Shielding of substations against direct lightning strokes by shield wires

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chowdhuri, P.

1994-01-01

A new analysis for shielding outdoor substations against direct lightning strokes by shield wires is proposed. The basic assumption of this proposed method is that any lightning stroke which penetrates the shields will cause damage. The second assumption is that a certain level of risk of failure must be accepted, such as one or two failures per 100 years. The proposed method, using electrogeometric model, was applied to design shield wires for two outdoor substations: (1) 161-kV/69-kV station, and (2) 500-kV/161-kV station. The results of the proposed method were also compared with the shielding data of two other substations.

Public magnetic field exposure based on internal current density for electric low voltage systems.

PubMed

Keikko, Tommi; Seesvuori, Reino; Hyvönen, Martti; Valkealahti, Seppo

2009-04-01

A measurement concept utilizing a new magnetic field exposure metering system has been developed for indoor substations where voltage is transformed from a medium voltage of 10 or 20 kV to a low voltage of 400 V. The new metering system follows the guidelines published by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection. It can be used to measure magnetic field values, total harmonic distortion of the magnetic field, magnetic field exposure ratios for public and workers, load current values, and total harmonic distortion of the load current. This paper demonstrates how exposure to non-sinusoidal magnetic fields and magnetic flux density exposure values can be compared directly with limit values for internal current densities in a human body. Further, we present how the magnetic field and magnetic field exposure behaves in the vicinity of magnetic field sources within the indoor substation and in the neighborhood. Measured magnetic fields around the substation components have been used to develop a measurement concept by which long-term measurements in the substations were performed. Long-term measurements revealed interesting and partly unexpected dependencies between the measured quantities, which have been further analyzed. The principle of this paper is to substitute a demanding exposure measurement with measurements of the basic quantities like the 50 Hz fundamental magnetic field component, which can be estimated based on the load currents for certain classes of substation lay-out.

Protein Conformational Populations and Functionally Relevant Sub-states

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Agarwal, Pratul K; Burger, Virginia; Savol, Andrej

2013-01-01

Functioning proteins do not remain fixed in a unique structure, but instead they sample a range of conformations facilitated by motions within the protein. Even in the native state, a protein exists as a collection of interconverting conformations driven by thermodynamic fluctuations. Motions on the fast time scale allow a protein to sample conformations in the nearby area of its conformational landscape, while motions on slower time scales give it access to conformations in distal areas of the landscape. Emerging evidence indicates that protein landscapes contain conformational substates with dynamic and structural features that support the designated function of themore » protein. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments provide information about conformational ensembles of proteins. X-ray crystallography allows researchers to identify the most populated states along the landscape, and computational simulations give atom-level information about the conformational substates of different proteins. This ability to characterize and obtain quantitative information about the conformational substates and the populations of proteins within them is allowing researchers to better understand the relationship between protein structure and dynamics and the mechanisms of protein function. In this Account, we discuss recent developments and challenges in the characterization of functionally relevant conformational populations and substates of proteins. In some enzymes, the sampling of functionally relevant conformational substates is connected to promoting the overall mechanism of catalysis. For example, the conformational landscape of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase has multiple substates, which facilitate the binding and the release of the cofactor and substrate and catalyze the hydride transfer. For the enzyme cyclophilin A, computational simulations reveal that the long time scale conformational fluctuations enable the enzyme to access conformational substates that allow it to attain the transition state, therefore promoting the reaction mechanism. In the long term, this emerging view of proteins with conformational substates has broad implications for improving our understanding of enzymes, enzyme engineering, and better drug design. Researchers have already used photoactivation to modulate protein conformations as a strategy to develop a hypercatalytic enzyme. In addition, the alteration of the conformational substates through binding of ligands at locations other than the active site provides the basis for the design of new medicines through allosteric modulation.« less

Extremum Seeking Control of Smart Inverters for VAR Compensation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Arnold, Daniel; Negrete-Pincetic, Matias; Stewart, Emma

2015-09-04

Reactive power compensation is used by utilities to ensure customer voltages are within pre-defined tolerances and reduce system resistive losses. While much attention has been paid to model-based control algorithms for reactive power support and Volt Var Optimization (VVO), these strategies typically require relatively large communications capabilities and accurate models. In this work, a non-model-based control strategy for smart inverters is considered for VAR compensation. An Extremum Seeking control algorithm is applied to modulate the reactive power output of inverters based on real power information from the feeder substation, without an explicit feeder model. Simulation results using utility demand informationmore » confirm the ability of the control algorithm to inject VARs to minimize feeder head real power consumption. In addition, we show that the algorithm is capable of improving feeder voltage profiles and reducing reactive power supplied by the distribution substation.« less

Preventive overhaul time for power transformers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sarmadi, M.; Rouhi, J.; Fayyaz, A.

Power transformers are the major piece of equipment in high-voltage substations. A considerable number of these transformers exist in Iran`s integrated network. Due to the climate diversity and improper usage, many of these transformers age rapidly, suffer failure and are taken out of service before half their useful life. At the present time the utility companies have no specific time-frame and plan for preventive overhaul. Detection of preventive overhaul time will increase the remaining life of transformers and improve the reliability of substations. An exact check of the remaining lifetime of transformers is not yet possible by available diagnostic techniques.more » In this paper, the authors present a method of identifying the right time for preventive overhaul in 63 kV power transformers. This method is developed based on 25 year transformer performance records in Northern Iran (subtropical climate) and with the utilization of studies done by electrical engineering communities world-wide.« less

Procedures and criteria for increasing the earthquake resistance level of electrical substations and special installations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Couch, R.W.; Deacon, R.J.

1973-09-30

This report defines a procedure and provides basic information needed to determine the modifications required to make electrical substations and special installations of the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) more resistant to strong earthquake ground motion. It also provides a procedure for developing an effective plan for establishing the sequence, or priority, of providing the required modifications.

The Effects of Temperature on Political Violence: Global Evidence at the Subnational Level

PubMed Central

Bollfrass, Alexander; Shaver, Andrew

2015-01-01

A number of studies have demonstrated an empirical relationship between higher ambient temperatures and substate violence, which have been extrapolated to make predictions about the security implications of climate change. This literature rests on the untested assumption that the mechanism behind the temperature-conflict link is that disruption of agricultural production provokes local violence. Using a subnational-level dataset, this paper demonstrates that the relationship: (1) obtains globally, (2) exists at the substate level — provinces that experience positive temperature deviations see increased conflict; and (3) occurs even in regions without significant agricultural production. Diminished local farm output resulting from elevated temperatures is unlikely to account for the entire increase in substate violence. The findings encourage future research to identify additional mechanisms, including the possibility that a substantial portion of the variation is brought about by the well-documented direct effects of temperature on individuals' propensity for violence or through macroeconomic mechanisms such as food price shocks. PMID:25992616

A survey of industry practices regarding shielding of substations against direct lightning strokes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mousa, A.M.; Wehling, R.J.

1993-01-01

A survey of industry practices regarding shielding of substations against direct lightning strokes is presented and analyzed. The survey is based on responses from 114 companies including consultants and utilities both from within and from outside North America. The survey identifies the shielding design methods in use, the factors affecting the selection of a shielding method, the shielding design criteria and the governing factors, the performance of the different shielding methods and miscellaneous related aspects. The survey revealed a large number (35) of shielding failure incidents; 34 of which occurred in systems designed using either the fixed shielding angle methodmore » or Wagner's 1942 method.« less

75 FR 13299 - Lower Colorado River Authority Transmission Services Corporation; Construction, Operation...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-19

...] Lower Colorado River Authority Transmission Services Corporation; Construction, Operation, Maintenance... activities associated with LCRA TSC's construction, maintenance, operation, and repair of four Competitive..., substation upgrades, and access roads) required to be constructed by the Public Utility Commission of Texas...

Utility interconnection experience with an operating central station MW-sized photovoltaic plant

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Patapoff, N. W., Jr.; Mattijetz, D. R.

1985-08-01

Utility experience to date with photovoltaic systems has been with small dispersed systems designed primarily as demonstration projects. The 1 MW photovoltaic plant at Lugo Substation in Hesperia, California, has been designed and is operated as a central station power plant. The performance of the system has been monitored since first coming on line in November 1982. The potential impact of this and similar systems upon the operation of the utility is discussed.

40 CFR 256.65 - Recommendations for public participation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 25 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Recommendations for public... Participation § 256.65 Recommendations for public participation. (a) State and substate planning agencies should establish an advisory group, or utilize an existing group, to provide recommendations on major policy and...

77 FR 58828 - Northern Indiana Public Service Company; Notice of Petition for Declaratory Order

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-09-24

... kV transmission line from the Reynolds substation to the Greentown substation and (2) substation upgrades at Reynolds substation, including a 765 kV/345kV transformer, a Multi-Value Project approved under...

The power grid monitoring promotion of Liaoning December 14th accident

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhou, Zhi; Gao, Ziji; He, Xiaoyang; Li, Tie; Jin, Xiaoming; Wang, Mingkai; Qu, Zhi; Sun, Chenguang

2018-02-01

This paper introduces the main responsibilities of power grid monitoring and the accident of Liaoning Power Grid 500kV Xujia transformer substation at December 14th, 2016. This paper analyzes the problems exposed in this accident from the aspects of abnormal information judgment, fault information collection, auxiliary video monitoring, online monitoring of substation equipment, puts forward the corresponding improvement methods and summarizes the methods of improving the professional level of power grid equipment monitoring.

40 CFR 35.1615 - Substate agreements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Substate agreements. 35.1615 Section 35... STATE AND LOCAL ASSISTANCE Cooperative Agreements for Protecting and Restoring Publicly Owned Freshwater Lakes § 35.1615 Substate agreements. States may make financial assistance available to substate agencies...

40 CFR 35.1615 - Substate agreements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Substate agreements. 35.1615 Section 35... STATE AND LOCAL ASSISTANCE Cooperative Agreements for Protecting and Restoring Publicly Owned Freshwater Lakes § 35.1615 Substate agreements. States may make financial assistance available to substate agencies...

Load Segmentation for Convergence of Distribution Automation and Advanced Metering Infrastructure Systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pamulaparthy, Balakrishna; KS, Swarup; Kommu, Rajagopal

2014-12-01

Distribution automation (DA) applications are limited to feeder level today and have zero visibility outside of the substation feeder and reaching down to the low-voltage distribution network level. This has become a major obstacle in realizing many automated functions and enhancing existing DA capabilities. Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) systems are being widely deployed by utilities across the world creating system-wide communications access to every monitoring and service point, which collects data from smart meters and sensors in short time intervals, in response to utility needs. DA and AMI systems convergence provides unique opportunities and capabilities for distribution grid modernization with the DA system acting as a controller and AMI system acting as feedback to DA system, for which DA applications have to understand and use the AMI data selectively and effectively. In this paper, we propose a load segmentation method that helps the DA system to accurately understand and use the AMI data for various automation applications with a suitable case study on power restoration.

Fault Current Distribution and Pole Earth Potential Rise (EPR) Under Substation Fault

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nnassereddine, M.; Rizk, J.; Hellany, A.; Nagrial, M.

2013-09-01

New high-voltage (HV) substations are fed by transmission lines. The position of these lines necessitates earthing design to ensure safety compliance of the system. Conductive structures such as steel or concrete poles are widely used in HV transmission mains. The earth potential rise (EPR) generated by a fault at the substation could result in an unsafe condition. This article discusses EPR based on substation fault. The pole EPR assessment under substation fault is assessed with and without mutual impedance consideration. Split factor determination with and without the mutual impedance of the line is also discussed. Furthermore, a simplified formula to compute the pole grid current under substation fault is included. Also, it includes the introduction of the n factor which determines the number of poles that required earthing assessments under substation fault. A case study is shown.

Using Immersive Virtual Reality for Electrical Substation Training

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tanaka, Eduardo H.; Paludo, Juliana A.; Cordeiro, Carlúcio S.; Domingues, Leonardo R.; Gadbem, Edgar V.; Euflausino, Adriana

2015-01-01

Usually, distribution electricians are called upon to solve technical problems found in electrical substations. In this project, we apply problem-based learning to a training program for electricians, with the help of a virtual reality environment that simulates a real substation. Using this virtual substation, users may safely practice maneuvers…

Substation alarm multiplexing system (SAMS)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

ElBadaly, H.; Gaughan, J.; Ward, G.

1996-03-01

This paper describes an on going R&D project to develop, design, install, and assess the field performance of an advanced substation alarm system. SAMS provides a highly fault-tolerant system for the reporting of equipment alarms. SAMS separates and identifies each of the multiple alarm contacts, transmits an alarm condition over existing substation two-wire system, and displays the alarm source, and its associated technical information, on a touch-screen monitor inside the substation control room, and a remote central location and on a hand held terminal which may be carried anywhere within the substation. SAMS is currently installed at the Sherman Creekmore » substation in the Bronx for the purpose of a three month field evaluation.« less

Study on Noise Prediction Model and Control Schemes for Substation

PubMed Central

Gao, Yang; Liu, Songtao

2014-01-01

With the government's emphasis on environmental issues of power transmission and transformation project, noise pollution has become a prominent problem now. The noise from the working transformer, reactor, and other electrical equipment in the substation will bring negative effect to the ambient environment. This paper focuses on using acoustic software for the simulation and calculation method to control substation noise. According to the characteristics of the substation noise and the techniques of noise reduction, a substation's acoustic field model was established with the SoundPLAN software to predict the scope of substation noise. On this basis, 4 reasonable noise control schemes were advanced to provide some helpful references for noise control during the new substation's design and construction process. And the feasibility and application effect of these control schemes can be verified by using the method of simulation modeling. The simulation results show that the substation always has the problem of excessive noise at boundary under the conventional measures. The excess noise can be efficiently reduced by taking the corresponding noise reduction methods. PMID:24672356

Variation in Vaccination Data Available at School Entry Across the United States.

PubMed

Leslie, Timothy F; Street, Erica J; Delamater, Paul L; Yang, Y Tony; Jacobsen, Kathryn H

2016-12-01

To compile substate-level data on US school-age children's vaccination rates. For states that did not have suitable data online, in 2015 we submitted information requests to the state health department and followed up with the state's Freedom of Information Act when necessary. The accessibility, scale, and types of vaccination data varied considerably. Whereas 26 states provided data online, 14 released data only after a Freedom of Information Act request. School or school-district data were available for 24 states, 19 at the county level, 2 at the health department level, and 6 provided no substate-level data. Effective vaccination policy requires a robust understanding of vaccination behavior. Some states make it difficult to access data or provide low-resolution data of limited value for identifying vaccination behavior.

Deep learning based state recognition of substation switches

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Jin

2018-06-01

Different from the traditional method which recognize the state of substation switches based on the running rules of electrical power system, this work proposes a novel convolutional neuron network-based state recognition approach of substation switches. Inspired by the theory of transfer learning, we first establish a convolutional neuron network model trained on the large-scale image set ILSVRC2012, then the restricted Boltzmann machine is employed to replace the full connected layer of the convolutional neuron network and trained on our small image dataset of 110kV substation switches to get a stronger model. Experiments conducted on our image dataset of 110kV substation switches show that, the proposed approach can be applicable to the substation to reduce the running cost and implement the real unattended operation.

Modelling GIC Flow in New Zealand's Electrical Transmission Grid

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Divett, T.; Thomson, A. W. P.; Ingham, M.; Rodger, C. J.; Beggan, C.; Kelly, G.

2016-12-01

Transformers in Transpower New Zealand Ltd's electrical grid have been impacted by geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) during geomagnetic storms, for example in November 2001. In this study we have developed an initial model of the South Island's power grid to advance understanding of the impact of GIC on New Zealand's (NZ) grid. NZ's latitude and island setting mean that modelling approaches successfully used in the UK in the past can be used. Vasseur and Weidelt's thin sheet model is applied to model the electric field as a function of magnetic field and conductance. However the 4 km deep ocean near NZ's coast compared to the UK's relatively shallow continental shelf waters restricts the range of frequency and spatial grid that can be used due to assumptions in the thin sheet model. Some early consequences of these restrictions will be discussed. Lines carrying 220kV, 110kV and 66kV make up NZ's electrical transmission grid with multiple earthing nodes at each substation. Transpower have measured DC earth currents at 17 nodes in NZ's South Island grid for 15 years, including observations at multiple transformers for some substations. Different transformers at the same substation can experience quite different GIC during space weather events. Therefore we have initially modelled each transformer in some substations separately to compare directly with measured currents.Ultimately this study aims to develop a validated modelling tool that will be used to strengthen NZ's grid against the risks of space weather. Further, mitigation tactics which could be used to reduce the threat to the electrical grid will be evaluated. In particular we will focus at the transformer level where the risk lies, and not at the substation level as has been commonly done to date. As we will validate our model against the extensive Transpower observations, this will be a valuable confirmation of the approaches used by the wider international community.

75 FR 75170 - Minnkota Power Cooperative, Inc.: Bemidji to Grand Rapids 230 kV Transmission Line Project

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-02

... Grand Rapids 230 kV Transmission Line Project AGENCY: Rural Utilities Service, USDA. ACTION: Notice of... proposed Bemidji to Grand Rapids 230 kV Transmission Line Project (Project) in Beltrami, Hubbard, Itasca... financing to construct the 230 kilovolt (kV) transmission line between the Wilton Substation near Bemidji...

Project FOOTPRINT: Substation modeling and simulations for E1 pulses

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nelson, Scott D.; Larson, D. J.; Kirkendall, B. A.

This report includes a presentation with an: Introduction to CW coupling; Introduction to single-pulse coupling; Description of E1 waveforms; Structures in a substation yard --articulated (as part of the substation's defined electrical functionality)--unarticulated (not as part of the substation's defined electrical functionality); Coupling --electrical coupling (capacitive coupling) --magnetic coupling (inductive coupling); Connectivity to long-line transmission lines; Control infrastructure; Summary; and References.

High-precision multi-node clock network distribution.

PubMed

Chen, Xing; Cui, Yifan; Lu, Xing; Ci, Cheng; Zhang, Xuesong; Liu, Bo; Wu, Hong; Tang, Tingsong; Shi, Kebin; Zhang, Zhigang

2017-10-01

A high precision multi-node clock network for multiple users was built following the precise frequency transmission and time synchronization of 120 km fiber. The network topology adopts a simple star-shaped network structure. The clock signal of a hydrogen maser (synchronized with UTC) was recovered from a 120 km telecommunication fiber link and then was distributed to 4 sub-stations. The fractional frequency instability of all substations is in the level of 10 -15 in a second and the clock offset instability is in sub-ps in root-mean-square average.

View of EPA Farm power substation, facing westsouthwest Nevada ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

View of EPA Farm power substation, facing west-southwest - Nevada Test Site, Environmental Protection Agency Farm, Power Substation, Area 15, Yucca Flat, 10-2 Road near Circle Road, Mercury, Nye County, NV

Resilient Core Networks for Energy Distribution

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kuntze, Nicolai; Rudolph, Carsten; Leivesley, Sally

2014-07-28

Abstract—Substations and their control are crucial for the availability of electricity in today’s energy distribution. Ad- vanced energy grids with Distributed Energy Resources require higher complexity in substations, distributed functionality and communication between devices inside substations and between substations. Also, substations include more and more intelligent devices and ICT based systems. All these devices are connected to other systems by different types of communication links or are situated in uncontrolled environments. Therefore, the risk of ICT based attacks on energy grids is growing. Consequently, security measures to counter these risks need to be an intrinsic part of energy grids. Thismore » paper introduces the concept of a Resilient Core Network to interconnected substations. This core network provides essen- tial security features, enables fast detection of attacks and allows for a distributed and autonomous mitigation of ICT based risks.« less

An Economic Analysis and Approach for Health Care Preparedness in a Substate Region.

PubMed

Stryckman, Benoit; Grace, Thomas L; Schwarz, Peter; Marcozzi, David

2015-08-01

To demonstrate the application of economics to health care preparedness by estimating the financial return on investment in a substate regional emergency response team and to develop a financial model aimed at sustaining community-level disaster readiness. Economic evaluation methods were applied to the experience of a regional Pennsylvania response capability. A cost-benefit analysis was performed by using information on funding of the response team and 17 real-world events the team responded to between 2008 and 2013. By use of the results of the cost-benefit analysis as well as information on the response team's catchment area, a risk-based insurance-like membership model was built. The cost-benefit analysis showed a positive return after 6 years of investment in the regional emergency response team. Financial modeling allowed for the calculation of premiums for 2 types of providers within the emergency response team's catchment area: hospitals and long-term care facilities. The analysis indicated that preparedness activities have a positive return on their investment in this substate region. By applying economic principles, communities can estimate their return on investment to make better business decisions in an effort to increase the sustainability of emergency preparedness programs at the regional level.

Structural assessment of highway "N" power substation under earthquake loads.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2009-10-01

In this study, the Highway N Substation was analyzed with a finite element model (FEM) for its vulnerability. The rigid bus and electric switch components were characterized with full scale shake table tests. Each component of the substation wa...

Substation Reactive Power Regulation Strategy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Junfeng; Zhang, Chunwang; Ma, Daqing

2018-01-01

With the increasing requirements on the power supply quality and reliability of distribution network, voltage and reactive power regulation of substations has become one of the indispensable ways to ensure voltage quality and reactive power balance and to improve the economy and reliability of distribution network. Therefore, it is a general concern of the current power workers and operators that what kind of flexible and effective control method should be used to adjust the on-load tap-changer (OLTC) transformer and shunt compensation capacitor in a substation to achieve reactive power balance in situ, improve voltage pass rate, increase power factor and reduce active power loss. In this paper, based on the traditional nine-zone diagram and combining with the characteristics of substation, a fuzzy variable-center nine-zone diagram control method is proposed and used to make a comprehensive regulation of substation voltage and reactive power. Through the calculation and simulation of the example, this method is proved to have satisfactorily reconciled the contradiction between reactive power and voltage in real-time control and achieved the basic goal of real-time control of the substation, providing a reference value to the practical application of the substation real-time control method.

Functional Sub-states by High-pressure Macromolecular Crystallography.

PubMed

Dhaussy, Anne-Claire; Girard, Eric

2015-01-01

At the molecular level, high-pressure perturbation is of particular interest for biological studies as it allows trapping conformational substates. Moreover, within the context of high-pressure adaptation of deep-sea organisms, it allows to decipher the molecular determinants of piezophily. To provide an accurate description of structural changes produced by pressure in a macromolecular system, developments have been made to adapt macromolecular crystallography to high-pressure studies. The present chapter is an overview of results obtained so far using high-pressure macromolecular techniques, from nucleic acids to virus capsid through monomeric as well as multimeric proteins.

Hybrid optimal online-overnight charging coordination of plug-in electric vehicles in smart grid

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Masoum, Mohammad A. S.; Nabavi, Seyed M. H.

2016-10-01

Optimal coordinated charging of plugged-in electric vehicles (PEVs) in smart grid (SG) can be beneficial for both consumers and utilities. This paper proposes a hybrid optimal online followed by overnight charging coordination of high and low priority PEVs using discrete particle swarm optimization (DPSO) that considers the benefits of both consumers and electric utilities. Objective functions are online minimization of total cost (associated with grid losses and energy generation) and overnight valley filling through minimization of the total load levels. The constraints include substation transformer loading, node voltage regulations and the requested final battery state of charge levels (SOCreq). The main challenge is optimal selection of the overnight starting time (toptimal-overnight,start) to guarantee charging of all vehicle batteries to the SOCreq levels before the requested plug-out times (treq) which is done by simultaneously solving the online and overnight objective functions. The online-overnight PEV coordination approach is implemented on a 449-node SG; results are compared for uncoordinated and coordinated battery charging as well as a modified strategy using cost minimizations for both online and overnight coordination. The impact of toptimal-overnight,start on performance of the proposed PEV coordination is investigated.

A Study on Effect of Concrete Foundations on Resistance and Surface Potentials of Gas Insulated Substation Grounding Systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rao, Mandava Mohana

2017-10-01

Ground resistance of high voltage substations must be as low as possible for safe grounding of their equipment both during normal and fault conditions. However, in gas insulated substations (GIS), even though resistance is low, it does not ensure the step and touch potentials of the grounding system within permissible levels. In the present study, an analytical model has been developed to calculate ground resistance, step and touch potentials of a grounding system used for GIS. Different models have been proposed for the evaluation of number of grounding rods to be inserted in to the ground. The effect of concrete foundations on above performance parameters has been analyzed by considering various fault currents, soil/earth resistivities and number of grounding rods. Finally, design optimization of GIS grounding system has been reported for fault currents in the order of 63 kA located in earth resistivity of 100Ω-m and above.

A health examination of railway high-voltage substation workers exposed to ELF electromagnetic fields.

PubMed

Baroncelli, P; Battisti, S; Checcucci, A; Comba, P; Grandolfo, M; Serio, A; Vecchia, P

1986-01-01

This is a cross-sectional survey on the health conditions of railways workers active in 258 interconnection and conversion substations all over Italy. Measurements performed in both kinds of substations operating at 220 kV have shown that maximum levels of the electric field strength and of the magnetic flux density at 50 Hz are of the order of 5 kV/m and 15 microT, respectively. Three subject groups, differently exposed (1, 10, 20 h/week), and an unexposed control group, for a total number of 627 workers, constitute the population at study. All subjects underwent a general medical examination, laboratory investigations, and a series of selected examinations relative to three systems (nervous, cardiovascular, and haematopoietic) considered at higher risk. No differences have been found between the exposed and the control groups. It is concluded that workers exposed to ELF electromagnetic fields of moderate strength do not show the presence of clear effects on their state of health.

17. Photocopy of photograph showing excavation of South Bank Substation ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

17. Photocopy of photograph showing excavation of South Bank Substation site, 15 May 1939 (from the BPA Photo Archives, Portland, Oregon, Negative No. 345), LOOKING WEST - Bonneville Power Administration South Bank Substation, I-84, South of Bonneville Dam Powerhouse, Bonneville, Multnomah County, OR

20 CFR 631.82 - Substate allocation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Substate allocation. 631.82 Section 631.82 Employees' Benefits EMPLOYMENT AND TRAINING ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR PROGRAMS UNDER TITLE III OF THE JOB TRAINING PARTNERSHIP ACT Disaster Relief Employment Assistance § 631.82 Substate allocation...

30 CFR 77.811 - Movement of portable substations and transformers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Movement of portable substations and transformers. 77.811 Section 77.811 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... and transformers. Portable substations and transformers shall be deenergized before they are moved...

30 CFR 77.811 - Movement of portable substations and transformers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Movement of portable substations and transformers. 77.811 Section 77.811 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... and transformers. Portable substations and transformers shall be deenergized before they are moved...

30 CFR 77.811 - Movement of portable substations and transformers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Movement of portable substations and transformers. 77.811 Section 77.811 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... and transformers. Portable substations and transformers shall be deenergized before they are moved...

30 CFR 77.811 - Movement of portable substations and transformers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Movement of portable substations and transformers. 77.811 Section 77.811 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... and transformers. Portable substations and transformers shall be deenergized before they are moved...

30 CFR 77.811 - Movement of portable substations and transformers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Movement of portable substations and transformers. 77.811 Section 77.811 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... and transformers. Portable substations and transformers shall be deenergized before they are moved...

ESTIMATING RISK TO CALIFORNIA ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE FROM PROJECTED CLIMATE CHANGE

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sathaye, Jayant; Dale, Larry; Larsen, Peter

2011-06-22

This report outlines the results of a study of the impact of climate change on the energy infrastructure of California and the San Francisco Bay region, including impacts on power plant generation; transmission line and substation capacity during heat spells; wildfires near transmission lines; sea level encroachment upon power plants, substations, and natural gas facilities; and peak electrical demand. Some end-of-century impacts were projected:Expected warming will decrease gas-fired generator efficiency. The maximum statewide coincident loss is projected at 10.3 gigawatts (with current power plant infrastructure and population), an increase of 6.2 percent over current temperature-induced losses. By the end ofmore » the century, electricity demand for almost all summer days is expected to exceed the current ninetieth percentile per-capita peak load. As much as 21 percent growth is expected in ninetieth percentile peak demand (per-capita, exclusive of population growth). When generator losses are included in the demand, the ninetieth percentile peaks may increase up to 25 percent. As the climate warms, California's peak supply capacity will need to grow faster than the population.Substation capacity is projected to decrease an average of 2.7 percent. A 5C (9F) air temperature increase (the average increase predicted for hot days in August) will diminish the capacity of a fully-loaded transmission line by an average of 7.5 percent.The potential exposure of transmission lines to wildfire is expected to increase with time. We have identified some lines whose probability of exposure to fire are expected to increase by as much as 40 percent. Up to 25 coastal power plants and 86 substations are at risk of flooding (or partial flooding) due to sea level rise.« less

Research on Vibration Test in Urban Indoor Substation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ma, Yuchao; Mo, Juan; Xu, Jin; Fan, Baozhen

2018-01-01

The problem of vibration and noise of urban indoor substations has becoming more and more socially concerned.The urban indoor substation of 110kV and its conjoined buildings were taken as the research object and the vibration tests of the transformer and each floor slab were respectively carried out.The sound vibration characteristics and sound transmission rules of the urban indoor substation were obtained through the time-frequency analysis and coherence analysis of the test data. The vibration spectrum of transformer body was mainly 100Hz together with its multiplying factors and the vibration characteristics of the floor slab were basically the same as those of the transformer body. it is crucial to control the vibration and noise transmission in the equipment floor of the urban indoor substation.

20. Photocopy of photograph showing the completed South Bank Substation, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

20. Photocopy of photograph showing the completed South Bank Substation, 4 November 1939 (from the BPA Photo Archives, Negative No. 6556), LOOKING NORTHWEST WITH THE BONNEVILLE DAM POWERHOUSE AND TRANSMISSION TOWERS IN BACKGROUND - Bonneville Power Administration South Bank Substation, I-84, South of Bonneville Dam Powerhouse, Bonneville, Multnomah County, OR

Research on the Best Root Span of 500kV Substation Frame Based on Finite Element

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Hao; Fang, Qing; Chen, Haoyuan

2018-01-01

A-shaped and steel tube structures have been widely applied when designing 500kV substation frame in China. While, compared with steel tube, angle steels have an advantage of easy-transporting, especially in oversea projects. However, researches on substation frame with angle steel were not enough. In order to find out the best root span of 500kV substation frame under similar engineering conditions, using the overseas project substation frame as an example, the substation frames with different root span have been detailed calculated, to find the best root span according to the cost of it. When the height of column is about 30m, the root suggestion value is 6.1m×3.1m. And then, the buckling analysis of the overall structure has been carried out by ANSYS, to find out that the weak part of the structure is in the middle of it. The structural adjustment is carried out for the weak part, including adjusting the web members and the chord members, to obtain a higher bearing capacity of the structure.

Hydrology Analysis and Modelling for Klang River Basin Flood Hazard Map

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sidek, L. M.; Rostam, N. E.; Hidayah, B.; Roseli, ZA; Majid, W. H. A. W. A.; Zahari, N. Z.; Salleh, S. H. M.; Ahmad, R. D. R.; Ahmad, M. N.

2016-03-01

Flooding, a common environmental hazard worldwide has in recent times, increased as a result of climate change and urbanization with the effects felt more in developing countries. As a result, the explosive of flooding to Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) substation is increased rapidly due to existing substations are located in flood prone area. By understanding the impact of flood to their substation, TNB has provided the non-structure mitigation with the integration of Flood Hazard Map with their substation. Hydrology analysis is the important part in providing runoff as the input for the hydraulic part.

Biological and Agricultural Studies on Application of Discharge Plasma and Electromagnetic Fields 5. Effects of High Electric Fields on Animals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Isaka, Katsuo

The biological effects of extremely low frequency electric fields on animals are reviewed with emphasis on studies of the nervous system, behavior, endocrinology, and blood chemistry. First, this paper provides a histrical overview of studies on the electric field effects initiated in Russia and the United States mainly regarding electric utility workers in high voltage substations and transmission lines. Then, the possible mechanisms of electric field effects are explained using the functions of surface electric fields and induced currents in biological objects. The real mechanisms have not yet been identified. The thresholds of electric field perception levels for rats, baboons, and humans are introduced and compared. The experimental results concerning the depression of melatonin secretion in rats exposed to electric fields are described.

Making the Connection: Beneficial Collaboration Between Army Installations and Energy Utility Companies

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-01-01

natural gas vehicle-fueling station, improving the efficiency of boilers, installing a generating system to supplement the electricity purchased during...voltage regulation of transformers in its substations to improve energy efficiency and a small study on customer assistance, both at BPA’s own expense...Fort Campbell has installed more energy efficient boilers, HVAC systems , hot water heaters, lighting, 10 A ground source heat pump (GSHP), also

76 FR 45609 - Notice of Availability of the Draft Environmental Impact Statement for the Gateway West 230/500...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-29

... Johnston Power Plant at Glenrock, Wyoming, to the proposed Hemingway Substation near Melba, Idaho. The... Johnston Power Plant at Glenrock, Wyoming, and the planned Aeolus Substation near Hanna, Wyoming. Segment... Anticline Substation near the Jim Bridger Power Plant, located approximately 30 miles east of Rock Springs...

Conformational switching between protein substates studied with 2D IR vibrational echo spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations.

PubMed

Bagchi, Sayan; Thorpe, Dayton G; Thorpe, Ian F; Voth, Gregory A; Fayer, M D

2010-12-30

Myoglobin is an important protein for the study of structure and dynamics. Three conformational substates have been identified for the carbonmonoxy form of myoglobin (MbCO). These are manifested as distinct peaks in the IR absorption spectrum of the CO stretching mode. Ultrafast 2D IR vibrational echo chemical exchange experiments are used to observed switching between two of these substates, A(1) and A(3), on a time scale of <100 ps for two mutants of wild-type Mb. The two mutants are a single mutation of Mb, L29I, and a double mutation, T67R/S92D. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are used to model the structural differences between the substates of the two MbCO mutants. The MD simulations are also employed to examine the substate switching in the two mutants as a test of the ability of MD simulations to predict protein dynamics correctly for a system in which there is a well-defined transition over a significant potential barrier between two substates. For one mutant, L29I, the simulations show that translation of the His64 backbone may differentiate the two substates. The simulations accurately reproduce the experimentally observed interconversion time for the L29I mutant. However, MD simulations exploring the same His64 backbone coordinate fail to display substate interconversion for the other mutant, T67R/S92D, thus pointing to the likely complexity of the underlying protein interactions. We anticipate that understanding conformational dynamics in MbCO via ultrafast 2D IR vibrational echo chemical exchange experiments can help to elucidate fast conformational switching processes in other proteins.

Proposed Columbia Wind Farm No. 1 : Final Environmental Impact Statement, Joint NEPA/SEPA.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

United States. Bonneville Power Administration; Klickitat County

1995-09-01

CARES proposes to construct and operate the 25 megawatt Columbia Wind Farm No. 1 (Project) in the Columbia Hills area of Klickitat County, Washington known as Juniper Point. Wind is not a constant resource and based on the site wind measurement data, it is estimated that the Project would generate approximately 7 average annual MWs of electricity. BPA proposes to purchase the electricity generated by the Project. CARES would execute a contractual agreement with a wind developer, to install approximately 91 wind turbines and associated facilities to generate electricity. The Project`s construction and operation would include: install concrete pier foundationsmore » for each wind turbine; install 91 model AWT-26 wind turbines using 43 m high guyed tubular towers on the pier foundations; construct a new 115/24-kv substation; construct a 149 m{sup 2} steel operations and maintenance building; install 25 pad mount transformers along the turbine access roads; install 4.0 km of underground 24 kv power collection lines to collect power from individual turbines to the end of turbine strings; install 1.2 km of underground communication and transmission lines from each turbine to a pad mount transformer; install 5.6 km of 24 kv wood pole transmission lines to deliver electricity from the pad mount transformers to the Project substation; install 3.2 km of 115 kv wood pole transmission lines to deliver electricity from the Project substation to the Public Utility District No. 1 of Klickitat County(PUD)115 kv Goldendale line; interconnect with the BPA transmission system through the Goldendale line and Goldendale substation owned by the PUD; reconstruct, upgrade, and maintain 8.0 km of existing roads; construct and maintain 6.4 km of new graveled roads along the turbine strings and to individual turbines; and install meteorological towers guyed with rebar anchors on the Project site.« less

Direct observation of fast protein conformational switching.

PubMed

Ishikawa, Haruto; Kwak, Kyungwon; Chung, Jean K; Kim, Seongheun; Fayer, Michael D

2008-06-24

Folded proteins can exist in multiple conformational substates. Each substate reflects a local minimum on the free-energy landscape with a distinct structure. By using ultrafast 2D-IR vibrational echo chemical-exchange spectroscopy, conformational switching between two well defined substates of a myoglobin mutant is observed on the approximately 50-ps time scale. The conformational dynamics are directly measured through the growth of cross peaks in the 2D-IR spectra of CO bound to the heme active site. The conformational switching involves motion of the distal histidine/E helix that changes the location of the imidazole side group of the histidine. The exchange between substates changes the frequency of the CO, which is detected by the time dependence of the 2D-IR vibrational echo spectrum. These results demonstrate that interconversion between protein conformational substates can occur on very fast time scales. The implications for larger structural changes that occur on much longer time scales are discussed.

Collaborative Defense of Transmission and Distribution Protection and Control Devices Against Cyber Attacks (CODEF) DE-OE0000674. ABB Inc. Final Scientific/Technical Report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nuqui, Reynaldo

This report summarizes the activities conducted under the DOE-OE funded project DEOE0000674, where ABB Inc. (ABB), in collaboration with University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), and Ameren-Illinois (Ameren-IL) pursued the development of a system of collaborative defense of electrical substation’s intelligent electronic devices against cyber-attacks (CODEF). An electrical substation with CODEF features will be more capable of mitigating cyber-attacks especially those that seek to control switching devices. It leverages the security extensions of IEC 61850 to empower existing devices to collaborate in identifying and blocking malicious intents to trip circuit breakers, mis-coordinate devices settings, even thoughmore » the commands and the measurements comply with correct syntax. The CODEF functions utilize the physics of electromagnetic systems, electric power engineering principles, and computer science to bring more in depth cyber defense closer to the protected substation devices.« less

Wireless Sensor Network for Radiometric Detection and Assessment of Partial Discharge in High-Voltage Equipment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Upton, D. W.; Saeed, B. I.; Mather, P. J.; Lazaridis, P. I.; Vieira, M. F. Q.; Atkinson, R. C.; Tachtatzis, C.; Garcia, M. S.; Judd, M. D.; Glover, I. A.

2018-03-01

Monitoring of partial discharge (PD) activity within high-voltage electrical environments is increasingly used for the assessment of insulation condition. Traditional measurement techniques employ technologies that either require off-line installation or have high power consumption and are hence costly. A wireless sensor network is proposed that utilizes only received signal strength to locate areas of PD activity within a high-voltage electricity substation. The network comprises low-power and low-cost radiometric sensor nodes which receive the radiation propagated from a source of PD. Results are reported from several empirical tests performed within a large indoor environment and a substation environment using a network of nine sensor nodes. A portable PD source emulator was placed at multiple locations within the network. Signal strength measured by the nodes is reported via WirelessHART to a data collection hub where it is processed using a location algorithm. The results obtained place the measured location within 2 m of the actual source location.

Intercomparison of magnetic field measurements near MV/LV transformer substations: methodological planning and results.

PubMed

Violanti, S; Fraschetta, M; Adda, S; Caputo, E

2009-12-01

Within the framework of Environmental Agencies system's activities, coordinated by ISPRA (superior institute for environmental protection and research), a comparison among measurements was designed and accomplished, in order to go into depth on the matter of measurement problems and to evaluate magnetic field at power frequencies. These measurements have been taken near medium voltage /low voltage transformer substation. This project was developed with the contribution of several experts who belong to different Regional Agencies. In three of these regions, substations having specific international standard characteristics were chosen; then a measurement and data analysis protocol was arranged. Data analysis showed a good level of coherence among results obtained by different laboratories. However, a range of problems emerged, either during the protocol predisposition and definition of the data analysis procedure or during the execution of measures and data reprocessing, because of the spatial and temporal variability of magnetic field. These problems represent elements of particular interest in determining a correct measurement methodology, whose purpose is the comparison with limits of exposure, attention values and quality targets.

Analysis of the 35 KV substation secondary system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, Yong; Jiang, Jianguo; Jiang, Chunlei; Ren, Shuang; Liu, Songbin

2017-04-01

This paper analyzes the status of the two system of some 35KV users' substation in Daqing oil field, the deficiencies of the two system of the existing 35KV substation are found out. And put forward the opinion of acceptance in the future work. I hope it can able to work in the future on the protection of professional help.

Energy landscape of LeuT from molecular simulations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gur, Mert; Zomot, Elia; Cheng, Mary Hongying; Bahar, Ivet

2015-12-01

The bacterial sodium-coupled leucine transporter (LeuT) has been broadly used as a structural model for understanding the structure-dynamics-function of mammalian neurotransmitter transporters as well as other solute carriers that share the same fold (LeuT fold), as the first member of the family crystallographically resolved in multiple states: outward-facing open, outward-facing occluded, and inward-facing open. Yet, a complete picture of the energy landscape of (sub)states visited along the LeuT transport cycle has been elusive. In an attempt to visualize the conformational spectrum of LeuT, we performed extensive simulations of LeuT dimer dynamics in the presence of substrate (Ala or Leu) and co-transported Na+ ions, in explicit membrane and water. We used both conventional molecular dynamics (MD) simulations (with Anton supercomputing machine) and a recently introduced method, collective MD, that takes advantage of collective modes of motions predicted by the anisotropic network model. Free energy landscapes constructed based on ˜40 μs trajectories reveal multiple substates occluded to the extracellular (EC) and/or intracellular (IC) media, varying in the levels of exposure of LeuT to EC or IC vestibules. The IC-facing transmembrane (TM) helical segment TM1a shows an opening, albeit to a smaller extent and in a slightly different direction than that observed in the inward-facing open crystal structure. The study provides insights into the spectrum of conformational substates and paths accessible to LeuT and highlights the differences between Ala- and Leu-bound substates.

Energy landscape of LeuT from molecular simulations.

PubMed

Gur, Mert; Zomot, Elia; Cheng, Mary Hongying; Bahar, Ivet

2015-12-28

The bacterial sodium-coupled leucine transporter (LeuT) has been broadly used as a structural model for understanding the structure-dynamics-function of mammalian neurotransmitter transporters as well as other solute carriers that share the same fold (LeuT fold), as the first member of the family crystallographically resolved in multiple states: outward-facing open, outward-facing occluded, and inward-facing open. Yet, a complete picture of the energy landscape of (sub)states visited along the LeuT transport cycle has been elusive. In an attempt to visualize the conformational spectrum of LeuT, we performed extensive simulations of LeuT dimer dynamics in the presence of substrate (Ala or Leu) and co-transported Na(+) ions, in explicit membrane and water. We used both conventional molecular dynamics (MD) simulations (with Anton supercomputing machine) and a recently introduced method, collective MD, that takes advantage of collective modes of motions predicted by the anisotropic network model. Free energy landscapes constructed based on ∼40 μs trajectories reveal multiple substates occluded to the extracellular (EC) and/or intracellular (IC) media, varying in the levels of exposure of LeuT to EC or IC vestibules. The IC-facing transmembrane (TM) helical segment TM1a shows an opening, albeit to a smaller extent and in a slightly different direction than that observed in the inward-facing open crystal structure. The study provides insights into the spectrum of conformational substates and paths accessible to LeuT and highlights the differences between Ala- and Leu-bound substates.

Comparison of electric field exposure monitoring instrumentation. Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bracken, T.D.

1985-06-01

Electric field exposure monitoring instrumentation was compared and evaluated during three days of tests performed in 60-Hz electric fields. A conducting vest exposure meter and a small electric field exposure meter (EFEM) located in a shirt pocket, arm band or hard hat were compared in a series of static and dynamic tests. In some tests, the devices were worn simultaneously without interference to provide separate measures of identical exposure. Tests with stationary subjects wearing the instruments were used to measure the effects of grounding, and to establish the meter response in a standard posture for each subject. Dynamic occupational exposuremore » simulations were used to compare accumulated measurements of exposure between instruments and to compare measurements with predicted exposures. The simulations were based on analysis of the work-related behavior of substation electricians and operators. Electrician's tasks at ground level and in a bucket truck were simulated near an energized test line. A simulated substation inspection was performed in a 230 kV substation. The exposure measurements demonstrated an overall consistency between the meters. The vest demonstrated less intersubject variability and less detailed exposure characterization. Measurements with the shirt pocket EFEM were below those made with the vest and with the EFEM in other locations. Insulation provided by shoe soles appeared to be the largest factor in reducing measured exposures during the substation inspection below those predicted from the unperturbed field. Improvements in meter design and additional measurements are suggested. 11 refs., 20 figs., 28 tabs.« less

Energy landscape of LeuT from molecular simulations

PubMed Central

Gur, Mert; Zomot, Elia; Cheng, Mary Hongying; Bahar, Ivet

2015-01-01

The bacterial sodium-coupled leucine transporter (LeuT) has been broadly used as a structural model for understanding the structure-dynamics-function of mammalian neurotransmitter transporters as well as other solute carriers that share the same fold (LeuT fold), as the first member of the family crystallographically resolved in multiple states: outward-facing open, outward-facing occluded, and inward-facing open. Yet, a complete picture of the energy landscape of (sub)states visited along the LeuT transport cycle has been elusive. In an attempt to visualize the conformational spectrum of LeuT, we performed extensive simulations of LeuT dimer dynamics in the presence of substrate (Ala or Leu) and co-transported Na+ ions, in explicit membrane and water. We used both conventional molecular dynamics (MD) simulations (with Anton supercomputing machine) and a recently introduced method, collective MD, that takes advantage of collective modes of motions predicted by the anisotropic network model. Free energy landscapes constructed based on ∼40 μs trajectories reveal multiple substates occluded to the extracellular (EC) and/or intracellular (IC) media, varying in the levels of exposure of LeuT to EC or IC vestibules. The IC-facing transmembrane (TM) helical segment TM1a shows an opening, albeit to a smaller extent and in a slightly different direction than that observed in the inward-facing open crystal structure. The study provides insights into the spectrum of conformational substates and paths accessible to LeuT and highlights the differences between Ala- and Leu-bound substates. PMID:26723619

IET. Exclusion guard house (TAN621) and unit substation (TAN622). Elevations ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

IET. Exclusion guard house (TAN-621) and unit substation (TAN-622). Elevations and floor plan. Also show concrete pad for substation. Ralph M. Parsons 902-4-ANP-621-622-A&S 411. Date: February 1954. Approved by INEEL Classification Office for public release. INEEL index code no. 035-0621-60-693-106968 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Test Area North, Scoville, Butte County, ID

Simulation study on the lightning overvoltage invasion control transformer intelligent substation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xi, Chuyan; Hao, Jie; Zhang, Ying

2018-04-01

By simulating lightning on substation line of one intelligent substation, research the influence of different lightning points on lightning invasion wave overvoltage, and the necessity of arrester for the main transformer. The results show, in a certain lightning protection measures, the installation of arrester nearby the main transformer can effectively reduce the overvoltage value of bus and the main transformer [1].

Environmental Assessment: Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) 2005 Mission Realignments to Vandenberg AFB

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-02-01

Utilities (3.11), and Health and Safety (3.12). The following areas of environmental consequences evaluated in the EA were determined to have the... Safety requires a walk- through survey prior to construction. Prior to the commencement of construction activities on the electrical substation site...an unexploded ordnance survey shall be conducted by 30th Space Wing Safety . Should any unexploded ordnances be identified as a result of the survey

An expansion plan for the 60 Hz power distribution system at KSC: LC-39 substations load allocation plan

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kalu, Alex

1990-01-01

The increasing load density in the LC-39 area of Kennedy Space Center (KSC) can be met by either modifying the existing substation and increasing its capacity or by planning an additional new substation. Evidence that the later approach is more economical, enhances the system reliability, and would produce more satisfactory performance indices is provided. Network theory is the basis for the optimal location determination of the proposed substation. A load reallocation plan which minimizes investment cost and power losses and meets other desirable system features is drafted. The report should be useful to the system designer and can be a useful guideline for future facility planners.

Experimental adoption of RCM in EDF substations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Heroin, G.; Aupied, J.; Sanchis, G.

1996-08-01

EDF, after testing Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) on systems used in nuclear power plants, has now successfully extended RCM to all of its nuclear power plants. In the light of this experience, EDF has committed itself to a pilot study on a line bay of a 400 kV substation in 1992. The RCM method as applied benefited from EDF`s policy of maintenance, introduced five years ago on all substations, which has enhanced prospects of reliability. The original feature in the selection of maintenance tasks was that it brought into play two criteria for failure assessment - frequency and seriousness -more » and two criteria for maintenance task selection - efficiency and facility. The final outcome of RCM as applied to substation maintenance is to categorize maintenance tasks into: (1) essential maintenance tasks, (2) optional tasks, depending on the type and location of the substation, as well as on factors relating to local management of maintenance policy, and (3) unnecessary tasks.« less

Conformational Sub-states and Populations in Enzyme Catalysis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Agarwal, Pratul K; Doucet, Nicholas; Chennubholta, C

reactants in the active site, chemical turnover, and release of products. In addition to formation of crucial structural interactions between enzyme and substrate(s), coordinated motions within the enzyme substrate complex allow reaction to proceed at a much faster rate, compared to the reaction in solution and in the absence of enzyme. An increasing number of enzyme systems show the presence of conserved protein motions that are important for function. A wide variety of motions are naturally sampled (over femtosecond to millisecond time-scales) as the enzyme complex moves along the energetic landscape, driven by temperature and dynamical events from the surroundingmore » environment. Areas of low energy along the landscape form conformational sub-states, which show higher conformational populations than surrounding areas. A small number of these protein conformational sub-states contain functionally important structural and dynamical features, which assist the enzyme mechanism along the catalytic cycle. Identification and characterization of these higher-energy (also called excited) sub-states and the associated populations are challenging, as these sub-states are very short-lived and therefore rarely populated. Specialized techniques based on computer simulations, theoretical modeling, and nuclear magnetic resonance have been developed for quantitative characterization of these sub-states and populations. This chapter discusses these techniques and provides examples of their applications to enzyme systems.« less

[Offshore substation workers' exposure to harmful factors - Actions minimizing risk of hazards].

PubMed

Piotrowski, Paweł Janusz; Robak, Sylwester; Polewaczyk, Mateusz Maksymilian; Raczkowski, Robert

2016-01-01

The current development of electric power industry in Poland, especially in the field of renewable energy sources, including wind power, brings about the need to introduce legislation on new work environment. The development of occupational safety and health (OSH) regulations that must be met by new workplaces, such as offshore substations becomes necessary in view of the construction of modern offshore wind power plants - offshore wind farms. Staying on offshore substation is associated with an increased exposure to harmful health factors: physical, chemical, biological and psychophysical. The main sources of health risks on offshore substations are: temperature, electromagnetic field, noise from operating wind turbines, direct and alternating current, chemicals, Legionella bacteria and social isolation of people. The aim of this article is to draw attention to the problem of offshore substation workers' exposure to harmful factors and to present methods of preventing and reducing the risk-related adverse health effects. In this paper, there are identified and described risks occurring on offshore substations (fire, explosion, lightning, accidents at work). Some examples of the means and the methods for reducing the negative impact of exposure on the human health are presented and discussed. The article also highlights the need to develop appropriate laws and health and safety regulations concerning the new working environment at the offshore substations. The review of researches and international standards shows that some of them can be introduced into the Polish labor market. This work is available in Open Access model and licensed under a CC BY-NC 3.0 PL license.

Giant K-doubling and in-plane/out-of-plane mixing in the asymmetric methyl-bending bands of CH3SH

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guislain, B. G.; Reid, E. M.; Lees, R. M.; Xu, Li-Hong; Twagirayezu, S.; Perry, D. S.; Thapaliya, B. P.; Dawadi, M. B.; Billinghurst, B. E.

2017-05-01

In analyzing high-resolution spectra of the methyl-deformation bands of methyl mercaptan recorded at the Canadian Light Source synchrotron, we have encountered interesting interactions between certain levels of the ν4 in-plane asymmetric CH3-bending mode and its ν10 out-of-plane bending partner below. The origin of the K = 0A ν4 substate is just 0.2 cm-1 higher than that of the K = 2A ν10 substate, while the K = 0E ν4 origin is only 0.035 cm-1 below the K = 2E ν10 origin. These very close accidental near-degeneracies lead to substantial perturbations in the spectrum. For the former, the A+/A- asymmetry K-doublet coupling rules are such that the A- component of the 2A ν10 doublet interacts and mixes strongly with the 0A+ ν4 levels whereas the 2A+ component is unaffected. The 2A- levels are pushed rapidly downwards by the coupling creating an extremely large apparent K = 2A asymmetry splitting. We call this "giant K-doubling" by analogy with a comparable phenomenon seen for methanol. The 0A+ ν4 state, in turn, is perturbed upward and passes through the descending K = 1A+ ν4 state between J = 22 and 23, leading to distinct local perturbations near the level-crossing. The 0E ν4 and 2E ν10 coupling produces a correspondingly strong repulsion and mixing between those two substates, and gives rise to a forbidden K = 0 ← 3E intermode sub-band in the spectrum via intensity borrowing.

Giant K-doubling and in-plane/out-of-plane mixing in the asymmetric methyl-bending bands of CH 3SH

DOE PAGES

Guislain, B. G.; Reid, E. M.; Lees, R. M.; ...

2017-03-02

In analyzing high-resolution spectra of the methyl-deformation bands of methyl mercaptan recorded at the Canadian Light Source synchrotron, we have encountered interesting interactions between certain levels of the ν 4 in-plane asymmetric CH 3-bending mode and its ν 10 out-of-plane bending partner below. The origin of the K = 0A ν 4 substate is just 0.2 cm -1 higher than that of the K = 2A ν 10 substate, while the K = 0E ν 4 origin is only 0.035 cm -1 below the K = 2E ν 10 origin. These very close accidental near-degeneracies lead to substantial perturbations inmore » the spectrum. For the former, the A +/A - asymmetry K-doublet coupling rules are such that the A - component of the 2A ν 10 doublet interacts and mixes strongly with the 0A + ν 4 levels whereas the 2A + component is unaffected. The 2A - levels are pushed rapidly downwards by the coupling creating an extremely large apparent K = 2A asymmetry splitting. We call this “giant K-doubling” by analogy with a comparable phenomenon seen for methanol. The 0A + ν 4 state, in turn, is perturbed upward and passes through the descending K = 1A + ν 4 state between J = 22 and 23, leading to distinct local perturbations near the level-crossing. The 0E ν 4 and 2E ν 10 coupling produces a correspondingly strong repulsion and mixing between those two substates, and gives rise to a forbidden K = 0 ← 3E intermode sub-band in the spectrum via intensity borrowing.« less

Giant K-doubling and in-plane/out-of-plane mixing in the asymmetric methyl-bending bands of CH 3SH

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Guislain, B. G.; Reid, E. M.; Lees, R. M.

In analyzing high-resolution spectra of the methyl-deformation bands of methyl mercaptan recorded at the Canadian Light Source synchrotron, we have encountered interesting interactions between certain levels of the ν 4 in-plane asymmetric CH 3-bending mode and its ν 10 out-of-plane bending partner below. The origin of the K = 0A ν 4 substate is just 0.2 cm -1 higher than that of the K = 2A ν 10 substate, while the K = 0E ν 4 origin is only 0.035 cm -1 below the K = 2E ν 10 origin. These very close accidental near-degeneracies lead to substantial perturbations inmore » the spectrum. For the former, the A +/A - asymmetry K-doublet coupling rules are such that the A - component of the 2A ν 10 doublet interacts and mixes strongly with the 0A + ν 4 levels whereas the 2A + component is unaffected. The 2A - levels are pushed rapidly downwards by the coupling creating an extremely large apparent K = 2A asymmetry splitting. We call this “giant K-doubling” by analogy with a comparable phenomenon seen for methanol. The 0A + ν 4 state, in turn, is perturbed upward and passes through the descending K = 1A + ν 4 state between J = 22 and 23, leading to distinct local perturbations near the level-crossing. The 0E ν 4 and 2E ν 10 coupling produces a correspondingly strong repulsion and mixing between those two substates, and gives rise to a forbidden K = 0 ← 3E intermode sub-band in the spectrum via intensity borrowing.« less

Design of a laser navigation system for the inspection robot used in substation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhu, Jing; Sun, Yanhe; Sun, Deli

2017-01-01

Aimed at the deficiency of the magnetic guide and RFID parking system used by substation inspection robot now, a laser navigation system is designed, and the system structure, the method of map building and positioning are all introduced. The system performance is tested in a 500kV substation, and the result show that the repetitive precision of navigation system is precise enough to help the robot fulfill inspection tasks.

Characteristic Analysis of DC Electric Railway Systems with Superconducting Power Cables Connecting Power Substations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ohsaki, H.; Matsushita, N.; Koseki, T.; Tomita, M.

2014-05-01

The application of superconducting power cables to DC electric railway systems has been studied. It could leads to an effective use of regenerative brake, improved energy efficiency, effective load sharing among the substations, etc. In this study, an electric circuit model of a DC feeding system is built and numerical simulation is carried out using MATLAB-Simulink software. A modified electric circuit model with an AC power grid connection taken into account is also created to simulate the influence of the grid connection. The analyses have proved that a certain amount of energy can be conserved by introducing superconducting cables, and that electric load distribution and concentration among the substations depend on the substation output voltage distribution.

Assessment of the components of the Kalimantan and Sulawesi power development project: Volume 2. Export trade information

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1998-03-31

This report, conducted by Utility Consulting was funded by the US Trade and Development Agency. The report concerns a power development project on the islands of Kalimantan and Sulawesi. This is TDA Volume 2, the main text (Report Volume 1), and it includes the following: (1) Introduction; (2) Transmission line and substation investment plan; (3) The distribution component; (4) Telecommunications; (5) PLN information systems; and Appendix: Figures and tables.

29 CFR 1926.957 - Construction in energized substations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF LABOR (CONTINUED) SAFETY AND HEALTH REGULATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION Power Transmission and Distribution § 1926.957 Construction in energized substations. (a) Work near energized equipment facilities. (1...

29 CFR 1926.957 - Construction in energized substations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF LABOR (CONTINUED) SAFETY AND HEALTH REGULATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION Power Transmission and Distribution § 1926.957 Construction in energized substations. (a) Work near energized equipment facilities. (1...

29 CFR 1926.957 - Construction in energized substations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF LABOR (CONTINUED) SAFETY AND HEALTH REGULATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION Power Transmission and Distribution § 1926.957 Construction in energized substations. (a) Work near energized equipment facilities. (1...

Supplement Analysis for the Transmission System Vegetation Management Program FEIS (DOE/EIS-0285/SA-101) Spokane Region

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rosales, Michael A.

2002-09-13

Vegetation Management for Substations and Non-Electric Facilities. BPA proposes to manage vegetation inside and around electrical substations and associated facilities. Vegetation management within the substation shall include the bare ground management of all graveled areas. These areas shall primarily be maintained with the use of herbicides. The management of vegetation outside the substation and associated facilities shall include: 1) bare ground management of perimeter roads and parking areas; 2) mechanical and/or spot herbicidal control of some broadleaves and noxious weeds; 3) mowing, fertilizing, and broadleaf control of landscaped lawn areas; 4) weed control in ornamental shrub areas; and 5) areasmore » requiring only mechanical control to manage unwanted/danger trees, grasses, and shrubs.« less

Supplement Analysis for the Transmission System Vegetation Management Program FEIS (DOE/EIS-0285/SA-64)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hutchinson, Ken

2002-04-26

Vegetation Management for Substations and Non-Electric Facilities in the Walla Walla Region. BPA proposes to manage vegetation inside and around electrical substations and associated facilities. Vegetation management within the substation shall include the bare ground management of all graveled areas. These areas shall primarily be maintained with the use of herbicides. The management of vegetation outside the substation and associated facilities shall include: 1) bare ground management of perimeter roads and parking areas; 2) mechanical and/or spot herbicidal control of some broadleaves and noxious weeds; 3) mowing, fertilizing, and broadleaf control of landscaped lawn areas; 4) weed control in ornamentalmore » shrub areas; and 4) areas requiring only mechanical control to manage unwanted/danger trees, grasses, and shrubs.« less

IEC 61850: Technology Standards and Cyber-Security Threats

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Youssef, Tarek A; El Hariri, mohamed; Bugay, Nicole

Substations constitute a fundamental part in providing reliable electricity to consumers. For a substation to maintain electricity reliability and its own real-time operability, communication between its components is inevitable. Before the emergence of IEC 61850, inter-substation communication was established via expensive copper wires with limited capabilities. IEC 61850 is the standard set by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Technical Committee Number 57 Working Group 10 and IEEE for Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)-based communication in electrical substations. Like many power grid systems standards, IEC 61850 was set without extensive consideration for critical security measures. This paper discusses IEC 61850 technology standards andmore » applications thoroughly and points out major security vulnerabilities it introduces in the context of current cyber-physical smart grid systems.« less

Development of a low cost integrated 15 kW A.C. solar tracking sub-array for grid connected PV power system applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stern, M.; West, R.; Fourer, G.; Whalen, W.; Van Loo, M.; Duran, G.

1997-02-01

Utility Power Group has achieved a significant reduction in the installed cost of grid-connected PV systems. The two part technical approach focused on 1) The utilization of a large area factory assembled PV panel, and 2) The integration and packaging of all sub-array power conversion and control functions within a single factory produced enclosure. Eight engineering prototype 15kW ac single axis solar tracking sub-arrays were designed, fabricated, and installed at the Sacramento Municipal Utility District's Hedge Substation site in 1996 and are being evaluated for performance and reliability. A number of design enhancements will be implemented in 1997 and demonstrated by the field deployment and operation of over twenty advanced sub-array PV power systems.

30 CFR 56.4130 - Electric substations and liquid storage facilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... LABOR METAL AND NONMETAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS-SURFACE METAL AND NONMETAL MINES Fire Prevention and Control Prohibitions/precautions/housekeeping § 56.4130 Electric substations...

20. Zoo Substation. Philadelphia, Philadelphia Co., PA. Sec. 1101, MP ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

20. Zoo Substation. Philadelphia, Philadelphia Co., PA. Sec. 1101, MP 87.25. - Northeast Railroad Corridor, Amtrak route between Delaware-Pennsylvania & Pennsylvania-New Jersey state lines, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA

Supplemental Information for New York State Standardized Interconnection Requirements

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ingram, Michael; Narang, David J.; Mather, Barry A.

This document is intended to aid in the understanding and application of the New York State Standardized Interconnection Requirements (SIR) and Application Process for New Distributed Generators 5 MW or Less Connected in Parallel with Utility Distribution Systems, and it aims to provide supplemental information and discussion on selected topics relevant to the SIR. This guide focuses on technical issues that have to date resulted in the majority of utility findings within the context of interconnecting photovoltaic (PV) inverters. This guide provides background on the overall issue and related mitigation measures for selected topics, including substation backfeeding, anti-islanding and considerationsmore » for monitoring and controlling distributed energy resources (DER).« less

Cocaine use in the past year is associated with altitude of residence.

PubMed

Fiedler, Kristen K; Kim, Namkug; Kondo, Douglas G; Renshaw, Perry F

2012-06-01

Recently, increased rates of suicide in US counties at higher altitudes have been noted. Because of the documented association between cocaine use and suicide, we hypothesized that there would be a correlation between incidence of cocaine use and altitude of residence. Cocaine use data were obtained from the Substate Substance Abuse Estimates from the 1999-2001 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health. Data related to the percentages of people 12 years or older who used cocaine in the past year. Average elevation for US counties was calculated using the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission elevation data set, and subject region elevation was calculated by averaging the weighted elevations of each region's relevant counties. The correlation between elevation of a substate region and incidence of cocaine use in that region was calculated using Pearson correlation coefficients. A significant correlation exists between mean altitude of a substate region and incidence of cocaine use in that region (r = 0.34; P < 0.0001). Regression analysis controlling for age, sex, race, education level, income, unemployment, and population density was performed. Altitude remained a significant factor (P = 0.007), whereas male sex (P = 0.008) and possessing less than a college education (P < 0.0001) were also significant predictors of self-reported cocaine use in the past year. It is important to note that cocaine use was assessed in isolation of other drugs of abuse, an additional confounding variable. This study demonstrates a significant correlation between altitude of substate region of residence and incidence of cocaine use. It is possible that stress response due to hypoxia is responsible; however, this requires further investigation. However, because other substance use was not assessed, specificity of this association is unknown. In addition, this correlation may help explain the increased rate of suicide in areas of higher elevation.

Energy storage and alternatives to improve train voltage on a mass transit system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gordon, S. P.; Rorke, W. S.

1995-04-01

The wide separation of substations in the Bay Area Rapid Transit system's transbay tunnel contributes to voltage sag when power demand is high. In the future, expansions to the system will exacerbate this problem by increasing traffic density. Typically, this situation is remedied through the installation of additional substations to increase the system's power capacity. We have evaluated the efficacy of several alternatives to this approach - specifically, installation of an 8 megajoule energy storage system, modification of the existing substations, or reduction of the resistance of the running rails or the third rail. To support this analysis, we have developed a simple model of the traction power system in the tunnel. We have concluded that the storage system does not have sufficient capacity to deal with the expected voltage sags; in this application, the alternatives present more effective solutions. We have also investigated the potential impact of these system upgrades on expected future capital outlays by BART for traction power infrastructure additions. We have found that rail or substation upgrades may reduce the need for additional substations. These upgrades may also be effective on other parts of the BART system and on other traction power systems.

46. MISSISSIPPI BASIN MODEL AT CLINTON SUBSTATION. DETAIL OF INFLOW ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

46. MISSISSIPPI BASIN MODEL AT CLINTON SUBSTATION. DETAIL OF INFLOW CONTROLLER WITH ORIGINAL CAPACITOR BANK. - Waterways Experiment Station, Hydraulics Laboratory, Halls Ferry Road, 2 miles south of I-20, Vicksburg, Warren County, MS

125. TRANSFORMER SUBSTATIONS ON NORTH SIDE OF TRANSFORMER ROOM (112), ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

125. TRANSFORMER SUBSTATIONS ON NORTH SIDE OF TRANSFORMER ROOM (112), FACING SOUTH - Vandenberg Air Force Base, Space Launch Complex 3, Launch Pad 3 West, Napa & Alden Roads, Lompoc, Santa Barbara County, CA

On issue of reconstruction at central distribution substation by example of one of plants of Chelyabinsk region

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brylina, O. G.; Semenova, K. D.; Shashkin, V. YU

2018-03-01

The article considers the issues of increasing the reliability and economy of the distribution substation. The result is found due to the reconstruction of the central distribution substation and one of the plants of Chelyabinsk region. The reasons for the reconstruction are explained. A comparison of oil and vacuum circuit breakers is made. The advantages of vacuum circuit breakers are shown. Alternative replacement of cables is offered. The basic technical characteristics of the cable brands are shown. The results of reconstruction are proved.

170. Credit SHS. Northern California Power Company substation, Bully Hill ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

170. Credit SHS. Northern California Power Company substation, Bully Hill Mine area. Note lack of vegetation, caused by nearby copper smelting works. - Battle Creek Hydroelectric System, Battle Creek & Tributaries, Red Bluff, Tehama County, CA

NY32649 ELECTRICAL SUBSTATION (BUILDING 2675) AND EDUCATION CENTER (BUILDING 2670) ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

NY-326-49 ELECTRICAL SUBSTATION (BUILDING 2675) AND EDUCATION CENTER (BUILDING 2670) AT NORTH END OF ARIZONA AVENUE. VIEW TO NORTHEAST. - Plattsburgh Air Force Base, U.S. Route 9, Plattsburgh, Clinton County, NY

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hermeston, Mark W.

BPA proposes total vegetation management (bareground) in the electrical substations, and, noxious weed management and maintenance of landscaping within the property boundaries of the listed facilities. These facilities are all located within the Covington District of the Snohomish Region. BPA proposes to manage vegetation inside and around electrical substations and associated facilities. Vegetation management within the substations will include bareground management by herbicides of all areas within the fenced perimeter of the facility including a bareground zone of up to 3 meters (10 feet) outside of the fenced area. The management of vegetation outside the substation and associated facilities willmore » include: 1) bare ground management of perimeter roads and parking areas; 2) control of noxious weeds throughout property boundaries; 3) mowing, fertilizing, and weed control of landscaped lawn and mulched areas; 4) weed control in ornamental shrub areas; and 5) areas requiring only mechanical control to manage unwanted/danger trees, grasses, and shrubs.« less

Measurement and Modeling of Personal Exposure to the Electric and Magnetic Fields in the Vicinity of High Voltage Power Lines.

PubMed

Tourab, Wafa; Babouri, Abdesselam

2016-06-01

This work presents an experimental and modeling study of the electromagnetic environment in the vicinity of a high voltage substation located in eastern Algeria (Annaba city) specified with a very high population density. The effects of electromagnetic fields emanating from the coupled multi-lines high voltage power systems (MLHV) on the health of the workers and people living in proximity of substations has been analyzed. Experimental Measurements for the Multi-lines power system proposed have been conducted in the free space under the high voltage lines. Field's intensities were measured using a referenced and calibrated electromagnetic field meter PMM8053B for the levels 0 m, 1 m, 1.5 m and 1.8 m witch present the sensitive's parts as organs and major functions (head, heart, pelvis and feet) of the human body. The measurement results were validated by numerical simulation using the finite element method and these results are compared with the limit values of the international standards. We project to set own national standards for exposure to electromagnetic fields, in order to achieve a regional database that will be at the disposal of partners concerned to ensure safety of people and mainly workers inside high voltage electrical substations.

78 FR 9687 - Prineville Energy Storage, LLC; Notice of Preliminary Permit Application Accepted for Filing and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-11

... PDCI to the Ponderosa substation, or (ii) the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) existing transmission line corridor and then running parallel to the BPA line to the Ponderosa substation; and (9...

POWERHOUSES, SOUTH ELEVATIONS SHOWING OIL HOUSE, FILER SUBSTATION, AND DRAFT ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

POWERHOUSES, SOUTH ELEVATIONS SHOWING OIL HOUSE, FILER SUBSTATION, AND DRAFT TUBE OUTLET (TAILRACE), VERTICAL VIEW; FACING WEST - Shoshone Falls Hydroelectric Project, Canyon Road, North Bank of Snake River below Shoshone Falls, Tipperary Corner, Jerome County, ID

Determining insulation condition of 110kV instrument transformers. Linking PD measurement results from both gas chromatography and electrical method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dan, C.; Morar, R.

2017-05-01

Working methods for on site testing of insulations: Gas chromatography (using the TFGA-P200 chromatographer); Electrical measurements of partial discharge levels using the digital detection, recording, analysis and partial discharge acquisition system, MPD600. First performed, between 2000-2015, were the chromatographic analyses concerning electrical insulating environments of: 102 current transformers, 110kV. Items in operation, functioning in 110/20kV substations. 38 voltage transformers, 110kV also in operation, functioning in 110/20kV substations. Then, electrical measurements of partial discharge inside instrument transformers, on site (power substations) were made (starting in the year 2009, over a 7-year period, collecting data until the year 2015) according to the provisions of standard EN 61869-1:2007 „Instrument transformers. General requirements”, applying, assimilated to it, type A partial discharge test procedure, using as test voltage the very rated 110kV distribution grid voltage. Given the results of two parallel measurements, containing: to this type of failure specific gas amount (H 2) and the quantitative partial discharge’ level, establishing a clear dependence between the quantity of partial discharges and the type and amount of in oil dissolved gases inside equipments affected by this type of defect: partial discharges, was expected. Of the „population” of instrument transformers subject of the two parallel measurements, the dependency between Q IEC (apparent charge) and (H 2) (hydrogen, gas amount dissolved within their insulating environment) represents a finite assemblage situated between the two limits developed on an empirical basis.

8. VIEW EASTNORTHEAST OF TRANSFORMER BAYS AND SUBSTATION; BUILDING 8 ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

8. VIEW EAST-NORTHEAST OF TRANSFORMER BAYS AND SUB-STATION; BUILDING 8 IS AT EXTREME LEFT CENTER; BUILD-ING 50 IS VISIBLE AT LEFT CENTER BEHIND BUILDING 8 - Scovill Brass Works, 59 Mill Street, Waterbury, New Haven County, CT

Advanced Micro Grid Energy Management Coupled with Integrated Volt/VAR Control for Improved Energy Efficiency, Energy Security, and Power Quality at DoD Installations

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-10-28

constraints and wire routing issues. • Outside sites have more space, but require outdoor rated equipment (NEMA outdoor rated.. ) and more maintenance...sustainable power, in many different types, sizes and capacities, as follows: • Cogen Plant #1 B1579: 7.2MW gas-fired turbine at Substation “AA...Cogen Plant #2 B1991: (2) 4.6MW gas-fired turbines at “Gillespie” Substation • 300kW fuel cell at Substation “AA” • PPA: 1.015MW solar photovoltaic

Gauche Ethyl Alcohol: Laboratory Assignments and Interstellar Identification

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pearson, J. C.; Sastry, K. V. L. N.; Herbst, Eric; DeLucia, Frank C.

1997-01-01

Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) is known to possess a pair of closely spaced excited torsional substates (gauche+, gauche-) at an energy of approximately 57 K above the ground (trans) torsional substate. We report an extended analysis of some gauche - gauche+ Q-branch ((Delta)J = 0) transitions with a three-substate fixed frame axis method (FFAM) Hamiltonian. Our approach accounts for complex trans-gauche interactions for the first time. In addition, we are able to obtain intensities for perturbed rotational transitions, and to determine the trans to gauche+ separation to be 1185399.1 MHz. A complete ground state rotational-torsional partition function accounting for the previously neglected gauche substates is presented. Based on our analysis, a total of 14 U lines obtained towards Orion KL can now be assigned to gauche substates of ethanol. Analysis of these lines yields a rotational temperature of 223 K and a total (trans + gauche) column density of 7.0 x 10(exp 15)/sq cm. The column density is in reasonable agreement with the recent value of 2-3 x 10(exp 15)/sq cm based on observations of trans-ethanol by Ohishi et al., although there is some disparity in the rotational temperatures. Eight additional U lines in the literature are assigned to transitions of gauche ethanol.

47. MISSISSIPPI BASIN MODEL AT CLINTON SUBSTATION. VIEW OF STAGE ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

47. MISSISSIPPI BASIN MODEL AT CLINTON SUBSTATION. VIEW OF STAGE TRANSMITTER AT ALTON, ILLINOIS MODEL SECTION, AND LOCK AND DAM (OLD #26) SIMULATOR. - Waterways Experiment Station, Hydraulics Laboratory, Halls Ferry Road, 2 miles south of I-20, Vicksburg, Warren County, MS

7. VIEW OF THE MODERN SUBSTATION (FOREGROUND), WITH THE OLD ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

7. VIEW OF THE MODERN SUBSTATION (FOREGROUND), WITH THE OLD SWITCHING BUILDING IN THE BACKGROUND, LOOKING SOUTHWEST. - Washington Water Power Company Post Falls Power Plant, Middle Channel Powerhouse & Dam, West of intersection of Spokane & Fourth Streets, Post Falls, Kootenai County, ID

Harmonic Characteristics of Rectifier Substations and Their Impact on Audio Frequency Track Circuits

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1982-05-01

This report describes the basic operation of substation rectifier equipment and the modes of possible interference with audio frequency track circuits used for train detection, cab signalling, and vehicle speed control. It also includes methods of es...

7 CFR 1710.252 - Construction work plans-power supply borrowers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... operating systems of supporting power pools and to connect with adjacent power suppliers; (4) Improvements..., new substations and substation improvements and replacements, and Systems Control and Data Acquisition... include studies of load flows, voltage regulation, and stability characteristics to demonstrate system...

7 CFR 1710.252 - Construction work plans-power supply borrowers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... operating systems of supporting power pools and to connect with adjacent power suppliers; (4) Improvements..., new substations and substation improvements and replacements, and Systems Control and Data Acquisition... include studies of load flows, voltage regulation, and stability characteristics to demonstrate system...

7 CFR 1710.252 - Construction work plans-power supply borrowers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... operating systems of supporting power pools and to connect with adjacent power suppliers; (4) Improvements..., new substations and substation improvements and replacements, and Systems Control and Data Acquisition... include studies of load flows, voltage regulation, and stability characteristics to demonstrate system...

7 CFR 1710.252 - Construction work plans-power supply borrowers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... operating systems of supporting power pools and to connect with adjacent power suppliers; (4) Improvements..., new substations and substation improvements and replacements, and Systems Control and Data Acquisition... include studies of load flows, voltage regulation, and stability characteristics to demonstrate system...

7 CFR 1710.252 - Construction work plans-power supply borrowers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... operating systems of supporting power pools and to connect with adjacent power suppliers; (4) Improvements..., new substations and substation improvements and replacements, and Systems Control and Data Acquisition... include studies of load flows, voltage regulation, and stability characteristics to demonstrate system...

Design and field performance of the KENETECH photovoltaic inverter system

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Behnke, M.R.

1995-11-01

KENETECH Windpower has recently adapted the power conversion technology developed for the company`s variable speed wind turbine to grid-connected photovoltaic applications. KENETECH PV inverter systems are now in successful operation at the Sacramento Municipal Utility District`s (SMUD) Hedge Substation and the PVUSA-Davis site, with additional systems scheduled to be placed into service by the end of 1995 at SMUD, the New York Power Authority, Xerox Corporation`s Clean Air Now project, and the Georgia Tech Aquatic Center. The features of the inverter are described.

Application of Autonomous Smart Inverter Volt-VAR Function for Voltage Reduction Energy Savings and Power Quality in Electric Distribution Systems: Preprint

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ding, Fei; Nagarajan, Adarsh; Baggu, Murali

This paper evaluated the impact of smart inverter Volt-VAR function on voltage reduction energy saving and power quality in electric power distribution systems. A methodology to implement the voltage reduction optimization was developed by controlling the substation LTC and capacitor banks, and having smart inverters participate through their autonomous Volt-VAR control. In addition, a power quality scoring methodology was proposed and utilized to quantify the effect on power distribution system power quality. All of these methodologies were applied to a utility distribution system model to evaluate the voltage reduction energy saving and power quality under various PV penetrations and smartmore » inverter densities.« less

Lightning location system supervising Swedish power transmission network

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Melin, Stefan A.

1991-01-01

For electric utilities, the ability to prevent or minimize lightning damage on personnel and power systems is of great importance. Therefore, the Swedish State Power Board, has been using data since 1983 from a nationwide lightning location system (LLS) for accurately locating lightning ground strikes. Lightning data is distributed and presented on color graphic displays at regional power network control centers as well as at the national power system control center for optimal data use. The main objectives for use of LLS data are: supervising the power system for optimal and safe use of the transmission and generating capacity during periods of thunderstorms; warning service to maintenance and service crews at power line and substations to end operations hazardous when lightning; rapid positioning of emergency crews to locate network damage at areas of detected lightning; and post analysis of power outages and transmission faults in relation to lightning, using archived lightning data for determination of appropriate design and insulation levels of equipment. Staff have found LLS data useful and economically justified since the availability of power system has increased as well as level of personnel safety.

78 FR 50026 - Basin Electric Power Cooperative, Inc.: Notice of Intent To Prepare a Supplemental Draft...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-16

... transmission lines, 5 new substations, modifications to 4 existing substations, maintenance access roads... address the construction, operation, and maintenance of Basin Electric's proposed Project. The Project includes construction, operation and maintenance of approximately 275 [[Page 50027

Kennedy Space Center, Space Shuttle Processing, and International Space Station Program Overview

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Higginbotham, Scott Alan

2011-01-01

Topics include: International Space Station assembly sequence; Electrical power substation; Thermal control substation; Guidance, navigation and control; Command data and handling; Robotics; Human and robotic integration; Additional modes of re-supply; NASA and International partner control centers; Space Shuttle ground operations.

A Fuzzy-Based Control Method for Smoothing Power Fluctuations in Substations along High-Speed Railways

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sugio, Tetsuya; Yamamoto, Masayoshi; Funabiki, Shigeyuki

The use of an SMES (Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage) for smoothing power fluctuations in a railway substation has been discussed. This paper proposes a smoothing control method based on fuzzy reasoning for reducing the SMES capacity at substations along high-speed railways. The proposed smoothing control method comprises three countermeasures for reduction of the SMES capacity. The first countermeasure involves modification of rule 1 for smoothing out the fluctuating electric power to its average value. The other countermeasures involve the modification of the central value of the stored energy control in the SMES and revision of the membership function in rule 2 for reduction of the SMES capacity. The SMES capacity in the proposed smoothing control method is reduced by 49.5% when compared to that in the nonrevised control method. It is confirmed by computer simulations that the proposed control method is suitable for smoothing out power fluctuations in substations along high-speed railways and for reducing the SMES capacity.

42. MISSISSIPPI BASIN MODEL AT CLINTON SUBSTATION. DETAIL OF 200 ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

42. MISSISSIPPI BASIN MODEL AT CLINTON SUBSTATION. DETAIL OF 200 GALLON PER MINUTE INFLOW CONTROLLER WITH NEW PROGRAMMER, LOCATED ALONG THE NATCHEZ SECTION OF THE MODEL. - Waterways Experiment Station, Hydraulics Laboratory, Halls Ferry Road, 2 miles south of I-20, Vicksburg, Warren County, MS

Irvine Smart Grid Demonstration, a Regional Smart Grid Demonstration Project

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yinger, Robert; Irwin, Mark

ISGD was a comprehensive demonstration that spanned the electricity delivery system and extended into customer homes. The project used phasor measurement technology to enable substation-level situational awareness, and demonstrated SCE’s next-generation substation automation system. It extended beyond the substation to evaluate the latest generation of distribution automation technologies, including looped 12-kV distribution circuit topology using URCIs. The project team used DVVC capabilities to demonstrate CVR. In customer homes, the project evaluated HAN devices such as smart appliances, programmable communicating thermostats, and home energy management components. The homes were also equipped with energy storage, solar PV systems, and a number ofmore » energy efficiency measures (EEMs). The team used one block of homes to evaluate strategies and technologies for achieving ZNE. A home achieves ZNE when it produces at least as much renewable energy as the amount of energy it consumes annually. The project also assessed the impact of device-specific demand response (DR), as well as load management capabilities involving energy storage devices and plug-in electric vehicle charging equipment. In addition, the ISGD project sought to better understand the impact of ZNE homes on the electric grid. ISGD’s SENet enabled end-to-end interoperability between multiple vendors’ systems and devices, while also providing a level of cybersecurity that is essential to smart grid development and adoption across the nation. The ISGD project includes a series of sub-projects grouped into four logical technology domains: Smart Energy Customer Solutions, Next-Generation Distribution System, Interoperability and Cybersecurity, and Workforce of the Future. Section 2.3 provides a more detailed overview of these domains.« less

43. MISSISSIPPI BASIN MODEL AT CLINTON SUBSTATION. DETAIL OF 200 ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

43. MISSISSIPPI BASIN MODEL AT CLINTON SUBSTATION. DETAIL OF 200 GALLON PER MINUTE INFLOW CONTROLLER WITH NEW PROGRAMMER, LOCATED ALONG THE NATCHEZ SECTION OF THE MODEL. NOTE CONTROL BUILDING AT LEFT. - Waterways Experiment Station, Hydraulics Laboratory, Halls Ferry Road, 2 miles south of I-20, Vicksburg, Warren County, MS

18. Photocopy of photograph showing foundation framing of South Bank ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

18. Photocopy of photograph showing foundation framing of South Bank Substation, 11 June 1939 (from the BPA Photo Archives, Negative No. 347), LOOKING NORTH WITH THE BONNEVILLE DAM POWERHOUSE IN BACKGROUND - Bonneville Power Administration South Bank Substation, I-84, South of Bonneville Dam Powerhouse, Bonneville, Multnomah County, OR

123. ARAI Substation (ARA726) plan, elevation, security fence details, and ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

123. ARA-I Substation (ARA-726) plan, elevation, security fence details, and sections. Norman Engineering Company 961-area/SF-726-E-1. Date: January 1959. Ineel index code no. 068-0726-10-613-102778. - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Army Reactors Experimental Area, Scoville, Butte County, ID

30 CFR 56.4130 - Electric substations and liquid storage facilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) Unburied, flammable or combustible liquid storage tanks. (3) Any group of containers used for storage of more than 60 gallons of flammable or combustible liquids. (b) The area within the 25-foot perimeter... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Electric substations and liquid storage...

30 CFR 56.4130 - Electric substations and liquid storage facilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...) Unburied, flammable or combustible liquid storage tanks. (3) Any group of containers used for storage of more than 60 gallons of flammable or combustible liquids. (b) The area within the 25-foot perimeter... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Electric substations and liquid storage...

30 CFR 56.4130 - Electric substations and liquid storage facilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...) Unburied, flammable or combustible liquid storage tanks. (3) Any group of containers used for storage of more than 60 gallons of flammable or combustible liquids. (b) The area within the 25-foot perimeter... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Electric substations and liquid storage...

30 CFR 56.4130 - Electric substations and liquid storage facilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...) Unburied, flammable or combustible liquid storage tanks. (3) Any group of containers used for storage of more than 60 gallons of flammable or combustible liquids. (b) The area within the 25-foot perimeter... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Electric substations and liquid storage...

40 CFR 256.60 - Requirements for public participation in State and substate plans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 24 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Requirements for public participation in State and substate plans. 256.60 Section 256.60 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE SOLID WASTE...

19. Photocopy of photograph showing framing of concrete walls of ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

19. Photocopy of photograph showing framing of concrete walls of South Bank Substation, 18 July 1939 (from the BPA Photo Archives, Negative No. 365), LOOKING NORTHWEST WITH THE BONNEVILLE DAM POWERHOUSE IN BACKGROUND - Bonneville Power Administration South Bank Substation, I-84, South of Bonneville Dam Powerhouse, Bonneville, Multnomah County, OR

30 CFR 57.4130 - Surface electric substations and liquid storage facilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... liquid storage tanks. (3) Any group of containers used for storage of more than 60 gallons of flammable... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Surface electric substations and liquid storage facilities. 57.4130 Section 57.4130 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF...

30 CFR 57.4130 - Surface electric substations and liquid storage facilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... liquid storage tanks. (3) Any group of containers used for storage of more than 60 gallons of flammable... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Surface electric substations and liquid storage facilities. 57.4130 Section 57.4130 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF...

30 CFR 57.4130 - Surface electric substations and liquid storage facilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... liquid storage tanks. (3) Any group of containers used for storage of more than 60 gallons of flammable... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Surface electric substations and liquid storage facilities. 57.4130 Section 57.4130 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF...

30 CFR 57.4130 - Surface electric substations and liquid storage facilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... liquid storage tanks. (3) Any group of containers used for storage of more than 60 gallons of flammable... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Surface electric substations and liquid storage facilities. 57.4130 Section 57.4130 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF...

75 FR 7470 - Pine Prairie Energy Center, LLC; Notice of Application

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-02-19

... electric motor drive compressor units instead of the four 4,700 hp natural gas-fueled units previously authorized; (2) construct and operate a new electrical substation at the Pine Prairie Gas Handling Facility and approximately 1,200 feet of aerial electric power lines between the new substation and the...

40 CFR 256.60 - Requirements for public participation in State and substate plans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 25 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Requirements for public participation in State and substate plans. 256.60 Section 256.60 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... shall: (1) Publicize information in news media having broad audiences in the geographic area; (2) Place...

40 CFR 256.60 - Requirements for public participation in State and substate plans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 26 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Requirements for public participation in State and substate plans. 256.60 Section 256.60 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... shall: (1) Publicize information in news media having broad audiences in the geographic area; (2) Place...

40 CFR 256.60 - Requirements for public participation in State and substate plans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 26 2012-07-01 2011-07-01 true Requirements for public participation in State and substate plans. 256.60 Section 256.60 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... shall: (1) Publicize information in news media having broad audiences in the geographic area; (2) Place...

40 CFR 256.60 - Requirements for public participation in State and substate plans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 25 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Requirements for public participation in State and substate plans. 256.60 Section 256.60 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... shall: (1) Publicize information in news media having broad audiences in the geographic area; (2) Place...

Identification and Single-Cell Functional Characterization of an Endodermally Biased Pluripotent Substate in Human Embryonic Stem Cells.

PubMed

Allison, Thomas F; Smith, Andrew J H; Anastassiadis, Konstantinos; Sloane-Stanley, Jackie; Biga, Veronica; Stavish, Dylan; Hackland, James; Sabri, Shan; Langerman, Justin; Jones, Mark; Plath, Kathrin; Coca, Daniel; Barbaric, Ivana; Gokhale, Paul; Andrews, Peter W

2018-05-09

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) display substantial heterogeneity in gene expression, implying the existence of discrete substates within the stem cell compartment. To determine whether these substates impact fate decisions of hESCs we used a GFP reporter line to investigate the properties of fractions of putative undifferentiated cells defined by their differential expression of the endoderm transcription factor, GATA6, together with the hESC surface marker, SSEA3. By single-cell cloning, we confirmed that substates characterized by expression of GATA6 and SSEA3 include pluripotent stem cells capable of long-term self-renewal. When clonal stem cell colonies were formed from GATA6-positive and GATA6-negative cells, more of those derived from GATA6-positive cells contained spontaneously differentiated endoderm cells than similar colonies derived from the GATA6-negative cells. We characterized these discrete cellular states using single-cell transcriptomic analysis, identifying a potential role for SOX17 in the establishment of the endoderm-biased stem cell state. Copyright © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

A Review on Development Practice of Smart Grid Technology in China

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Han, Liu; Chen, Wei; Zhuang, Bo; Shen, Hongming

2017-05-01

Smart grid has become an inexorable trend of energy and economy development worldwide. Since the development of smart grid was put forward in China in 2009, we have obtained abundant research results and practical experiences as well as extensive attention from international community in this field. This paper reviews the key technologies and demonstration projects on new energy connection forecasts; energy storage; smart substations; disaster prevention and reduction for power transmission lines; flexible DC transmission; distribution automation; distributed generation access and micro grid; smart power consumption; the comprehensive demonstration of power distribution and utilization; smart power dispatching and control systems; and the communication networks and information platforms of China, systematically, on the basis of 5 fields, i.e., renewable energy integration, smart power transmission and transformation, smart power distribution and consumption, smart power dispatching and control systems and information and communication platforms. Meanwhile, it also analyzes and compares with the developmental level of similar technologies abroad, providing an outlook on the future development trends of various technologies.

Title XX and CETA. A Coordination Guide for Title XX Administrators.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Urban Management Consultants of San Francisco, Inc., CA.

Written for the social service (Title XX) administrator at the State or sub-State level, this guide is intended to serve four major purposes: (1) Provide selected insights into what the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA) is and how it works; (2) point out potential areas for coordination which, from study or field experience, hold…

Iowa Kids Count 2010: Trends in the Well-Being of Iowa Children

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Child and Family Policy Center, 2011

2011-01-01

This most recent Iowa Kids Count data book, "Iowa Kids Count 2010: Trends in the Well-Being of Iowa Children," provides data on 20 different indicators of child and family well-being at the United States, Iowa, substate and county level. The annually produced data book presents health, education, welfare and economic data including…

Iowa Kids Count 2011: Trends in the Well-Being of Iowa Children

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Child and Family Policy Center, 2012

2012-01-01

This most recent Iowa Kids Count data book, "Iowa Kids Count 2011: Trends in the Well-Being of Iowa Children," provides data on 20 different indicators of child and family well-being at the United States, Iowa, substate and county level. The annually produced data book presents health, education, welfare and economic data including…

RTDS-Based Design and Simulation of Distributed P-Q Power Resources in Smart Grid

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Taylor, Zachariah David

In this Thesis, we propose to utilize a battery system together with its power electronics interfaces and bidirectional charger as a distributed P-Q resource in power distribution networks. First, we present an optimization-based approach to operate such distributed P-Q resources based on the characteristics of the battery and charger system as well as the features and needs of the power distribution network. Then, we use the RTDS Simulator, which is an industry-standard simulation tool of power systems, to develop two RTDS-based design approaches. The first design is based on an ideal four-quadrant distributed P-Q power resource. The second design is based on a detailed four-quadrant distributed P-Q power resource that is developed using power electronics components. The hardware and power electronics circuitry as well as the control units are explained for the second design. After that, given the two-RTDS designs, we conducted extensive RTDS simulations to assess the performance of the designed distributed P-Q Power Resource in an IEEE 13 bus test system. We observed that the proposed design can noticeably improve the operational performance of the power distribution grid in at least four key aspects: reducing power loss, active power peak load shaving at substation, reactive power peak load shaving at substation, and voltage regulation. We examine these performance measures across three design cases: Case 1: There is no P-Q Power Resource available on the power distribution network. Case 2: The installed P-Q Power Resource only supports active power, i.e., it only utilizes its battery component. Case 3: The installed P-Q Power Resource supports both active and reactive power, i.e., it utilizes both its battery component and its power electronics charger component. In the end, we present insightful interpretations on the simulation results and suggest some future works.

77 FR 73651 - Cascade Energy Storage, LLC; Notice of Preliminary Permit Application Accepted for Filing and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-11

... City Light's existing 230-kV transmission line, or (ii) Bonneville Power Administration's (BPA) existing Custer-Monroe 500-kV line, or (iii) BPA existing Murray substation, or (iv) a new 4.5-mile- long... and then to the BPA Murray substation; and (9) appurtenant facilities. The estimated annual generation...

Supplement Analysis for the Transmission System Vegetation Management Program FEIS (DOE/EIS-0285/SA-74)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Howington, John

2002-07-01

Vegetation Management for five Substations in the Malin District. BPA proposes total vegetation management (bare ground) in the electrical substations, and, noxious weed management and maintenance of landscaping within the property boundaries of the listed facilities. These facilities are all located within the Malin District of the Redmond Region.

Supplement Analysis for the Transmission System Vegetation Management Program FEIS (DOE/EIS-0285/SA-82)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Howington, John

2002-08-13

Vegetation Management for twenty-four Substations in the Burley District. BPA proposes total vegetation management (bare ground) in the electrical substations, and, noxious weed management and maintenance of landscaping within the property boundaries of the listed facilities. These facilities are all located within the Burley District of the Idaho Falls Region.

Supplement Analysis for the Transmission System Vegetation Management Program FEIS (DOE/EIS-0285/SA-78)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Howington, John

2002-07-01

Vegetation Management for ten Substations in the Redmond District. BPA proposes total vegetation management (bare ground) in the electrical substations, and, noxious weed management and maintenance of landscaping within the property boundaries of the listed facilities. These facilities are all located within the Redmond District of the Redmond Region.

Electric Transport Traction Power Supply System With Distributed Energy Sources

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Abramov, E. Y.; Schurov, N. I.; Rozhkova, M. V.

2016-04-01

The paper states the problem of traction substation (TSS) leveling of daily-load curve for urban electric transport. The circuit of traction power supply system (TPSS) with distributed autonomous energy source (AES) based on photovoltaic (PV) and energy storage (ES) units is submitted here. The distribution algorithm of power flow for the daily traction load curve leveling is also introduced in this paper. In addition, it illustrates the implemented experiment model of power supply system.

One Step Back, Two Steps Forward: An Analytical Framework for Airpower in Small Wars

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-06-01

Counterinsurgency Business .” Small Wars and Insurgencies 5, no. 3 (Winter 1994). 81 Watman, K. and Wilkening, D. U.S. Regional Deterrence Strategies . Santa...optimal for waging wars at the sub-state level . Small wars are conflicts where the political and diplomatic context, and not the military...use of airpower for waging war at this level . 15. NUMBER OF PAGES 99 14. SUBJECT TERMS Airpower, Small War, Leites and Wolf, insurgency

A new test procedure to evaluate the performance of substations for collective heating systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Baetens, Robin; Verhaert, Ivan

2017-11-01

The overall heat demand of a single dwelling, existing out of space heating and domestic hot water production, decreases due to higher insulation rates. Because of this, investing in efficient and renewable heat generation becomes less interesting. Therefore, to incorporate renewables or residual heat on a larger scale, district heating or collective heating systems grow in importance. Within this set-up, the substation is responsible for the interaction between local demand for comfort and overall energy performance of the collective heating system. Many different configurations of substations exist, which influence both local comfort and central system performance. Next to that, also hybrids exist with additional local energy input. To evaluate performance of such substations, a new experimental-based test procedure is developed in order to evaluate these different aspects, characterized by the two roles a substation has, namely as heat generator and as heat consumer. The advantage of this approach is that an objective comparison between individual and central systems regarding performance on delivering local comfort can be executed experimentally. The lab set-up consists out of three different subsystems, namely the central system, the domestic hot water consumption and the local space heating. The central system can work with different temperature regimes and control strategies, as these aspects have proven to have the largest influence on actual performance. The domestic hot water system is able to generate similar tap profiles according to eco-design regulation for domestic hot water generation. The space heating system is able to demand a modular heat load.

Cost and benefits of a distribution automation system for the northeast area of Sao Paulo

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jardini, J.A.; Carvalho, J.C.M.

1995-12-31

An evaluation of the costs and the benefits of distribution automation was done for an area in the northeastern part of Sao Paulo State, Brazil. The results showed that the savings pay for the automation cost. The major gain relies on the substation supervision and staff reduction. CESP is one of the three utilities responsible for the distribution of electricity in Sao Paulo, a state crossed by the Capricornium Tropic in the southeast of Brazil. CESP generates power (9,3 GW), has transmission (20,000 km), bulk power supply to other utilities, and distributes power to six regions covering 120,000 km2 ,more » where 1,300,000 customers are located. The main regional office is in a town called RIO CLARO, which economy is based on agro industries and manufacturers. RIO CLARO area represents 8% of CESP`s area, has 26% of customers, and is responsible for 37% of the income. In Brazil, the experience with DA is limited, and consists basically on prototypes installed in a few pilot areas, being one in CESP`s area. This prototype includes digital automation of three substations and feeders in GUARUJA, a seaside town. The system has been in operation since 1984 and has proved to be satisfactory. DA has not been given an adequate attention before, because: salaries in Brazil are low if compared to the developed countries; Brazilian computer market was protected up to 1992 meaning that only a few Brazilian manufacturers could offer automation products; foreign products were not available; there was shortage of investment even in the main equipments due to the course of the Brazilian economy. Recently, there has been access to foreign technology, there is a competitive market and offer of good products and maintenance services.« less

View west of load dispatch model board; section covers substations ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

View west of load dispatch model board; section covers substations from edgerly (right) to thorndale and west yard (left). Instruments at bottom of center board section formerly monitored energy usage and were replaced by a computerized monitoring system. - Thirtieth Street Station, Load Dispatch Center, Thirtieth & Market Streets, Railroad Station, Amtrak (formerly Pennsylvania Railroad Station), Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA

16. EXTERIOR NORTH END OF TULE RIVER POWERHOUSE SHOWING POWERHOUSE ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

16. EXTERIOR NORTH END OF TULE RIVER POWERHOUSE SHOWING POWERHOUSE AT PHOTO CENTER, SUBSTATION AT PHOTO RIGHT FOREGROUND, OFFICE BEHIND SUBSTATION AT RIGHT OF POWERHOUSE, AND MACHINE SHOP AT LEFT OF POWERHOUSE. THIS PHOTOGRAPH DUPLICATES HISTORIC VIEW SHOWN IN PHOTO CA-216-17. VIEW TO SOUTHEAST. - Tule River Hydroelectric Project, Water Conveyance System, Middle Fork Tule River, Springville, Tulare County, CA

78 FR 70546 - Erie Boulevard Hydropower, L.P.; Notice of Application Accepted for Filing, Soliciting Motions To...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-26

... (kV) generator leads extending about 25 feet to an adjacent electrical substation containing a 2.4/4.8-kV, 600-kilovolt-amperes, step-up transformer bank. A transmission line owned and operated by... with the electrical grid at the substation. At the time the Commission issued the original license for...

Supplement Analysis for the Transmission System Vegetation Management Program FEIS (DOE/EIS-0285/SA-96) - Snohomish District Substations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hermeston, Mark W.

2002-07-19

Proposed Action: Vegetation Management for facilities located in the Snohomish District. BPA proposes total vegetation management (bareground) in the electrical substations, and, noxious weed management and maintenance of landscaping within the property boundaries of the listed facilities. These facilities are all located within the Snohomish District of the Snohomish Region.

Iowa Kids Count 2009: Trends in the Well-Being of Iowa Children

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Child and Family Policy Center, 2010

2010-01-01

This latest annually produced Iowa Kids Count data book, "Iowa Kids Count 2009: Trends in the Well-Being of Iowa Children," provides data on 18 different indicators of child and family well-being at the United States, Iowa, substate and county-level. The 18 indicators presented in the data book contain an expanse of data from economic,…

An Estimation Method of System Voltage Sag Profile using Recorded Sag Data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tanaka, Kazuyuki; Sakashita, Tadashi

The influence of voltage sag to electric equipment has become big issues because of wider utilization of voltage sensitive devices. In order to reduce the influence of voltage sag appearing at each customer side, it is necessary to recognize the level of receiving voltage drop due to lightning faults for transmission line. However it is hard to measure directly those sag level at every load node. In this report, a new method of efficiently estimating system voltage sag profile is proposed based on symmetrical coordinate. In the proposed method, limited recorded sag data is used as the estimation condition which is recorded at each substation in power systems. From the point of view that the number of the recorded node is generally far less than those of the transmission route, a fast solution method is developed to calculate only recorder faulted voltage by applying reciprocity theorem for Y matrix. Furthermore, effective screening process is incorporated, in which the limited candidate of faulted transmission line can be chosen. Demonstrative results are presented using the IEEJ East10 standard system and actual 1700 bus system. The results show that estimation accuracy is sufficiently acceptable under less computation labor.

Land-Use Requirements for Solar Power Plants in the United States

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ong, S.; Campbell, C.; Denholm, P.

2013-06-01

This report provides data and analysis of the land use associated with utility-scale ground-mounted solar facilities, defined as installations greater than 1 MW. We begin by discussing standard land-use metrics as established in the life-cycle assessment literature and then discuss their applicability to solar power plants. We present total and direct land-use results for various solar technologies and system configurations, on both a capacity and an electricity-generation basis. The total area corresponds to all land enclosed by the site boundary. The direct area comprises land directly occupied by solar arrays, access roads, substations, service buildings, and other infrastructure. As ofmore » the third quarter of 2012, the solar projects we analyze represent 72% of installed and under-construction utility-scale PV and CSP capacity in the United States.« less

Development of ATC for High Speed and High Density Commuter Line

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Okutani, Tamio; Nakamura, Nobuyuki; Araki, Hisato; Irie, Shouji; Osa, Hiroki; Sano, Minoru; Ikeda, Keigo; Ozawa, Hiroyuki

A new ATC (Automatic Train Control) system has been developed with solutions to realize short train headway by assured braking utilizing digital data transmission via rails; the digital data for the ATP (Automatic Train Protection) function; and to achieve EMC features for both AC and DC sections. The DC section is of the unprecedented DC traction power supply system utilizing IGBT PWM converter at all DC substations. Within the AC section, train traction force is controlled by PWM converter/inverters. The carrier frequencies of the digital data signals and chopping frequency of PWM traction power converters on-board are decided via spectral analysis of noise up to degraded mode cases of equipment. Developed system was equipped to the Tukuba Express Line, new commuter line of Tokyo metropolitan area, and opened since Aug. 2005.

Independent Power Generation in a Modern Electrical Substation Based on Thermoelectric Technology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Z. M.; Zhao, Y. Q.; Liu, W.; Wei, B.; Qiu, M.; Lai, X. K.

2017-05-01

Because of many types of electrical equipment with high power in substations, the potentiality of energy conservation is quite large. From this viewpoint, thermoelectric materials may be chosen to produce electrical energy using the waste heat produced in substations. Hence, a thermoelectric generation system which can recycle the waste heat from electric transformers was proposed to improve the energy efficiency and reduce the burden of the oil cooling system. An experimental prototype was fabricated to perform the experiment and to verify the feasibility. The experimental results showed that the output power could achieve 16 W from waste heat of 900 W, and that the power conversion efficiency was approximately 1.8%. Therefore, power generation is feasible by using the waste heat from the transformers based on thermoelectric technology.

Oil leakage detection for electric power equipment based on ultraviolet fluorescence effect

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Jing; Wang, Jian-hui; Xu, Bin; Huang, Zhi-dong; Huang, Lan-tao

2018-03-01

This paper presents a method to detect the oil leakage of high voltage power equipment based on ultraviolet fluorescence effect. The method exploits the principle that the insulating oil has the fluorescent effect under the irradiation of specific ultraviolet light. The emission spectrum of insulating oil under excitation light with different wavelengths is measured and analyzed first. On this basis, a portable oil leakage detective device for high voltage power equipment is designed and developed with a selected 365 nm ultraviolet as the excitation light and the low light level camera as the fluorescence image collector. Then, the feasibility of the proposed method and device in different conditions is experimentally verified in the laboratory environment. Finally, the developed oil leakage detective device is applied to 500 kV Xiamen substation and Quanzhou substation. And the results show that the device can detect the oil leakage of high voltage electrical equipment quickly and conveniently even under the condition of a slight oil leakage especially in the low light environment.

A New Approach to Detection of Systematic Errors in Secondary Substation Monitoring Equipment Based on Short Term Load Forecasting

PubMed Central

Moriano, Javier; Rodríguez, Francisco Javier; Martín, Pedro; Jiménez, Jose Antonio; Vuksanovic, Branislav

2016-01-01

In recent years, Secondary Substations (SSs) are being provided with equipment that allows their full management. This is particularly useful not only for monitoring and planning purposes but also for detecting erroneous measurements, which could negatively affect the performance of the SS. On the other hand, load forecasting is extremely important since they help electricity companies to make crucial decisions regarding purchasing and generating electric power, load switching, and infrastructure development. In this regard, Short Term Load Forecasting (STLF) allows the electric power load to be predicted over an interval ranging from one hour to one week. However, important issues concerning error detection by employing STLF has not been specifically addressed until now. This paper proposes a novel STLF-based approach to the detection of gain and offset errors introduced by the measurement equipment. The implemented system has been tested against real power load data provided by electricity suppliers. Different gain and offset error levels are successfully detected. PMID:26771613

78 FR 62348 - Erie Boulevard Hydropower L.P.; Notice of Application Tendered for Filing With the Commission and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-10-18

... 100 feet; and (7) 2.4-kilovolt (kV) generator leads extending about 25 feet to an adjacent electrical substation containing a 2.4/4.8-kV, 600-kilovolt-amperes, step-up transformer bank. A transmission line owned... project interconnects with the electrical grid at the substation. At the time the Commission issued the...

Service Building No. 620. Detail of north elevation and entrance ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Service Building No. 620. Detail of north elevation and entrance to substation & windowns in top of elevator shafts no. 2 & stair no. 1 & section thru substation (dry dock associates, June 12, 1941). In files of Cushman & Wakefield, building 501, Philadelphia Naval Business Center. - Naval Base Philadelphia-Philadelphia Naval Shipyard, Service Building, Dry Docks No. 4 & 5, League Island, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA

Hazard zoning around electric substations of petrochemical industries by stimulation of extremely low-frequency magnetic fields.

PubMed

Hosseini, Monireh; Monazzam, Mohammad Reza; Farhang Matin, Laleh; Khosroabadi, Hossein

2015-05-01

Electromagnetic fields in recent years have been discussed as one of the occupational hazards at workplaces. Hence, control and assessment of these physical factors is very important to protect and promote the health of employees. The present study was conducted to determine hazard zones based on assessment of extremely low-frequency magnetic fields at electric substations of a petrochemical complex in southern Iran, using the single-axis HI-3604 device. In measurement of electromagnetic fields by the single-axis HI-3604 device, the sensor screen should be oriented in a way to be perpendicular to the field lines. Therefore, in places where power lines are located in different directions, it is required to keep the device towards three axes of x, y, and z. For further precision, the measurements should be repeated along each of the three axes. In this research, magnetic field was measured, for the first time, in three axes of x, y, and z whose resultant value was considered as the value of magnetic field. Measurements were done based on IEEE std 644-1994. Further, the spatial changes of the magnetic field surrounding electric substations were stimulated using MATLAB software. The obtained results indicated that the maximum magnetic flux density was 49.90 μT recorded from boiler substation, while the minimum magnetic flux density of 0.02 μT was measured at the control room of the complex. As the stimulation results suggest, the spaces around incoming panels, transformers, and cables were recognized as hazardous zones of indoor electric substations. Considering the health effects of chronic exposure to magnetic fields, it would be possible to minimize exposure to these contaminants at workplaces by identification of risky zones and observation of protective considerations.

Architecture and Methods for Substation SCADA Cybersecurity: Best Practices

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Albunashee, Hamdi; Al Sarray, Muthanna; McCann, Roy

There are over 3000 electricity providers in the United States, encompassing investor and publicly owned utilities as well as electric cooperatives. There has been ongoing trends to increasingly automate and provide remote control and monitoring of electric energy delivery systems. The deployment of computer network technologies has increased the efficiency and reliability of electric power infrastructure. However, the increased use of digital communications has also increased the vulnerability to malicious cyber attacks [1]. In 2004 the National Research Councils (National Academies) formed a committee of specialists to address these vulnerabilities and propose possible solutions with an objective to prioritize themore » R&D needs for developing countermeasures. The committee addressed many potential concerns in the electric power delivery system and classified them based upon different criteria and presented recommendations to minimize the gap between the academic research directions and the needs of the electric utility industry. The complexity and diversity of the electric power delivery system in the U.S. has opened many ports for attackers and intruders [1]. This complexity and diversity is attributed to the fact that power delivery system is a network of substations, transmission and distribution lines, sub-networks of controlling, sensing and monitoring units, and human operator involvement for running the system [1]. Accordingly, any incident such as the occurrence of a fault or disturbance in this complex network cannot be deferred and should be resolved within an order of milliseconds, otherwise there is risk of large-scale outages similar to the occurrences in India and the U.S. in 2003 [2]. There are three main vulnerabilities in supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems commonly identified—physical vulnerability, cyber vulnerability and personal vulnerability [1]. In terms of cyber threats, SCADA systems are the most critical elements in the electric power grid in the U.S. Unauthorized access to a SCADA system could enable/disable unexpected equipment (such as disable the protection system or a circuit breaker) which could cause large scale disruptions of electric power delivery. This paper provides an overview of power system SCADA technologies in transmission substations (Section 2) and summarizes the best practices for implementing a cyber security program. After introducing SCADA system operations in Section 2, a description of the security challenges for SCADA systems is presented in Section 3. In Section 4, NECRC Critical Infrastructure Protection standards CIP-002 through CIP-009 are summarized. An overview of industry best practices is presented in Section 5.« less

Inter and intra substation communications: Requirements and solutions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Adamiak, M.; Patterson, R.; Melcher, J.

1995-10-01

As the substation communication world searches for the ``Promised LAN,`` it would be helpful to have a roadmap to give direction to the search. Many are the expectations of a LAN flowing with data and able to connect with any Intelligent Electronic Device (IED) that was ever made. Such expectations must be tempered with the cost and complexity of achieving them. This paper presents an outline of the communication requirements of the myriad of IED`s in existence in the substation today as well as the expectations of what second generation microprocessor based devices might be able to do. Requirements willmore » focus on language issues, system capabilities, performance requirements, external interfaces, environmental, and quality issues. Some attention will also be given to the architecture of a solution and some guidelines as to how this structure might be built.« less

Autonomous navigation method for substation inspection robot based on travelling deviation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Guoqing; Xu, Wei; Li, Jian; Fu, Chongguang; Zhou, Hao; Zhang, Chuanyou; Shao, Guangting

2017-06-01

A new method of edge detection is proposed in substation environment, which can realize the autonomous navigation of the substation inspection robot. First of all, the road image and information are obtained by using an image acquisition device. Secondly, the noise in the region of interest which is selected in the road image, is removed with the digital image processing algorithm, the road edge is extracted by Canny operator, and the road boundaries are extracted by Hough transform. Finally, the distance between the robot and the left and the right boundaries is calculated, and the travelling distance is obtained. The robot's walking route is controlled according to the travel deviation and the preset threshold. Experimental results show that the proposed method can detect the road area in real time, and the algorithm has high accuracy and stable performance.

Energy Saving in DC Electric Railways by Battery Substation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sugimoto, Takeshi

New rolling vehicles used in dc electric railways are of the regenerative type. At less busy time a part of regenerative power is not used for powering vehicles, and canceled by changed air brake. Recently, significant attention has been paid to the development of secondary batteries for hybrid and electric motorcars. The use of this battery enables reduction in electric power consumption. Because we can charge excess regenerative power and use for powering vehicles after. Before the fact we compared the actual and simulated effective coefficient of regenerative energy, we confirmed the suitability of the simulation model. In this simulation, we studied the energy-saving effect of the battery substations and determined the battery capacity at which maximum power saving is achieved. We found that the power consumption could be reduced remarkably by using a 15-20kWh battery substation.

USSR and Eastern Europe Scientific Abstracts, Cybernetics, Computers and Automation Technology, Number 31

DTIC Science & Technology

1978-02-09

incorporation of subsystems and tasks into systems are specified by state and industrial- sector standards. However, such rigid requirements interfere...construction of the step-down substation, without which the new sector is inoperable. The question of who will build the substation is still unresolved... economico -mathematical evaluation). Among such applications, program decks completed by the "Soyuzsistemprom" are those for data integra- tion and

New model of inverting substation for DC traction with regenerative braking system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Omar, Abdul Malek Saidina; Samat, Ahmad Asri Abd; Isa, Siti Sarah Mat; Shamsuddin, Sarah Addyani; Jamaludin, Nur Fadhilah; Khyasudeen, Muhammad Farris

2017-08-01

This paper presents a power electronic devices application focus on modeling, analysis, and control of switching power converter in the inverting DC substation with regenerative braking system which is used to recycle the surplus regenerative power by feed it back to the main AC grid. The main objective of this research is to improve the switching power electronic converter of the railway inverting substation and optimize the maximum kinetic energy recovery together with minimum power losses from the railway braking system. Assess performance including efficiency and robustness will be evaluated in order to get the best solution for the design configuration. Research methodology included mathematical calculation, simulation, and detail analysis on modeling of switching power converter on inverting substation. The design stage separates to four main areas include rectification mode, regenerative mode, control inverter mode and filtering mode. The simulation result has shown that the regenerative inverter has a capability to accept a maximum recovery power on the regeneration mode. Total energy recovery has increase and power losses have decreases because inverter abilities to transfer the surplus energy back to the main AC supply. An Inverter controller with PWM Generator and PI Voltage Regulator has been designed to control voltage magnitude and frequency of the DC traction system.

Conformational equilibria of light-activated rhodopsin in nanodiscs

PubMed Central

Van Eps, Ned; Caro, Lydia N.; Morizumi, Takefumi; Kusnetzow, Ana Karin; Szczepek, Michal; Hofmann, Klaus Peter; Bayburt, Timothy H.; Sligar, Stephen G.; Ernst, Oliver P.; Hubbell, Wayne L.

2017-01-01

Conformational equilibria of G-protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) are intimately involved in intracellular signaling. Here conformational substates of the GPCR rhodopsin are investigated in micelles of dodecyl maltoside (DDM) and in phospholipid nanodiscs by monitoring the spatial positions of transmembrane helices 6 and 7 at the cytoplasmic surface using site-directed spin labeling and double electron–electron resonance spectroscopy. The photoactivated receptor in DDM is dominated by one conformation with weak pH dependence. In nanodiscs, however, an ensemble of pH-dependent conformational substates is observed, even at pH 6.0 where the MIIbH+ form defined by proton uptake and optical spectroscopic methods is reported to be the sole species present in native disk membranes. In nanodiscs, the ensemble of substates in the photoactivated receptor spontaneously decays to that characteristic of the inactive state with a lifetime of ∼16 min at 20 °C. Importantly, transducin binding to the activated receptor selects a subset of the ensemble in which multiple substates are apparently retained. The results indicate that in a native-like lipid environment rhodopsin activation is not analogous to a simple binary switch between two defined conformations, but the activated receptor is in equilibrium between multiple conformers that in principle could recognize different binding partners. PMID:28373559

A comparative study of electric load curve changes in an urban low-voltage substation in Spain during the economic crisis (2008-2013).

PubMed

Lara-Santillán, Pedro M; Mendoza-Villena, Montserrat; Fernández-Jiménez, L Alfredo; Mañana-Canteli, Mario

2014-01-01

This paper presents a comparative study of the electricity consumption (EC) in an urban low-voltage substation before and during the economic crisis (2008-2013). This low-voltage substation supplies electric power to near 400 users. The EC was measured for an 11-year period (2002-2012) with a sampling time of 1 minute. The study described in the paper consists of detecting the changes produced in the load curves of this substation along the time due to changes in the behaviour of consumers. The EC was compared using representative curves per time period (precrisis and crisis). These representative curves were obtained after a computational process, which was based on a search for days with similar curves to the curve of a determined (base) date. This similitude was assessed by the proximity on the calendar, day of the week, daylight time, and outdoor temperature. The last selection parameter was the error between the nearest neighbour curves and the base date curve. The obtained representative curves were linearized to determine changes in their structure (maximum and minimum consumption values, duration of the daily time slot, etc.). The results primarily indicate an increase in the EC in the night slot during the summer months in the crisis period.

Draft Supplement to the Environmental Statement Fiscal Year 1976 Proposed Program : Facilty Location Evaluation for Franklin-Badger Canyon 230-kV Line and Badger Canyon Substation Study Area 74-6B.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

United States. Bonneville Power Administration.

1974-10-22

Proposed is the construction of a 15-mile, 230-kV double-circuit transmission line from Franklin Substation near Pasco, Washington, to a proposed new Badger Canyon Substation to be constructed 5 miles west of Kennewick, Washington. Depending on the final route location chosen, approximately 15 miles of 230-kV double circuit transmission line requiring 5.6 miles of new and 9.4 miles of existing right-of-way would be needed as well as approximately 2500 feet of new access road. Land use affected includes crossing Sacajawea State Park and passig through irrigated cropland and grassland on existing right-of-way, and depending on the alternative route chosen, could crossmore » land proposed for residential development and a proposed interstate highway. An additional 10 to 11 acres of potential cropland would be required for the proposed substation. Disturbance to wildlife during construction would occur and habitat associated with the above land uses would be eliminated. Some erosion and sedimentation would occur. Visual impacts would affect Sacajawea State Park, a proposed highway, and potential residential development land. Noise and other disturbances to residents will occur, primarily during construction.« less

Answer to the dynamic (fretting effect) and static (oxide) behavior of electric contact surfaces: based on a five-year infrared thermographic study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Paez-Leon, Cristobal D.; Patino, Antonio R.; Aguillon, Luis

1991-03-01

This paper describes the results of a five-year study carried out in 38 power substations (230, 115, 34.5 and 13.8 Kv), located in the Western power electric system of CADAFE (Venezuela's national Electric Utility). A total of 154 hot spots were found between 1980 and 1982, a time span considered a reliable source of information in connection with methodology, term and results. The distribution of hot spots found during those years was 77, 33 and 44. The reduction of the spot/substation parameter was found to be 4.1, 3.3 and 3.1, respectively. Every item detected could have been the cause of major interruptions, locally and regionally, or even the system's blackout. The methodology used to determine the major concentration of findings and their location on the equipment, followed the sequence of Pareto's Diagram and Ishikawa's Graphic. Based on the results of the study whose results are presented here, a lubricant and compound-aid connector for Al-Al and bimetallic electric connections was formulated, developed, manufactured, tested (at IREQ laboratories) and traded (CONECTECH CAC- 01). To date, the whole process represents 12 years of work. The connector's behavior and reliability are being tested throughout Venezuela's national electric system (responsible for the supply of around 50,000 Gwh/year) with the use of 12 Tons of CONECTECH CAC-01.

Lessons Learned from the Puerto Rico Battery Energy Storage System

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Boyes, John D.; De Anda, Mindi Farber; Torres, Wenceslao

1999-08-11

The Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (PREPA) installed a battery energy storage system in 1994 at a substation near San Juan, Puerto Rico. It was patterned after two other large energy storage systems operated by electric utilities in California and Germany. The Puerto Rico facility is presently the largest operating battery storage system in the world and has successfully provided frequency control, voltage regulation, and spinning reseme to the Caribbean island. The system further proved its usefulness to the PREPA network in the fall of 1998 in the aftermath of Hurricane Georges. However, the facility has suffered accelerated cell failuresmore » in the past year and PREPA is committed to restoring the plant to full capacity. This represents the first repowering of a large utility battery facility. PREPA and its vendors and contractors learned many valuable lessons during all phases of project development and operation, which are summarized in this paper.« less

Kinematic analysis and simulation of a substation inspection robot guided by magnetic sensor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xiao, Peng; Luan, Yiqing; Wang, Haipeng; Li, Li; Li, Jianxiang

2017-01-01

In order to improve the performance of the magnetic navigation system used by substation inspection robot, the kinematic characteristics is analyzed based on a simplified magnetic guiding system model, and then the simulation process is executed to verify the reasonability of the whole analysis procedure. Finally, some suggestions are extracted out, which will be helpful to guide the design of the inspection robot system in the future.

20 CFR 645.210 - What is meant by the terms “entity” and “project” in the statutory phrase “an entity that...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... a project”, means: (a) For WtW substate formula funds: (1) “Entity” means the PIC, local board (or... to § 645.400 of this part) which administers the WtW substate formula funds in a local area(s). This... formula funds allotted to the entity described in section (a)(1) of this paragraph. (b) For WtW Governors...

20 CFR 645.210 - What is meant by the terms “entity” and “project” in the statutory phrase “an entity that...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... a project”, means: (a) For WtW substate formula funds: (1) “Entity” means the PIC, local board (or... to § 645.400 of this part) which administers the WtW substate formula funds in a local area(s). This... formula funds allotted to the entity described in section (a)(1) of this paragraph. (b) For WtW Governors...

Supplemental Environmental Assessment: Lighthouse Substation Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Florida

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-10-01

associated with transmission lines is generally due to either corona or “spark gap” discharges. When the electric field at the surface of a conductor... corona , will be initiated from the conductor into the Chapter 3: Affected Environment Supplemental Environmental Assessment – Lighthouse Substation at...Cape Canaveral Air Force Station 24 surrounding air. The intensity of the corona increases with the voltage of the line and is dependent on the

Design of online monitoring and forecasting system for electrical equipment temperature of prefabricated substation based on WSN

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Qi, Weiran; Miao, Hongxia; Miao, Xuejiao; Xiao, Xuanxuan; Yan, Kuo

2016-10-01

In order to ensure the safe and stable operation of the prefabricated substations, temperature sensing subsystem, temperature remote monitoring and management subsystem, forecast subsystem are designed in the paper. Wireless temperature sensing subsystem which consists of temperature sensor and MCU sends the electrical equipment temperature to the remote monitoring center by wireless sensor network. Remote monitoring center can realize the remote monitoring and prediction by monitoring and management subsystem and forecast subsystem. Real-time monitoring of power equipment temperature, history inquiry database, user management, password settings, etc., were achieved by monitoring and management subsystem. In temperature forecast subsystem, firstly, the chaos of the temperature data was verified and phase space is reconstructed. Then Support Vector Machine - Particle Swarm Optimization (SVM-PSO) was used to predict the temperature of the power equipment in prefabricated substations. The simulation results found that compared with the traditional methods SVM-PSO has higher prediction accuracy.

Tracking problem solving by multivariate pattern analysis and Hidden Markov Model algorithms.

PubMed

Anderson, John R

2012-03-01

Multivariate pattern analysis can be combined with Hidden Markov Model algorithms to track the second-by-second thinking as people solve complex problems. Two applications of this methodology are illustrated with a data set taken from children as they interacted with an intelligent tutoring system for algebra. The first "mind reading" application involves using fMRI activity to track what students are doing as they solve a sequence of algebra problems. The methodology achieves considerable accuracy at determining both what problem-solving step the students are taking and whether they are performing that step correctly. The second "model discovery" application involves using statistical model evaluation to determine how many substates are involved in performing a step of algebraic problem solving. This research indicates that different steps involve different numbers of substates and these substates are associated with different fluency in algebra problem solving. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Spontaneous Decay of an Atom Near a Phase Conjugator

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-03-01

Jgmglr Ieme)2 (13.11) g m e the operator r attains the form ra- ) Am (IJeme><Jemela + aIJeme>< jemel ) m e + ) Am (I jgmg><j m a + aj m ><J m g) gm...of < jemel Ij m’> is influenced by the decay of the coherences <j m PIJg M> between the various substates of the ground level. Note that the condition

Chittenden County, Vermont land cover project

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Malloy, D. E.

1981-01-01

The testing of LANDSAT applicability to urban and agricultural land use analysis at the substate level is described. It is concluded that the LANDSAT system has a place in Vermont and places like it, but that the present operation is inadequate and the need for technology transfer and excellent communication between the producers and users is fundamental to the future of the system and for the realization of benefit from the investment.

Technical Trend of Environment-friendly High Voltage Vacuum Circuit Breaker (VCB)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Okubo, Hitoshi

Vacuum Circuit Breakers (VCBs) have widely been used for low and medium voltage level, because of their high current interruption performance, maintenance free operations and environment-friendly characteristics. The VCB is now going to be applied to higher voltage systems for transmission and substation use. In this paper, the recent technical trend and future perspectives of high voltage VCBs are described, as well as their technical background.

Variable Frequency Operations of an Offshore Wind Power Plant with HVDC-VSC: Preprint

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gevorgian, V.; Singh, M.; Muljadi, E.

2011-12-01

In this paper, a constant Volt/Hz operation applied to the Type 1 wind turbine generator. Various control aspects of Type 1 generators at the plant level and at the turbine level will be investigated. Based on DOE study, wind power generation may reach 330 GW by 2030 at the level of penetration of 20% of the total energy production. From this amount of wind power, 54 GW of wind power will be generated at offshore wind power plants. The deployment of offshore wind power plants requires power transmission from the plant to the load center inland. Since this power transmissionmore » requires submarine cable, there is a need to use High-Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission. Otherwise, if the power is transmitted via alternating current, the reactive power generated by the cable capacitance may cause an excessive over voltage in the middle of the transmission distance which requires unnecessary oversized cable voltage breakdown capability. The use of HVDC is usually required for transmission distance longer than 50 kilometers of submarine cables to be economical. The use of HVDC brings another advantage; it is capable of operating at variable frequency. The inland substation will be operated to 60 Hz synched with the grid, the offshore substation can be operated at variable frequency, thus allowing the wind power plant to be operated at constant Volt/Hz. In this paper, a constant Volt/Hz operation applied to the Type 1 wind turbine generator. Various control aspects of Type 1 generators at the plant level and at the turbine level will be investigated.« less

A Comparative Study of Electric Load Curve Changes in an Urban Low-Voltage Substation in Spain during the Economic Crisis (2008–2013)

PubMed Central

Lara-Santillán, Pedro M.; Mendoza-Villena, Montserrat; Fernández-Jiménez, L. Alfredo; Mañana-Canteli, Mario

2014-01-01

This paper presents a comparative study of the electricity consumption (EC) in an urban low-voltage substation before and during the economic crisis (2008–2013). This low-voltage substation supplies electric power to near 400 users. The EC was measured for an 11-year period (2002–2012) with a sampling time of 1 minute. The study described in the paper consists of detecting the changes produced in the load curves of this substation along the time due to changes in the behaviour of consumers. The EC was compared using representative curves per time period (precrisis and crisis). These representative curves were obtained after a computational process, which was based on a search for days with similar curves to the curve of a determined (base) date. This similitude was assessed by the proximity on the calendar, day of the week, daylight time, and outdoor temperature. The last selection parameter was the error between the nearest neighbour curves and the base date curve. The obtained representative curves were linearized to determine changes in their structure (maximum and minimum consumption values, duration of the daily time slot, etc.). The results primarily indicate an increase in the EC in the night slot during the summer months in the crisis period. PMID:24895677

Efficient evaluation of sampling quality of molecular dynamics simulations by clustering of dihedral torsion angles and Sammon mapping.

PubMed

Frickenhaus, Stephan; Kannan, Srinivasaraghavan; Zacharias, Martin

2009-02-01

A direct conformational clustering and mapping approach for peptide conformations based on backbone dihedral angles has been developed and applied to compare conformational sampling of Met-enkephalin using two molecular dynamics (MD) methods. Efficient clustering in dihedrals has been achieved by evaluating all combinations resulting from independent clustering of each dihedral angle distribution, thus resolving all conformational substates. In contrast, Cartesian clustering was unable to accurately distinguish between all substates. Projection of clusters on dihedral principal component (PCA) subspaces did not result in efficient separation of highly populated clusters. However, representation in a nonlinear metric by Sammon mapping was able to separate well the 48 highest populated clusters in just two dimensions. In addition, this approach also allowed us to visualize the transition frequencies between clusters efficiently. Significantly, higher transition frequencies between more distinct conformational substates were found for a recently developed biasing-potential replica exchange MD simulation method allowing faster sampling of possible substates compared to conventional MD simulations. Although the number of theoretically possible clusters grows exponentially with peptide length, in practice, the number of clusters is only limited by the sampling size (typically much smaller), and therefore the method is well suited also for large systems. The approach could be useful to rapidly and accurately evaluate conformational sampling during MD simulations, to compare different sampling strategies and eventually to detect kinetic bottlenecks in folding pathways.

Design and development of 500 m long HTS cable system in the KEPCO power grid, Korea

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sohn, S. H.; Lim, J. H.; Yang, B. M.; Lee, S. K.; Jang, H. M.; Kim, Y. H.; Yang, H. S.; Kim, D. L.; Kim, H. R.; Yim, S. W.; Won, Y. J.; Hwang, S. D.

2010-11-01

In Korea, two long-term field demonstrations for high temperature superconducting (HTS) cable have been carried out for several years; Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) and LS Cable Ltd. (LSC) independently. Encouraged at the result of the projects performed in parallel, a new project targeting the real grid operation was launched in the fourth quarter of 2008 with the Korean government's financial support. KEPCO and LSC are jointly collaborating in the selection of substation, determination of cable specification, design of cryogenic system, and the scheme of protection coordination. A three phase 500 m long HTS cable at a distribution level voltage of 22.9 kV is to be built at 154/22.9 kV Icheon substation located in near Seoul. A hybrid cryogenic system reflecting the contingency plan is being designed including cryocoolers. The HTS cable system will be installed in the second quarter of 2010, being commissioned by the fall of 2010. This paper describes the objectives of the project and design issues of the cable and cryogenic system in detail.

Electronic transitions of tantalum monofluoride

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ng, K. F.; Zou, Wenli; Liu, Wenjian; Cheung, A. S.-C.

2017-03-01

The electronic transition spectrum of the tantalum monofluoride (TaF) molecule in the spectral region between 448 and 560 nm has been studied using the technique of laser-ablation/reaction free jet expansion and laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy. The TaF molecule was produced by reacting laser-ablated tantalum atoms with sulfur hexafluoride gas seeded in argon. Twenty-two vibrational bands with resolved rotational structure have been recorded and analyzed, which were organized into seven electronic transitions. The X3Σ-(0+) state has been identified to be the ground state and the determined equilibrium bond length, re, and vibrational frequency, ωe, are 1.8184 Å and 700.1 cm-1, respectively. The low-lying Λ-S states and Ω sub-states of TaF were also theoretically studied at the MRCISD+Q level of theory with spin-orbit coupling. The Ω = 0+ and 2 sub-states from the -3Σ and 3Φ state have been found to be the ground and the first excited states, respectively, which agrees well with our experimental determinations. This work represents the first experimental investigation of the molecular structure of the TaF molecule.

Pacific Northwest Storms Situation Report # 3

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

None

2006-12-17

Significant progress has been made in restoring power to customers in the Pacific Northwest region. Currently, 468,200 customers, including Canada, remain without power. This is down from 1.8 million customers who lost power following severe wind and snow storms on December 14-15, 2006. The customers without power represent about 16 percent of customers in the affected utility service areas of Oregon and Washington. See table below. The Olympic pipeline reports that the pipeline is operational; however, pipeline throughput remains reduced since one substation along the line remains without power. Complete power restoration is expected later today. There are no reportsmore » of problems regarding fuel distribution and production.« less

Sitting duck or wise old owl. [electricity generation and transmission and public relations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rappoport, D.M.

Utilities are building few generating stations these days, but modest customer growth means that transmission and distribution facilities must be built or rebuilt in the coming years. This means a customer typically opposing a construction project is likely to be a suburbanite worried about the effect a distribution or transmission line or substation may have on home values as well as the potential health risks posed by that facility. Those worried about the prospect of falling home prices or potential health risks have the motivation and the means to make life difficult for utilities that don't understand how the rulesmore » of the game have changed. While the profile of the protestors has changed in recent years, the views of many utility executives have not. Too many still believe the public can be ignored when it comes to siting facilities or structuring rates. Utilities will spend mightily to mollify the public after it becomes angry. But it would be less costly - and more productive - to invest in advance in an ongoing program to help avoid an angry public. If that approach is successful, those in media and government relations will find they have fewer brushfires.« less

The research of full automatic oil filtering control technology of high voltage insulating oil

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gong, Gangjun; Zhang, Tong; Yan, Guozeng; Zhang, Han; Chen, Zhimin; Su, Chang

2017-09-01

In this paper, the design scheme of automatic oil filter control system for transformer oil in UHV substation is summarized. The scheme specifically includes the typical double tank filter connection control method of the transformer oil of the UHV substation, which distinguishes the single port and the double port connection structure of the oil tank. Finally, the design scheme of the temperature sensor and respirator is given in detail, and the detailed evaluation and application scenarios are given for reference.

Image acquisition device of inspection robot based on adaptive rotation regulation of polarizer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dong, Maoqi; Wang, Xingguang; Liang, Tao; Yang, Guoqing; Zhang, Chuangyou; Gao, Faqin

2017-12-01

An image processing device of inspection robot with adaptive polarization adjustment is proposed, that the device includes the inspection robot body, the image collecting mechanism, the polarizer and the polarizer automatic actuating device. Where, the image acquisition mechanism is arranged at the front of the inspection robot body for collecting equipment image data in the substation. Polarizer is fixed on the automatic actuating device of polarizer, and installed in front of the image acquisition mechanism, and that the optical axis of the camera vertically goes through the polarizer and the polarizer rotates with the optical axis of the visible camera as the central axis. The simulation results show that the system solves the fuzzy problems of the equipment that are caused by glare, reflection of light and shadow, and the robot can observe details of the running status of electrical equipment. And the full coverage of the substation equipment inspection robot observation target is achieved, which ensures the safe operation of the substation equipment.

A Novel Wide-Area Backup Protection Based on Fault Component Current Distribution and Improved Evidence Theory

PubMed Central

Zhang, Zhe; Kong, Xiangping; Yin, Xianggen; Yang, Zengli; Wang, Lijun

2014-01-01

In order to solve the problems of the existing wide-area backup protection (WABP) algorithms, the paper proposes a novel WABP algorithm based on the distribution characteristics of fault component current and improved Dempster/Shafer (D-S) evidence theory. When a fault occurs, slave substations transmit to master station the amplitudes of fault component currents of transmission lines which are the closest to fault element. Then master substation identifies suspicious faulty lines according to the distribution characteristics of fault component current. After that, the master substation will identify the actual faulty line with improved D-S evidence theory based on the action states of traditional protections and direction components of these suspicious faulty lines. The simulation examples based on IEEE 10-generator-39-bus system show that the proposed WABP algorithm has an excellent performance. The algorithm has low requirement of sampling synchronization, small wide-area communication flow, and high fault tolerance. PMID:25050399

On-rail solution for autonomous inspections in electrical substations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Silva, Bruno P. A.; Ferreira, Rafael A. M.; Gomes, Selson C.; Calado, Flavio A. R.; Andrade, Roberto M.; Porto, Matheus P.

2018-05-01

This work presents an alternative solution for autonomous inspections in electrical substations. The autonomous system is a robot that moves on rails, collects infrared and visible images of selected targets, also processes the data and predicts the components lifetime. The robot moves on rails to overcome difficulties found in not paved substations commonly encountered in Brazil. We take advantage of using rails to convey the data by them, minimizing the electromagnetic interference, and at the same time transmitting electrical energy to feed the autonomous system. As part of the quality control process, we compared thermographic inspections made by the robot with inspections made by a trained thermographer using a scientific camera Flir® SC660. The results have shown that the robot achieved satisfactory results, identifying components and measuring temperature accurately. The embodied routine considers the weather changes along the day, providing a standard result of the components thermal response, also gives the uncertainty of temperature measurement, contributing to the quality in the decision making process.

Hiding Critical Targets in Smart Grid Networks

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bao, Wei; Li, Qinghua

With the integration of advanced communication technologies, the power grid is expected to greatly enhance efficiency and reliability of future power systems. However, since most electrical devices in power grid substations are connected via communication networks, cyber security of these communication networks becomes a critical issue. Real-World incidents such as Stuxnet have shown the feasibility of compromising a device in the power grid network to further launch more sophisticated attacks. To deal with security attacks of this spirit, this paper aims to hide critical targets from compromised internal nodes and hence protect them from further attacks launched by those compromisedmore » nodes. In particular, we consider substation networks and propose to add carefully-controlled dummy traffic to a substation network to make critical target nodes indistinguishable from other nodes in network traffic patterns. This paper describes the design and evaluation of such a scheme. Evaluations show that the scheme can effectively protect critical nodes with acceptable communication cost.« less

Grizzly Substation Fiber Optics : Environmental Assessment.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

United States. Bonneville Power Administration.

1998-02-01

This notice announces BPA`s decision to construct, operate, and maintain the Grizzly Substation Fiber Optic Project (Project). This Project is part of a continuing effort by BPA to complete a regionwide upgrade of its existing telecommunications system. The US Forest Service and BPA jointly prepared the Grizzly Substation Fiber Optic Project Environmental Assessment (EA) (DOE/EA-1241) evaluating the potential environmental impacts of the Proposed Action, the Underground Installation Alternative, and the No Action Alternative. Based on the analysis in the EA, the US Forest Service and BPA have determined that the Proposed Action is not a major Federal action significantly affectingmore » the quality of the human environment, within the meaning of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969. Therefore, the preparation of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) is not required and BPA is issuing this FONSI. The US Forest Service has separately issued a FONSI and Decision Notice authorizing BPA to construct, operate, and maintain the Project within the Crooked River National Grassland (Grassland).« less

VERDE Analytic Modules

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

2008-01-15

The Verde Analytic Modules permit the user to ingest openly available data feeds about phenomenology (storm tracks, wind, precipitation, earthquake, wildfires, and similar natural and manmade power grid disruptions and forecast power outages, restoration times, customers outaged, and key facilities that will lose power. Damage areas are predicted using historic damage criteria of the affected area. The modules use a cellular automata approach to estimating the distribution circuits assigned to geo-located substations. Population estimates served within the service areas are located within 1 km grid cells and converted to customer counts by conversion through demographic estimation of households and commercialmore » firms within the population cells. Restoration times are estimated by agent-based simulation of restoration crews working according to utility published prioritization calibrated by historic performance.« less

Investigating the Impact of Wind Turbines on Distribution System Stability

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jain, Rishabh; Zhang, Yingchen; Hodge, Bri-Mathias

Modern wind turbines utilize power electronic converters to regulate their output and optimize their performance. Their impact on the distribution system is not as well understood as for transmission system. The novelty of this work is in studying the impact of wind turbines given its proximity to faults or severe voltage events, and the influence on system stability given its location relative to the substation (representing the conventional grid). This paper presents the frequency and voltage swing plots for various study scenarios. The responses are analyzed two fold - Steady state operation, and performance given a fault or voltage eventsmore » occurs in the system. The findings are presented, with crucial differences from transmission systems highlighted.« less

Integrated Field Testing of Fuel Cells and Micro-Turbines

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jerome R. Temchin; Stephen J. Steffel

A technical and economic evaluation of the prospects for the deployment of distributed generation on Long Beach Island, New Jersey concluded that properly sited DG would defer upgrading of the electric power grid for 10 years. This included the deployment of fuel cells or microturbines as well as reciprocating engines. The implementation phase of this project focused on the installation of a 120 kW CHP microturbine system at the Harvey Cedars Bible Conference in Harvey Cedars, NJ. A 1.1 MW generator powered by a gas-fired reciprocating engine for additional grid support was also installed at a local substation. This reportmore » contains installation and operation issues as well as the utility perspective on DG deployment.« less

Statistical characteristics of transient enclosure voltage in ultra-high-voltage gas-insulated switchgear

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cai, Yuanji; Guan, Yonggang; Liu, Weidong

2017-06-01

Transient enclosure voltage (TEV), which is a phenomenon induced by the inner dielectric breakdown of SF6 during disconnector operations in a gas-insulated switchgear (GIS), may cause issues relating to shock hazard and electromagnetic interference to secondary equipment. This is a critical factor regarding the electromagnetic compatibility of ultra-high-voltage (UHV) substations. In this paper, the statistical characteristics of TEV at UHV level are collected from field experiments, and are analyzed and compared to those from a repeated strike process. The TEV waveforms during disconnector operations are recorded by a self-developed measurement system first. Then, statistical characteristics, such as the pulse number, duration of pulses, frequency components, magnitude and single pulse duration, are extracted. The transmission line theory is introduced to analyze the TEV and is validated by the experimental results. Finally, the relationship between the TEV and the repeated strike process is analyzed. This proves that the pulse voltage of the TEV is proportional to the corresponding breakdown voltage. The results contribute to the definition of the standard testing waveform of the TEV, and can aid the protection of electronic devices in substations by minimizing the threat of this phenomenon.

Residential exposure from extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF EMF) radiation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Parthasarathy, Shamesh Raj; Tukimin, Roha

2018-01-01

ELF EMF radiation have received considerable attention as a potential threat to the safety and health of people living in the vicinity of high voltage transmission lines, electric distribution substations, power stations and even in close proximity to electronics and electrical household appliances. The paper highlights the study on the ELF EMF safety assessment performed at residences comprising of an owner-occupied house, a completed vacant house and an under construction condominium. The objectives of this study were to determine the ELF EMF radiation exposure level from the high voltage transmission line, electric distribution substation, power station and electrical household appliances in the residences, and to assess the potential exposure received by the occupants at the assessed locations. The results were logged in the electric and magnetic field strength with the units of volt per meter (V/m) and miliGauss (mG) respectively. The instrument setup and measurement protocols during the assessment were adopted from standard measurement method and procedures stipulated under the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Standard. The results were compared with the standards recommended in the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) guidelines.

Leukaemia and residence near electricity transmission equipment: a case-control study.

PubMed Central

Coleman, M. P.; Bell, C. M.; Taylor, H. L.; Primic-Zakelj, M.

1989-01-01

A population-based case-control study of leukaemia and residential proximity to electricity supply equipment has been carried out in south-east England. A total of 771 leukaemias was studied, matched for age, sex, year of diagnosis and district of residence to 1,432 controls registered with a solid tumour excluding lymphoma; 231 general population controls aged 18 and over from one part of the study area were also used. The potential for residential exposure to power frequency magnetic fields from power-lines and transformer substations was assessed indirectly from the distance, type and loading of the equipment near each subject's residence. Only 0.6% of subjects lived within 100 m of an overhead power-line, and the risk of leukaemia relative to cancer controls for residence within 100 m was 1.45 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.54-3.88); within 50 m the relative risk was 2.0 but with a wider confidence interval (95% CI 0.4-9.0). Over 40% of subjects lived within 100 m of a substation, for which the relative risk of leukaemia was 0.99. Residence within 25 m carried a risk of 1.3 (95% CI 0.8-2.0). Weighted exposure indices incorporating measures of the current load carried by the substations did not materially alter these risks estimates. For persons aged less than 18 the relative risk of leukaemia from residence within 50 m of a substation was higher than in adults (PR = 1.5, 95% CI 0.7-3.4). PMID:2486298

Event Detection and Sub-state Discovery from Bio-molecular Simulations Using Higher-Order Statistics: Application To Enzyme Adenylate Kinase

PubMed Central

Ramanathan, Arvind; Savol, Andrej J.; Agarwal, Pratul K.; Chennubhotla, Chakra S.

2012-01-01

Biomolecular simulations at milli-second and longer timescales can provide vital insights into functional mechanisms. Since post-simulation analyses of such large trajectory data-sets can be a limiting factor in obtaining biological insights, there is an emerging need to identify key dynamical events and relating these events to the biological function online, that is, as simulations are progressing. Recently, we have introduced a novel computational technique, quasi-anharmonic analysis (QAA) (PLoS One 6(1): e15827), for partitioning the conformational landscape into a hierarchy of functionally relevant sub-states. The unique capabilities of QAA are enabled by exploiting anharmonicity in the form of fourth-order statistics for characterizing atomic fluctuations. In this paper, we extend QAA for analyzing long time-scale simulations online. In particular, we present HOST4MD - a higher-order statistical toolbox for molecular dynamics simulations, which (1) identifies key dynamical events as simulations are in progress, (2) explores potential sub-states and (3) identifies conformational transitions that enable the protein to access those sub-states. We demonstrate HOST4MD on micro-second time-scale simulations of the enzyme adenylate kinase in its apo state. HOST4MD identifies several conformational events in these simulations, revealing how the intrinsic coupling between the three sub-domains (LID, CORE and NMP) changes during the simulations. Further, it also identifies an inherent asymmetry in the opening/closing of the two binding sites. We anticipate HOST4MD will provide a powerful and extensible framework for detecting biophysically relevant conformational coordinates from long time-scale simulations. PMID:22733562

DC Cable for Railway

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tomita, Masaru

The development of a superconducting cable for railways has commenced, assuming that a DC transmission cable will be used for electric trains. The cable has been fabricated based on the results of current testing of a superconducting wire, and various evaluation tests have been performed to determine the characteristics of the cable. A superconducting transmission cable having zero electrical resistance and suitable for railway use is expected to enhance regeneration efficiency, reduce power losses, achieve load leveling and integration of sub-stations, and reduce rail potential.

Atomistic details of the disordered states of KID and pKID. Implications in coupled binding and folding.

PubMed

Ganguly, Debabani; Chen, Jianhan

2009-04-15

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are a newly recognized class of functional proteins for which a lack of stable tertiary fold is required for function. Because of the heterogeneous and dynamical nature, molecular modeling is necessary to provide the missing details of disordered states of IDP that are crucial for understanding their functions. In particular, generalized Born (GB) implicit solvent, combined with replica exchange (REX), might offer an optimal balance between accuracy and efficiency for modeling IDPs. We carried out extensive REX simulations in an optimized GB force field to characterize the disordered states of a regulatory IDP, KID domain of transcription factor CREB, and its phosphorylated form, pKID. The results revealed that both KID and pKID, though highly disordered on the tertiary level, are compact and mainly occupy a small number of helical substates. Interestingly, although phosphorylation of KID Ser133 leads only to marginal changes in average helicities on the ensemble level, underlying conformational substates differ significantly. In particular, pSer133 appears to restrict the accessible conformational space of the loop region and thus reduces the entropic cost of KID folding upon binding to the KIX domain of CREB-binding protein. Such an expanded role of phosphorylation in the KID:KIX recognition was not previously recognized because of a lack of substantial conformational changes on the ensemble level and inaccessibility of the structural details from experiments. The results also suggest that an implicit solvent-based modeling framework, despite various existing limitations, might be feasible for accurate atomistic simulation of small IDPs in general.

Molecular dynamics of conformational substates for a simplified protein model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Grubmüller, Helmut; Tavan, Paul

1994-09-01

Extended molecular dynamics simulations covering a total of 0.232 μs have been carried out on a simplified protein model. Despite its simplified structure, that model exhibits properties similar to those of more realistic protein models. In particular, the model was found to undergo transitions between conformational substates at a time scale of several hundred picoseconds. The computed trajectories turned out to be sufficiently long as to permit a statistical analysis of that conformational dynamics. To check whether effective descriptions neglecting memory effects can reproduce the observed conformational dynamics, two stochastic models were studied. A one-dimensional Langevin effective potential model derived by elimination of subpicosecond dynamical processes could not describe the observed conformational transition rates. In contrast, a simple Markov model describing the transitions between but neglecting dynamical processes within conformational substates reproduced the observed distribution of first passage times. These findings suggest, that protein dynamics generally does not exhibit memory effects at time scales above a few hundred picoseconds, but confirms the existence of memory effects at a picosecond time scale.

Casper to Dave Johnston 230-kV Transmission Line Project: Environmental assessment

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1986-01-01

Western proposes to reconstruct the existing Casper-Glendo North 115-kV Transmission Line to 230-kV between a point 1.1 miles northeast of the Pacific Power and Light (Pacific) Casper Substation and the Dave Johnston (DJ) Powerplant near Glenrock, Wyoming. As part of the proposed action, Western proposes to remove the portion of the existing Casper-Glendo South 115-kV Transmission Line between Western's Casper Substation and the intersection with the Casper-Glendo North Transmission Line, about 15 miles east of Casper. The removed portion of the Casper-Glendo North Transmission Line would be rebuilt on steel, single-shaft, structures. The section between the point northeast of themore » Pacific Substation and the intersection with the Casper-Glendo South Transmission Line would be double circuit (230-kV/115-kV). At the intersection of the north and south lines, the new 115-kV section would be tied to the remaining portion of the Casper-Glendo South Line to complete the 115-kV Casper-Glendo circuit. 52 refs.,12 figs., 14 tabs.« less

Historical precedence and technical requirements of biological weapons use : a threat assessment.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Estes, Daniel P.; Vogel, Kathleen Margaret; Gaudioso, Jennifer Marie

2004-05-01

The threat from biological weapons is assessed through both a comparative historical analysis of the patterns of biological weapons use and an assessment of the technological hurdles to proliferation and use that must be overcome. The history of biological weapons is studied to learn how agents have been acquired and what types of states and substate actors have used agents. Substate actors have generally been more willing than states to use pathogens and toxins and they have focused on those agents that are more readily available. There has been an increasing trend of bioterrorism incidents over the past century, butmore » states and substate actors have struggled with one or more of the necessary technological steps. These steps include acquisition of a suitable agent, production of an appropriate quantity and form, and effective deployment. The technological hurdles associated with the steps present a real barrier to producing a high consequence event. However, the ever increasing technological sophistication of society continually lowers the barriers, resulting in a low but increasing probability of a high consequence bioterrorism event.« less

The development and performance of smud grid-connected photovoltaic projects

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Osborn, D.E.; Collier, D.E.

1995-11-01

The utility grid-connected market has been identified as a key market to be developed to accelerate the commercialization of photovoltaics. The Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD) has completed the first two years of a continuing commercialization effort based on two years of a continuing commercialization effort based on the sustained, orderly development of the grid-connected, utility PV market. This program is aimed at developing the experience needed to successfully integrate PV as distributed generation into the utility system and to stimulate the collaborative processes needed to accelerate the cost reductions necessary for PV to be cost-effective in these applications bymore » the year 2000. In the first two years, SMUD has installed over 240 residential and commercial building, grid-connected, rooftop, {open_quotes}PV Pioneer{close_quotes} systems totaling over 1MW of capacity and four substation sited, grid-support PV systems totaling 600 kW bringing the SMUD distributed PV power systems to over 3.7 MW. The 1995 SMUD PV Program will add another approximately 800 kW of PV systems to the District`s distributed PV power system. SMUD also established a partnership with its customers through the PV Pioneer {open_quotes}green pricing{close_quotes} program to advance PV commercialization.« less

Integrated, Automated Distributed Generation Technologies Demonstration

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jensen, Kevin

2014-09-01

The purpose of the NETL Project was to develop a diverse combination of distributed renewable generation technologies and controls and demonstrate how the renewable generation could help manage substation peak demand at the ATK Promontory plant site. The Promontory plant site is located in the northwestern Utah desert approximately 25 miles west of Brigham City, Utah. The plant encompasses 20,000 acres and has over 500 buildings. The ATK Promontory plant primarily manufactures solid propellant rocket motors for both commercial and government launch systems. The original project objectives focused on distributed generation; a 100 kW (kilowatt) wind turbine, a 100 kWmore » new technology waste heat generation unit, a 500 kW energy storage system, and an intelligent system-wide automation system to monitor and control the renewable energy devices then release the stored energy during the peak demand time. The original goal was to reduce peak demand from the electrical utility company, Rocky Mountain Power (RMP), by 3.4%. For a period of time we also sought to integrate our energy storage requirements with a flywheel storage system (500 kW) proposed for the Promontory/RMP Substation. Ultimately the flywheel storage system could not meet our project timetable, so the storage requirement was switched to a battery storage system (300 kW.) A secondary objective was to design/install a bi-directional customer/utility gateway application for real-time visibility and communications between RMP, and ATK. This objective was not achieved because of technical issues with RMP, ATK Information Technology Department’s stringent requirements based on being a rocket motor manufacturing facility, and budget constraints. Of the original objectives, the following were achieved: • Installation of a 100 kW wind turbine. • Installation of a 300 kW battery storage system. • Integrated control system installed to offset electrical demand by releasing stored energy from renewable sources during peak hours of the day. Control system also monitors the wind turbine and battery storage system health, power output, and issues critical alarms. Of the original objectives, the following were not achieved: • 100 kW new technology waste heat generation unit. • Bi-directional customer/utility gateway for real time visibility and communications between RMP and ATK. • 3.4% reduction in peak demand. 1.7% reduction in peak demand was realized instead.« less

The results of systems tests of the 500 kV busbar controllable shunting reactor in the Tavricheskaya substation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gusev, S. I.; Karpov, V. N.; Kiselev, A. N.

2009-09-15

The results of systems tests of the 500 kV busbar magnetization-controllable shunting reactor (CSR), set up in the Tavricheskaya substation, including measurements of the quality of the electric power, the harmonic composition of the network currents of the reactor for different values of the reactive power consumed, the determination of the regulating characteristics of the reactor, the speed of response of the shunting reactor in the current and voltage stabilization modes, and also the operation of the reactor under dynamic conditions for different perturbations, are presented. The results obtained are analyzed.

Event detection and sub-state discovery from biomolecular simulations using higher-order statistics: application to enzyme adenylate kinase.

PubMed

Ramanathan, Arvind; Savol, Andrej J; Agarwal, Pratul K; Chennubhotla, Chakra S

2012-11-01

Biomolecular simulations at millisecond and longer time-scales can provide vital insights into functional mechanisms. Because post-simulation analyses of such large trajectory datasets can be a limiting factor in obtaining biological insights, there is an emerging need to identify key dynamical events and relating these events to the biological function online, that is, as simulations are progressing. Recently, we have introduced a novel computational technique, quasi-anharmonic analysis (QAA) (Ramanathan et al., PLoS One 2011;6:e15827), for partitioning the conformational landscape into a hierarchy of functionally relevant sub-states. The unique capabilities of QAA are enabled by exploiting anharmonicity in the form of fourth-order statistics for characterizing atomic fluctuations. In this article, we extend QAA for analyzing long time-scale simulations online. In particular, we present HOST4MD--a higher-order statistical toolbox for molecular dynamics simulations, which (1) identifies key dynamical events as simulations are in progress, (2) explores potential sub-states, and (3) identifies conformational transitions that enable the protein to access those sub-states. We demonstrate HOST4MD on microsecond timescale simulations of the enzyme adenylate kinase in its apo state. HOST4MD identifies several conformational events in these simulations, revealing how the intrinsic coupling between the three subdomains (LID, CORE, and NMP) changes during the simulations. Further, it also identifies an inherent asymmetry in the opening/closing of the two binding sites. We anticipate that HOST4MD will provide a powerful and extensible framework for detecting biophysically relevant conformational coordinates from long time-scale simulations. Copyright © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Conformational flexibility of arginine-82 as source for the heterogeneous and pH-dependent kinetics of the primary proton transfer step in the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle: An electrostatic model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Scharnagl, Christina; Fischer, Sighart F.

1996-11-01

We use equilibrium thermodynamic concepts to relate protein conformational and protonation substates and their pH-dependent population to kinetic schemes for the rise of the M intermediate in the photocycle of bacteriorhodopsin. Conformational flexibility of arginine R82 is described by a two-state model. The analysis accounts for the electrostatic coupling between its orientation and hydrogen ion titration and presents a structural basis for the linkage between the protonation states of the primary proton acceptor, aspartate D85, and the extracellular release group, glutamate E204. We find that the charge state of D85 is a significant determinant for the orientation of R82. The molecular model predicts the following: the primary proton transfer to D85 can be described by a kinetic scheme with two heterogeneous substates. They control the event with different activation parameters due to the reorientation of R82 away from the chromophore binding site. Their population depends on the external pH and the proton exchange equilibrium between the membrane buried residues and the bulk aqueous solvent. Proton transfer in the physiologic pH range is strongly activated and followed by the reorientation of R82 which shifts the equilibrium toward complete transfer. In the alkaline pH region a different mechanism operates, which involves the increased population of a substate with already reoriented R82 as a consequence of the deprotonation of E204, leading to accelerated proton transfer. Assuming full proton exchange equilibrium with the bulk water on the millisecond time scale leads to an increased population of substates which are non-productive for proton transfer.

Doubly Fed Induction Generator in an Offshore Wind Power Plant Operated at Rated V/Hz: Preprint

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Muljadi, E.; Singh, M.; Gevorgian, V.

2012-06-01

This paper introduces the concept of constant Volt/Hz operation of offshore wind power plants. The deployment of offshore WPPs requires power transmission from the plant to the load center inland. Since this power transmission requires submarine cables, there is a need to use High-Voltage Direct Current transmission, which is economical for transmission distances longer than 50 kilometers. In the concept presented here, the onshore substation is operated at 60 Hz synced with the grid, and the offshore substation is operated at variable frequency and voltage, thus allowing the WPP to be operated at constant Volt/Hz.

Analysis of the 60-Hz power system at KSC: The Orsino substation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kalu, Alex O.

1989-01-01

An analysis of the Orsino Substation, a component (50 percent) of the 60-Hertz electric power system at the Kennedy Space Center, is presented. Presented here are separate single-line diagrams of the sixteen feeder circuits to permit easy access to information on the individual feeders for future planning. The load condition of each feeder and load break switch are presented and a heuristic reliability analysis of the system is performed. Information is given about the system fashion useful for decision making purposes. The beauty of it is in the simplified manner by which information about the system can be obtained.

Study on the Transient Process of 500kV Substations Secondary Equipment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Hongbo; Li, Pei; Zhang, Yanyan; Niu, Lin; Gao, Nannan; Si, Tailong; Guo, Jiadong; Xu, Min-min; Li, Guofeng; Guo, Liangfeng

2017-05-01

By analyzing on the reason of the lightning accident occur in the substation, the way of lightning incoming surge invading the secondary system is summarized. The interference source acts on the secondary system through various coupling paths. It mainly consists of four ways: the conductance coupling mode, the Capacitive Coupling Mode, the inductive coupling mode, The Radiation Interference Model. Then simulated the way with the program-ATP. At last, from the three aspects of low-voltage power supply system, the impact potential distribution of grounding grid, the secondary system and the computer system. The lightning protection measures is put forward.

Progress of gas-insulated transformers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Togawa, Y.; Ikeda, M.; Toda, K.

The world`s first transformer was manufactured at Ganz in Hungary in 1885. Two years later in 1887 patents applications were made for about oil immersed transformers in the US. Since then, oil immersed types have predominated for medium- and large-capacity transformers, which are now giving way to gas insulated transformers in some areas. Behind such trends are plans to construct substations inside buildings or underground, because of the difficulty in acquiring land for substations in large cities where power demand is concentrated. Requirements are protection against accidents, compactness and overall economy. Total gas insulated substations combining GIS units and gasmore » insulated transformers these needs. Demand for gas insulated transformers has been increasing rapidly, particularly in Japan and Hong Kong. First, relatively small-capacity models below 20--30 MVA were put into practical use and today 275 kV, 300 MVa models are in use and 500kV, 1,500 MVA models are coming into use. Engineering is progressing very rapidly in these areas. This paper describes the design techniques and important maintenance techniques for the latest gas insulated transformers from 5,000 kVA to 300 MVA.« less

IEA Wind Task 26: Offshore Wind Farm Baseline Documentation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Smart, Gavin; Smith, Aaron; Warner, Ethan

This document has been produced to provide the definition and rationale for the Baseline Offshore Wind Farm established within IEA Wind Task 26--Cost of Wind Energy. The Baseline has been developed to provide a common starting point for country comparisons and sensitivity analysis on key offshore wind cost and value drivers. The baseline project reflects an approximate average of the characteristics of projects installed between 2012 and 2014, with the project life assumed to be 20 years. The baseline wind farm is located 40 kilometres (km) from construction and operations and maintenance (O&M) ports and from export cable landfall. Themore » wind farm consists of 100 4-megawatt (MW) wind turbines mounted on monopile foundations in an average water depth of 25 metres (m), connected by 33-kilovolt (kV) inter-array cables. The arrays are connected to a single offshore substation (33kV/220kV) mounted on a jacket foundation, with the substation connected via a single 220kV export cable to an onshore substation, 10km from landfall. The wind farm employs a port-based O&M strategy using crew-transfer vessels.« less

Occupational exposure to electric and magnetic fields during work tasks at 110 kV substations in the Tampere region.

PubMed

Korpinen, Leena H; Pääkkönen, Rauno J

2010-04-01

The occupational exposure to electric and magnetic fields during various work tasks at seven 110 kV substations in Finland's Tampere region was studied. The aim was to investigate if the action values (10 kV/m for the E-field and 500 microT for the B-field) of the EU Directive 2004/40/EC were exceeded. Electric and magnetic fields were measured during the following work tasks: (1) walking or operating devices on the ground; (2) working from a service platform; (3) working around the power transformer on the ground or using a ladder; and (4) changing a bulb from a man hoist. In work task 2 "working from a service platform" the measured electric field (maximum value 16.6 kV/m) exceeded 10 kV/m in three cases. In the future it is important to study if the limit value (10 mA/m(2)) of Directive 2004/40/EC is exceeded at 110 kV substations. The occupational 500 microT action value of the magnetic flux density field (B-field) was not exceeded in any working situation.

Geometric analysis characterizes molecular rigidity in generic and non-generic protein configurations

PubMed Central

Budday, Dominik; Leyendecker, Sigrid; van den Bedem, Henry

2015-01-01

Proteins operate and interact with partners by dynamically exchanging between functional substates of a conformational ensemble on a rugged free energy landscape. Understanding how these substates are linked by coordinated, collective motions requires exploring a high-dimensional space, which remains a tremendous challenge. While molecular dynamics simulations can provide atomically detailed insight into the dynamics, computational demands to adequately sample conformational ensembles of large biomolecules and their complexes often require tremendous resources. Kinematic models can provide high-level insights into conformational ensembles and molecular rigidity beyond the reach of molecular dynamics by reducing the dimensionality of the search space. Here, we model a protein as a kinematic linkage and present a new geometric method to characterize molecular rigidity from the constraint manifold Q and its tangent space Q at the current configuration q. In contrast to methods based on combinatorial constraint counting, our method is valid for both generic and non-generic, e.g., singular configurations. Importantly, our geometric approach provides an explicit basis for collective motions along floppy modes, resulting in an efficient procedure to probe conformational space. An atomically detailed structural characterization of coordinated, collective motions would allow us to engineer or allosterically modulate biomolecules by selectively stabilizing conformations that enhance or inhibit function with broad implications for human health. PMID:26213417

Geometric analysis characterizes molecular rigidity in generic and non-generic protein configurations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Budday, Dominik; Leyendecker, Sigrid; van den Bedem, Henry

2015-10-01

Proteins operate and interact with partners by dynamically exchanging between functional substates of a conformational ensemble on a rugged free energy landscape. Understanding how these substates are linked by coordinated, collective motions requires exploring a high-dimensional space, which remains a tremendous challenge. While molecular dynamics simulations can provide atomically detailed insight into the dynamics, computational demands to adequately sample conformational ensembles of large biomolecules and their complexes often require tremendous resources. Kinematic models can provide high-level insights into conformational ensembles and molecular rigidity beyond the reach of molecular dynamics by reducing the dimensionality of the search space. Here, we model a protein as a kinematic linkage and present a new geometric method to characterize molecular rigidity from the constraint manifold Q and its tangent space Tq Q at the current configuration q. In contrast to methods based on combinatorial constraint counting, our method is valid for both generic and non-generic, e.g., singular configurations. Importantly, our geometric approach provides an explicit basis for collective motions along floppy modes, resulting in an efficient procedure to probe conformational space. An atomically detailed structural characterization of coordinated, collective motions would allow us to engineer or allosterically modulate biomolecules by selectively stabilizing conformations that enhance or inhibit function with broad implications for human health.

Classification and area estimation of land covers in Kansas using ground-gathered and LANDSAT digital data

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

May, G. A.; Holko, M. L.; Anderson, J. E.

1983-01-01

Ground-gathered data and LANDSAT multispectral scanner (MSS) digital data from 1981 were analyzed to produce a classification of Kansas land areas into specific types called land covers. The land covers included rangeland, forest, residential, commercial/industrial, and various types of water. The analysis produced two outputs: acreage estimates with measures of precision, and map-type or photo products of the classification which can be overlaid on maps at specific scales. State-level acreage estimates were obtained and substate-level land cover classification overlays and estimates were generated for selected geographical areas. These products were found to be of potential use in managing land and water resources.

Run-Curve Design for Energy Saving Operation in a Modern DC-Electrification

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Koseki, Takafumi; Noda, Takashi

Mechanical brakes are often used by electric trains. These brakes have a few problems like response speed, coefficient of friction, maintenance cost and so on. As a result, methods for actively using regenerative brakes are required. In this paper, we propose the useful pure electric braking, which would involve ordinary brakes by only regenerative brakes without any mechanical brakes at high speed. Benefits of our proposal include a DC-electrification system with regenerative substations that can return powers to the commercial power system and a train that can use the full regenerative braking force. We furthermore evaluate the effects on running time and energies saved by regenerative substations in the proposed method.

High-resolution synchrotron-based Fourier transform spectroscopy of [image omitted] in the 120-350 cm-1 far-infrared region

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Moruzzi, G.; Murphy, R. J.; Lees, R. M.; Predoi-Cross, A.; Billinghurst, B. E.

2010-09-01

The Fourier transform spectrum of the ? isotopologue of methanol has been recorded in the 120-350 cm-1 far-infrared region at a resolution of 0.00096 cm-1 using synchrotron source radiation at the Canadian Light Source. The study, motivated by astrophysical applications, is aimed at generating a sufficiently accurate set of energy level term values for the ground vibrational state to allow prediction of the centres of the quadrupole hyperfine multiplets for astronomically observable sub-millimetre transitions to within an uncertainty of a few MHz. To expedite transition identification, a new function was added to the Ritz program in which predicted spectral line positions were generated by an adjustable interpolation between the known assignments for the ? and ? isotopologues. By displaying the predictions along with the experimental spectrum on the computer monitor and adjusting the predictions to match observed features, rapid assignment of numerous ? sub-bands was possible. The least squares function of the Ritz program was then used to generate term values for the identified levels. For each torsion-K-rotation substate, the term values were fitted to a Taylor-series expansion in powers of J(J + 1) to determine the substate origin energy and effective B-value. In this first phase of the study we did not attempt a full global fit to the assigned transitions, but instead fitted the sub-band J-independent origins to a restricted Hamiltonian containing the principal torsional and K-dependent terms. These included structural and torsional potential parameters plus quartic distortional and torsion-rotation interaction terms.

An Investment Level Decision Method to Secure Long-term Reliability

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bamba, Satoshi; Yabe, Kuniaki; Seki, Tomomichi; Shibaya, Tetsuji

The slowdown in power demand increase and facility replacement causes the aging and lower reliability in power facility. And the aging is followed by the rapid increase of repair and replacement when many facilities reach their lifetime in future. This paper describes a method to estimate the repair and replacement costs in future by applying the life-cycle cost model and renewal theory to the historical data. This paper also describes a method to decide the optimum investment plan, which replaces facilities in the order of cost-effectiveness by setting replacement priority formula, and the minimum investment level to keep the reliability. Estimation examples applied to substation facilities show that the reasonable and leveled future cash-out can keep the reliability by lowering the percentage of replacements caused by fatal failures.

Global motions exhibited by proteins in micro- to milliseconds simulations concur with anisotropic network model predictions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gur, M.; Zomot, E.; Bahar, I.

2013-09-01

The Anton supercomputing technology recently developed for efficient molecular dynamics simulations permits us to examine micro- to milli-second events at full atomic resolution for proteins in explicit water and lipid bilayer. It also permits us to investigate to what extent the collective motions predicted by network models (that have found broad use in molecular biophysics) agree with those exhibited by full-atomic long simulations. The present study focuses on Anton trajectories generated for two systems: the bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, and an archaeal aspartate transporter, GltPh. The former, a thoroughly studied system, helps benchmark the method of comparative analysis, and the latter provides new insights into the mechanism of function of glutamate transporters. The principal modes of motion derived from both simulations closely overlap with those predicted for each system by the anisotropic network model (ANM). Notably, the ANM modes define the collective mechanisms, or the pathways on conformational energy landscape, that underlie the passage between the crystal structure and substates visited in simulations. In particular, the lowest frequency ANM modes facilitate the conversion between the most probable substates, lending support to the view that easy access to functional substates is a robust determinant of evolutionarily selected native contact topology.

Development of Protection and Control Unit for Distribution Substation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Iguchi, Fumiaki; Hayashi, Hideyuki; Takeuchi, Motohiro; Kido, Mitsuyasu; Kobayashi, Takashi; Yanaoka, Atsushi

The Recently, electronics and IT technologies have been rapidly innovated and have been introduced to power system protection & control system to achieve high reliability, maintainability and more functionality. Concerning the distribution substation application, digital relays have been applied for more than 10 years. Because of a number of electronic devices used for it, product cost becomes higher. Also, products installed during the past high-growth period will be at the end of lifetime and will be replaced. Therefore, replacing market is expected to grow and the reduction of cost is demanded. Considering above mentioned background, second generation digital protection and control unit as a successor is designed to have following concepts. Functional integration based on advanced digital technologies, Ethernet LAN based indoor communication network, cost reduction and downsizing. Pondering above concepts, integration of protection and control function is adopted in contrary to the functional segregation applied to the previous system in order to achieve one-unit concept. Also the adoption of Ethernet LAN for inter-unit communication is objective. This report shows the development of second-generation digital relay for distribution substation, which is equipped with control function and Ethernet LAN by reducing the size of auxiliary transformer unit and the same size as previous product is realized.

Heterogeneous Wireless Networks for Smart Grid Distribution Systems: Advantages and Limitations.

PubMed

Khalifa, Tarek; Abdrabou, Atef; Shaban, Khaled; Gaouda, A M

2018-05-11

Supporting a conventional power grid with advanced communication capabilities is a cornerstone to transferring it to a smart grid. A reliable communication infrastructure with a high throughput can lay the foundation towards the ultimate objective of a fully automated power grid with self-healing capabilities. In order to realize this objective, the communication infrastructure of a power distribution network needs to be extended to cover all substations including medium/low voltage ones. This shall enable information exchange among substations for a variety of system automation purposes with a low latency that suits time critical applications. This paper proposes the integration of two heterogeneous wireless technologies (such as WiFi and cellular 3G/4G) to provide reliable and fast communication among primary and secondary distribution substations. This integration allows the transmission of different data packets (not packet replicas) over two radio interfaces, making these interfaces act like a one data pipe. Thus, the paper investigates the applicability and effectiveness of employing heterogeneous wireless networks (HWNs) in achieving the desired reliability and timeliness requirements of future smart grids. We study the performance of HWNs in a realistic scenario under different data transfer loads and packet loss ratios. Our findings reveal that HWNs can be a viable data transfer option for smart grids.

Heterogeneous Wireless Networks for Smart Grid Distribution Systems: Advantages and Limitations

PubMed Central

Khalifa, Tarek; Abdrabou, Atef; Gaouda, A. M.

2018-01-01

Supporting a conventional power grid with advanced communication capabilities is a cornerstone to transferring it to a smart grid. A reliable communication infrastructure with a high throughput can lay the foundation towards the ultimate objective of a fully automated power grid with self-healing capabilities. In order to realize this objective, the communication infrastructure of a power distribution network needs to be extended to cover all substations including medium/low voltage ones. This shall enable information exchange among substations for a variety of system automation purposes with a low latency that suits time critical applications. This paper proposes the integration of two heterogeneous wireless technologies (such as WiFi and cellular 3G/4G) to provide reliable and fast communication among primary and secondary distribution substations. This integration allows the transmission of different data packets (not packet replicas) over two radio interfaces, making these interfaces act like a one data pipe. Thus, the paper investigates the applicability and effectiveness of employing heterogeneous wireless networks (HWNs) in achieving the desired reliability and timeliness requirements of future smart grids. We study the performance of HWNs in a realistic scenario under different data transfer loads and packet loss ratios. Our findings reveal that HWNs can be a viable data transfer option for smart grids. PMID:29751633

Draft Supplement to the Environmental Statement Fiscal Year 1975 Proposed Program : Facility Location Evaluation for San Juan Island Service : Decatur Land Line and East Lopez Island Substation Study Area 74-7.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

United States. Bonneville Power Administration.

1974-03-08

Proposed construction of a 1.7-mile 34.5-kV double-circuit transmission line crossing Decatur Island from east to west. The new line would replace 0.7 of a mile of an existing BPA 24.5-kV line and would then parallel and existing 24.5-kV line for a distance of 1.0 mile. The proposal also requires the construction of a new substation to be located on the eastern side of Lopez Island, Washington. The additional easement required for the proposed transmission line would remove about 1.1 acres of forestland from timber production diverting it to nonforest uses compatable with the transmission line right-of-way. Depending upon the actualmore » site location the Lopez Island Substation could remove from 1 to 3.2 acres of forestland and 2 acres of pastureland from production. Disturbance of game in the immediate vicintiy of the transmission facilities will occur during construction, as will some soil erosion primarily during and immediately after construction, siltation in nearby streams, disturbance of nearby residents from noise and dust during construction, and some degradation of AM reception immediately adjacent to the right-of-way. 7 figs.« less

Design considerations for a comprehensive regional energy information system. Working paper

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Naumann, J.D.; Knobloch, P.C.; Chervany, N.L.

1974-07-01

The Regional Energy Information System concerns itself with decision making on sub-state, state, and regional levels in emergencies, for tactical decisions, and long-range strategic policies by both government and industry. Effective access to energy information is critical, and REIS is designed to provide a standardized data base with design goals, constraints, parameters, and schedules. The REIS system is being developed now; many states, the FEA and other agencies are likewise developing energy information systems. Shareability of data must be sought, and both technical and procedural requirements for this are discussed and a plan for action is presented. (GRA)

Supplement Analysis for the Transmission System Vegetation Management Program FEIS (DOE/EIS-0285/SA-137- Chemawa-Salem 1&2)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sherer, Brett M.

Vegetation Management for the Chemawa-Salem #1 115 kV and #2 230 kV transmission lines from Chemawa Substation to Salem Substation. BPA proposes to remove unwanted vegetation along the right-of-way, access roads, switch platforms, and around tower structures of the subject transmission line corridor that may impede the operation and maintenance of the identified transmission lines. BPA plans to conduct vegetation control with the goal of removing tall growing vegetation that is currently or will soon be a hazard to the transmission line. BPA’s overall goal is to have lowgrowing plant communities along the rights-of-way to control the development of potentiallymore » threatening vegetation.« less

Supplement Analysis for the Transmission System Vegetation Management Program FEIS (DOE/EIS-0285/SA-141- Salem Albany #2)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Barndt, Shawn L.

Vegetation Management for the Salem Albany #2 115 kV transmission line from Salem Substation to Albany Substation. BPA proposes to remove unwanted vegetation along the right-of-way, access roads, switch platforms, microwave beam paths, and around tower structures of the subject transmission line corridor that may impede the operation and maintenance of the identified transmission lines. BPA plans to conduct vegetation control with the goal of removing tall growing vegetation that is currently or will soon be a hazard to the transmission line. BPA’s overall goal is to have low-growing plant communities along the rights-of-way to control the development of potentiallymore » threatening vegetation.« less

Type B investigation of electrical fault in 351 Substation, December 4, 1994

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Debban, H.L.; Shearer, C.A.; Boger, R.M.

1995-02-01

On December 4, 1994, at 2132:10 hours, an electrical failure of a cable-tapping splice resulted in a fire in the 300 Area of the DOE Hanford Site. The fire occurred in the yard of Substation 351 in electrical Vault R122V, where the cable-tapping splice was located. The fire incinerated all cables passing to and through the vault causing them to fail. The failure of the cables resulted in a power outage to twenty customers in the 300 Area. The vault was electrically isolated, and power was restored to the electrical distribution system at 2311 hours. This report contains the accidentmore » scenario, accident analysis, direct cause and root and contributing causes.« less

Progress in American Superconductor's HTS wire and optimization for fault current limiting systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Malozemoff, Alexis P.

2016-11-01

American Superconductor has developed composite coated conductor tape-shaped wires using high temperature superconductor (HTS) on a flexible substrate with laminated metal stabilizer. Such wires enable many applications, each requiring specific optimization. For example, coils for HTS rotating machinery require increased current density J at 25-50 K. A collaboration with Argonne, Brookhaven and Los Alamos National Laboratories and several universities has increased J using an optimized combination of precipitates and ion irradiation defects in the HTS. Major commercial opportunities also exist to enhance electric power grid resiliency by linking substations with distribution-voltage HTS power cables [10]. Such links provide alternative power sources if one substation's transmission-voltage power is compromised. But they must also limit fault currents which would otherwise be increased by such distribution-level links. This can be done in an HTS cable, exploiting the superconductor-to-resistive transition when current exceeds the wires' critical J. A key insight is that such transitions are usually nonuniform; so the wire must be designed to prevent localized hot spots from damaging the wire or even generating gas bubbles in the cable causing dielectric breakdown. Analysis shows that local heating can be minimized by increasing the composite tape's total thickness, decreasing its total resistance in the normal state and decreasing its critical J. This conflicts with other desirable wire characteristics. Optimization of these conflicting requirements is discussed.

A coloured oil level indicator detection method based on simple linear iterative clustering

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Tianli; Li, Dongsong; Jiao, Zhiming; Liang, Tao; Zhou, Hao; Yang, Guoqing

2017-12-01

A detection method of coloured oil level indicator is put forward. The method is applied to inspection robot in substation, which realized the automatic inspection and recognition of oil level indicator. Firstly, the detected image of the oil level indicator is collected, and the detected image is clustered and segmented to obtain the label matrix of the image. Secondly, the detection image is processed by colour space transformation, and the feature matrix of the image is obtained. Finally, the label matrix and feature matrix are used to locate and segment the detected image, and the upper edge of the recognized region is obtained. If the upper limb line exceeds the preset oil level threshold, the alarm will alert the station staff. Through the above-mentioned image processing, the inspection robot can independently recognize the oil level of the oil level indicator, and instead of manual inspection. It embodies the automatic and intelligent level of unattended operation.

Performance Evaluation of Phasor Measurement Systems

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Huang, Zhenyu; Kasztenny, Bogdan; Madani, Vahid

2008-07-20

After two decades of phasor network deployment, phasor measurements are now available at many major substations and power plants. The North American SynchroPhasor Initiative (NASPI), supported by both the US Department of Energy and the North American Electricity Reliability Council (NERC), provides a forum to facilitate the efforts in phasor technology in North America. Phasor applications have been explored and some are in today’s utility practice. IEEE C37.118 Standard is a milestone in standardizing phasor measurements and defining performance requirements. To comply with IEEE C37.118 and to better understand the impact of phasor quality on applications, the NASPI Performance andmore » Standards Task Team (PSTT) initiated and accomplished the development of two important documents to address characterization of PMUs and instrumentation channels, which leverage prior work (esp. in WECC) and international experience. This paper summarizes the accomplished PSTT work and presents the methods for phasor measurement evaluation.« less

Functional Dynamics within the Human Ribosome Regulate the Rate of Active Protein Synthesis.

PubMed

Ferguson, Angelica; Wang, Leyi; Altman, Roger B; Terry, Daniel S; Juette, Manuel F; Burnett, Benjamin J; Alejo, Jose L; Dass, Randall A; Parks, Matthew M; Vincent, C Theresa; Blanchard, Scott C

2015-11-05

The regulation of protein synthesis contributes to gene expression in both normal physiology and disease, yet kinetic investigations of the human translation mechanism are currently lacking. Using single-molecule fluorescence imaging methods, we have quantified the nature and timing of structural processes in human ribosomes during single-turnover and processive translation reactions. These measurements reveal that functional complexes exhibit dynamic behaviors and thermodynamic stabilities distinct from those observed for bacterial systems. Structurally defined sub-states of pre- and post-translocation complexes were sensitive to specific inhibitors of the eukaryotic ribosome, demonstrating the utility of this platform to probe drug mechanism. The application of three-color single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET) methods further revealed a long-distance allosteric coupling between distal tRNA binding sites within ribosomes bearing three tRNAs, which contributed to the rate of processive translation. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Functional dynamics within the human ribosome regulate the rate of active protein synthesis

PubMed Central

Ferguson, Angelica; Wang, Leyi; Altman, Roger B.; Terry, Daniel S.; Juette, Manuel F.; Burnett, Benjamin J.; Alejo, Jose L.; Dass, Randall A.; Parks, Matthew M.; Vincent, Theresa C.; Blanchard, Scott C.

2015-01-01

SUMMARY The regulation of protein synthesis contributes to gene expression in both normal physiology and disease, yet kinetic investigations of the human translation mechanism are currently lacking. Using single-molecule fluorescence imaging methods, we have quantified the nature and timing of structural processes in human ribosomes during single-turnover and processive translation reactions. These measurements reveal that functional complexes exhibit dynamic behaviors and thermodynamic stabilities distinct from those observed for bacterial systems. Structurally defined sub-states of pre- and post-translocation complexes were sensitive to specific inhibitors of the eukaryotic ribosome demonstrating the utility of this platform to probe drug mechanism. The application of three-color single-molecule FRET methods further revealed a long-distance allosteric coupling between distal tRNA binding sites within ribosomes bearing three tRNAs, which contributed to the rate of processive translation. PMID:26593721

30 CFR 75.340 - Underground electrical installations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... electrical installations. (a) Underground transformer stations, battery charging stations, substations... with transformers that are either dry-type or contain nonflammable liquid, if they are located at or...

30 CFR 75.340 - Underground electrical installations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... electrical installations. (a) Underground transformer stations, battery charging stations, substations... with transformers that are either dry-type or contain nonflammable liquid, if they are located at or...

30 CFR 75.340 - Underground electrical installations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... electrical installations. (a) Underground transformer stations, battery charging stations, substations... with transformers that are either dry-type or contain nonflammable liquid, if they are located at or...

30 CFR 75.340 - Underground electrical installations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... electrical installations. (a) Underground transformer stations, battery charging stations, substations... with transformers that are either dry-type or contain nonflammable liquid, if they are located at or...

30 CFR 75.340 - Underground electrical installations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... electrical installations. (a) Underground transformer stations, battery charging stations, substations... with transformers that are either dry-type or contain nonflammable liquid, if they are located at or...

36 CFR 292.21 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

.../forest/grazing uses may also consist of uses related to and in furtherance of the protection of... transmission line systems, substations, commercial radio transmitters, relays or repeater stations, antennas...

36 CFR 292.21 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

.../forest/grazing uses may also consist of uses related to and in furtherance of the protection of... transmission line systems, substations, commercial radio transmitters, relays or repeater stations, antennas...

Substance abuse associated with elder abuse in the United States.

PubMed

Jogerst, Gerald J; Daly, Jeanette M; Galloway, Lara J; Zheng, Shimin; Xu, Yinghui

2012-01-01

Substance abuse by either victim or perpetrator has long been associated with violence and abuse. Sparse research is available regarding elder abuse and its association with substance abuse. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of state-reported domestic elder abuse with regional levels of substance abuse. Census demographic and elder abuse data were sorted into substate regions to align with the substance use treatment-planning regions for 2269 US counties. From the 2269 US counties there were 229 substate regions in which there were 213,444 investigations of abuse. For the other Ns (reports and substantiations) there were fewer counties and regions. See first sentence of data analyses and first sentence of results. Elder abuse report rates ranged from .03 to .41% (80 regions), investigation rates .001 to .34% (229 regions), and substantiation rates 0 to .22% (184 regions). Elder abuse investigations and substantiations were associated with various forms of substance abuse. Higher investigation rates were significantly associated with a higher rate of any illicit drug use in the past month, a lower median household income, lower proportion of the population graduated high school, and higher population of Hispanics. Higher substantiation rates were significantly associated with higher rate of illicit drug use in the past month and higher population of Hispanics. It may be worthwhile for administrators of violence programs to pay particular attention to substance abuse among their clients and in their community's environment, especially if older persons are involved. Measures of documented elder abuse at the county level are minimal. To be able to associate substance abuse with elder abuse is a significant finding, realizing that the substance abuse can be by the victim or the perpetrator of elder abuse.

QAARM: quasi-anharmonic autoregressive model reveals molecular recognition pathways in ubiquitin

PubMed Central

Savol, Andrej J.; Burger, Virginia M.; Agarwal, Pratul K.; Ramanathan, Arvind; Chennubhotla, Chakra S.

2011-01-01

Motivation: Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have dramatically improved the atomistic understanding of protein motions, energetics and function. These growing datasets have necessitated a corresponding emphasis on trajectory analysis methods for characterizing simulation data, particularly since functional protein motions and transitions are often rare and/or intricate events. Observing that such events give rise to long-tailed spatial distributions, we recently developed a higher-order statistics based dimensionality reduction method, called quasi-anharmonic analysis (QAA), for identifying biophysically-relevant reaction coordinates and substates within MD simulations. Further characterization of conformation space should consider the temporal dynamics specific to each identified substate. Results: Our model uses hierarchical clustering to learn energetically coherent substates and dynamic modes of motion from a 0.5 μs ubiqutin simulation. Autoregressive (AR) modeling within and between states enables a compact and generative description of the conformational landscape as it relates to functional transitions between binding poses. Lacking a predictive component, QAA is extended here within a general AR model appreciative of the trajectory's temporal dependencies and the specific, local dynamics accessible to a protein within identified energy wells. These metastable states and their transition rates are extracted within a QAA-derived subspace using hierarchical Markov clustering to provide parameter sets for the second-order AR model. We show the learned model can be extrapolated to synthesize trajectories of arbitrary length. Contact: ramanathana@ornl.gov; chakracs@pitt.edu PMID:21685101

Molecular dynamics simulation of nitric oxide in myoglobin

USGS Publications Warehouse

Lee, Myung Won; Meuwly, Markus

2012-01-01

The infrared (IR) spectroscopy and ligand migration of photodissociated nitric oxide (NO) in and around the active sites in myoglobin (Mb) are investigated. A distributed multipolar model for open-shell systems is developed and used, which allows one to realistically describe the charge distribution around the diatomic probe molecule. The IR spectra were computed from the trajectories for two conformational substates at various temperatures. The lines are narrow (width of 3–7 cm–1 at 20–100 K), in agreement with the experimental observations where they have widths of 4–5 cm–1 at 4 K. It is found that within one conformational substate (B or C) the splitting of the spectrum can be correctly described compared with recent experiments. Similar to photodissociated CO in Mb, additional substates exist for NO in Mb, which are separated by barriers below 1 kcal/mol. Contrary to full quantum mechanical calculations, however, the force field and mixed QM/MM simulations do not correctly describe the relative shifts between the B- and C-states relative to gas-phase NO. Free energy simulations establish that NO preferably localizes in the distal site and the barrier for migration to the neighboring Xe4 pocket is ΔGB→C = 1.7–2.0 kcal/mol. The reverse barrier is ΔGB←C = 0.7 kcal/mol, which agrees well with the experimental value of 0.7 kcal/mol, estimated from kinetic data.

40 CFR 98.438 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... substations, circuit breakers, other switchgear, gas-insulated lines, or power transformers. Fluorinated GHG... transformers containing a fluorinated GHG prior to sale or distribution, or offer for sale or distribution in...

40 CFR 98.438 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... substations, circuit breakers, other switchgear, gas-insulated lines, or power transformers. Fluorinated GHG... transformers containing a fluorinated GHG prior to sale or distribution, or offer for sale or distribution in...

40 CFR 98.438 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... substations, circuit breakers, other switchgear, gas-insulated lines, or power transformers. Fluorinated GHG... transformers containing a fluorinated GHG prior to sale or distribution, or offer for sale or distribution in...

Feasibility study of wireless power transmission systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Robinson, W. J., Jr.

1968-01-01

Wireless microwave or laser energy transfers power from a manned earth-orbiting central station to unmanned astronomical substations. More efficient systems are required for the microwave power transmission.

36 CFR 14.78 - Applications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... application should include a one-line diagram of the proposed line and the immediate interconnecting facilities including power plants and substations, a power flow diagram for proposed line and connecting...

36 CFR 14.78 - Applications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... application should include a one-line diagram of the proposed line and the immediate interconnecting facilities including power plants and substations, a power flow diagram for proposed line and connecting...

36 CFR 14.78 - Applications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... application should include a one-line diagram of the proposed line and the immediate interconnecting facilities including power plants and substations, a power flow diagram for proposed line and connecting...

36 CFR 14.78 - Applications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... application should include a one-line diagram of the proposed line and the immediate interconnecting facilities including power plants and substations, a power flow diagram for proposed line and connecting...

Lessons Learned from the Puerto Rico Battery Energy Storage System

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

BOYES, JOHN D.; DE ANA, MINDI FARBER; TORRES, WENCESLANO

1999-09-01

The Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (PREPA) installed a distributed battery energy storage system in 1994 at a substation near San Juan, Puerto Rico. It was patterned after two other large energy storage systems operated by electric utilities in California and Germany. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Energy Storage Systems Program at Sandia National Laboratories has followed the progress of all stages of the project since its inception. It directly supported the critical battery room cooling system design by conducting laboratory thermal testing of a scale model of the battery under simulated operating conditions. The Puerto Rico facility ismore » at present the largest operating battery storage system in the world and is successfully providing frequency control, voltage regulation, and spinning reserve to the Caribbean island. The system further proved its usefulness to the PREPA network in the fall of 1998 in the aftermath of Hurricane Georges. The owner-operator, PREPA, and the architect/engineer, vendors, and contractors learned many valuable lessons during all phases of project development and operation. In documenting these lessons, this report will help PREPA and other utilities in planning to build large energy storage systems.« less

Linde FUSRAP Site Remediation: Engineering Challenges and Solutions of Remedial Activities on an Active Industrial Facility - 13506

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Beres, Christopher M.; Fort, E. Joseph; Boyle, James D.

2013-07-01

The Linde FUSRAP Site (Linde) is located in Tonawanda, New York at a major research and development facility for Praxair, Inc. (Praxair). Successful remediation activities at Linde combines meeting cleanup objectives of radiological contamination while minimizing impacts to Praxair business operations. The unique use of Praxair's property coupled with an array of active and abandoned utilities poses many engineering and operational challenges; each of which has been overcome during the remedial action at Linde. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers - Buffalo District (USACE) and CABRERA SERVICES, INC. (CABRERA) have successfully faced engineering challenges such as relocation of an abovegroundmore » structure, structural protection of an active water line, and installation of active mechanical, electrical, and communication utilities to perform remediation. As remediation nears completion, continued success of engineering challenges is critical as remaining activities exist in the vicinity of infrastructure essential to business operations; an electrical substation and duct bank providing power throughout the Praxair facility. Emphasis on engineering and operations through final remediation and into site restoration will allow for the safe and successful completion of the project. (authors)« less

7 CFR 1726.14 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... electric system, e.g., a substation transformer, heat exchanger or a transmission structure. Force account... which is combined with equipment to form an electric system, e.g., poles, insulators, or conductors...

7 CFR 1726.14 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... electric system, e.g., a substation transformer, heat exchanger or a transmission structure. Force account... which is combined with equipment to form an electric system, e.g., poles, insulators, or conductors...

7 CFR 1726.14 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... electric system, e.g., a substation transformer, heat exchanger or a transmission structure. Force account... which is combined with equipment to form an electric system, e.g., poles, insulators, or conductors...

7 CFR 1726.14 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... electric system, e.g., a substation transformer, heat exchanger or a transmission structure. Force account... which is combined with equipment to form an electric system, e.g., poles, insulators, or conductors...

7 CFR 1726.14 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... electric system, e.g., a substation transformer, heat exchanger or a transmission structure. Force account... which is combined with equipment to form an electric system, e.g., poles, insulators, or conductors...

30 CFR 75.380 - Escapeways; bituminous and lignite mines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) Underground transformer stations, battery charging stations, substations, and rectifiers except— (A) Where... rectifiers and power centers with transformers that are either dry-type or contain nonflammable liquid...

Characterization of the conformational equilibrium between the two major substates of RNase A using NMR chemical shifts.

PubMed

Camilloni, Carlo; Robustelli, Paul; De Simone, Alfonso; Cavalli, Andrea; Vendruscolo, Michele

2012-03-07

Following the recognition that NMR chemical shifts can be used for protein structure determination, rapid advances have recently been made in methods for extending this strategy for proteins and protein complexes of increasing size and complexity. A remaining major challenge is to develop approaches to exploit the information contained in the chemical shifts about conformational fluctuations in native states of proteins. In this work we show that it is possible to determine an ensemble of conformations representing the free energy surface of RNase A using chemical shifts as replica-averaged restraints in molecular dynamics simulations. Analysis of this surface indicates that chemical shifts can be used to characterize the conformational equilibrium between the two major substates of this protein. © 2012 American Chemical Society

Experience in the installation of a microprocessor system for controlling converter units of the Vyborg substation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gusakovskii, K. B.; Zmaznov, E. Yu.; Katantsev, S. V.

The experience in the installation of modern digital systems for controlling converter units at the Vyborg converter substation on the basis of advanced microprocessor devices is considered. It is shown that debugging of a control and protection system on mathematical and physical models does not guarantee optimum control of actual converter devices. Examples of advancing the control and protection system are described, the necessity for which has become obvious in tests of actual equipment. Comparison of oscillograms of processes before optimization of the control system and after its optimization and adjustment shows that the digital control system makes it possiblemore » to improve substantially the algorithms of control and protection in the short term and without changing the hardware component.« less

View southeast of main supervisory board showing panels 3 through ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

View southeast of main supervisory board showing panels 3 through 11; panel 3 at far left contains meters for monitoring power in the system; panel 4 contains controls for controlling heaters to keep track twitches free of ice and snow; panels 5, 6, and 7 date to the 1935 installation and control the catenary in the area of the station yard. These work on 120 volts direct current; panel 8 contains circuit breakers (rupture switches) which control power to individual tracks in the station area; panels 9 and 10 house controls for the West Philadelphia sub-station; panel 11 controls sub-station 13 in South Wilmington Delaware and miscellaneous meters - Thirtieth Street Station, Power Director Center, Thirtieth & Market Streets in Amtrak Railroad Station, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA

76 FR 26286 - Environmental Impacts Statements; Notice of Availability

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-06

... the Red Bluff Substation, California Desert Conservation Area (CDCA Plan, Riverside County, CA, Review..., Biodiversity, and Natural Production of Anadromous Salmonids, Kittitas County, WA, Review Period Ends: 05/16...

Relaxation Dynamics in Heme Proteins.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Scholl, Reinhard Wilhelm

A protein molecule possesses many conformational substates that are likely arranged in a hierarchy consisting of a number of tiers. A hierarchical organization of conformational substates is expected to give rise to a multitude of nonequilibrium relaxation phenomena. If the temperature is lowered, transitions between substates of higher tiers are frozen out, and relaxation processes characteristic of lower tiers will dominate the observational time scale. This thesis addresses the following questions: (i) What is the energy landscape of a protein? How does the landscape depend on the environment such as pH and viscosity, and how can it be connected to specific structural parts? (ii) What relaxation phenomena can be observed in a protein? Which are protein specific, and which occur in other proteins? How does the environment influence relaxations? (iii) What functional form best describes relaxation functions? (iv) Can we connect the motions to specific structural parts of the protein molecule, and are these motions important for the function of the protein?. To this purpose, relaxation processes after a pressure change are studied in carbonmonoxy (CO) heme proteins (myoglobin-CO, substrate-bound and substrate-free cytochrome P450cam-CO, chloroperoxidase-CO, horseradish peroxidase -CO) between 150 K and 250 K using FTIR spectroscopy to monitor the CO bound to the heme iron. Two types of p -relaxation experiments are performed: p-release (200 to ~eq40 MPa) and p-jump (~eq40 to 200 MPa) experiments. Most of the relaxations fall into one of three groups and are characterized by (i) nonexponential time dependence and non-Arrhenius temperature dependence (FIM1( nu), FIM1(Gamma)); (ii) exponential time dependence and non-Arrhenius temperature dependence (FIM0(A_{i}to A_{j})); exponential time dependence and Arrhenius temperature dependence (FIMX( nu)). The influence of pH is studied in myoglobin-CO and shown to have a strong influence on the substate population of the highest tier, tier 0, but not on the relaxation rates. Two different viscosities in myoglobin-CO are compared. The dependence of relaxations on the thermodynamic history of a sample is shown. For substrate-free P450cam-CO, relaxations after a p-jump are observed far above the glass transition of the protein-solvent system.

Thermal and Denaturation Studies of the Time-Resolved Fluorescence Decay of Human Superoxide Dismutase

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Silva, Norberto De Jesus

Previous studies have shown that time-resolved fluorescence decay of various single tryptophan proteins is best described by a distribution of fluorescence lifetimes rather than one or two lifetimes. The thermal dependence of the lifetime distributions is consistent with the hypothesis that proteins fluctuate between a hierarchy of many conformational substates. With this scenario as a theoretical framework, the correlations between protein dynamic and structure are investigated by studying the time-resolved fluorescence and anisotropy decay of the single tryptophan (Trp) residue of human superoxide dismutase (HSOD) over a wide range of temperatures and at different denaturant concentrations. First, it is demonstrated that the center of the lifetime distribution can characterize the average deactivation environment of the excited Trp-protein system. A qualitative model is introduced to explain the time-resolved fluorescence decay of HSOD in 80% glycerol over a wide range of temperatures. The dynamical model features isoenergetic conformational substates separated by a hierarchy of energy barriers. The HSOD system is also investigated as a function of denaturant concentration in aqueous solution. As a function of guanidine hydrochloride (GdHCl), the width of the fluorescence lifetime distribution of HSOD displays a maximum which is not coincident with the fully denatured form of HSOD at 6.5M GdHCl. Furthermore, the width for the fully denatured form of HSOD is greater than that of the native form. This is consistent with the scenario that more conformational substates are being created upon denaturation of HSOD. HSOD is a dimeric protein and it was observed that the width of the lifetime distribution of HSOD at intermediate GdHCl concentrations increased with decreasing protein concentration. In addition, the secondary structure of HSOD at intermediate GdHCl concentration does not change with protein concentration. These results suggest that HSOD display structural microheterogeneity which is consistent with the hypothesis of conformational substates. Further analysis show that, during denaturation, the monomeric form of HSOD is an intermediate which displays native-like secondary structure and fluctuating tertiary structure; i.e., the monomeric form of HSOD is a molten globule.

75 FR 80807 - Environmental Impact Statements; Notice of Availability

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-23

..., CA, East County Substation/Tule Wind/ Energia Sierra Juarez Gen-Tie Projects, Construction and.... 20100462, Draft EIS, FWS, CA, Santa Clara Valley Habitat Plan, To Protect and Enhance Ecological Diversity...

Real Option Cost Vulnerability Analysis of Electrical Infrastructure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Prime, Thomas; Knight, Phil

2015-04-01

Critical infrastructure such as electricity substations are vulnerable to various geo-hazards that arise from climate change. These geo-hazards range from increased vegetation growth to increased temperatures and flood inundation. Of all the identified geo-hazards, coastal flooding has the greatest impact, but to date has had a low probability of occurring. However, in the face of climate change, coastal flooding is likely to occur more often due to extreme water levels being experienced more frequently due to sea-level rise (SLR). Knowing what impact coastal flooding will have now and in the future on critical infrastructure such as electrical substations is important for long-term management. Using a flood inundation model, present day and future flood events have been simulated, from 1 in 1 year events up to 1 in 10,000 year events. The modelling makes an integrated assessment of impact by using sea-level and surge to simulate a storm tide. The geographical area the model covers is part of the Northwest UK coastline with a range of urban and rural areas. The ensemble of flood maps generated allows the identification of critical infrastructure exposed to coastal flooding. Vulnerability has be assessed using an Estimated Annual Damage (EAD) value. Sampling SLR annual probability distributions produces a projected "pathway" for SLR up to 2100. EAD is then calculated using a relationship derived from the flood model. Repeating the sampling process allows a distribution of EAD up to 2100 to be produced. These values are discounted to present day values using an appropriate discount rate. If the cost of building and maintain defences is also removed from this a Net Present Value (NPV) of building the defences can be calculated. This distribution of NPV can be used as part of a cost modelling process involving Real Options, A real option is the right but not obligation to undertake investment decisions. In terms of investment in critical infrastructure resilience this means that a real option can be deferred or exercised depending on the climate future that has been realised. The real option value is defined as the maximum positive NPV value that is found across the range of potential SLR "futures". Real Options add value in that flood defences may not be built when there is real value in doing so. The cost modelling output is in the form of an accessible database that has detailed real option values varying spatially across the model domain (for each critical infrastructure) and temporally up to 2100. The analysis has shown that in 2100, 8.2% of the substations analysed have a greater than a 1 in 2 chance of exercising the real option to build flood defences against coastal flooding. The cost modelling tool and flood maps that have been developed will help stakeholders in deciding where and when to invest in mitigating against coastal flooding.

SOUTH FRONT AND EAST SIDE. January, 1998 Edwards Air ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

SOUTH FRONT AND EAST SIDE. January, 1998 - Edwards Air Force Base, Air Force Rocket Propulsion Laboratory, Electrical Substation, Test Area 1-115, northwest end of Saturn Boulevard, Boron, Kern County, CA

75 FR 4338 - Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-01-27

... administered by Rural Business Service (RBS) through Rural Development State and sub-State Offices serving each... current economic crisis. The information is used by RBS loan officers and approval officials to determine...

30 CFR 57.4130 - Surface electric substations and liquid storage facilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... LABOR METAL AND NONMETAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS-UNDERGROUND METAL AND NONMETAL MINES Fire Prevention and Control Prohibitions/precautions/housekeeping § 57.4130 Surface electric...

A Multi-agent Based Cooperative Voltage and Reactive Power Control

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ishida, Masato; Nagata, Takeshi; Saiki, Hiroshi; Shimada, Ikuhiko; Hatano, Ryousuke

In order to maintain system voltage within the optimal range and prevent voltage instability phenomena before they occur, a variety of phase modifying equipment is installed in optimal locations throughout the power system network and a variety of methods of voltage reactive control are employed. The proposed system divided the traditional method to control voltage and reactive power into two sub problems; “voltage control” to adjust the secondary bus voltage of substations, and “reactive power control” to adjust the primary bus voltage. In this system, two types of agents are installed in substations in order to cooperate “voltage control” and “reactive power control”. In order to verify the performance of the proposed method, it has been applied to the model network system. The results confirm that our proposed method is able to control violent fluctuations in load.

ANCA: Anharmonic Conformational Analysis of Biomolecular Simulations.

PubMed

Parvatikar, Akash; Vacaliuc, Gabriel S; Ramanathan, Arvind; Chennubhotla, S Chakra

2018-05-08

Anharmonicity in time-dependent conformational fluctuations is noted to be a key feature of functional dynamics of biomolecules. Although anharmonic events are rare, long-timescale (μs-ms and beyond) simulations facilitate probing of such events. We have previously developed quasi-anharmonic analysis to resolve higher-order spatial correlations and characterize anharmonicity in biomolecular simulations. In this article, we have extended this toolbox to resolve higher-order temporal correlations and built a scalable Python package called anharmonic conformational analysis (ANCA). ANCA has modules to: 1) measure anharmonicity in the form of higher-order statistics and its variation as a function of time, 2) output a storyboard representation of the simulations to identify key anharmonic conformational events, and 3) identify putative anharmonic conformational substates and visualization of transitions between these substates. Copyright © 2018 Biophysical Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Digital interface of electronic transformers based on embedded system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shang, Qiufeng; Qi, Yincheng

2008-10-01

Benefited from digital interface of electronic transformers, information sharing and system integration in substation can be realized. An embedded system-based digital output scheme of electronic transformers is proposed. The digital interface is designed with S3C44B0X 32bit RISC microprocessor as the hardware platform. The μCLinux operation system (OS) is transplanted on ARM7 (S3C44B0X). Applying Ethernet technology as the communication mode in the substation automation system is a new trend. The network interface chip RTL8019AS is adopted. Data transmission is realized through the in-line TCP/IP protocol of uClinux embedded OS. The application result and character analysis show that the design can meet the real-time and reliability requirements of IEC60044-7/8 electronic voltage/current instrument transformer standards.

Research on the Wire Network Signal Prediction Based on the Improved NNARX Model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Zipeng; Fan, Tao; Wang, Shuqing

It is difficult to obtain accurately the wire net signal of power system's high voltage power transmission lines in the process of monitoring and repairing. In order to solve this problem, the signal measured in remote substation or laboratory is employed to make multipoint prediction to gain the needed data. But, the obtained power grid frequency signal is delay. In order to solve the problem, an improved NNARX network which can predict frequency signal based on multi-point data collected by remote substation PMU is describes in this paper. As the error curved surface of the NNARX network is more complicated, this paper uses L-M algorithm to train the network. The result of the simulation shows that the NNARX network has preferable predication performance which provides accurate real time data for field testing and maintenance.

Dynamic Simulation on the Installation Process of HGIS in Transformer Substation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lin, Tao; Li, Shaohua; Wang, Hu; Che, Deyong; Qi, Guangcai; Yao, Jianfeng; Zhang, Qingzhe

The technological requirements of Hypid Gas Insulated Switchgear (HGIS) installation in transformer substation is high and the control points of quality is excessive. Most of the engineers and technicians in the construction enterprises are not familiar with equipments of HGIS. In order to solve these problem, equipments of HGIS is modeled on the computer by SolidWorks software. Installation process of civil foundation and closed-type equipments is optimized dynamically with virtual assemble technology. Announcements and application work are composited into animation file. Skills of modeling and simulation is tidied classify as well. The result of the visual dynamic simulation can instruct the actual construction process of HGIS to a certain degree and can promote reasonable construction planning and management. It can also improve the method and quality of staff training for electric power construction enterprises.

Application of Superconducting Power Cables to DC Electric Railway Systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ohsaki, Hiroyuki; Lv, Zhen; Sekino, Masaki; Tomita, Masaru

For novel design and efficient operation of next-generation DC electric railway systems, especially for their substantial energy saving, we have studied the feasibility of applying superconducting power cables to them. In this paper it is assumed that a superconducting power cable is applied to connect substations supplying electric power to trains. An analysis model line was described by an electric circuit, which was analyzed with MATLAB-Simulink. From the calculated voltages and currents of the circuit, the regenerative brake and the energy losses were estimated. In addition, assuming the heat loads of superconducting power cables and the cryogenic efficiency, the energy saving of the total system was evaluated. The results show that the introduction of superconducting power cables could achieve the improved use of regenerative brake, the loss reduction, the decreased number of substations, the reduced maintenance, etc.

Frustration-guided motion planning reveals conformational transitions in proteins

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Budday, Dominik; Fonseca, Rasmus; Leyendecker, Sigrid

Proteins exist as conformational ensembles, exchanging between substates to perform their function. Advances in experimental techniques yield unprecedented access to structural snapshots of their conformational landscape. However, computationally modeling how proteins use collective motions to transition between substates is challenging owing to a rugged landscape and large energy barriers. Here in this paper, we present a new, robotics-inspired motion planning procedure called dCCRRT that navigates the rugged landscape between substates by introducing dynamic, interatomic constraints to modulate frustration. The constraints balance non-native contacts and flexibility, and instantaneously redirect the motion towards sterically favorable conformations. On a test set of eightmore » proteins determined in two conformations separated by, on average, 7.5Å root mean square deviation (RMSD), our pathways reduced the Cα atom RMSD to the goal conformation by 78%, outperforming peer methods. Additionally, we then applied dCC-RRT to examine how collective, small-scale motions of four side-chains in the active site of cyclophilin A propagate through the protein. dCC-RRT uncovered a spatially contiguous network of residues linked by steric interactions and collective motion connecting the active site to a recently proposed, non-canonical capsid binding site 25Å away, rationalizing NMR and multi-temperature crystallography experiments. In all, dCC-RRT can reveal detailed, all-atom molecular mechanisms for small and large amplitude motions.Source code and binaries are freely available at https://github.com/ExcitedStates/KGS/.« less

Frustration-guided motion planning reveals conformational transitions in proteins.

PubMed

Budday, Dominik; Fonseca, Rasmus; Leyendecker, Sigrid; van den Bedem, Henry

2017-10-01

Proteins exist as conformational ensembles, exchanging between substates to perform their function. Advances in experimental techniques yield unprecedented access to structural snapshots of their conformational landscape. However, computationally modeling how proteins use collective motions to transition between substates is challenging owing to a rugged landscape and large energy barriers. Here, we present a new, robotics-inspired motion planning procedure called dCC-RRT that navigates the rugged landscape between substates by introducing dynamic, interatomic constraints to modulate frustration. The constraints balance non-native contacts and flexibility, and instantaneously redirect the motion towards sterically favorable conformations. On a test set of eight proteins determined in two conformations separated by, on average, 7.5 Å root mean square deviation (RMSD), our pathways reduced the Cα atom RMSD to the goal conformation by 78%, outperforming peer methods. We then applied dCC-RRT to examine how collective, small-scale motions of four side-chains in the active site of cyclophilin A propagate through the protein. dCC-RRT uncovered a spatially contiguous network of residues linked by steric interactions and collective motion connecting the active site to a recently proposed, non-canonical capsid binding site 25 Å away, rationalizing NMR and multi-temperature crystallography experiments. In all, dCC-RRT can reveal detailed, all-atom molecular mechanisms for small and large amplitude motions. Source code and binaries are freely available at https://github.com/ExcitedStates/KGS/. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Frustration-guided motion planning reveals conformational transitions in proteins

DOE PAGES

Budday, Dominik; Fonseca, Rasmus; Leyendecker, Sigrid; ...

2017-07-12

Proteins exist as conformational ensembles, exchanging between substates to perform their function. Advances in experimental techniques yield unprecedented access to structural snapshots of their conformational landscape. However, computationally modeling how proteins use collective motions to transition between substates is challenging owing to a rugged landscape and large energy barriers. Here in this paper, we present a new, robotics-inspired motion planning procedure called dCCRRT that navigates the rugged landscape between substates by introducing dynamic, interatomic constraints to modulate frustration. The constraints balance non-native contacts and flexibility, and instantaneously redirect the motion towards sterically favorable conformations. On a test set of eightmore » proteins determined in two conformations separated by, on average, 7.5Å root mean square deviation (RMSD), our pathways reduced the Cα atom RMSD to the goal conformation by 78%, outperforming peer methods. Additionally, we then applied dCC-RRT to examine how collective, small-scale motions of four side-chains in the active site of cyclophilin A propagate through the protein. dCC-RRT uncovered a spatially contiguous network of residues linked by steric interactions and collective motion connecting the active site to a recently proposed, non-canonical capsid binding site 25Å away, rationalizing NMR and multi-temperature crystallography experiments. In all, dCC-RRT can reveal detailed, all-atom molecular mechanisms for small and large amplitude motions.Source code and binaries are freely available at https://github.com/ExcitedStates/KGS/.« less

Beale Air Force Base, Perimeter Acquisition Vehicle Entry PhasedArray Warning ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Beale Air Force Base, Perimeter Acquisition Vehicle Entry Phased-Array Warning System, Electric Substation, End of Spencer Paul Road, north of Warren Shingle Road (14th Street), Marysville, Yuba County, CA

Looking north Beale Air Force Base, Perimeter Acquisition Vehicle ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Looking north - Beale Air Force Base, Perimeter Acquisition Vehicle Entry Phased-Array Warning System, Electric Substation, End of Spencer Paul Road, north of Warren Shingle Road (14th Street), Marysville, Yuba County, CA

CNPQ/INPE LANDSAT system

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Parada, N. D. J. (Principal Investigator); Barbosa, M. N.; Escada, J. B., Jr.

1983-01-01

The current status of the Brazilian LANDSAT facilities is described and main accomplishments are outlined. Receiving, recording, and processing substations and data distribution centers are discussed. Examples of the preliminary TM product produced by the Brazilian station are given.

29 CFR 1926.408 - Special systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (CONTINUED) SAFETY AND HEALTH REGULATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION Electrical Installation Safety Requirements § 1926... electrical connections. The enclosure shall have provision for locking so only authorized qualified persons... as substations, trailers, cars, mobile shovels, draglines, hoists, drills, dredges, compressors...

29 CFR 1926.408 - Special systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (CONTINUED) SAFETY AND HEALTH REGULATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION Electrical Installation Safety Requirements § 1926... electrical connections. The enclosure shall have provision for locking so only authorized qualified persons... as substations, trailers, cars, mobile shovels, draglines, hoists, drills, dredges, compressors...

29 CFR 1926.408 - Special systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (CONTINUED) SAFETY AND HEALTH REGULATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION Electrical Installation Safety Requirements § 1926... electrical connections. The enclosure shall have provision for locking so only authorized qualified persons... as substations, trailers, cars, mobile shovels, draglines, hoists, drills, dredges, compressors...

Electricity Delivery and its Environmental Impacts

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Explains electricity delivery in the U.S. and its impacts on the environment. After a centralized power plant generates electricity, the electricity must be delivered to the end-user. Follow the path of electricity through transmission, substation, and dis

6. SECOND FLOOR, LOOKING SOUTHEAST, AREA PREVIOUSLY CONTAINED HIGH TENSION ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

6. SECOND FLOOR, LOOKING SOUTHEAST, AREA PREVIOUSLY CONTAINED HIGH TENSION BUS AND SWITCHING EQUIPMENT FOR BUILDINGS L1 AND L2 - Portland General Electric Company, Lincoln Substation, 1841 Southeast Water Street, Portland, Multnomah County, OR

5. WEST MEZZANINE, LOOKING NORTH, AREA PREVIOUSLY CONTAINED HIGH TENSION ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

5. WEST MEZZANINE, LOOKING NORTH, AREA PREVIOUSLY CONTAINED HIGH TENSION BUS AND SWITCHING EQUIPMENT FOR BUILDINGS L1 AND L2 - Portland General Electric Company, Lincoln Substation, 1841 Southeast Water Street, Portland, Multnomah County, OR

7 CFR 1728.98 - Electric standards and specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... for Pad-Mounted Transformers (Single and Three-Phase) (1-77). (19) Bulletin 50-74 (U-6), RUS... Specifications for Step-Down Distribution Substation Transformers (34.4-138 kV) (1-78). (21) Bulletin 1728F-700...

7 CFR 1728.98 - Electric standards and specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... for Pad-Mounted Transformers (Single and Three-Phase) (1-77). (19) Bulletin 50-74 (U-6), RUS... Specifications for Step-Down Distribution Substation Transformers (34.4-138 kV) (1-78). (21) Bulletin 1728F-700...

7 CFR 1728.98 - Electric standards and specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... for Pad-Mounted Transformers (Single and Three-Phase) (1-77). (19) Bulletin 50-74 (U-6), RUS... Specifications for Step-Down Distribution Substation Transformers (34.4-138 kV) (1-78). (21) Bulletin 1728F-700...

7 CFR 1728.97 - Incorporation by reference of electric standards and specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

...-73 (U-5), RUS Specifications for Pad-Mounted Transformers (Single and Three-Phase) (1-77) Bulletin 50...), RUS Specifications for Step-Down Distribution Substation Transformers (34.4-138 kV) (1-78) Bulletin...

29 CFR 1926.408 - Special systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) SAFETY AND HEALTH REGULATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION Electrical Installation Safety Requirements § 1926... electrical connections. The enclosure shall have provision for locking so only authorized qualified persons... as substations, trailers, cars, mobile shovels, draglines, hoists, drills, dredges, compressors...

29 CFR 1926.408 - Special systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (CONTINUED) SAFETY AND HEALTH REGULATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION Electrical Installation Safety Requirements § 1926... electrical connections. The enclosure shall have provision for locking so only authorized qualified persons... as substations, trailers, cars, mobile shovels, draglines, hoists, drills, dredges, compressors...

Effects of aging on the structural, mechanical, and thermal properties of the silicone rubber current transformer insulation bushing for a 500 kV substation.

PubMed

Wang, Zhigao; Zhang, Xinghai; Wang, Fangqiang; Lan, Xinsheng; Zhou, Yiqian

2016-01-01

In order to analyze the cracking and aging reason of the silicone rubber current transformer (CT) insulation bushing used for 8 years from a 500 kV alternating current substation, characteristics including Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, mechanical properties analysis, hardness, and thermo gravimetric analysis have been carried out. The FTIR results indicated that the external surface of the silicone rubber CT insulation bushing suffered from more serious aging than the internal part, fracture of side chain Si-C bond was much more than the backbone. Mechanical properties and thermal stability results illustrated that the main aging reasons were the breakage of side chain Si-C bond and the excessive cross-linking reaction of the backbone. This study can provide valuable basis for evaluating degradation mechanism and aging state of the silicone rubber insulation bushing in electric power field.

The laboratory millimeter-wave spectrum of methyl formate in its ground torsional E state

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Plummer, G. M.; Herbst, E.; De Lucia, F. C.; Blake, G. A.

1986-01-01

Over 250 rotational transitions of the internal rotor methyl formate (HCOOCH3) in its ground v(t) = 0 degenerate (E) torsional substate have been measured in the millimeter-wave spectral region. These data and a number of E-state lines identified by several other workers have been analyzed using an extension of the classical principal-axis method in the high barrier limit. The resulting rotational constants allow accurate prediction of the v(t) = 0 E substate methyl formate spectrum below 300 GHz between states with angular momentum J not greater than 30 and rotational energy of not more than 350/cm. The calculated transition frequencies for the E state, when combined with the results of the previous analysis of the ground-symmetric, nondegenerate state, account for over 200 of the emission lines observed toward Orion in a recent survey of the 215-265 GHz band.

Study of seismic response and vibration control of High voltage electrical equipment damper based on TMD

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Chuncheng; Wang, Chongyang; Mao, Long; Zha, Chuanming

2016-11-01

Substation high voltage electrical equipment such as mutual inductor, circuit interrupter, disconnecting switch, etc., has played a key role in maintaining the normal operation of the power system. When the earthquake disaster, the electrical equipment of the porcelain in the transformer substation is the most easily to damage, causing great economic losses. In this paper, using the method of numerical analysis, the establishment of a typical high voltage electrical equipment of three dimensional finite element model, to study the seismic response of a typical SF6 circuit breaker, at the same time, analysis and contrast the installation ring tuned mass damper (TMD damper for short), by changing the damper damping coefficient and the mass block, install annular TMD vibration control effect is studied. The results of the study for guiding the seismic design of high voltage electrical equipment to provide valuable reference.

A dynamic mechanism for allosteric activation of Aurora kinase A by activation loop phosphorylation.

PubMed

Ruff, Emily F; Muretta, Joseph M; Thompson, Andrew R; Lake, Eric W; Cyphers, Soreen; Albanese, Steven K; Hanson, Sonya M; Behr, Julie M; Thomas, David D; Chodera, John D; Levinson, Nicholas M

2018-02-21

Many eukaryotic protein kinases are activated by phosphorylation on a specific conserved residue in the regulatory activation loop, a post-translational modification thought to stabilize the active DFG-In state of the catalytic domain. Here we use a battery of spectroscopic methods that track different catalytic elements of the kinase domain to show that the ~100 fold activation of the mitotic kinase Aurora A (AurA) by phosphorylation occurs without a population shift from the DFG-Out to the DFG-In state, and that the activation loop of the activated kinase remains highly dynamic. Instead, molecular dynamics simulations and electron paramagnetic resonance experiments show that phosphorylation triggers a switch within the DFG-In subpopulation from an autoinhibited DFG-In substate to an active DFG-In substate, leading to catalytic activation. This mechanism raises new questions about the functional role of the DFG-Out state in protein kinases. © 2018, Ruff et al.

Photovoltaic central station step and touch potential considerations in grounding system design

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Engmann, G.

1983-01-01

The probability of hazardous step and touch potentials is an important consideration in central station grounding system design. Steam turbine generating station grounding system design is based on accepted industry practices and there is extensive in-service experience with these grounding systems. A photovoltaic (PV) central station is a relatively new concept and there is limited experience with PV station grounding systems. The operation and physical configuration of a PV central station is very different from a steam electric station. A PV station bears some similarity to a substation and the PV station step and touch potentials might be addressed as they are in substation design. However, the PV central station is a generating station and it is appropriate to examine the effect that the differences and similarities of the two types of generating stations have on step and touch potential considerations.

Two-dimensional vibrational spectroscopy of the amide I band of crystalline acetanilide: Fermi resonance, conformational substates, or vibrational self-trapping?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Edler, J.; Hamm, P.

2003-08-01

Two-dimensional infrared (2D-IR) spectroscopy is applied to investigate acetanilide, a molecular crystal consisting of quasi-one-dimensional hydrogen bonded peptide units. The amide-I band exhibits a double peak structure, which has been attributed to different mechanisms including vibrational self-trapping, a Fermi resonance, or the existence of two conformational substates. The 2D-IR spectrum of crystalline acetanilide is compared with that of two different molecular systems: (i) benzoylchloride, which exhibits a strong symmetric Fermi resonance and (ii) N-methylacetamide dissolved in methanol which occurs in two spectroscopically distinguishable conformations. Both 2D-IR spectra differ significantly from that of crystalline acetanilide, proving that these two alternative mechanisms cannot account for the anomalous spectroscopy of crystalline acetanilide. On the other hand, vibrational self-trapping of the amide-I band can naturally explain the 2D-IR response.

How main-chains of proteins explore the free-energy landscape in native states.

PubMed

Senet, Patrick; Maisuradze, Gia G; Foulie, Colette; Delarue, Patrice; Scheraga, Harold A

2008-12-16

Understanding how a single native protein diffuses on its free-energy landscape is essential to understand protein kinetics and function. The dynamics of a protein is complex, with multiple relaxation times reflecting a hierarchical free-energy landscape. Using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of an alpha/beta protein (crambin) and a beta-sheet polypeptide (BS2) in their "native" states, we demonstrate that the mean-square displacement of dihedral angles, defined by 4 successive C(alpha) atoms, increases as a power law of time, t(alpha), with an exponent alpha between 0.08 and 0.39 (alpha = 1 corresponds to Brownian diffusion), at 300 K. Residues with low exponents are located mainly in well-defined secondary elements and adopt 1 conformational substate. Residues with high exponents are found in loops/turns and chain ends and exist in multiple conformational substates, i.e., they move on multiple-minima free-energy profiles.

How main-chains of proteins explore the free-energy landscape in native states

PubMed Central

Senet, Patrick; Maisuradze, Gia G.; Foulie, Colette; Delarue, Patrice; Scheraga, Harold A.

2008-01-01

Understanding how a single native protein diffuses on its free-energy landscape is essential to understand protein kinetics and function. The dynamics of a protein is complex, with multiple relaxation times reflecting a hierarchical free-energy landscape. Using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of an α/β protein (crambin) and a β-sheet polypeptide (BS2) in their “native” states, we demonstrate that the mean-square displacement of dihedral angles, defined by 4 successive Cα atoms, increases as a power law of time, tα, with an exponent α between 0.08 and 0.39 (α = 1 corresponds to Brownian diffusion), at 300 K. Residues with low exponents are located mainly in well-defined secondary elements and adopt 1 conformational substate. Residues with high exponents are found in loops/turns and chain ends and exist in multiple conformational substates, i.e., they move on multiple-minima free-energy profiles. PMID:19073932

Hybrid Cascading Outage Analysis of Extreme Events with Optimized Corrective Actions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Vallem, Mallikarjuna R.; Vyakaranam, Bharat GNVSR; Holzer, Jesse T.

2017-10-19

Power system are vulnerable to extreme contingencies (like an outage of a major generating substation) that can cause significant generation and load loss and can lead to further cascading outages of other transmission facilities and generators in the system. Some cascading outages are seen within minutes following a major contingency, which may not be captured exclusively using the dynamic simulation of the power system. The utilities plan for contingencies either based on dynamic or steady state analysis separately which may not accurately capture the impact of one process on the other. We address this gap in cascading outage analysis bymore » developing Dynamic Contingency Analysis Tool (DCAT) that can analyze hybrid dynamic and steady state behavior of the power system, including protection system models in dynamic simulations, and simulating corrective actions in post-transient steady state conditions. One of the important implemented steady state processes is to mimic operator corrective actions to mitigate aggravated states caused by dynamic cascading. This paper presents an Optimal Power Flow (OPF) based formulation for selecting corrective actions that utility operators can take during major contingency and thus automate the hybrid dynamic-steady state cascading outage process. The improved DCAT framework with OPF based corrective actions is demonstrated on IEEE 300 bus test system.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Happenny, Sean F.

The United States’ power infrastructure is aging, underfunded, and vulnerable to cyber attack. Emerging smart grid technologies may take some of the burden off of existing systems and make the grid as a whole more efficient, reliable, and secure. The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) is funding research into several aspects of smart grid technology and grid security, creating a software simulation tool that will allow researchers to test power distribution networks utilizing different smart grid technologies to determine how the grid and these technologies react under different circumstances. Demonstrating security in embedded systems is another research area PNNL ismore » tackling. Many of the systems controlling the U.S. critical infrastructure, such as the power grid, lack integrated security and the networks protecting them are becoming easier to breach. Providing a virtual power substation network to each student team at the National Collegiate Cyber Defense Competition, thereby supporting the education of future cyber security professionals, is another way PNNL is helping to strengthen the security of the nation’s power infrastructure.« less

Optimal operation management of fuel cell/wind/photovoltaic power sources connected to distribution networks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Niknam, Taher; Kavousifard, Abdollah; Tabatabaei, Sajad; Aghaei, Jamshid

2011-10-01

In this paper a new multiobjective modified honey bee mating optimization (MHBMO) algorithm is presented to investigate the distribution feeder reconfiguration (DFR) problem considering renewable energy sources (RESs) (photovoltaics, fuel cell and wind energy) connected to the distribution network. The objective functions of the problem to be minimized are the electrical active power losses, the voltage deviations, the total electrical energy costs and the total emissions of RESs and substations. During the optimization process, the proposed algorithm finds a set of non-dominated (Pareto) optimal solutions which are stored in an external memory called repository. Since the objective functions investigated are not the same, a fuzzy clustering algorithm is utilized to handle the size of the repository in the specified limits. Moreover, a fuzzy-based decision maker is adopted to select the 'best' compromised solution among the non-dominated optimal solutions of multiobjective optimization problem. In order to see the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, two standard distribution test systems are used as case studies.

Advanced concepts and solutions for geothermal heating applied in Oradea, Romania

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Antal, C.; Popa, F.; Mos, M.; Tigan, D.; Popa, B.; Muresan, V.

2017-01-01

Approximately 70% of the total population of Oradea benefits from centralized heating, about 55,000 apartments and 159,000 inhabitants are connected. The heating system of Oradea consists of: sources of thermal energy production (Combined heat and power (CHP) I Oradea and geothermal water heating plants); a transport network of heat; heat distribution network for heating and domestic hot water; substations, most of them equipped with worn and obsolete equipment. Recently, only a few heat exchangers were rehabilitated and electric valves were installed to control the water flow. After heat extraction, geothermal chilled waters from the Oradea area are: discharged into the sewer system of the city, paying a fee to the local water company which manages the city’s sewers; discharged into the small river Peta; or re-injected into the reservoir. In order to ensure environmental protection and a sustainable energy development in Oradea, renewable sources of energy have been promoted in recent years. In this respect, the creation of a new well for geothermal water re-injection into the reservoir limits any accidental thermal pollution of the environment, while ensuring the conservation properties of the aquifer by recharging with geothermal chilled water. The paper presents the achievements of such a project whose aim is to replace thermal energy obtained from coal with geothermal heating. The novelty consists in the fact that within the substation we will replace old heat exchangers, circulation pumps and valves with fully automated substations operating in parallel on both a geothermal system and on a primary heating system of a thermal plant.

8. Photocopy of Station Grounding drawing showing floor plans (from ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

8. Photocopy of Station Grounding drawing showing floor plans (from the BPA Engineering Vault, Drawing 005319, 3 May 1939) - Bonneville Power Administration South Bank Substation, I-84, South of Bonneville Dam Powerhouse, Bonneville, Multnomah County, OR

NORTH REAR AND WEST SIDE, Looking southeast down Saturn Boulevard. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

NORTH REAR AND WEST SIDE, Looking southeast down Saturn Boulevard. February, 1998 - Edwards Air Force Base, Air Force Rocket Propulsion Laboratory, Electrical Substation, Test Area 1-115, northwest end of Saturn Boulevard, Boron, Kern County, CA

30 CFR 57.4160 - Underground electric substations and liquid storage facilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF LABOR METAL AND NONMETAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS-UNDERGROUND METAL AND NONMETAL MINES Fire Prevention and Control Prohibitions/precautions/housekeeping § 57.4160... noncombustible materials with equivalent fire protection characteristics. ...

76 FR 63920 - Eldorado Pumped Storage, LLC.; Notice of Preliminary Permit Application Accepted for Filing and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-14

... Marketplace, McCullough, or Eldorado substations. The tentative source for initial fill of water and evaporation compensation would be the Southern Nevada Water Authority. The specific routing for that water...

15 CFR 90.3 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... non-functioning county or statistical equivalent means a sub-state entity that does not function as an... program, an eligible governmental unit also includes the District of Columbia and non-functioning counties or statistical equivalents represented by a FSCPE member agency. ...

76 FR 16766 - ECOsponsible, Inc.; Notice of Preliminary Permit Application Accepted for Filing and Soliciting...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-25

... feasibility of the Niagara River Community Hydro Project (Niagara Project or project) to be located on the... electricity to an onshore collection substation and point of interconnection switchyard; (3) an operations and...

Rotational Spectrum, Conformational Composition, Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding, and Quantum Chemical Calculations of Mercaptoacetonitrile (HSCH2C≡N), a Compound of Potential Astrochemical Interest.

PubMed

Møllendal, Harald; Samdal, Svein; Guillemin, Jean-Claude

2016-03-31

The microwave spectra of mercaptoacetonitrile (HSCH2C≡N) and one deuterated species (DSCH2C≡N) were investigated in the 7.5-124 GHz spectral interval. The spectra of two conformers denoted SC and AP were assigned. The H-S-C-C chain of atoms is synclinal in SC and anti-periplanar in AP. The ground state of SC is split into two substates separated by a comparatively small energy difference resulting in closely spaced transitions with equal intensities. Several transitions of the parent species of SC deviate from Watson's Hamiltonian. Only slight improvements were obtained using a Hamiltonian that takes coupling between the two substates into account. Deviations from Watson's Hamiltonian were also observed for the parent species of AP. However, the spectrum of the deuterated species, which was investigated only for the SC conformer, fits satisfactorily to Watson's Hamiltonian. Relative intensity measurements found SC to be lower in energy than AP by 3.8(3) kJ/mol. The strength of the intramolecular hydrogen bond between the thiol and cyano groups was estimated to be ∼2.1 kJ/mol. The microwave work was augmented by quantum chemical calculations at CCSD and MP2 levels using basis sets of minimum triple-ζ quality. Mercaptoacetonitrile has astrochemical interest, and the spectra presented herein should be useful for a potential identification of this compound in the interstellar medium. Three different ways of generating mercaptoacetonitrile from compounds already found in the interstellar medium were explored by quantum chemical calculations.

Michigan sub-state area long range plans : final summary report

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1995-09-01

Extensive change will mark the future of transportation in Michigan. To meet this challenge, the Michigan Department of Transportation (M.DOT) embarked upon the creation of a statewide plan to chart improvements to the transportation system and to de...

76 FR 35874 - Union Electric Company (dba Ameren Missouri); Notice of Application Accepted for Filing and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-20

... generators with a total installed capacity of 408 megawatts; (5) an excavated tailrace and open channel to the lower reservoir; (6) a 138-kilovolt switchyard/ substation; (7) a gravel and sedimentation trap...

51. LOOKING NORTHEAST AT EIMCO WASTE WATER TREATMENT THICKENER No. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

51. LOOKING NORTHEAST AT EIMCO WASTE WATER TREATMENT THICKENER No. 2, ELECTRIC POWERHOUSE No. 2, AND OUTDOOR ELECTRICAL SUBSTATION IN BACKGROUND. (Jet Lowe) - U.S. Steel Duquesne Works, Blast Furnace Plant, Along Monongahela River, Duquesne, Allegheny County, PA

7. SECOND FLOOR, EAST SIDE OF BUILDING LOOKING SOUTHEAST, AREA ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

7. SECOND FLOOR, EAST SIDE OF BUILDING LOOKING SOUTHEAST, AREA PREVIOUSLY CONTAINED HIGH TENSION BUS AND SWITCHING EQUIPMENT FOR BUILDINGS L1 AND L2 - Portland General Electric Company, Lincoln Substation, 1841 Southeast Water Street, Portland, Multnomah County, OR

1. ENVIRONMENT, FROM NORTHWEST, SHOWING B&P INTERLOCKING TOWER AND POWER ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. ENVIRONMENT, FROM NORTHWEST, SHOWING B&P INTERLOCKING TOWER AND POWER SUBSTATIONS - Baltimore & Potomac Interlocking Tower, Adjacent to AMTRAK railroad tracks in block bounded by Howard Street, Jones Falls Expressway, Maryland Avenue & Falls Road, Baltimore, Independent City, MD

76 FR 48853 - FFP Project 70, LLC; Notice of Preliminary Permit Application Accepted for Filing and Soliciting...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-09

...-up transformer and high-side and low-side disconnects; (8) a 900-foot-long, 161-kilovolt (kV) transmission line connecting the substation to Ameren UE's existing infrastructure; and (9) appurtenant...

76 FR 16766 - ECOsponsible, Inc.; Notice of Preliminary Permit Application Accepted for Filing and Soliciting...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-25

... feasibility of the Niagara River Community Hydro Project 2 (Niagara 2 Project or project) to be located on the... electricity to an onshore collection substation and point of interconnection switchyard; (3) an operations and...

Long Island Smart Energy Corridor

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mui, Ming

The Long Island Power Authority (LIPA) has teamed with Stony Brook University (Stony Brook or SBU) and Farmingdale State College (Farmingdale or FSC), two branches of the State University of New York (SUNY), to create a “Smart Energy Corridor.” The project, located along the Route 110 business corridor on Long Island, New York, demonstrated the integration of a suite of Smart Grid technologies from substations to end-use loads. The Smart Energy Corridor Project included the following key features: -TECHNOLOGY: Demonstrated a full range of smart energy technologies, including substations and distribution feeder automation, fiber and radio communications backbone, advanced meteringmore » infrastructure (AM”), meter data management (MDM) system (which LIPA implemented outside of this project), field tools automation, customer-level energy management including automated energy management systems, and integration with distributed generation and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. -MARKETING: A rigorous market test that identified customer response to an alternative time-of-use pricing plan and varying levels of information and analytical support. -CYBER SECURITY: Tested cyber security vulnerabilities in Smart Grid hardware, network, and application layers. Developed recommendations for policies, procedures, and technical controls to prevent or foil cyber-attacks and to harden the Smart Grid infrastructure. -RELIABILITY: Leveraged new Smart Grid-enabled data to increase system efficiency and reliability. Developed enhanced load forecasting, phase balancing, and voltage control techniques designed to work hand-in-hand with the Smart Grid technologies. -OUTREACH: Implemented public outreach and educational initiatives that were linked directly to the demonstration of Smart Grid technologies, tools, techniques, and system configurations. This included creation of full-scale operating models demonstrating application of Smart Grid technologies in business and residential settings. Farmingdale State College held three international conferences on energy and sustainability and Smart Grid related technologies and policies. These conferences, in addition to public seminars increased understanding and acceptance of Smart Grid transformation by the general public, business, industry, and municipalities in the Long Island and greater New York region. - JOB CREATION: Provided training for the Smart Grid and clean energy jobs of the future at both Farmingdale and Stony Brook. Stony Brook focused its “Cradle to Fortune 500” suite of economic development resources on the opportunities emerging from the project, helping to create new technologies, new businesses, and new jobs. To achieve these features, LIPA and its sub-recipients, FSC and SBU, each have separate but complementary objectives. At LIPA, the Smart Energy Corridor (1) meant validating Smart Grid technologies; (2) quantifying Smart Grid costs and benefits; and (3) providing insights into how Smart Grid applications can be better implemented, readily adapted, and replicated in individual homes and businesses. LIPA installed 2,550 AMI meters (exceeding the 500 AMI meters in the original plan), created three “smart” substations serving the Corridor, and installed additional distribution automation elements including two-way communications and digital controls over various feeders and capacitor banks. It gathered and analyzed customer behavior information on how they responded to a new “smart” TOU rate and to various levels of information and analytical tools.« less

Transient dynamics in cavity electromagnetically induced transparency with ion Coulomb crystals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Albert, Magnus; Dantan, Aurélien; Drewsen, Michael

2018-03-01

We experimentally investigate the transient dynamics of an optical cavity field interacting with large ion Coulomb crystals in a situation of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). EIT is achieved by injecting a probe field at the single photon level and a more intense control field with opposite circular polarization into the same mode of an optical cavity to couple Zeeman substates of a metastable level in ? ions. The EIT interaction dynamics are investigated both in the frequency-domain - by measuring the probe field steady state reflectivity spectrum - and in the time-domain - by measuring the progressive buildup of transparency. The experimental results are observed to be in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions taking into account the inhomogeneity of the control field in the interaction volume, and confirm the high degree of control on light-matter interaction that can be achieved with ion Coulomb crystals in optical cavities.

76 FR 54752 - Union Electric Company (dba Ameren Missouri); Notice of Application Ready for Environmental...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-02

... open channel to the lower reservoir; (6) a 138-kilovolt switchyard/ substation; (7) a gravel and sedimentation trap (bin wall) on the East Fork of the Black River; and (8) associated ancillary equipment. m. A...

7. Photocopy of Elevations drawing (from the BPA Engineering Vault, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

7. Photocopy of Elevations drawing (from the BPA Engineering Vault, Drawing C13-J2-342-D1, Sheet 3, 13 March 1939) - Bonneville Power Administration South Bank Substation, I-84, South of Bonneville Dam Powerhouse, Bonneville, Multnomah County, OR

Big Creek Hydroelectric System, East & West Transmission Line, 241mile ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Big Creek Hydroelectric System, East & West Transmission Line, 241-mile transmission corridor extending between the Big Creek Hydroelectric System in the Sierra National Forest in Fresno County and the Eagle Rock Substation in Los Angeles, California, Visalia, Tulare County, CA

76 FR 53437 - Free Flow Power Corporation; Northland Power Mississippi River LLC; Notice of Competing...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-26

... a matrix on the bottom of the river; (2) the total capacity of the installation would be up to 35,000 kilowatts; (3) shielded underwater cables would convey each matrix power to a substation; and (4...

76 FR 53430 - Free Flow Power Corporation; Northland Power Mississippi River LLC; Notice of Competing...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-26

.... 14076-000 would consist of: (1) Up to 376 TREK generating units installed in a matrix on the bottom of... underwater cables would convey each matrix power to a substation; and (4) a transmission line would...

76 FR 53435 - Free Flow Power Corporation; Northland Power Mississippi River LLC; Notice of Competing...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-26

.... 14089-000 would consist of: (1) Up to 260 TREK generating units installed in a matrix on the bottom of... underwater cables would convey each matrix power to a substation; and (4) a transmission line would...

76 FR 53436 - Free Flow Power Corporation; Northland Power Mississippi River LLC; Notice of Competing...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-26

.... 14091-000 would consist of: (1) Up to 400 TREK generating units installed in a matrix on the bottom of... underwater cables would convey each matrix power to a substation; and (4) a transmission line would...

76 FR 53443 - Northland Power Mississippi River LLC; Notice of Preliminary Permit Application Accepted for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-26

... would consist of the following: (1) Up to 120 TREK generating units installed in a matrix on the bottom...) shielded underwater cables would convey each matrix power to a substation; and (4) a transmission line...

76 FR 53434 - Free Flow Power Corporation, Northland Power Mississippi River LLC; Notice of Competing...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-26

...) Up to 160 TREK generating units installed in a matrix on the bottom of the river; (2) the total... each matrix power to a substation; and (4) a transmission line would interconnect with the power grid...

76 FR 53433 - Free Flow Power Corporation; Northland Power Mississippi River LLC; Notice of Competing...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-26

...-000 would consist of: (1) Up to 400 TREK generating units installed in a matrix on the bottom of the... underwater cables would convey each matrix power to a substation; and (4) a transmission line would...

76 FR 53436 - Free Flow Power Corporation; Northland Power Mississippi River LLC; Notice of Competing...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-26

.... 14090-000 would consist of: (1) Up to 200 TREK generating units installed in a matrix on the bottom of... underwater cables would convey each matrix's power to a substation; and (4) a transmission line would...

76 FR 53427 - Free Flow Power Corporation; Northland Power Mississippi River LLC; Notice of Competing...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-26

.... 14074-000 would consist of: (1) Up to 376 TREK generating units installed in a matrix on the bottom of... underwater cables would convey each matrix power to a substation; and (4) a transmission line would...

76 FR 53438 - Free Flow Power Corporation; Northland Power Mississippi River LLC; Notice of Competing...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-26

.... 14081-000 would consist of: (1) Up to 50 TREK generating units installed in a matrix on the bottom of... underwater cables would convey each matrix power to a substation; and (4) a transmission line would...

76 FR 53434 - Free Flow Power Corporation; Northland Power Mississippi River LLC; Notice of Competing...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-26

.... 14093-000 would consist of: (1) Up to 160 TREK generating units installed in a matrix on the bottom of... underwater cables would convey each matrix power to a substation; and (4) a transmission line would...

76 FR 53431 - Free Flow Power Corporation; Northland Power Mississippi River LLC; Notice of Competing...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-26

.... 14072-000 would consist of: (1) Up to 150 TREK generating units installed in a matrix on the bottom of... underwater cables would convey each matrix power to a substation; and (4) a transmission line would...

76 FR 53443 - Northland Power Mississippi River LLC; Notice of Preliminary Permit Application Accepted for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-26

... of the following: (1) Up to 75 TREK generating units installed in a matrix on the bottom of the river... cables would convey each matrix power to a substation; and (4) a transmission line would interconnect...

76 FR 53427 - Free Flow Power Corporation; Northland Power Mississippi River LLC; Notice of Competing...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-26

.... 14092-000 would consist of: (1) Up to 180 TREK generating units installed in a matrix on the bottom of... underwater cables would convey each matrix power to a substation; and (4) a transmission line would...

76 FR 53432 - Free Flow Power Corporation; Northland Power Mississippi River LLC; Notice of Competing...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-26

.... 14099-000 would consist of: (1) Up to 380 TREK generating units installed in a matrix on the bottom of... underwater cables would convey each matrix power to a substation; and (4) a transmission line would...

76 FR 53438 - Free Flow Power Corporation; Northland Power Mississippi River LLC; Notice of Competing...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-26

.... 14096-000 would consist of: (1) Up to 340 TREK generating units installed in a matrix on the bottom of... underwater cables would convey each matrix power to a substation; and (4) a transmission line would...

Electrical Equipment of Electrical Stations and Substations,

DTIC Science & Technology

1979-10-25

of Communist society. In 1921 he wrote: "fhe sole material base of socialism can be the large/coarse machine industry, capable of reorganizing and...produced with the aid of special switching system, structurally/ constructionally being part transformer itself. The transformers, supplied with this

Phosphorylation of rat brain purified mitochondrial Voltage-Dependent Anion Channel by c-Jun N-terminal kinase-3 modifies open-channel noise.

PubMed

Gupta, Rajeev

2017-09-02

The drift kinetic energy of ionic flow through single ion channels cause vibrations of the pore walls which are observed as open-state current fluctuations (open-channel noise) during single-channel recordings. Vibration of the pore wall leads to transitions among different conformational sub-states of the channel protein in the open-state. Open-channel noise analysis can provide important information about the different conformational sub-state transitions and how biochemical modifications of ion channels would affect their transport properties. It has been shown that c-Jun N-terminal kinase-3 (JNK3) becomes activated by phosphorylation in various neurodegenerative diseases and phosphorylates outer mitochondrion associated proteins leading to neuronal apoptosis. In our earlier work, JNK3 has been reported to phosphorylate purified rat brain mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) in vitro and modify its conductance and opening probability. In this article we have compared the open-state noise profile of the native and the JNK3 phosphorylated VDAC using Power Spectral Density vs frequency plots. Power spectral density analysis of open-state noise indicated power law with average slope value α ≈1 for native VDAC at both positive and negative voltage whereas average α value < 0.5 for JNK3 phosphorylated VDAC at both positive and negative voltage. It is proposed that 1/f 1 power law in native VDAC open-state noise arises due to coupling of ionic transport and conformational sub-states transitions in open-state and this coupling is perturbed as a result of channel phosphorylation. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Occupational exposure to electric fields and induced currents associated with 400 kV substation tasks from different service platforms.

PubMed

Korpinen, Leena H; Elovaara, Jarmo A; Kuisti, Harri A

2011-01-01

The aim of the study was to investigate the occupational exposure to electric fields, average current densities, and average total contact currents at 400 kV substation tasks from different service platforms (main transformer inspection, maintenance of operating device of disconnector, maintenance of operating device of circuit breaker). The average values are calculated over measured periods (about 2.5 min). In many work tasks, the maximum electric field strengths exceeded the action values proposed in the EU Directive 2004/40/EC, but the average electric fields (0.2-24.5 kV/m) were at least 40% lower than the maximum values. The average current densities were 0.1-2.3 mA/m² and the average total contact currents 2.0-143.2 µA, that is, clearly less than the limit values of the EU Directive. The average values of the currents in head and contact currents were 16-68% lower than the maximum values when we compared the average value from all cases in the same substation. In the future it is important to pay attention to the fact that the action and limit values of the EU Directive differ significantly. It is also important to take into account that generally, the workers' exposure to the electric fields, current densities, and total contact currents are obviously lower if we use the average values from a certain measured time period (e.g., 2.5 min) than in the case where exposure is defined with only the help of the maximum values. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

20 CFR 631.19 - Appeals.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... training plans or modifications) shall apply to final disapproval of substate plans under § 631.50(f) of...' Benefits EMPLOYMENT AND TRAINING ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR PROGRAMS UNDER TITLE III OF THE JOB TRAINING PARTNERSHIP ACT Additional Title III Administrative Standards and Procedures § 631.19 Appeals...

75 FR 39241 - Hooper Springs Project

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-07-08

... Power Administration (BPA), Department of Energy (DOE). ACTION: Notice of Intent to prepare an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) and notice of floodplain and wetlands involvement. SUMMARY: BPA intends to... (collectively referred to as the Hooper Springs Project). The new BPA substation would be called Hooper Springs...

9. Photocopy of Reinforced Concrete Details drawing (from the BPA ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

9. Photocopy of Reinforced Concrete Details drawing (from the BPA Engineering Vault, Drawing C13-J2-342-D1, Sheet 6, 13 March 1939) - Bonneville Power Administration South Bank Substation, I-84, South of Bonneville Dam Powerhouse, Bonneville, Multnomah County, OR

78 FR 60273 - Granby Pumping Plant Switchyard-Windy Gap Substation Transmission Line Rebuild, Grand County...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-10-01

... marketing administration in the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), owns and operates the 69-kilovolt (kV... the project. No new sources of power would be needed for the project. The resource mix would not be...

2. ENVIRONMENT, FROM SOUTHEAST, SHOWING B&P INTERLOCKING TOWER, AUXILIARY INTERLOCKING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

2. ENVIRONMENT, FROM SOUTHEAST, SHOWING B&P INTERLOCKING TOWER, AUXILIARY INTERLOCKING BUILDING, AND POWER SUBSTATION - Baltimore & Potomac Interlocking Tower, Adjacent to AMTRAK railroad tracks in block bounded by Howard Street, Jones Falls Expressway, Maryland Avenue & Falls Road, Baltimore, Independent City, MD

30 CFR 77.1103 - Flammable liquids; storage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... storage tanks shall be mounted securely on firm foundations. Outlet piping shall be provided with flexible connections or other special fittings to prevent adverse effects from tank settling. (c) Fuel lines shall be... hazards. (d) Areas surrounding flammable-liquid storage tanks and electric substations and transformers...

50. Photocopy of photograph, April 27, 1937. VIEW OF POWER ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

50. Photocopy of photograph, April 27, 1937. VIEW OF POWER HOUSE AND SUBSTATION DURING FLOOD. (Courtesy of the Potomac Edison Company Library (Hagerstown, MD), Historical Data Files, Dam No. 5 listing) - Dam No. 5 Hydroelectric Plant, On Potomac River, Hedgesville, Berkeley County, WV

State and Substate Estimates of Nonmedical Use of Prescription Pain Relievers

MedlinePlus

... of NSDUH's strengths is the stability of its survey design, which allows for multiple years of data to ... 204,000 respondents aged 12 or older. The Survey collects data by administering ... in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. (RTI International is a ...

76 FR 53445 - Northland Power Mississippi River LLC; Notice of Preliminary Permit Application Accepted for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-26

... installed in a matrix on the bottom of the river; (2) the total capacity of the installation would be up to 75,000 kilowatts; (3) shielded underwater cables would convey each matrix power to a substation; and...

76 FR 53439 - Free Flow Power Corporation; Northland Power Mississippi River LLC; Notice of Competing...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-26

... consist of: (1) Up to 75 TREK generating units installed in a matrix on the bottom of the river; (2) the... convey each matrix power to a substation; and (4) a transmission line would interconnect with the power...

76 FR 53446 - Northland Power Mississippi River LLC; Notice of Preliminary Permit Application Accepted for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-26

... installed in a matrix on the bottom of the river; (2) the total capacity of the installation would be up to 35,000 kilowatts; (3) shielded underwater cables would convey each matrix power to a substation; and...

76 FR 53444 - Northland Power Mississippi River LLC; Notice of Preliminary Permit Application Accepted for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-26

... following: (1) Up to 240 TREK generating units installed in a matrix on the bottom of the river; (2) the... convey each matrix power to a substation; and (4) a transmission line would interconnect with the power...

76 FR 53432 - Free Flow Power Corporation; Northland Power Mississippi River LLC; Notice of Competing...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-26

...: (1) Up to 1,053 TREK generating units installed in a matrix on the bottom of the river; (2) the total... each matrix power to a substation; and (4) a transmission line would interconnect with the power grid...

76 FR 53429 - Free Flow Power Corporation; Northland Power Mississippi River LLC; Notice of Competing...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-26

... consist of: (1) Up to 677 TREK generating units installed in a matrix on the bottom of the river; (2) the... would convey each matrix power to a substation; and (4) a transmission line would interconnect with the...

29 CFR 1926.957 - Construction in energized substations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... lines. When it is necessary to deenergize equipment or lines for protection of employees, the... performed by designated employees. (2) Precaution shall be taken to prevent accidental operation of relays... removed for construction purposes, a temporary fence affording similar protection when the site is...

29 CFR 1926.957 - Construction in energized substations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... lines. When it is necessary to deenergize equipment or lines for protection of employees, the... performed by designated employees. (2) Precaution shall be taken to prevent accidental operation of relays... removed for construction purposes, a temporary fence affording similar protection when the site is...

Phosphorylation of an intrinsically disordered segment in Ets1 shifts conformational sampling toward binding-competent substates.

PubMed

Bui, Jennifer M; Gsponer, Jörg

2014-08-05

Functions of many proteins are affected by posttranslational modifications of intrinsically disordered (ID) regions, yet little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms. By combining molecular dynamics simulations and protein docking, we demonstrate that the addition of phosphates to an ID segment adjacent to the PNT domain of Ets1 directs conformational sampling toward substates that are most compatible with high-affinity binding of the TAZ1 domain of its coactivator CBP. The phosphate charges disrupt salt bridges and thereby open a hydrophobic cleft and expose hydrophobic residues at the ID N terminus. The structure of the PNT-TAZ1 complex that we determined shows that PNT binds to TAZ1 via these hydrophobic regions in a similar manner to how it interacts with other partners. Our calculations reveal a dual effect of phosphorylation in that it changes the dynamics of PNT so that it becomes more compatible for TAZ1 binding and increases complementarity with this binding partner. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Lessons Learned "Establishing an Electrically Safe Work Condition" Specifically related to Racking Electrical Breakers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Martinez, Tommy Robert; Romero, Philbert Roland; Garcia, Samuel Anthony

During low voltage electrical equipment maintenance, a bad breaker was identified. The breaker was racked out from the substation cubicle without following the hazardous energy control process identified in the Integrated Work Document (IWD). The IWD required the substation to be in an electrically safe work condition prior to racking the breaker. Per NFPA 70E requirements, electrical equipment shall be put into an electrically safe work condition before an employee performs work on or interacts with equipment in a manner that increases the likelihood of creating an arc flash. Racking in or out a breaker on an energized bus maymore » increase the likelihood of creating an arc flash dependent on equipment conditions. A thorough risk assessment must be performed prior to performing such a task. The risk assessment determines the risk control measures to be put in place prior to performing the work. Electrical Safety Officers (ESO) can assist in performing risk assessments and incorporating risk control measures.« less

Hypothesized diprotomeric enzyme complex supported by stochastic modelling of palytoxin-induced Na/K pump channels

PubMed Central

Vilallonga, Gabriel D.; de Almeida, Antônio-Carlos G.; Ribeiro, Kelison T.; Campos, Sergio V. A.

2018-01-01

The sodium–potassium pump (Na+/K+ pump) is crucial for cell physiology. Despite great advances in the understanding of this ionic pumping system, its mechanism is not completely understood. We propose the use of a statistical model checker to investigate palytoxin (PTX)-induced Na+/K+ pump channels. We modelled a system of reactions representing transitions between the conformational substates of the channel with parameters, concentrations of the substates and reaction rates extracted from simulations reported in the literature, based on electrophysiological recordings in a whole-cell configuration. The model was implemented using the UPPAAL-SMC platform. Comparing simulations and probabilistic queries from stochastic system semantics with experimental data, it was possible to propose additional reactions to reproduce the single-channel dynamic. The probabilistic analyses and simulations suggest that the PTX-induced Na+/K+ pump channel functions as a diprotomeric complex in which protein–protein interactions increase the affinity of the Na+/K+ pump for PTX. PMID:29657808

Study on Earthquake Response of High Voltage Electrical Equipment Coupling System with Flexible Busbar

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Chuncheng; Qu, Da; Wang, Chongyang; Lv, Chunlei; Li, Guoqiang

2017-12-01

With the rapid development of technology and society, all walks of life in China are becoming more and more dependent on power systems. When earthquake occurs, the electrical equipment of substation is prone to damage because of its own structural features, top-heavy, and brittleness of main body. At the same time, due to the complex coupling of the soft electrical connection of substation electrical equipment, the negative impact can not be estimated. In this paper, the finite element model of the coupling system of the single unit of high voltage electrical equipment with the connecting soft bus is established and the seismic response is analysed. The results showed that there is a significant difference between the simple analysis for the seismic response of electrical equipment monomer and the analytical results of electrical equipment systems, and the impact on different electrical equipment is different. It lays a foundation for the future development of seismic performance analysis of extra high voltage electrical equipment.

Structure-Function Perturbation and Dissociation of Tetrameric Urate Oxidase by High Hydrostatic Pressure

PubMed Central

Girard, Eric; Marchal, Stéphane; Perez, Javier; Finet, Stéphanie; Kahn, Richard; Fourme, Roger; Marassio, Guillaume; Dhaussy, Anne-Claire; Prangé, Thierry; Giffard, Marion; Dulin, Fabienne; Bonneté, Françoise; Lange, Reinhard; Abraini, Jacques H.; Mezouar, Mohamed; Colloc'h, Nathalie

2010-01-01

Abstract Structure-function relationships in the tetrameric enzyme urate oxidase were investigated using pressure perturbation. As the active sites are located at the interfaces between monomers, enzyme activity is directly related to the integrity of the tetramer. The effect of hydrostatic pressure on the enzyme was investigated by x-ray crystallography, small-angle x-ray scattering, and fluorescence spectroscopy. Enzymatic activity was also measured under pressure and after decompression. A global model, consistent with all measurements, discloses structural and functional details of the pressure-induced dissociation of the tetramer. Before dissociating, the pressurized protein adopts a conformational substate characterized by an expansion of its substrate binding pocket at the expense of a large neighboring hydrophobic cavity. This substate should be adopted by the enzyme during its catalytic mechanism, where the active site has to accommodate larger intermediates and product. The approach, combining several high-pressure techniques, offers a new (to our knowledge) means of exploring structural and functional properties of transient states relevant to protein mechanisms. PMID:20483346

Multipole mixing ratios and substate populations in Rn-219

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jones, G. D.

2016-08-01

Historical alpha-gamma angular correlation data for the decay of 223Ra into excited states of 219Rn have been analysed, using the correct spins of the states involved, for the first time. The analyses produced multipole mixing ratios (E2/M1) of δ (144)=-0.11\\+/- 0.03, δ (154)=0, δ (158)=-0.205\\+/- 0.018 and δ (269)=-0.149\\+/- 0.004 where the nominal transition energies, in keV, are given in brackets. These values are consistent with published values obtained from internal conversion electron spectroscopy. It is also found that δ (324)=0 and δ (338)=-0.235\\+/- 0.030 (where both values differ from current tabulations) and that the sign of the multipole mixing ratio for the 122 keV transition is negative. The 158, 269 and 338 keV states are found to be aligned with high population of M=+/- 3/2 substates and the 127 keV state is believed to have undergone spin relaxation.

Probing RNA Native Conformational Ensembles with Structural Constraints.

PubMed

Fonseca, Rasmus; van den Bedem, Henry; Bernauer, Julie

2016-05-01

Noncoding ribonucleic acids (RNA) play a critical role in a wide variety of cellular processes, ranging from regulating gene expression to post-translational modification and protein synthesis. Their activity is modulated by highly dynamic exchanges between three-dimensional conformational substates, which are difficult to characterize experimentally and computationally. Here, we present an innovative, entirely kinematic computational procedure to efficiently explore the native ensemble of RNA molecules. Our procedure projects degrees of freedom onto a subspace of conformation space defined by distance constraints in the tertiary structure. The dimensionality reduction enables efficient exploration of conformational space. We show that the conformational distributions obtained with our method broadly sample the conformational landscape observed in NMR experiments. Compared to normal mode analysis-based exploration, our procedure diffuses faster through the experimental ensemble while also accessing conformational substates to greater precision. Our results suggest that conformational sampling with a highly reduced but fully atomistic representation of noncoding RNA expresses key features of their dynamic nature.

75 FR 27550 - Electrical Interconnection of the Juniper Canyon I Wind Project

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-05-17

... Canyon I Wind Project AGENCY: Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), Department of Energy (DOE). ACTION: Notice of Availability of Record of Decision (ROD). SUMMARY: The Bonneville Power Administration (BPA... County, Washington. To interconnect the Wind Project, BPA will expand an existing substation (Rock Creek...

76 FR 63294 - Combined Notice of Filings #1

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-12

... that the Commission received the following electric rate filings: Docket Numbers: ER11-3812-001... Time on Monday, October 24, 2011. Docket Numbers: ER12-11-000. Applicants: Nevada Power Company. Description: Nevada Power Company submits tariff filing per 35.12: Rate Schedule No. 123 Merchant Substation...

75 FR 7231 - Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-02-18

... Business Service (RBS) through Rural Development State and sub-State offices serving each State. Need and Use of the Information: RBS will collect information to determine a lender and borrower eligibility and creditworthiness. The information is used by RBS loan officers and approval officials to determine...

77 FR 14416 - Notice of Availability of a Final Environmental Impact Statement and Final Environmental Impact...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-09

... wind turbine generators; a substation; administration, operations and maintenance facilities... Action (the ``Refined Project''). Under the Refined Project configuration, only 112 wind turbines... Report for the Pattern Energy Group's Ocotillo Express Wind Energy Project and Proposed California Desert...

76 FR 53449 - Northland Power Mississippi River LLC; Notice of Preliminary Permit Application Accepted for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-26

...) Up to 320 TREK generating units installed in a matrix on the bottom of the river; (2) the total... each matrix's power to a substation; and (4) a transmission line would interconnect with the power grid. The proposed [[Page 53450

Patterns of State-Regional Cooperation in Nebraska.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bansal, Prem Lata

This study empirically explores patterns of authority delegation by Nebraska state agencies to substate regional organizations and evaluates the effectiveness of those patterns in realizing the goals of decentralization. Information about the field operations and role perceptions of various state agencies was gathered through use of a…

Supplement Analysis for the Transmission System Vegetation Management Program FEIS (DOE/EIS-0285/SA-81)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Howington, John

2002-07-09

BPA proposes total vegetation management (bare ground) in the electrical substations, and, noxious weed management and maintenance of landscaping within the property boundaries of the listed facilities. These facilities are all located within The Dalles District of the Redmond Region.

[Ecological risk assessment of dam construction for terrestrial plant species in middle reach of Lancangjiang River, Southwest China].

PubMed

Li, Xiao-Yan; Dong, Shi-Kui; Liu, Shi-Liang; Peng, Ming-Chun; Li, Jin-Peng; Zhao, Qing-He; Zhang, Zhao-Ling

2012-08-01

Taking the surrounding areas of Xiaowan Reservoir in the middle reach of Lancangjiang River as study area, and based on the vegetation investigation at three sites including electricity transmission area (site 1), electricity-transfer substation and roadsides to the substation (site 2), and emigration area (site 3) in 1997 (before dam construction), another investigation was conducted on the vegetation composition, plant coverage, and dominant species at the same sites in 2010 (after dam construction), aimed to evaluate the ecological risk of the dam construction for the terrestrial plant species in middle reach of Lancangjiang River. There was an obvious difference in the summed dominance ratio of dominant species at the three sites before and after the dam construction. According the types of species (dominant and non-dominant species) and the changes of plant dominance, the ecological risk (ER) for the plant species was categorized into 0 to IV, i.e., no or extremely low ecological risk (0), low ecological risk (I), medium ecological risk (II), high ecological risk (III), and extremely high ecological risk (IV). As affected by the dam construction, the majority of the species were at ER III, and a few species were at ER IV. The percentage of the plant species at ER III and ER IV at site 3 was higher than that at sites 1 and 2. The decrease or loss of native plants and the increase of alien or invasive plants were the major ecological risks caused by the dam construction. Effective protection strategies should be adopted to mitigate the ecological risk of the dam construction for the terrestrial plants at species level.

20 CFR 631.31 - Monitoring and oversight.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... TITLE III OF THE JOB TRAINING PARTNERSHIP ACT State Administration § 631.31 Monitoring and oversight. The Governor is responsible for monitoring and oversight of all State and substate grantee activities... 20 Employees' Benefits 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Monitoring and oversight. 631.31 Section 631...

20 CFR 631.31 - Monitoring and oversight.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... TITLE III OF THE JOB TRAINING PARTNERSHIP ACT State Administration § 631.31 Monitoring and oversight. The Governor is responsible for monitoring and oversight of all State and substate grantee activities... 20 Employees' Benefits 3 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Monitoring and oversight. 631.31 Section 631...

20 CFR 631.31 - Monitoring and oversight.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... TITLE III OF THE JOB TRAINING PARTNERSHIP ACT State Administration § 631.31 Monitoring and oversight. The Governor is responsible for monitoring and oversight of all State and substate grantee activities... 20 Employees' Benefits 3 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Monitoring and oversight. 631.31 Section 631...

76 FR 59394 - Big Eddy-Knight Transmission Project

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-26

...: Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), Department of Energy (DOE). ACTION: Notice of Availability of Record... that BPA has received by increasing BPA's 500-kV transmission capability to move power from the east...-kilovolt (kV) transmission line and ancillary facilities between BPA's existing Big Eddy Substation in The...

77 FR 26275 - Bonneville Power Administration; Montana-to-Washington Transmission System Upgrade Project EIS

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-03

... Upgrade Project EIS AGENCY: Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), Department of Energy (DOE). ACTION... involvement. SUMMARY: BPA intends to prepare an EIS in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act... consist of a combination of reinforcements of five existing BPA substations, placement of new conductor on...

6. Photocopy of Location, Site & Wall Sections drawing (from ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

6. Photocopy of Location, Site & Wall Sections drawing (from the Bonneville Power Administration Engineering Vault, Portland, Oregon, Drawing C13-J2-342-D1, Sheet 1, 13 March 1939) - Bonneville Power Administration South Bank Substation, I-84, South of Bonneville Dam Powerhouse, Bonneville, Multnomah County, OR

77 FR 22774 - Estes to Flatiron Substation Transmission Lines Rebuild Project, Larimer County, CO

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-17

... Floodplain and Wetlands Involvement. SUMMARY: Western Area Power Administration currently owns and operates... floodplains and wetlands, so this Notice of Intent (NOI) also serves as a notice of proposed floodplain or wetland action in accordance with DOE floodplain and wetland environmental review requirements. DATES...

77 FR 1498 - Draft Environmental Assessment and Proposed Single-Species Habitat Conservation Plan for the...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-01-10

... wind turbines and associated facilities and access roads, maintenance of the wind turbines and... include constructing and installing the wind turbines and associated electrical facilities and access... new 230- kilovolt substation (to be built on an existing pad), maintaining the new wind turbines and...

126. MOTOR CONTROL CENTER 1 (MCC1), FACING NORTH IN ROW ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

126. MOTOR CONTROL CENTER 1 (MCC-1), FACING NORTH IN ROW OF ELECTRICAL CABINETS JUST SOUTH OF TRANSFORMER SUBSTATION CABINETS IN TRANSFORMER ROOM (112), LSB (BLDG. 770) - Vandenberg Air Force Base, Space Launch Complex 3, Launch Pad 3 West, Napa & Alden Roads, Lompoc, Santa Barbara County, CA

GENERAL VIEW OF PUMPHOUSE FOUNDATIONS, ALSO SHOWING THREE PUMPS STILL ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

GENERAL VIEW OF PUMPHOUSE FOUNDATIONS, ALSO SHOWING THREE PUMPS STILL ON THE PAD, AND THE ELECTRICAL SUBSTATION IN LEFT MIDDLE DISTANCE - Edwards Air Force Base, Air Force Rocket Propulsion Laboratory, Flame Deflector Water System, Test Area 1-120, north end of Jupiter Boulevard, Boron, Kern County, CA

Field Trip.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sanders, Bill

1993-01-01

Reports the results of a field trip to measure the intensity of electromagnetic fields generated by electronic devices in the home, in cars, at work, outside, and in places people visit during the day. Found that a person gets more intense exposure while working at a computer than by living next to an electrical substation. (MDH)

19. DETAIL TO SOUTHEAST OF EXCITER 1 GIRARD TURBINE, SHOWING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

19. DETAIL TO SOUTHEAST OF EXCITER 1 GIRARD TURBINE, SHOWING BEVEL-GEARED REGISTER GATE CONTROLS, OLD POWERHOUSE BASEMENT - Trenton Falls Hydroelectric Station, Powerhouse & Substation, On west bank of West Canada Creek, along Trenton Falls Road, 1.25 miles north of New York Route 28, Trenton Falls, Oneida County, NY

Within compound, looking northwest, Power Plant (Building 5761) and Guard ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Within compound, looking northwest, Power Plant (Building 5761) and Guard Tower (Building 5762) to left, Electrical Substation to right - Beale Air Force Base, Perimeter Acquisition Vehicle Entry Phased-Array Warning System, End of Spencer Paul Road, north of Warren Shingle Road (14th Street), Marysville, Yuba County, CA

Development of Independent-type Optical CT

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yamaguchi, Tatsushi; Shiozawa, Daigoro; Rokunohe, Toshiaki; Kida, Junzo; Zhang, Wei

Optical current transformers (optical CTs) have features that they can be made much smaller and lighter than conventional electromagnetic induction transformers by their simple structure, and contribute to improvement of equipment reliability because of their excellent surge resistance performance. Authors consider optical CTs to be next generation transformers, and are conducting research and development of optical CTs aiming to apply to measuring and protection in electric power systems. Specifically we developed an independent-type optical CT by utilizing basic data of optical CTs accumulated for large current characteristics, temperature characteristics, vibration resistance characteristics, and so on. In performance verification, type tests complying with IEC standards, such as short-time current tests, insulation tests, accuracy tests, and so on, showed good results. This report describes basic principle and configuration of optical CTs. After that, as basic characteristics of optical CTs, conditions and results of verification tests for dielectric breakdown characteristics of sensor fibers, large current characteristics, temperature characteristics, and vibration resistance characteristics are described. Finally, development outline of the independent-type optical CT aiming to apply to all digital substation and its type tests results are described.

Polysil shows promise. [Made by combining silica or ground rock (90%), an organic binder, and reinforcing fibers (10%)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1978-04-01

A new synthetic, Polysil, promises to be half as costly to produce and even more suitable than porcelain as an outdoor insulating material for electric power equipment. Developed by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), the polymer-silica compound has twice as much dielectric strength and half as much dielectric constant as porcelain. It also has design flexibility and is more resistant to impact. As a derivative of polymer concrete with six to eight times the strength of concrete, it has been successfully used for erosion control around dams and power plants. Production is simple and can be decentralized. Metal insertsmore » can be cast into the insulators rather than attaching separate end caps to lower costs and reduce contamination. Field testing on Polysil will continue for several years to test application for disconnect switches in residential areas; to use as a structural form in substations and eliminate insulators; to encase underground transmission conductors; and for circuit breakers and tower footings. Utilities will be looking for confirmation of polysil's durability and performance before making an extensive commitment.« less

Spin-orbit-coupled Bose-Einstein condensates of rotating polar molecules

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Deng, Y.; You, L.; Yi, S.

2018-05-01

An experimental proposal for realizing spin-orbit (SO) coupling of pseudospin 1 in the ground manifold 1Σ (υ =0 ) of (bosonic) bialkali polar molecules is presented. The three spin components are composed of the ground rotational state and two substates from the first excited rotational level. Using hyperfine resolved Raman processes through two select excited states resonantly coupled by a microwave, an effective coupling between the spin tensor and linear momentum is realized. The properties of Bose-Einstein condensates for such SO-coupled molecules exhibiting dipolar interactions are further explored. In addition to the SO-coupling-induced stripe structures, the singly and doubly quantized vortex phases are found to appear, implicating exciting opportunities for exploring novel quantum physics using SO-coupled rotating polar molecules with dipolar interactions.

Renewable Energy Zones for Balancing Siting Trade-offs in India

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Deshmukh, Ranjit; Wu, Grace C.; Phadke, Amol

India’s targets of 175 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2022, and 40% generation capacity from non-fossil fuel sources by 2030 will require a rapid and dramatic increase in solar and wind capacity deployment and overcoming its associated economic, siting, and power system challenges. The objective of this study was to spatially identify the amount and quality of wind and utility-scale solar resource potential in India, and the possible siting-related constraints and opportunities for development of renewable resources. Using the Multi-criteria Analysis for Planning Renewable Energy (MapRE) methodological framework, we estimated several criteria valuable for the selection of sites formore » development for each identified potential "zone", such as the levelized cost of electricity, distance to nearest substation, capacity value (or the temporal matching of renewable energy generation to demand), and the type of land cover. We find that high quality resources are spatially heterogeneous across India, with most wind and solar resources concentrated in the southern and western states, and the northern state of Rajasthan. Assuming India's Central Electricity Regulatory Commission's norms, we find that the range of levelized costs of generation of wind and solar PV resources overlap, but concentrated solar power (CSP) resources can be approximately twice as expensive. Further, the levelized costs of generation vary much more across wind zones than those across solar zones because of greater heterogeneity in the quality of wind resources compared to that of solar resources. When considering transmission accessibility, we find that about half of all wind zones (47%) and two-thirds of all solar PV zones (66%) are more than 25 km from existing 220 kV and above substations, suggesting potential constraints in access to high voltage transmission infrastructure and opportunities for preemptive transmission planning to scale up RE development. Additionally and importantly, we find that about 84% of all wind zones are on agricultural land, which provide opportunities for multiple-uses of land but may also impose constraints on land availability. We find that only 29% of suitable solar PV sites and 15% of CSP sites are within 10 km of a surface water body suggesting water availability as a significant siting constraint for solar plants. Availability of groundwater resources was not analyzed as part of this study. Lastly, given the possible economic benefits of transmission extensions or upgrades that serve both wind and solar generators, we quantified the co-location opportunities between the two technologies and find that about a quarter (28%) of all solar PV zones overlap with wind zones. Using the planning tools made available as part of this study, these multiple siting constraints and opportunities can be systematically compared and weighted to prioritize development that achieves a particular technology target. Our results are limited by the uncertainties associated with the input datasets, in particular the geospatial wind and solar resource, transmission, and land use land cover datasets. As input datasets get updated and improved, the methodology and tools developed through this study can be easily adapted and applied to these new datasets to improve upon the results presented in this study. India is on a path to significantly decarbonize its electricity grid through wind and solar development. A stakeholder-driven, systematic, and integrated planning approach using data and tools such as those highlighted in this study is essential to not only meet the country's RE targets, but to meet them in a cost-effective, and socially and environmentally sustainable way.« less

Negotiating water across levels: A peace and conflict "Toolbox" for water diplomacy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Grech-Madin, Charlotte; Döring, Stefan; Kim, Kyungmee; Swain, Ashok

2018-04-01

As a key policy tool, water diplomacy offers greater political engagement in the cooperative management of shared water. A range of initiatives has been dedicated to this end, almost invariably oriented around the interactions of nation states. Crucially, however, practitioners of water diplomacy also need to address water governance at sub-state levels. As a political, multi-level, and normative field, peace and conflict research offers a pluralism of approaches designed to bring actors together at all levels. Drawing upon this research, this paper offers new focal points for water diplomacy that can enhance its policy effectiveness and enrich its underlying academic current. More specifically, it presents three hitherto undervalued tools for water diplomacy: at the interstate level, to uncover the rich body of political norms that bind states to shared understandings of acceptable practice around water. At the intrastate level, to incorporate ethnography of water users and civil society groups' responses to state-led waterworks projects, and at the communal level to employ disaggregated georeferenced data on water resources in conflict-prone areas. Taken together, these analytical tools provide a multi-faceted political gauge of the dynamics of water diplomacy, and add vital impetus to develop water diplomacy across multiple levels of policy engagement.

76 FR 67670 - Basin Electric Power Cooperative, Inc.: Notice of Intent To Prepare an Environmental Impact...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-02

..., modifications to 4 existing substations, a 345-kV switchyard, maintenance access roads, temporary construction... will address the construction, operation, and maintenance of Basin Electric's proposed Project. The Project includes construction, operation and maintenance of approximately 190 miles of new 345-kV single...

43 CFR 3832.34 - How may I use my mill site?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... MANAGEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MINERALS MANAGEMENT (3000) LOCATING MINING CLAIMS OR SITES Mill Sites... plants and substations; (3) Tailings ponds and leach pads; (4) Rock and soil dumps; (5) Water and process... independent mill sites for processing metallic minerals from lode claims using: (1) Quartz or stamp mills; or...

43 CFR 3832.34 - How may I use my mill site?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... MANAGEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MINERALS MANAGEMENT (3000) LOCATING MINING CLAIMS OR SITES Mill Sites... plants and substations; (3) Tailings ponds and leach pads; (4) Rock and soil dumps; (5) Water and process... independent mill sites for processing metallic minerals from lode claims using: (1) Quartz or stamp mills; or...

43 CFR 3832.34 - How may I use my mill site?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... MANAGEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MINERALS MANAGEMENT (3000) LOCATING MINING CLAIMS OR SITES Mill Sites... plants and substations; (3) Tailings ponds and leach pads; (4) Rock and soil dumps; (5) Water and process... independent mill sites for processing metallic minerals from lode claims using: (1) Quartz or stamp mills; or...

Job Grading Standard for Electric Power Controller WG-5407.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Civil Service Commission, Washington, DC. Bureau of Policies and Standards.

The standard is used to grade nonsupervisory jobs involved in controlling the generation or distribution of electric power. The jobs are located at power generating plants, power distribution centers, and substations. The work requires ability to anticipate load changes due to work schedules, weather, and other variables, in order to engage or cut…

75 FR 43519 - Parker-Davis Project; Transmission Capacity for Renewable Energy Between Electrical District No...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-07-26

... for Renewable Energy Between Electrical District No. 5 Substation and the Palo Verde Hub AGENCY... transmission service on the P- DP for the purpose of transmitting renewable energy. Specifically, Western is soliciting interest from entities looking to transfer renewable energy from the area south of Phoenix...

10. Photocopy of Miscellaneous Details drawing showing door, window, louvre, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

10. Photocopy of Miscellaneous Details drawing showing door, window, louvre, stairway, roof and other detailing (from the BPA Engineering Vault, Drawing C13-J2-342-D1, Sheet 4, 13 March 1939) - Bonneville Power Administration South Bank Substation, I-84, South of Bonneville Dam Powerhouse, Bonneville, Multnomah County, OR

7 CFR 980.117 - Import regulations; onions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Texas points Officer-in-charge, 1301 West Expressway, Alamo, Tex. 78516. Phone 512-787-4091 or 512-787-6881 1 All Arizona points Officer-in-charge, P.O. Box 1614, Nogales, Ariz. 85621. Phone 602-287-4783 1.... Phone 213-688-2489 3 All Hawaii points Officer-in-charge, P.O. Box 22159, Pawaa Substation, Honolulu...

Immigrants as New Speakers in Galicia and Wales: Issues of Integration, Belonging and Legitimacy

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bermingham, Nicola; Higham, Gwennan

2018-01-01

Immigrant integration in nation states increasingly focuses on the importance of learning the national state language. This is evidenced by increased emphasis on rigorous language testing and tighter citizenship regulations. This paper analyses immigrant integration in two sub-state contexts, Galicia and Wales, where presence of a national…

Environmental assessment

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1995-08-01

The proposed overhead power line construction project (Sand Dunes to Ochoa, in Eddy and Lea Counties, New Mexico) will supply additional electric power to the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) and involve construction of a new electric substation at WIPP. This would provide a redundant electrical power source to WIPP. A finding of no significant impact is made.

15. ELECTRICAL REACTOR SHELVES, CONSTRUCTED OF CONCRETE IN THE BASEMENT ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

15. ELECTRICAL REACTOR SHELVES, CONSTRUCTED OF CONCRETE IN THE BASEMENT ALONG EAST WALL, WITH REACTOR PADS BEHIND FRAMED AND SCREENED CAGE, AND PORCELAIN-LINED CABLE DUCTS VISIBLE IN WALL NEAR FLOOR AT REAR - Bonneville Power Administration South Bank Substation, I-84, South of Bonneville Dam Powerhouse, Bonneville, Multnomah County, OR

SPERTI plot plan for control area. Includes Control Building (PER601), ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

SPERT-I plot plan for control area. Includes Control Building (PER-601), Gate House (PER-603), well sand settling tank, substation, and septic system. Date: February 1955. INEEL index no. 760-0101-00-396-109104 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, SPERT-I & Power Burst Facility Area, Scoville, Butte County, ID

76 FR 40390 - Notice of Availability of a Draft Land Use Plan Amendment, Environmental Impact Statement and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-08

..., 474 megawatt (MW) wind energy project including 158 wind turbine generators, a substation... Environmental Impact Report for the Pattern Energy Group Ocotillo Express Wind Energy Project, Imperial County... Statement (EIS) and Draft Environmental Impact Report (EIR) for the Ocotillo Express Wind Energy Project...

6. A VIEW TOWARD THE EAST SIDE OF BUILDING NO. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

6. A VIEW TOWARD THE EAST SIDE OF BUILDING NO. 1, SHOWING THE OFFICE SECTION AT THE SOUTHEAST CORNER. BUILDING NO. 18 (ENGINEERING BUILDING) IS VISIBLE IN THE CENTER DISTANCE, AND BUILDING NO. 12 (OFFICE/SUBSTATION) AT THE RIGHT. - United Engineering Company Shipyard, 2900 Main Street, Alameda, Alameda County, CA

The Return to Attrition: Warfare in the Late Nation-State Era

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-12-01

a confluence of sub-state tension and regional economic inter- penetration that will act like spark and tinder for regional conflict. The main...tolerance for loss on a given issue increasing the lengths the power will go to protect its interest. Those areas with both spark and dry tinder should be

75 FR 44008 - Revised Notice of Intent To Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement for the Proposed Boardman...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-07-27

... Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement for the Proposed Boardman to Hemingway 500 Kilovolt Transmission..., intend to prepare an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for the Boardman to Hemingway (B2H) Project... for construction by IPC between the existing Hemingway substation, located near Melba in Owyhee County...

42. Photocopy of photograph, c. 1930. DETAIL OF 33,000 VOLT ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

42. Photocopy of photograph, c. 1930. DETAIL OF 33,000 VOLT HIGH TENSION SUBSTATION AND STEP UP TRANSFORMERS. (From the collection of the files of Mr. Tony Robucci, Supervisor for Minor Stations, Potomac Edison Company, Hagerstown, MD) - Dam No. 5 Hydroelectric Plant, On Potomac River, Hedgesville, Berkeley County, WV

Design, Development, and Commissioning of a Substation Automation Laboratory to Enhance Learning

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Thomas, M. S.; Kothari, D. P.; Prakash, A.

2011-01-01

Automation of power systems is gaining momentum across the world, and there is a need to expose graduate and undergraduate students to the latest developments in hardware, software, and related protocols for power automation. This paper presents the design, development, and commissioning of an automation lab to facilitate the understanding of…

78 FR 4165 - Notice of Availability of the Draft Environmental Impact Statement for the Arturo Mine Project...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-18

... office, substation and associated power transmission lines, water wells, water distribution and sewer...; access; discharges to surface water; air quality (including mercury); and impacts to stream drainages... which may impact water resources, and the Elko County Board of Commissioners have raised concerns about...

NORTH AND WEST SIDES OF OIL HOUSE IN RIGHT FOREGROUND, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

NORTH AND WEST SIDES OF OIL HOUSE IN RIGHT FOREGROUND, WITH EMBANKMENT (MI-100-A) IN LEFT FOREGROUND, AND POWERHOUSE (MI-100-B) AND SUBSTATION (MI-100-C) AT CENTER AND LEFT BACKGROUND. VIEW TO SOUTHEAST - Hardy Hydroelectric Plant, Oil House, 6928 East Thirty-sixth Street, Newaygo, Newaygo County, MI

Tornadoes and transmission reliability planning

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Teles, J.E.; Anderson, S.W.; Landgren, G.L.

1980-01-01

The objective of this paper is to introduce an analytical approach for predicting overhead transmission line outages that are caused by tornadoes. The method is presently being used to determine the effects of tornadoes on various right-of-way configurations associated with a generating station project or the supply to a major substation. 2 refs.

77 FR 10475 - Tri-State Generation and Transmission Association, Inc., Notice of Intent To Hold Public Scoping...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-22

... Assessment (EA) to meet its responsibilities under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and RUS's... proposed Burlington-Wray 230-kilovolt (kV) Transmission Project (Proposal) consists of the following: a proposed new single-circuit 230-kV electric transmission line between the existing Burlington Substation in...

A design of wireless sensor networks for a power quality monitoring system.

PubMed

Lim, Yujin; Kim, Hak-Man; Kang, Sanggil

2010-01-01

Power grids deal with the business of generation, transmission, and distribution of electric power. Recently, interest in power quality in electrical distribution systems has increased rapidly. In Korea, the communication network to deliver voltage, current, and temperature measurements gathered from pole transformers to remote monitoring centers employs cellular mobile technology. Due to high cost of the cellular mobile technology, power quality monitoring measurements are limited and data gathering intervals are large. This causes difficulties in providing the power quality monitoring service. To alleviate the problems, in this paper we present a communication infrastructure to provide low cost, reliable data delivery. The communication infrastructure consists of wired connections between substations and monitoring centers, and wireless connections between pole transformers and substations. For the wireless connection, we employ a wireless sensor network and design its corresponding data forwarding protocol to improve the quality of data delivery. For the design, we adopt a tree-based data forwarding protocol in order to customize the distribution pattern of the power quality information. We verify the performance of the proposed data forwarding protocol quantitatively using the NS-2 network simulator.

Model-centric distribution automation: Capacity, reliability, and efficiency

DOE PAGES

Onen, Ahmet; Jung, Jaesung; Dilek, Murat; ...

2016-02-26

A series of analyses along with field validations that evaluate efficiency, reliability, and capacity improvements of model-centric distribution automation are presented. With model-centric distribution automation, the same model is used from design to real-time control calculations. A 14-feeder system with 7 substations is considered. The analyses involve hourly time-varying loads and annual load growth factors. Phase balancing and capacitor redesign modifications are used to better prepare the system for distribution automation, where the designs are performed considering time-varying loads. Coordinated control of load tap changing transformers, line regulators, and switched capacitor banks is considered. In evaluating distribution automation versus traditionalmore » system design and operation, quasi-steady-state power flow analysis is used. In evaluating distribution automation performance for substation transformer failures, reconfiguration for restoration analysis is performed. In evaluating distribution automation for storm conditions, Monte Carlo simulations coupled with reconfiguration for restoration calculations are used. As a result, the evaluations demonstrate that model-centric distribution automation has positive effects on system efficiency, capacity, and reliability.« less

Elliptic Curve Cryptography-Based Authentication with Identity Protection for Smart Grids

PubMed Central

Zhang, Liping; Tang, Shanyu; Luo, He

2016-01-01

In a smart grid, the power service provider enables the expected power generation amount to be measured according to current power consumption, thus stabilizing the power system. However, the data transmitted over smart grids are not protected, and then suffer from several types of security threats and attacks. Thus, a robust and efficient authentication protocol should be provided to strength the security of smart grid networks. As the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition system provides the security protection between the control center and substations in most smart grid environments, we focus on how to secure the communications between the substations and smart appliances. Existing security approaches fail to address the performance-security balance. In this study, we suggest a mitigation authentication protocol based on Elliptic Curve Cryptography with privacy protection by using a tamper-resistant device at the smart appliance side to achieve a delicate balance between performance and security of smart grids. The proposed protocol provides some attractive features such as identity protection, mutual authentication and key agreement. Finally, we demonstrate the completeness of the proposed protocol using the Gong-Needham- Yahalom logic. PMID:27007951

Elliptic Curve Cryptography-Based Authentication with Identity Protection for Smart Grids.

PubMed

Zhang, Liping; Tang, Shanyu; Luo, He

2016-01-01

In a smart grid, the power service provider enables the expected power generation amount to be measured according to current power consumption, thus stabilizing the power system. However, the data transmitted over smart grids are not protected, and then suffer from several types of security threats and attacks. Thus, a robust and efficient authentication protocol should be provided to strength the security of smart grid networks. As the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition system provides the security protection between the control center and substations in most smart grid environments, we focus on how to secure the communications between the substations and smart appliances. Existing security approaches fail to address the performance-security balance. In this study, we suggest a mitigation authentication protocol based on Elliptic Curve Cryptography with privacy protection by using a tamper-resistant device at the smart appliance side to achieve a delicate balance between performance and security of smart grids. The proposed protocol provides some attractive features such as identity protection, mutual authentication and key agreement. Finally, we demonstrate the completeness of the proposed protocol using the Gong-Needham-Yahalom logic.

Model-centric distribution automation: Capacity, reliability, and efficiency

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Onen, Ahmet; Jung, Jaesung; Dilek, Murat

A series of analyses along with field validations that evaluate efficiency, reliability, and capacity improvements of model-centric distribution automation are presented. With model-centric distribution automation, the same model is used from design to real-time control calculations. A 14-feeder system with 7 substations is considered. The analyses involve hourly time-varying loads and annual load growth factors. Phase balancing and capacitor redesign modifications are used to better prepare the system for distribution automation, where the designs are performed considering time-varying loads. Coordinated control of load tap changing transformers, line regulators, and switched capacitor banks is considered. In evaluating distribution automation versus traditionalmore » system design and operation, quasi-steady-state power flow analysis is used. In evaluating distribution automation performance for substation transformer failures, reconfiguration for restoration analysis is performed. In evaluating distribution automation for storm conditions, Monte Carlo simulations coupled with reconfiguration for restoration calculations are used. As a result, the evaluations demonstrate that model-centric distribution automation has positive effects on system efficiency, capacity, and reliability.« less

Free energy landscape of the Michaelis complex of lactate dehydrogenase: A network analysis of atomistic simulations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pan, Xiaoliang; Schwartz, Steven

2015-03-01

It has long been recognized that the structure of a protein is a hierarchy of conformations interconverting on multiple time scales. However, the conformational heterogeneity is rarely considered in the context of enzymatic catalysis in which the reactant is usually represented by a single conformation of the enzyme/substrate complex. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) catalyzes the interconversion of pyruvate and lactate with concomitant interconversion of two forms of the cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH and NAD+). Recent experimental results suggest that multiple substates exist within the Michaelis complex of LDH, and they are catalytic competent at different reaction rates. In this study, millisecond-scale all-atom molecular dynamics simulations were performed on LDH to explore the free energy landscape of the Michaelis complex, and network analysis was used to characterize the distribution of the conformations. Our results provide a detailed view of the kinetic network the Michaelis complex and the structures of the substates at atomistic scale. It also shed some light on understanding the complete picture of the catalytic mechanism of LDH.

Development of Voltage Regulation Plan by Composing Subsystem with the SFES for DC On-line Electric Vehicle

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jung, S.; Lee, J. H.; Yoon, M.; Lee, H.; Jang, G.

The study of the application process of the relatively small size 'Superconducting Flywheel Energy Storage (SFES)' system is conducted to regulate voltage fluctuation of the DC On-Line Electric Vehicle (OLEV) system, which is designed by using DC power system network. It is recommended to construct the power conversion system nearby the substation because the charging system is under the low voltage. But as the system is usually built around urban area and it makes hard to construct the subsystems at every station, voltage drop can occur in power supply inverter that is some distance from the substation. As the alternative of this issue, DC distribution system is recently introduced and has possibility to solve the above issue. In this paper, SFES is introduced to solve the voltage drop under the low voltage distribution system by using the concept of the proposed DC OLEV which results in building the longer distance power supply system. The simulation to design the SFES by using DC power flow analysis is carried out and it is verified in this paper.

Reconstruction of Power Supply System 20 kV Distribution to Compare Power Rate and Fall Voltage PT. PLN (Persero) Area Dumai

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tanjung, Abrar; Monice

2017-12-01

Electricity in Bagan Siapi city fire is channeled through a feeder distribution system of 20 kV. The main supply of Bagan Siapi-api city comes from PLTD unit Bagan Siapi fire which is  ± 1.5 kms from the load center and Duri Substation is  ± 102 kms from Bagan Siapi-api city through Hubung Ujung Tanjung. The long distances between the Duri Mainstation and Bagan Siapiapi city resulted in a 14.85 kV end-voltage and a 988.7 kW loss. Voltage losses resulted in ineffective service to the consumer and large network power losses being uneconomical for power delivery operations. The result of end voltage calculation is 10.42 kV and the power loss is 988.7 kW. After the New Substation operates, reconfiguration-1 produces the lowest end-voltage calculation of 16.21 kV and a power loss of 136.59 kW, while reconfiguration-2 produces a low end stress calculation of 17.37 kV and a power loss of 56.93 kW.

Conformational fluctuations in a green fluorescent protein-like Akane family protein: a high-pressure fluorescence study at 0.1-700 MPa

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Maeno, Akihiro; Kato, Yuko; Jimbo, Mitsuru; Amada, Kei; Mita, Hajime; Akasaka, Kazuyuki

2017-04-01

We have investigated conformational fluctuations in a new green fluorescent protein(GFP)-like protein rb-Akane found in a red-brown-colored octocoral, Scleronephthya gracillima (Kuekenthal)), with high pressure fluorescence spectroscopy at 0.1-700 MPa. Besides the green fluorescence at 510 nm, two red fluorescence peaks are observed at 590 and 629 nm, the relative intensity of which varies reversibly with pressure. The phenomenon is interpreted as representing the cis-trans isomerization of the chromophore accompanied by the conformational transition between two sub-states of the red fluorescence form of rb-Akane. The two sub-states are separated only marginally in free energy (ΔG0 = 1.9 ± 0.4 kJ mol-1), but significantly in partial molar volume (ΔV0 = -19.8 ± 1.4 ml mol-1) at 0.1 MPa (pH 7.5, 25°C). Above 500 MPa, the fluorescence at λmax 629 nm undergoes another reversible change with pressure, showing the onset of unfolding.

Monitoring the metering performance of an electronic voltage transformer on-line based on cyber-physics correlation analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Zhu; Li, Hongbin; Tang, Dengping; Hu, Chen; Jiao, Yang

2017-10-01

Metering performance is the key parameter of an electronic voltage transformer (EVT), and it requires high accuracy. The conventional off-line calibration method using a standard voltage transformer is not suitable for the key equipment in a smart substation, which needs on-line monitoring. In this article, we propose a method for monitoring the metering performance of an EVT on-line based on cyber-physics correlation analysis. By the electrical and physical properties of a substation running in three-phase symmetry, the principal component analysis method is used to separate the metering deviation caused by the primary fluctuation and the EVT anomaly. The characteristic statistics of the measured data during operation are extracted, and the metering performance of the EVT is evaluated by analyzing the change in statistics. The experimental results show that the method successfully monitors the metering deviation of a Class 0.2 EVT accurately. The method demonstrates the accurate evaluation of on-line monitoring of the metering performance on an EVT without a standard voltage transformer.

Free energy surface of the Michaelis complex of lactate dehydrogenase: a network analysis of microsecond simulations.

PubMed

Pan, Xiaoliang; Schwartz, Steven D

2015-04-30

It has long been recognized that the structure of a protein creates a hierarchy of conformations interconverting on multiple time scales. The conformational heterogeneity of the Michaelis complex is of particular interest in the context of enzymatic catalysis in which the reactant is usually represented by a single conformation of the enzyme/substrate complex. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) catalyzes the interconversion of pyruvate and lactate with concomitant interconversion of two forms of the cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH and NAD(+)). Recent experimental results suggest that multiple substates exist within the Michaelis complex of LDH, and they show a strong variance in their propensity toward the on-enzyme chemical step. In this study, microsecond-scale all-atom molecular dynamics simulations were performed on LDH to explore the free energy landscape of the Michaelis complex, and network analysis was used to characterize the distribution of the conformations. Our results provide a detailed view of the kinetic network of the Michaelis complex and the structures of the substates at atomistic scales. They also shed light on the complete picture of the catalytic mechanism of LDH.

Photovoltaic Hosting Capacity of Feeders with Reactive Power Control and Tap Changers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ceylan, Oğuzhan; Paudyal, Sumit; Bhattarai, Bishnu P.

This paper proposes an algorithm to determine photovoltaic (PV) hosting capacity of power distribution networks as a function of number of PV injection nodes, reactive power support from the PVs, and the sub-station load tap changers (LTCs). In the proposed method, several minute by minute simulations are run based on randomly chosen PV injection nodes, daily PV output profiles, and daily load profiles from a pool of high-resolution realistic data set. The simulation setup is built using OpenDSS and MATLAB. The performance of the proposed method is investigated in the IEEE 123-node distribution feeder for multiple scenarios. The case studiesmore » are performed particularly for one, two, five and ten PV injection nodes, and looking at the maximum voltage deviations. Case studies show that the PV hosting capacity of the 123-node feeder greatly differs with the number of PV injection nodes. We have also observed that the PV hosting capacity increases with reactive power support and higher tap position of sub-station LTC.« less

The Rotational Spectrum of Singly and Doubly 13C-SUBSTITUTED Dimethylether

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Koerber, Monika; Endres, Christian P.; Lewen, Frank; Giesen, Thomas F.; Schlemmer, Stephan; Pohl, Roland; Klein, Axel

2010-06-01

Dimethylether (DME) is a nearly prolate asymmetric top with two internal rotors (methyl groups) which undergo periodic large amplitude motions and show a complicated torsional splitting of each rotational energy level. Due to its complex spectrum and its high abundance in hot cores such as Orion KL or Sagittarius B2 at temperatures exceeding 100 K, DME is very prominent in astronomical line surveys and contributes to spectral line confusion of such sources. The interpretation of astronomical observations therefore depends on the knowledge of accurate rest frequencies and reliable intensities. Precise predictions for the ground state of DME's main isotopologue are now available up to 2.1 THz In contrast, very little is known about 13C-substituted DME. Only a few data are available on singly 13C-substituted DME, 12CH_3O13CH_3. However, no data are available on doubly 13C-substituted DME, (13CH_3)_2O, yet. While in (13CH_3)_2O the two internal rotating methyl groups are equivalent and the splitting of rotational energy levels into four substates is comparable to the main isotopologue, singly 13C-substituted DME has two non-equivalent internal rotors resulting in torsional splitting of rotational energy levels into five substates. The purpose of our new laboratory measurements is to extend the knowledge on the astrophysically relevant species 12CH_3O13CH_3. To analyze the complicated spectrum resulting from a 13C-enriched sample of DME, containing all different 13C-substituted species as well as the main isotopologue, also precise data on doubly 13C-substituted DME are inevitable. We performed measurements in the frequency region 35-120 GHz using an all solid state spectrometer. Rotational as well as torsional parameters have been obtained for (13CH_3)_2O as well as 12CH_3O13CH_3 by fitting the assigned transitions to an effective rotational Hamiltonian introduced by Peter Groner. C. Comito et al., Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 156, 127-167 (2005) C. P. Endres et al., Astronomy & Astrophysics 504, 635-640 (2009) Y. Niide and M. Hayashi, J. Mol. Spectrosc. 220, 65-79 (2003) P. Groner, J. Chem. Phys. 107, 4483-4498 (1997).

Chance-Constrained Day-Ahead Hourly Scheduling in Distribution System Operation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jiang, Huaiguang; Zhang, Yingchen; Muljadi, Eduard

This paper aims to propose a two-step approach for day-ahead hourly scheduling in a distribution system operation, which contains two operation costs, the operation cost at substation level and feeder level. In the first step, the objective is to minimize the electric power purchase from the day-ahead market with the stochastic optimization. The historical data of day-ahead hourly electric power consumption is used to provide the forecast results with the forecasting error, which is presented by a chance constraint and formulated into a deterministic form by Gaussian mixture model (GMM). In the second step, the objective is to minimize themore » system loss. Considering the nonconvexity of the three-phase balanced AC optimal power flow problem in distribution systems, the second-order cone program (SOCP) is used to relax the problem. Then, a distributed optimization approach is built based on the alternating direction method of multiplier (ADMM). The results shows that the validity and effectiveness method.« less

Quasithermodynamic Contributions to the Fluctuations of a Protein Nanopore

PubMed Central

2015-01-01

Proteins undergo thermally activated conformational fluctuations among two or more substates, but a quantitative inquiry on their kinetics is persistently challenged by numerous factors, including the complexity and dynamics of various interactions, along with the inability to detect functional substates within a resolvable time scale. Here, we analyzed in detail the current fluctuations of a monomeric β-barrel protein nanopore of known high-resolution X-ray crystal structure. We demonstrated that targeted perturbations of the protein nanopore system, in the form of loop-deletion mutagenesis, accompanying alterations of electrostatic interactions between long extracellular loops, produced modest changes of the differential activation free energies calculated at 25 °C, ΔΔG⧧, in the range near the thermal energy but substantial and correlated modifications of the differential activation enthalpies, ΔΔH⧧, and entropies, ΔΔS⧧. This finding indicates that the local conformational reorganizations of the packing and flexibility of the fluctuating loops lining the central constriction of this protein nanopore were supplemented by changes in the single-channel kinetics. These changes were reflected in the enthalpy–entropy reconversions of the interactions between the loop partners with a compensating temperature, TC, of ∼300 K, and an activation free energy constant of ∼41 kJ/mol. We also determined that temperature has a much greater effect on the energetics of the equilibrium gating fluctuations of a protein nanopore than other environmental parameters, such as the ionic strength of the aqueous phase as well as the applied transmembrane potential, likely due to ample changes in the solvation activation enthalpies. There is no fundamental limitation for applying this approach to other complex, multistate membrane protein systems. Therefore, this methodology has major implications in the area of membrane protein design and dynamics, primarily by revealing a better quantitative assessment on the equilibrium transitions among multiple well-defined and functionally distinct substates of protein channels and pores. PMID:25479108

1. EXTERIOR OVERVIEW SHOWING FRONT (EAST) END AND SOUTH SIDE ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. EXTERIOR OVERVIEW SHOWING FRONT (EAST) END AND SOUTH SIDE OF BUILDING 103, ROCK WALL AND MATURE COTTONWOOD TREES IN FOREGROUND, CONTROL SUBSTATION BEHIND BUILDING 103, AND BUILDING 106 BEHIND THE COTTONWOOD TREE IN THE NORTH BACKGROUND. VIEW TO NORTH. - Bishop Creek Hydroelectric System, Control Station, Worker Cottage, Bishop Creek, Bishop, Inyo County, CA

77 FR 41300 - Hazardous Chemical Reporting: Revisions to the Emergency and Hazardous Chemical Inventory Forms...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-13

... telecommunication industry stated that their substations or cell towers may be unmanned. Thus, these commenters... or the data field should be marked ``optional'' since certain locations, such as a cell tower with a... recognizes that some locations, such as a cell tower where hazardous chemicals may be stored could be...

2. CONTEXTUAL VIEW OF THE POST FALLS POWERHOUSE, WITH THE ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

2. CONTEXTUAL VIEW OF THE POST FALLS POWERHOUSE, WITH THE MODERN SUBSTATION AND OLD SWITCHING BUILDING IN THE LEFT FOREGROUND AND THE POWER PLANT IN THE RIGHT FOREGROUND, LOOKING SOUTH. - Washington Water Power Company Post Falls Power Plant, Middle Channel Powerhouse & Dam, West of intersection of Spokane & Fourth Streets, Post Falls, Kootenai County, ID

7. SHOSHONE HYDROELECTRIC PLANT, WEST ELEVATION OF MAIN BUILDING TO ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

7. SHOSHONE HYDROELECTRIC PLANT, WEST ELEVATION OF MAIN BUILDING TO THE LEFT, NORTH ELEVATION OF OFFICE BUILDING TO THE RIGHT, VIEW TO THE EAST. CONCRETE 'PATH' IN FOREGROUND IS THE CONDUIT THROUGH WHICH POWER CABLES RUN FROM THE TRANSFORMERS TO THE 115 KV SUBSTATION. - Shoshone Hydroelectric Plant Complex, 60111 U.S. Highway 6, Garfield County, CO

77 FR 51559 - Notice of Intent To Prepare an Environmental Assessment for the Proposed Cameron to Milford-138...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-08-24

... Milford--138 kV Transmission Line Project and Possible Amendment to the Cedar Beaver Garfield Antimony... Beaver County, Utah. The proposed project would begin at the existing Cameron Substation near Beaver... Cedar Beaver Garfield Antimony RMP, approved in 1986, by changing approximately 594 acres of an existing...

11. VIEW NORTH OF MACHINE SHOP IN BASEMENT OF OLD ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

11. VIEW NORTH OF MACHINE SHOP IN BASEMENT OF OLD POWERHOUSE, WITH PIPECUTTER (LEFT), DRILL PRESS LEFT (CENTER), AND GRINDER (RIGHT CENTER) BENEATH LINE SHAFTING) - Trenton Falls Hydroelectric Station, Powerhouse & Substation, On west bank of West Canada Creek, along Trenton Falls Road, 1.25 miles north of New York Route 28, Trenton Falls, Oneida County, NY

78 FR 33101 - Notice of Availability of the Record of Decision for the Alta East Wind Project, Kern County...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-06-03

... turbines, access roads, collector substation, operation and maintenance facility, temporary portable... wind turbines capable of generating up to 153 megawatts. The project site is within the planning....LVRWB11B4520.FX0000] Notice of Availability of the Record of Decision for the Alta East Wind Project, Kern...

76 FR 73721 - Nine Mile Point Nuclear Station, LLC, Nine Mile Point Nuclear Station, Unit No. 2, Environmental...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-29

... used during plant modifications. Therefore, land use conditions would not change at NMP2. Also, there would be no land use changes along transmission lines (no new lines would be required for the proposed EPU), transmission corridors, switch yards, or substations. Since land use conditions would not change...

76 FR 53400 - Black Hills National Forest, SD; Thunder Basin National Grassland, WY; Teckla-Osage-Rapid City...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-26

... Grassland, WY; Teckla-Osage-Rapid City Transmission 230 kV Project AGENCY: Forest Service, USDA. ACTION... operate a 230 kilovolt (kV) transmission line between the Teckla and Osage Substations in northeastern... cooperating agency on this EIS. The Teckla-Osage-Rapid City Transmission 230 kV Project would be approximately...

77 FR 52053 - Notice of Availability of the Record of Decision for San Diego Gas and Electric's East County...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-08-28

... (ROD) for San Diego Gas and Electric's (SDG&E) East County (ECO) Substation Project, located in San... above individual. You will receive a reply during normal business hours. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: SDG... Project will provide an interconnection hub for renewable generation along SDG&E's existing Southwest...

Projecting southern timber supply for multiple products by subregion

Treesearch

Robert C. Abt; Frederick W. Cubbage; Karen L. Abt

2009-01-01

While timber supply modeling has been of importance in the wood-producing regions of the United States for decades, it is only more recently that the technology and data have allowed disaggregation of supply and demand to substate regions, including product specific breakdowns and endogenous land use and plantation changes. Using southwide data and an economic supply...

75 FR 63826 - Transmission Infrastructure Program-TransWest Express Transmission Project Capacity

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-10-18

..., 2009, Western published a Notice of Proposed Program and Request for Public Comments in the Federal... published its final TIP Notice of Program on May 14, 2009 (74 FR 22732). Western also published a Notice of... Gateway project. The southern terminal of the line would be interconnected with the 500-kV AC substations...

75 FR 48359 - Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Indiana Bat; Notice of Intent To Prepare an...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-10

... megawatts (MW) of renewable energy from as many as 200 1.5-MW wind energy turbines and the related facilities (access roads, collection lines, operation and maintenance facilities (O&M), substations, and a... Conservation Plan (HCP) and Incidental Take Permit (ITP) for the Indiana Bat (Myotis sodalis) at a wind power...

76 FR 28452 - Notice of Realty Action: Recreation and Public Purposes Lease Partial Change of Use of Public...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-17

... Partial Change of Use of Public Lands in Clark County, NV AGENCY: Bureau of Land Management, Interior.... The city proposes to change the use of 10 acres from a public park and police substation to a safety village. DATES: Interested parties may submit written comments regarding the proposed change of use of the...

77 FR 9221 - Appalachian Power Company; Notice of Application Tendered for Filing With the Commission and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-16

... megawatts (MW); (4) a tailrace 420 feet long; (5) a substation containing two, three-phase transformers and two auxiliary transformers; (6) two, 0.38-mile-long, 46-kilovolt (kV) transmission lines; and (7... transformers and two auxiliary transformers; (6) two, 0.78-mile-long, 46-kV transmission lines; and (7) other...

Credit BG. Northwest facade of Building 4504 (Deluge Water Booster ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Credit BG. Northwest facade of Building 4504 (Deluge Water Booster Station) is in view at left, with 500,000 gallon water tank (Building 4503) at right. Fenced electrical substation in view between the above structures is Building 4510. Building 4505 is in background - Edwards Air Force Base, North Base, Deluge Water Booster Station, Northeast of A Street, Boron, Kern County, CA

Supplement Analysis for the Transmission System Vegetation Management Program FEIS (DOE/EIS-0285/SA-56)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Stratton, Elaine

2002-04-09

Vegetation Management for the following electric yards located in the Ross District: Cape Horn, North Bonneville, Stevenson, Carson, Underwood, Troutdale, Cascade Locks, Acton Ross 345 kilovolts and J.D., Alcoa, Sifton, St. Johns, Ostrander, McLoughlin. BPA proposes to maintain a weed-free environment in the electrical substations located within the Olympia Region’s Ross District.

76 FR 4371 - Notice of Intent to Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement for the Proposed San Juan Basin...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-25

... requested a right-of-way (ROW) authorization to construct, operate, and maintain a 230 kilovolt (kV... Substation to accommodate the new 230 kV line termination and installation of additional 345/230 kV transformation equipment. The construction involves approximately 35-40 miles of new double-circuit 230 kV...

10. BOILER #16 (BUILDING L8) TO LEFT, L.P. AND H.P. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

10. BOILER #16 (BUILDING L8) TO LEFT, L.P. AND H.P. BOILER ROOMS (BUILDINGS L4 AND L2) TO RIGHT, AND STEPHENS SUBSTATION (BUILDING L6) IN BACKGROUND, FROM THE ROOF OF THE POWERHOUSE EXTENSION (BUILDING L5) - Portland General Electric Company, Station "L", 1841 Southeast Water Street, Portland, Multnomah County, OR

76 FR 10582 - Town of Edgartown; Notice of Public/Technical Meeting To Discuss Information and Monitoring Needs...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-25

... Application for a Pilot Project a. Type of Application: Draft Pilot License Application. b. Project No.: 13015... either a 3.5-mile-long, or a 5- mile-long submarine cable with two 13.8-kilovolt (kv) transmission lines and a 4.0-kv transmission line connecting the turbine generation units to an onshore substation...

Within compound, from Gate House, looking northwest, Power Plant (Building ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Within compound, from Gate House, looking northwest, Power Plant (Building 5761) to left, Electrical Substation (Building 5770) and Supply Warehouse (Building 5768) center, Satellite Communications Terminal (Building 5771) to far left - Beale Air Force Base, Perimeter Acquisition Vehicle Entry Phased-Array Warning System, End of Spencer Paul Road, north of Warren Shingle Road (14th Street), Marysville, Yuba County, CA

Influence of electric field on the amyloid-β(29-42) peptides embedded in a membrane bilayer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lu, Yan; Shi, Xiao-Feng; Salsbury, Freddie R.; Derreumaux, Philippe

2018-01-01

Alzheimer's disease is linked to various types of aggregates of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide and their interactions with protein receptors and neuronal cell membranes. Little is known on the impact of the electric field on membrane-embedded Aβ. Here we use atomistic molecular dynamics simulations to study the effects of a constant electric field on the conformations of Aβ29-42 dimer inside a membrane, where the electric field has a strength of 20 mV/nm which exists across the membrane of a human neuron. Starting from α-helix peptides, the transmembrane electric field (TMEF) accelerates the conversion from the Gly-out substate to the Gly-side and Gly-in substates. Starting from β-sheet peptides, TMEF induces changes of the kink and tilt angles at Gly33 and Gly37. Overall, in the simulations totaling 10 μs, TMEF establishes new ground states for the dimer, similar to induced-fit in ligand binding. Our findings indicate that TMEF can stabilize rare conformations of amyloid peptides, and this could influence the cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein and the formation of β-sheet oligomers in membrane bilayers.

Simulation and study of power quality issues in a fixed speed wind farm substation.

PubMed

Magesh, T; Chellamuthu, C

2015-01-01

Power quality issues associated with the fixed speed wind farm substation located at Coimbatore district are investigated as the wind generators are tripping frequently. The investigations are carried out using two power quality analyzers, Fluke 435 and Dranetz PX5.8, with one of them connected at group control breaker of the 110 kV feeder and the other at the selected 0.69 kV generator busbar during the period of maximum power generation. From the analysis of the recorded data it is found that sag, swell, and transients are the major events which are responsible for the tripping of the generators. In the present study, simulation models for wind, turbine, shaft, pitch mechanism, induction generator, and grid are developed using DIgSILENT. Using the turbine characteristics, a two-dimensional lookup table is designed to generate a reference pitch angle necessary to simulate the power curve of the passive stall controlled wind turbine. Various scenarios and their effects on the performance of the wind farm are studied and validated with the recorded data and waveforms. The simulation model will be useful for the designers for planning and development of the wind farm before implementation.

Poultry Industry Energy Research

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1979-01-01

The poultry industry, a multi-billion dollar business in the United States, uses great amounts of energy in such operations as broiler growing, feed manufacturing, poultry processing and packing. Higher costs and limited supply of fuels common to the industry are predicted, so poultry producers are seeking ways to reduce energy expenditure. NASA is providing assistance to Delmarva Poultry Industry, Inc., an association of some 4,000 growers and suppliers in one of the nation's largest poultry production areas. Delmarva is the East Coast peninsula that includes Delaware and parts of Maryland and Virginia. The upper right photo shows a weather station in the Delmarva area (wind indicator on the pole, other instruments in the elevated box). The station is located at the University of Maryland's Broiler Sub-station, Salisbury; Maryland, where the university conducts research on poultry production and processing. The sub-station is investigating ways of conserving energy in broiler production and also exploring the potential of solar collectors as an alternative energy source. For these studies, it is essential that researchers have continuous data on temperature, pressure, wind speed and direction, solar intensity and cloud cover. Equipment to acquire such data was loaned and installed by NASA's Wallops Flight Center, Wallops Island, Virginia.

The HERMES Polarized Atomic Beam Source

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nass, A.

2003-07-30

The atomic beam source (ABS) provides nuclear polarized hydrogen or deuterium atoms for the HERMES target at flow rates of about 6.5 {center_dot} 1016H-vector/s (hydrogen in two hyperfine substates) and 6.0 {center_dot} 1016D-vector/s (deuterium in three hyperfine substates). The degree of dissociation of 93% for H (95% for D) at the entrance of the storage cell and the nuclear polarization of around 0.97 (H) and 0.92 (D) have been found to be constant within a a couple of percent over the whole running period of the HERMES experiment. A new dissociator (MWD) based on a microwave discharge at 2.45 GHzmore » has been developed and installed into the HERMES-ABS in 2000. Since the velocity distribution of the MWD differs from that of the RFD the intensity could be increased further with a modified sextupole magnet system. For this purpose the way for a new start generator for sextupole tracking calculations was opened. Monte-Carlo simulations were successfully used to describe the gas expansion between nozzle, skimmer and collimator. A new type of beam monitor was used to study the beam formation after the nozzle.« less

Simulation and Study of Power Quality Issues in a Fixed Speed Wind Farm Substation

PubMed Central

Magesh, T.; Chellamuthu, C.

2015-01-01

Power quality issues associated with the fixed speed wind farm substation located at Coimbatore district are investigated as the wind generators are tripping frequently. The investigations are carried out using two power quality analyzers, Fluke 435 and Dranetz PX5.8, with one of them connected at group control breaker of the 110 kV feeder and the other at the selected 0.69 kV generator busbar during the period of maximum power generation. From the analysis of the recorded data it is found that sag, swell, and transients are the major events which are responsible for the tripping of the generators. In the present study, simulation models for wind, turbine, shaft, pitch mechanism, induction generator, and grid are developed using DIgSILENT. Using the turbine characteristics, a two-dimensional lookup table is designed to generate a reference pitch angle necessary to simulate the power curve of the passive stall controlled wind turbine. Various scenarios and their effects on the performance of the wind farm are studied and validated with the recorded data and waveforms. The simulation model will be useful for the designers for planning and development of the wind farm before implementation. PMID:25950016

Free-energy landscape, principal component analysis, and structural clustering to identify representative conformations from molecular dynamics simulations: the myoglobin case.

PubMed

Papaleo, Elena; Mereghetti, Paolo; Fantucci, Piercarlo; Grandori, Rita; De Gioia, Luca

2009-01-01

Several molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were used to sample conformations in the neighborhood of the native structure of holo-myoglobin (holo-Mb), collecting trajectories spanning 0.22 micros at 300 K. Principal component (PCA) and free-energy landscape (FEL) analyses, integrated by cluster analysis, which was performed considering the position and structures of the individual helices of the globin fold, were carried out. The coherence between the different structural clusters and the basins of the FEL, together with the convergence of parameters derived by PCA indicates that an accurate description of the Mb conformational space around the native state was achieved by multiple MD trajectories spanning at least 0.14 micros. The integration of FEL, PCA, and structural clustering was shown to be a very useful approach to gain an overall view of the conformational landscape accessible to a protein and to identify representative protein substates. This method could be also used to investigate the conformational and dynamical properties of Mb apo-, mutant, or delete versions, in which greater conformational variability is expected and, therefore identification of representative substates from the simulations is relevant to disclose structure-function relationship.

Achieving thermography with a thermal security camera using uncooled amorphous silicon microbolometer image sensors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Yu-Wei; Tesdahl, Curtis; Owens, Jim; Dorn, David

2012-06-01

Advancements in uncooled microbolometer technology over the last several years have opened up many commercial applications which had been previously cost prohibitive. Thermal technology is no longer limited to the military and government market segments. One type of thermal sensor with low NETD which is available in the commercial market segment is the uncooled amorphous silicon (α-Si) microbolometer image sensor. Typical thermal security cameras focus on providing the best image quality by auto tonemaping (contrast enhancing) the image, which provides the best contrast depending on the temperature range of the scene. While this may provide enough information to detect objects and activities, there are further benefits of being able to estimate the actual object temperatures in a scene. This thermographic ability can provide functionality beyond typical security cameras by being able to monitor processes. Example applications of thermography[2] with thermal camera include: monitoring electrical circuits, industrial machinery, building thermal leaks, oil/gas pipelines, power substations, etc...[3][5] This paper discusses the methodology of estimating object temperatures by characterizing/calibrating different components inside a thermal camera utilizing an uncooled amorphous silicon microbolometer image sensor. Plots of system performance across camera operating temperatures will be shown.

Mapping habitat for multiple species in the Desert Southwest

USGS Publications Warehouse

Inman, Richard D.; Nussear, Kenneth E.; Esque, Todd C.; Vandergast, Amy G.; Hathaway, Stacie A.; Wood, Dustin A.; Barr, Kelly R.; Fisher, Robert N.

2014-01-01

Many utility scale renewable energy projects are currently proposed across the Mojave Ecoregion. Agencies that manage biological resources throughout this region need to understand the potential impacts of these renewable energy projects and their associated infrastructure (for example, transmission corridors, substations, access roads, etc.) on species movement, genetic exchange among populations, and species’ abilities to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Understanding these factors will help managers’ select appropriate project sites and possibly mitigate for anticipated effects of management activities. We used species distribution models to map habitat for 15 species across the Mojave Ecoregion to aid regional land-use management planning. Models were developed using a common 1 × 1 kilometer resolution with maximum entropy and generalized additive models. Occurrence data were compiled from multiple sources, including VertNet (http://vertnet.org/), HerpNET (http://www.herpnet.org), and MaNIS (http://manisnet.org), as well as from internal U.S. Geological Survey databases and other biologists. Background data included 20 environmental covariates representing terrain, vegetation, and climate covariates. This report summarizes these environmental covariates and species distribution models used to predict habitat for the 15 species across the Mojave Ecoregion.

Feature combination analysis in smart grid based using SOM for Sudan national grid

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bohari, Z. H.; Yusof, M. A. M.; Jali, M. H.; Sulaima, M. F.; Nasir, M. N. M.

2015-12-01

In the investigation of power grid security, the cascading failure in multicontingency situations has been a test because of its topological unpredictability and computational expense. Both system investigations and burden positioning routines have their limits. In this project, in view of sorting toward Self Organizing Maps (SOM), incorporated methodology consolidating spatial feature (distance)-based grouping with electrical attributes (load) to evaluate the vulnerability and cascading impact of various part sets in the force lattice. Utilizing the grouping result from SOM, sets of overwhelming stacked beginning victimized people to perform assault conspires and asses the consequent falling impact of their failures, and this SOM-based approach viably distinguishes the more powerless sets of substations than those from the conventional burden positioning and other bunching strategies. The robustness of power grids is a central topic in the design of the so called "smart grid". In this paper, to analyze the measures of importance of the nodes in a power grid under cascading failure. With these efforts, we can distinguish the most vulnerable nodes and protect them, improving the safety of the power grid. Also we can measure if a structure is proper for power grids.

Smart campus: Data on energy consumption in an ICT-driven university.

PubMed

Popoola, Segun I; Atayero, Aderemi A; Okanlawon, Theresa T; Omopariola, Benson I; Takpor, Olusegun A

2018-02-01

In this data article, we present a comprehensive dataset on electrical energy consumption in a university that is practically driven by Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). The total amount of electricity consumed at Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria was measured, monitored, and recorded on daily basis for a period of 12 consecutive months (January-December, 2016). Energy readings were observed from the digital energy meter (EDMI Mk10E) located at the distribution substation that supplies electricity to the university community. The complete energy data are clearly presented in tables and graphs for relevant utility and potential reuse. Also, descriptive first-order statistical analyses of the energy data are provided in this data article. For each month, the histogram distribution and time series plot of the monthly energy consumption data are analyzed to show insightful trends of energy consumption in the university. Furthermore, data on the significant differences in the means of daily energy consumption are made available as obtained from one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and multiple comparison post-hoc tests. The information provided in this data article will foster research development in the areas of energy efficiency, planning, policy formulation, and management towards the realization of smart campuses.

Broken rail track detection using smart materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bouteiller, Fanny; Grisso, Benjamin L.; Peairs, Daniel M.; Inman, Daniel J.

2006-03-01

Rail lines are subject to many types of damage that, in the worst cases, can cause train derailments. The damage can arise from either manufacturing defects or external factors, possibly even terrorist acts to disrupt the civil infrastructure. Current rail inspection techniques require train traffic to be interrupted while workers and equipment move along the track. Moreover, a technician with rail testing experience is required to analyze the results. This paper focuses on simple proof of concept experiments to determine if impedance based structural health monitoring may be used to detect anomalies in rail tracks, and in particular broken rails. The technique applies a very low voltage (one volt) high frequency wave to a structure, measures its response and determines the location and extent of a rail break. The monitoring device is envisioned to run off of ambient vibration and thermal gradients provided by passing trains and daily thermal cycles, store the energy and utilize the stored energy periodically to inspect the track (according to the track usage schedule). If damage occurs or starts to occur, a warning signal would be transmitted to substation then broadcast to the appropriate operator listing the location and extent of the damage.

Automated identification of functional dynamic networks from X-ray crystallography

PubMed Central

van den Bedem, Henry; Bhabha, Gira; Yang, Kun; Wright, Peter E.; Fraser, James S.

2013-01-01

Protein function often depends on the exchange between conformational substates. Allosteric ligand binding or distal mutations can stabilize specific active site conformations and consequently alter protein function. In addition to comparing independently determined X-ray crystal structures, alternative conformations observed at low levels of electron density have the potential to provide mechanistic insights into conformational dynamics. Here, we report a new multi-conformer contact network algorithm (CONTACT) that identifies networks of conformationally heterogeneous residues directly from high-resolution X-ray crystallography data. Contact networks in Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase (ecDHFR) predict the long-range pattern of NMR chemical shift perturbations of an allosteric mutation. A comparison of contact networks in wild type and mutant ecDHFR suggests how mutations that alter optimized networks of coordinated motions can impair catalytic function. Thus, CONTACT-guided mutagenesis will allow the structure-dynamics-function relationship to be exploited in protein engineering and design. PMID:23913260

Associations Between Minimum Wage Policy and Access to Health Care: Evidence From the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 1996–2007

PubMed Central

Zimmerman, Frederick J.; Ralston, James D.; Martin, Diane P.

2011-01-01

Objectives. We examined whether minimum wage policy is associated with access to medical care among low-skilled workers in the United States. Methods. We used multilevel logistic regression to analyze a data set consisting of individual-level indicators of uninsurance and unmet medical need from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and state-level ecological controls from the US Census, Bureau of Labor Statistics, and several other sources in all 50 states and the District of Columbia between 1996 and 2007. Results. Higher state-level minimum wage rates were associated with significantly reduced odds of reporting unmet medical need after control for the ecological covariates, substate region fixed effects, and individual demographic and health characteristics (odds ratio = 0.853; 95% confidence interval = 0.750, 0.971). Minimum wage rates were not significantly associated with being uninsured. Conclusions. Higher minimum wages may be associated with a reduced likelihood of experiencing unmet medical need among low-skilled workers, and do not appear to be associated with uninsurance. These findings appear to refute the suggestion that minimum wage laws have detrimental effects on access to health care, as opponents of the policies have suggested. PMID:21164102

Associations between minimum wage policy and access to health care: evidence from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 1996-2007.

PubMed

McCarrier, Kelly P; Zimmerman, Frederick J; Ralston, James D; Martin, Diane P

2011-02-01

We examined whether minimum wage policy is associated with access to medical care among low-skilled workers in the United States. We used multilevel logistic regression to analyze a data set consisting of individual-level indicators of uninsurance and unmet medical need from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and state-level ecological controls from the US Census, Bureau of Labor Statistics, and several other sources in all 50 states and the District of Columbia between 1996 and 2007. Higher state-level minimum wage rates were associated with significantly reduced odds of reporting unmet medical need after control for the ecological covariates, substate region fixed effects, and individual demographic and health characteristics (odds ratio = 0.853; 95% confidence interval = 0.750, 0.971). Minimum wage rates were not significantly associated with being uninsured. Higher minimum wages may be associated with a reduced likelihood of experiencing unmet medical need among low-skilled workers, and do not appear to be associated with uninsurance. These findings appear to refute the suggestion that minimum wage laws have detrimental effects on access to health care, as opponents of the policies have suggested.

POLARIZED SCATTERING OF LIGHT FOR ARBITRARY MAGNETIC FIELDS WITH LEVEL-CROSSINGS FROM THE COMBINATION OF HYPERFINE AND FINE STRUCTURE SPLITTINGS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sowmya, K.; Nagendra, K. N.; Sampoorna, M.

2015-12-01

Interference between magnetic substates of the hyperfine structure states belonging to different fine structure states of the same term influences the polarization for some of the diagnostically important lines of the Sun's spectrum, like the sodium and lithium doublets. The polarization signatures of this combined interference contain information on the properties of the solar magnetic fields. Motivated by this, in the present paper, we study the problem of polarized scattering on a two-term atom with hyperfine structure by accounting for the partial redistribution in the photon frequencies arising due to the Doppler motions of the atoms. We consider the scatteringmore » atoms to be under the influence of a magnetic field of arbitrary strength and develop a formalism based on the Kramers–Heisenberg approach to calculate the scattering cross section for this process. We explore the rich polarization effects that arise from various level-crossings in the Paschen–Back regime in a single scattering case using the lithium atomic system as a concrete example that is relevant to the Sun.« less

8. VIEW OF THE SWITCHGEAR AND ELECTRICAL SUPPLY ROOM IN ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

8. VIEW OF THE SWITCHGEAR AND ELECTRICAL SUPPLY ROOM IN BETWEEN SIDES A AND B OF BUILDING 883. EQUIPMENT WITHIN THE BUILDING REQUIRED AN EXTENSIVE AMOUNT OF POWER. THE ELECTRICAL SUPPLY ROOM IS ESSENTIALLY AN ELECTRICAL SUBSTATION. (1/23/57) - Rocky Flats Plant, Uranium Rolling & Forming Operations, Southeast section of plant, southeast quadrant of intersection of Central Avenue & Eighth Street, Golden, Jefferson County, CO

12. CONTROL PANELS, WEST SIDE (LEFT & RIGHT), MAIN FLOOR: ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

12. CONTROL PANELS, WEST SIDE (LEFT & RIGHT), MAIN FLOOR: CENTER OF CLUSTERS, TOP BOX: MEGAWATT METER CENTER OF CLUSTERS, LOWER THREE BOXES: AMPERE METERS LEFT SIDE OF CLUSTERS: VOLTAGE CHART RECORDER RIGHT SIDE OF CLUSTERS: RECLOSE RELAY CENTER UNDER CLUSTERS: TESTING SWITCHES BELOW TESTING SWITCHES: BREAKER SWITCHES - Bonneville Power Administration South Bank Substation, I-84, South of Bonneville Dam Powerhouse, Bonneville, Multnomah County, OR

Deception Based Intrusion Detection & Prevention for SCADA Environments -

Science.gov Websites

the case of the Ukraine incident, the substations. So here's the idea. Number one, understand from idea is that one of the quotes that he made in that book, it's actually a famous quote, is that all security products. Case in point, I'll be at RSA in February. There's over 2,600 vendors at RSA all solving

22. DETAIL TO NORTHWEST OF LUBRICATING OIL TANKS AND FILTERS ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

22. DETAIL TO NORTHWEST OF LUBRICATING OIL TANKS AND FILTERS FOR UNITS 1-4 (CENTER), AND UNIT 3 GOVERNOR (RIGHT CENTER FOREGROUND) AND GATE VALVE (RIGHT CENTER BACKGROUND) CONTROLS, OLD POWERHOUSE GENERATOR FLOOR - Trenton Falls Hydroelectric Station, Powerhouse & Substation, On west bank of West Canada Creek, along Trenton Falls Road, 1.25 miles north of New York Route 28, Trenton Falls, Oneida County, NY

11. GENERAL VIEW OF STATION 'L', LOOKING SOUTHWEST, BUILDINGS FROM ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

11. GENERAL VIEW OF STATION 'L', LOOKING SOUTHWEST, BUILDINGS FROM LEFT TO RIGHT: LINCOLN SUBSTATION (BUILDING L3), EQUIPMENT BUILDING (BUILDING K), H.P. BOILER ROOM (BUILDING L4), L.P. BOILER ROOM (BUILDING L2), BOILER #16 (BUILDING LB), POWERHOUSE EXTENSION (BUILDING L5), MACHINE SHOP (BUILDING L7) - Portland General Electric Company, Station "L", 1841 Southeast Water Street, Portland, Multnomah County, OR

76 FR 10360 - Qualified Hydro 25, LLC; Notice of Preliminary Permit Application Accepted for Filing and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-24

... powerhouse containing one Kaplan turbine with a capacity of 1.2 megawatts; (6) a new substation; (7) a new...., Gloucester, MA 01930; phone: (978) 283-2822. FERC Contact: Ryan Hansen (202) 502-8074 or by e-mail at ryan... prior registration, using the eComment system at http://www.ferc.gov/docs-filing/ecomment.asp . You must...

75 FR 11169 - Reedsport OPT Wave Park Project; Reedsport OPT Wave Park; LLC Notice of Scoping Meetings and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-10

... seabed. The 10 PowerBuoy units would be connected to a single Underwater Substation Pod (USP) via power... transmission cable, buried in the seabed to a depth of 3 to 6 feet, would extend from the USP to an existing... continue within the effluent pipe eastward for approximately 3 miles, where it would connect to the Douglas...

75 FR 32451 - Reedsport OPT Wave Park, LLC; Notice of Application Accepted for Filing, Ready for Environmental...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-08

... seabed. The 10 PowerBuoy units would be connected to a single Underwater Substation Pod (USP) via power... transmission cable, buried in the seabed to a depth of 3 to 6 feet, would extend from the USP to an existing... continue within the effluent pipe eastward for approximately 3 miles, where it would connect to the Douglas...

76 FR 8726 - Town of Edgartown; Notice of Intent To File License Application, Filing of Draft Application...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-15

... License Application, and Soliciting Comments a. Type of Filing: Notice of Intent to File a License... consisting of a either a 3.5-mile-long, or a 5-mile-long submarine cable with two 13.8-kilovolt (kv) lines and a 4.0-kv transmission line connecting the turbine generation units to an onshore substation...

Carbon Burn-Down in a Greenhouse World: Wildfires and Soil Carbon Loss across the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Denis, E. H.; Foreman, B.; Maibauer, B.; Bowen, G. J.; Collinson, M. E.; Belcher, C.; Freeman, K. H.

2014-12-01

Projections for Earth's future suggest that wildfire activity will increase with global warming, but the factors controlling fire are complex. The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) was a geologically abrupt global warming event that had profound effects on vegetation and hydrologic patterns and serves as an analog for modern climate change. Carbon burn-down (i.e., oxidation of organic matter) could amplify feedbacks with warming through release of carbon to the atmosphere. To assess relationships between climate, fire and soil respiration, we evaluated biomarkers, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), charcoal and total organic carbon (TOC) for three paleo-floodplain depositional sites in the Western USA. Samples were selected from Bighorn Basin Coring Project cores in the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming (at Basin Substation and Polecat Bench) and from an outcrop section in the Piceance Basin, Colorado. In general, the Paleocene had higher PAH concentrations (μg/g TOC) than the Eocene, but there was no clear trend during the onset (~20 kyr) or through the PETM (~200 kyr). Median %TOC decreased through the PETM, then increased in the Eocene, but did not return to Paleocene values. At Basin Substation, PAH concentrations decreased by an order of magnitude during the PETM interval, concurrent with a decline in TOC and charcoal. High molecular weight (MW) PAHs tend to dominate, especially in low TOC samples; this suggests preferential loss of low MW PAHs, which are relatively more susceptible to post-depositional processes. Lithology, TOC and the relative proportion of PAHs help discern the signals of carbon oxidation, by fire and by soil respiration. Despite climate conditions that tend to promote fire, there is no evidence for increased fires at the onset or throughout the PETM. Biomarker and petrographic data suggest decreased organic carbon preservation, including loss of refractory carbon, at Basin Substation during the PETM. This suggests soil carbon loss, possibly due to higher rates of organic matter decay associated with a hotter and more seasonal climate during the PETM. We propose that higher carbon burn-down, due to accelerated decay rates, outpaced terrestrial productivity during the hyperthermal event, which hindered soil carbon sequestration and enhanced the atmospheric greenhouse.