used to relate the health problems of the boiler operator with activity. With study, was concluded that the boiler activity may cause pains in the body of intensity different, muscle fatigue and diseases due to excessive weight and the exposure to heat. The research contributed to improve the boiler operator's workplace and working conditions.

Solar-energy conversion system provides electrical power and thermal control for life-support systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Davis, B. K.

1974-01-01

System utilizes Freon cycle and includes boiler turbogenerator with heat exchanger, regenerator and thermal-control heat exchangers, low-pressure and boiler-feed pumps, and condenser. Exchanger may be of interest to engineers and scientists investigating new energy sources.

Forced-flow once-through boilers. [structural design criteria/aerospace environments

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stone, J. R.; Gray, V. H.; Gutierrez, O. A.

1975-01-01

A compilation and review of NASA-sponsored research on boilers for use in spacecraft electrical power generation systems is presented. Emphasis is on the heat-transfer and fluid-flow problems. In addition to space applications, much of the boiler technology is applicable to terrestrial and marine uses such as vehicular power, electrical power generation, vapor generation, and heating and cooling. Related research areas are discussed such as condensation, cavitation, line and boiler dynamics, the SNAP-8 project (Mercury-Rankine cycle), and conventional terrestrial boilers (either supercritical or gravity-assisted liquid-vapor separation types). The research effort was directed at developing the technology for once-through compact boilers with high heat fluxes to generate dry vapor stably, without utilizing gravity for phase separations. A background section that discusses, tutorially, the complex aspects of the boiling process is presented. Discussions of tests on alkali metals are interspersed with those on water and other fluids on a phenomenological basis.

Numerical study of bituminous coal combustion in a boiler furnace with bottom blowing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zroychikov, N. A.; Kaverin, A. A.

2016-11-01

Results obtained by the numerical study of a solid fuel combustion scheme with bottom blowing using Ekibastuz and Kuznetsk bituminous coals of different fractional makeup are presented. Furnace chambers with bottom blowing provide high-efficiency combustion of coarse-grain coals with low emissions of nitrogen oxides. Studying such a combustion scheme, identification of its technological capabilities, and its further improvement are topical issues. As the initial object of study, we selected P-57-R boiler plant designed for burning of Ekibastuz bituminous coal in a prismatic furnace with dry-ash (solid slag) removal. The proposed modernization of the furnace involves a staged air inflow under the staggered arrangement of directflow burners (angled down) and bottom blowing. The calculation results revealed the specific aerodynamics of the flue gases, the trajectories of solid particles in the furnace chamber, and the peculiarities of the fuel combustion depending on the grinding fineness. It is shown that, for coal grinding on the mill, the overall residue on the screen plate of 90 µm ( R 90 ≤ 27% for Ekibastuz coal and R 90 ≤ 15% for Kuznetsk coal) represents admissible values for fuel grind coarsening in terms of economic efficiency and functional reliability of a boiler. The increase in these values leads to the excess of regulatory heat losses and unburned combustible losses. It has been established that the change in the grade of the burned coal does not significantly affect the flow pattern of the flue gases, and the particles trajectory is essentially determined by the elemental composition of the fuel.

10 CFR Appendix C to Part 436 - General Operations Energy Conservation Measures

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... use of substitutes for live steam where feasible. (23) Improvements in Waste Heat Recovery—Includes measures utilizing waste heat for other purposes. (24) Improvement in Boiler Operations—Includes energy-conserving retrofit measures for boiler operations. (25) Improved Insulation—Includes measures addressing the...

10 CFR Appendix C to Part 436 - General Operations Energy Conservation Measures

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... use of substitutes for live steam where feasible. (23) Improvements in Waste Heat Recovery—Includes measures utilizing waste heat for other purposes. (24) Improvement in Boiler Operations—Includes energy-conserving retrofit measures for boiler operations. (25) Improved Insulation—Includes measures addressing the...

10 CFR Appendix C to Part 436 - General Operations Energy Conservation Measures

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... use of substitutes for live steam where feasible. (23) Improvements in Waste Heat Recovery—Includes measures utilizing waste heat for other purposes. (24) Improvement in Boiler Operations—Includes energy-conserving retrofit measures for boiler operations. (25) Improved Insulation—Includes measures addressing the...

10 CFR Appendix C to Part 436 - General Operations Energy Conservation Measures

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... use of substitutes for live steam where feasible. (23) Improvements in Waste Heat Recovery—Includes measures utilizing waste heat for other purposes. (24) Improvement in Boiler Operations—Includes energy-conserving retrofit measures for boiler operations. (25) Improved Insulation—Includes measures addressing the...

10 CFR Appendix C to Part 436 - General Operations Energy Conservation Measures

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... use of substitutes for live steam where feasible. (23) Improvements in Waste Heat Recovery—Includes measures utilizing waste heat for other purposes. (24) Improvement in Boiler Operations—Includes energy-conserving retrofit measures for boiler operations. (25) Improved Insulation—Includes measures addressing the...

Correcting the thermal inefficiencies of a cogeneration and boiler plant by low-pressure steam conversions and hot water thermal energy storage

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pals, C.M.

1998-12-31

A liberal arts college in Los Angeles was plagued by inefficient use of low-pressure (LP) steam produced by its two 150 kWe cogeneration units. Poor integration of the LP cogen system into the college`s existing high-pressure (HP) steam boiler plant led to under-utilization of cogenerated steam during the non-space-heating season. Six years of inefficient operation was estimated to have cost the college $750,000 in lost utility and maintenance savings. To improve steam-plant operations, the college`s facilities management staff implemented a plan to convert HP steam loads to LP, replace HP steam boilers with LP equipment, and improve the use ofmore » cogenerated steam through the installation of a hot water thermal energy storage (TES) system. A study was commissioned that identified the plant`s peak winter steam requirements and the typical steam profile for the non-space-heating season. Data from this work helped draw two conclusions: (1) converting HP steam loads to LP would boost demand for cogenerated steam, and (2) a hot water thermal energy storage (TES) system could further utilize a portion of remaining excess cogen steam for the manufacture and storage of the kitchen`s domestic water for use during peak steam demand periods. Combined, these two measures were estimated to improve utilization of cogenerated LP steam by 11,000 pounds (5,000 kg) per day and reduce boiler fuel consumption by 40,000 therms (4,220,000 MJ) each season. In addition to this work, a major plant renovation project was completed, which included the replacement of a 60-year-old, 280 bhp (2,747 kW) HP steam boiler, with two new LP boilers. Conversion to LP and the start-up of the hot water TES was completed in May 1997. During the first year of operation, after the improvement, boiler gas savings exceeded 52,000 therms (5,486,000 MJ). Maintenance savings of $100,000 were also accrued by eliminating licensed HP boiler operators. All construction work described to improve energy efficiency and rehabilitate the steam plant cost $687,000 and is on track to produce a simple payback of 5.5 years. Overall, this paper demonstrates the energy and cost inefficiencies that may result if the opportunities to use waste heat from cogeneration systems are incorrectly identified.« less

40 CFR Table 13 to Subpart Ddddd... - Alternative Emission Limits for New or Reconstructed Boilers and Process Heaters That Commenced...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... oxygen 1 hr minimum sampling time. b. Filterable PM (or TSM) 3.2E-01 lb per MMBtu of heat input; or (4.0E... per run. 13. Units designed to burn liquid fuel a. HCl 1.2E-03 lb per MMBtu of heat input For M26A...

40 CFR Table 1 to Subpart Uuu of... - Metal HAP Emission Limits for Catalytic Cracking Units

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... waste heat boiler in which you burn auxiliary or in supplemental liquid or solid fossil fuel, the... British thermal units (lb/million Btu) of heat input attributable to the liquid or solid fossil fuel; and... auxiliary or supplemental liquid or solid fossil fuel, the incremental rate of PM must not exceed 43.0 g/GJ...

78 FR 9111 - Commercial and Industrial Solid Waste Incineration Units: Reconsideration and Final Amendments...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-07

... established standards in this final rule for the following four subcategories of CISWI units: Incinerators (i... incinerators; ERUs (i.e., units that would be boilers or process heaters if they did not combust solid waste); and waste burning kilns (i.e., units that would be cement kilns if they did not combust solid waste...

CFD analysis of NOx reduction by domestic natural gas added to coal combustion

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bar-Ziv, E.; Yasur, Y.; Chudnovsky, B.

2004-07-01

To date, Israel's electrical energy has been based only on imported fuels. However, with the recently discovered natural gas in the Ashqulon shores, Israel can examine the benefits to its energy resources, environment, and economy of blending its domestic natural gas with imported coal. As for using natural gas, the proposal is to burn it in existing IEC coal-fired boilers in order to significantly reduce NOx emission by reburning. An important aspect is to provide retrofitting in existing IEC boilers by replacing a fraction of the coal by natural gas. This would allow the purchase of coal with a widemore » range of parameters, which is less expensive. Hence, mixed gas-coal burning would benefit Israel. The authors have made numerical simulations in order to study the optimal conditions of operation and evaluate the economic as well as environmental benefits. Indeed, extensive simulations have shown that there is a significant reduction of NOx emission, as expected, with the addition of relatively small amounts of natural gas. Experiments will now be carried out in a test facility that will provide accurate physicochemical properties of the mixed fuel for more reliable simulations. 19 refs., 6 figs., 1 tab.« less

VALIDATION OF MERCURY CEMS WHEN COFIRING BIOMASS AT MADISON ELECTRIC'S BLOUNT STATION

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dennis L. Laudal; Jeffrey S. Thompson

2000-09-30

The state of Wisconsin has been concerned about mercury deposition into its lakes and streams and has been evaluating strategies to reduce mercury emissions. As part of this effort, the Blount Station, owned and operated by Madison Gas and Electric Company (MGE), has undergone a project to evaluate the effects and potential mercury emissions reduction of cofiring preconsumer waste. MGE owns and operates the Blount Generating Station located in central Madison, Wisconsin. At present, Blount operates with nine boilers and six turbine generators. The two largest boilers at Blount produce 400,000 pounds of steam per hour at 950 F andmore » 1250 psi. These larger boilers, MGE's Boiler Nos. 8 and 9, have the capability of cofiring both paper and plastic. MGE's Blount Generating Station was one of the first electric generating stations in the United States to retrofit its existing steam boilers to successfully burn refuse-derived fuel and other alternate fuels including waste paper and wood. It is the No. 9 boiler that was the focus of this project to determine the effect of cofiring PDF (plastic- and paper-derived fuel) on speciated mercury emissions. The project was laid out to compare four different fuel combinations: (1) coal feed only, (2) coal with plastic, (3) coal with paper, and (4) coal with paper and plastic. The design was to run the boiler for 2 days at each condition, thus allowing four samples to be taken at each condition. This plan was aimed at getting at least three representative samples at each condition and allowed for difficulties in sampling and boiler operation. The following objectives were accomplished as part of the project to determine the effects of cofiring PDF on mercury emissions and speciation at MGE Blount Station: Successfully completed all of the mercury sampling for each of the four boiler/PDF conditions using the Ontario Hydro (OH) mercury speciation method; Determined mercury concentrations at the stack location using mercury continuous emission monitors (CEMs) for each of the four boiler/PDF conditions; Calculated the overall mercury mass balance for each of the runs; Determined chlorine concentrations at the stack location using EPA Method 26A for each of the four boiler/PDF conditions; and Calculated speciated mercury flow to determine removal and/or transformations before its exiting the unit at the stack for each of the four boiler/PDF conditions.« less

PROTOTYPE SCALE TESTING OF LIMB TECHNOLOGY FOR A PULVERIZED-COAL-FIRED BOILER

EPA Science Inventory

The report summarizes results of an evaluation of furnace sorbent injection (FSI) to control sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions from coal-fired utility boilers. (NOTE: FSI of calcium-based sorbents has shown promise as a moderate SO2 removal technology.) The Electric Power Research I...

DEMONSTRATION OF SORBENT INJECTION TECHNOLOGY ON A WALL-FIRED UTILITY BOILER (EDGEWATER LIMB DEMONSTRATION)

EPA Science Inventory

The report gives results of the full-scale demonstration of Limestone Injection Multistage Burner (LIMB) technology on the coal-fired, 105 MW, Unit 4 boiler at Ohio Edison's Edgewater Station. eveloped as a technology aimed at moderate levels of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen ...

ACTIVATION AND REACTIVITY OF NOVEL CALCIUM-BASED SORBENTS FOR DRY SO2 CONTROL IN BOILERS

EPA Science Inventory

Chemically modified calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) sorbents developed in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory (AEERL) for sulfur dioxide (SO2) control in utility boilers were tested in an electrically heated, bench-scale isotherma...

Exergy analysis on industrial boiler energy conservation and emission evaluation applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Henan

2017-06-01

Industrial boiler is one of the most energy-consuming equipments in china, the annual consumption of energy accounts for about one-third of the national energy consumption. Industrial boilers in service at present have several severe problems such as small capacity, low efficiency, high energy consumption and causing severe pollution on environment. In recent years, our country in the big scope, long time serious fog weather, with coal-fired industrial boilers is closely related to the regional characteristics of high strength and low emissions [1]. The energy-efficient and emission-reducing of industry boiler is of great significance to improve China’s energy usage efficiency and environmental protection. Difference in thermal equilibrium theory is widely used in boiler design, exergy analysis method is established on the basis of the first law and second law of thermodynamics, by studying the cycle of the effect of energy conversion and utilization, to analyze its influencing factors, to reveal the exergy loss of location, distribution and size, find out the weak links, and a method of mining system of the boiler energy saving potential. Exergy analysis method is used for layer combustion boiler efficiency and pollutant emission characteristics analysis and evaluation, and can more objectively and accurately the energy conserving potential of the mining system of the boiler, find out the weak link of energy consumption, and improve equipment performance to improve the industrial boiler environmental friendliness.

Factors affecting stress assisted corrosion cracking of carbon steel under industrial boiler conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Dong

Failure of carbon steel boiler tubes from waterside has been reported in the utility boilers and industrial boilers for a long time. In industrial boilers, most waterside tube cracks are found near heavy attachment welds on the outer surface and are typically blunt, with multiple bulbous features indicating a discontinuous growth. These types of tube failures are typically referred to as stress assisted corrosion (SAC). For recovery boilers in the pulp and paper industry, these failures are particularly important as any water leak inside the furnace can potentially lead to smelt-water explosion. Metal properties, environmental variables, and stress conditions are the major factors influencing SAC crack initation and propagation in carbon steel boiler tubes. Slow strain rate tests (SSRT) were conducted under boiler water conditions to study the effect of temperature, oxygen level, and stress conditions on crack initation and propagation on SA-210 carbon steel samples machined out of boiler tubes. Heat treatments were also performed to develop various grain size and carbon content on carbon steel samples, and SSRTs were conducted on these samples to examine the effect of microstructure features on SAC cracking. Mechanisms of SAC crack initation and propagation were proposed and validated based on interrupted slow strain tests (ISSRT). Water chemistry guidelines are provided to prevent SAC and fracture mechanics model is developed to predict SAC failure on industrial boiler tubes.

Demonstration of coal reburning for cyclone boiler NO{sub x} control. Appendix, Book 1

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

Based on the industry need for a pilot-scale cyclone boiler simulator, Babcock Wilcox (B&W) designed, fabricated, and installed such a facility at its Alliance Research Center (ARC) in 1985. The project involved conversion of an existing pulverized coal-fired facility to be cyclone-firing capable. Additionally, convective section tube banks were installed in the upper furnace in order to simulate a typical boiler convection pass. The small boiler simulator (SBS) is designed to simulate most fireside aspects of full-size utility boilers such as combustion and flue gas emissions characteristics, fireside deposition, etc. Prior to the design of the pilot-scale cyclone boiler simulator,more » the various cyclone boiler types were reviewed in order to identify the inherent cyclone boiler design characteristics which are applicable to the majority of these boilers. The cyclone boiler characteristics that were reviewed include NO{sub x} emissions, furnace exit gas temperature (FEGT) carbon loss, and total furnace residence time. Previous pilot-scale cyclone-fired furnace experience identified the following concerns: (1) Operability of a small cyclone furnace (e.g., continuous slag tapping capability). (2) The optimum cyclone(s) configuration for the pilot-scale unit. (3) Compatibility of NO{sub x} levels, carbon burnout, cyclone ash carryover to the convection pass, cyclone temperature, furnace residence time, and FEGT.« less

Thermoelectric Power Generation Utilizing the Waste Heat from a Biomass Boiler

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brazdil, Marian; Pospisil, Jiri

2013-07-01

The objective of the presented work is to test the possibility of using thermoelectric power to convert flue gas waste heat from a small-scale domestic pellet boiler, and to assess the influence of a thermoelectric generator on its function. A prototype of the generator, able to be connected to an existing device, was designed, constructed, and tested. The performance of the generator as well as the impact of the generator on the operation of the boiler was investigated under various operating conditions. The boiler gained auxiliary power and could become a combined heat and power unit allowing self-sufficient operation. The created unit represents an independent source of electricity with effective use of fuel.

The enrichment behavior of natural radionuclides in pulverized oil shale-fired power plants.

PubMed

Vaasma, Taavi; Kiisk, Madis; Meriste, Tõnis; Tkaczyk, Alan Henry

2014-12-01

The oil shale industry is the largest producer of NORM (Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material) waste in Estonia. Approximately 11-12 million tons of oil shale containing various amounts of natural radionuclides is burned annually in the Narva oil shale-fired power plants, which accounts for approximately 90% of Estonian electricity production. The radionuclide behavior characteristics change during the fuel combustion process, which redistributes the radionuclides between different ash fractions. Out of 24 operational boilers in the power plants, four use circulating fluidized bed (CFB) technology and twenty use pulverized fuel (PF) technology. Over the past decade, the PF boilers have been renovated, with the main objective to increase the efficiency of the filter systems. Between 2009 and 2012, electrostatic precipitators (ESP) in four PF energy blocks were replaced with novel integrated desulphurization technology (NID) for the efficient removal of fly ash and SO2 from flue gases. Using gamma spectrometry, activity concentrations and enrichment factors for the (238)U ((238)U, (226)Ra, (210)Pb) and (232)Th ((232)Th, (228)Ra) family radionuclides as well as (40)K were measured and analyzed in different PF boiler ash fractions. The radionuclide activity concentrations in the ash samples increased from the furnace toward the back end of the flue gas duct. The highest values in different PF boiler ash fractions were in the last field of the ESP and in the NID ash, where radionuclide enrichment factors were up to 4.2 and 3.3, respectively. The acquired and analyzed data on radionuclide activity concentrations in different PF boiler ashes (operating with an ESP and a NID system) compared to CFB boiler ashes provides an indication that changes in the fuel (oil shale) composition and boiler working parameters, as well as technological enhancements in Estonian oil shale fired power plants, have had a combined effect on the distribution patterns of natural radionuclides in the oil shale combustion products. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Comparion of Mercury Emissions Between Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler and Pulverized Coal Boiler

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Y. J.; Duan, Y. F.; Zhao, C. S.

Mercury emissions between a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) utility boiler and two pulverized coal (PC) boilers equipped with electrostatic precipitators (ESP) were in situ measured and compared. The standard Ontario Hydro Method (OHM) was used to sample the flue gas before and after the ESP. Various mercury speciations such as Hg0, Hg2+ and Hgp in flue gas and total mercury in fly ashes were analyzed. The results showed that the mercury removal rate of the CFB boiler is nearly 100%; the mercury emission in stack is only 0.028 g/h. However, the mercury removal rates of the two PC boilers are 27.56% and 33.59% respectively, the mercury emissions in stack are 0.80 and 51.78 g/h respectively. It concluded that components of the ESP fly ashes especially their unburnt carbons have remarkable influence on mercury capture. Pore configurations of fine fly ash particles have non-ignored impacts on mercury emissions.

THREE STAGE COMBUSTION (REBURNING) TEST RESULTS FROM A 300 MW BOILER IN THE UKRAINE

EPA Science Inventory

The paper gives results of a program to design, install, and test a natural gas three-stage combustion (reburn) system on a 300-MWe, opposed-wall, wetbottom (slagging) coal-fired utility boiler operating in the Ukraine. The U. S. EPA sponsored this-program in support of a working...

40 CFR Table 6 to Subpart Uuu of... - Continuous Compliance With Metal HAP Emission Limits for Catalytic Cracking Units

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... incinerator or waste heat boiler in which you burn auxiliary or supplemental liquid or solid fossil fuel, the... liquid or solid fossil fuel; and the opacity of emissions must not exceed 30 percent, except for one 6... liquid or solid fossil fuels (liters/hour or kilograms/hour) and the hours of operation during which...

40 CFR Table 1 to Subpart Uuu of... - Metal HAP Emission Limits for Catalytic Cracking Units

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... heat boiler in which you burn auxiliary or in supplemental liquid or solid fossil fuel, the incremental... thermal units (lb/million Btu) of heat input attributable to the liquid or solid fossil fuel; and the... supplemental liquid or solid fossil fuel, the incremental rate of PM must not exceed 43.0 g/GJ (0.10 lb/million...

40 CFR Table 5 to Subpart Uuu of... - Initial Compliance With Metal HAP Emission Limits for Catalytic Cracking Units

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... waste heat boiler in which you burn auxiliary or supplemental liquid or solid fossil fuel, the... thermal units (lb/million Btu) of heat input attributable to the liquid or solid fossil fuel; and the.../million Btu) of heat input attributable to the liquid or solid fossil fuel. As part of the Notification of...

40 CFR Table 1 to Subpart Uuu of... - Metal HAP Emission Limits for Catalytic Cracking Units

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... heat boiler in which you burn auxiliary or in supplemental liquid or solid fossil fuel, the incremental... thermal units (lb/million Btu) of heat input attributable to the liquid or solid fossil fuel; and the... supplemental liquid or solid fossil fuel, the incremental rate of PM must not exceed 43.0 g/GJ (0.10 lb/million...

40 CFR Table 6 to Subpart Uuu of... - Continuous Compliance With Metal HAP Emission Limits for Catalytic Cracking Units

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... incinerator or waste heat boiler in which you burn auxiliary or supplemental liquid or solid fossil fuel, the... liquid or solid fossil fuel; and the opacity of emissions must not exceed 30 percent, except for one 6... liquid or solid fossil fuels (liters/hour or kilograms/hour) and the hours of operation during which...

40 CFR Table 5 to Subpart Uuu of... - Initial Compliance With Metal HAP Emission Limits for Catalytic Cracking Units

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... waste heat boiler in which you burn auxiliary or supplemental liquid or solid fossil fuel, the... thermal units (lb/million Btu) of heat input attributable to the liquid or solid fossil fuel; and the.../million Btu) of heat input attributable to the liquid or solid fossil fuel. As part of the Notification of...

What pollutes more: Burning logging scraps on-site or hauling them to boilers?

Treesearch

Greg Jones; Dan Loeffler

2008-01-01

Publicity and debate about global climate change has fueled interest in the role forests and forest management activities play in carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas emissions. Our previous ECO-Report contained an article on greenhouse gas emissions released when woody biomass from forest residues are used for energy (see page 9 of 2007 ECO-Report at www.fs.fed.us/...

Feasibility of a medium-size central cogenerated energy facility, energy management memorandum

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Porter, R. W.

1982-09-01

The thermal-economic feasibility was studied of a medium-size central cogenerated energy facility designed to serve five varied industries. Generation options included one dual-fuel diesel and one gas turbine, both with waste heat boilers, and five fired boilers. Fuels included natural gas, and for the fired-boiler cases, also low-sulphur coal and municipal refuse. The fired-boiler cogeneration systems employed back-pressure steam turbines. For coal and refuse, the option of steam only without cogeneration was also assessed. The refuse-fired cases utilized modular incinerators. The options provided for a wide range of steam and electrical capacities. Deficient steam was assumed generated independently in existing equipment. Excess electrical power over that which could be displaced was assumed sold to Commonwealth Edison Company under PURPA (Public Utility Regulator Policies Act). The facility was assumed operated by a mutually owned corporation formed by the cogenerated power users. The economic analysis was predicted on currently applicable energy-investment tax credits and accelerated depreciation for a January 1985 startup date. Based on 100% equity financing, the results indicated that the best alternative was the modular-incinerator cogeneration system.

Environmental and economic evaluation of selective non-catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Parchevskii, V. M.; Shchederkina, T. E.; Proshina, A. O.

2017-11-01

There are two groups of atmosphere protecting measures: technology (primary) and treatment (secondary). When burning high-calorie low-volatile brands of coals in the furnaces with liquid slag removal to achieve emission standards required joint use of these two methods, for example, staged combustion and selective non-catalytic reduction recovery (SNCR). For the economically intelligent combination of these two methods it is necessary to have information not only about the environmental performance of each method, but also the operating costs per unit of reduced emission. The authors of this report are made an environmental-economic analysis of SNCR on boiler Π-50P Kashirskaya power station. The obtained results about the dependence of costs from the load of the boiler and the mass emissions of nitrogen oxides then approximates into empirical formulas, is named as environmental and economic characteristics, which is suitable for downloading into controllers and other control devices for subsequent implementation of optimal control of emissions to ensure compliance with environmental regulations at the lowest cost at any load of the boiler.

Environmental assessment of a watertube boiler firing a coal-water slurry. Volume 2. Data supplement. Final report, January 1984-March 1985

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

DeRosier, R.; Waterland, L.R.

1986-02-01

This report is a compendium of detailed test sampling and analysis data obtained in field tests of a watertube industrial boiler burning a coal/water slurry (CWS). Test data reported include preliminary stack test data, boiler operating data, and complete flue-gas emission results. Flue-gas emission measurements included continuous monitoring for criteria pollutants; onsite gas chromatography (GC) for volatile hydrocarbons (Cl-C6); Methods 5/8 sampling for particulate, SO/sub 2/, and SO/sub 3/ emissions; source assessment sampling system (SASS) for total organics in two boiling point ranges (100 to 300 C and > 300 C), organic compound category information using infrared spectrometry (IR), liquidmore » column (LC) chromatography separation, and low-resolution mass spectrometry (LRMS), specific quantitation of the semivolatile organic priority pollutants using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and trace-element emissions using spark-source mass spectrometry (SSMS) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS); N/sub 2/O emissions by gas chromatography/electron-capture detector (GC/ECD); and biological assay testing of SASS and ash-stream samples.« less

Influence of variation in the operating conditions on PCDD/F distribution in a full-scale MSW incinerator.

PubMed

Zhang, Hai-Jun; Ni, Yu-Wen; Chen, Ji-Ping; Zhang, Qing

2008-01-01

Optimizing the operating parameters to minimize polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDD/F) emission is the common interest of the municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration industry. In this study, we investigated the distribution of tetra- to octa-CDD/F along the flue gas line in a full-scale reciprocating grate incinerator and evaluated the effects of temperature control and O(2) level on PCDD/F formation. Six runs were laid out and all performed under sufficient burning conditions, in which the combustion efficiency of MSW was more than 99.9%. The total concentration of tetra- to octa-CDD/F measured at the boiler outlet showed an increasing tendency with the increase of boiler outlet temperature (T(B)) from 214 degrees C to 264 degrees C. When flue gas ran across the semi-dry scrubber and cyclone precipitator, in which the temperature varied from 264 degrees C to 162 degrees C, the concentrations of the lower chlorinated dioxins and furans were significantly raised, especially for the TCDF. Increasing O(2) supply from 6.0% to 10.5% essentially led to a higher yield of tetra- to octa-PCDD/F, suggested that under sufficient burning conditions the lower O(2) level was favorable for reducing PCDD/F formation and emission. The variation of O(2) level did not give rise to a systematical change of PCDD/F homologue pattern. For all measurements, the isomer distributions of tetra- to hepta-PCDD/F were more or less the same, nearly independent of variations in the operating conditions and sampling positions. Only the significant increase of the sum of 1,3,7,8-TCDF and 1,3,7,9-TCDF was found in the zone after the boiler section.

Development of measures to improve technologies of energy recovery from gaseous wastes of oil shale processing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tugov, A. N.; Ots, A.; Siirde, A.; Sidorkin, V. T.; Ryabov, G. A.

2016-06-01

Prospects of the use of oil shale are associated with its thermal processing for the production of liquid fuel, shale oil. Gaseous by-products, such as low-calorie generator gas with a calorific value up to 4.3MJ/m3 or semicoke gas with a calorific value up to 56.57 MJ/m3, are generated depending on the oil shale processing method. The main methods of energy recovery from these gases are either their cofiring with oil shale in power boilers or firing only under gaseous conditions in reconstructed or specially designed for this fuel boilers. The possible use of gaseous products of oil shale processing in gas-turbine or gas-piston units is also considered. Experiments on the cofiring of oil shale gas and its gaseous processing products have been carried out on boilers BKZ-75-39FSl in Kohtla-Järve and on the boiler TP-101 of the Estonian power plant. The test results have shown that, in the case of cofiring, the concentration of sulfur oxides in exhaust gases does not exceed the level of existing values in the case of oil shale firing. The low-temperature corrosion rate does not change as compared to the firing of only oil shale, and, therefore, operation conditions of boiler back-end surfaces do not worsen. When implementing measures to reduce the generation of NO x , especially of flue gas recirculation, it has been possible to reduce the emissions of nitrogen oxides in the whole boiler. The operation experience of the reconstructed boilers BKZ-75-39FSl after their transfer to the firing of only gaseous products of oil shale processing is summarized. Concentrations of nitrogen and sulfur oxides in the combustion products of semicoke and generator gases are measured. Technical solutions that made it possible to minimize the damage to air heater pipes associated with the low-temperature sulfur corrosion are proposed and implemented. The technological measures for burners of new boilers that made it possible to burn gaseous products of oil shale processing with low emissions of nitrogen oxides are developed.

Investigations of ash fouling with cattle wastes as reburn fuel in a small-scale boiler burner under transient conditions.

PubMed

Oh, Hyukjin; Annamalai, Kalyan; Sweeten, John M

2008-04-01

Fouling behavior under reburn conditions was investigated with cattle wastes (termed as feedlot biomass [FB]) and coal as reburn fuels under a transient condition and short-time operation. A small-scale (30 kW or 100,000 Btu/hr) boiler burner research facility was used for the reburn experiments. The fuels considered for these experiments were natural gas (NG) for the ashless case, pure coal, pure FB, and blends of coal and FB. Two parameters that were used to characterize the ash "fouling" were (1) the overall heat-transfer coefficient (OHTC) when burning NG and solid fuels as reburn fuels, and (2) the combustible loss through ash deposited on the surfaces of heat exchanger tubes and the bottom ash in the ash port. A new methodology is presented for determining ash-fouling behavior under transient conditions. Results on the OHTCs for solid reburn fuels are compared with the OHTCs for NG. It was found that the growth of the layer of ash depositions over longer periods typically lowers OHTC, and the increased concentration of ash in gas phase promotes radiation in high-temperature zones during initial periods while decreasing the heat transfer in low-temperature zones. The ash analyses indicated that the bottom ash in the ash port contained a smaller percentage of combustibles with a higher FB percentage in the fuels, indicating better performance compared with coal because small particles in FB burn faster and the FB has higher volatile matter on a dry ash-free basis promoting more burn out.

Environmental Assessment for Infrastructure Improvements in the Base Developed Area at Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-03-01

utilizing aqueous ammonia used to control nitrogen oxide and dry flue gas desulfurization used to control sulfur dioxide) will be included as part of...blowers; boiler combustion air and forced draft fans; boiler flue gas ; induced draft fans and stacks; as well as extensions of the plant control

Evaluation of AFBC co-firing of coal and hospital wastes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1991-02-01

The purpose of this program is to expand the use of coal by utilizing CFB (circulating fluidized bed) technology to provide an environmentally safe method for disposing of waste materials. Hospitals are currently experiencing a waste management crisis. In many instances, they are no longer permitted to burn pathological and infectious wastes in incinerators. Older hospital incinerators are not capable of maintaining the stable temperatures and residence times necessary in order to completely destroy toxic substances before release into the atmosphere. In addition, the number of available landfills which can safely handle these substances is decreasing each year. The purposemore » of this project is to conduct necessary research investigating whether the combustion of the hospital wastes in a coal-fired circulating fluidized bed boiler will effectively destroy dioxins and other hazardous substances before release into the atmosphere. If this is proven feasible, in light of the quantity of hospital wastes generated each year, it would create a new market for coal -- possibly 50 million tons/year.« less

Influence of staged-air on airflow, combustion characteristics and NO(x) emissions of a down-fired pulverized-coal 300 MW(e) utility boiler with direct flow split burners.

PubMed

Li, Zhengqi; Kuang, Min; Zhang, Jia; Han, Yunfeng; Zhu, Qunyi; Yang, Lianjie; Kong, Weiguang

2010-02-01

Cold airflow experiments were conducted to investigate the aerodynamic field in a small-scale furnace of a down-fired pulverized-coal 300 MW(e) utility boiler arranged with direct flow split burners enriched by cyclones. By increasing the staged-air ratio, a deflected flow field appeared in the lower furnace; larger staged-air ratios produced larger deflections. Industrial-sized experiments on a full-scale boiler were also performed at different staged-air damper openings with measurements taken of gas temperatures in the burner region and near the right-side wall, wall heat fluxes, and gas components (O(2), CO, and NO(x)) in the near-wall region. Combustion was unstable at staged-air damper openings below 30%. For openings of 30% and 40%, late ignition of the pulverized coal developed and large differences arose in gas temperatures and heat fluxes between the regions near the front and rear walls. In conjunction, carbon content in the fly ash was high and boiler efficiency was low with high NO(x) emission above 1200 mg/m(3) (at 6% O(2) dry). For fully open dampers, differences in gas temperatures and heat fluxes, carbon in fly ash and NO(x) emission decreased yielding an increase in boiler efficiency. The optimal setting is fully open staged-air dampers.

The impact of municipal waste combustion in small heat sources

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vantúch, Martin; Kaduchová, Katarína; Lenhard, Richard

2016-06-01

At present there is a tendency to make greater use for heating houses for burning solid fuel, such as pieces of wood, coal, coke, local sources of heat to burn natural gas. This tendency is given both the high price of natural gas as well as the availability of cheaper solid fuel. In many cases, in the context saving heating costs, respectively in the context of the disposal of waste is co-incinerated with municipal solid fuels and wastes of different composition. This co entails increased production emissions such as CO (carbon monoxide), NOx (nitrogen oxides), particulate matter (particulate matter), PM10, HCl (hydrogen chloride), PCDD/F (polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans), PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) and others. The experiment was focused on the emission factors from the combustion of fossil fuels in combination with municipal waste in conventional boilers designed to burn solid fuel.

Control of mercury emissions from stationary coal combustion sources in China: Current status and recommendations.

PubMed

Hu, Yuanan; Cheng, Hefa

2016-11-01

Coal burning in power plants and industrial boilers is the largest combustion source of mercury emissions in China. Together, power plants and industrial boilers emit around 250 tonnes of mercury each year, or around half of atmospheric mercury emissions from anthropogenic sources in the country. Power plants in China are generally equipped with multi-pollutant control technologies, which offer the co-benefit of mercury removal, while mercury-specific control technologies have been installed in some facilities. In contrast, most industrial boilers have only basic or no flue gas cleaning. A combination of measures, including energy conservation, coal switching and blending, reducing the mercury contents of coals through washing, combustion controls, and flue gas cleaning, can be used to reduce mercury emissions from these stationary combustion sources. More stringent emission standards for the major air pollutants from coal-fired power plants and industrial boiler, along with standards for the previously unregulated mercury, were implemented recently, which is expected to bring significant reduction in their mercury emissions through the necessary upgrades of multi-pollutant and mercury-specific control technologies. Meanwhile, strong monitoring capacity and strict enforcement are necessary to ensure that the combustion sources operate in compliance with the new emission standards and achieve significant reduction in the emissions of mercury and other air pollutants. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Chlorine in coal and its relationship with boiler corrosion. Technical report, 1 March--31 May 1994

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chou, M.I.M.; Lytle, J.M.; Ruch, R.R.

1994-09-01

Limited literature and use history data have suggested that some high-chlorine Illinois coals do not cause boiler corrosion while extensive data developed by the British correlate corrosion with chlorine content and other parameters related to the coal and boiler. The differences in corrosivity in coals may be due to the coal properties, to blending of coals, or to the boiler parameters in which they were burned. The goals of this study focus on coal properties. In this quarter, both destructive temperature-programmed Thermogravimetry with Fourier transform infrared (TGA-FTIR) and non-destructive X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) techniques were used to examine themore » forms and the evolution characteristics of chlorine in coals. The TGA-FTIR results indicate that under oxidation condition, both British and Illinois coals release hydrogen chloride gas. Illinois coals release the gas at high temperature with maximum evolution temperature ranged between 210 and 280 C. The XANES results indicate that chlorine in coal exists in ionic forms including a solid salt form. The solid NaCl salt form, however, is observed only in some of the British coals and none of the Illinois coals. These results combined with TGA-FTIR results suggest that the chlorine ions in Illinois coals are different from the chlorine ions in British coals.« less

40 CFR Table 12 to Subpart Ddddd... - Alternative Emission Limits for New or Reconstructed Boilers and Process Heaters That Commenced...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

.../solid fossil fuels on an annual heat input basis a. Particulate Matter 0.008 lb per MMBtu of heat input... all subcategories designed to burn solid fuel that combust at least 10 percent coal/solid fossil fuels.../solid fossil fuel a. CO 90 ppm by volume on a dry basis corrected to 3 percent oxygen 1 hr minimum...

40 CFR Table 12 to Subpart Ddddd... - Alternative Emission Limits for New or Reconstructed Boilers and Process Heaters That Commenced...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

.../solid fossil fuels on an annual heat input basis a. Particulate Matter 0.008 lb per MMBtu of heat input... all subcategories designed to burn solid fuel that combust at least 10 percent coal/solid fossil fuels.../solid fossil fuel a. CO 90 ppm by volume on a dry basis corrected to 3 percent oxygen 1 hr minimum...

Utilization of ventilation air methane as a supplementary fuel at a circulating fluidized bed combustion boiler.

PubMed

You, Changfu; Xu, Xuchang

2008-04-01

Ventilation air methane (VAM) accounts for 60-80% of the total emissions from coal mining activities in China, which is of serious greenhouse gas concerns as well as a waste of valuable fuel sources. This contribution evaluates the use of the VAM utilization methods as a supplementary fuel at a circulating fluidized bed combustion boiler. The paper describes the system design and discusses some potential technical challenges such as methane oxidation rate, corrosion, and efficiency. Laboratory experimentation has shown that the VAM can be burnt completely in circulated fluidized bed furnaces, and the VAM oxidation does not obviously affect the boiler operation when the methane concentration is less than 0.6%. The VAM decreased the incomplete combustion loss for the circulating fluidized bed combustion furnace. The economic benefit from the coal saving insures that the proposed system is more economically feasible.

Effective ways to modernize outdated coal heat power plants

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Suchkov, S. I.; Kotler, V. R.; Batorshin, V. A.

2016-12-01

An analysis of the state of equipment of 72 outdated coal HPP (heat power plants) of a total capacity 14.3 GW with steam parameters before the turbines p before ≤ 9 MPa, t before = 420-540°C was performed. The equipment is characterized by a considerably low efficiency factor, even if it were converted to burning the natural gas, and by increased release of harmful substances. However, on the most part of the considered HPP, the steam turbines, unlike the boilers, have thus far retained the operation applicability and satisfactory reliability of performance. The analysis has shown that it makes sense to effectively modernize the outdated coal HPP by transformation of their equipment into combined-cycle plant (CCP) with coal gasification, which has high economic and ecological indicators due to thermodynamic advantage of the combined cycle and simpler purification of the generator gas in the process under pressure. As the most rational way of this transformation, the one was recognized wherein—instead of the existing boiler (boilers) or parallel to it—a gasification and gas turbine system is installed with a boiler-utilizer (BU), from which steam is fed to the HPP main steam pipe. In doing this, the basic part of the power station equipment persists. In the world, this kind of reconstruction of steam power equipment is applied widely and successfully, but it is by use of natural gas for the most part. It is reasonable to use the technology developed at Heat Engineering Research Institute (HERI) of hearth-steam gasification of coal and high-temperature purification of the generator gas. The basic scheme and measures on implementation of this method for modernization of outdated coal HPP is creation of CCP with blast-furnace of coal on the basis of accessible and preserved HPP equipment. CCP power is 120 MW, input-output ratio (roughly) 44%, emissions of hazardous substances are 5 mg/MJ dust, 20-60 mg/MJ SO2, and 50-100 mg/MJ NO x . A considerable decrease of specific CCP cost is expected: down to approximately half compared to that of CCP with coal gasification created elsewhere abroad. Verification and debugging of accepted solutions can be carried out at a small-scale pilot plant.

30 CFR 816.87 - Coal mine waste: Burning and burned waste utilization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Coal mine waste: Burning and burned waste...-SURFACE MINING ACTIVITIES § 816.87 Coal mine waste: Burning and burned waste utilization. (a) Coal mine... extinguishing operations. (b) No burning or burned coal mine waste shall be removed from a permitted disposal...

30 CFR 816.87 - Coal mine waste: Burning and burned waste utilization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Coal mine waste: Burning and burned waste...-SURFACE MINING ACTIVITIES § 816.87 Coal mine waste: Burning and burned waste utilization. (a) Coal mine... extinguishing operations. (b) No burning or burned coal mine waste shall be removed from a permitted disposal...

30 CFR 816.87 - Coal mine waste: Burning and burned waste utilization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Coal mine waste: Burning and burned waste...-SURFACE MINING ACTIVITIES § 816.87 Coal mine waste: Burning and burned waste utilization. (a) Coal mine... extinguishing operations. (b) No burning or burned coal mine waste shall be removed from a permitted disposal...

30 CFR 816.87 - Coal mine waste: Burning and burned waste utilization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Coal mine waste: Burning and burned waste...-SURFACE MINING ACTIVITIES § 816.87 Coal mine waste: Burning and burned waste utilization. (a) Coal mine... extinguishing operations. (b) No burning or burned coal mine waste shall be removed from a permitted disposal...

30 CFR 816.87 - Coal mine waste: Burning and burned waste utilization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Coal mine waste: Burning and burned waste...-SURFACE MINING ACTIVITIES § 816.87 Coal mine waste: Burning and burned waste utilization. (a) Coal mine... extinguishing operations. (b) No burning or burned coal mine waste shall be removed from a permitted disposal...

Application of Modern Coal Technologies to Military Facilities. Volume II. Evaluation of the Applicability and Cost of Current and Emerging Coal Technologies for the Utilization of Coal as a Primary Energy Source

DTIC Science & Technology

1968-05-01

flue gas . Is one. The more popular method Is wet limestone scrubbing. In the limestone Injection system, ground limestone Is mixed with the coal and...is removed. The remainder must be eliminated from the flue gas as SO2 by wet scrubbing. Reduced boiler efficiency, due to ash accumulation on the...use of the fluldlzed-bed boiler, rather than a conventional coal-fired boiler requiring a flue gas cleanup system, will result In an

A Novel Approach to Develop the Lower Order Model of Multi-Input Multi-Output System

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rajalakshmy, P.; Dharmalingam, S.; Jayakumar, J.

2017-10-01

A mathematical model is a virtual entity that uses mathematical language to describe the behavior of a system. Mathematical models are used particularly in the natural sciences and engineering disciplines like physics, biology, and electrical engineering as well as in the social sciences like economics, sociology and political science. Physicists, Engineers, Computer scientists, and Economists use mathematical models most extensively. With the advent of high performance processors and advanced mathematical computations, it is possible to develop high performing simulators for complicated Multi Input Multi Ouptut (MIMO) systems like Quadruple tank systems, Aircrafts, Boilers etc. This paper presents the development of the mathematical model of a 500 MW utility boiler which is a highly complex system. A synergistic combination of operational experience, system identification and lower order modeling philosophy has been effectively used to develop a simplified but accurate model of a circulation system of a utility boiler which is a MIMO system. The results obtained are found to be in good agreement with the physics of the process and with the results obtained through design procedure. The model obtained can be directly used for control system studies and to realize hardware simulators for boiler testing and operator training.

Emissions During Co-Firing of RDF-5 with Coal in a 22 t/h Steam Bubbling Fluidized Bed Boiler

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wan, Hou-Peng; Chen, Jia-Yuan; Juch, Ching-I.; Chang, Ying-Hsi; Lee, Hom-Ti

The co-firing of biomass and fossil fuel in the same power plant is one of the most important issues when promoting the utilization of renewable energy in the world. Recently, the co-firing of coal together with biomass fuel, such as "densified refuse derived fuel" (d-RDF or RDF-5) or RPF (refuse paper & plastic fuel) from waste, has been considered as an environmentally sound and economical approach to both waste remediation and energy production in the world. Because of itscomplex characteristics when compared to fossil fuel, potential problems, such as combustion system stability, the corrosion of heat transfer tubes, the qualities of the ash, and the emissionof pollutants, are major concerns when co-firing the biomass fuel with fossil fuel in a traditional boiler. In this study, co-firing of coal with RDF-5 was conducted in a 22t/h bubbling fluidized bed (BFB) steam boiler to investigate the feasibility of utilizing RDF-5 as a sustainable fuels in a commercial coal-fired steam BFB boiler. The properties of the fly ash, bottom ash, and the emission of pollutants are analyzed and discussed in this study.

[The utility boiler low NOx combustion optimization based on ANN and simulated annealing algorithm].

PubMed

Zhou, Hao; Qian, Xinping; Zheng, Ligang; Weng, Anxin; Cen, Kefa

2003-11-01

With the developing restrict environmental protection demand, more attention was paid on the low NOx combustion optimizing technology for its cheap and easy property. In this work, field experiments on the NOx emissions characteristics of a 600 MW coal-fired boiler were carried out, on the base of the artificial neural network (ANN) modeling, the simulated annealing (SA) algorithm was employed to optimize the boiler combustion to achieve a low NOx emissions concentration, and the combustion scheme was obtained. Two sets of SA parameters were adopted to find a better SA scheme, the result show that the parameters of T0 = 50 K, alpha = 0.6 can lead to a better optimizing process. This work can give the foundation of the boiler low NOx combustion on-line control technology.

Field Demonstration of Enhanced Sorbent Injection for Mercury Control

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shin Kang; Robert Schrecengost

2009-01-07

Alstom Power Inc. has conducted a DOE/NETL-sponsored program (under DOE Cooperative Agreement No. DE-FC26-04NT42306) to demonstrate Mer-Cure{trademark}, one of Alstom's mercury control technologies for coal-fired boilers. Mer-Cure{trademark} utilizes a small amount of Mer-Clean{trademark} sorbent that is injected into the flue gas stream for oxidation and adsorption of gaseous mercury. Mer-Clean{trademark} sorbents are carbon-based and prepared with chemical additives that promote oxidation and capture of mercury. Mer-Cure{trademark} is unique in that the sorbent is injected into an environment where the mercury capture kinetics is accelerated. This full-scale demonstration program was comprised of three seven-week long test campaigns at three host sites including PacifiCorp's 240-MW{sub e} Dave Johnston Unit No.3 burning a Powder River Basin (PRB) coal, Basin Electric's 220-MW{sub e} Leland Olds Unit No.1 burning a North Dakota lignite, and Reliant Energy's 170-MW{sub e} Portland Unit No.1 burning an Eastern bituminous coal. All three boilers are equipped with electrostatic precipitators. The goals for this Round 2 program, established by DOE/NETL under the original solicitation, were to reduce the uncontrolled mercury emissions by 50 to 70% at a cost 25 to 50% lower than the previous target ofmore » $$60,000/lb mercury removed. The results for all three host sites indicated that Mer-Cure{trademark} technology could achieve mercury removal of 90%. The estimated mercury removal costs were 25-92% lower than the benchmark of $$60,000/lb mercury removed. The estimated costs for control, at sorbent cost of $1.25 to $2.00/lb respectively, are as follows: (1) Dave Johnston Unit No.3--$2,650 to $4,328/lb Hg removed (92.8% less than $60k/lb); (2) Leland Olds Unit No.1--$8,680 to $13,860/lb Hg removed (76.7% less than $60k/lb); and (3) Portland Unit No.1--$28,540 to $45,065/lb Hg removed (24.9% less than $60k/lb). In summary, the results from demonstration testing at all three host sites show that the goals established by DOE/NETL were exceeded during this test program. Mercury removal performance4 of greater than 90% reduction was above the 50-70% reduction goal, and mercury removal cost of 25-92% lower than the benchmark was above the 25 to 50% cost reduction goal.« less

Characterization of Residential Scale Biofuel Boilers and Fuels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chandrasekaran, Sriraam R.

The objectives of this study were to: 1) characterize commercially available wood pellets and wood chips for basic properties such as calorific, ash, moisture contents; 2) analyze elements and ions and other possible contamination during the pellet manufacturing processes; 3) characterize the chemical and thermo-chemical property of grass pellets for their combustion potential; 4) characterize the emissions from 6 different residential scale boiler/furnace appliances burning grass and wood pellets; 5) characterize the emitted particulate matter for toxic and marker species with respect to combustion appliance and combustion conditions; and 6) determine the effects of the biomass fuel properties of 5 different grass pellets on particulate and gaseous emissions from a single type of boiler. The results from characterization of wood pellets and chips indicated that the wood pellet samples generally meet the quality standards. However, there are some samples that would fail the ash content requirements. Only the German standards have extensive trace element limits. Most of the samples would meet these standards, but some samples failed to meet these standards based on their lead, arsenic, cadmium, and copper concentrations. It is likely that inclusion of extraneous materials such as painted or pressure treated lumber led to the observed high concentrations. Given increasing use of pellets and chips as a renewable fuel, standards for the elemental composition of commercial wood pellets and chips are needed in United States to avoid the inclusion of extraneous materials. Such standards would reduce the environmental impact of toxic species that would be released when the wood is burned. Grass pellets were characterized for chemical and thermochemical properties. Switch grass pellets were studied for it thermal degradation process under inert and oxidizing atmosphere using TGA. The thermal degradation of grass pellet measured the activation energy and pre-exponential factors for switch grass decomposition. Two major losses occurred due to volatilization of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin and burning or slow oxidation of residual char. The parameters were high for oxidative environment indicating high temperature sensitivity of the charcoal formation reaction. There was a substantial effect of heating rate on the mass loss and mass loss rate. The TG curve shifted to higher temperature ranges on increasing the heating rate. In both pyrolyzing and oxidizing conditions, average combustion and devolatlization rates increased. Emissions measurements and efficiency estimation were conducted on six commercially available residential scale appliances that utilize different technologies including direct combustion, gasification, lambda control, or fixed air flow rates that were designed to burn low ash wood (less than 1%). The grass has high ash and chlorine content producing more PM and chlorinated hydrocarbons including dioxins and furans. The results also indicated that the air supply and geometry of the furnace, and the type of furnace are also major influencing factors that affect the pollutant formation. To determine the effect of fuel properties on emissions formation, gaseous and particulate characterization was conducted of six fuels that include five different grass pellets types with ash content ranging from 3% to 13% and a premium wood pellet with ash content 0.6% on a boiler. Emissions from grass pellets were found to be higher than wood pellets and the PM; SO2 and NOx emissions were strongly related to the fuel properties such as ash content, sulfur and nitrogen content, respectively. CO emissions that indicate the completeness of reactions were higher for grass pellets and were strongly correlated to PAHs emissions. The PCDD/F emission was clearly a function of chlorine content of the fuel. A strong correlation existed between levoglucosan and PM2.5 concentrations indicated that levoglucosan is also a molecular marker for grass pellet combustion. All of the emissions were found to be higher for grass pellets when compared to the wood pellets and are higher at high loads than at low loads. These results show that the grass pellets cannot be used as a fuel in current generation wood pellet systems. It will be necessary to design systems that effectively deal with the higher ash and chlorine content if grass pellets are to be a significant fuel for home heating. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Impacts of halogen additions on mercury oxidation, in a slipstream selective catalyst reduction (SCR), reactor when burning sub-bituminous coal.

PubMed

Cao, Yan; Gao, Zhengyang; Zhu, Jiashun; Wang, Quanhai; Huang, Yaji; Chiu, Chengchung; Parker, Bruce; Chu, Paul; Pant, Wei-Ping

2008-01-01

This paper presents a comparison of impacts of halogen species on the elemental mercury (Hg(0)) oxidation in a real coal-derived flue gas atmosphere. It is reported there is a higher percentage of Hg(0) in the flue gas when burning sub-bituminous coal (herein Powder River Basin (PRB) coal) and lignite, even with the use of selective catalytic reduction (SCR). The higher Hg(0)concentration in the flue gas makes it difficult to use the wet-FGD process for the mercury emission control in coal-fired utility boilers. Investigation of enhanced Hg(0) oxidation by addition of hydrogen halogens (HF, HCl, HBr, and HI) was conducted in a slipstream reactor with and without SCR catalysts when burning PRB coal. Two commercial SCR catalysts were evaluated. SCR catalyst no. 1 showed higher efficiencies of both NO reduction and Hg(0) oxidation than those of SCR catalyst no. 2. NH3 addition seemed to inhibit the Hg(0) oxidation, which indicated competitive processes between NH3 reduction and Hg(0) oxidation on the surface of SCR catalysts. The hydrogen halogens, in the order of impact on Hg(0) oxidation, were HBr, HI, and HCl or HF. Addition of HBr at approximately 3 ppm could achieve 80% Hg(0) oxidation. Addition of HI at approximately 5 ppm could achieve 40% Hg(0) oxidation. In comparison to the empty reactor, 40% Hg(0) oxidation could be achieved when HCl addition was up to 300 ppm. The enhanced Hg(0) oxidation by addition of HBr and HI seemed not to be correlated to the catalytic effects by both evaluated SCR catalysts. The effectiveness of conversion of hydrogen halogens to halogen molecules or interhalogens seemed to be attributed to their impacts on Hg(0) oxidation.

30 CFR 817.87 - Coal mine waste: Burning and burned waste utilization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Coal mine waste: Burning and burned waste...-UNDERGROUND MINING ACTIVITIES § 817.87 Coal mine waste: Burning and burned waste utilization. (a) Coal mine... extinguishing operations. (b) No burning or unburned coal mine waste shall be removed from a permitted disposal...

30 CFR 817.87 - Coal mine waste: Burning and burned waste utilization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Coal mine waste: Burning and burned waste...-UNDERGROUND MINING ACTIVITIES § 817.87 Coal mine waste: Burning and burned waste utilization. (a) Coal mine... extinguishing operations. (b) No burning or unburned coal mine waste shall be removed from a permitted disposal...

30 CFR 817.87 - Coal mine waste: Burning and burned waste utilization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Coal mine waste: Burning and burned waste...-UNDERGROUND MINING ACTIVITIES § 817.87 Coal mine waste: Burning and burned waste utilization. (a) Coal mine... extinguishing operations. (b) No burning or unburned coal mine waste shall be removed from a permitted disposal...

30 CFR 817.87 - Coal mine waste: Burning and burned waste utilization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Coal mine waste: Burning and burned waste...-UNDERGROUND MINING ACTIVITIES § 817.87 Coal mine waste: Burning and burned waste utilization. (a) Coal mine... extinguishing operations. (b) No burning or unburned coal mine waste shall be removed from a permitted disposal...

30 CFR 817.87 - Coal mine waste: Burning and burned waste utilization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Coal mine waste: Burning and burned waste...-UNDERGROUND MINING ACTIVITIES § 817.87 Coal mine waste: Burning and burned waste utilization. (a) Coal mine... extinguishing operations. (b) No burning or unburned coal mine waste shall be removed from a permitted disposal...

Non-OEM experience with NOx reduction applications

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Birchett, K.S.; Chung, L.; Caldwell, R.E.

1996-01-01

Heightened global environmental awareness and mandated deadlines for emission compliance required by the Clean Air Act, demand operators to increase controls on boiler emissions. For decades, the utility boiler industry has been dominated by the large OEM`s. In the past, boiler owners would approach the company that originally designed the boiler or burner system to design a burner system to reduce emissions. It was commonly believed that the boiler manufacturer had the greatest expertise in the area of NO{sub x} reduction. Current experience demonstrates that boiler owners are accepting new approaches to reducing NO{sub x} from non-OEM designers and suppliers.more » This paper outlines new approaches being applied by boiler operators to reduce NO{sub x} emissions. Several steps are imperative for a successful NO{sub x} reduction program and each step of this process will be described with examples presented. Concepts that will be examined are: (1) Practical designing concerns of theoretical Low NO{sub x} combustion, (2) Reviewing scope requirements required to reduce emissions, and (3) Teaming with the Customer to facilitate retrofit design and installation. The emphasis of this paper is not directed at the theory of how the components reduce NO{sub x}, but how to effectively apply proven technology that reduced NO{sub x} emissions.« less

Underfed stoker boiler for burning bituminous coal and other solid fuel particles

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Marcotte, R.P.; Dumont, J.W. Jr.

1987-10-06

An automatic stoker boiler is described for space or process heating with steam or hot water. The boiler includes a heat transfer compartment having a water inlet and an outlet for steam or hot water, an exhaust, a combustion chamber, a transverse partition in the chamber, drive and driven shafts below the chamber, sprockets supported by the shaft and an endless belt of the link type trained about the sprockets. There are also means to deliver underfire air upwardly through the upper course. The upper portion has a throat opening adjacent to the second end, heat exchanging passageways extending throughmore » the compartment, means to deliver overfire air into the chamber, means to deliver solid fuel particles to the upper course adjacent to the first end, means in the exhaust operable to induce draft in the upper portion and control means operable to effect the advance of the belt. There are means operable to deliver solid fuel to the upper course in predetermined, proportional increments, means to vary the induced draft by predetermined, proportional increments and means to adjust the underfire air volume by predetermined, proportional increments.« less

An assessment of air emissions from liquefied natural gas ships using different power systems and different fuels.

PubMed

Afon, Yinka; Ervin, David

2008-03-01

The shipping industry has been an unrecognized source of criteria pollutants: nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds, coarse particulate matter (PM10), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and carbon monoxide (CO). Liquefied natural gas (LNG) has traditionally been transported via steam turbine (ST) ships. Recently, LNG shippers have begun using dual-fuel diesel engines (DFDEs) to propel and offload their cargoes. Both the conventional ST boilers and DFDE are capable of burning a range of fuels, from heavy fuel oil to boil-off-gas (BOG) from the LNG load. In this paper a method for estimating the emissions from ST boilers and DFDEs during LNG offloading operations at berth is presented, along with typical emissions from LNG ships during offloading operations under different scenarios ranging from worst-case fuel oil combustion to the use of shore power. The impact on air quality in nonattainment areas where LNG ships call is discussed. Current and future air pollution control regulations for ocean-going vessels (OGVs) such as LNG ships are also discussed. The objective of this study was to estimate and compare emissions of criteria pollutants from conventional ST and DFDE ships using different fuels. The results of this study suggest that newer DFDE ships have lower SO2 and PM2.5/PM10 emissions, conventional ST ships have lower NOx, volatile organic compound, and CO emissions; and DFDE ships utilizing shore power at berth produce no localized emissions because they draw their required power from the local electric grid.

Investigations of ash fouling with cattle wastes as reburn fuel in a small-scale boiler burner under transient conditions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hyukjin Oh; Kalyan Annamalai; John M. Sweeten

2008-04-15

Fouling behavior under reburn conditions was investigated with cattle wastes (termed as feedlot biomass, FB) and coal as reburn fuels under a transient condition and short-time operation. A small-scale (30 kW or 100,000 Btu/hr) boiler burner research facility was used for the reburn experiments. The fuels considered for these experiments were natural gas (NG) for the ashless case, pure coal, pure FB, and blends of coal and FB. Two parameters that were used to characterize the ash 'fouling' were (1) the overall heat-transfer coefficient (OHTC) when burning NG and solid fuels as reburn fuels, and (2) the combustible loss throughmore » ash deposited on the surfaces of heat exchanger tubes and the bottom ash in the ash port. A new methodology is presented for determining ash fouling behavior under transient conditions. Results on the OHTCs for solid reburn fuels are compared with the OHTCs for NG. It was found that the growth of the layer of ash depositions over longer periods typically lowers OHTC, and the increased concentration of ash in gas phase promotes radiation in high-temperature zones during initial periods while decreasing the heat transfer in low-temperature zones. The ash analyses indicated that the bottom ash in the ash port contained a smaller percentage of combustibles with a higher FB percentage in the fuels, indicating better performance compared with coal because small particles in FB burn faster and the FB has higher volatile matter on a dry ash-free basis promoting more burn out. 16 refs., 12 figs., 6 tabs.« less

Mercury emission and speciation of coal-fired power plants in China

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, S. X.; Zhang, L.; Li, G. H.; Wu, Y.; Hao, J. M.; Pirrone, N.; Sprovieri, F.; Ancora, M. P.

2010-02-01

Comprehensive field measurements are needed to understand the mercury emissions from Chinese power plants and to improve the accuracy of emission inventories. Characterization of mercury emissions and their behavior were measured in six typical coal-fired power plants in China. During the tests, the flue gas was sampled simultaneously at inlet and outlet of Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR), electrostatic precipitators (ESP), and flue gas desulfurization (FGD) using the Ontario Hydro Method (OHM). The pulverized coal, bottom ash, fly ash and gypsum were also sampled in the field. Mercury concentrations in coal burned in the measured power plants ranged from 17 to 385 μg/kg. The mercury mass balances for the six power plants varied from 87 to 116% of the input coal mercury for the whole system. The total mercury concentrations in the flue gas from boilers were at the range of 1.92-27.15 μg/m3, which were significantly related to the mercury contents in burned coal. The mercury speciation in flue gas right after the boiler is influenced by the contents of halogen, mercury, and ash in the burned coal. The average mercury removal efficiencies of ESP, ESP plus wet FGD, and ESP plus dry FGD-FF systems were 24%, 73% and 66%, respectively, which were similar to the average removal efficiencies of pollution control device systems in other countries such as US, Japan and South Korea. The SCR system oxidized 16% elemental mercury and reduced about 32% of total mercury. Elemental mercury, accounting for 66-94% of total mercury, was the dominant species emitted to the atmosphere. The mercury emission factor was also calculated for each power plant.

Mercury emission and speciation of coal-fired power plants in China

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, S.; Zhang, L.; Li, G.; Wu, Y.; Hao, J.; Pirrone, N.; Sprovieri, F.; Ancora, M. P.

2009-11-01

Comprehensive field measurements are needed to understand the mercury emissions from Chinese power plants and to improve the accuracy of emission inventories. Characterization of mercury emissions and their behavior were measured in six typical coal-fired power plants in China. During the tests, the flue gas was sampled simultaneously at inlet and outlet of selective catalyst reduction (SCR), electrostatic precipitators (ESP), and flue gas desulfurization (FGD) using the Ontario Hydro Method (OHM). The pulverized coal, bottom ash, fly ash and gypsum were also sampled in the field. Mercury concentrations in coal burned in the measured power plants ranged from 17 to 385 μg/kg. The mercury mass balances for the six power plants varied from 87 to 116% of the input coal mercury for the whole system. The total mercury concentrations in the flue gas from boilers were at the range of 1.92-27.15 μg/m3, which were significantly related to the mercury contents in burned coal. The mercury speciation in flue gas right after the boiler is influenced by the contents of halogen, mercury, and ash in the burned coal. The average mercury removal efficiencies of ESP, ESP plus wet FGD, and ESP plus dry FGD-FF systems were 24%, 73% and 66%, respectively, which were similar to the average removal efficiencies of pollution control device systems in other countries such as US, Japan and South Korea. The SCR system oxidized 16% elemental mercury and reduced about 32% of total mercury. Elemental mercury, accounting for 66-94% of total mercury, was the dominant species emitted to the atmosphere. The mercury emission factor was also calculated for each power plant.

All-Russia Thermal Engineering Institute experience in using difficult to burn fuels in the power industry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tugov, A. N.; Ryabov, G. A.; Shtegman, A. V.; Ryzhii, I. A.; Litun, D. S.

2016-07-01

This article presents the results of the research carried out at the All-Russia Thermal Engineering Institute (VTI) aimed at using saline coal, municipal solid waste and bark waste, sunflower husk, and nesting/ manure materials from poultry farms. The results of saline coal burning experience in Troitsk and Verkhny Tagil thermal power plants (TPP) show that when switching the boiler to this coal, it is necessary to take into account its operating reliability and environmental safety. Due to increased chlorine content in saline coal, the concentration of hydrogen chloride can make over 500 mg/m3. That this very fact causes the sharp increase of acidity in sludge and the resulting damage of hydraulic ash removal system equipment at these power stations has been proven. High concentration of HCl can trigger damage of the steam superheater due to high-temperature corrosion and result in a danger of low-temperature corrosion of air heating surfaces. Besides, increased HCl emissions worsen the environmental characteristics of the boiler operation on the whole. The data on waste-to-energy research for municipal solid waste (MSW) has been generalized. Based on the results of mastering various technologies of MSW thermal processing at special plants nos. 2 and 4 in Moscow, as well as laboratory, bench, and industrial studies, the principal technical solutions to be implemented in the modern domestic thermal power plant with the installed capacity of 24 MW and MSW as the primary fuel type has been developed. The experience of the VTI in burning various kinds of organic waste—bark waste, sunflower husk, and nesting/manure materials from poultry farms—has been analyzed.

Making the Connection: Beneficial Collaboration Between Army Installations and Energy Utility Companies

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-01-01

natural gas vehicle-fueling station, improving the efficiency of boilers, installing a generating system to supplement the electricity purchased during...voltage regulation of transformers in its substations to improve energy efficiency and a small study on customer assistance, both at BPA’s own expense...Fort Campbell has installed more energy efficient boilers, HVAC systems , hot water heaters, lighting, 10 A ground source heat pump (GSHP), also

Navy Energy/Water Program and Applicable Process Technologies

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-02-25

wise man never plays leapfrog with a unicorn . •Research causes cancer in rats. •Always remember to pillage BEFORE you burn. •It may be that your sole...10% of Ksf Annually •Develops and Executes ECIP •Develops and Executes Alternative Financed - Marketing; Technical, Financial & Design Reviews...boilers, EMCS, street lighting 12 Goals • Award $200M/yr in energy projects – Central Funding – Alternative Financing – Others 13 FY04 Plans •Management

The heat exchanger of small pellet boiler for phytomass

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mičieta, Jozef; Lenhard, Richard; Jandačka, Jozef

2014-08-01

Combustion of pellets from plant biomass (phytomass) causes various troubles. Main problem is slagging ash because of low melting temperature of ash from phytomass. This problem is possible to solve either improving energetic properties of phytomass by additives or modification of boiler construction. A small-scale boiler for phytomass is different in construction of heat exchanger and furnace mainly. We solve major problem - slagging ash, by decreasing combustion temperature via redesign of pellet burner and boiler body. Consequence of lower combustion temperature is also lower temperature gradient of combustion gas. It means that is necessary to design larger heat exchanging surface. We plane to use underfed burner, so we would utilize circle symmetry heat exchanger. Paper deals design of heat exchanger construction with help of CFD simulation. Our purpose is to keep uniform water flux and combustion gas flux in heat exchanger without zone of local overheating and excess cooling.

Village energy survey reveals missing rural raw coal in northern China: Significance in science and policy.

PubMed

Zhi, Guorui; Zhang, Yayun; Sun, Jianzhong; Cheng, Miaomiao; Dang, Hongyan; Liu, Shijie; Yang, Junchao; Zhang, Yuzhe; Xue, Zhigang; Li, Shuyuan; Meng, Fan

2017-04-01

Burning coal for winter heating has been considered a major contributor to northern China's winter haze, with the district heating boilers holding the balance. However a decade of intensive efforts on district heating boilers brought few improvements to northern China's winter air quality, arousing a speculation that the household heating stoves mainly in rural area rather than the district heating boilers mainly in urban area dominate coal emissions in winter. This implies an extreme underestimation of rural household coal consumption by the China Energy Statistical Yearbooks (CESYs), although direct evidence supporting this speculation is lacking. A village energy survey campaign was launched to gather the firsthand information on household coal consumption in the rural areas of two cities, Baoding (in Hebei province) and Beijing (the capital of China). The survey data show that the rural raw coal consumption in Baoding (5.04 × 10 3  kt) was approximately 6.5 times the value listed in the official CESY 2013 and exceeded the rural total of whole Hebei Province (4668 kt), revealing a huge amount of raw coal missing from the current statistical system. More importantly, rural emissions of particulate matter (PM) and SO 2 from raw coal, which had never been included in widely distributing environmental statistical reports, were found higher than those from industrial and urban household sectors in the two cities in 2013, which highlights the importance of rural coal burning in creating northern China's heavy haze and helps to explain why a number of modeling predictions on ambient pollutant concentrations based on normal emission inventories were more bias-prone in winter season than in other seasons. We therefore recommend placing greater emphasis on the "missing" rural raw coal to help China in its long-term ambition to achieve clean air in the context of rapid economic development. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Air toxics evaluation of ABB Combustion Engineering Low-Emission Boiler Systems

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wesnor, J.D.

1993-10-26

The specific goals of the program are to identify air toxic compounds that might be emmitted from the new boiler with its various Air Pollution Control device for APCD alternatives in levels of regulatory concern. For the compounds thought to be of concern, potential air toxic control methodologies will be suggested and a Test Protocol will be written to be used in the Proof of Concept and full scale tests. The following task was defined: Define Replations and Standards; Identify Air Toxic Pollutants of Interest to Interest to Utility Boilers; Assesment of Air Toxic By-Products; State of the Art Assessmentmore » of Toxic By-Product Control Technologies; and Test Protocol Definition.« less

Healthcare resource utilization and epidemiology of pediatric burn-associated hospitalizations, United States, 2000.

PubMed

Shields, Brenda J; Comstock, R Dawn; Fernandez, Soledad A; Xiang, Huiyun; Smith, Gary A

2007-01-01

The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiology and financial burden of burn-associated hospitalizations for children younger than 18 years in the United States. Retrospective data analysis of pediatric burn-associated hospitalizations was done using the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Kids' Inpatient Database for 2000. An estimated 10,000 children younger than 18 years were hospitalized for burn-associated injuries in the United States in 2000. These children spent an estimated 66,200 days in the hospital with associated hospital charges equal to USD 211,772,700. Total charges and length of stay for pediatric burn-associated hospitalizations in the United States during 2000 were associated with degree of burn, percentage of total body surface area burned, child's age, region of the United States, hospital location, and hospital type. Children 2 years old or younger were more likely to be nonwhite, be hospitalized for burns, and burn their hands/wrists, compared with children 3 to 17 years of age. Male children in both age groups were more likely to be hospitalized for burns than female children. Children 2 years old or younger were more likely to be burned by hot liquids/vapors and contact with hot substances/objects, while children 3 to 17 years were more likely to be burned by fire/flames. This study is the first national study on healthcare resource utilization for pediatric burn-associated hospitalizations to utilize the KID database. Burns are a major source of pediatric morbidity and are associated with significant national healthcare resource utilization annually. Future burn prevention efforts should emphasize implementing passive injury prevention strategies, especially for young children who are nonwhite and live in low-income communities.

Quiet Clean Short-haul Experimental Engine (QCSEE) Under-The-Wing (UTW) boiler plate nacelle and core exhaust nozzle design report

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1976-01-01

The mechanical design of the boiler plate nacelle and core exhaust nozzle for the QCSEE under the wing engine is presented. The nacelle, which features interchangeable hard-wall and acoustic panels, is to be utilized in the initial engine testing to establish acoustic requirements for the subsequent composite nacelle as well as in the QCSEE over the wing engine configuration.

38 CFR 59.50 - Priority list.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... utility systems, such as heating and air conditioning systems or building features, such as roof... Americans with Disabilities Act; building systems and utilities (e.g., electrical; heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC); boiler; medical gasses; roof; elevators); clinical-support facilities (e.g...

38 CFR 59.50 - Priority list.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... utility systems, such as heating and air conditioning systems or building features, such as roof... Americans with Disabilities Act; building systems and utilities (e.g., electrical; heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC); boiler; medical gasses; roof; elevators); clinical-support facilities (e.g...

Status of EPA's (Environmental Protection Agency's) LIMB (Limestone Injection Multistage Burner) demonstration program at Ohio Edison's Edgewater Unit 4. Report for September-December 1986

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hendriks, R.V.; Nolan, P.S.

1987-01-01

The paper describes and discusses the key design features of the retrofit of EPA's Limestone Injection Multistage Burner (LIMB) system to an operating, wall-fired utility boiler at Ohio Edison's Edgewater Station. It further describes results of the pertinent projects in EPA's LIMB program and shows how these results were used as the basis for the design of the system. The full-scale demonstration is expected to prove the effectiveness and cost of the LIMB concept for use on large-scale utility boilers. The equipment is now being installed at Edgewater, with system start-up scheduled for May 1987.

Evaluation of AFBC co-firing of coal and hospital wastes. Technical report, January 1989--August 1990

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1991-02-01

The purpose of this program is to expand the use of coal by utilizing CFB (circulating fluidized bed) technology to provide an environmentally safe method for disposing of waste materials. Hospitals are currently experiencing a waste management crisis. In many instances, they are no longer permitted to burn pathological and infectious wastes in incinerators. Older hospital incinerators are not capable of maintaining the stable temperatures and residence times necessary in order to completely destroy toxic substances before release into the atmosphere. In addition, the number of available landfills which can safely handle these substances is decreasing each year. The purposemore » of this project is to conduct necessary research investigating whether the combustion of the hospital wastes in a coal-fired circulating fluidized bed boiler will effectively destroy dioxins and other hazardous substances before release into the atmosphere. If this is proven feasible, in light of the quantity of hospital wastes generated each year, it would create a new market for coal -- possibly 50 million tons/year.« less

Economic and environmental assessment of cellulosic ethanol production scenarios annexed to a typical sugar mill.

PubMed

Ali Mandegari, Mohsen; Farzad, Somayeh; Görgens, Johann F

2017-01-01

In this work different biorefinery scenarios were investigated, concerning the co-production of bioethanol and electricity from available lignocellulose at a typical sugar mill, as possible extensions to the current combustion of bagasse for steam and electricity production and burning trash on-filed. In scenario 1, the whole bagasse and brown leaves is utilized in a biorefinery and coal is burnt in the existing inefficient sugar mill boiler. Scenario 2 & 3 are assumed with a new centralized CHP unit without/with coal co-combustion, respectively. Also, through scenarios 4 & 5, the effect of water insoluble loading were studied. All scenarios provided energy for the sugarmill and the ethanol plant, with the export of surplus electricity. Economic analysis determined that scenario 1 was the most viable scenario due to less capital cost and economies-of scale. Based on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) results, scenario 2 outperformed the other scenarios, while three scenarios showed lower contribution to environmental burdens than the current situation. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

LIBS Analysis for Coal

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

E. Romero, Carlos; De Saro, Robert

Coal is a non-uniform material with large inherent variability in composition, and other important properties, such as calorific value and ash fusion temperature. This quality variability is very important when coal is used as fuel in steam generators, since it affects boiler operation and control, maintenance and availability, and the extent and treatment of environmental pollution associated with coal combustion. On-line/in situ monitoring of coal before is fed into a boiler is a necessity. A very few analytical techniques like X-ray fluorescence and prompt gamma neutron activation analysis are available commercially with enough speed and sophistication of data collection for continuous coal monitoring. However, there is still a need for a better on-line/in situ technique that has higher selectivity, sensitivity, accuracy and precision, and that is safer and has a lower installation and operating costs than the other options. Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is ideal for coal monitoring in boiler applications as it need no sample preparation, it is accurate and precise it is fast, and it can detect all of the elements of concern to the coal-fired boiler industry. LIBS data can also be adapted with advanced data processing techniques to provide real-time information required by boiler operators nowadays. This chapter summarizes development of LIBS for on-line/in situ coal applications in utility boilers.

40 CFR Table 2 to Subpart Ddddd of... - Emission Limits for Existing Boilers and Process Heaters

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... runduration . . . 1. Units in all subcategories designed to burn solid fuel a. HCl 2.2E-02 lb per MMBtu of...-02 lb per MMBtu of heat input; or (5.3E-05 lb per MMBtu of heat input) 4.2E-02 lb per MMBtu of steam... lb per MMBtu of heat input) 4.3E-02 lb per MMBtu of steam output or 5.2E-01 lb per MWh; or (2.8E-04...

Installation Restoration General Environmental Technology Development. Task 2. Incineration Test of Explosives Contaminated Soils at Savanna Army Depot Activity, Savanna, Illinois.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-04-01

800OF and afterburner temperatures below 112000F. Explosives were detected in the combustion gases leaving the primary chamber for one test burn (i.e... combustion chamber. (c) Temperature in the secondary combustion chamber. l These key parameters were selected since they directly re- late to the...4523A 5.4 Heat exchanger (waste heat boiler) . The f lue gases discharged from the secondary combustion chamber were directed, via refractory-lined duct

A Feasibility Study of Burning Waste Paper in Coal-Fired Boilers on Air Force Installations

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-09-01

from coal emissions is known as wet flue - gas desulfurization . This process involves the spraying of pulverized limestone (CaCO3 ) mixed with water...conversion to natural gas fuel or additional air : 13-tion controls . However, both of these options can be very costly, and a 6 less expensive alternative may...into the flue gas . The SO, is absorbed by the spray, creating calcium sulfite (Masters, 1991:349). The process is represented in equation form as CaCO3

System and process for the abatement of casting pollution, reclaiming resin bonded sand, and/or recovering a low BTU fuel from castings

DOEpatents

Scheffer, Karl D.

1984-07-03

Air is caused to flow through the resin bonded mold to aid combustion of the resin binder to form a low BTU gas fuel. Casting heat is recovered for use in a waste heat boiler or other heat abstraction equipment. Foundry air pollution is reduced, the burned portion of the molding sand is recovered for immediate reuse and savings in fuel and other energy is achieved.

System and process for the abatement of casting pollution, reclaiming resin bonded sand, and/or recovering a low Btu fuel from castings

DOEpatents

Scheffer, K.D.

1984-07-03

Air is caused to flow through the resin bonded mold to aid combustion of the resin binder to form a low Btu gas fuel. Casting heat is recovered for use in a waste heat boiler or other heat abstraction equipment. Foundry air pollutis reduced, the burned portion of the molding sand is recovered for immediate reuse and savings in fuel and other energy is achieved. 5 figs.

Ranking of Air Force Heating Plants Relative to the Economic Benefit of Coal Utilization

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-11-01

HTlW Output Capacity ..................... 27 5.2.2 Combustion Technologies ......................... 31 5.3 COMPUTER MODEL FOR LCC ANALISIS ...and field-erected units have been examined. The packaged units are factory -built, shell (fire-tube) boilers that are small enotgh to be shipped by...40 HBtMu/h with a thermal energy capacity factory of about 65% if used as a baseload heating plant. A water- tube boiler with a steam rating of 1200

Production of Jet Fuels from Coal Derived Liquids. Volume 10. Jet Fuels Production By-Products, Utility and Sulfur Emissions Control Integration Study

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-06-01

FLUE GAS DESULFURIZATION EVALUATION A-1/A-2 3-1. 3 BOILER STACK EMISSION CONTROL WITH...Appendices A - BACT Flue Gas Desulfurization Evaluation B - BACT Off- Gas Refrigeration Evaluation v LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Material Balance for...2. Desulfurize the flue gases from the Riley boilers when firing with high sulfur oils or lignite. Options in this category include commercial wet

Environmental control implications of generating electric power from coal. 1977 technology status report. Appendix D. Assessment of NO/sub x/ control technology for coal fired utility boilers. [Low-excess-air, staged combustion, flu gas recirculation and burner design

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1977-12-01

An NOx control technology assessment study was conducted to examine the effectiveness of low-excess-air firing, staged combustion, flue gas recirculation, and current burner/boiler designs as applied to coal-fired utility boilers. Significant variations in NOx emissions exist with boiler type, firing method, and coal type, but a relative comparison of emissions control performance, cost, and operational considerations is presented for each method. The study emphasized the numerous operational factors that are of major importance to the user in selecting and implementing a combustion modification technique. Staged combustion and low-excess-air operation were identified as the most cost-effective methods for existing units. Closemore » control of local air/fuel ratios and rigorous combustion equipment maintenance are essential to the success of both methods. Flue gas recirculation is relatively ineffective and has the added concern of tube erosion. More research is needed to resolve potential corrosion concerns with low-NOx operating modes. Low-NOx burners in conjunction with a compartmentalized windbox are capable of meeting a 0.6-lb/million Btu emission level on new units. Advanced burner designs are being developed to meet research emission goals of approximately 0.25 lb/MBtu.« less

Bio-mass utilization in high pressure cogeneration boiler

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Koundinya, Sandeep; Maria Ambrose Raj, Y.; Sreeram, K.; Divakar Shetty A., S.

2017-07-01

Coal is widely used all over the world in almost all power plants. The dependence on coal has increased enormously as the demand for electricity has reached its peak. Coal being a non-renewable source is depleting fast. We being the engineers, it's our duty to conserve the natural resources and optimize the coal consumption. In this project, we have tried to optimize the bio-mass utilization in high pressure cogeneration boiler. The project was carried in Seshasayee Paper and Boards Limited, erode related to Boiler No:10 operating at steam pressure of 105 kscg and temperature of 510°C. Available bio-mass fuels in and around the mill premises are bagasse, bagasse pith, cane trash and chipper dust. In this project, we have found out the coal equivalent replacement by the above bio-mass fuel(s) to facilitate deciding on the optimized quantity of coal that can be replaced by biomass without modifying the existing design of the plant. The dominant fuel (coal) which could be displaced with the substitute biomass fuel had been individually (biomass) analyzed.

Studies in Pressurized Oxy-Combustion: Process Development and Control of Radiative Heat Transfer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gopan, Akshay

Fossil fuels supply over 80% of the world's primary energy and more than two-thirds of the world's electricity. Of this, coal alone accounts for over 41% of the electricity supplied globally. Though coal is globally well-distributed and can provide stable and reliable energy on demand, it emits a large amount of carbon dioxide--a greenhouse gas responsible for global warming. Serious concerns over the implication of the increased global temperature have prompted the investigation into low carbon energy alternatives. The idea of capturing the carbon dioxide emitted from the combustion sources is considered as one of the viable alternatives. This would allow the utilization of vast and widespread fuel resources (coal, oil, gas and biomass) that are capable of delivering power on demand, while mitigating the potentially harmful impact of CO2. Support for carbon capture, utilization and sequestration (CCUS) for power plants is, however, limited due to the high cost of electricity associated with the currently available technologies. The ultimate requirement of high pressure CO2 for either sequestration or utilization has led to the investigation of pressurized oxy-combustion technologies. Since at higher pressure, the dew point of the flue gas is higher than at atmospheric pressure, pressurized oxy-combustion can be utilized to extract the latent heat of condensation of the flue gas moisture, leading to an increase in plant efficiency. A new staged, pressurized oxy-combustion (SPOC) process for power generation with carbon capture is presented in the first part of this dissertation. The proposed staged, pressurized oxy-combustion process not only extracts the latent heat of condensation of the flue gas moisture, but unlike first generation oxy-combustion or even other pressurized oxy-combustion processes, it also minimizes the recycle of flue gas. The net plant efficiency of this proposed process is more than 25% higher than that of first generation oxy-combustion. A detailed analysis of the capital and operating costs shows that the cost of electricity generated from this process would meet the U.S. Dept. of Energy target for power generation with carbon capture. The design of a low-recycle oxy-combustion boiler is not trivial. A number of designs have been proposed, but were deemed unfit for the utility industry due to much higher heat flux than could be safely tolerated by the boiler tubes. In the second part of this dissertation, a new burner and boiler design is proposed that could be utilized in the low-recycle SPOC process. The proposed burner/boiler design 1) accommodates low flue gas recycle without exceeding wall heat flux limits, 2) increases the share of radiative over convective heat transfer in the boiler, 3) significantly reduces ash fouling and slagging, and 4) is flexible in that it is able to operate under various thermal loads. The proposed burner design would also lead to reduced soot, as compared to a normal burner. These aspects of the burner/boiler design are investigated in the dissertation.

Creative Energy Management Can Save Money.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rose, Patricia

1984-01-01

Schools can launch energy conservation programs with simple money-saving measures like improving boiler maintenance, recalibrating utility meters, and obtaining preferred utility rates. Becoming more assertive in the marketplace and using "creative financing" when needed, they can then reinvest their savings in more extensive projects. (MCG)

CONTROL OF MERCURY EMISSIONS FROM COAL-FIRED ELECTRIC UTILITY BOILERS: INTERIM REPORT

EPA Science Inventory

The report provides additional information on mercury (Hg) emissions control following the release of "Study of Hazardous Air Pollutant Emissions from Electric Utility Steam Generating Units--Final Report to Congress" in February 1998. Chapters 1-3 describe EPA's December 2000 de...

Biomass analysis at palm oil factory as an electric power plant

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yusniati; Parinduri, Luthfi; Krianto Sulaiman, Oris

2018-04-01

Biomassa found in palm oil mill industryis a by-product such as palm shell, fiber, empty fruit bunches and pome. The material can be used as an alternative fuel for fossil fuel. On PTPN IVpalm oil millDolokSinumbah with a capacity of 30 tons tbs/hour of palm fruit fiber and palm shells has been utilized as boiler fuel to produce steam to supplyboilers power plant. With this utilization, the use of generators that using fossil fuel can be reduced, this would provide added value for the company. From the analysis, the fiber and shell materials were sufficient to supply 18 tons/hoursteam for the boiler. Shell material even excess as much as 441,5 tons per month. By utilizing the 2 types of biomass that is available alone, the electricity needs of the factory of 734 Kwh can be met. While other materials such as empty bunches and pome can be utilized to increase the added value and profitability for the palm oil mill.

Life Cycle Assessment of Coal-fired Power Production

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Spath, P. L.; Mann, M. K.; Kerr, D. R.

1999-09-01

Coal has the largest share of utility power generation in the US, accounting for approximately 56% of all utility-produced electricity (US DOE, 1998). Therefore, understanding the environmental implications of producing electricity from coal is an important component of any plan to reduce total emissions and resource consumption. A life cycle assessment (LCA) on the production of electricity from coal was performed in order to examine the environmental aspects of current and future pulverized coal boiler systems. Three systems were examined: (1) a plant that represents the average emissions and efficiency of currently operating coal-fired power plants in the US (thismore » tells us about the status quo), (2) a new coal-fired power plant that meets the New Source Performance Standards (NSPS), and (3) a highly advanced coal-fired power plant utilizing a low emission boiler system (LEBS).« less

Revision and extension of Eco-LCA metrics for sustainability assessment of the energy and chemical processes.

PubMed

Yang, Shiying; Yang, Siyu; Kraslawski, Andrzej; Qian, Yu

2013-12-17

Ecologically based life cycle assessment (Eco-LCA) is an appealing approach for the evaluation of resources utilization and environmental impacts of the process industries from an ecological scale. However, the aggregated metrics of Eco-LCA suffer from some drawbacks: the environmental impact metric has limited applicability; the resource utilization metric ignores indirect consumption; the renewability metric fails to address the quantitative distinction of resources availability; the productivity metric seems self-contradictory. In this paper, the existing Eco-LCA metrics are revised and extended for sustainability assessment of the energy and chemical processes. A new Eco-LCA metrics system is proposed, including four independent dimensions: environmental impact, resource utilization, resource availability, and economic effectiveness. An illustrative example of comparing assessment between a gas boiler and a solar boiler process provides insight into the features of the proposed approach.

Near-Zero Emissions Oxy-Combustion Flue Gas Purification Task 2: SOx/Nox/Hg Removal for High Sulfur Coal

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nick Degenstein; Minish Shah; Doughlas Louie

2012-05-01

The goal of this project is to develop a near-zero emissions flue gas purification technology for existing PC (pulverized coal) power plants that are retrofitted with oxy-combustion technology. The objective of Task 2 of this project was to evaluate an alternative method of SOx, NOx and Hg removal from flue gas produced by burning high sulfur coal in oxy-combustion power plants. The goal of the program was not only to investigate a new method of flue gas purification but also to produce useful acid byproduct streams as an alternative to using a traditional FGD and SCR for flue gas processing.more » During the project two main constraints were identified that limit the ability of the process to achieve project goals. 1) Due to boiler island corrosion issues >60% of the sulfur must be removed in the boiler island with the use of an FGD. 2) A suitable method could not be found to remove NOx from the concentrated sulfuric acid product, which limits sale-ability of the acid, as well as the NOx removal efficiency of the process. Given the complexity and safety issues inherent in the cycle it is concluded that the acid product would not be directly saleable and, in this case, other flue gas purification schemes are better suited for SOx/NOx/Hg control when burning high sulfur coal, e.g. this project's Task 3 process or a traditional FGD and SCR.« less

Creep-Rupture Behavior and Recrystallization in HR6W and Haynes Alloy 230 Cold-Bent Boiler Tubing for Ultrasupercritical (USC) Steam Boiler Applications

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shingledecker, John P

2007-01-01

Creep-rupture experiments were conducted on HR6W and Haynes 230, candidate Ultrasupercritical (USC) alloys, tubes to evaluate the effects of cold-work and recrystallization during high-temperature service. These creep tests were performed by internally pressurizing cold-bent boiler tubes at 775 C for times up to 8000 hours. The bends were fabricated with cold-work levels beyond the current ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel (ASME B&PV) Code Section I limits for austenitic stainless steels. Destructive metallographic evaluation of the crept tube bends was used to determine the effects of cold-work and the degree of recrystallization. The metallographic analysis combined with an evaluation of themore » creep and rupture data suggest that solid-solution strengthened nickel-based alloys can be fabricated for high-temperature service at USC conditions utilizing levels of cold-work higher than the current allowed levels for austenitic stainless steels.« less

IAPCS: A COMPUTER MODEL THAT EVALUATES POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR UTILITY BOILERS

EPA Science Inventory

The IAPCS model, developed by U.S. EPA`s Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory and made available to the public through the National Technical Information Service, can be used by utility companies, architectural and engineering companies, and regulatory agencies at all l...

Lauryl Amine as heavy metal collector of boiler ash from pulp and paper mill waste

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sembiring, M. P.; Kaban, J.; Bangun, N.; Saputra, E.

2018-04-01

Theincreasing of demand of pulp and paper products, will following with the growing the pulp and paper industryand generate significant mill waste. The total waste reached 1/3 of the amount raw materials used and ash boiler is the waste with the largest percentage of 52%. For that it takes effort to manage the existing waste. The boiler ash contained the chemical elements, it can be utilized such as fertilizer, because it also contains transition metals in form of heavy metal such as Cadmium (Cd), Cobalt (Co), Chrome (Cr), Cupprum (Cu), Ferrum (Fe), Nickel (Ni), and Zinc (Zn), the use of boiler ash must follow the threshold specified by the Government. Several studies have been undertaken to reduce and extract heavy metals from ash and sand of the boiler by using carbon dioxide as its ligand. Eelectrochemical method was used to remove and recovery of heavy metals from the incenerator. This study focused on removal of heavy metals using Lauryl Amine as collector and three solvents namely Dichloromethane, Ethanol and n-Hexane. The treatmentswas able to extract the heavy metal and generally reduce the heavy metal content of ash boiler pulp and paper mill waste. The combination treatment used toreduce the heavy metal content of 5 gram Lauryl Amine collector in Dichloromethane solvent for 4 hours process time.

FY95 limited energy study for the area `a` package boiler. Holston Army Ammunition Plant, Kingsport, Tennessee. Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1995-11-03

Holston Army Ammunition Plant (HSAAP) in Holston, Tennessee, manufactures explosives from raw materials. The facility comprises two separate areas designated Area `A11 and Area 11B`. Each area is served by a steam plant which produces steam for production processes, equipment operation, space heating, domestic water heating, steam tracing, and product storage heating requirements. The purpose of this study is to identify and evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of alternative methods of meeting the steam requirements of the Area 11A11 industrial complex. The following items were specifically requested to be evaluated. Evaluate the use of two new gas-fired packaged boilersmore » sized to meet the requirements of the industrial complex. The new boilers would be installed adjacent to the existing steam plant and would utilize the existing smokestacks and steam distribution system. Evaluate using the existing steam distribution system rather than locating multiple boilers at various sites. Existing steam driven chillers will be replaced with electric driven equipment. Evaluate this impact on the steam system requirements. Field survey and test two existing gas-fired packaged boilers located at the Volunteer Army Ammunition Plant in Chattanooga, Tennessee. The two boilers were last used about 1980 and are presently laid away. The boilers are approximately the same capacity and operating characteristics as the ones at HSAAP. Relocation of the existing boilers and ancillary equipment (feedwater pumps, generators, fans, etc.) would be required as well as repairs or modifications necessary to meet current operating conditions and standards.« less

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF UTILIZING SOLID WASTE AS A SUPPLEMENTARY POWER PLANT FUEL

EPA Science Inventory

The results of 3 years of research on the utilization of shredded and magnetically separated municipal refuse to supplement high-sulfur coal as fuel in a stroker-fired boiler are presented. During the first half of the research, a refuse handling and furnace feed system consistin...

Solar augmentation for process heat with central receiver technology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kotzé, Johannes P.; du Toit, Philip; Bode, Sebastian J.; Larmuth, James N.; Landman, Willem A.; Gauché, Paul

2016-05-01

Coal fired boilers are currently one of the most widespread ways to deliver process heat to industry. John Thompson Boilers (JTB) offer industrial steam supply solutions for industry and utility scale applications in Southern Africa. Transport cost add significant cost to the coal price in locations far from the coal fields in Mpumalanga, Gauteng and Limpopo. The Helio100 project developed a low cost, self-learning, wireless heliostat technology that requires no ground preparation. This is attractive as an augmentation alternative, as it can easily be installed on any open land that a client may have available. This paper explores the techno economic feasibility of solar augmentation for JTB coal fired steam boilers by comparing the fuel savings of a generic 2MW heliostat field at various locations throughout South Africa.

Demonstration of natural gas reburn for NO{sub x} emissions reduction at Ohio Edison Company`s cyclone-fired Niles Plant Unit Number 1

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Borio, R.W.; Lewis, R.D.; Koucky, R.W.

1996-04-01

Electric utility power plants account for about one-third of the NO{sub x} and two-thirds of the SO{sub 2} emissions in the US cyclone-fired boilers, while representing about 9% of the US coal-fired generating capacity, emit about 14% of the NO{sub x} produced by coal-fired utility boilers. Given this background, the Environmental Protection Agency, the Gas Research Institute, the Electric Power Research Institute, the Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center, and the Ohio Coal Development Office sponsored a program led by ABB Combustion Engineering, Inc. (ABB-CE) to demonstrate reburning on a cyclone-fired boiler. Ohio Edison provided Unit No. 1 at their Niles Stationmore » for the reburn demonstration along with financial assistance. The Niles Unit No. 1 reburn system was started up in September 1990. This reburn program was the first full-scale reburn system demonstration in the US. This report describes work performed during the program. The work included a review of reburn technology, aerodynamic flow model testing of reburn system design concepts, design and construction of the reburn system, parametric performance testing, long-term load dispatch testing, and boiler tube wall thickness monitoring. The report also contains a description of the Niles No. 1 host unit, a discussion of conclusions and recommendations derived from the program, tabulation of data from parametric and long-term tests, and appendices which contain additional tabulated test results.« less

Development of a Permitting Strategy for a Coal-Fired Heating Plant, K.I. Sawyer AFB, Maine.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-12-01

that the proposed control system is BACT for controlling total suspended particulates. Under PSD review for SO2, application of BACT might require flue ... gas desulfurization and/or burning low sulfur coal. One solution to avoid BACT review for SO2 would be to limit the sulfur content of coal...existing five boilers. 3-23 i. _ - -’••-’•-’-"«--• .-*.’-.’. and combustion air at a maximum of 350°F. The corresponding flue gas exit temperature

Clean Heat: A Technical Response to a Policy Innovation

PubMed Central

Hernández, Diana

2017-01-01

New York City clean heat policies were enacted to improve air quality, especially reducing exposure to black carbon, particulate matter and sulfur that are linked to environmental degradation and various health risks. This policy measure specifically called for the phase out of residual oil and adoption of cleaner burning fuel sources through boiler conversions in commercial and residential properties throughout the city. This paper describes the process of clean heat technology adoption within the innovative clean heat policy context demonstrating its thorough compliance and discussing implications for scalability in other urban settings. PMID:29657663

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cirrito, A.J.

Combustion jet pumps ingest waste heat gases from power plant engines and boilers to boost their pressure for the ultimate low temperature utilization of the captured heat for heating homes, full-year hot houses, sterilization purposes, recreational hot water, absorption refrigeration and the like. Jet pump energy is sustained from the incineration of solids, liquids and gases and vapors or simply from burning fuels. This is the energy needed to transport the reaction products to the point of heat utilization and to optimize the heat transfer to that point. Sequent jet pumps raise and preserve energy levels. Crypto-steady and special jetmore » pumps increase pumping efficiency. The distribution conduit accepts fluidized solids, liquids, gases and vapors in multiphase flow. Temperature modulation and flow augmentation takes place by water injection. Macro solids such as dried sewage waste are removed by cyclone separation. Micro particles remain entrained and pass out with waste condensate just beyond each point of final heat utilization to recharge the water table. The non-condensible gases separated at this point are treated for pollution control. Further, jet pump reactions are controlled to yield fuel gas as necessary to power jet pumps or other use. In all these effects introduced sequentially, the available energy necessary to provide the flow energy, for the continuously distributed heating medium, is first extracted from fuel and fuel-like additions to the stream. As all energy, any way, finally converts to heat, which in this case is retained or recaptured in the flow, the captured heat is practically 90% available at the point of low temperature utilization. The jet pump for coal gasification is also disclosed as are examples of coal gasification and hydrogen production.« less

Foster Wheeler's Solutions for Large Scale CFB Boiler Technology: Features and Operational Performance of Łagisza 460 MWe CFB Boiler

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hotta, Arto

During recent years, once-through supercritical (OTSC) CFB technology has been developed, enabling the CFB technology to proceed to medium-scale (500 MWe) utility projects such as Łagisza Power Plant in Poland owned by Poludniowy Koncern Energetyczny SA. (PKE), with net efficiency nearly 44%. Łagisza power plant is currently under commissioning and has reached full load operation in March 2009. The initial operation shows very good performance and confirms, that the CFB process has no problems with the scaling up to this size. Also the once-through steam cycle utilizing Siemens' vertical tube Benson technology has performed as predicted in the CFB process. Foster Wheeler has developed the CFB design further up to 800 MWe with net efficiency of ≥45%.

Burn Rehabilitation and Research: Proceedings of a Consensus Summit

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-08-01

to determine appropriate utilization of therapy services. As patients with burn in- juries progress through various stages of recovery, their...tissue align- ment of an associated joint or anatomic structure. Contractures can affect a skin crease, skin juncture, or margin and may secondarily...comprehensive burn rehabilitation data base Increase utilization of current web sites for global communication Journal of Burn Care & Research 548

Detecting waste-combustion emissions: several advanced methods are useful for sampling air contaminants from hazardous-waste-incinerator stacks

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Johnson, L.D.

1986-01-01

This paper is an overview of sampling methods being recommended to EPA regulatory programs, to EPA engineering research and development projects, and to interested parties in the industrial community. The methods discussed are generally applicable to both incineration and processes closely related to incineration (e.g., co-firing of waste in industrial boilers, and burning of contaminated heating oil). Although methods for inorganic hazardous compounds are very briefly outlined, the primary emphasis of the paper is on organic compounds that are likely to be chosen as principal organic hazardous constituents (POHCs) for a trial burn. Methods receiving major attention include: the Modifiedmore » Method 5 Train (MM5) which includes an XAD-2 sorbent module, the Source Assessment Sampling System (SASS), the recently developed Volatile Organic Sampling Train (VOST), and assorted containers such as glass bulbs and plastic bags.« less

Conversion of an 800 MW oil fired generating unit to burn Orimulsion

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Blum, J.; Halpin, M.; Morgan, D.

1998-07-01

Florida Power and Light Company (FPL) is proposing to convert the two existing 800 megawatt (MW) residual oil fired generating units at its Manatee Plant located in Parrish, Florida, to burn Ormulsion. Ormulsion is the registered trademark name for a mixture of water and a naturally occurring heavy hydrocarbon known as bitumen. Orimulsion, which originates in Venezuela, will be shipped to Port Manatee in double-hulled vessels, stored at FPL's existing Port Manatee Terminal, and transported via FPL's existing fuel pipeline to the Manatee Plant. The proposed conversion involves modifications of the existing fuel handling facilities, enhancements of the boiler heatmore » transfer surfaces and soot blowing system, and addition of new pollution control equipment. The Manatee Orimulsion conversion will result in overall environmental benefits and significant savings to FPL's customers. This paper summarizes the overall objectives of the project and briefly describes these modifications.« less

Conversion of an 800 MW oil fired generating unit to burn Orimulsion

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Blum, J.; Halpin, M.; Morgan, D.

1998-04-01

Florida Power & Light Company (FPL) is proposing to convert the two existing 800 megawatt (MW) residual oil fired generating units at its Manatee Plant located in Parrish, Florida, to burn Orimulsion. Orimulsion is the registered trademark name for a mixture of water and a naturally occurring heavy hydrocarbon known as bitumen. Orimulsion, which originates in Venezuela, will be shipped to Port Manatee in double-hulled vessels, stored at FPL`s existing Port Manatee Terminal, and transported via FPL`s existing fuel pipeline to the Manatee Plant. The proposed conversion involves modifications of the existing fuel handling facilities, enhancements of the boiler heatmore » transfer surfaces and soot blowing system, and addition of new pollution control equipment. The Manatee Orimulsion conversion will result in overall environmental benefits and significant savings to FPL`s customers. This paper summarizes the overall objectives of the project and briefly describes these modifications.« less

The impact of municipal refuse utilization on energy and our environment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1978-01-01

The incinerator/boiler configuration is stressed as the most reliable method of waste utilization. It is also pointed out that the high cost of refuse disposal and the ever increasing cost of energy, have made this method attractive. A plan is outlined for operating a waste utilization plant. Community participation is encouraged in investigating the feasibility of refuse to energy facilities in their area.

Boiler Tube Corrosion Characterization with a Scanning Thermal Line

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cramer, K. Elliott; Jacobstein, Ronald; Reilly, Thomas

2001-01-01

Wall thinning due to corrosion in utility boiler water wall tubing is a significant operational concern for boiler operators. Historically, conventional ultrasonics has been used for inspection of these tubes. Unfortunately, ultrasonic inspection is very manpower intense and slow. Therefore, thickness measurements are typically taken over a relatively small percentage of the total boiler wall and statistical analysis is used to determine the overall condition of the boiler tubing. Other inspection techniques, such as electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT), have recently been evaluated, however they provide only a qualitative evaluation - identifying areas or spots where corrosion has significantly reduced the wall thickness. NASA Langley Research Center, in cooperation with ThermTech Services, has developed a thermal NDE technique designed to quantitatively measure the wall thickness and thus determine the amount of material thinning present in steel boiler tubing. The technique involves the movement of a thermal line source across the outer surface of the tubing followed by an infrared imager at a fixed distance behind the line source. Quantitative images of the material loss due to corrosion are reconstructed from measurements of the induced surface temperature variations. This paper will present a discussion of the development of the thermal imaging system as well as the techniques used to reconstruct images of flaws. The application of the thermal line source coupled with the analysis technique represents a significant improvement in the inspection speed and accuracy for large structures such as boiler water walls. A theoretical basis for the technique will be presented to establish the quantitative nature of the technique. Further, a dynamic calibration system will be presented for the technique that allows the extraction of thickness information from the temperature data. Additionally, the results of the application of this technology to actual water wall tubing samples and in-situ inspections will be presented.

Imulation of temperature field in swirl pulverized coal boiler

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lv, Wei; Wu, Weifeng; Chen, Chen; Chen, Weifeng; Qi, Guoli; Zhang, Songsong

2018-02-01

In order to achieve the goal of energy saving and emission reduction and energy efficient utilization, taking a 58MW swirl pulverized coal boiler as the research object, the three-dimensional model of the rotor is established. According to the principle of CFD, basic assumptions and boundary conditions are selected, the temperature field in the furnace of 6 kinds of working conditions is numerically solved, and the temperature distribution in the furnace is analyzed. The calculation results show that the temperature of the working condition 1 is in good agreement with the experimental data, and the error is less than 10%,the results provide a theoretical basis for the following calculation. Through the comparison of the results of the 6 conditions, it is found that the working condition 3 is the best operating condition of the pulverized coal boiler.

Automating data analysis during the inspection of boiler tubes using line scanning thermography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ley, Obdulia; Momeni, Sepand; Ostroff, Jason; Godinez, Valery

2012-05-01

Failures in boiler waterwalls can occur when a relatively small amount of corrosion and loss of metal have been experienced. This study presents our efforts towards the application of Line Scanning Thermography (LST) for the analysis of thinning in boiler waterwall tubing. LST utilizes a line heat source to thermally excite the surface to be inspected and an infrared detector to record the transient surface temperature increase observed due to the presence of voids, thinning or other defects. In waterwall boiler tubes the defects that can be detected using LST correspond to corrosion pitting, hydrogen damage and wall thinning produced by inadequate burner heating or problems with the water chemistry. In this paper we discuss how the LST technique is implemented to determine thickness from the surface temperature data, and we describe our efforts towards developing a semiautomatic analysis tool to speed up the time between scanning, reporting and implementing repairs. We compare the density of data produced by the common techniques used to assess wall thickness and the data produced by LST.

Data-driven modeling and predictive control for boiler-turbine unit using fuzzy clustering and subspace methods.

PubMed

Wu, Xiao; Shen, Jiong; Li, Yiguo; Lee, Kwang Y

2014-05-01

This paper develops a novel data-driven fuzzy modeling strategy and predictive controller for boiler-turbine unit using fuzzy clustering and subspace identification (SID) methods. To deal with the nonlinear behavior of boiler-turbine unit, fuzzy clustering is used to provide an appropriate division of the operation region and develop the structure of the fuzzy model. Then by combining the input data with the corresponding fuzzy membership functions, the SID method is extended to extract the local state-space model parameters. Owing to the advantages of the both methods, the resulting fuzzy model can represent the boiler-turbine unit very closely, and a fuzzy model predictive controller is designed based on this model. As an alternative approach, a direct data-driven fuzzy predictive control is also developed following the same clustering and subspace methods, where intermediate subspace matrices developed during the identification procedure are utilized directly as the predictor. Simulation results show the advantages and effectiveness of the proposed approach. Copyright © 2014 ISA. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Fly ash carbon burn-out at TVA`s Colbert and Shawnee Stations: Site specific application study. Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cochran, J.W.; Kirkconnell, S.F.

1996-04-01

Many power plants, particularly after conversion to low-NOx burners, produce fly ash that is too high in carbon content to be successfully marketed as a concrete admixture. Fly ash beneficiation using Carbon Burn-Out (CBO) technology offers the opportunity to market fly ash that was previously landfilled. This site application study of beneficiating pulverized coal boiler fly ash at Tennessee Valley Authority`s Colbert and Shawnee Stations indicates this process is a cost effective solution for decreasing solid waste disposal, increasing landfill life, improving boiler heat rate, and generating a positive revenue stream. Results indicate that the Colbert Station has the flymore » ash market, site integration potential, and positive economics to support construction and operation of a CBO plant with an annual production rate of approximately 150,000 tons. As the market for fly ash increases, this capacity may be expanded to handle the majority of fly ash generated at Colbert. Results of the Shawnee Station analysis indicate that site integration constraints combined with the lack of near term local area fly ash market growth do not support construction and operation of a CBO plant. CBO commercial process design work in developing a generic commercial design resulted in a major improvement to the heat recovery portion of the process. This development resulted in the elimination of five major equipment items, with a corresponding reduction in plant complexity and costs. The design change is now considered part of the commercial offering.« less

Petrologic and isotopic data from the Cretaceous (Campanian) Blackhawk Formation and Star Point Sandstone (Mesaverde Group), Wasatch Plateau, Utah

USGS Publications Warehouse

Fishman, Neil S.; Turner, Christine E.; Peterson, Fred

2013-01-01

The presence of discrete minerals associated with coal—whether (1) detrital or authigenic constituents of the coals or in thin mudstone or siltstone units interbedded with coals, or (2) authigenic phases that formed along cleats—might influence its utilization as an energy resource. The build-up of sintered ash deposits on the surfaces of heat exchangers in coal-fired power plants, due to the alteration of minerals during combustion of the coal, can seriously affect the functioning of the boiler and enhance corrosion of combustion equipment. In particular, the presence of sodium in coals has been considered a key factor in the fouling of boilers; however, other elements (such as calcium or magnesium) and the amount of discrete minerals burned with coal can also play a significant role in the inefficiency of and damage to boilers. Previous studies of the quality of coals in the Cretaceous (Campanian) Blackhawk Formation of the Wasatch Plateau, Utah, revealed that the sodium content of the coals varied across the region. To better understand the origin and distribution of sodium in these coals, petrologic studies were undertaken within a sedimentological framework to evaluate the timing and geochemical constraints on the emplacement of sodium-bearing minerals, particularly analcime, which previously had been identified in coals in the Blackhawk Formation. Further, the study was broadened to include not just coals in the Blackhawk Formation from various localities across the Wasatch Plateau, but also sandstones interbedded with the coals as well as sandstones in the underlying Star Point Sandstone. The alteration history of the sandstones in both formations was considered a key component of this study because it records the nature and timing of fluids passing through them and the associated precipitation of sodium-bearing minerals; thus, the alteration history could place constraints on the distribution and timing of sodium mineralization in the interbedded or overlying Blackhawk coals. Although some preliminary results were previously presented at scientific meetings, the petrologic and geochemical data have not been fully compiled and reported. The purpose of this report is to present the methods of data acquisition and the results of petrologic and isotopic analyses on coal and sandstone samples from the Blackhawk Formation as well as sandstones of the underlying Star Point Sandstone.

Glass-Ceramic Material from the SiO2-Al2O3-CaO System Using Sugar-Cane Bagasse Ash (SCBA)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Teixeira, S. R.; Romero, M.; Ma Rincón, J.; Magalhães, R. S.; Souza, A. E.; Santos, G. T. A.; Silva, R. A.

2011-10-01

Brazil is the world's largest producer of alcohol and sugar from sugarcane. Currently, sugarcane bagasse is burned in boilers to produce steam and electrical energy, producing a huge volume of ash. The major component of the ash is SiO2, and among the minor components there are some mineralizing agents or fluxing. Published works have shown the potential of transforming silicate-based residues into glass-ceramic products of great utility. This work reports the research results of SCBA use to produce glass-ceramics with wollastonite, rankinite and gehlenite as the major phases. These silicates have important applications as building industry materials, principally wollastonite, due to their special properties: high resistance to weathering, zero water absorption, and hardness among others. The glasses (frits) were prepared mixing ash, calcium carbonate and sodium or potassium carbonates as flux agents, in different concentrations. X-ray fluorescence was used to determine the chemical composition of the glasses and their crystallization was assessed by using thermal analysis (DTA/DSC/TGA) and X-ray diffraction. The crystallization kinetics was evaluated using the Kissinger method, giving activation energies ranging from 200 to 600 kJ/mol.

Ground Source Geothermal District Heating and Cooling System

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lowe, James William

2016-10-21

Ball State University converted its campus from a coal-fired steam boiler district heating system to a ground source heat pump geothermal district system that produces simultaneously hot water for heating and chilled water for cooling. This system will include the installation of 3,600 four hundred feet deep vertical closed loop boreholes making it the largest ground source geothermal district system in the country. The boreholes will act as heat exchangers and transfer heat by virtue of the earth’s ability to maintain an average temperature of 55 degree Fahrenheit. With growing international concern for global warming and the need to reducemore » worldwide carbon dioxide loading of the atmosphere geothermal is poised to provide the means to help reduce carbon dioxide emissions. The shift from burning coal to utilizing ground source geothermal will increase electrical consumption but an overall decrease in energy use and reduction in carbon dioxide output will be achieved. This achievement is a result of coupling the ground source geothermal boreholes with large heat pump chiller technology. The system provides the thermodynamic means to move large amounts of energy with limited energy input. Ball State University: http://cms.bsu.edu/About/Geothermal.aspx« less

Development and industrial application of oil-reburning for NO{sub x} emission control in utility boilers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

De Michele, G.; Pasini, S.; Tarli, R.

1996-01-01

ENEL is conducting a comprehensive modification program within its generating system, in order to comply with the new Italian air quality standards for fossil fuel-fired power plants, which set a limit for NO{sub x} of 200 mg/Nm{sup 3} corrected to 3% O{sub 2} for oil and gas and to 6% O{sub 2} for coal. Among all combustion modification technologies reburning has proven particularly attractive, since it has been demonstrated that it generally permits to satisfy the regulatory requirements in gas and oil fired units, thus avoiding the use of SCR. The ENEL generating system essentially employs tangentially fired (TF) andmore » front/opposed wall fired boilers belonging, respectively, to the CEI and Babcock & Wilcox (B&W) technology, designed and constructed by Ansaldo and Franco Tosi (now bought by Ansaldo). In this framework ENEL has signed respectively with Ansaldo Energia and Combustion Engineering Inc. (CEI), and with Ansaldo Energia two separate agreements to apply Reburn Technology in oil and gas, tangentially-fired (TF) utility boilers, the first, and oil and gas wall-fired (WF) utility boilers, the second, both in Italy and abroad. This paper outlines the technical knowledge available for the design of reburn systems for a retrofit application and describes the main results obtained, after retrofit, at Torvaldaliga No. 2 power station, 320 MW{sub e} (TF), firing both oil and gas as reburn fuels, and at Cassano unit No. 1, 75 MW{sub e} (WF), firing gas as main and reburn fuels. Reference is also made to the development of the projects for the application of the technology at Monfalcone, 320 MW{sub e} (WF), in the oil over oil configuration, whose demonstration is planned for the Autumn of 1995, and at Porto Tolle unit No. 1, 660 MW{sub e} (TF), that is planned to start in January 1996.« less

40 CFR 52.1890 - Removed control measures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... trading program, etc.) affecting large fossil-fueled utility and industrial boilers. OAC 3745-23-06, Control of nitrogen oxide emissions from stationary sources, also known as AP-7-06 in its original form...

40 CFR 52.1890 - Removed control measures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... trading program, etc.) affecting large fossil-fueled utility and industrial boilers. OAC 3745-23-06, Control of nitrogen oxide emissions from stationary sources, also known as AP-7-06 in its original form...

40 CFR 52.1890 - Removed control measures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... trading program, etc.) affecting large fossil-fueled utility and industrial boilers. OAC 3745-23-06, Control of nitrogen oxide emissions from stationary sources, also known as AP-7-06 in its original form...

40 CFR 52.1890 - Removed control measures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... trading program, etc.) affecting large fossil-fueled utility and industrial boilers. OAC 3745-23-06, Control of nitrogen oxide emissions from stationary sources, also known as AP-7-06 in its original form...

40 CFR 52.1890 - Removed control measures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... trading program, etc.) affecting large fossil-fueled utility and industrial boilers. OAC 3745-23-06, Control of nitrogen oxide emissions from stationary sources, also known as AP-7-06 in its original form...

Combustion inorganic transformations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Benson, S.A.; Sweeny, P.G.; Abrahamson, H.B.

1988-04-01

The overall goal of the project is to develop a unified picture of the physical and chemical changes that occur in coal inorganic matter during combustion. The research is centered on two main tasks. Task 3.2A deals with the use of laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (LIFS) to study the release of sodium from various model compounds and coal during combustion in a flame. The vaporized or released sodium is considered to be an important factor in the formation of ash fouling deposits in full-scale utility boilers. Task 3.2B will study changes in the morphology and chemical associations of inorganic components inmore » coals during combustion in a drop-tube furnace designed to simulate the time-temperature profile of a pulverized coal-fired utility boiler. Results are described. 18 refs., 51 figs., 28 tabs.« less

Determination of Calorific Ability of Fuel Briquettes on the Basis of Oil and Oil Slimes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fedyaeva, O. A.; Poshelyuzhnaya, E. G.; Rakhmatulina, E. M.; Zakharov, V. A.; Fisenko, T. E.

2018-01-01

Utilization and neutralization of oil slimes is one of important environmental problems of the oil-extracting, oil-processing and petrochemical industry. The easiest and economic way of utilization of oil slimes is their use as a part of the bricketed boiler fuel. In this work the highest calorific ability of crude oil, the oil slimes and fuel briquettes made on their basis is defined. A research problem was carrying out the technical analysis of oil fuels on the content in them analytical moisture, the cindery rest and volatiles. It is established that in comparison with oil slimes crude oil possesses bigger highest calorific ability, has smaller humidity and an ash-content. The highest calorific abilities of the boiler briquettes made of samples of crude oil, oil slimes and peat made 14 - 26 MJ/kg.

Impact of Early Inpatient Rehabilitation on Adult Burn Survivors' Functional Outcomes and Resource Utilization.

PubMed

Gomez, Manuel; Tushinski, Morris; Jeschke, Marc G

On July 2012, a rehabilitation hospital merged with a trauma center where the regional burn center is located. That rehabilitation center provides the only burn rehabilitation program in our region. The objective of this study was to determine if earlier initiation of inpatient rehabilitation after merger had an effect on burn survivors' functional outcomes and resource utilization. A retrospective review of electronic data of burn survivors' functional outcomes (functional independence measure [FIM] ratings on admission, at discharge, and percent change), and resource utilization (waiting time for rehab, burn center length of stay [LOS], rehab LOS, physiotherapy and occupational therapy rehabilitation workload [RehabWorkload], and discharge destination) was undertaken. Adult burn survivors who required inpatient rehabilitation and were transferred from the burn center to the inpatient rehabilitation service before the merger (July 2010-June 2012) were compared with those transferred after the merger (July 2012-June 2014). One hundred thirty-eight burn survivors were transferred from the burn center to the inpatient rehabilitation service during the study period. Sixty (43.5%) were transferred before and 78 (56.5%) were transferred after the merger. There were 97 (70.3%) men and 41 (29.7%) women with a mean age of 47.9 ± 17.9 years. TBSA burn was 24.2 ± 16.9%, and full thickness burn was 13.1 ± 16.4%. The etiology of these burns were flame (72.5%), scald (19.6%), electrical (5.1%), chemical (2.2%), and contact (0.7%). Patients in both groups had similar age, inhalation injury, TBSA, full thickness burn, FIM ratings, RehabWorkload, and burn etiology. Patients transferred before the merger had significantly more chemical burns (5% vs 0%, P = .046), and more work-related burns (26.7% vs 7.7%, P = .004). Patients transferred after the merger had significantly shorter burn center LOS (28.5 ± 20.9 days vs 38.8 ± 34.2 days, P = .043), and shorter waiting time for rehab (0.7 ± 1.1 days vs 1.5 ± 2.3 days, P = .010) than patients transferred before the merger. Early initiation of inpatient rehabilitation, after the burn center and the inpatient rehabilitation service were located in the same hospital, improved burn survivors' resource utilization.

Application of Coal Thermal Treatment Technology for Oil-Free Firing of Boilers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aliyarov, B.; Mergalimova, A.; Zhalmagambetova, U.

2018-04-01

The theoretical and practical introduction of this kind of firing boiler units in coal thermal power plants is considered in the article. The results of an experimental study of three types of coals are presented in order to obtain the required gaseous fuel. The aim of the study is to develop a new, economically and ecologically more acceptable method for firing boilers at thermal power plants, which is able to exclude the use of expensive and inconvenient fuel oil. The tasks of the experiment are to develop a technological scheme of kindling of boilers at thermal power plants, using as a type of ignition fuel volatile combustible substances released during the heating of coal, and to investigate three types of coal for the suitability of obtaining gaseous fuels, in sufficient volume and with the required heat of combustion. The research methods include the analysis of technical and scientific-methodological literature on the problem of the present study, the study of the experience of scientists of other countries, the full-scale experiment on the production of volatile combustible substances. During the full-scale experiment, the coal of 3 fields of Kazakhstan has been studied: Shubarkul, Maikuben and Saryadyr. The analysis has been performed and the choice of the most convenient technology for boiler kindling and maintenance of steady burning of the torch has been made according to the proposed method, as well as the corresponding technological scheme has been developed. As a result of the experiment, it can be stated that from coal in the process of its heating (without access to oxygen), it is possible to obtain a sufficient amount of combustible volatile substances. The released gaseous fuel has the necessary parameters and is quite capable of replacing an expensive fuel oil. The resulting gaseous fuel is quite convenient to use and environmentally cleaner. The piloting scheme developed as a result of the experiment can be introduced in pulverized-coal thermal power plants, as a result of which they become single-fuel.

Combustion monitoring of a water tube boiler using a discriminant radial basis network.

PubMed

Sujatha, K; Pappa, N

2011-01-01

This research work includes a combination of Fisher's linear discriminant (FLD) analysis and a radial basis network (RBN) for monitoring the combustion conditions for a coal fired boiler so as to allow control of the air/fuel ratio. For this, two-dimensional flame images are required, which were captured with a CCD camera; the features of the images-average intensity, area, brightness and orientation etc of the flame-are extracted after preprocessing the images. The FLD is applied to reduce the n-dimensional feature size to a two-dimensional feature size for faster learning of the RBN. Also, three classes of images corresponding to different burning conditions of the flames have been extracted from continuous video processing. In this, the corresponding temperatures, and the carbon monoxide (CO) emissions and those of other flue gases have been obtained through measurement. Further, the training and testing of Fisher's linear discriminant radial basis network (FLDRBN), with the data collected, have been carried out and the performance of the algorithms is presented. Copyright © 2010 ISA. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Burn Wound Exudate – an under-utilized resource

PubMed Central

Widgerow, Alan D; King, Kassandra; Tussardi, Ilaria Tocco; Banyard, Derek A.; Chiang, Ryan; Awad, Antony; Afzel, Hassan; Bhatnager, Shweta; Melkumyan, Satenik; Wirth, Garrett; Evans, Gregory R.D

2014-01-01

Introduction The burn wound exudate represents the burn tissue microenvironment. Extracting information from the exudate relating to cellular components, signaling mediators and protein content can provide much needed data relating to the local tissue damage, depth of the wound and probable systemic complications. This review examines the scientific data extracted from burn wound exudates over the years and proposes new investigations that will provide useful information from this underutilized resource. Method A literature review was conducted using the electronic database PubMed to search for literature pertaining to burn wound or blister fluid analysis. Key words included burn exudate, blister fluid, wound exudate, cytokine burn fluid, subeschar fluid, cytokine burns, serum cytokines. 32 relevant article were examined and 29 selected as relevant to the review. 3 papers were discarded due to questionable methodology or conclusions. The reports were assessed for their affect on management decisions and diagnostics. Furthermore, traditional blood level analysis of these mediators was made to compare the accuracy of blood versus exudate in burn wound management. Extrapolations are made for new possibilities of burn wound exudate analysis. Results Studies pertaining to burn wound exudate, subeschar fluid and blister fluid analyses may have contributed to burn wound management decisions particularly related to escharectomies and early burn wound excision. In addition, information from these studies have the potential to impact on areas such as healing, scarring, burn wound conversion and burn wound depth analysis. Conclusion Burn wound exudate analysis has proven useful in burn wound management decisions. It appears to offer a far more accurate reflection of the burn wound pathophysiology than the traditional blood/serum investigations undertaken in the past. New approaches to diagnostics and treatment efficacy assessment are possible utilizing data from this fluid. Burn wound exudate is a useful, currently under-utilized resource that is likely to take a more prominent role in burn wound management. PMID:24986597

Evaluation of electrostatic precipitator during SRC combustion tests. Final task report Apr--Aug 1977

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nichols, G.B.; Barrett, W.J.

1978-07-01

The report deals with the evaluation of an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) and associated environmental factors during the burning of solvent refined coal (SRC) in a boiler at Plant Mitchell of the Georgia Power Company. The effort was part of an overall study of the use of SRC in a full-scale electric power plant. Results of a performance evaluation of the ESP are reported and interpreted. Samples of stack emissions were collected with a Source Assessment Sampling System (SASS) train for chemical analysis: results of the analysis are to be reported later.

Letter Concerning Proposal GM Burning Natural Gas in Existing Industrial Boilers at an Estimated 16 Sites in Michigan and 12 Other Sites in Region V

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document may be of assistance in applying the New Source Review (NSR) air permitting regulations including the Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) requirements. This document is part of the NSR Policy and Guidance Database. Some documents in the database are a scanned or retyped version of a paper photocopy of the original. Although we have taken considerable effort to quality assure the documents, some may contain typographical errors. Contact the office that issued the document if you need a copy of the original.

CIBO frets most about nuts and bolts

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1979-12-24

The Environmental Protection Agency may reduce the fuel-emission standards for new boilers because the Council of Industrial Boiler Owners (CIBO) claims the standards assume stacks that are higher than those used for coal-fired boilers. CIBO is unique in concentrating on furnishing technical information rather than on broad policy issues. The group sees fuel utilization rather than fuel supply issues as an area in which it can have the greatest influence. Organized in response to President Carter's 1978 proposals for coal conversion, followed by the Fuel Use Act and the Clean Air Act Amendments, CIBO spokesmen are critical of the conversionmore » emphasis and feel the regulations should concentrate on new equipment. The group's efforts will be directed at changing fuel-use regulations, helping users get exemptions, and finding ways for users to accommodate the regulations. It supports implementation of the Clean Air Act, although it recommends a relaxed timetable. (DCK)« less

25. VIEW TO THE SOUTH OF INDUCED DRAFT FANS ON ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

25. VIEW TO THE SOUTH OF INDUCED DRAFT FANS ON THE SIXTH FLOOR OF THE CENTRAL BOILER HOUSE. - U.S. Steel Duquesne Works, Fuel & Utilities Plant, Along Monongahela River, Duquesne, Allegheny County, PA

Thermal Nondestructive Characterization of Corrosion in Boiler Tubes by Application fo a Moving Line Heat Source

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cramer, K. Elliott; Winfree, William P.

2000-01-01

Wall thinning in utility boiler waterwall tubing is a significant inspection concern for boiler operators. Historically, conventional ultrasonics has been used lor inspection of these tubes. This technique has proved to be very labor intensive and slow. This has resulted in a "spot check" approach to inspections, making thickness measurements over a relatively small percentage of the total boiler wall area. NASA Langley Research Center has developed a thermal NDE technique designed to image and quantitatively characterize the amount of material thinning present in steel tubing. The technique involves the movement of a thermal line source across the outer surface of the tubing followed by an infrared imager at a fixed distance behind the line source. Quantitative images of the material loss due to corrosion are reconstructed from measurements of the induced surface temperature variations. This paper will present a discussion of the development of the thermal imaging system as well as the techniques used to reconstruct images of flaws. The application of the thermal line source, coupled with this analysis technique, represents a significant improvement in the inspection speed for large structures such as boiler waterwalls while still providing high-resolution thickness measurements. A theoretical basis for the technique will be presented thus demonstrating the quantitative nature of the technique. Further, results of laboratory experiments on flat Panel specimens with fabricated material loss regions will be presented.

1990 Fuel oil utilization workshop

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

McDonald, B.L.; Lange, H.B.; Miller, M.N.

1992-01-01

Following a 1983 EPRI-sponsored workshop on utility boiler problems (EPRI report AP-3753), the Institute has responded to the need for better information on fuel utilization by sponsoring annual utility-focused workshops. This workshop is the sixth in a series of annual events designed to address this need. The objective was to provide utility personnel with an opportunity to exchange information on residual oil use in fossil steam plants. Participants at the 1990 workshop, held in Arlington, Virginia, October 31-November 1, 1990, included 37 representatives from 19 electric utilities, including representatives from Mexico, Canada, and Spain, as well as the Institute demore » Investigaciones Electricas in Mexico. The workshop comprised formal presentations followed by question-and-answer sessions and three 2-hour discussion group sessions. Topics included a water/oil emulsion test summary, a NO{sub x} reduction program, particulate and unburned carbon emissions reductions from oil-fired boilers using combustion promoters, a utility perspective on oil spills, and size distribution and opacity of particulate matter emissions from combustion of residual fuel oils. In addition, participants discussed the development of a coke formation index, instability and compatibility of residual fuel oils, the clean combustion of heavy liquid fuels, toxic air emissions from the combustion of residual fuel oils, H{sub 2}S release from residual fuel oils, and increased reliability of superheater and reheater tubes and headers by optimization of steam-side and gas-side temperatures.« less

FETC/EPRI Biomass Cofiring Cooperative Agreement. Quarterly technical report, September 26-December 31, 1996

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hughes, E. Tillman, D.

1997-12-01

Biomass utilization to reduce fossil C0{sub 2} emissions is being supported by sixteen (16) EPRI research projects, each contributing to the commercialization of systems to address greenhouse gas emissions. These projects include: (1) cofiring combustion testing at the Seward Generating Station of GPU Genco; (2) fuel preparation testing at the Greenidge Generating Station of NYSEG; (3) precommercial testing of cofiring at the Allen and Colbert Fossil Plants of TVA; (4) testing of switchgrass cofiring at the Blount St. Station of Madison Gas & Electric; (5) high percentage biomass cofiring with Southern Company; (6) urban wood waste cofiring at the supercriticalmore » cyclone boiler at Michigan City Generating Station of Northern Indiana Public Service Co. (NIPSCO); (7) evaluation of switchgrass cofiring with Nebraska Public Power District at Sandia National Laboratories in Livermore, CA; (8) waste plastics cofiring with Duke Power in a tangentially-fired pulverized coal (PC) boiler; (9) cofiring a mixture of plastics, fiber, and pulp industry wastes with South Carolina Electric and Gas; (10) urban wood waste cofiring evaluation and testing by the University of Pittsburgh in stoker boilers; (11) assessment of toxic emissions from cofiring of wood and coal; (12) development of fuel and power plant models for analysis and interpretation of cofiring results; (13) analysis of C0{sub 2} utilization in algal systems for wastewater treatment; (14) combustion testing and combustor development focusing on high percentage cofiring; (15) analysis of problems and potential solutions to the sale of flyash from coal- fired boilers practicing cofiring; and (16) analysis of C0{sub 2} capture and disposal systems. EPRI is supported in these efforts by numerous contractors including: Foster Wheeler Environmental Corporation, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, New York State Electric and Gas Co., Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), NIPSCO, the University of Pittsburgh, John Benneman, and others. These projects address various aspects of cofiring for C0{sub 2} mitigation including testing of cofiring with various fuels, and in all types of boilers; development of analytical tools to support the cofiring assessment; addressing specific barriers to cofiring such as the sale of flyash; longer term technology development; and evaluating alternative methods for C0{sub 2} mitigation. Taken together, they address the critical concerns associated with this approach to biofuel utilization. As such, they support implementation of the most promising near-term approach to biomass usage for greenhouse gas mitigation. This report contains a brief description of each project. It then reports the progress made during the first quarter of the contract, focusing upon test results from the Allen Fossil Plant, where precommercial testing at a cyclone boiler was used to evaluate particle size and NO{sub x} emissions from cofiring.« less

Environmental assessment of a firetube boiler firing coal/oil/water mixtures. Volume 1. Technical results. Final report, February 1981-November 1983

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

DeRosier, R.

1984-09-01

This volume describes emission results from sampling of flue-gas from a firetube boiler burning a coal/oil/water (COW) mixture and COW with soda ash added (COW+SA) to control SO/sub 2/ emissions. Measurements included: continuous monitoring of flue-gas emissions; source assessment sampling system (SASS) sampling of the flue gas with subsequent laboratory analysis of the samples to give total flue gas organics in two boiling point ranges, specific quantitation of the semivolatile organic priority pollutant species, and flue gas concentrations of 73 trace elements; Method 5 sampling for total particulate; and controlled condensation system sampling for SO/sub 2/ and SO/sub 3/ emissions.more » Flue-gas SO/sub 2/ emissions decreased almost 99% with soda ash addition from 1,089 to 13.6 ppm (3% O2). NOx emissions decreased slightly from 477 to 427 ppm, while CO emissions increased significantly from an average of 25 to 426 ppm (all at 3% O2). Particulate loading at the boiler outlet almost doubled (from 1,970 to 3,715 pg/dscm) with the additive. The size distribution of particulate also shifted to a much smaller mean diameter. Total organic emissions increased from 6.7 to 13.1 mg/dscm; most of the increase were nonvolatile (C16+) organics. Of the semivolatile organic priority pollutant species, only fluoranthene and phenanthrene were detected with the COW fuel, and phenanthrene with the COW+SA fuel.« less

Emissions of sulfur trioxide from coal-fired power plants.

PubMed

Srivastava, R K; Miller, C A; Erickson, C; Jambhekar, R

2004-06-01

Emissions of sulfur trioxide (SO3) are a key component of plume opacity and acid deposition. Consequently, these emissions need to be low enough to not cause opacity violations and acid deposition. Generally, a small fraction of sulfur (S) in coal is converted to SO3 in coal-fired combustion devices such as electric utility boilers. The emissions of SO3 from such a boiler depend on coal S content, combustion conditions, flue gas characteristics, and air pollution devices being used. It is well known that the catalyst used in the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) technology for nitrogen oxides control oxidizes a small fraction of sulfur dioxide in the flue gas to SO3. The extent of this oxidation depends on the catalyst formulation and SCR operating conditions. Gas-phase SO3 and sulfuric acid, on being quenched in plant equipment (e.g., air preheater and wet scrubber), result in fine acidic mist, which can cause increased plume opacity and undesirable emissions. Recently, such effects have been observed at plants firing high-S coal and equipped with SCR systems and wet scrubbers. This paper investigates the factors that affect acidic mist production in coal-fired electric utility boilers and discusses approaches for mitigating emission of this mist.

Improving combustion characteristics and NO(x) emissions of a down-fired 350 MW(e) utility boiler with multiple injection and multiple staging.

PubMed

Kuang, Min; Li, Zhengqi; Xu, Shantian; Zhu, Qunyi

2011-04-15

Within a Mitsui Babcock Energy Limited down-fired pulverized-coal 350 MW(e) utility boiler, in situ experiments were performed, with measurements taken of gas temperatures in the burner and near the right-wall regions, and of gas concentrations (O(2) and NO) from the near-wall region. Large combustion differences between zones near the front and rear walls and particularly high NO(x) emissions were found in the boiler. With focus on minimizing these problems, a new technology based on multiple-injection and multiple-staging has been developed. Combustion improvements and NO(x) reductions were validated by investigating three aspects. First, numerical simulations of the pulverized-coal combustion process and NO(x) emissions were compared in both the original and new technologies. Good agreement was found between simulations and in situ measurements with the original technology. Second, with the new technology, gas temperature and concentration distributions were found to be symmetric near the front and rear walls. A relatively low-temperature and high-oxygen-concentration zone formed in the near-wall region that helps mitigate slagging in the lower furnace. Third, NO(x) emissions were found to have decreased by as much as 50%, yielding a slight decrease in the levels of unburnt carbon in the fly ash.

Mental health outcomes of burn: A longitudinal population-based study of adults hospitalized for burns.

PubMed

Logsetty, Sarvesh; Shamlou, Amir; Gawaziuk, Justin P; March, Justin; Doupe, Malcolm; Chateau, Dan; Hoppensack, Mike; Khan, Sazzadul; Medved, Maria; Leslie, William D; Enns, Murray W; Stein, Murray B; Asmundson, Gordon J G; Sareen, Jitender

2016-06-01

This study investigates the increased risk of mental health outcomes and health care utilization associated with burn with two year of follow-up using a longitudinal population-based matched cohort design. Adult burn survivors (n=157) were identified from a provincial burn registry and matched 1:5 with non-burn control subjects from the general population (matching variables age and gender). The prevalence of mental health outcomes and the rates of health care utilization between the groups were compared for the 2years pre and post index date using anonymously linked population-based administrative health care data. Rates were adjusted for age, gender and sociodemographic characteristics. While the burn cohort had an increased prevalence of mental health problems after burn compared to the control cohort, the burn group also had an increased prevalence of pre-burn depression (16.6% vs 7.8%; p=0.0005) and substance use disorders (8.9% vs 3.2%; p=0.001) when compared to controls. Once the pre-existing prevalence of mental illness was taken into account there was no significant change in the prevalence of mental health problems when comparing the burn group to controls over time. Although burns may not increase rates of mental health issues and health care utilization, burn survivors are a vulnerable group who already demonstrate increased rates of psychopathology and need for care. The present study highlights the importance of assessment and treatment of mental health outcomes in this population. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd and ISBI. All rights reserved.

Characterization of Oxy-combustion Impacts in Existing Coal-fired Boilers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Adams, Bradley; Davis, Kevin; Senior, Constance

Reaction Engineering International (REI) managed a team of experts from University of Utah, Siemens Energy, Praxair, Vattenfall AB, Sandia National Laboratories, Brigham Young University (BYU) and Corrosion Management Ltd. to perform multi-scale experiments, coupled with mechanism development, process modeling and CFD modeling, for both applied and fundamental investigations. The primary objective of this program was to acquire data and develop tools to characterize and predict impacts of CO{sub 2} flue gas recycle and burner feed design on flame characteristics (burnout, NO{sub x}, SO{sub x}, mercury and fine particle emissions, heat transfer) and operational concerns (fouling, slagging and corrosion) inherent inmore » the retrofit of existing coal-fired boilers for oxy-coal combustion. Experimental work was conducted at Sandia National Laboratories’ Entrained Flow Reactor, the University of Utah Industrial Combustion Research Facility, and Brigham Young University. Process modeling and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling was performed at REI. Successful completion of the project objectives resulted in the following key deliverables: 1) Multi-scale test data from 0.1 kW bench-scale, 100 kW and 200 kW laboratory-scale, and 1 MW semi-industrial scale combustors that describe differences in flame characteristics, fouling, slagging and corrosion for coal combustion under air-firing and oxygen-firing conditions, including sensitivity to oxy-burner design and flue gas recycle composition. 2) Validated mechanisms developed from test data that describe fouling, slagging, waterwall corrosion, heat transfer, char burnout and sooting under coal oxy-combustion conditions. The mechanisms were presented in a form suitable for inclusion in CFD models or process models. 3) Principles to guide design of pilot-scale and full-scale coal oxy-firing systems and flue gas recycle configurations, such that boiler operational impacts from oxy-combustion retrofits are minimized. 4) Assessment of oxy-combustion impacts in two full-scale coal-fired utility boiler retrofits based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of air-fired and oxygen-fired operation. This research determined that it is technically feasible to retrofit the combustion system in an air-fired boiler for oxy-fired operation. The impacts of CO{sub 2} flue gas recycle and burner design on flame characteristics (burnout, NO{sub x}, SO{sub x}, mercury and fine particle emissions, heat transfer) and operational concerns (fouling, slagging and corrosion) were minimal, with the exception of high sulfur levels resulting from untreated flue gas recycle with medium and high-sulfur coals. This work focused on combustion in the radiant and convective sections of the boiler and did not address boiler system integration issues, plant efficiencies, impacts on downstream air pollution control devices, or CO{sub 2} capture and compression. The experimental data, oxy-firing system principles and oxy-combustion process mechanisms provided by this work can be used by electric utilities, boiler OEMs, equipment suppliers, design firms, software vendors, consultants and government agencies to assess retrofit applications of oxy-combustion technologies to existing boilers and to guide development of new designs.« less

Innovative Clean Coal Technology (ICCT). Demonstration of Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) technology for the control of nitrogen oxide (NO{sub x}) emissions from high-sulfur coal-fired boilers: Volume 1. Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1996-10-01

The objective of this project is to demonstrate and evaluate commercially available Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) catalysts from U.S., Japanese and European catalyst suppliers on a high-sulfur U.S. coal-fired boiler. SCR is a post-combustion nitrogen oxide (NO.) control technology that involves injecting ammonia into the flue gas generated from coal combustion in an electric utility boiler. The flue gas containing ammonia is then passed through a reactor that contains a specialized catalyst. In the presence of the catalyst, the ammonia reacts with NO. to convert it to nitrogen and water vapor. Although SCR is widely practiced in Japan and Europemore » on gas-, oil-, and low-sulfur coal- fired boilers, there are several technical uncertainties associated with applying SCR to U.S. coals. These uncertainties include: 1) potential catalyst deactivation due to poisoning by trace metal species present in U.S. coals that are not present in other fuels. 2) performance of the technology and effects on the balance-of- plant equipment in the presence of high amounts of SO{sub 2} and SO{sub 3}. 3) performance of a wide variety of SCR catalyst compositions, geometries and methods of manufacturer under typical high-sulfur coal-fired utility operating conditions. These uncertainties were explored by operating nine small-scale SCR reactors and simultaneously exposing different SCR catalysts to flue gas derived from the combustion of high sulfur U.S. coal. In addition, the test facility operating experience provided a basis for an economic study investigating the implementation of SCR technology.« less

Physical and chemical characterization of residential oil boiler emissions.

PubMed

Hays, Michael D; Beck, Lee; Barfield, Pamela; Lavrich, Richard J; Dong, Yuanji; Vander Wal, Randy L

2008-04-01

The toxicity of emissions from the combustion of home heating oil coupled with the regional proximity and seasonal use of residential oil boilers (ROB) is an important public health concern. Yet scant physical and chemical information about the emissions from this source is available for climate and air quality modeling and for improving our understanding of aerosol-related human health effects. The gas- and particle-phase emissions from an active ROB firing distillate fuel oil (commonly known as diesel fuel) were evaluated to address this deficiency. Ion chromatography of impactor samples showed that the ultrafine ROB aerosol emissions were approximately 45% (w/w) sulfate. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detected various n-alkanes at trace levels, sometimes in accumulation mode particles, and out of phase with the size distributions of aerosol mass and sulfate. The carbonaceous matter in the ROB aerosol was primarily light-adsorbing elemental carbon. Gas chromatography-atomic emission spectroscopy measured a previously unrecognized organosulfur compound group in the ROB aerosol emissions. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy of ROB soot indicated the presence of a highly ordered primary particle nanostructure embedded in larger aggregates. Organic gas emissions were measured using EPA Methods TO-15 and TO-11A. The ROB emitted volatile oxygenates (8 mg/(kg of oil burned)) and olefins (5 mg/(kg of oil burned)) mostly unrelated to the base fuel composition. In the final analysis, the ROB tested was a source of numerous hazardous air pollutants as defined in the Clean Air Act Amendments. Approximations conducted using emissions data from the ROB tests show relatively low contributions to a regional-level anthropogenic emissions inventory for volitile organic compounds, PM2.5, and SO2 mass.

Chlorine in solid fuels fired in pulverized fuel boilers sources, forms, reactions, and consequences: a literature review

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

David A. Tillman; Dao Duong; Bruce Miller

2009-07-15

Chlorine is a significant source of corrosion and deposition, both from coal and from biomass, and in PF boilers. This investigation was designed to highlight the potential for corrosion risks associated with once-through units and advanced cycles. The research took the form of a detailed literature investigation to evaluate chlorine in solid fuels: coals of various ranks and origins, biomass fuels of a variety of types, petroleum cokes, and blends of the above. The investigation focused upon an extensive literature review of documents dating back to 1991. The focus is strictly corrosion and deposition. To address the deposition and corrosionmore » issues, this review evaluates the following considerations: concentrations of chlorine in available solid fuels including various coals and biomass fuels, forms of chlorine in those fuels, and reactions - including reactivities - of chlorine in such fuels. The assessment includes consideration of alkali metals and alkali earth elements as they react with, and to, the chlorine and other elements (e.g., sulfur) in the fuel and in the gaseous products of combustion. The assessment also includes other factors of combustion: for example, combustion conditions including excess O{sub 2} and combustion temperatures. It also considers analyses conducted at all levels: theoretical calculations, bench scale laboratory data and experiments, pilot plant experiments, and full scale plant experience. Case studies and plant surveys form a significant consideration in this review. The result of this investigation focuses upon the concentrations of chlorine acceptable in coals burned exclusively, in coals burned with biomass, and in biomass cofired with coal. Values are posited based upon type of fuel and combustion technology. Values are also posited based upon both first principles and field experience. 86 refs., 8 figs., 7 tabs.« less

Experimental study of the possibility of reducing the resistance and unevenness of output field of velocities in flat diffuser channels with large opening angles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dmitriev, S. S.; Vasil'ev, K. E.; Mokhamed, S. M. S. O.; Gusev, A. A.; Barbashin, A. V.

2017-11-01

In modern combined cycle gas turbines (CCGT), when designing the reducers from the output diffuser of a gas turbine to a boiler-utilizer, wide-angle diffusers are used, in which practically from the input a flow separation and transition to jet stream regime occurs. In such channels, the energy loss in the field of velocities sharply rise and the field of velocities in the output from them is characterized by considerable unevenness that worsens the heat transfer process in the first by motion tube bundles of the boiler-utilizer. The results of experimental research of the method for reducing the energy loss and alignment of the field of velocities at the output from a flat asymmetrical diffuser channel with one deflecting wall with the opening angle of 40° by means of placing inside the channel the flat plate parallel to the deflecting wall are presented in the paper. It is revealed that, at this placement of the plate in the channel, it has a chance to reduce the energy loss by 20%, considerably align the output field of velocities, and decrease the dynamic loads on the walls in the output cross-section. The studied method of resistance reduction and alignment of the fields of velocities in the flat diffuser channels was used for optimization of the reducer from the output diffuser of the gas turbine to the boiler-utilizer of CCGT of PGU-450T type of Kaliningrad Thermal Power Plant-2. The obtained results are evidence that the configuration of the reducer installed in the PGU-450T of Kaliningrad Thermal Power Plant-2 is not optimal. It follows also from the obtained data that working-off the reducer should be necessarily conducted by the test results of the channel consisting of the model of reducer with the model of boiler-utilizer installed behind it. Application of the method of alignment of output field of velocities and reducing the resistance in the wide-angle diffusers investigated in the work made it possible—when using the known model of diffusion reducer for PGU-450T, which is bad from the standpoint of aerodynamics— to reduce the value of the coefficient of the total loss by almost 20% as compared with the model of real reducer of PGU-450T.

Predicting Resource Utilization of Elderly Burn Patients in the Baby Boomer Era

PubMed Central

Richards, Winston A.; Miggins, Makeesha; Liu, Huazhi; Mozingo, David W.; Ang, Darwin

2014-01-01

Background Census predictions for Florida suggest a threefold increase in the population 65 or older within 20 years. We predict resource utilization for this age group. Methods Using the Florida Agency for Healthcare Administration admission dataset we evaluated the effect of age on length of stay, hospital charges and discharge disposition while adjusting for clinical and demographic factors. Using U.S. Census Bureau data and burn incidence rates from this dataset we estimated future resource utilization. Results Elderly patients were discharged to home less often and were discharged to short term general hospitals, intermediate care facilities and skilled nursing facilities more often than the other age groups (p < 0.05). They also required home health care and IV medications significantly more often (p <0.05). Their length of stay was longer and total hospital charges were greater (p < 0.05) after adjusting for gender, race, Charleson comorbidity index, payer, TBSA burned and burn center treatment. Conclusions Our data show an age dependent increase in the utilization of post-hospitalization resources, LOS and total charges for elderly burn patients. PMID:23017253

Predicting gaseous emissions from small-scale combustion of agricultural biomass fuels.

PubMed

Fournel, S; Marcos, B; Godbout, S; Heitz, M

2015-03-01

A prediction model of gaseous emissions (CO, CO2, NOx, SO2 and HCl) from small-scale combustion of agricultural biomass fuels was developed in order to rapidly assess their potential to be burned in accordance to current environmental threshold values. The model was established based on calculation of thermodynamic equilibrium of reactive multicomponent systems using Gibbs free energy minimization. Since this method has been widely used to estimate the composition of the syngas from wood gasification, the model was first validated by comparing its prediction results with those of similar models from the literature. The model was then used to evaluate the main gas emissions from the combustion of four dedicated energy crops (short-rotation willow, reed canary grass, switchgrass and miscanthus) previously burned in a 29-kW boiler. The prediction values revealed good agreement with the experimental results. The model was particularly effective in estimating the influence of harvest season on SO2 emissions. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Hydronic Heating Retrofits for Low-Rise Multifamily Buildings: Boiler Control Replacement and Monitoring

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dentz, J.; Henderson, H.; Varshney, K.

2014-09-01

The ARIES Collaborative, a U.S. Department of Energy Building America research team, partnered with NeighborWorks America affiliate Homeowners' Rehab Inc. (HRI) of Cambridge, Massachusetts, to study improvements to the central hydronic heating system in one of the nonprofit's housing developments. The heating controls in the three-building, 42-unit Columbia Cambridge Alliance for Spanish Tenants housing development were upgraded. Fuel use in the development was excessive compared to similar properties. A poorly insulated thermal envelope contributed to high energy bills, but adding wall insulation was not cost-effective or practical. The more cost-effective option was improving heating system efficiency. Efficient operation of themore » heating system faced several obstacles, including inflexible boiler controls and failed thermostatic radiator valves. Boiler controls were replaced with systems that offer temperature setbacks and one that controls heat based on apartment temperature in addition to outdoor temperature. Utility bill analysis shows that post-retrofit weather-normalized heating energy use was reduced by 10%-31% (average of 19%). Indoor temperature cutoff reduced boiler runtime (and therefore heating fuel consumption) by 28% in the one building in which it was implemented. Nearly all savings were obtained during night which had a lower indoor temperature cut off (68 degrees F) than day (73 degrees F). This implies that the outdoor reset curve was appropriately adjusted for this building for daytime operation. Nighttime setback of heating system supply water temperature had no discernable impact on boiler runtime or gas bills.« less

Technology Solutions Case Study: Boiler Control Replacement for Hydronically Heated Multifamily Buildings, Cambridge, Massachusetts

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

None

2014-11-01

The ARIES Collaborative, a U.S. Department of Energy Building America research team, partnered with NeighborWorks America affiliate Homeowners' Rehab Inc. (HRI) of Cambridge, Massachusetts, to study improvements to the central hydronic heating system in one of the nonprofit's housing developments. The heating controls in the three-building, 42-unit Columbia Cambridge Alliance for Spanish Tenants housing development were upgraded. Fuel use in the development was excessive compared to similar properties. A poorly insulated thermal envelope contributed to high energy bills, but adding wall insulation was not cost-effective or practical. The more cost-effective option was improving heating system efficiency, which faced several obstacles,more » including inflexible boiler controls and failed thermostatic radiator valves. Boiler controls were replaced with systems that offer temperature setbacks and one that controls heat based on apartment temperature in addition to outdoor temperature. Utility bill analysis shows that post-retrofit weather-normalized heating energy use was reduced by 10%-31% (average of 19%). Indoor temperature cutoff reduced boiler runtime (and therefore heating fuel consumption) by 28% in the one building in which it was implemented. Nearly all savings were obtained during night which had a lower indoor temperature cut off (68°F) than day (73° F). This implies that the outdoor reset curve was appropriately adjusted for this building for daytime operation. Nighttime setback of heating system supply water temperature had no discernable impact on boiler runtime or gas bills.« less

Mercury transformation and speciation in flue gases from anthropogenic emission sources: a critical review

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Lei; Wang, Shuxiao; Wu, Qingru; Wang, Fengyang; Lin, Che-Jen; Zhang, Leiming; Hui, Mulin; Yang, Mei; Su, Haitao; Hao, Jiming

2016-02-01

Mercury transformation mechanisms and speciation profiles are reviewed for mercury formed in and released from flue gases of coal-fired boilers, non-ferrous metal smelters, cement plants, iron and steel plants, waste incinerators, biomass burning and so on. Mercury in coal, ores, and other raw materials is released to flue gases in the form of Hg0 during combustion or smelting in boilers, kilns or furnaces. Decreasing temperature from over 800 °C to below 300 °C in flue gases leaving boilers, kilns or furnaces promotes homogeneous and heterogeneous oxidation of Hg0 to gaseous divalent mercury (Hg2+), with a portion of Hg2+ adsorbed onto fly ash to form particulate-bound mercury (Hgp). Halogen is the primary oxidizer for Hg0 in flue gases, and active components (e.g., TiO2, Fe2O3, etc.) on fly ash promote heterogeneous oxidation and adsorption processes. In addition to mercury removal, mercury transformation also occurs when passing through air pollution control devices (APCDs), affecting the mercury speciation in flue gases. In coal-fired power plants, selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system promotes mercury oxidation by 34-85 %, electrostatic precipitator (ESP) and fabric filter (FF) remove over 99 % of Hgp, and wet flue gas desulfurization system (WFGD) captures 60-95 % of Hg2+. In non-ferrous metal smelters, most Hg0 is converted to Hg2+ and removed in acid plants (APs). For cement clinker production, mercury cycling and operational conditions promote heterogeneous mercury oxidation and adsorption. The mercury speciation profiles in flue gases emitted to the atmosphere are determined by transformation mechanisms and mercury removal efficiencies by various APCDs. For all the sectors reviewed in this study, Hgp accounts for less than 5 % in flue gases. In China, mercury emission has a higher Hg0 fraction (66-82 % of total mercury) in flue gases from coal combustion, in contrast to a greater Hg2+ fraction (29-90 %) from non-ferrous metal smelting, cement and iron and/or steel production. The higher Hg2+ fractions shown here than previous estimates may imply stronger local environmental impacts than previously thought, caused by mercury emissions in East Asia. Future research should focus on determining mercury speciation in flue gases from iron and steel plants, waste incineration and biomass burning, and on elucidating the mechanisms of mercury oxidation and adsorption in flue gases.

Mercury transformation and speciation in flue gases from anthropogenic emission sources: a critical review

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, L.; Wang, S. X.; Wu, Q. R.; Wang, F. Y.; Lin, C.-J.; Zhang, L. M.; Hui, M. L.; Hao, J. M.

2015-11-01

Mercury transformation mechanisms and speciation profiles are reviewed for mercury formed in and released from flue gases of coal-fired boilers, non-ferrous metal smelters, cement plants, iron and steel plants, municipal solid waste incinerators, and biomass burning. Mercury in coal, ores and other raw materials is released to flue gases in the form of Hg0 during combustion or smelting in boilers, kilns or furnaces. Decreasing temperature from over 800 °C to below 300 °C in flue gases leaving boilers, kilns or furnaces promotes homogeneous and heterogeneous oxidation of gaseous elemental mercury (Hg0) to gaseous divalent mercury (Hg2+), with a portion of Hg2+ adsorbed onto fly ash to form particulate-bound mercury (Hgp). Halogen is the primary oxidizer for Hg0 in flue gases, and active components (e.g.,TiO2, Fe2O3, etc.) on fly ash promote heterogeneous oxidation and adsorption processes. In addition to mercury removal, mercury transformation also occurs when passing through air pollution control devices (APCDs), affecting the mercury speciation in flue gases. In coal-fired power plants, selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system promotes mercury oxidation by 34-85 %, electrostatic precipitator (ESP) and fabric filter (FF) remove over 99 % of Hgp, and wet flue gas desulfurization system (WFGD) captures 60-95 % of Hg2+. In non-ferrous metal smelters, most Hg0 is converted to Hg2+ and removed in acid plants (APs). For cement clinker production, mercury cycling and operational conditions promote heterogeneous mercury oxidation and adsorption. The mercury speciation profiles in flue gases emitted to the atmosphere are determined by transformation mechanisms and mercury removal efficiencies by various APCDs. For all the sectors reviewed in this study, Hgp accounts for less than 5 % in flue gases. In China, mercury emission has a higher fraction (66-82 % of total mercury) in flue gases from coal combustion, in contrast to a greater Hg2+ fraction (29-90 %) from non-ferrous metal smelting, cement and iron/steel production. The higher Hg2+ fractions shown here than previous estimates may imply stronger local environmental impacts than previously thought, caused by mercury emissions in East Asia. Future research should focus on determining mercury speciation in flue gases from iron and steel plants, waste incineration and biomass burning, and on elucidating the mechanisms of mercury oxidation and adsorption in flue gases.

SUMMARY REPORT CONTROL OF NOX EMISSIONS BY REBURNING

EPA Science Inventory

This report covers NO_x control employing reburning technology: A new, effective method of controlling NO_x emissions from a wide range of stationary combustion sources including large, coal-fired, utility boilers. Although reburning potentially is applicable ...

40 CFR 52.222 - Negative declarations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... of Coils, Surface Coating Fabrics, Surface Coating Operations at Automotive and Light Duty Truck..., Utility Boilers, Cement Manufacturing Plants, Glass Manufacturing Plants, and Iron and Steel Manufacturing..., Asphalt Batch Plants, Iron and Steel Manufacturing Plants, and Driers were submitted on October 17, 1994...

NOx Control for Utility Boiler OTR Compliance

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hamid Farzan

Under sponsorship of the Department of Energy's National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), the Babcock and Wilcox Company (B and W), and Fuel Tech teamed together to investigate an integrated solution for NO{sub x} control. The system is comprised of B and W's DRB-4Z{trademark} ultra low-NO{sub x} pulverized coal (PC) burner technology and Fuel Tech's NOxOUT{reg_sign}, a urea-based selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) technology. Development of the low-NO{sub x} burner technology has been a focus in B and W's combustion program. The DRB-4Z{trademark} burner is B and W's newest low-NO{sub x} burner capable of achieving very low NO{sub x}. The burner ismore » designed to reduce NO{sub x} by controlled mixing of the fuel and air. Based on data from several 500 to 600 MWe boilers firing PRB coal, NOx emissions levels of 0.15 to 0.20 lb/ 106 Btu have been achieved from the DRB-4Z{trademark} burners in combination with overfire air ports. Although NOx emissions from the DRB-4Z{trademark} burner are nearing the Ozone Transport Rule (OTR) level of 0.15 lb NO{sub x}/106 Btu, the utility boiler owners can still benefit from the addition of an SNCR and/or SCR system in order to comply with the stringent NO{sub x} emission levels facing them. Large-scale testing is planned in B and W's 100-million Btu/hr Clean Environment Development Facility (CEDF) that simulates the conditions of large coal-fired utility boilers. The objective of the project is to achieve a NO{sub x} level below 0.15 lb/106 Btu (with ammonia slip of less than 5 ppm) in the CEDF using PRB coal and B and W's DRB-4Z{trademark} low-NO{sub x} pulverized coal (PC) burner in combination with dual zone overfire air ports and Fuel Tech's NO{sub x}OUT{reg_sign}. During this period B and W prepared and submitted the project management plan and hazardous substance plan to DOE. The negotiation of a subcontract for Fuel Tech has been started.« less

An experimental study of air-assist atomizer spray flames

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mao, Chien-Pei; Wang, Geng; Chigier, Norman

1988-01-01

It is noted that air-assisted atomizer spray flames encountered in furnaces, boilers, and gas turbine combustors possess a more complex structure than homogeneous turbulent diffusion flames, due to the swirling motion introduced into the fuel and air flows for the control of flame stability, length, combustion intensity, and efficiency. Detailed comparisons are presented between burning and nonburning condition measurements of these flames obtained by nonintrusive light scattering phase/Doppler detection. Spray structure is found to be drastically changed within the flame reaction zone, with changes in the magnitude and shape of drop number density, liquid flux, mean drop size diameter, and drop mean axial velocity radial distributions.

Emission measurements from a crude oil tanker at sea.

PubMed

Agrawal, Harshit; Welch, William A; Miller, J Wayne; Cockert, David R

2008-10-01

This work presents an all-inclusive set of regulated and nonregulated emission factors for the main propulsion engine (ME), auxiliary engine (AE) and an auxiliary boiler on a Suezmax class tanker while operating at sea. The data include criteria pollutants (carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, and particulate matter), a greenhouse gas (carbon dioxide), the principal speciated hydrocarbons needed for human health risk assessments, and a detailed analysis of the PM into its primary constituents (ions, elements, organic, and elemental carbon). Measurements followed ISO 8178-1 methods with modifications described in the paper. The vessel burned two fuels: a heavy fuel oil in the ME and boiler and a distillate fuel in the AE. The weighted NO(x) emissions for the ME and AE are 19.87 +/- 0.95 and 13.57 +/- 0.31 g/kWh, respectively. The weighted PM mass emissions factor is 1.60 +/- 0.08 g/kWh for the ME and 0.141 +/- 0.005 g/kWh for the AE, with the sulfate content of the PM being the root cause for the difference. For the ME, sulfate with associated water is about 75% of total PM mass, and the organic carbon ranges from 15 to 25% of the PM mass. A deeper analysis showed that the conversion of fuel sulfur to sulfate in the ME ranged from 1.4to 5%. This article also provides emission factors for selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy alkanes, carbonyls, light hydrocarbon species, metals, and ions for the ME, AE, and the boiler.

Rehabilitation of a 410-MW utility boiler at Costa Sur, Puerto Rico

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rosado, R.; Salmeron, M.

1995-12-31

To increase unit reliability and availability and to meet the current and future electric power demands in Puerto Rico, the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (PREPA) recently performed a scheduled outage rehabilitation of Costa Sur Power Station Unit 5. This major rehabilitation of a 23-year-old, 410 MW, oil-fired boiler was accompanied by the upgrading of the low-pressure turbine with new rotors. The boiler rehabilitation included the replacement of all waterwall floor panels from just below the burner windbox, down to the lower drum. Temporary support was provided for the lower drum and its structural system during the panel replacement. Themore » steam drum internals were completely rehabilitated, with the installation of a new liner and cleaning and repair of other internals as required. The superheater and reheater desuperheater liners were also replaced. In addition, all major components of both the firing system and the air preheaters were replaced. The gas recirculation fan was rehabilitated, and its discharge duct was replaced.« less

An exergy approach to efficiency evaluation of desalination

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ng, Kim Choon; Shahzad, Muhammad Wakil; Son, Hyuk Soo; Hamed, Osman A.

2017-05-01

This paper presents an evaluation process efficiency based on the consumption of primary energy for all types of practical desalination methods available hitherto. The conventional performance ratio has, thus far, been defined with respect to the consumption of derived energy, such as the electricity or steam, which are susceptible to the conversion losses of power plants and boilers that burned the input primary fuels. As derived energies are usually expressed by the units, either kWh or Joules, these units cannot differentiate the grade of energy supplied to the processes accurately. In this paper, the specific energy consumption is revisited for the efficacy of all large-scale desalination plants. In today's combined production of electricity and desalinated water, accomplished with advanced cogeneration concept, the input exergy of fuels is utilized optimally and efficiently in a temperature cascaded manner. By discerning the exergy destruction successively in the turbines and desalination processes, the relative contribution of primary energy to the processes can be accurately apportioned to the input primary energy. Although efficiency is not a law of thermodynamics, however, a common platform for expressing the figures of merit explicit to the efficacy of desalination processes can be developed meaningfully that has the thermodynamic rigor up to the ideal or thermodynamic limit of seawater desalination for all scientists and engineers to aspire to.

HIGH REACTIVITY SORBENTS FOR SO2 CONTROL

EPA Science Inventory

The paper discusses studies, relating to air pollution control from coal-fired utility boilers, that show that the primary variable affecting sorbent reactivity at high temperature or at low temperature with water droplets is surface area. For the development of high surface area...

FILTRATION MODEL FOR COAL FLY ASH WITH GLASS FABRICS

EPA Science Inventory

The report describes a new mathematical model for predicting woven glass filter performance with coal fly ash aerosols from utility boilers. Its data base included: an extensive bench- and pilot-scale laboratory investigation of several dust/fabric combinations; field data from t...

EVALUATION OF EMISSIONS FROM COMBUSTION OF ORIMULSION

EPA Science Inventory

The paper discusses the impact of Orimulsion on the environment. Orimulsion, an emulsion formed from Orinoco bitumen, water, and small amounts of additives, is being used as a primary fuel in electric utility boilers representing about 2000 MWe of generating capacity in Canada, D...

Effect of palm oil fuel ash on compressive strength of palm oil boiler stone lightweight aggregate concrete

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Muthusamy, K.; Zamri, N. A.; Kusbiantoro, A.; Lim, N. H. A. S.; Ariffin, M. A. Mohd

2018-04-01

Both palm oil fuel ash (POFA) and palm oil boiler stone (POBS) are by-products which has been continuously generated by local palm oil mill in large amount. Both by products is usually disposed as profitless waste and considered as nuisance to environment. The present research investigates the workability and compressive strength performance of lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC) made of palm oil boiler stone (POBS) known as palm oil boiler stone lightweight aggregate concrete (POBS LWAC) containing various content of palm oil fuel ash. The control specimen that is POBS LWAC of grade 60 were produced using 100% OPC. Then, another 4 mixes were prepared by varying the POFA percentage from 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% by weight of cement. Fresh mixes were subjected to slump test to determine its workability before casted in form of cubes. Then, all specimens were subjected to water curing up to 28 days and then tested for its compressive strength. It was found out that utilizing of optimum amount of POFA in POBS LWAC would improve the workability and compressive strength of the concrete. However, inclusion of POFA more than optimum amount is not recommended as it will increase the water demand leading to lower workability and strength reduction.

Analysis of thermal radiation in coal-fired furnaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Miles, Jonathan J.; Hammaker, Robert G.; Madding, Robert P.; Sunderland, J. E.

1997-04-01

Many utilities throughout the United States have added infrared scanning to their arsenal of techniques for inspection and predictive maintenance programs. Commercial infrared scanners are not designed, however, to withstand the searing interiors of boilers, which can exceed 2500 degrees Fahrenheit. Two high-temperature lenses designed to withstand the hostile environment inside a boiler for extended periods of time were developed by the EPRI M&D Center, thus permitting real-time measurement of steam tube temperatures and subsequent analysis of tube condition, inspection of burners, and identification of hot spots. A study was conducted by Sunderland Engineering, Inc. and EPRI M&D in order to characterize the radiative interactions that affect infrared measurements made inside a commercial, coal- fired, water-tube boiler. A comprehensive literature search exploring the existing record of results pertaining to analytical and experimental determination of radiative properties of coal-combustion byproducts was performed. An experimental component intended to provide data for characterization of the optical properties of hot combustion byproducts inside a coal-fired furnace was carried out. The results of the study indicate that hot gases, carbon particles, and fly ash, which together compose the medium inside a boiler, affect to varying degrees the transport of infrared radiation across a furnace. Techniques for improved infrared measurement across a coal-fired furnace are under development.

Source apportionment of PM10 by positive matrix factorization in urban area of Mumbai, India.

PubMed

Gupta, Indrani; Salunkhe, Abhaysinh; Kumar, Rakesh

2012-01-01

Particulate Matter (PM(10)) has been one of the main air pollutants exceeding the ambient standards in most of the major cities in India. During last few years, receptor models such as Chemical Mass Balance, Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF), PCA-APCS and UNMIX have been used to provide solutions to the source identification and contributions which are accepted for developing effective and efficient air quality management plans. Each site poses different complexities while resolving PM(10) contributions. This paper reports the variability of four sites within Mumbai city using PMF. Industrial area of Mahul showed sources such as residual oil combustion and paved road dust (27%), traffic (20%), coal fired boiler (17%), nitrate (15%). Residential area of Khar showed sources such as residual oil combustion and construction (25%), motor vehicles (23%), marine aerosol and nitrate (19%), paved road dust (18%) compared to construction and natural dust (27%), motor vehicles and smelting work (25%), nitrate (16%) and biomass burning and paved road dust (15%) in Dharavi, a low income slum residential area. The major contributors of PM(10) at Colaba were marine aerosol, wood burning and ammonium sulphate (24%), motor vehicles and smelting work (22%), Natural soil (19%), nitrate and oil burning (18%).

EVALUATION OF INTERNALLY STAGED COAL BURNERS AND SORBENT JET AERODYNAMICS FOR COMBINED SO2/NOX CONTROL IN UTILITY BOILERS, VOLUME 1, TESTING IN A 10 MILLION BTU/HR EXPERIMENTAL FURNACE

EPA Science Inventory

The document gives results of tests conducted in a 2 MWt experimental furnace to: (1) investigate ways to reduce NOx emissions from utility coal burners without external air ports (i.e., with internal fuel/air staging); and (2) improve the performance of calcium-based sorbents fo...

Advanced Flue Gas Desulfurization (AFGD) Demonstration Project, A DOE Assessment

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

National Energy Technology Laboratory

2001-08-31

The AFGD process as demonstrated by Pure Air at the Bailly Station offers a reliable and cost-effective means of achieving a high degree of SO{sub 2} emissions reduction when burning high-sulfur coals. Many innovative features have been successfully incorporated in this process, and it is ready for widespread commercial use. The system uses a single-loop cocurrent scrubbing process with in-situ oxidation to produce wallboard-grade gypsum instead of wet sludge. A novel wastewater evaporation system minimizes effluents. The advanced scrubbing process uses a common absorber to serve multiple boilers, thereby saving on capital through economies of scale. Major results of themore » project are: (1) SO{sub 2} removal of over 94 percent was achieved over the three-year demonstration period, with a system availability exceeding 99.5 percent; (2) a large, single absorber handled the combined flue gas of boilers generating 528 MWe of power, and no spares were required; (3) direct injection of pulverized limestone into the absorber was successful; (4) Wastewater evaporation eliminated the need for liquid waste disposal; and (5) the gypsum by-product was used directly for wallboard manufacture, eliminating the need to dispose of waste sludge.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tavoulareas, E.S.; Hardman, R.; Eskinazi, D.

This report provides the key findings of the Innovative Clean Coal Technology (ICCT) demonstration project at Gulf Power`s Lansing Smith Unit No. 2 and the implications for other tangentially-fired boilers. L. Smith Unit No. 2 is a 180 MW tangentially-fired boiler burning Eastern Bituminous coal, which was retrofitted with Asea Brown Boveri/Combustion Engineering Services` (ABB/CE) LNCFS I, II, and III technologies. An extensive test program was carried-out with US Department of Energy, Southern Company and Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) funding. The LNCFS I, II, and III achieved 37 percent, 37 percent, and 45 percent average long-term NO{sub x} emissionmore » reduction at full load, respectively (see following table). Similar NO{sub x} reduction was achieved within the control range (100--200 MW). However, below the control point (100 MW), NO{sub x} emissions with the LNCFS technologies increased significantly, reaching pre-retrofit levels at 70 MW. Short-term testing proved that low load NO{sub x} emissions could be reduced further by using lower excess O{sub 2} and burner tilt, but with adversed impacts on unit performance, such as lower steam outlet temperatures and, potentially, higher CO emissions and LOI.« less

FETC/EPRI Biomass Cofiring Cooperative Agreement. Quaterly technical report, January 1-March 30m 1997

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hughes, E.; Tillman, D.

1997-12-01

Cofiring is considered to be the most promising near-term approach to fossil C0{sub 2} emissions mitigation through biomass usage. Consequently FETC and EPRI have entered into a cooperative agreement: `Cofiring Biomass and Waste-Derived fuels in Electric Utility Coal- Fired Boilers.` This agreement supports sixteen (16) EPRI research projects, each contributing to the commercialization of systems to address greenhouse gas emissions. These projects include: (1) cofiring combustion testing at the Seward Generating Station of GPU Genco; (2) fuel preparation testing at the Greenidge Generating Station of NYSEG; (3) precommercial testing of cofiring at the Allen and Colbert Fossil Plants of TVA;more » (4) testing of switchgrass cofiring at the Blount St. Station of Madison Gas & Electric; (5) high percentage biomass cofiring with Southern Company; (6) urban wood waste cofiring at the supercritical cyclone boiler at Michigan City Generating Station of Northern Indiana Public Service Co. (NIPSCO); (7) evaluation of switchgrass cofiring with Nebraska Public Power District at Sandia National Laboratories in Livermore, CA; (8) waste plastics cofiring with Duke Power in a tangentially-fired pulverized coal (PC) boiler; (9) cofiring a mixture of plastics, fiber, and pulp industry wastes with South Carolina Electric and Gas; (10) urban wood waste cofiring evaluation and testing by the University of Pittsburgh in stoker boilers; (11) assessment of toxic emissions from cofiring of wood and coal; (12) development of fuel and power plant models for analysis and interpretation of cofiring results; (13) analysis of C0{sub 2} utilization in algal systems for wastewater treatment; (14) combustion testing and combustor development focusing on high percentage cofiring; (15) analysis of problems and potential solutions to the sale of flyash from coal-fired boilers practicing cofiring; and (16) analysis of C0{sub 2} capture and disposal systems. During the second quarter of this contract, from January 1, 1997 through March 31, 1997, significant progress has been made on these projects. This progress focuses upon analysis of data from the cofiring tests, construction of systems to promote additional cofiring tests, and initiation of tasks evaluating alternatives to cofiring. This report contains a brief description of the progress made during the second quarter of the contract, focusing upon test results from the Seward Generating Station, where parametric testing at a wall-fired PC boiler was used to evaluate cofiring using separate feeding of wood and coal to the energy generation system.« less

Physical and chemical characterization of residual oil-fired power plant emissions

EPA Science Inventory

Although the toxicity of oil combustion emissions is a significant public health concern, few studies characterize the emissions from plant-scale utility boilers firing residual oil. This study remedies that deficiency by sampling and monitoring stack emissions from a 432 Giga Jo...

CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES: PILOT- & FULL-SCALE TESTS

EPA Science Inventory

Two different project are to be supported in FY03. The first project is being conducted by the North Dakota Energy and Environmental Research Center (ND-EERC). This project consists of tests on coal-fired utility boilers to determine the effects of SCR catalysts and ammonia in...

Thermographic Imaging of Material Loss in Boiler Water-Wall Tubing by Application of Scanning Line Source

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cramer, K. Elliott; Winfree, William P.

2000-01-01

Localized wall thinning due to corrosion in utility boiler water-wall tubing is a significant inspection concern for boiler operators. Historically, conventional ultrasonics has been used for inspection of these tubes. This technique has proven to be very manpower and time intensive. This has resulted in a spot check approach to inspections, documenting thickness measurements over a relatively small percentage of the total boiler wall area. NASA Langley Research Center has developed a thermal NDE technique designed to image and quantitatively characterize the amount of material thinning present in steel tubing. The technique involves the movement of a thermal line source across the outer surface of the tubing followed by an infrared imager at a fixed distance behind the line source. Quantitative images of the material loss due to corrosion are reconstructed from measurements of the induced surface temperature variations. This paper will present a discussion of the development of the thermal imaging system as well as the techniques used to reconstruct images of flaws. The application of the thermal line source coupled with the analysis technique represents a significant improvement in the inspection speed for large structures such as boiler water-walls. A theoretical basis for the technique will be presented which explains the quantitative nature of the technique. Further, a dynamic calibration system will be presented for the technique that allows the extraction of thickness information from the temperature data. Additionally, the results of applying this technology to actual water-wall tubing samples and in situ inspections will be presented.

Building America Case Study: Boiler Control Replacement for Hydronically Heated Multifamily Buildings, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Fact Sheet)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

2014-11-01

The ARIES Collaborative, a U.S. Department of Energy Building America research team, partnered with NeighborWorks America affiliate Homeowners' Rehab Inc. (HRI) of Cambridge, Massachusetts, to study improvements to the central hydronic heating system in one of the nonprofit's housing developments. The heating controls in the three-building, 42-unit Columbia Cambridge Alliance for Spanish Tenants housing development were upgraded. Fuel use in the development was excessive compared to similar properties. A poorly insulated thermal envelope contributed to high energy bills, but adding wall insulation was not cost-effective or practical. The more cost-effective option was improving heating system efficiency. Efficient operation of themore » heating system faced several obstacles, including inflexible boiler controls and failed thermostatic radiator valves. Boiler controls were replaced with systems that offer temperature setbacks and one that controls heat based on apartment temperature in addition to outdoor temperature. Utility bill analysis shows that post-retrofit weather-normalized heating energy use was reduced by 10%-31% (average of 19%). Indoor temperature cutoff reduced boiler runtime (and therefore heating fuel consumption) by 28% in the one building in which it was implemented. Nearly all savings were obtained during night which had a lower indoor temperature cut off (68 degrees F) than day (73 degrees F). This implies that the outdoor reset curve was appropriately adjusted for this building for daytime operation. Nighttime setback of heating system supply water temperature had no discernable impact on boiler runtime or gas bills.« less

USE OF COAL DRYING TO REDUCE WATER CONSUMED IN PULVERIZED COAL POWER PLANTS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Edward Levy; Harun Bilirgen; Ursla Levy

2006-01-01

This is the twelfth Quarterly Report for this project. The background and technical justification for the project are described, including potential benefits of reducing fuel moisture using power plant waste heat, prior to firing the coal in a pulverized coal boiler. During this last Quarter, the development of analyses to determine the costs and financial benefits of coal drying was continued. The details of the model and key assumptions being used in the economic evaluation are described in this report and results are shown for a drying system utilizing a combination of waste heat from the condenser and thermal energymore » extracted from boiler flue gas.« less

An energy- and resource-saving technology for utilizing the sludge from thermal power station water treatment facilities

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nikolaeva, L. A.; Khusaenova, A. Z.

2014-05-01

A method for utilizing production wastes is considered, and a process circuit arrangement is proposed for utilizing a mixture of activated silt and sludge from chemical water treatment by incinerating it with possible heat recovery. The sorption capacity of the products from combusting a mixture of activated silt and sludge with respect to gaseous emissions is experimentally determined. A periodic-duty adsorber charged with a fixed bed of sludge is calculated, and the heat-recovery boiler efficiency is estimated together with the technical-economic indicators of the proposed utilization process circuit arrangement.

Electric utility use of fireside additives. Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Locklin, D.W.; Krause, H.H.; Anson, D.

1980-01-01

Fireside additives have been used or proposed for use in fossil-fired utility boilers to combat a number of problems related to boiler performance and reliability. These problems include corrosion, fouling, superheat control, and acidic emissions. Fuel additives and other fireside additives have been used mainly with oil firing; however, there is growing experience with additives in coal-firing, especially for flyash conditioning to improve the performance of electrostatic precipitators. In decisions regarding the selection and use of additives, utilities have had to rely extensively on empiricism, due partly to an incomplete understanding of processes involved and partly to the limited amountmore » of quantitative data. The study reported here was sponsored by the Electric Power Research Institute to assemble and analyze pertinent operating experience and to recommend guidelines for utility decisions on the use of additives. The combined results of the state-of-the-art review of technical literature and a special survey of utility experience are reported. A total of 38 utilities participated in the survey, providing information on trials conducted on 104 units in 93 different plants. Altogether, 445 separate trials were reported, each representing a unit/additive/fuel combination. Additives used in these trials included 90 different additive formulations, both pure compounds and proprietary products. These formulations were categorized into 37 generic classes according to their chemical constituents, and the results of the survey are presented by these generic classes. The findings are organized according to the operating problems for which fireside additives are used. Guidelines are presented for utility use in additive selection and in planning additive trials.« less

INTEGRATED AIR POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEM, VERSION 4.0 - VOLUME 1: USER'S GUIDE

EPA Science Inventory

The Integrated Air Pollution Control System (IAPCS) was developed for the U.S. EPA's Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory to estimate costs and performance for emission control systems applied to coal-fired utility boilers. The model can project a material balance, and ...

Prospects for using peat and products of its processing in municipal power engineering in rural and remote areas

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Medvedeva, E. A.; Zhenikhov, Yu. N.; Urvantsev, I. V.; Tsyba, V. E.

2017-06-01

This article presents a detailed analysis of the economic efficiency of peat utilization for generating electricity and heat in Russian rural areas and decentralized power consumption areas on the basis of the comparison of power tariffs (prices) and full costs of peat-based electricity and heat production. The research was performed using the model-information complex detailed with respect to municipal areas and major peat deposits that was developed at the Energy Institute, National Research University Higher School of Economics. It is shown that the firing of lignin helium fuel (LHF) granules that are made from peat extracted by the excavating method according to the new, patented technology is considered most efficient. In nongasified areas, the total cost of heat power that is generated in new boiler houses on the basis of LHF granules is often lower than the total heat cost for the gasification of the area and construction of gas boiler houses. In some cases, the heat cost in gasified areas is lower when using a boiler house based on LHF granules than that provided by the conversion of a boiler house to gas fuel. It is also shown that the construction of peat-based heat sources with the overall power of up to 27600 GJ/h that generate a heat power of up to 167.5 million GJ/year will be economically efficient in the coming years, provided that the tariffs for energy sources remain the same. Taking into account the supportive measures that were accepted on a legislative basis in July 2016, sources with the total power of up to 70 GW may be effective for peat-based plants with combined heat-andpower generation. To stimulate the utilization of peat in decentralized power consumption areas and rural areas located in the vicinity of deposits of this fuel type, it is also suggested to make amendments in the normative legal base.

Simulation on an optimal combustion control strategy for 3-D temperature distributions in tangentially pc-fired utility boiler furnaces.

PubMed

Wang, Xi-fen; Zhou, Huai-chun

2005-01-01

The control of 3-D temperature distribution in a utility boiler furnace is essential for the safe, economic and clean operation of pc-fired furnace with multi-burner system. The development of the visualization of 3-D temperature distributions in pc-fired furnaces makes it possible for a new combustion control strategy directly with the furnace temperature as its goal to improve the control quality for the combustion processes. Studied in this paper is such a new strategy that the whole furnace is divided into several parts in the vertical direction, and the average temperature and its bias from the center in every cross section can be extracted from the visualization results of the 3-D temperature distributions. In the simulation stage, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code served to calculate the 3-D temperature distributions in a furnace, then a linear model was set up to relate the features of the temperature distributions with the input of the combustion processes, such as the flow rates of fuel and air fed into the furnaces through all the burners. The adaptive genetic algorithm was adopted to find the optimal combination of the whole input parameters which ensure to form an optimal 3-D temperature field in the furnace desired for the operation of boiler. Simulation results showed that the strategy could soon find the factors making the temperature distribution apart from the optimal state and give correct adjusting suggestions.

Burning mouth syndrome.

PubMed

Crow, Heidi C; Gonzalez, Yoly

2013-02-01

Pain in the tongue or oral tissues described as "burning" has been referred to by many terms including burning mouth syndrome. When a burning sensation in the mouth is caused by local or systemic factors, it is called secondary burning mouth syndrome and when these factors are treated the pain will resolve. When burning mouth syndrome occurs in the absence of identified risk indicators, the term primary burning mouth syndrome is utilized. This article focuses on descriptions, etiologic theories, and management of primary burning mouth syndrome, a condition for which underlying causative agents have been ruled out. Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Executive roundtable on coal-fired generation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

2009-09-15

Power Engineering magazine invited six industry executives from the coal-fired sector to discuss issues affecting current and future prospects of coal-fired generation. The executives are Tim Curran, head of Alstom Power for the USA and Senior Vice President and General Manager of Boilers North America; Ray Kowalik, President and General Manager of Burns and McDonnell Energy Group; Jeff Holmstead, head of Environmental Strategies for the Bracewell Giuliani law firm; Jim Mackey, Vice President, Fluor Power Group's Solid Fuel business line; Tom Shelby, President Kiewit Power Inc., and David Wilks, President of Energy Supply for Excel Energy Group. Steve Blankinship, themore » magazine's Associate Editor, was the moderator. 6 photos.« less

HEAVY WATER PRODUCTION--DESCRIPTION OF PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN AND WATER ENRICHED IN HEAVY WATER

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chrones, J.

1951-05-29

A process which produces H/sub 2/ water enriched in D is described. Natural gas is oxidized to CO and H/sub 2/. These gases at 600 C reduce FeO in a fluidized bed regenerator, and the mixture of gases leaving the regenerator is burned in the boiler which supplies steam at 600 C. This steam reacts with iron dust from the regenerator to produce FeO and H/sub 2/ The deuterium is stripped from the H/sub 2/ with water in a catalytic exchange tower. The water thus enriched passes to an electrolytic step which concentrates D/sub 2/O to 99.8%. (T.R.H.)

On issue of increasing profitability of automated energy technology complexes for preparation and combustion of water-coal suspensions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brylina, O. G.; Osintsev, K. V.; Prikhodko, YU S.; Savosteenko, N. V.

2018-03-01

The article considers the issues of energy technological complexes economy increase on the existing techniques of water-coal suspensions preparation and burning basis due to application of highly effective control systems of electric drives and neurocontrol. The automated control system structure for the main boiler components is given. The electric drive structure is disclosed by the example of pumps (for transfer of coal-water mash and / or suspension). A system for controlling and diagnosing a heat and power complex based on a multi-zone regulator is proposed. The possibility of using neural networks for implementing the control algorithms outlined in the article is considered.

Port Graham Community Building Biomass Heating Design Project

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Norman, Patrick; Sink, Charles

Native Village of Port Graham completed preconstruction activities to prepare for construction and operations of a cord wood biomass heating system to five or more community buildings in Port Graham, Alaska. Project Description Native Village of Port Graham (NVPG) completed preconstruction activities that pave the way towards reduced local energy costs through the construction and operations of a cord wood biomass heating system. NVPG plans include installation of a GARN WHS 3200 Boiler that uses cord wood as fuel source. Implementation of the 700,000 Btu per hour output biomass community building heat utility would heat 5-community buildings in Port Graham,more » Alaska. Heating system is estimated to displace 85% of the heating fuel oil or 5365 gallons of fuel on an annual basis with an estimated peak output of 600,000 Btu per hour. Estimated savings is $15,112.00 per year. The construction cost estimate made to install the new biomass boiler system is estimated $251,693.47 with an additional Boiler Building expansion cost estimated at $97,828.40. Total installed cost is estimated $349,521.87. The WHS 3200 Boiler would be placed inside a new structure at the old community Water Plant Building site that is controlled by NVPG. Design of the new biomass heat plant and hot water loop system was completed by Richmond Engineering, NVPG contractor for the project. A hot water heat loop system running off the boiler is designed to be placed underground on lands controlled by NVPG and stubbed to feed hot water to existing base board heating system in the following community buildings: 1. Anesia Anahonak Moonin Health and Dental Clinic 2. Native Village of Port Graham offices 3. Port Graham Public Safety Building/Fire Department 4. Port Graham Corporation Office Building which also houses the Port Graham Museum and Head Start Center 5. North Pacific Rim Housing Authority Workshop/Old Fire Hall Existing community buildings fuel oil heating systems are to be retro-fitted to accommodate hot water from the proposed wood-burning GARN Boiler, once installed, and rely on the existing fuel oil-fired hot water heating equipment for backup. The boiler would use an estimated 125 bone dry tons, equivalent to 100 cords, woody biomass feedstock obtained from local lands per year. Project would use local labor as described in the Port Graham Biomass Project, report completed by Chena Power, Inc. and Winters and Associates as part of the in-kind support to the U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) project for work on a project for State of Alaska’s Alaska Energy Authority (AEA). NVPG will likely initiate operations of the biomass boiler system even though several operational variations were studied. Obtaining the fuel source could be done by contractors, PGVC employees, or NVPG employees. Feeding the system would likely be done by NVPG employees. A majority of the buildings heated would be owned by NVPG. The PGVC office would be heated as well as the Old Fire Hall used as a workshop and storage area for North Pacific Rim Housing Authority. One methodology studied to charge for cost of utilizing the community building biomass system would use a percentage of use of hot water generated by the biomass hot water system based on past heating oil usage in relation to all buildings heated by biomass hot water. The method is better described in the Port Graham Biomass Project report. Fuel source agreements have been drafted to enter into agreements with area landowners. One Native allotment owner has asked Chugachmiut Forestry to begin a timber sale process to sell timber off her lands, specifically wind thrown timber that was determined to be of sufficient quantity to supply to the proposed biomass heating system for approximately 5-years. On NVPG’s behalf, Chugachmiut has presented to PGVC three different documents, attached, that could lead to a sale of woody biomass fuel for the project for up to 25-years, the expected life of the project. PGVC has signed a letter of intent to negotiate a sale of woody biomass material April 30, 2015. Chugachmiut Forestry has conducted two different field forest measurements of Native allotment lands and PGVC forest and timber lands. Lands deemed road accessible for biomass harvest were analyzed for this project. Forestry then conducted three different analyses and developed two reports to determine forest biomass on a tons per acre basis in addition to timber volume measurements taken for forest management purposes. Permits required were limited. For the biomass building, the Kenai Peninsula Borough did not require a permit. State of Alaska, Department of Public Safety, Division of Fire and Life Safety requires a plan review for fire and life safety requirements called an application for Fire and Life Safety Plan Review that would require a registered design professional to sign the document. State of Alaska State Forest Practices Act is required to be followed for any timber sale or harvest. This Act also requires consultation with Alaska Department of Fish and Game when operations are in close proximity or cross anadromous waters. Native allotment lands require following U. S. Bureau of Indian Affairs timber sale contracting process and approval.« less

BENCH-SCALE PROCESS EVALUATION OF REBURNING AND SORBENT INJECTION FOR IN-FURNACE NOX/SOX REDUCTION

EPA Science Inventory

The report gives results of combining reburning with the injection of calcium-based sorbents to investigate the potential for combined NOx and SOx reduction. Reburning, applied to pulverized-coal-fired utility boilers, involves injecting a secondary fuel above the main firing zon...

40 CFR Appendix A to Part 76 - Phase I Affected Coal-Fired Utility Units With Group 1 or Cell Burner Boilers

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... MONTROSE 2 KANSAS CITY PWR & LT. MISSOURI MONTROSE 3 KANSAS CITY PWR & LT. NEW YORK DUNKIRK 3 NIAGARA MOHAWK PWR. NEW YORK DUNKIRK 4 NIAGARA MOHAWK PWR. NEW YORK GREENIDGE 6 NY STATE ELEC & GAS. NEW YORK...

40 CFR Appendix A to Part 76 - Phase I Affected Coal-Fired Utility Units With Group 1 or Cell Burner Boilers

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... MONTROSE 2 KANSAS CITY PWR & LT. MISSOURI MONTROSE 3 KANSAS CITY PWR & LT. NEW YORK DUNKIRK 3 NIAGARA MOHAWK PWR. NEW YORK DUNKIRK 4 NIAGARA MOHAWK PWR. NEW YORK GREENIDGE 6 NY STATE ELEC & GAS. NEW YORK...

40 CFR Appendix A to Part 76 - Phase I Affected Coal-Fired Utility Units With Group 1 or Cell Burner Boilers

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... MONTROSE 2 KANSAS CITY PWR & LT. MISSOURI MONTROSE 3 KANSAS CITY PWR & LT. NEW YORK DUNKIRK 3 NIAGARA MOHAWK PWR. NEW YORK DUNKIRK 4 NIAGARA MOHAWK PWR. NEW YORK GREENIDGE 6 NY STATE ELEC & GAS. NEW YORK...

INTEGRATED AIR POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEM VERSION 5.0 - VOLUME 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION

EPA Science Inventory

The three volume report and two diskettes document the Integrated Air Pollution Control System (IAPCS), developed for the U.S. EPA to estimate costs and performance for emission control systems applied to coal-fired utility boilers. The model can project a material balance, an eq...

INTEGRATED AIR POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEM VERSION 5.0 - VOLUME 3: PROGRAMMER'S MAINTENANCE MANUAL

EPA Science Inventory

The three volume report and two diskettes document the Integrated Air Pollution Control System (IAPCS), developed for the U.S. EPA to estimate costs and performance for emission control systems applied to coal-fired utility boilers. The model can project a material balance, an eq...

INTEGRATED AIR POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEM VERSION 5.0 - VOLUME 1: USER'S GUIDE

EPA Science Inventory

The three volume report and two diskettes document the Integrated Air Pollution Control System (IAPCS), developed for the U.S. EPA to estimate costs and performance for emission control systems applied to coal-fired utility boilers. The model can project a material balance, an eq...

INTEGRATED AIR POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEM, VERSION 4.0 - VOLUME 3: PROGRAMMER'S MAINTENACE MANUAL

EPA Science Inventory

The Integrated Air Pollution Control System (IAPCS) was developed for the U.S. EPA's Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory to estimate costs and performance for emission control systems applied to coal-fired utility boilers. The model can project a material balance, and ...

INTEGRATED AIR POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEM, VERSION 4.0 - VOLUME 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION MANUAL

EPA Science Inventory

The Integrated Air Pollution Control System (IAPCS) was developed for the U.S. EPA's Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory to estimate costs and performance for emission control systems applied to coal-fired utility boilers. The model can project a material balance, and ...

ENHANCEMENT OF REACTIVITY IN SURFACTANT-MODIFIED SORBENTS FOR SULFUR DIOXIDE CONTROL

EPA Science Inventory

Injection of calcium-based sorbents into the postflame zone of utility boilers is capable of achieving sulfur dioxide (SO2) captures of 50-60% at a stoichiometry of 2. Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] appears to be the most effective commercially available sorbent. Recent attempts to ...

10 CFR 434.201 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... capacity” and “wall heat capacity”) Thermal mass wall insulation position: (1) Exterior insulation position... thermal energy of the vent gases into mechanical energy. Boiler capacity: the rated heat output of the... furnished by the utility. Coefficient of performance (COP)—Cooling: the ratio of the rate of heat removal to...

10 CFR 434.201 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... conditions fluctuate. (See also “heat capacity” and “wall heat capacity”) Thermal mass wall insulation... thermal energy of the vent gases into mechanical energy. Boiler capacity: the rated heat output of the... furnished by the utility. Coefficient of performance (COP)—Cooling: the ratio of the rate of heat removal to...

10 CFR 434.201 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... capacity” and “wall heat capacity”) Thermal mass wall insulation position: (1) Exterior insulation position... thermal energy of the vent gases into mechanical energy. Boiler capacity: the rated heat output of the... furnished by the utility. Coefficient of performance (COP)—Cooling: the ratio of the rate of heat removal to...

FIELD EVALUATION OF LOW-EMISSION COAL BURNER TECHNOLOGY ON UTILITY BOILERS. VOLUME I. DISTRIBUTED MIXING BURNER EVALUATION

EPA Science Inventory

The report gives results of a study in which NOx emissions and general combustion performance characteristics of four burners were evaluated under experimental furnace conditions. Of primary interest was the performance of a low NOx Distributed Mixing Burner (DMB), which was test...

10 CFR 434.201 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... conditions fluctuate. (See also “heat capacity” and “wall heat capacity”) Thermal mass wall insulation... thermal energy of the vent gases into mechanical energy. Boiler capacity: the rated heat output of the... furnished by the utility. Coefficient of performance (COP)—Cooling: the ratio of the rate of heat removal to...

PRELIMINARY ESTIMATES OF PERFORMANCE AND COST OF MERCURY EMISSION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS ON ELECTRIC UTILITY BOILERS: AN UPDATE

EPA Science Inventory

The paper presents estimates of performance levels and related costs associated with controlling mercury (Hg) emissions from coal-fired power plants using either powdered activated carbon (PAC) injection or multipollutant control in which Hg capture is enhanced in existing and ne...

PRELIMINARY ESTIMATES OF PERFORMANCE AND COST OF MERCURY CONTROL TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS ON ELECTRIC UTILITY BOILERS

EPA Science Inventory

Under the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, the Environmental Protection Agency has determined that regulation of mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants is appropriate and necessary. To aid in this determination, preliminary estimates of the performance and cost of powder...

PERFORMANCE AND COST OF MERCURY EMISSION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS ON ELECTRIC UTILITY BOILERS

EPA Science Inventory

The report presents estimates of the performance and cost of powdered activated carbon (PAC) injection-based mercury control technologies and projections of costs for future applications. (NOTE: Under the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, the U.S. EPA has to determine whether mer...

FURNACE SORBENT REACTIVITY TESTING FOR CONTROL OF SO2 EMISSIONS FROM ILLINOIS COALS

EPA Science Inventory

Research was undertaken to evaluate the potential of furnai sorbent injection (FSI) for sulf dioxide (S02) emission controlcoal-fired boilers utilizing coals indigenous to Illinois. Tests were run using four coals from the Illinois Basin and six calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2], sorbe...

Artificial-neural-network-based failure detection and isolation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sadok, Mokhtar; Gharsalli, Imed; Alouani, Ali T.

1998-03-01

This paper presents the design of a systematic failure detection and isolation system that uses the concept of failure sensitive variables (FSV) and artificial neural networks (ANN). The proposed approach was applied to tube leak detection in a utility boiler system. Results of the experimental testing are presented in the paper.

COMPARISON OF PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS AND ELEMENTAL PARTITIONING FROM THE COMBUSTION OF PULVERIZED COAL AND RESIDUAL FUEL OIL

EPA Science Inventory

The paper gives results of experimental efforts in which three coals and a residual fuel oil were combusted in three different systems simulating process and utility boilers. Particloe size distributions (PSDs) were determined using atmospheric and low-pressure impaction, electr...

PERFORMANCE AND COST OF MERCURY AND MULTIPOLLUTANT EMISSION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS ON ELECTRIC UTILITY BOILERS

EPA Science Inventory

The report presents estimates of the performance and cost of both powdered activated carbon (PAC) and multipollutant control technologies that may be useful in controlling mercury emissions. Based on currently available data, cost estimates for PAC injection range are 0.03-3.096 ...

Full scale calcium bromide injection with subsequent mercury oxidation and removal within wet flue gas desulphurization system: Experience at a 700 MW coal-fired power facility

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Berry, Mark Simpson

The Environmental Protection Agency promulgated the Mercury and Air Toxics Standards rule, which requires that existing power plants reduce mercury emissions to meet an emission rate of 1.2 lb/TBtu on a 30-day rolling average and that new plants meet a 0.0002 lb/GWHr emission rate. This translates to mercury removals greater than 90% for existing units and greater than 99% for new units. Current state-of-the-art technology for the control of mercury emissions uses activated carbon injected upstream of a fabric filter, a costly proposition. For example, a fabric filter, if not already available, would require a 200M capital investment for a 700 MW size unit. A lower-cost option involves the injection of activated carbon into an existing cold-side electrostatic precipitator. Both options would incur the cost of activated carbon, upwards of 3M per year. The combination of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) reactors and wet flue gas desulphurization (wet FGD) systems have demonstrated the ability to substantially reduce mercury emissions, especially at units that burn coals containing sufficient halogens. Halogens are necessary for transforming elemental mercury to oxidized mercury, which is water-soluble. Plants burning halogen-deficient coals such as Power River Basin (PRB) coals currently have no alternative but to install activated carbon-based approaches to control mercury emissions. This research consisted of investigating calcium bromide addition onto PRB coal as a method of increasing flue gas halogen concentration. The treated coal was combusted in a 700 MW boiler and the subsequent treated flue gas was introduced into a wet FGD. Short-term parametric and an 83-day longer-term tests were completed to determine the ability of calcium bromine to oxidize mercury and to study the removal of the mercury in a wet FGD. The research goal was to show that calcium bromine addition to PRB coal was a viable approach for meeting the Mercury and Air Toxics Standards rule for existing boilers. The use of calcium bromide injection as an alternative to activated carbon approaches could save millions of dollars. The technology application described herein has the potential to reduce compliance cost by $200M for a 700 MW facility burning PRB coal.

Energy Conversion Alternatives Study (ECAS), Westinghouse phase 1. Volume 2: Materials considerations. [materials used in boilers and heat exchangers of energy conversion systems for electric power plants using coal

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Thomas, D. E.

1976-01-01

Extensive studies are presented which were carried out on materials behavior in nine advanced energy conversion systems employing coal and coal-derived fuels. The areas of materials behavior receiving particular attention in this regard are: (1) fireside corrosion and erosion in boiler and heat exchanger materials, (2) oxidation and hot corrosion of gas turbine materials, (3) liquid metal corrosion and mass transport, (4) high temperature steam corrosion, (5) compatability of materials with coal slag and MHD seed, (6) reaction of materials with impure helium, (7) allowable stresses for boiler and heat exchanger materials, (8) environmental effects on mechanical properties, and (9) liquid metal purity control and instrumentation. Such information was then utilized in recommending materials for use in the critical components of the power systems, and at the same time to identify materials problem areas and to evaluate qualitatively the difficulty of solving those problems. Specific materials recommendations for critical components of the nine advanced systems under study are contained in summary tables.

SOXAL combined SO{sub x}/NO{sub x} flue gas control demonstration. Quarterly report, April--June 1993

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

AQUATECH Systems, a business unit of Allied-Signal Inc., proposes to demonstrate the technical viability and cost effectiveness of the SOXAL process a combined SO{sub x}/NO{sub x} control process on a 3 MW equivalent flue gas slip stream from Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation, Dunkirk Steam Station Boiler No. 4, a coal fired boiler. The SOXAL process combines 90+% sulfur dioxide removal from the flue gas using a sodium based scrubbing solution and regeneration of the spent scrubbing liquor using AQUATECH Systems` proprietary bipolar membrane technology. This regeneration step recovers a stream of sulfur dioxide suitable for subsequent processing to salable sulfurmore » or sulfuric acid. Additionally 90+% control of NO{sub x} gases can be achieved in combination with conventional urea/methanol injection of NO{sub 2} gas into the duct. The SOXAL process is applicable to both utility and industrial scale boilers using either high or low sulfur coal. The SOXAL demonstration Program began September 10, 1991 and is approximately 22 months in duration.« less

SOXAL combined SO{sub x}/NO{sub x} flue gas control demonstration. Quarterly report, October--December 1992

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

AQUATECH Systems a business unit of Allied-Signal Inc., proposes to demonstrate the technical viability and cost effectiveness of the SOXAL process a combined SO{sub x}/NO{sub x} control process on a 2--3 MW equivalent flue gas slip stream from Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation, Dunkirk Steam Station Boiler {number_sign}4, a coal fired boiler. The SOXAL process combines 90+% sulfur dioxide removal from the flue gas using a sodium based scrubbing solution and regeneration of the spent scrubbing liquor using AQUATECH Systems` proprietary bipolar membrane technology. This regeneration step recovers a stream of sulfur dioxide suitable for subsequent processing to salable sulfur ormore » sulfuric acid. Additionally 90+% control of NO{sub x} gases can be achieved in combination with conventional urea/methanol injection of NO{sub 2} gas into the duct. The SOXAL process is applicable to both utility and industrial scale boilers using either high or low sulfur coal. The SOXAL Demonstration Program began September 10, 1991 and is approximately 22 months in duration.« less

An improved PCA method with application to boiler leak detection.

PubMed

Sun, Xi; Marquez, Horacio J; Chen, Tongwen; Riaz, Muhammad

2005-07-01

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a popular fault detection technique. It has been widely used in process industries, especially in the chemical industry. In industrial applications, achieving a sensitive system capable of detecting incipient faults, which maintains the false alarm rate to a minimum, is a crucial issue. Although a lot of research has been focused on these issues for PCA-based fault detection and diagnosis methods, sensitivity of the fault detection scheme versus false alarm rate continues to be an important issue. In this paper, an improved PCA method is proposed to address this problem. In this method, a new data preprocessing scheme and a new fault detection scheme designed for Hotelling's T2 as well as the squared prediction error are developed. A dynamic PCA model is also developed for boiler leak detection. This new method is applied to boiler water/steam leak detection with real data from Syncrude Canada's utility plant in Fort McMurray, Canada. Our results demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively reduce false alarm rate, provide effective and correct leak alarms, and give early warning to operators.

Economic considerations in coverting from oil/gas firing to coal

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rau, J. G.

1978-01-01

Economic considerations involved in fuel conversion such as from oil and/or gas firing to coal are discussed including investments costs for new facilities and equipment (including air pollution control equipment), operation and maintenance costs, and purchased fuel costs. An analytical approach to assessing the cost effectiveness of fuel conversion in terms of the annual net cost of conversion, the equivalent annual number of barrels of oil saved, and the integral rate of return of the conversion investment is presented. Illustrative numerical examples are presented for typical utility boilers and industrial boiler facilities. A further consideration addressed deals with the impacts of these costs on the overall financial structure of the firm and the ability of the firm to raise the necessary investment captial.

Summary Report On Design And Development Of High Temperature Gas-Cooled Power Pile

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

McCullough, C. R.

1947-09-15

This report presents a description of a design for an experimental nuclear power plant utilizing a high temperature gas-cooled power pile as the energy source. The plant consists of the pile, a heat exchanger or boiler, a conventional steam turbine generator and their associated auxiliaries. Helium gas under pressure transfers heat from the pile to the boiler which generates steam for driving the generator. The plant is rated at a normal output of 12,000 kilowatts of heat and an electrical output of 2400 kilowatts. Provision is made for operation up to 20,000 kilowatts of heat (4000 kilowatts of electrical output)more » in the event operation of the plants proves this possible.« less

The utility of the functional independence measure (FIM) in discharge planning for burn patients.

PubMed

Choo, Benji; Umraw, Nisha; Gomez, Manuel; Cartotto, Robert; Fish, Joel S

2006-02-01

Determining burn patients' need for inpatient rehabilitation at discharge is difficult and an objective clinical indicator might aid in this decision. The functional independence measure (FIM) is a validated outcome measure that predicts the need for rehabilitation services. This study evaluated the utility of the FIM score for discharge planning in burn patients. A retrospective chart review and FIM score determination was performed on all major burn patients discharged from a regional adult burn centre between July 1, 1999 and June 30, 2000. From 164 adult burn patients discharged, 37 met the American Burn Association criteria for major burns. One patient had insufficient data. Therefore, 36 patients were studied (mean age 47.3 +/- 17.4 years, and mean body area burned 27.4 +/- 12.9%). All 17 patients with FIM scores greater than 110 were discharged home, and patients with FIM score of 110 or lower were discharged to another institution (rehabilitation hospital n = 14, other acute care hospital n = 4, or a nursing home n = 1) p < 0.0001. A discharge FIM score of 110 or lower was strongly associated with the need for inpatient rehabilitation, while a FIM score greater than 110 indicates the patient is independent enough to manage at home. Further prospective studies will be necessary to validate these findings.

Increasing the utility of the Functional Assessment for Burns Score: Not just for major burns.

PubMed

Smailes, Sarah T; Engelsman, Kayleen; Rodgers, Louise; Upson, Clara

2016-02-01

The Functional Assessment for Burns (FAB) score is established as an objective measure of physical function that predicts discharge outcome in adult patients with major burn. However, its validity in patients with minor and moderate burn is unknown. This is a multi-centre evaluation of the predictive validity of the FAB score for discharge outcome in adult inpatients with minor and moderate burns. FAB assessments were undertaken within 48 h of admission to (FAB 1), and within 48 h of discharge (FAB 2) from burn wards in 115 patients. Median age was 45 years and median burn size 4%. There were significant improvements in the patients' FAB scores (p<0.0001), 98 patients were discharged home (no social care) and 17 patients discharged to further inpatient rehabilitation or home with social care. FAB 1 score (≤ 14) is strongly associated with discharge to inpatient rehabilitation or home with social care (p=0.0001) and as such can be used to facilitate early discharge planning. FAB 2 (≤ 30) independently predicts discharge outcome to inpatient rehabilitation or home with social care (p<0.0001), increasing its utility to patients with minor and moderate burns. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd and ISBI. All rights reserved.

Thermal burn and electrical injuries among electric utility workers, 1995-2004.

PubMed

Fordyce, Tiffani A; Kelsh, Michael; Lu, Elizabeth T; Sahl, Jack D; Yager, Janice W

2007-03-01

This study describes the occurrence of work-related injuries from thermal-, electrical- and chemical-burns among electric utility workers. We describe injury trends by occupation, body part injured, age, sex, and circumstances surrounding the injury. This analysis includes all thermal, electric, and chemical injuries included in the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) Occupational Health and Safety Database (OHSD). There were a total of 872 thermal burn and electric shock injuries representing 3.7% of all injuries, but accounting for nearly 13% of all medical claim costs, second only to the medical costs associated with sprain- and strain-related injuries (38% of all injuries). The majority of burns involved less than 1 day off of work. The head, hands, and other upper extremities were the body parts most frequently injured by burns or electric shocks. For this industry, electric-related burns accounted for the largest percentage of burn injuries, 399 injuries (45.8%), followed by thermal/heat burns, 345 injuries (39.6%), and chemical burns, 51 injuries (5.8%). These injuries also represented a disproportionate number of fatalities; of the 24 deaths recorded in the database, contact with electric current or with temperature extremes was the source of seven of the fatalities. High-risk occupations included welders, line workers, electricians, meter readers, mechanics, maintenance workers, and plant and equipment operators.

Enhancing the clinical utility of the burn specific health scale-brief: not just for major burns.

PubMed

Finlay, V; Phillips, M; Wood, F; Hendrie, D; Allison, G T; Edgar, D

2014-03-01

Like many other Western burn services, the proportion of major to minor burns managed at Royal Perth Hospital (RPH) is in the order of 1:10. The Burn Specific Health Scale-Brief (BSHS-B) is an established measure of recovery after major burn, however its performance and validity in a population with a high volume of minor burns is uncertain. Utilizing the tool across burns of all sizes would be useful in service wide clinical practice. This study was designed to examine the reliability and validity of the BSHS-B across a sample of mostly minor burn patients. BSHS-B scores of patients, obtained between January 2006 and February 2013 and stored on a secure hospital database were collated and analyzed Cronbach's alpha, factor analysis, logistic regression and longitudinal regression were used to examine reliability and validity of the BSHS-B. Data from 927 burn patients (2031 surveys) with a mean % total burn surface area (TBSA) of 6.7 (SD 10.0) were available for analysis. The BSHS-B demonstrated excellent reliability with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.95. First and second order factor analyses reduced the 40 item scale to four domains: Work; Affect and Relations; Physical Function; Skin Involvement, as per the established construct. TBSA, length of stay and burn surgery all predicted burn specific health in the first three months of injury (p<0.001, p<0.001, p=0.03). BSHS-B whole scale and domain scores showed significant improvement over 24 months from burn (p<0.001). The results from this study show that the structure and performance of the BSHS-B in a burn population consisting of 90% minor burns is consistent with that demonstrated in major burns. The BSHS-B can be employed to track and predict recovery after burns of all sizes to assist the provision of targeted burn care. Crown Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Epidemiology of operative burns at Kijabe Hospital from 2006 to 2010: Pilot study of a web-based tool for creation of the Kenya Burn Repository

PubMed Central

Dale, Elizabeth L.; Mueller, Melissa A.; Wang, Li; Fogerty, Mary D.; Guy, Jeffrey S.; Nthumba, Peter M.

2013-01-01

Introduction In order to implement effective burn prevention strategies, the WHO has called for improved data collection to better characterize burn injuries in low and middle income countries (LMIC). This study was designed to gather information on burn injury in Kenya and to test a model for such data collection. Methods The study was designed as a retrospective case series study utilizing an electronic data collection tool to assess the scope of burn injuries requiring operation at Kijabe Hospital from January 2006 to May 2010. Data were entered into a web-based tool to test its utility as the potential Kenya Burn Repository (KBR). Results 174 patients were included. The median age was 10 years. There was a male predominance (59% vs. 41%). Findings included that timing of presentation was associated with burn etiology (p = 0.009). Length of stay (LOS) was associated with burn etiology (p < 0.001). Etiology differed depending on the age group, with scald being most prominent in children (p = 0.002). Conclusions Burn injuries in Kenya show similarities with other LMIC in etiology and pediatric predominance. Late presentation for care and prolonged LOS are areas for further investigation. The web-based database is an effective tool for data collection and international collaboration. PMID:23040425

Epidemiology of operative burns at Kijabe Hospital from 2006 to 2010: pilot study of a web-based tool for creation of the Kenya Burn Repository.

PubMed

Dale, Elizabeth L; Mueller, Melissa A; Wang, Li; Fogerty, Mary D; Guy, Jeffrey S; Nthumba, Peter M

2013-06-01

In order to implement effective burn prevention strategies, the WHO has called for improved data collection to better characterize burn injuries in low and middle income countries (LMIC). This study was designed to gather information on burn injury in Kenya and to test a model for such data collection. The study was designed as a retrospective case series study utilizing an electronic data collection tool to assess the scope of burn injuries requiring operation at Kijabe Hospital from January 2006 to May 2010. Data were entered into a web-based tool to test its utility as the potential Kenya Burn Repository (KBR). 174 patients were included. The median age was 10 years. There was a male predominance (59% vs. 41%). Findings included that timing of presentation was associated with burn etiology (p=0.009). Length of stay (LOS) was associated with burn etiology (p<0.001). Etiology differed depending on the age group, with scald being most prominent in children (p=0.002). Burn injuries in Kenya show similarities with other LMIC in etiology and pediatric predominance. Late presentation for care and prolonged LOS are areas for further investigation. The web-based database is an effective tool for data collection and international collaboration. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd and ISBI. All rights reserved.

Impact of RCRA (PL 94-580) on the use or disposal of solid wastes from Texas lignite-fired utility boilers: a literature survey. Final report. [Flue gas desulfurization sludges

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Smith, R.L.

A literature survey was conducted in order to determine the amount of information available to the public concerning the impact of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA) on the use or disposal of solid wastes from Texas lignite-fired utility boilers. The utility power plants of ALCOA, Big Brown, Martin Lake, Monticello and San Miguel are the only facilities currently using Texas lignite as fuel. RCRA is a comprehensive federal law which provides for the management of hazardous waste from generation to ultimate disposal. Utility solid wastes such as fly ash and flue gas desulfurization (FGD) sludge aremore » currently classified as excluded wastes (wastes exempt from hazardous classification) pending further information regarding these high-volume, low risk wastes. RCRA also provides for the increased need of recovered materials in Subtitle F - Federal Procurement. The lignite deposits of Texas occur in belts that stretch diagonally across the state from Laredo to Texarkana. The sulfur content and Btu value of Texas lignite combined requires that sulfur scrubbers be installed on new power plant units. The utility solid wastes occur in large quantities and leachate from some of these wastes contained detectable amounts of chromium and selenium. However, the concentration of these elements in the leachate was not sufficient to classify any of the utility wastes in this study as hazardous per current RCRA guidelines. In general, fly ash and FGD sludge are classified as Class II wastes and disposed of in an environmentally acceptable manner. Considerable amounts of bottom ash and fly ash are utilized but, thus far, FGD sludge has been landfilled, usually in combination with fly ash.« less

Electron beam technology for multipollutant emissions control from heavy fuel oil-fired boiler.

PubMed

Chmielewski, Andrzej G; Ostapczuk, Anna; Licki, Janusz

2010-08-01

The electron beam treatment technology for purification of exhaust gases from the burning of heavy fuel oil (HFO) mazout with sulfur content approximately 3 wt % was tested at the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology laboratory plant. The parametric study was conducted to determine the sulfur dioxide (SO2), oxides of nitrogen (NO(x)), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) removal efficiency as a function of temperature and humidity of irradiated gases, absorbed irradiation dose, and ammonia stoichiometry process parameters. In the test performed under optimal conditions with an irradiation dose of 12.4 kGy, simultaneous removal efficiencies of approximately 98% for SO2, and 80% for NO(x) were recorded. The simultaneous decrease of PAH and one-ringed aromatic hydrocarbon (benzene, toluene, and xylenes [BTX]) concentrations was observed in the irradiated flue gas. Overall removal efficiencies of approximately 42% for PAHs and 86% for BTXs were achieved with an irradiation dose 5.3 kGy. The decomposition ratio of these compounds increased with an increase of absorbed dose. The decrease of PAH and BTX concentrations was followed by the increase of oxygen-containing aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations. The PAH and BTX decomposition process was initialized through the reaction with hydroxyl radicals that formed in the electron beam irradiated flue gas. Their decomposition process is based on similar principles as the primary reaction concerning SO2 and NO(x) removal; that is, free radicals attack organic compound chains or rings, causing volatile organic compound decomposition. Thus, the electron beam flue gas treatment (EBFGT) technology ensures simultaneous removal of acid (SO2 and NO(x)) and organic (PAH and BTX) pollutants from flue gas emitted from burning of HFO. This technology is a multipollutant emission control technology that can be applied for treatment of flue gas emitted from coal-, lignite-, and HFO-fired boilers. Other thermal processes such as metallurgy and municipal waste incinerators are potential candidates for this technology application.

Erosive Burning Study Utilizing Ultrasonic Measurement Techniques

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Furfaro, James A.

2003-01-01

A 6-segment subscale motor was developed to generate a range of internal environments from which multiple propellants could be characterized for erosive burning. The motor test bed was designed to provide a high Mach number, high mass flux environment. Propellant regression rates were monitored for each segment utilizing ultrasonic measurement techniques. These data were obtained for three propellants RSRM, ETM- 03, and Castor@ IVA, which span two propellant types, PBAN (polybutadiene acrylonitrile) and HTPB (hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene). The characterization of these propellants indicates a remarkably similar erosive burning response to the induced flow environment. Propellant burnrates for each type had a conventional response with respect to pressure up to a bulk flow velocity threshold. Each propellant, however, had a unique threshold at which it would experience an increase in observed propellant burn rate. Above the observed threshold each propellant again demonstrated a similar enhanced burn rate response corresponding to the local flow environment.

Mass Loss of Coal Particles Burning in Fluidized Bed

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pełka, Piotr

2017-06-01

In this work many conclusions resulting from research carried out on the coal combustion process of the chosen coal type and its accompanying erosion in a two-phase flow of inert material have been presented. The purpose of this flow was to present a model of the conditions of the central and upper zone of the combustion chamber of the fluidized boiler. In the opinion of many authors (Basu, 1999; Chirone et al., 1991), the erosion process results from the contact of a fuel particle with particles of inert material that is responsible for generating fine fuel particles of less than 100 mm. If the particles are in the upper zone of the boiler where there is oxygen deficit, they can increase the loss of incomplete combustion substantially. The results of research do not confirm this common thesis, but rather indicate that the process of comminution that results from erosion under oxidative conditions contributes to the increase of substantial mass loss of a coal particle, however the increased mass loss of particle during combustion is first and foremost due to the whole process of removal of ash from the reactionary surface of a fuel particle. Nevertheless, in the conditions of oxygen deficit the comminution of particles as a result of the erosion process is negligible

Diesels in combined cycle

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kuehn, S.E.

1995-03-01

This article examines why the diesel engine is a very attractive choice for producing power in the combined-cycle configuration. The medium-speed diesel is already one of the most efficient simple cycle sources of electricity, especially with lower grade fuels. Large units have heat-rate efficiencies as high as 45%, equating to a heat rate of 7,580 Btu/k Whr, and no other power production prime mover can match this efficiency. Diesels also offer designers fuel flexibility and can burn an extreme variety of fuels without sacrificing many of its positive operating attributes. Diesels are the first building block in a highly efficientmore » combined cycle system that relies on the hot gas and oxygen in the diesel`s exhaust to combust either natural gas, light distillate oil, heavy oil or coal, in a boiler. By using a fired boiler, steam can be generated at sufficient temperature and pressure to operate a Rankine steam cycle efficiently. Diesel combined-cycle plants can be configured in much the same way a gas turbine plant would be. However, the diesel combined-cycle scheme requires supplemental firing to generate appropriate steam conditions. The most efficient cycle, therefore, would not be achieved until combustion air and supplemental fuel are minimized to levels that satisfy steam conditions, steam generation and power generation constraints.« less

Coal and tire burning mixtures containing ultrafine and nanoparticulate materials induce oxidative stress and inflammatory activation in macrophages.

PubMed

Gasparotto, Juciano; Somensi, Nauana; Caregnato, Fernanda F; Rabelo, Thallita K; DaBoit, Kátia; Oliveira, Marcos L S; Moreira, José C F; Gelain, Daniel P

2013-10-01

Ultra-fine and nano-particulate materials resulting from mixtures of coal and non-coal fuels combustion for power generation release to the air components with toxic potential. We evaluated toxicological and inflammatory effects at cellular level that could be induced by ultrafine/nanoparticles-containing ashes from burning mixtures of coal and tires from an American power plant. Coal fly ashes (CFA) samples from the combustion of high-S coal and tire-derived fuel, the latter about 2-3% of the total fuel feed, in a 100-MW cyclone utility boiler, were suspended in the cell culture medium of RAW 264.7 macrophages. Cell viability, assessed by MTT reduction, SRB incorporation and contrast-phase microscopy analysis demonstrated that CFA did not induce acute toxicity. However, CFA at 1mg/mL induced an increase of approximately 338% in intracellular TNF-α, while release of this proinflammatory cytokine was increased by 1.6-fold. The expression of the inflammatory mediator CD40 receptor was enhanced by 2-fold, the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) had a 5.7-fold increase and the stress response protein HSP70 was increased nearly 12-fold by CFA at 1mg/mL. Although CFA did not induce cell death, parameters of oxidative stress and reactive species production were found to be altered at several degrees, such as nitrite accumulation (22% increase), DCFH oxidation (3.5-fold increase), catalase (5-fold increase) and superoxide dismutase (35% inhibition) activities, lipoperoxidation (4.2 fold-increase) and sulfhydryl oxidation (40% decrease in free SH groups). The present results suggest that CFA containing ultra-fine and nano-particulate materials from coal and tire combustion may induce sub-chronic cell damage, as they alter inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters at the molecular and cellular levels, but do not induce acute cell death. © 2013.

Investigation of the weldability of iron-aluminum-chromium overlay coatings for corrosion protection in oxidizing/sulfidizing environments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Regina, Jonathan R.

The current study investigated the effect of chromium additions on the hydrogen cracking susceptibility of Fe-Al weld overlay claddings containing chromium additions. It was found that the weldability of FeAlCr claddings was a function of both the aluminum and chromium concentrations of the weld coatings. Weld overlay compositions that were not susceptible to hydrogen cracking were identified and the underlying mechanism behind the hydrogen cracking phenomenon was investigated further. It was concluded that the cracking behavior of the FeAlCr welds depended strongly on the microstructure of the weld fusion zone. Although it was found that the cracking susceptibility was influenced by the presence of Fe-Al intermetallic phases (namely Fe3 Al and FeAl), the cracking behavior of FeAlCr weld overlay claddings also depended on the size and distribution of carbide and oxide particles present within the weld structure. These particles acted as hydrogen trapping sites, which are areas where free hydrogen segregates and can no longer contribute to the hydrogen embrittlement of the metal. It was determined that in practical applications of these FeAlCr weld overlay coatings, carbon should be present within these welds to reduce the amount of hydrogen available for hydrogen cracking. Based on the weldability results of the FeAlCr weld claddings, coating compositions that were able to be deposited crack-free were used for long-term corrosion testing in a simulated low NOx environment. These alloys were compared to a Ni-based superalloy (622), which is commonly utilized as boiler tube coatings in power plant furnaces for corrosion protection. It was found that the FeAlCr alloys demonstrated superior corrosion resistance when compared to the Ni-based superalloy. Due to the excellent long-term corrosion behavior of FeAlCr weld overlays that were immune to hydrogen cracking, it was concluded that select FeAlCr weld overlay compositions would make excellent corrosion resistant coatings for boiler tubes located in low NOx burning environments.

40 CFR 52.1770 - Identification of plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 61213 Sect .0515 Particulates from Miscellaneous Industrial Processes 04/01/03 09/17/03, 68 FR 54362... Utility Boilers 08/01/91 02/14/96, 61 FR 5689 Sect .0540 Particulates from Fugitive Non-process Dust... Sect .0955 Thread Bonding Manufacturing 04/01/95 02/01/96, 62 FR 3589 Sect .0956 Glass Christmas...

ENHANCEMENT OF REACTIVITY IN SURFACTANT-MODIFIED SORBENTS FOR SULFUR DIOXIDE CONTROL

EPA Science Inventory

The paper discusses the enhancement of reactivity in surfactant-modified sorbents for S02 control. Injecting calcium-based sorbents into the post-flame zone of utility boilers can achieve S02 captures of 50-60% at a stoichiometry of 2. Calcium hydroxide-- Ca(OH)2--appears to be t...

Analysis of Emission Reduction Strategies for Power Boilers in the US Pulp and Paper Industry.

EPA Science Inventory

The U.S. pulp and paper industry utilizes a variety of fuels to provide energy for process needs. Energy production results in air emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOX), particulate matter (PM), and greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2). Air emissions f...

FIELD EVALUATION OF LOW-EMISSION COAL BURNER TECHNOLOGY ON UTILITY BOILERS VOLUME II. SECOND GENERATION LOW-NOX BURNERS

EPA Science Inventory

The report describes tests to evaluate the performance characteristics of three Second Generation Low-NOx burner designs: the Dual Register burner (DRB), the Babcock-Hitachi NOx Reducing (HNR) burner, and the XCL burner. The three represent a progression in development based on t...

THE MONITORING AND MODELING OF MERCURY SPECIES IN SUPPORT OF LOCAL, REGIONAL, AND GLOBAL MODELING

EPA Science Inventory

Cyrill Brosset, as early as 1979, recognized through research on the chemical forms of mercury in rain and in the air in Sweden and the Baltic States that (i) coal fired utility boilers in Eastern Europe were sources of mercury contaminating lakes in Sweden, and (ii) that both ...

Systems-Level Energy Audit for Main Complex, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-08-01

gas-fired boilers. Cooling is provided by two York electric chillers housed in the Utilities Building. Electric- ity and gas are metered by...small “instant recovery” electric water heater with a 20-gal size tank. Cooling In the spring of 1993, two R-22 (HCFC) York chiller units (rated at 180...tons each, but which can be peaked at 230 tons under favorable conditions) were in- stalled to replace the old chiller in the Utilities Building

43. VIEW OF TURBINE HALL LOOKING WEST NORTHWEST FROM THE ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

43. VIEW OF TURBINE HALL LOOKING WEST NORTHWEST FROM THE MEZZANINE. IN THE CENTER OF THE PHOTOGRAPHS ARE THREE FREQUENCY CONVERTERS INSTALLED IN 1983. THE FREQUENCY CONVERTERS SUPPLEMENTED COS COB POWER. DURING THE TRANSITION TO UTILITY POWER CONVERTERS USED UTILITY INPUT POWER AT 60 CYCLES TO OUTPUT 25 CYCLE POWER FOR RAILROAD OPERATIONS. THE INTERIM SYSTEM INCREASED RELIABILITY AND ALLOWED COMPLIANCE WITH BOILER EMISSION LIMITATIONS. - New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad, Cos Cob Power Plant, Sound Shore Drive, Greenwich, Fairfield County, CT

Particulate matter emissions from combustion of wood in district heating applications

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ghafghazi, S.; Sowlati, T.; Sokhansanj, Shahabaddine

2011-01-01

The utilization of wood biomass to generate district heat and power in communities that have access to this energy source is increasing. In this paper the effect of wood fuel properties, combustion condition, and flue gas cleaning system on variation in the amount and formation of particles in the flue gas of typical district heating wood boilers are discussed based on the literature survey. Direct measurements of particulate matter (PM) emissions from wood boilers with district heating applications are reviewed and presented. Finally, recommendations are given regarding the selection of wood fuel, combustion system condition, and flue gas cleaning systemmore » in district heating systems in order to meet stringent air quality standards. It is concluded that utilization of high quality wood fuel, such as wood pellets produced from natural, uncontaminated stem wood, would generate the least PM emissions compared to other wood fuel types. Particulate matter emissions from grate burners equipped with electrostatic precipitators when using wood pellets can be well below stringent regulatory emission limit such as particulate emission limit of Metro Vancouver, Canada.« less